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what was the key factor that allowed hershey and chase
|
[
"The results of the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment"
] |
{
"0": "Hershey -- Chase experiment - wikipedia Hershey -- Chase experiment Jump to : navigation , search Overview of experiment and observations The Hershey -- Chase experiments were a series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that helped to confirm that DNA is genetic material . While DNA had been known to biologists since 1869 , many scientists still assumed at the time that proteins carried the information for inheritance because DNA appeared simpler than proteins . In their experiments , Hershey and Chase showed that when bacteriophages , which are composed of DNA and protein , infect bacteria , their DNA enters the host bacterial cell , but most of their protein does not . Although the results were not conclusive , and Hershey and Chase were cautious in their interpretation , previous , contemporaneous , and subsequent discoveries all served to prove that DNA is the hereditary material . Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria for their `` discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Methods and results 2.1 Experiment and conclusions 3 Discussion 3.1 Confirmation 3.2 Other experiments 4 Legacy 5 References 6 External links Historical background ( edit ) In the early twentieth century , biologists thought that proteins carried genetic information . This was based on the belief that proteins were more complex than DNA . Phoebus Levene 's influential `` tetranucleotide hypothesis '' , which incorrectly proposed that DNA was a repeating set of identical nucleotides , supported this conclusion . The results of the Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment , published in 1944 , suggested that DNA was the genetic material , but there was still some hesitation within the general scientific community to accept this , which set the stage for the Hershey -- Chase experiment . Hershey and Chase , along with others who had done related experiments , confirmed that DNA was the biomolecule that carried genetic information . Before that , Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty had shown that DNA led to the transformation of one strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae to another that was more virulent . The results of these experiments provided evidence that DNA was the biomolecule that carried genetic information .",
"1": "Methods and results ( edit ) Structural overview of T2 phage Hershey and Chase needed to be able to examine different parts of the phages they were studying separately , so they needed to isolate the phage subsections . Viruses were known to be composed of a protein shell and DNA , so they chose to uniquely label each with a different elemental isotope . This allowed each to be observed and analyzed separately . Since phosphorus is contained in DNA but not amino acids , radioactive phosphorus - 32 was used to label the DNA contained in the T2 phage . Radioactive sulfur - 35 was used to label the protein sections of the T2 phage , because sulfur is contained in amino acids but not DNA . Hershey and Chase inserted the radioactive elements into the bacteriophages by adding the isotopes to separate media within which bacteria were allowed to grow for 4 hours before bacteriophage introduction . When the bacteriophages infected the bacteria , the progeny contained the radioactive isotopes in their structures . This procedure was performed once for the sulfur - labeled phages and once for phosphorus - labeled phages . The labeled progeny were then allowed to infect unlabeled bacteria . The phage coats remained on the outside of the bacteria , while genetic material entered . Disruption of phage from the bacteria by agitation in a blender followed by centrifugation allowed for the separation of the phage coats from the bacteria . These bacteria were lysed to release phage progeny . The progeny of the phages that were originally labeled with P remained labeled , while the progeny of the phages originally labeled with S were unlabeled . Thus , the Hershey -- Chase experiment helped confirm that DNA , not protein , is the genetic material . Hershey and Chase showed that the introduction of deoxyribonuclease ( referred to as DNase ) , an enzyme that breaks down DNA , into a solution containing the labeled bacteriophages did not introduce any P into the solution . This demonstrated that the phage is resistant to the enzyme while intact . Additionally , they were able to plasmolyze the bacteriophages so that they went into osmotic shock , which effectively created a solution containing most of the P and a heavier solution containing structures called `` ghosts '' that contained the S and the protein coat of the virus .",
"2": "It was found that these `` ghosts '' could adsorb to bacteria that were susceptible to T2 , although they contained no DNA and were simply the remains of the original bacterial capsule . They concluded that the protein protected the DNA from DNAse , but that once the two were separated and the phage was inactivated , the DNAse could hydrolyze the phage DNA . However , it subsequently became clear that in some viruses , RNA is the genetic material . Experiment and conclusions ( edit ) Hershey and Chase were also able to prove that the DNA from the phage is inserted into the bacteria shortly after the virus attaches to its host . Using a high speed blender they were able to force the bacteriophages from the bacterial cells after adsorption . The lack of P labeled DNA remaining in the solution after the bacteriophages had been allowed to adsorb to the bacteria showed that the phage DNA was transferred into the bacterial cell . The presence of almost all the radioactive S in the solution showed that the protein coat that protects the DNA before adsorption stayed outside the cell . Hershey and Chase concluded that DNA , not protein , was the genetic material . They determined that a protective protein coat was formed around the bacteriophage , but that the internal DNA is what conferred its ability to produce progeny inside a bacterium . They showed that , in growth , protein has no function , while DNA has some function . They determined this from the amount of radioactive material remaining outside of the cell . Only 20 % of the P remained outside the cell , demonstrating that it was incorporated with DNA in the cell 's genetic material . All of the S in the protein coats remained outside the cell , showing it was not incorporated into the cell , and that protein is not the genetic material . Hershey and Chase 's experiment concluded that little sulfur containing material entered the bacterial cell . However no specific conclusions can be made regarding whether material that is sulfur - free enters the bacterial cell after phage adsorption . Further research was necessary to conclude that it was solely bacteriophages ' DNA that entered the cell and not a combination of protein and DNA where the protein did not contain any sulfur . Discussion ( edit ) Confirmation ( edit ) Further information : DNA and DNA § History of DNA research Hershey and Chase concluded that protein was not likely to be the hereditary genetic material .",
"3": "However , they did not make any conclusions regarding the specific function of DNA as hereditary material , and only said that it must have some undefined role . Confirmation and clarity came a year later in 1953 , when James D. Watson and Francis Crick correctly hypothesized , in their journal article `` Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids : A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid '' , the double helix structure of DNA , and suggested the copying mechanism by which DNA functions as hereditary material . Furthermore , Watson and Crick suggested that DNA , the genetic material , is responsible for the synthesis of the thousands of proteins found in cells . They had made this proposal based on the structural similarity that exists between the two macromolecules , that is , both protein and DNA are linear sequences of amino acids and nucleotides respectively . Other experiments ( edit ) Once the Hershey -- Chase experiment was published , the scientific community generally acknowledged that DNA was the genetic code material . This discovery led to a more detailed investigation of DNA to determine its composition as well as its 3D structure . Using X-ray crystallography , the structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick with the help of previously documented experimental evidence by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin . Knowledge of the structure of DNA led scientists to examine the nature of genetic coding and , in turn , understand the process of protein synthesis . George Gamow proposed that the genetic code was composed of sequences of three DNA base pairs known as triplets or codons which represent one of the twenty amino acids . Genetic coding helped researchers to understand the mechanism of gene expression , the process by which information from a gene is used in protein synthesis . Since then , much research has been conducted to modulate steps in the gene expression process . These steps include transcription , RNA splicing , translation , and post-translational modification which are used to control the chemical and structural nature of proteins . Moreover , genetic engineering gives engineers the ability to directly manipulate the genetic materials of organisms using recombinant DNA techniques . The first recombinant DNA molecule was created by Paul Berg in 1972 when he combined DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus . Experiments on hereditary material during the time of the Hershey - Chase Experiment often used bacteriophages as a model organism .",
"4": "Bacteriophages lend themselves to experiments on hereditary material because they incorporate their genetic material into their host cell 's genetic material ( making them useful tools ) , they multiply quickly , and they are easily collected by researchers . Legacy ( edit ) The Hershey -- Chase experiment , its predecessors , such as the Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment , and successors served to unequivocally establish that hereditary information was carried by DNA . This finding has numerous applications in forensic science , crime investigation and genealogy . It provided the background knowledge for further applications in DNA forensics , where DNA fingerprinting uses data originating from DNA , not protein sources , to deduce genetic variation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hershey A , Chase M ; Chase ( 1952 ) . `` Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage '' ( PDF ) . J Gen Physiol. 36 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 56 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 36.1. 39 . PMC 2147348 . PMID 12981234 . Jump up ^ Dahm R ( January 2008 ) . `` Discovering DNA : Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research '' . Hum . Genet. 122 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 81 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 007 - 0433 - 0 . PMID 17901982 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Clare ( 2008 ) . `` Isolating hereditary material : Frederick Griffith , Oswald Avery , Alfred Hershey , and Martha Chase '' . Scitable by Nature Education . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Carr , Steven M. ( 2009 ) . `` Tetranucleotide Hypothesis '' . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthew Cobb ; Morange , Michel ( 1998 ) . A history of molecular biology . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . pp.",
"5": "37 -- 38 , 44 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00169 - 9 . Jump up ^ Avery OT , Macleod CM , McCarty M ; MacLeod ; McCarty ( February 1944 ) . `` Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types : Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III '' . J. Exp . Med. 79 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 58 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 79.2. 137 . PMC 2135445 . PMID 19871359 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pauling L , Corey RB ; Corey ( February 1953 ) . `` A Proposed Structure For The Nucleic Acids '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 39 ( 2 ) : 84 -- 97 . Bibcode : 1953PNAS ... 39 ... 84P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 39.2. 84 . PMC 1063734 . PMID 16578429 . Jump up ^ `` L.O. Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix . Physics Today , March 2003 '' . Physics Today . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Crick , Francis ( 1988 ) . `` Chapter 8 : The genetic code '' . What mad pursuit : a personal view of scientific discovery . New York : Basic Books . pp. 89 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 09138 - 5 . Jump up ^ Berk V , Cate JH ; Cate ( June 2007 ) . `` Insights into protein biosynthesis from structures of bacterial ribosomes '' . Curr . Opin . Struct. Biol. 17 ( 3 ) : 302 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2007.05. 009 . PMID 17574829 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ Jackson DA , Symons RH , Berg P ; Symons ; Berg ( October 1972 ) . `` Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of Simian Virus 40 : circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69 ( 10 ) : 2904 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1972PNAS ... 69.2904 J . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 69.10. 2904 . PMC 389671 . PMID 4342968 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jobling MA , Gill P ; Gill ( October 2004 ) . `` Encoded evidence : DNA in forensic analysis '' ( PDF ) . Nat. Rev. Genet. 5 ( 10 ) : 739 -- 51 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg1455 . PMID 15510165 .",
"7": "External links ( edit ) Hershey -- Chase experiment animation Clear depiction and simple summary ( hide ) History of biology Fields , disciplines Agricultural science Anatomy Biochemistry Biotechnology Botany Ecology Evolutionary thought Genetics Geology Immunology Medicine Model organisms Molecular biology Molecular evoluton Paleontology Phycology Plant systematics RNA biology Zoology ( since 1859 ) Zoology ( through 1859 ) Institutions Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Laboratory of Molecular Biology Marine Biological Laboratory Max Planck Society Pasteur Institute Rockefeller University Rothamsted Experimental Station Stazione Zoologica Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Theories , concepts Germ theory of disease Central dogma of molecular biology Darwinism Great chain of being Hierarchy of life Lamarckism One gene -- one enzyme hypothesis Protocell RNA world hypothesis Sequence hypothesis Spontaneous generation History Classical antiquity Aristotle Aristotle 's biology On Generation and Corruption History of Animals Theophrastus Historia Plantarum Dioscorides De Materia Medica Galen Renaissance , Early Modern Conrad Gessner Historia animalium Andreas Vesalius De humani corporis fabrica William Harvey De Motu Cordis Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Micrographia Francesco Redi Evolution 19th century Linnaeus Systema Naturae Buffon Histoire Naturelle Lamarck Philosophie Zoologique Humboldt Charles Lyell Principles of Geology Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species The Descent of Man Gregor Mendel Alfred Russel Wallace Henry Walter Bates Modern synthesis William Bateson Theodosius Dobzhansky Genetics and the Origin of Species R.A. Fisher E.B. Ford J.B.S. Haldane Ernst Mayr Thomas Hunt Morgan George Gaylord Simpson Hugo de Vries Sewall Wright Recent Stephen Jay Gould W.D.",
"8": "Hamilton Lynn Margulis Aleksandr Oparin George C. Williams Carl Woese Microbiology Ferdinand Cohn Alexander Fleming Felix d'Herelle Robert Koch Louis Pasteur Lazzaro Spallanzani Sergei Winogradsky Develop . biol. , Evo - devo Karl Ernst von Baer Gavin de Beer Sean B. Carroll Scott F. Gilbert Walter Gehring Ernst Haeckel François Jacob Edward B. Lewis Jacques Monod Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard Eric Wieschaus E.B. Wilson Genetics , Molecular biology Experiments Griffith 's ( 1928 ) Luria -- Delbrück ( 1943 ) Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty ( 1944 ) Miller -- Urey ( 1952 ) Hershey -- Chase ( 1952 ) Meselson -- Stahl ( 1958 ) Crick , Brenner et al. ( 1961 ) Nirenberg -- Matthaei ( 1961 ) Nirenberg -- Leder ( 1964 ) People Barbara McClintock George Beadle Seymour Benzer Rosalind Franklin Photo 51 James D. Watson and Francis Crick `` Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids '' Linus Pauling `` Sickle Cell Anemia , a Molecular Disease '' Fred Sanger Max Perutz John Kendrew Sydney Brenner Joshua Lederberg Walter Gilbert Kary Mullis Emmanuelle Charpentier Jennifer Doudna Ecology Rachel Carson Frederic Clements Charles Elton Henry Gleason Arthur Tansley Eugenius Warming Ethology Karl von Frisch Jane Goodall Konrad Lorenz Ivan Pavlov Niko Tinbergen Related History of science Philosophy of biology Teleology Ethnobotany Eugenics History of the creation - evolution controversy Human Genome Project Humboldtian science Natural history Natural philosophy Natural theology Relationship between religion and science Timeline of biology and organic chemistry Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=Hershey -- Chase_experiment&oldid = 815237487 '' Categories : Genetics experiments Bacteriophages 1952 in science Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Tarandíne ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-4636354580839411970
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what kind of metric system does the us use
|
[
"The International System of Units (SI)",
"United States customary units",
"The International System of Units (SI)",
"international units"
] |
{
"0": "United States customary units - wikipedia United States customary units Jump to : navigation , search United States customary units are a system of measurements commonly used in the United States . The United States customary system ( USCS or USC ) developed from English units which were in use in the British Empire before the U.S. became an independent country . However , the United Kingdom 's system of measures was overhauled in 1824 to create the imperial system , changing the definitions of some units . Therefore , while many U.S. units are essentially similar to their Imperial counterparts , there are significant differences between the systems . The majority of U.S. customary units were redefined in terms of the meter and the kilogram with the Mendenhall Order of 1893 and , in practice , for many years before . These definitions were refined by the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 . Americans primarily use customary units in commercial activities , as well as for personal and social use . In science , medicine , many sectors of industry and some of government and military , metric units are used . The International System of Units ( SI ) , the modern form of the metric system , is preferred for many uses by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . For newer units of measure where there is no traditional customary unit , international units are used , sometimes mixed with customary units , such as electrical resistance of wire expressed in ohms ( SI ) per thousand feet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Units of length 3 Units of area 4 Units of capacity and volume 4.1 Fluid volume 4.2 Dry volume 5 Units of weight and mass 5.1 Grain measures 6 Cooking measures 7 Units of temperature 8 Other units 9 Other names for U.S. customary units 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) See also : Imperial and US customary measurement systems and Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems The United States system of units is similar to the British imperial system . Both systems are derived from English units , a system which had evolved over the millennia before American independence , and which had its roots in Roman and Anglo - Saxon units .",
"1": "The customary system was championed by the U.S. - based International Institute for Preserving and Perfecting Weights and Measures in the late 19th century . Advocates of the customary system saw the French Revolutionary , or metric , system as atheistic . An auxiliary of the Institute in Ohio published a poem with wording such as `` down with every ' metric ' scheme '' and `` A perfect inch , a perfect pint '' . One adherent of the customary system called it `` a just weight and a just measure , which alone are acceptable to the Lord '' . The U.S. government passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 , which made the metric system `` the preferred system of weights and measures for U.S. trade and commerce '' . The legislation states that the federal government has a responsibility to assist industry as it voluntarily converts to the metric system , i.e. , metrification . This is most evident in U.S. labeling requirements on food products , where SI units are almost always presented alongside customary units . According to the CIA Factbook , the United States is one of three nations ( along with Liberia and Burma ) that have not adopted the metric system as their official system of weights and measures . U.S. customary units are widely used on consumer products and in industrial manufacturing . Metric units are standard in science , medicine , as well as many sectors of industry and government , including the military . There are anecdotal objections to the use of metric units in carpentry and the building trades , on the basis that it is easier to remember an integer number of inches plus a fraction than a measurement in millimeters , or that foot - inch measurements are more suitable when distances are frequently divided into halves , thirds and quarters , often in parallel . The metric system also lacks a parallel to the foot . Units of length ( edit ) Unit Divisions SI equivalent Most common measures shown in italics Exact relationships shown in boldface International 1 point ( p ) 127 / 360 mm or 6996352778000000000 ♠ 352.778 μm 1 pica ( P̸ ) 12 p 127 / 30 mm or 6997423300000000000 ♠ 4.233 mm 1 inch ( in or '' ) 6 P̸ 25.",
"2": "4 mm 1 foot ( ft or ′ ) 12 in 6999304800000000000 ♠ 0.3048 m 1 yard ( yd ) 3 ft 6999914400000000000 ♠ 0.9144 m 1 mile ( mi ) 7003160934400000000 ♠ 5280 ft or 7003160934400000000 ♠ 1760 yd 7003160934400000000 ♠ 1.609 344 km US Survey 1 link ( li ) 33 / 50 ft or 7.92 in 792 / 3937 m or 6999201170000000000 ♠ 20.117 cm 1 ( survey ) foot ( ft ) 1200 / 3937 m or 6999304800000000000 ♠ 30.480 cm 1 rod ( rd ) 25 li or 16.5 ft 19,800 / 3937 m or 7000502900000000000 ♠ 5.029 m 1 chain ( ch ) 4 rd or 66 ft 79,200 / 3937 m or 7001201160000000000 ♠ 20.116 m 1 furlong ( fur ) 10 ch 792 / 3937 km or 7002201168000000000 ♠ 201.168 m 1 survey ( or statute ) mile ( mi ) 8 fur 6336 / 3937 km or 7003160934700000000 ♠ 1.609 347 km 1 league ( lea ) 3 mi 19,008 / 3937 km or 7003482800000000000 ♠ 4.828 km International Nautical 1 fathom ( ftm ) 2 yd 7000182880000000000 ♠ 1.8288 m 1 cable ( cb ) 120 ftm or 1.091 fur 7002219456000000000 ♠ 219.456 m 1 nautical mile ( NM or nmi ) 8.439 cb or 1.151 mi 1.",
"3": "852 km For measuring length , the U.S. customary system uses the inch , foot , yard , and mile , which are the only four customary length measurements in everyday use . Since July 1 , 1959 , these have been defined on the basis of 1 yard = 0.9144 meters except for some applications in surveying . The U.S. , the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries agreed on this definition , and so it is often termed international measure . When international measure was introduced in the English - speaking countries , the basic geodetic datum in North America was the North American Datum of 1927 ( NAD27 ) , which had been constructed by triangulation based on the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893 , that is 1 foot = 1200 / 3937 meters : this definition was retained for data derived from NAD27 , but renamed the US survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot . For most applications , the difference between the two definitions is insignificant -- one international foot is exactly 0.999998 of a US survey foot , for a difference of about 1 / 8 inch ( 3 mm ) per mile -- but it affects the definition of the State Plane Coordinate Systems ( SPCSs ) , which can stretch over hundreds of miles . The NAD27 was replaced in the 1980s by the North American Datum of 1983 ( NAD83 ) , which is defined in meters . The SPCSs were also updated , but the National Geodetic Survey left the decision of which ( if any ) definition of the foot to use to the individual states . All SPCSs are defined in meters , but seven states also have SPCSs defined in US survey feet and an eighth state in international feet : the other 42 states use only meter - based SPCSs . State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions , although the difference ( 2 ppm ) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances ( usually much less than a mile ) .",
"4": "Twenty - four states have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the US survey foot , eight have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot , and eighteen have not specified the conversion factor from metric units . Units of area ( edit ) Unit Divisions SI equivalent Exact relationships shown in boldface 1 square survey foot ( sq ft or ft ) 144 square inches 6998929034100000000 ♠ 0.092 903 41 m 1 square chain ( sq ch or ch ) 7003435600000000000 ♠ 4356 sq ft ( survey ) or 16 sq rods 7002404687300000000 ♠ 404.6873 m 1 acre 7004435600000000000 ♠ 43 560 sq ft ( survey ) or 10 sq ch 7003404687300000000 ♠ 4046. 873 m 1 section 640 acres or 1 sq mile ( survey ) 7006258999800000000 ♠ 2.589 998 km 1 survey township ( twp ) 36 sections or 4 sq leagues 7007932399300000000 ♠ 93.239 93 km The most widely used area unit with a name unrelated to any length unit is the acre . The National Institute of Standards and Technology contends that customary area units are defined in terms of the square survey foot , not the square international foot . Conversion factors are based on Astin ( July 27 , 1968 ) and National Institute of Standards and Technology ( 2008 ) .",
"5": "Units of capacity and volume ( edit ) Volume in general Unit Divisions SI equivalent 1 cubic inch ( cu in ) or ( in ) 6995163870640000000 ♠ 16.387 064 mL 1 cubic foot ( cu ft ) or ( ft ) 7003172800000000000 ♠ 1728 cu in 6998283168465920000 ♠ 28.316 846 592 L 1 cubic yard ( cu yd ) or ( yd ) 27 cu ft 6999764554857984000 ♠ 764.554 857 984 L 6999764554857984000 ♠ 0.764 554 857 984 m 1 acre - foot ( acre ft ) 7004435600000000000 ♠ 43 560 cu ft 7003161333300000000 ♠ 1613. 333 cu yd 7003123348183754752 ♠ 1.233 481 837 547 52 ML 7003123348200000000 ♠ 1233. 482 m The cubic inch , cubic foot and cubic yard are commonly used for measuring volume . In addition , there is one group of units for measuring volumes of liquids , and one for measuring volumes of dry material . Other than the cubic inch , cubic foot and cubic yard , these units are differently sized from the units in the imperial system , although the names of the units are similar . Also , while the U.S. has separate systems for measuring the volumes of liquids and dry material , the imperial system has one set of units for both . Fluid volume ( edit ) Liquid volume Most common measures shown in italic font Exact conversions in bold font Unit Divisions SI equivalent 1 minim ( min ) ~ 1 drop or 0.95 grain of water 6992616115199218750 ♠ 61.611 519 921 875 μL 1 US fluid dram ( fl dr ) 60 min 6994369669119531250 ♠ 3.696 691 195 3125 mL 1 teaspoon ( tsp ) 80 min 6994492892159374999 ♠ 4.",
"6": "928 921 593 75 mL 1 tablespoon ( Tbsp ) 3 tsp or 4 fl dr 6995147867647812500 ♠ 14.786 764 781 25 mL 1 US fluid ounce ( fl oz ) 2 Tbsp or 1.0408 oz av of water 6995295735295625000 ♠ 29.573 529 5625 mL 1 US shot ( jig ) 1.5 fl oz or 3 Tbsp 6995443602943437500 ♠ 44.360 294 343 75 mL 1 US gill ( gi ) 2 ⁄ jig or 4 fl oz 6996118294118249999 ♠ 118.294 118 25 mL 1 US cup ( cp ) 2 gi or 8 fl oz 6996236588236499999 ♠ 236.588 2365 mL 1 ( liquid ) US pint ( pt ) 2 cp or 16.65 oz av of water 6996473176472999999 ♠ 473.176 473 mL 1 ( liquid ) US quart ( qt ) 2 pt 6996946352946000000 ♠ 0.946 352 946 L 1 ( liquid ) US gallon ( gal ) 4 qt or 231 cu in 6997378541178400000 ♠ 3.785 411 784 L 1 ( liquid ) barrel ( bbl ) 31.5 gal or ⁄ hogshead 6999119240471196000 ♠ 119.240 471 196 L 1 oil barrel ( bbl ) 1 ⁄ ( liquid ) barrel or 42 gal or ⁄ hogshead 6999158987294928000 ♠ 158.987 294 928 L 1 hogshead 1.5 oil barrels or 63 gal or 7000842187500000000 ♠ 8.421 875 cu ft or 524.7 lb of water 6999238480942392000 ♠ 238.",
"7": "480 942 392 L One US fluid ounce is ⁄ of a US pint , ⁄ of a US quart , and ⁄ of a US gallon . The teaspoon , tablespoon , and cup are defined in terms of a fluid ounce as ⁄ , ⁄ , and 8 fluid ounces . The fluid ounce derives its name originally from being the volume of one ounce avoirdupois of water , but in the US it is defined as ⁄ of a US gallon . Consequently , a fluid ounce of water weighs about 1.041 ounces avoirdupois . The saying `` a pint 's a pound the world around '' refers to 16 US fluid ounces of water weighing approximately ( about 4 % more than ) one pound avoirdupois . An imperial pint of water weighs a pound and a quarter ( 20 oz ) . A 23.7 US fl oz ( 700 mL ) bottle displaying both US and metric units . There are varying standards for barrel for some specific commodities , including 31 gal for beer , 40 gal for whiskey or kerosene , and 42 gal for petroleum . The general standard for liquids is 31.5 gal or half a hogshead . The common 55 gallon size of drum for storing and transporting various products and wastes is sometimes confused with a barrel , though it is not a standard measure . In the U.S. , single servings of beverages are usually measured in fluid ounces . Milk is usually sold in half pints ( 8 fluid ounces ) , pints , quarts , half gallons , and gallons . Water volume for sinks , bathtubs , ponds , swimming pools , etc. , is usually stated in gallons or cubic feet . Quantities of gases are usually given in cubic feet ( at one atmosphere ) . Minims , drams and gill are rarely used currently . The gill is often referred to as a `` half - cup '' .",
"8": "Dry volume ( edit ) Dry volume Unit Divisions SI equivalent 1 ( dry ) pint ( pt ) 7001336003125000000 ♠ 33.600 3125 cu in 6996550610471357500 ♠ 0.550 610 471 3575 L 1 ( dry ) quart ( qt ) 2 pt 6997110122100000000 ♠ 1.101 221 L 1 ( dry ) gallon ( gal ) 4 qt 6997440488400000000 ♠ 4.404 884 L 1 peck ( pk ) 2 gal 6997880976800000000 ♠ 8.809 768 L 1 bushel ( bu ) 4 pk 6998352390701668800 ♠ 35.239 070 166 88 L 1 ( dry ) barrel ( bbl ) 7003705600000000000 ♠ 7056 cu in or 6997994242424242424 ♠ 3.281 bu 6999115627100000000 ♠ 115.6271 L Dry volume is measured on a separate system , although many of the names remain the same . Small fruits and vegetables are often sold in dry pints and dry quarts . The US dry gallon is less commonly used , and was not included in the handbook that many states recognize as the authority on measurement law . However pecks , or bushels are sometimes used -- particularly for grapes , apples and similar fruits in agricultural regions .",
"9": "Units of weight and mass ( edit ) Main articles : Pound ( force ) and Pound ( mass ) Conversions Type Unit Divisions SI equivalent Avoirdupois 1 grain ( gr ) ⁄ lb 6995647989100000000 ♠ 64.798 91 mg 1 dram ( dr ) 27 ⁄ gr or 8.859 carats 6997177184519531250 ♠ 1.771 845 195 3125 g 1 ounce ( oz ) 16 dr 6998283495231250000 ♠ 28.349 523 125 g 1 pound ( lb ) 16 oz 6999453592370000000 ♠ 453.592 37 g 1 US hundredweight ( cwt ) 100 lb 7001453592370000000 ♠ 45.359 237 kg 1 long hundredweight 112 lb 7001508023454400000 ♠ 50.802 345 44 kg 1 ton ( short ton ) 20 US cwt or 2000 lb 7002907184740000000 ♠ 907.184 74 kg 1 long ton 20 long cwt or 2240 lb 7003101604690880000 ♠ 1016.",
"10": "046 9088 kg Troy 1 grain ( gr ) ⁄ lb or ⁄ lb t 6995647989100000000 ♠ 64.798 91 mg 1 pennyweight ( dwt ) 24 gr or 7.776 carats 6997155517384000000 ♠ 1.555 173 84 g 1 troy ounce ( oz t ) 20 dwt 6998311034768000000 ♠ 31.103 4768 g 1 troy pound ( lb t ) 12 oz t or 13.17 oz 6999373241721600000 ♠ 373.241 7216 g Most common measures shown in italics Exact conversions shown in bold There have historically been five different English systems of mass : tower , apothecaries ' , troy , avoirdupois , and metric . Of these , the avoirdupois weight is the most common system used in the U.S. , although Troy weight is still used to weigh precious metals . Apothecaries weight -- once used by pharmacies -- has been largely replaced by metric measurements . Tower weight fell out of use in England ( due to legal prohibition in 1527 ) centuries ago , and was never used in the U.S. The imperial system , which is still used for some measures in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries , is based on avoirdupois , with variations from U.S. customary units larger than a pound . The pound avoirdupois , which forms the basis of the U.S. customary system of mass , is defined as exactly 7002453592370000000 ♠ 453.592 37 grams by agreement between the U.S. , the United Kingdom , and other English - speaking countries in 1959 . Other units of mass are defined in terms of it . The avoirdupois pound is legally defined as a measure of mass , but the name pound is also applied to measures of force . For instance , in many contexts , the pound avoirdupois is used as a unit of mass , but in some contexts , the term `` pound '' is used to refer to `` pound - force '' .",
"11": "The slug is another unit of mass derived from pound - force . Troy weight , avoirdupois weight , and apothecaries ' weight are all built from the same basic unit , the grain , which is the same in all three systems . However , while each system has some overlap in the names of their units of measure ( all have ounces and pounds ) , the relationship between the grain and these other units within each system varies . For example , in apothecary and troy weight , the pound and ounce are the same , but are different from the pound and ounce in avoirdupois in terms of their relationships to grains and to each other . The systems also have different units between the grain and ounce ( apothecaries ' has scruple and dram , troy has pennyweight , and avoirdupois has just dram , sometimes spelled drachm ) . The dram in avoirdupois weighs just under half of the dram in apothecaries ' . The fluid dram unit of volume is based on the weight of 1 dram of water in the apothecaries ' system . To alleviate confusion , it is typical when publishing non-avoirdupois weights to mention the name of the system along with the unit . Precious metals , for example , are often weighed in `` troy ounces '' , because just `` ounce '' would be more likely to be assumed to mean an avoirdupois ounce . For the pound and smaller units , the U.S. customary system and the British imperial system are identical . However , they differ when dealing with units larger than the pound . The definition of the pound avoirdupois in the imperial system is identical to that in the U.S. customary system . In the U.S. , only the ounce , pound and short ton -- known in the country simply as the ton -- are commonly used , though the hundredweight is still used in agriculture and shipping . The grain is used to describe the mass of propellant and projectiles in small arms ammunition . It was also used to measure medicine and other very small masses . Grain measures ( edit ) In agricultural practice , a bushel is a fixed volume of 2150.42 cubic inches . The mass of grain will therefore vary according to density .",
"12": "Some nominal weight examples are : - 1 bushel ( corn ) = 56 lb = 25.4012 kg 1 bushel ( wheat ) = 60 lb = 27.2155 kg 1 bushel ( barley ) = 48 lb = 21.7724 kg In trade terms a bushel is a term used to refer to these nominal weights , although even this varies . With oats , Canada uses 34 lb bushels and the USA uses 32 lb bushels . Cooking measures ( edit ) Main article : Cooking weights and measures Common volume measures in English - speaking countries ( Comparable measures listed for comparison purposes . ) Measure Australia Canada UK US US FDA Teaspoon 5 mL 5 mL 4.74 mL 4.93 mL 5 mL Dessertspoon 10 mL -- 9.47 mL -- -- Tablespoon 20 mL 15 mL 14.21 mL 14.79 mL 15 mL Fluid ounce -- -- 28.41 mL 29.57 mL 30 mL Cup 250 mL 250 mL 284.13 mL 236.59 mL 240 mL Pint -- -- 568.26 mL 473.18 mL -- Quart -- -- 1136.52 mL 946.35 mL -- Gallon -- -- 4546.09 mL 3785.41 mL -- The most common practical cooking measures for both liquid and dry ingredients in the U.S. ( and many other countries ) are the teaspoon , tablespoon , and cup , along with halves , thirds , quarters , and eighths of these . Pounds , ounces , fluid ounces , and common sizes are also used , such as can ( presumed size varies depending on product ) , jar , square ( e.g. , 1 oz of chocolate ) , stick ( e.g. , 4 oz butter ) , or fruit / vegetable ( e.g. , a half lemon , two medium onions ) . Units of temperature ( edit ) Degrees Fahrenheit are used in the U.S. to measure temperatures in most non-scientific contexts .",
"13": "The Rankine scale of absolute temperature also saw some use in thermodynamics . Scientists worldwide use the kelvin and degree Celsius . Several U.S. technical standards are expressed in Fahrenheit temperatures and American medical practitioners often use degrees Fahrenheit for body temperature . The relationship between the different temperature scales is linear but the scales have different zero points , so conversion is not simply multiplication by a factor . Pure water freezes at 32 ° F = 0 ° C and boils at 212 ° F = 100 ° C at 1 atm . The conversion formula is : ( ∘ F ) = 9 5 ( ∘ C ) + 32 ( \\ displaystyle ( ^ ( \\ circ ) ( \\ text ( F ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 9 ) ( 5 ) ) ( ^ ( \\ circ ) ( \\ text ( C ) ) ) + 32 ) or inversely as ( ∘ C ) = 5 9 ( ( ∘ F ) − 32 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( ^ ( \\ circ ) ( \\ text ( C ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 5 ) ( 9 ) ) ( ( ^ ( \\ circ ) ( \\ text ( F ) ) ) - 32 ) ) .",
"14": "Other units ( edit ) 1 board - foot = 1 ft × 1 ft × 1 in = 6997236000000000000 ♠ 2.360 dm 1 British thermal unit ( Btu ) ≈ 1055 J 1 ton of refrigeration ( 12,000 Btu / h ) = 3.517 kW 1 calorie ( cal ) = 4.184 J 1 food calorie ( kilocalorie , large calorie ) ( kcal , Cal ) = 4.184 kJ 1 foot - pound ( energy ) ≈ 1.356 J 1 hand = 4 in = 10.16 cm 1 horsepower ≈ 745.7 W 1 R - value ( ft ⋅ ° F ⋅ h / Btu ) ≈ 0.1761 R ( K ⋅ m / W ) 1 slug = 1 lbf ⋅ s / ft 1 U ( rack unit ) = 1.75 in = 44.45 mm Various combination units are in common use , including the foot - pound ( ft ⋅ lbf ) , the acre - foot , and the pound per square inch ( psi ) ; these are straightforwardly defined based on the above basic units . Sizing systems are used for various items in commerce , several of which are U.S. - specific : US standard clothing size American wire gauge is used for most metal wire . Scoop ( utensil ) sizes , numbered by scoops per quart Thickness of leather is measured in ounces , 1 oz equals 1 / 64 inch ( 0.4 mm ) . Bolts and screws follow the Unified Thread Standard rather than the ISO metric screw thread standard . Knitting needles in the United States are measured according to a non-linear unitless numerical system . Aluminium foil is measured in mils ( 1 / 100th of an inch , or 0.0254 mm ) in the United States . Cross-sectional area of electrical wire is measured in Circular mils in the U.S.",
"15": "and Canada , one circular mil ( cmil ) being equal to 6990506700000000000 ♠ 5.067 × 10 mm ( or 6990506708663999999 ♠ 7.854 × 10 in ) . Since this is so small , actual wire is commonly measured in thousands of a cmil , called either kcmil or MCM . The mil or thou is also sometimes used to mean thousandth of an inch . Sheet metal in the U.S. is commonly measured in gauge ( not to be confused with the American wire gauge ) , which is derived from weight and thus differs by material . Nominal Pipe Size is used for the outside diameter of pipes . Below NPS14 , the NPS number is not consistent with the pipe diameter in inches . Copper tubing , however , is measured in nominal size , 1 / 8 inch less than the outside diameter . The Schedule system is used for standard pipe thicknesses . Alcohol content is frequently given in proof . The cord is used for volume of firewood . The square is used to mean 100 square feet in construction . Heat flux in the U.S. is measured in Langleys . Other names for U.S. customary units ( edit ) The United States Code refers to these units as `` traditional systems of weights and measures '' . Other common ways of referring to the system in the U.S. are : `` Standard '' , `` Customary '' , or , erroneously : `` Imperial '' , or `` English '' ( which refers to the post-1824 reform measures used throughout the British Empire ) . Another term is the foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) system , as opposed to centimeter -- gram -- second ( CGS ) and meter -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) systems . Tools and fasteners with sizes measured in inches are sometimes called `` SAE bolts '' or `` SAE wrenches '' to differentiate them from their metric counterparts . The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) originally developed fasteners standards using U.S. units for the U.S. auto industry ; the organization now uses metric units . See also ( edit ) Acre - foot Board foot Conversion of units Cord ( unit ) Fahrenheit ( vs. Celsius vs.",
"16": "Kelvin ) History of measurement , systems , and units of measurement Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measures of the United States ( 1790 ) Mars Climate Orbiter Standard cubic foot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ T.C. Mendenhall , Superintendent of Standard Weights and Measures . Order of April 5 , 1893 Archived September 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , published as Appendix 6 to the Report for 1893 of the Coast and Geodetic Survey . ^ Jump up to : Astin , A.V. , Karo , H.A. and Mueller , F.H. ( June 25 , 1959 ) . Doc 59 - 5442 , `` Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound . '' Federal Register . When reading the document note that 999,998 = 3937 × 254 . Jump up ^ Laws and Metric Program . U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology , 2010 Jump up ^ `` English units of measurement '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed. 2001 - 2007 . archived copy . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Martin ( 1957 ) . `` The Great Pyramid '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix G - Weights and Measures '' . The World Factbook . Washington , D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robyn Williams ( February 8 , 1998 ) `` Trouble with the Metric System '' . Australian Radio National , Ockham 's Razor . Jump up ^ Ed Tenner , ( May 2005 ) . `` The Trouble with the Meter '' Technologyreview.com ^ Jump up to : Roberts , R.W. ( February 3 , 1975 ) . Federal Register republished in Barbrow , L.E. and Judson , L.V. ( 1976 ) Weights and Measures of the United States . National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 447 . p. 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey '' . National Geodetic Survey .",
"17": "Retrieved May 16 , 2009 . contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Astin , A.V. ( July 27 , 1968 ) . Federal Register Archived 2006 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... Republished in Barbrow , L.E and Judson , L.V. Weights and Measures of the United States : A Brief History . National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 447 . pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology . ( 2008 ) . Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) . Jump up ^ The recommended symbol for the liter in the United States is ' L ' per National Institute of Standards and Technology . ( 1995 . ) Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) . Special Publication 811 . ^ Jump up to : 101st Conference on Weights and Measures 2016 . ( 2017 ) . Specifications , Tolerances , and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. C - 6 , C - 11 , C - 16 . Jump up ^ Summary of State Laws and Regulations in Weights and Measures Archived December 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 2005 ) National Institute of Standards and Technology . Jump up ^ NIST Handbook 44 , Appendix C , General Tables of Units of Measurement , page C - 6 Avoirdupois Units of Mass Archived 2011 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Title 21 , 101.9 Nutrition labeling of food '' ( PDF ) . Code of Federal Regulations . US Government Printing Office . 2012 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02 . For nutrition labeling purposes , a teaspoon means 5 milliliters ( mL ) , a tablespoon means 15 mL , a cup means 240 mL , 1 fl oz means 30 mL , and 1 oz in weight means 28 g . Jump up ^ Wells , Larry J. ( 1981 ) . Makin ' Leather : A Manual of Primitive and Modern Leather Skills .",
"18": "Cedar Fort . p. 13 . ISBN 0882908359 . Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 205b Jump up ^ `` Rules for SAE Use of SI ( Metric ) Units '' ( PDF ) . Society of Automotive Engineers , Inc . May 1999 . Retrieved July 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Rowlett 's A Dictionary of Units of Measurement ( hide ) Systems of measurement Current General International System of Units ( SI ) UK imperial system US customary units Myanmar Indian Specific Apothecaries ' Avoirdupois Troy Astronomical Electrical Temperature Natural atomic geometrized Gaussian Lorentz -- Heaviside Planck quantum chromodynamical Stoney Background Metric Overview Introduction Outline History Metrication UK / US Overview Comparison Foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) Historic Metric meter -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) meter -- tonne -- second ( MTS ) centimeter -- gram -- second ( CGS ) gravitational quadrant -- eleventh - gram -- second ( QES ) ( hebdometre -- undecimogramme -- second ( HUS ) ) Europe Byzantine Cornish Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French ( Trad .",
"19": "Mesures usuelles ) German Greek Hungary Icelandic Irish Scottish Italian Latvia Luxembourgian Maltese Norwegian Ottoman Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Spanish Swedish Switzerland Welsh Winchester measure Asia Afghan Cambodian Chinese Hindu Hong Kong India Indonesian Japanese Korean Mongolian Omani Philippine Pegu Singaporean Sri Lankan Syrian Taiwanese Tatar Thai Vietnamese Africa Algerian Ethiopian Egyptian Eritrean Guinean Libyan Malagasy Mauritian Moroccan Seychellois Somalian South African Tunisian Tanzanian North America Costa Rican Cuban Haitian Honduran Mexico Nicaraguan Puerto Rican South America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan Ancient Arabic Biblical and Talmudic Egyptian Greek Hindu Indian Mesopotamian Persian Roman List articles Humorous ( FFF system ) Obsolete Unusual Other N - body Modulor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_customary_units&oldid=838195590 '' Categories : Customary units of measurement in the United States Imperial units Systems of units Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Winaray 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 14 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"20": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many students does monarch high school have
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{
"0": "Monarch High school ( Florida ) - wikipedia Monarch High school ( Florida ) Jump to : navigation , search For other schools named Monarch High School , see Monarch High School ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 26 ° 17 ′ 05 '' N 80 ° 11 ′ 35 '' W / 26.28464 ° N 80.19317 ° W / 26.28464 ; - 80.19317 Monarch High School Location 5050 Wiles Road Coconut Creek , Florida 33073 Information Type Public high school Motto `` Home of the Knights '' Opened August 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 25 ) School district Broward County Public Schools NCES District ID 1200180 CEEB code 100328 NCES School ID 120018004050 Principal James Neer Staff 175 + Grades 9 -- 12 Enrollment 2,406 ( 2014 - 15 ) Color ( s ) Black , red , and silver Mascot Knight Information ( 754 ) 321 -- 1400 Website Official Website Monarch High School ( MHS ) is a public high school located in Coconut Creek , Florida . Monarch is a part of the Broward County Public Schools system , and serves neighborhoods in Deerfield Beach , Coconut Creek , Coral Springs , and Pompano Beach . Monarch had an FCAT school grade of `` B '' for the 2016 - 2017 academic year .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Campus 2 Excalibur Program 3 Academics 3.1 Test Scores 3.2 Subject Proficiency Testing 3.3 Reading Proficiency Distribution 3.4 Mathematics Proficiency Distribution 3.5 Overall Student Performance 3.6 Disadvantaged Student Performance 3.7 College - Ready Student Performance 3.8 Advanced Placement ® ( AP ® ) Student Performance 4 Student Body 4.1 Class 5 Student Diversity 5.1 Ethnicity / Race 5.2 Gender 5.3 Economically Disadvantaged Students 6 Digital Learning Environment 7 Pinwheels for Peace 8 Traditions 8.1 Knights Code of Chivalry 9 Notable alumni 10 References 11 External links Campus ( edit ) The pair of buildings that make up the school were designed by the Miami architectural firm Zyscovitch on a design and build basis . Building four , which houses the gym , cafeteria , and numerous classrooms , has the ability to be utilized as a hurricane shelter if necessary . The campus is also designed to enable community use of the facilities when not being used by the school . During the school 's third academic year , an additional building , Building 5 , was constructed to relieve `` critical overcrowding '' and meet class size requirements . The school also has houses a number of portable classrooms . Currently MHS is trying to raise funds to build a football stadium on campus . Excalibur program ( edit ) Monarch High School offers the Excalibur Program , an integrated and accelerated curriculum for talented students at Monarch . The program offers a rigorous curriculum consisting of high caliber classes , including those of the Honors and AP level . Throughout the students ' participation in the program , their inclusion depends upon GPA and test scores . Academics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The school offers a large array of academic courses . The core academics include math , social studies , science , and English .",
"2": "There are many extra clubs and activities at the school , including ( but not limited to ) Drama Club , a wide variety of sports , a marching band , jazz band , concert band , drumline , indoor percussion , color guard , chamber orchestra , full orchestra , Debate Team , chorus , arts , cooking , step team , cheerleading , foreign language clubs , journalism club , flag football , multicultural society , an Environmental Club , Mu Alpha Theta , DECA , Key Club , National Honor Society ( NHS ) and JROTC . Advanced Placement classes are offered also . Monarch students presently attend school from 7 : 40 AM to 2 : 40 PM , Monday through Friday on Block schedule . The current schedule requires students to attend four classes out of eight each day and a 40 - minute lunch period each day with a eight - minute passing period between each class . The school has an online gradebook which allows students to check their grades from any computer connected to the internet . Other information , such as absences and missing assignments , can also be viewed . 2015 Academic Indicators College Readiness Index 22.6 Mathematics Proficiency 2.7 Reading Proficiency 2.8 Student - Teacher Ratio 24 : 1 Test scores ( edit ) U.S. News calculates these values based on student performance on state exit exams and internationally available exams on college - level course work ( AP ® / IB exams ) . Proficient in Reading 56 % Proficient in Mathematics 55 % College Readiness Index 22.6 Subject proficiency testing ( edit ) Student exit exams receive grades among multiple proficiency levels established by the state . These figures display how the school as a whole performed in different subjects . Discipline School District State Mathematics 2.7 2.6 2.6 Reading 2.8 2.5 2.5 Reading proficiency distribution ( edit ) Reading proficiency is determined by student results on the school 's Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test or End - of - Course Assessments .",
"3": "Below Basic 13 % Basic 31 % Proficient - Level 3 27 % Advanced - Level 4 23 % Advanced - Level 5 7 % Mathematics proficiency distribution ( edit ) Mathematics proficiency is determined by student results on the school 's Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test or End - of - Course Assessments tests . Below Basic 15 % Basic 31 % Proficient - Level 3 35 % Advanced - Level 4 16 % Advanced - Level 5 4 % Overall student performance ( edit ) This measures overall student performance on state exams . The calculations by U.S. News were the first of two steps in determining which schools received at least a bronze medal . State Test Performance Index 85.4 Gap Between Actual and Expected Performance Index 2.4 Disadvantaged student performance ( edit ) This measures the proficiency on state exams among typically underperforming subgroups . The calculations by U.S. News were the second of two steps in determining which schools received at least a bronze medal . Percentage of Disadvantaged Students Who Are Proficient 49.4 % Percentage of Non-Disadvantaged Students Who Are Proficient 58.8 % Gap Between Disadvantaged and Non-Disadvantaged Students - 9.4 Gap Between School and State Among Disadvantaged Students 5.7 College - ready student performance ( edit ) High school students take AP ® and IB exams to earn college credit and demonstrate success at college - level course work . U.S. News calculated a College Readiness Index based on exam participation rates and percentages of students passing at least one exam . The index determined which types of medals ( gold , silver or bronze ) were awarded to top - performing schools . College Readiness Index 22.6 Exam Used for Index AP ® Advanced Placement ® ( AP ® ) student performance ( edit ) Many U.S. higher educational institutions grant credits or advanced placement based on student performance on AP ® exams . This shows this school 's student participation and performance on these exams if data were available .",
"4": "Participation Rate 36 % Participant Passing Rate 51 % Exams Per Test Taker 3.7 Exam Pass Rate 30 % Quality - Adjusted Participation Rate 18 % Quality - Adjusted Exams Per Test Passer Data are based on the 2012 - 2013 school year . AP ® and Advanced Placement ® are registered trademarks of the College Board . Used with permission . International Baccalaureate ( IB ) data provided by International Baccalaureate of North America . Used with permission . Student body ( edit ) Class ( edit ) These details on the school 's student body are based on data reported to the government . Total Enrollment 2,255 9th Grade 574 Students 10th Grade 610 Students 11th Grade 543 Students 12th Grade 528 Students Student diversity ( edit ) This is the breakdown of ethnicity and gender of a school 's student body , based on data reported to the government . Ethnicity / Race ( edit ) Total Minority Enrollment ( % of total ) 60 % American Indian / Alaskan Native Enrollment ( % of total ) 0.2 % Asian Enrollment ( % of total ) 5 % Black Enrollment ( % of total ) 19 % Hawaiian Native / Pacific Islander ( % of total ) 0.04 % Hispanic Enrollment ( % of total ) 33 % White Enrollment ( % of total ) 40 % Two or More Races Enrollment ( % of total ) 3 % Gender ( edit ) Male ( % of total ) 52 % Female ( % of total ) 48 % Economically disadvantaged students ( edit ) These are the percentages of the school 's students eligible for free or reduced - price lunch , based on data reported to the government . Free Lunch Program ( % of total ) 34 % Reduced - Price Lunch Program ( % of total ) 11 % Total Economically Disadvantaged ( % of total ) 45 % Data are based on the 2012 - 2013 school year . AP ® and Advanced Placement ® are registered trademarks of the College Board .",
"5": "Digital Learning Environment ( edit ) At the beginning of the Digital Learning Environment program , in the school 's second academic year ( 2004 -- 2005 ) , students were provided with a laptop that could be taken home and brought back with them to school on a regular basis to further enhance the program . This element was withdrawn after three years because of budget cuts , the expense of computer repairs and maintenance and because of misuse , vandalism and stolen / lost computers . Pinwheels for Peace ( edit ) A program started by two teachers , Ellen McMillan and Ann Ayers at Monarch High , the Pinwheels for Peace Project invites students to create and display their pinwheels on the campus during the International Day of Peace and has been adopted internationally . Groups in more than 1,500 places have planted more than half a million pinwheels throughout the world . Traditions ( edit ) Knights code of Chivalry ( edit ) The school emphasizes a code of conduct among students , teachers , faculty and peers dubbed the `` Knights Code of Chivalry . '' The code was created by a student panel the year before the school opened . Plaques containing the code are present in every classroom . Responsibility Citizenship Kindness Respect Honesty Self - Control Tolerance Cooperation Notable alumni ( edit ) Calvin Ridley ( 2014 ) : American football wide receiver for the Atlanta Falcons Ronnie Hoggins ( 2014 ) : American football corner back for the South Florida Bulls ( 2015 -- present ) Justin Galit ( 2008 ) : Justin was diagnosed with Leukemia & Lymphoma during his senior year . The school held a school wide blood drive to support Justin in his treatment . He is currently healthy and in remission of the disease . Shaffner Noel : Shaffner was struck and killed by lightning while leaving the field of a delayed football game in which he was participating . A memorial is setup in remembrance near the field . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MONARCH HIGH SCHOOL '' . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ FCAT School Grades - High Archived 2004 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine .",
"6": "Jump up ^ `` Monarch High School '' , Learning by Design 2004 , American School Board Journal Jump up ^ `` Exacalibur Application '' ( PDF ) . Monarch High School . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch High School in COCONUT CREEK , FL Best High Schools US News '' . www.usnews.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch High School in COCONUT CREEK , FL Student Body US News '' . www.usnews.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Learning Environment '' Archived 2007 - 05 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , Monarch High School Jump up ^ `` Pinwheels for Peace '' , Education World , August 9 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` No place for Pinwheels for Peace '' Archived 2007 - 02 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Patty McCormac , Valley News , January 9 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` 2009 - 2010 Course Catalog '' , Monarch High School , Spring 2009 External links ( edit ) Pinwheels for Peace Monarch High School Broward County Public Schools ( hide ) Broward County Public Schools High schools Atlantic Technical Blanche Ely Boyd Anderson Broward Virtual Charles Flanagan Coconut Creek Cooper City College Academy @ BC Coral Glades Coral Springs Cypress Bay Deerfield Beach Dillard Everglades Fort Lauderdale Hallandale Hollywood Hills J.P.",
"7": "Taravella McArthur McFatter Miramar Monarch Northeast Nova Piper Plantation Pompano South Broward South Plantation Stoneman Douglas Stranahan West Broward Western Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarch_High_School_(Florida)&oldid=838452145 '' Categories : Broward County Public Schools High schools in Broward County , Florida Public high schools in Florida Coconut Creek , Florida Educational institutions established in 2003 2003 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 02 : 59 . About Wikipedia",
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6248334821889299282
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who sings i just want to use your love tonight
|
[
"the English rock band the Outfield",
"English rock band the Outfield",
"English rock band the Outfield"
] |
{
"0": "Your Love ( the Outfield song ) - wikipedia Your Love ( the Outfield song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Your Love '' UK vinyl single Single by The Outfield from the album Play Deep B - side `` 61 Seconds '' Released 14 February 1986 Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 26 July 1985 Air Studios ( London ) Genre Pop rock new wave power pop Length 3 : 36 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) John Spinks Producer ( s ) William Wittman The Outfield singles chronology `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1985 ) `` Your Love '' ( 1986 ) `` All the Love '' ( 1986 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1985 ) `` Your Love '' ( 1986 ) `` All the Love '' ( 1986 ) `` Your Love '' is a song by the English rock band the Outfield , taken from their debut album Play Deep ( 1985 ) . The song was penned by the band 's guitarist John Spinks . Despite the band being from London , the song was not a major hit in the UK , but was in the United States , where it reached # 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 7 on the Mainstream Rock chart in 1986 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Reception 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Your Love '' became a major hit nearly solely in the United States , where it became a song of the summer . It was first released as the second single from Play Deep in November 1985 . It was first pushed to album - oriented rock ( AOR ) radio , to maintain momentum generated by the album 's lead single , `` Say It Is n't So '' . After entering the top ten of Billboard 's Top Rock Tracks chart ( which measured the playlists of AOR stations across the U.S. ) , Columbia began expanding the song to top 40 radio in February 1986 .",
"1": "It then peaked at number seven on the Top Rock Tracks chart during the week of March 1 . The song entered the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 in May 1986 , peaking at number six during the week of May 10 . Overall , it spent 22 weeks on the Hot 100 . Reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone contributor Jimmy Guterman wrote that the track `` seems to advocate philandering , '' and that `` the repulsive misogyny contaminates the whole song . '' Dennis Hunt from the Los Angeles Times criticizes the whole of Play Deep as `` thoroughly derivative music , '' he praises the song 's `` lovely melodic line that 's engagingly performed by vocalist Tony Lewis , who has obviously been listening to Journey 's Steve Perry . '' Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video was directed by Jon Jopson . The concept for the clip is the Outfield filming a music video for the song , and prominently features a painting motif . They perform in front of a backdrop of the Play Deep album cover , which is also being finger - painted offstage by an artist , played by actress JoAnn Willette . Her character and lead vocalist Tony Lewis appear flirtatious throughout the clip . Willette was interviewed about her role on the blog Noblemania in 2013 , and gave details about the making of the clip . It was shot in Astoria on a soundstage over one day ; at the end of the video , Willette can be seen exiting the studio at dawn , the time the production wrapped . The video is mainly footage of the group playing the song , highlighting their unity as a performing band : `` We did n't want a situation where they had to be actors or something that was n't what they are , '' said the band 's manager , Kip Krones , at the time . The video was first added to MTV 's schedule during the week of 19 February 1986 , and began attracting major rotation . It peaked at number two on MTV 's Top 20 Countdown in late April 1986 .",
"2": "Play Deep ( The Outfield Album ) - Your Love Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 37 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 52 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 83 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 62 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bessman , Jim ( July 26 , 1986 ) . `` How the Outfield Became Sluggers '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 98 ( 30 ) . Billboard Publications , Inc. p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Outfield Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Outfield Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guterman , Jimmy ( 1985 ) . `` Play Deep Review '' . Rolling Stone ( 477 ) . Jump up ^ Dennis Hunt ( June 1 , 1986 ) . `` Hit Puts The Outfield Team In The Big Leagues '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Enter Sandman Metallica Music Video '' . MTV . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marc Tyler Nobleman . `` The Girl in the Video : `` Your Love '' ( 1986 ) `` . Noblemania . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Programming '' . Billboard. 98 ( 9 ) . Billboard Publications , Inc . March 1 , 1986 . p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles '' ( PDF ) . RPM . Ottawa : Library and Archives Canada . 44 ( 13 ) .",
"3": "June 21 , 1986 . OCLC 352936026 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Outfield -- Your Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Outfield -- Your Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Outfield Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard Top 100 - 1986 . `` Billboard Top 100 - 1986 - Longbored Surfer - Charts '' . Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 06 .",
"4": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Outfield Tony Lewis John Spinks Alan Jackman Simon Dawson Studio albums Play Deep Bangin ' Voices of Babylon Diamond Days Rockeye It Ai n't Over ... Extra Innings Any Time Now Replay Live albums Live in Brazil The Outfield Live Compilations Playing the Field Big Innings : The Best of The Outfield Singles `` Your Love '' `` All the Love '' `` Since You 've Been Gone '' `` Voices of Babylon '' `` For You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Your_Love_(The_Outfield_song)&oldid=818724755 '' Categories : 1985 singles The Outfield songs Debut singles Rock ballads Songs about sexuality 1985 songs Columbia Records singles Songs written by John Spinks ( musician ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 06 : 00 . About Wikipedia",
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-278447034238251050
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how many episodes in my name is earl season 4
|
[
"27",
"27",
"27",
"27"
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{
"0": "My Name is Earl ( season 4 ) - wikipedia My Name is Earl ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search My Name Is Earl ( season 4 ) DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 27 Release Original network NBC Original release September 25 , 2008 -- May 14 , 2009 Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of My Name Is Earl episodes The fourth and final season of My Name Is Earl originally aired from September 25 , 2008 to May 14 , 2009 on NBC . Episodes ( edit ) Season four began on September 25 , 2008 . Greg Garcia said in a press interview that Season 4 would have Earl get back to doing things on the list since season 3 had Earl go through prison , coma , and relationship . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 70 `` The Magic Hour '' Eyal Gordin Timothy Stack September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) 077 While Joy creates Make - A-Wish T - shirts so her boys can line jump at the grand opening of an amusement park , Earl remembers when he stole a pony from a boy named Buddy whose Make - A-Wish dream was to ride it in a parade . when Earl goes to make amends with Buddy 's parents , he discovers that Buddy ( Seth Green ) is still alive . Buddy does not want a pony , but he wants Earl 's help to produce a sci - fi action film called 2 The Max . With Buddy as the title character , they cast Randy as the president , Joy and Patty as assistants , Catalina as a terrorist , and other townsfolk for other parts . Although Randy turns out to be a good actor , everyone gets tired of Buddy 's perfectionistic directing , and they eventually quit . Buddy tells Earl to throw him a premiere in two weeks while he edits and finishes the film . On the big night , everyone turns up , except Buddy . His mother tells Earl that Buddy had finally died of his terminal illness ( it is revealed that whenever Buddy was storming off the set , he was actually getting some treatments ) .",
"1": "Earl wants to tell everyone of Buddy 's death after the screening , but finds that Buddy used the movie to help himself achieve many of his dreams . As well as crossing Buddy off his list , Earl also finds the movie to have inspired many others to follow their own dreams . 71 `` Monkeys Take a Bath '' Greg Garcia Greg Garcia September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) 078 Earl and Randy try to make amends for pranking their childhood neighbors , the Clarks . But when they discover more skeletons in the closet than they had expected , the brothers find themselves needing to sort out some family issues between their parents . Meanwhile , Joy buys a marble game from the Hickeys ' garage sale , claiming Willie the One - Eyed Mailman 's glass eye in the process . ( Note : This episode aired as the second half - hour with `` The Magic Hour '' as the season premiere . ) 72 `` Joy in a Bubble '' Michael Fresco Jessica Goldstein & Chrissy Pietrosh October 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) 071 Earl 's attempt to give Joy the hot tub she 's always wanted backfires as Joy contracts a rare flesh - eating infection on her big toe , and is forced to stay quarantined in a make - shift bubble part of the trailer . While she is out of commission , Earl must take care of Joy 's everyday activities such as learning the gossip from the ladies at the hair salon , shopping for meat out of a guy 's trunk , and protesting the ice cream cart vendor 's sales . Earl is concerned the kids were having problems making friends when he sees they were not invited to a birthday party , but later discovers that it 's because of Joy 's bad behavior and not the kids . 73 `` Stole an RV '' Chris Koch Kat Likkel & John Hoberg October 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) 073 To cross Jerry ( Jerry Van Dyke ) off of his list , Earl ca n't just return the RV he stole , mostly because Randy had blown it up .",
"2": "Earl and Randy visit Jerry and discover he has lost all will to live until they restore him by bringing back the keepsakes he had in his trailer . Jerry then becomes highly motivated to get back one more keepsake : to cut off the ear of his army squad mate Joel ( John Amos ) as revenge for being ditched during a battle in the Korean War . Meanwhile , Joy encounters the legendary `` pigsquatch '' in the trailer park . She tries to capture it in order to make some money as a sideshow exhibit , but the pig dies from a drug overdose and they are unable to move it . 74 `` Sweet Johnny '' Eyal Gordin Kat Likkel & John Hoberg October 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) 072 Earl decides it 's time to make it up to local stunt man Sweet Johnny ( David Arquette ) for sleeping with his girlfriend . When Earl finds Sweet Johnny , he discovers Johnny has an amnesia in which he forgets everything that happened that day , and has been planning to do a stunt involving tying balloons to a lawn chair . Meanwhile , after being carjacked , Joy buys a gun but Darnell does not approve because of her disregard of gun safety . 75 6 `` We 've Got Spirit '' Eyal Gordin Hilary Winston October 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) 070 Earl wants to take Kenny to attend a cheerleading camp , only to find out that the person who really wanted to become a male cheerleader was not Kenny but Randy . They register for camp , where they discover part of the instructor Kimmy ( Jenna Elfman ) 's face was ruined by a wild badger , and that they are allocated to a squad by town among a motley crew of girls who have always finished last in everything . Earl and Randy work hard to represent Camden , but the squad hits a setback when Kimmy tells them that Earl and Randy can not be in the squad . Meanwhile , Joy is upset that her son Dodge thinks of Catalina as beautiful , and tries to make herself look more glamorous to him , much to Darnell 's chagrin .",
"3": "76 7 `` Quit Your Snitchin ' '' Chris Koch Matt Ward October 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) 076 Earl tries to surprise Randy by giving him a Ford Ranchero , but it is stolen . Earl tries to get it back , but the thieves think Earl has crossed over from being a crook to being a citizen / victim , so he is no longer covered by the criminal code of ethics of not stealing from each other . Earl struggles with the idea of going to the police , despite Joy 's protests that snitches are the lowest of the low . When he does , he ends up being labelled as a snitch everywhere he goes , until he eventually decides to fight fire with fire . 77 8 `` Little Bad Voodoo Brother '' Chris Koch Alan Kirschenbaum October 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 30 ) 074 While Earl is busy planning a Halloween party for Dodge and Earl Jr. , Randy wants to be a big brother mentor . He takes on Catalina 's visiting nephew O - Scar under his wing , but when O - Scar is caught stealing tips , Randy tries his best to confront him and tells him to return the money . The boy then appears to go into some sort of trance , which Randy takes to be voodoo , especially when he make dolls . Earl tries to convince Randy and O - Scar that voodoo is fake , and that karma is the real force behind things . After the nephew steals some of Joy 's hair , Joy leads the locals in a mob intent on getting their hands on him . Randy and Earl have no choice but to defend the boy from the clutches of the mob . 78 9 `` Sold a Guy a Lemon Car '' John Putch Michael Pennie November 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 06 ) 075 A mysterious man named Lloyd ( Courtney Gains ) moves next door to Earl and Randy , and makes a lot of noise at night building something . Earl and Randy think Lloyd might be a terrorist , and realize it is the same guy to whom they had sold a lemon car .",
"4": "Lloyd had since resold the lemon to another person , and it was repeatedly sold to other suckers . Lloyd loses faith in humanity , thinking they are all scum , so Earl must convince him otherwise before he activates the bomb . Meanwhile , Joy becomes obsessed with winning a science fair so that she can buy a necklace designed by Jane Seymour with the $500 prize money . 79 10 `` Earl and Joy 's Anniversary '' Michael Fresco Danielle Sanchez - Witzel November 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 13 ) 079 When Earl works on repairing the hole in the bar at the Crab Shack , he recalls how he had ruined his and Joy 's first wedding anniversary . Randy had eaten the wedding cake , and later throws a surprise party on behalf of Earl where he had inadvertently invited Joy 's previous sexual partners in her little black book instead of her friends . One of the said ex 's was Earl 's more successful and handsome cousin Blake ( Jason Priestley ) , who makes Earl feel less than adequate as a husband . Killer bees invade Camden , locking down the Crab Shack , and trapping Darnell , Catalina , Patty and Kenny in a phone booth . 80 11 `` Nature 's Game Show '' Eyal Gordin Hunter Covington November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) 080 A series of tornadoes hit Camden County , causing Earl to lose his list , and the townsfolk scrambling to take loose items off the ground according to Finders , keepers . Catalina , who was upset about the rule , uses a found gun to get her stuff back and a bunch of everything else , but when the next tornado knocks the gun out of her hand with a Bible , she has a religious awakening , as well as Patty the daytime hooker . Randy , who survived being hurled from a boat onto the motel roof , wants to fly during the next tornado , thinking he is invincible . Meanwhile , Darnell can not stand Joy 's arguing , but Joy takes offense when Darnell tells her that he is smarter than her .",
"5": "81 12 `` Reading Is a Fundamental Case '' Michael Fresco Mike Mariano December 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 04 ) 082 While reading to children , Earl reminisces about a recent list item that he and Randy righted . It all began when Earl found his old friend Raynard ( Ewen Bremner ) living in the wild and keeping company with a raccoon . The episode is dedicated to Garcia 's newborn son Gump in the Amigos de Garcia Productions logo stating : `` Happy Birthday , Gump ! '' 82 13 `` Orphan Earl '' Marc Buckland Michael Shipley December 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 11 ) 081 Earl discovers that Joy has continued a holiday scam they started years before , and has expanded the scam to include her friends . 83 14 `` Got the Babysitter Pregnant '' Mike Mariano Story by : Patrick McCarthy , Erika Kaestle and Vali Chandrasekaran Teleplay by : Vali Chandrasekaran January 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 08 ) 083 After having his heart broken by the babysitter , a young Earl goes to drastic measures to make sure she and her boyfriend pay the ultimate price . Now older and wiser , Earl decides it 's time to cross them off his list . When he finds the couple and their live - in , obnoxious , grown son , he believes karma wants him to help the freeloader learn how to make it on his own . But when Earl finds that the lesson in tough love also applies to Randy , he realizes the difficulty in kicking someone out of the nest . Meanwhile , Joy struggles to tell Darnell that she lost his beloved pet turtle .",
"6": "84 15 `` Darnell Outed '' Eyal Gordin Ralph Greene January 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) 084 When auditions for Erik Estrada 's new competition show Estrada or Nada come to Camden , Earl encourages Joy to go for her childhood dream of becoming famous and try out , thus allowing him to cross an item off his list , as he had screwed up her chance of being on Fear Factor by accidentally destroying her audition tape . Joy , initially reluctant , steals Randy 's audition spot , but makes a fool of herself . Her crazy antics are a cause for concern when Darnell receives a startling phone call . 85 16 `` Darnell Outed : Part 2 '' Eyal Gordin Story by : Alan Kirschenbaum , Jessica Goldstein & Chrissy Pietrosh Teleplay by : Hunter Covington & Matt Ward January 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 22 ) 085 After losing his Witness Protection cover , Darnell must pack up the family and they have to assume a new identity . Earl and Randy try to mail themselves to Darnell 's forwarding address , only to discover that the mail goes to an undisclosed dumpster . There they find a letter from Estrada or Nada inviting Joy back to the show if she can get enough text message votes by phone . 86 17 `` Randy 's List Item '' Paul Burke Pedreira Bobby Bowman February 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 05 ) 086 When Randy wins $250. from a scratcher lottery ticket , and is hit by a bike , sending the ticket blowing away , he thinks it is Karma , and gets inspired to make his own List like Earl 's . One of the items coincides with an item from Earl 's list , where they are to make amends for ruining a friendship with former trailer park neighbor Zeke and his brother Arlo . Earl and Zeke had done a lot of things together , mainly to win T - shirts , but Randy got jealous and tricked Earl into thinking Zeke stole his Andrew Dice Clay belt buckle , causing Earl to burn the T - shirts .",
"7": "After meeting Zeke , Earl is able to be friends with him again , and they do more activities together , but Arlo gets upset and burns the shirts . Randy comes up with an idea to have Zeke and Arlo be on good terms again . Meanwhile , Joy , Darnell and their family are relocated multiple times in the witness protection program , mainly because Joy is not satisfied with the living conditions . 87 18 `` Friends with Benefits '' Allison Liddi - Brown Jessica Goldstein & Chrissy Pietrosh February 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) 090 When Mr. Turtle finds his way home after being lost , Earl sets off to return him to Darnell , who now lives in an upscale community with his family , thanks to Witness Protection . Meanwhile , adjusting to her new wealthy lifestyle proves difficult when Joy struggles to fit in with her trophy - wife neighbors . Back in Camden , Randy unwittingly shares a bed with a guy named Jim , who has a crush on him . Guest stars Morgan Fairchild as Carol and Joan Van Ark as Janine , two of Joy 's neighbors . 88 19 `` My Name Is Alias '' Eyal Gordin Matthew W. Thompson February 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) 089 Darnell 's father ( Danny Glover ) arrives in Camden claiming he needs to make amends with his son . Earl and Randy smell trouble and go to warn Joy and Darnell . Unfortunately , trouble follows them there and the family reunion results in Darnell and his dad going on one last super-secret , undercover operation . 89 20 `` Chaz Dalton 's Space Academy '' Marc Buckland Hilary Winston March 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ) 087 Earl returns to a space camp in order to make up for ruining the space suit that his childhood hero Chaz Dalton wore in space . He finds that Chaz has been treating the kids well , so when he goes to a space launch facility to try to get a replacement suit , he sees a picture of Chaz Dalton and realizes that his childhood hero is not the same person .",
"8": "He recruits the real Chaz Dalton to take over the camp , but the real Chaz has become a disoriented mess , and is no good with kids . Meanwhile , Darnell gets in touch with his old friends using a social networking website called BuddyBook , but when Joy tries it out , she is unable to get any friends from the people she knows . 90 21 `` Witch Lady '' Eyal Gordin Michael Shipley & Matt Ward March 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 19 ) 088 Earl tries to atone to a woman known as the Crazy Witch Lady ( Betty White ) whom he had harassed and mocked many kids when he was a kid . He has tea with her , but then finds himself abducted by the lady and placed in her basement . Soon Randy is captured and the others including Joy , Darnell , Catalina , Kenny , Stuart , and Patty . Also , Joy tries to prove that she has a nice side . 91 22 `` Pinky '' Greg Garcia Greg Garcia March 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) 092 Earl helps Randy find his first love , a girl with pink hair called Pinky . Randy learns Earl had come between them all those years ago , lying to Pinky by writing a note saying that Skipper ( Randy ) had broken up with her . They agree to reunite on a bridge , but Randy discovers that Pinky is actually Joy . 92 23 `` Bullies '' Eyal Gordin Vali Chandrasekaran & Hunter Covington April 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) 091 Earl attempts to cross off another list item for bullying a classmate from when he was briefly in Catholic school , Wally Panzer ( Matthew Willig ) , whom Earl dubbed `` Pansy . '' Wally has since become a very strong gym rat , so Earl , under the alias Cliff , agrees to help him to re-enter the Mr. Camden bodybuilding competition . Meanwhile , Randy takes drastic measures to avoid Joy 's bullying , trying out shark adrenaline ; however , he ends up going crazy when he injects the entire vial .",
"9": "He reveals that Cliff is Earl , and then goes on a rampage , fighting Wally , and then going after joy . 93 24 `` Gospel '' Ken Whittingham Mike Mariano & Deweyne Lamar Lee April 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) 093 Earl returns a stolen church organ to Reverend Greene ( Faizon Love ) , a former `` gangsta '' who went by the nickname `` Hash Brown '' . At first , Reverend Greene forgives Earl , but they discover that Earl had wronged Greene multiple times on the list . During a church service where Earl was a guest , Greene learns that Earl had slept with his wife , and reverts to being his thug Hash Brown ways . Meanwhile , a drunken Joy runs into Catalina with a riding mower and traps her in a tool shed . When Catalina threatens to contact the cops , Joy makes it an abduction and turns to Darnell , who concludes that Catalina should be killed . 94 25 `` Inside Probe : Part 1 '' Greg Garcia Greg Garcia April 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) 094 An episode of the news show Inside Probe , guest hosted by Geraldo Rivera , airs on television after being held for eight years because of Darnell 's witness protection . The show focuses on the mysterious disappearance of the Crab Shack 's owner Ernie Belcher , and goes into the background of Camden ' s most notorious crooks ( Earl and his friends ) . Earl and Randy become prime suspects in the murder of Ernie Belcher , and even get Randy to confess that they did it , but race car driver Michael Waltrip provides them a solid alibi . 95 26 `` Inside Probe : Part 2 '' Greg Garcia Michael Pennie & Timothy Stack May 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) 095 The Inside Probe investigation continues as other speculations arise including people seeing a bright light in the sky , suggesting alien abduction . They look into the history of Camden in the American Civil War where they had formed an independent country called The Central . They also look into a fetish video side business that Ernie had been involved in .",
"10": "Eventually , they discover that Ernie had been videotaping women in the Crab Shack 's ladies ' restroom , and had fallen into the deep freshly laid concrete floor in a freak accident , leaving only his nose to be exposed like a doorstop . 96 27 `` Dodge 's Dad '' Chris Koch Alan Kirschenbaum & Danielle Sanchez - Witzel May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 096 After being reminded of ruining Dodge 's Career Day a few years earlier , Earl agrees to appear again . Awkward questions remind Earl that Dodge does n't know that Earl is n't his natural father . Under pressure , Joy reveals that Little Chubby -- the richest businessman in Camden -- is Dodge 's real dad . Earl tries to get Little Chubby to do his duty to Dodge ; Little Chubby responds to Earl 's efforts by freezing his bank account and having him evicted from the motel . Eventually a DNA test reveals that Dodge 's father is not Little Chubby but Earl himself : the conception occurred during a Halloween party , at which Earl and Little Chubby wore similar costumes . Even more surprising , Darnell is not Earl Jr 's father . Because the series was unexpectedly cancelled , the mystery remains unsolved . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fall TV : NBC Unveils Its Premiere Dates Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , TV Guide ^ Jump up to : `` '' My Name Is Earl '' Season 4 Preview : The Legend Of Dan Coscino - Channel Guide Magazine `` . channelguidemag.com . September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 .",
"11": "My Name Is Earl General Characters Greg Garcia Episodes Seasons ( 1 4 ) Pilot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Name_Is_Earl_(season_4)&oldid=824843427 '' Categories : My Name Is Earl 2008 American television seasons 2009 American television seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2017 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 21 : 03 . About Wikipedia",
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bruce springsteen we shall overcome the seeger sessions songs
|
[
"\"Old Dan Tucker\"",
"\"Jesse James\"",
"\"Mrs. McGrath\"",
"\"O Mary Don't You Weep\"",
"John Henry\"\n \n5",
"\"Erie Canal\"",
"\"Jacob's Ladder\"",
"\"My Oklahoma Home\"",
"\"Eyes on the Prize\"",
"\"Shenandoah\"",
"\"Pay Me My Money Down\"",
"\"We Shall Overcome\"",
"\"Froggie Went A-Courtin'\""
] |
{
"0": "We Shall Overcome : the Seeger Sessions - wikipedia We Shall Overcome : the Seeger Sessions Jump to : navigation , search We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions Studio album by Bruce Springsteen Released April 25 , 2006 Recorded 1997 , 2005 , 2006 Genre Americana , Folk Length 60 : 34 Label Columbia Producer Bruce Springsteen , Jon Landau Bruce Springsteen chronology Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2006 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 2006 We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions ( 2006 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Live in Dublin 2007 We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions is the fourteenth studio album by Bruce Springsteen . It was a commercial success peaking at # 3 in the United States and the United Kingdom , with over 700,000 copies sold in the former . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release 3 Reception 4 Track listing 5 Unreleased outtakes 6 Personnel 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) This is Springsteen 's first and so far only album of entirely non-Springsteen material and contains his interpretation of thirteen folk music songs made popular by activist folk musician Pete Seeger . As an activist and artist of folk music , Seeger did not write any of the songs on the album . His life 's work focused on popularizing and promoting the ethic of local , historical musical influences and recognizing the cultural significance that folk music embodies . The record began in 1997 , when Springsteen recorded `` We Shall Overcome '' for the Where Have All the Flowers Gone : the Songs of Pete Seeger tribute album , released the following year . Springsteen had not known much about Seeger given his rock and roll upbringing and orientation , and proceeded to investigate and listen to his music . While playing them in his house , his 10 - year - old daughter said , `` Hey , that sounds like fun , '' which caused Springsteen to get interested in further exploring the material and genre .",
"1": "Via Soozie Tyrell , the violinist in the E Street Band , Springsteen hooked up with a group of lesser - known musicians from New Jersey and New York City , and they recorded in an informal , large band setting in Springsteen 's Colts Neck , New Jersey farm . In addition to Tyrell , previous Springsteen associates The Miami Horns as well as wife Patti Scialfa augmented the proceedings . This group would become The Sessions Band . The subsequent Bruce Springsteen with The Seeger Sessions Band Tour expanded on the album 's musical approach . Release ( edit ) The album , like its predecessor Devils and Dust , has been released on DualDisc , in a CD / DVD double disc set , and as a set of two vinyl records . For the DualDisc and CD / DVD sets , the full album is on the CD ( - side ) , while the DVD ( - side ) side features a PCM Stereo version of the album and a short film about the making and recording of the album . Two bonus songs also appear on the DVD ( - side ) . On October 3 , 2006 , the album was reissued as We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions - American Land Edition with five additional tracks ( the two bonus tracks from before and three new numbers that had been introduced and heavily featured on the tour ) , new videos , an expanded documentary and liner notes . Rather than a DualDisc release , the American Land Edition was released with separate CD and DVDs . Added sales were minimal . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club B+ Entertainment Weekly A -- The Guardian The Observer Pitchfork Media 8.5 / 10 Rolling Stone Spin Uncut The Village Voice We Shall Overcome received widespread acclaim from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 82 , based on 25 reviews .",
"2": "In his review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised Springsteen 's modern take on Seeger 's repertoire of folk songs and said that it is the liveliest album of his career : `` It 's a rambunctious , freewheeling , positively joyous record unlike any other in Springsteen 's admittedly rich catalog . '' David Browne of Entertainment Weekly felt that Springsteen successfully imbues the songs with a `` rock & roll energy '' rather than an adherence to folk 's blander musical aesthetic . Rolling Stone magazine 's Jonathan Ringen believed that he relied on folk and Americana styles on the album in order to `` find a moral compass for a nation that 's gone off the rails '' , particularly on the implicitly political `` Oh , Mary Do n't You Weep '' , `` Eyes on the Prize '' , and `` We Shall Overcome '' . Gavin Martin of Uncut called it `` a great teeming flood of Americana '' and `` a powerful example of how songs reverberate through the years to accrue contemporary meaning '' . In a less enthusiastic review , Neil Spencer of The Observer wrote that the songs chosen for the album lack intrigue and edge , and are `` mostly too corny to have much drama restored to them '' . Robert Christgau panned We Shall Overcome in his consumer guide for The Village Voice , wherein he gave it a `` B '' , which is assigned to bad albums he reviews as the `` dud of the month '' in his column . He felt that Springsteen relies too much on a rural drawl and overblown sound when folk music requires subtlety and viewed the album as the worst case of his histrionic singing . Seeger himself was pleased by the result , saying `` It was a great honor . ( Springsteen ) 's an extraordinary person , as well as an extraordinary singer . '' We Shall Overcome was voted the 19th best album of the year in the Pazz & Jop , an annual critics poll run by The Village Voice . In 2007 , it won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album at the 49th Grammy Awards . By January 2009 , the album had sold 700,000 copies in the United States . the RIAA certified it with gold record status .",
"3": "Track listing ( edit ) All songs traditional or public domain with unknown songwriters , arranged by Bruce Springsteen , unless otherwise noted . No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Old Dan Tucker '' 2 : 31 2 . `` Jesse James '' Billy Gashade 3 : 47 3 . `` Mrs. McGrath '' 4 : 19 4 . `` O Mary Do n't You Weep '' 6 : 05 5 . `` John Henry '' 5 : 07 6 . `` Erie Canal '' Thomas S. Allen 4 : 03 7 . `` Jacob 's Ladder '' 4 : 28 8 . `` My Oklahoma Home '' Bill and Agnes `` Sis '' Cunningham 6 : 03 9 . `` Eyes on the Prize '' Traditional ; additional lyrics by Alice Wine 5 : 16 10 . `` Shenandoah '' 4 : 52 11 . `` Pay Me My Money Down '' 4 : 32 12 . `` We Shall Overcome '' Rev. Charles Tindley ( lyrics ) ; Adaptation by Guy Carawan , Frank Hamilton , Zilphia Horton , Pete Seeger 4 : 53 13 . `` Froggie Went A-Courtin ' '' 4 : 33 ( show ) DualDisc bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 14 . `` Buffalo Gals '' 3 : 12 15 . `` How Can I Keep from Singing ? '' attr . Robert Wadsworth Lowry , additional lyrics by Doris Plenn 2 : 19 ( show ) American Land Edition bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 14 . `` Buffalo Gals '' 3 : 12 15 . `` How Can I Keep from Singing ? '' attr . Robert Wadsworth Lowry , additional lyrics by Doris Plenn 2 : 19 16 . `` How Can a Poor Man Stand Such Times and Live ? ''",
"4": "Blind Alfred Reed , additional lyrics by Bruce Springsteen 3 : 22 17 . `` Bring ' Em Home '' Pete Seeger with new verse by Jim Musselman & elements from `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' 3 : 35 18 . `` American Land '' Springsteen , inspired by `` He Lies In The American Land '' by Andrew Kovaly / Pete Seeger 4 : 44 Unreleased outtakes ( edit ) A handful of outtakes went unreleased from the final cut of the album . Springsteen would later release some of these on the American Land version of the album while songs such as the instrumental `` Once Upon a Time in the West '' was released on the We All Love Ennio Morricone album , a cover of Pete Seeger 's `` Hobo 's Lullaby '' made its way onto the Give Us Your Poor charity album . A re-recorded version of Springsteen 's `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' , which featured Pete Seeger , was released on the Sowing the Seeds charity album . A studio version of `` Bring ' Em Home '' was also released by Sony as an internet download . During these sessions Springsteen also first recorded `` Long Walk Home '' . This version remains unreleased although it was performed during this tour and would eventually be re-recorded for his next album , 2007 's Magic . Two live versions of `` American Land '' were released however the studio recording from these sessions has yet to surface . Springsteen would re-record the song for his 2012 album , Wrecking Ball .",
"5": "`` American Land '' `` Long Walk Home '' `` I Come and Stand At Every Door '' `` Pretty Boy Floyd '' `` Michael , Row Your Boat Ashore '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` Worried Man Blues '' Personnel ( edit ) Bruce Springsteen -- lead vocals , guitar , harmonica , B - 3 organ , and percussion Sam Bardfeld -- violin Art Baron -- tuba Frank Bruno -- guitar Jeremy Chatzky -- upright bass Mark Clifford -- banjo Larry Eagle -- drums and percussion Charles Giordano -- B - 3 organ , piano , and accordion Ed Manion -- saxophone Mark Pender -- trumpet , backing vocals Richie `` La Bamba '' Rosenberg -- trombone , backing vocals Patti Scialfa -- backing vocals Soozie Tyrell -- violin , backing vocals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ It was released on April 25 , 2006 . Tony Scherman `` Historical Recording : Springsteen Reignites the Folk Song '' American Heritage , Nov. / Dec. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions ( booklet ) . Bruce Springsteen . Columbia Records . 2006 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Andy ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Pete Seeger : `` I Feel Optimistic '' `` . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions - Bruce Springsteen '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( 2006 ) . `` Review : Bruce Springsteen : We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions '' . The A.V. Club ( May 3 ) . Chicago . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York ( 874 - 875 ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snow , Mat ( 2006 ) .",
"6": "`` CD : Bruce Springsteen , We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions '' . The Guardian ( April 20 ) . London . Film & music section , p. 11 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Neil ( 2006 ) . `` Bruce Springsteen , We Shall Overcome '' . The Observer ( April 22 ) . London . Observer Music Monthly section , p. 51 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( April 23 , 2006 ) . `` Bruce Springsteen : We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ringen , Jonathan ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` We Shall Overcome - The Seeger Sessions Album Review '' . Rolling Stone . New York ( 999 ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howe , Sean ( 2006 ) . `` New CDs '' . Spin . New York ( June ) : 84 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Gavin ( 2006 ) . Uncut . London ( June ) : 92 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( 2006 ) . `` Consumer Guide : Radicals of the Moment '' . The Village Voice ( May 30 ) . New York . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions by Bruce Springsteen '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 2000 ) . Christgau 's Consumer Guide : Albums of the ' 90s . Macmillan . p. xvi . ISBN 0312245602 . Jump up ^ `` The 2006 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll '' . The Village Voice ( February 6 ) . New York . 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Smith , Ethan ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Born to Run -- and Promote '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://brucebase.wikispaces.com/The+Seeger+Sessions+-+Studio+Sessions External links ( edit ) The Songs of the Seeger Sessions Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Bruce Springsteen Garry Tallent Roy Bittan Max Weinberg Steven Van Zandt Nils Lofgren Patti Scialfa Jake Clemons Charles Giordano Soozie Tyrell Former members Ernest Carter Clarence Clemons Danny Federici Vini Lopez David Sancious Former touring musicians Everett Bradley Barry Danielian Clark Gayton Curtis King Suki Lahav Ed Manion The Miami Horns Cindy Mizelle Michelle Moore Tom Morello Curt Ramm Jay Weinberg Studio albums Greetings from Asbury Park , N.J. ( 1973 ) The Wild , the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle ( 1973 ) Born to Run ( 1975 ) Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 1978 ) The River ( 1980 ) Nebraska ( 1982 ) Born in the U.S.A.",
"8": "( 1984 ) Tunnel of Love ( 1987 ) Human Touch ( 1992 ) Lucky Town ( 1992 ) The Ghost of Tom Joad ( 1995 ) The Rising ( 2002 ) Devils & Dust ( 2005 ) We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions ( 2006 ) Magic ( 2007 ) Working on a Dream ( 2009 ) Wrecking Ball ( 2012 ) High Hopes ( 2014 ) Live albums & Bruce Springsteen Archives Live 1975 -- 85 ( 1986 ) In Concert / MTV Plugged ( 1993 ) Live in New York City ( 2001 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2006 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Live from the Carousel ( 2011 ) Apollo Theater 3 / 09 / 12 ( 2014 ) The Agora , Cleveland 1978 ( 2015 ) Tower Theater , Philadelphia 1975 ( 2015 ) Nassau Coliseum , New York 1980 ( 2015 ) Brendan Byrne Arena , New Jersey 1984 ( 2015 ) LA Sports Arena , California 1988 ( 2015 ) Schottenstein Center , Ohio 2005 ( 2015 ) Ippodromo delle Capannelle , Rome 2013 ( 2015 ) Arizona State University , Tempe 1980 ( 2015 ) The Christic Shows 1990 ( 2016 ) HSBC Arena , Buffalo , NY , 11 / 22 / 09 ( 2016 ) Scottrade Center , St.",
"9": "Louis , MO , 8 / 23 / 08 ( 2017 ) Olympiastadion , Helsinki , July 31 , 2012 ( 2017 ) Wachovia Spectrum , Philadelphia , PA 10 / 20 / 09 ( 2017 ) Palace Theatre , Albany 1977 ( 2017 ) Auditorium Theatre , Rochester , NY 1977 ( 2017 ) King 's Hall , Belfast March 19 , 1996 ( 2017 ) The Summit , Houston , TX December 8 , 1978 ( 2017 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) 18 Tracks ( 1999 ) The Essential Bruce Springsteen ( 2003 ) Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) The Promise ( 2010 ) Collection : 1973 -- 2012 ( 2013 ) Chapter and Verse ( 2016 ) Box sets The Born in the U.S.A. 12 '' Single Collection ( 1985 ) Tracks ( 1998 ) The Collection ( 2004 ) Born to Run : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 2005 ) The Collection 1973 -- 1984 ( 2010 ) The Promise : The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story ( 2010 ) The Album Collection Vol.",
"10": "1 1973 -- 1984 ( 2014 ) The Ties That Bind : The River Collection ( 2015 ) EPs Live Collection ( 1987 ) Chimes of Freedom ( 1988 ) Blood Brothers ( 1996 ) PBS Exclusive ( 2007 ) Magic Tour Highlights ( 2008 ) American Beauty ( 2014 ) Singles `` Blinded by the Light '' ( 1973 ) `` Spirit in the Night '' ( 1973 ) `` 4th of July , Asbury Park ( Sandy ) '' ( 1974 ) `` Born to Run '' ( 1975 ) `` Tenth Avenue Freeze - Out '' ( 1976 ) `` Prove It All Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Badlands '' ( 1978 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( 1978 ) `` Rosalita ( Come Out Tonight ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Hungry Heart '' ( 1980 ) `` Fade Away '' ( 1981 ) `` Sherry Darling '' ( 1981 ) `` The River '' ( 1981 ) `` Cadillac Ranch '' ( 1981 ) `` Point Blank '' ( 1981 ) `` Atlantic City '' ( 1982 ) `` Open All Night '' ( 1982 ) `` Dancing in the Dark '' ( 1984 ) `` Cover Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Born in the U.S.A. '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm on Fire '' ( 1985 ) `` Glory Days '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' ( 1985 ) `` My Hometown '' ( 1985 ) `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' ( 1985 ) `` War '' ( 1986 ) `` Fire '' ( 1987 ) `` Brilliant Disguise '' ( 1987 ) `` Tunnel of Love '' ( 1987 ) `` One Step Up '' ( 1988 ) `` Tougher Than the Rest '' ( 1988 ) `` Spare Parts '' ( 1988 ) `` Human Touch '' ( 1992 ) `` 57 Channels ( And Nothin '",
"11": "On ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Better Days '' ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' ( 1994 ) `` Secret Garden '' ( 1995 ) `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' ( 1996 ) `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1999 ) `` The Rising '' ( 2002 ) `` Lonesome Day '' ( 2002 ) `` Waitin ' on a Sunny Day '' ( 2003 ) `` Devils & Dust '' ( 2005 ) `` All The Way Home '' ( 2005 ) `` Radio Nowhere '' ( 2007 ) `` Girls in Their Summer Clothes '' ( 2008 ) `` Working on a Dream '' ( 2008 ) `` My Lucky Day '' ( 2008 ) `` The Wrestler '' ( 2009 ) `` We Take Care of Our Own '' ( 2012 ) `` Death to My Hometown '' ( 2012 ) `` High Hopes '' ( 2013 ) `` Just Like Fire Would '' ( 2014 ) Charting songs `` Be True '' ( 1981 ) `` Ramrod '' ( 1981 ) `` Nebraska '' ( 1982 ) `` Johnny 99 '' ( 1982 ) `` No Surrender '' ( 1984 ) `` Stand on It '' ( 1985 ) `` Trapped '' ( live ) ( 1985 ) `` Because the Night '' ( live ) ( 1986 ) `` Chimes of Freedom '' ( live ) ( 1988 ) `` Youngstown '' ( 1995 ) `` American Skin ( 41 Shots ) '' ( 2001 ) `` Pay Me My Money Down '' ( 2006 ) `` Long Walk Home '' ( 2006 ) `` My City of Ruins '' ( 2011 ) `` Rocky Ground '' ( 2012 ) Other notable songs `` Growin ' Up '' ( 1973 ) `` For You '' ( 1973 ) `` Incident on 57th Street '' (",
"12": "1973 ) `` The Fever '' ( 1973 ) `` Thunder Road '' ( 1975 ) `` Night '' ( 1975 ) `` Backstreets '' ( 1975 ) `` She 's the One '' ( 1975 ) `` Meeting Across the River '' ( 1975 ) `` Jungleland '' ( 1975 ) `` Adam Raised a Cain '' ( 1978 ) `` Racing in the Street '' ( 1978 ) `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' ( 1978 ) `` Stay '' ( 1979 ) `` The Ties That Bind '' ( 1980 ) `` Independence Day '' ( 1980 ) `` Out in the Street '' ( 1980 ) `` Stolen Car '' ( 1980 ) `` Wreck on the Highway '' ( 1980 ) `` Highway Patrolman '' ( 1982 ) `` Darlington County '' ( 1984 ) `` Working on the Highway '' ( 1984 ) `` Downbound Train '' ( 1984 ) `` Bobby Jean '' ( 1984 ) `` Pink Cadillac '' ( 1984 ) `` Jersey Girl '' ( 1986 ) `` Light of Day '' ( 1993 ) `` The New Timer '' ( 1995 ) `` Land of Hope and Dreams '' ( 2012 ) `` Hunter of Invisible Game '' ( 2014 ) Video releases Video Anthology / 1978 -- 88 ( 1989 ) In Concert / MTV Plugged ( 1992 ) Blood Brothers ( 1996 ) The Complete Video Anthology / 1978 -- 2000 ( 2001 ) Live in New York City ( 2001 ) Live in Barcelona ( 2003 ) VH1 Storytellers ( 2005 ) Wings For Wheels ( 2005 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2005 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Magic Tour Highlights ( 2008 ) London Calling : Live in Hyde Park ( 2010 )",
"13": "The Promise : The Making of Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 2010 ) Springsteen & I ( 2013 ) Born in the U.S.A. Live : London 2013 ( 2014 ) A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen ( 2014 ) Bruce Springsteen 's High Hopes ( 2014 ) High Hopes in South Africa ( 2014 ) Hunter of Invisible Game ( 2014 ) Tours Born to Run tours ( 1974 -- 77 ) Darkness Tour ( 1978 ) The River Tour ( 1980 -- 81 ) Born in the U.S.A. Tour ( 1984 -- 85 ) Tunnel of Love Express ( 1988 ) Human Rights Now ! ( 1988 ) Bruce Springsteen 1992 -- 1993 World Tour ( 1992 -- 93 ) Ghost of Tom Joad Tour ( 1995 -- 97 ) Reunion Tour ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Rising Tour ( 2002 -- 03 ) Vote for Change ( 2004 ) Devils & Dust Tour ( 2005 ) Seeger Sessions Band Tour ( 2006 ) Magic Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) Working on a Dream Tour ( 2009 ) Wrecking Ball Tour ( 2012 - 13 ) High Hopes Tour ( 2014 ) The River Tour 2016 ( 2016 ) Summer ' 17 ( 2017 ) Springsteen on Broadway ( 2017 - 18 ) Related Discography E Street Band Steel Mill The Sessions Band The Miami Horns Born to Run autobiography E Street Radio Little Steven 's Underground Garage Outlaw Pete Mike Appel Jon Landau Brendan O'Brien Bob Clearmountain The Max Weinberg 7 Southside Johnny Joe Grushecky Badlands : A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen 's Nebraska Greetings from E Street Book Pete Seeger Studio albums American Folk Songs for Children God Bless the Grass Dangerous Songs ! ?",
"14": "Rainbow Race At 89 Pete Remembers Woody Live albums We Shall Overcome Songs `` The Bells of Rhymney '' `` God 's Counting on Me , God 's Counting on You '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus '' `` Little Boxes '' `` My Rainbow Race '' `` Pittsburgh Town '' `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' `` Waist Deep in the Big Muddy `` We Shall Overcome '' `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' Almanac Singers Songs for John Doe Talking Union Deep Sea Chanteys and Whaling Ballads Sod Buster Ballads Songs of the Lincoln Battalion Dear Mr. President The Weavers The Weavers at Carnegie Hall The Weavers at Carnegie Hall Vol. 2 The Weavers : Was n't That a Time ! Other Precious Friend ( with Arlo Guthrie ) Related Discography People 's Songs Rainbow Quest Sing Out !",
"15": "Pete Seeger : The Power of Song Hudson River Sloop Clearwater The Great Hudson River Revival We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions Family Charles Seeger ( father ) Ruth Crawford Seeger ( stepmother ) Alan Seeger ( paternal uncle ) Toshi Seeger ( wife ) Mike Seeger ( paternal half - brother ) Peggy Seeger ( paternal half - sister ) Ewan MacColl ( brother - in - law ) John Cohen ( brother - in - law ) Mika Seeger ( daughter ) Kirsty MacColl ( stepniece ) Tao Rodríguez - Seeger ( grandson ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome:_The_Seeger_Sessions&oldid=814010841 '' Categories : Bruce Springsteen albums 2006 albums Columbia Records albums Albums produced by Jon Landau Folk rock albums by American artists Pete Seeger tribute albums Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 12 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who does demetrius love in a midsummer night dream
|
[
"Helena",
"Helena",
"Hermia",
"Helena",
"Helena"
] |
{
"0": "Demetrius ( A Midsummer Night 's Dream ) - wikipedia Demetrius ( A Midsummer Night 's Dream ) Jump to : navigation , search Demetrius is one of the iconic lovers in William Shakespeare 's play A Midsummer Night 's Dream . He is a young Athenian who is engaged to another young Athenian , Hermia . He claims to love her , but really appears this way to gain Duke Theseus ' and Egeus ' support ( in one interpretation ) . However , Hermia does not love Demetrius , but instead she loves a man called Lysander . Demetrius follows Hermia and Lysander into the woods once they have fled Athens , whilst Helena follows him . Helena craves Demetrius ' love but he does n't return her love and instead finds her annoying and a nuisance as she tries to win his heart . Eventually Demetrius falls in love with Helena due to Oberon and Puck putting the love juice on his eyes . The storyline is complex and shows the difficulties of true love through comedy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in A Midsummer Night 's Dream 2 Interpretation 3 Portrayals 4 References Role in A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( edit ) After Hermia has confided in Helena regarding her plans to elope with Lysander , Helena reveals the plan to Demetrius , in the hopes of procuring Demetrius 's trust . However , Demetrius merely goes to the forest seeking Hermia , without giving Helena a second thought . After that he returns to the king . Helena follows Demetrius , and Oberon , the fairy king , sees them arguing . Oberon feels pity on Helena and decides to help her by putting love juice on Demetrius 's eyes , thereby compelling Demetrius to return Helena 's love . Oberon instructs Puck , another fairy , to pour love juice on the eyelids of the `` Athenian man '' However , Puck sees Lysander sleeping , and pours the love juice in Lysander 's eyes instead , thus causing Lysander to fall in love with Helena ( and abandon Hermia ) , while Demetrius 's love for Hermia continues unaltered .",
"1": "Later , Puck pours the love juice in Demetrius 's eyes as well , with the result of both Demetrius and Lysander falling in love with Helena and despising Hermia . They fight over Helena , until Puck lulls them to sleep , and then Puck reverses the spell upon Lysander so that Lysander will love Hermia again . The spell on Demetrius , however , is not removed , and the play ends with Demetrius very much in love with Helena . Interpretation ( edit ) Thus the love plot is balanced , with Lysander and Hermia forming one couple , and Demetrius and Helena forming another couple . Demetrius has to marry Hermia , while Hermia wants to marry Lysander . When Puck corrects his mistake and Demetrius then falls for Helena , it is because of the love potion . But somewhere deep down Demetrius truly loves Helena . Demetrius watched the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe performed by the six craftsmen on Duke Theseus and the Duchess 's wedding day at night , alongside Helena , Lysander and Hermia . Demetrius and the other four lovers share a wedding with Theseus and his soon - to - be wife . Portrayals ( edit ) In the 1925 silent film called Wood Love , Demetrius is portrayed by Hans Albers . In the 1935 film , Demetrius is portrayed by Ross Alexander . In the 1968 film , Demetrius is portrayed by Michael Jayston . In the 1981 BBC Television Shakespeare production , produced by Jonathan Miller , Demetrius was portrayed by Nicky Henson . In the 1988 A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1988 play ) Demetrius is portrayed by Simon Hughes In the 1996 film directed by Adrian Noble , Demetrius is portrayed by Kevin Doyle . In the 1999 film , Demetrius is portrayed by Christian Bale . In another 1999 film directed by James Kerwin , Demetrius is portrayed by Travis Schuldt . In the 2002 film A Midsummer Night 's Rave , the character Damon , who is portrayed by Corey Pearson , corresponds to Demetrius .",
"2": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wood Love '' ( 1925 ) . IMDB . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' ( 1935 ) . IMDB . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' ( 1968 ) . IMDB . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' ( 1981 ) . IMDB . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' ( 1996 ) . IMDB . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' ( 1999 ) . IMDB . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' ( 1999 ) . IMDB . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Midsummer Night 's Rave '' ( 2002 ) . IMDB . Retrieved 13 December 2013 .",
"3": "( hide ) William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream Characters Lovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Mechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Other characters Puck Egeus Philostrate Film 1909 1935 1959 1968 1999 Television 1969 1980 2016 Stage A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1970 , play ) The Park ( 1983 , play ) The Donkey Show ( 1999 , musical ) The Dreaming ( 2001 , musical ) Ballet A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1962 ) The Dream ( 1964 ) Opera The Fairy - Queen ( 1692 ) Pyramus and Thisbe ( 1745 ) Puck ( 1949 ) A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1960 , opera ) The Enchanted Island ( 2011 ) Film adaptations Wood Love ( 1925 ) Dream of a Summer Night ( 1983 ) Get Over It ( 2001 ) A Midsummer Night 's Rave ( 2002 ) Midsummer Dream ( 2005 ) Were the World Mine ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Triumph of Beauty ( 1646 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1852 ) `` Fascination '' ( 1994 ) Literature A Midsummer Tempest ( 1974 ) A Midsummer Night 's Gene ( 1997 ) A Midsummer 's Nightmare ( 1997 ) Lords and Ladies ( 1992 ) The Great Night ( 2011 ) Comics Auberon Faerie Titania Music A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1842 , Mendelssohn ) Wedding March ( 1842 , Mendelssohn ) Three Shakespeare Songs ( 1951 ) Symphony No.",
"4": "8 ( 1992 , Henze ) Il Sogno ( 2004 ) Art Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night 's Dream Related The Sandman : Dream Country ( 1991 ) Pyramus and Thisbe Mechanical Love - in - idleness The Apartment ( 1996 ) Wicker Park ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demetrius_(A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream)&oldid=826248648 '' Categories : Characters in A Midsummer Night 's Dream Fictional characters introduced in 1596 Male Shakespearean characters Fictional Greek people Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 02 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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3630221908691397878
|
who sang our god is an awesome god
|
[
"Rich Mullins"
] |
{
"0": "Awesome God - wikipedia Awesome God Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Awesome God '' Single by Rich Mullins from the album Winds of Heaven , Stuff of Earth Genre Contemporary worship Length 3 : 05 Label Reunion Songwriter ( s ) Rich Mullins Producer ( s ) Reed Arvin `` Awesome God '' is a contemporary worship song written by Rich Mullins and first recorded on his 1988 album , Winds of Heaven , Stuff of Earth . It was the first single from the album and rose to the number one spot on Christian radio and subsequently became a popular congregational song . Its title is inspired by a biblical expression ( Nehemiah 1 : 5 , Nehemiah 9 : 32 , Psalm 47 , Daniel 9 : 4 , etc . ) , variously translated as `` Awesome God '' , ( JPS , in the old - fashioned meaning `` awe - inspiring '' ) , `` great '' ( KJV ) , among other alternatives . Due to the popularity of the song it became Mullins ' signature song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commentary 2 Cover versions 3 Congregational and other use 4 References 5 External links Commentary ( edit ) Mullins did not consider the song to be one of his best . In an interview with The Lighthouse Electronic Magazine in April 1996 , he said : You know , the thing I like about Awesome God is that it 's one of the worst - written songs that I ever wrote ; it 's just poorly crafted . But the thing is that sometimes , I think , that when you become too conscientious about being a songwriter , the message becomes a vehicle for the medium . This is a temptation that I think all songwriters have . I think a great songwriter is someone who is able to take a very meaningful piece of wisdom - or of folly or whatever - and say it in a way that is most likely to make people respond .",
"1": "But , what you want them to respond to is not how cleverly you did that ; what you want them to respond to is your message . Cover versions ( edit ) Over a year after Mullins ' death ( in September 1997 ) the song was covered on a tribute album for Mullins entitled Awesome God : A Tribute to Rich Mullins by Contemporary Christian musician , Michael W. Smith . Numerous other Christian artists have performed versions in numerous styles , from ska to swing to straight rock and traditional worship style , even hardcore punk and heavy metal bands , such as , Unashamed and Pantokrator . Congregational and other Use ( edit ) The song may be used as a hymn and can be sung using only the chorus , alone or in medley . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selleck , Linda ( April 1998 ) . `` A Ragamuffin Music Man : Rich Mullins '' . Friends United Meeting . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Rich Mullins - Music Biography , Credits and Discography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brent Waters . `` The Lighthouse Electronic Magazine Interview '' . Kidbrothers.net . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Awesome God : A Tribute To Rich Mullins : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather ( September 15 , 1998 ) . `` Awesome God : A Tribute to Rich Mullins - Various Artists : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to `` Pantokrator '' Version of `` Awesome God '' `` . The Metal Resource . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 .",
"2": "External links ( edit ) Awesome God lyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awesome_God&oldid=797940520 '' Categories : Contemporary Christian songs 1988 songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Hrvatski 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 02 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-8680361524959876970
|
where does the term parsons nose come from
|
[
"from the notion that an English parson may 'have his nose up in the air', upturned like the chicken's rear end"
] |
{
"0": "Pygostyle - wikipedia Pygostyle Jump to : navigation , search Pope 's nose redirects here . It may also refer to the licence plate light on early Volkswagen Beetles . Pigeon skeleton with `` plowshare '' - type pygostyle ( number 17 ) Confuciusornis sanctus with `` rod '' - type pygostyle and the two central tail feathers Pygostyle describes a skeletal condition in which the final few caudal vertebrae are fused into a single ossification , supporting the tail feathers and musculature . In modern birds , the rectrices attach to these . The pygostyle is the main component of the uropygium , a structure colloquially known as the parson 's nose , pope 's nose , or sultan 's nose . This is the fleshy protuberance visible at the posterior end of a bird ( most commonly a chicken or turkey ) that has been dressed for cooking . It has a swollen appearance because it also contains the uropygial gland that produces preen oil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution 2 Etymology 3 As food 4 Footnotes 5 References Evolution ( edit ) Pygostyles probably began to evolve very early in the Cretaceous period , perhaps 140 - 130 million years ago . The earliest known species to have evolved a pygostyle were members of the Confuciusornithidae . The structure provided an evolutionary advantage , as a completely mobile tail as found in species such as Archaeopteryx is detrimental to its use for flight control . Modern birds still develop longer caudal vertebrae in their embryonic state , which later fuse to form a pygostyle . There are two main types of pygostyle : one , found in Confuciusornithidae , Enantiornithes , and some other Mesozoic birds , as well as in some oviraptorosaurs like Nomingia , is long and rod - or dagger blade - like . None of the known fossils with such pygostyles show traces of well - developed rectrices .",
"1": "The tail feathers in these animals consisted of downy fuzz and sometimes 2 -- 4 central `` streamers '' such as those found in some specimens of Confuciusornis or in Paraprotopteryx . By contrast , the function of the pygostyle in the terrestrial Nomingia is not known . It is notable however that its older relative Caudipteryx had no pygostyle but a `` fan '' of symmetrical feathers which were probably used in social display . Perhaps such ornaments were widespread in Caenagnathoidea and their relatives , and ultimately the oviraptorosaurian pygostyle evolved to help support them . The related Similicaudipteryx , described in 2008 , also had a rod - like pygostyle , associated with a fan of tail feathers . Yixianornis grabaui , one of the oldest known species with a pygostyle like that in living birds The other pygostyle type is plowshare - shaped . It is found in Ornithurae ( living birds and their closest relatives ) , and in almost all flying species is associated with an array of well - developed rectrices used in maneuvering . The central pair of these attach directly to the pygostyle , just as in Confuciusornis . The other rectrices of Ornithurae are held in place and moved by structures called bulbi rectricium ( rectricial bulbs ) , a complex feature of fat and muscles located on either side of the pygostyle . The oldest known species with such a pygostyle is Hongshanornis longicresta . As evidenced by the oviraptorosaurian cases , the pygostyle evolved at least twice , and rod - shaped pygostyles seem to have evolved several times , in association with shortening of the tail but not necessarily with a retractable fan of tail feathers . In other words , the pygostyles of oviraptorosaurs and Confuciusornis were likely weight - saving measures , and the specialized `` true '' pygostyles of ornithurans were adapted from these later to improve flight performance .",
"2": "The bird clade Pygostylia was named in 1996 , by Luis Chiappe , for the presence of this feature and roughly corresponds to its appearance in the bird family tree , though the feature itself is not included in its definition . In 2001 , Jacques Gauthier and Kevin de Queiroz ( 2001 ) re-defined Pygostylia to refer specifically to the apomorphy of a short tail bearing an avian pygostyle . Etymology ( edit ) Look up pygostyle in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Pygostyle '' is of Ancient Greek origin , literally meaning `` rump pillar '' . The phrase `` parson 's nose '' comes from the notion that an English parson may ' have his nose up in the air ' , upturned like the chicken 's rear end . The term must have been known as early as around 1400 AD , when a carpenter had been contracted to provide new choir stalls for St Mary 's Church , Nantwich . The vicar was either slow to pay the artisan , or did not pay at all . In retaliation , on the last misericord in the stalls , the carpenter carved a bird with an image of that Vicar 's face with protuberant nose as rump . The carving is still visible today . A similar derivation applies to the phrase `` Pope 's nose '' , which may have originated as a derogatory term meant to demean Catholics in England during the late 17th century . `` Sultan 's nose '' probably was coined some time during the Early Modern era wars against the Ottoman Empire . As food ( edit ) Turkey tail or turkey butt has an international exportation market in places such as Micronesia , Samoa , and Ghana . The turkey tail is commonly exported from America because it is considered unhealthy and cut off of the normal turkey . After World War II , cheap imported turkey tails became popular in Samoa .",
"3": "Because the cut is so fatty , to combat obesity it was banned from 2007 to 2013 , only allowed back when Samoa joined the World Trade Organization . The meat is otherwise used in pet food . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clarke et al. ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Xu , X. ; Zheng , X. ; You , H. ( 2010 ) . `` Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers '' . Nature . 464 ( 7293 ) : 1338 -- 1341 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08965 . PMID 20428169 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.K. ; Gao , K. - Q. ; Chiappe , L.M. ( 2010 ) . `` A new ornithuromorph ( Aves : Ornithothoraces ) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher - level diversity '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 321 . doi : 10.1080 / 02724631003617498 . Jump up ^ Chiappe , L. ( 1997 ) . `` The Chinese early bird Confuciusornis and the paraphyletic status of Sauriurae '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 ( 3 ) : 37A . doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.1997. 10011028 . Jump up ^ `` The Building and Contents of St Mary 's Nantwich '' . St Mary 's PCC , Nantwich . parsonsnose. jpg . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Singer , Merrill ( 2014 ) . `` Following the turkey tails : neoliberal globalization and the political ecology of health '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Political Ecology. 21 : 436 -- 451 . Jump up ^ Robert Siegel ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Samoans Await The Return Of The Tasty Turkey Tail '' . NPR .",
"4": "References ( edit ) Clarke , Julia A. ; Zhou , Zhonghe & Zhang , Fucheng ( 2006 ) : Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui . Journal of Anatomy 208 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 308 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2006. 00534. x PMID 16533313 PDF fulltext Electronic Appendix He , T. ; Wang , X. - L. & Zhou , Z. - H. ( 2008 ) : A new genus and species of caudipterid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning , China . Vertebrata PalAsiatica 46 ( 3 ) : 178 -- 189 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&oldid=834024558 '' Categories : Bird anatomy Vertebrate anatomy Ancient Greek language Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Esperanto Français Galego Italiano Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 15 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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forney's sister in where the heart is
|
[
"Margaret Hoard",
"Mary Elizabeth",
"Mary Elizabeth (Margaret Hoard)",
"Mary Elizabeth"
] |
{
"0": "Where the Heart is ( 2000 film ) - wikipedia Where the Heart is ( 2000 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2000 film . For other uses , see Where the Heart Is . Where The Heart Is Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Williams Produced by Susan Cartsonis David McFadzean Patricia Whitcher Matt Williams Screenplay by Lowell Ganz Babaloo Mandel Based on Where the Heart Is by Billie Letts Starring Natalie Portman Ashley Judd Stockard Channing Joan Cusack Music by Mason Daring Cinematography Richard Greatrex Edited by Brooke Wilson Production company Kiah rainwater studios Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date April 28 , 2000 Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $40 million Where the Heart Is is a 2000 American romantic drama film directed by Matt Williams in his film directing debut . The film stars Natalie Portman , Stockard Channing , Ashley Judd , and Joan Cusack with supporting roles performed by James Frain , Dylan Bruno , Keith David , and Sally Field . The screenplay , written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel , is based on the best - selling novel by Billie Letts . The film follows five years in the life of Novalee Nation , a pregnant 17 - year - old , who is abandoned by her boyfriend at a Walmart in a small Oklahoma town . She secretly moves into the store , where she eventually gives birth to her baby , which attracts media attention . With the help of friends , she makes a new life for herself in the town . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Differences between novel and film 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Novalee Nation ( Natalie Portman ) is seventeen years old and seven months pregnant .",
"1": "She sets off on a road trip from Tennessee to California with her boyfriend , Willy Jack Pickens ( Dylan Bruno ) in an old , broken down 1963 Plymouth . When driving through Sequoyah , Oklahoma , Novalee asks Willy Jack to stop at the local Walmart so that she can go to the restroom and buy new shoes . Willy Jack drives off leaving behind her and her new Polaroid camera . Having no other place to go she walks back inside and meets Thelma `` Sister '' Husband ( Stockard Channing ) . After Sister presents her with a buckeye tree , Novalee also meets Moses Whitecotton ( Keith David ) , a local photographer who advises her to give her baby a strong name . A sickly Novalee is forced to live in the Walmart , undetected . Meanwhile Willy Jack is charged with fraternizing with a minor , and stealing from a convenience store . During his tenure in prison he composes a country song , `` Beat of the Heart . '' Novalee soon meets Forney Hull ( James Frain ) , the surly librarian who looks after his alcoholic sister Mary Elizabeth ( Margaret Hoard ) . During a thunderstorm Novalee , alone at Walmart , goes into labor . Forney , who is now in awe of Novalee , and had seen her enter the store at closing time , smashes through the window to help deliver her child . Novalee instantly becomes a media darling , and in hospital is befriended by Nurse Lexie Coop ( Ashley Judd ) , who has four children by three different men . Novalee names her daughter Americus . Her estranged mother Mama Lil ( Sally Field ) , visits after hearing of the news on television but Novalee soon realises to her dismay and disgust that money had been Mama Lil 's only motive . Sister Husband arrives and offers to take in Novalee and Americus . Three years later , Novalee begins a career as a photographer with the help of Moses . When a tornado blows through Sequoyah , Sister Husband is killed . In memory of Sister , Novalee shoots a picture of Americus and the still - standing buckeye tree amidst the damage from the storm .",
"2": "After the funeral , Novalee finds out that she is the beneficiary of Sister 's estate , totaling around $40,000 . Novalee builds a new home for herself and Americus on Sister 's land . Upon being released from prison and making it to Nashville , Willy Jack becomes a one - hit - wonder after a slow start with the song he wrote in jail . He teams with the grizzled and cranky music agent , Ruth Meyers ( Joan Cusack ) , who gives him a makeover and the stage name `` Billy Shadow . '' At the same time , Novalee is also in Las Vegas to accept an award in a photo contest she has won . Novalee and Willy Jack just miss meeting each other . Ruth Meyers , who has gotten in his hotel room , informs Willy Jack that his old cellmate , Tommy Reynolds , is suing him claiming he is the true writer of Beat of a Heart , now a major radio hit , and terminates her connections with Willy Jack . Novalee returns to Sequoyah after the awards event without realizing how close she came to seeing Willy Jack . One day , Novalee receives a call from Brownie , Lexie 's oldest child . She rushes over to find Lexie bruised and battered and learns that Lexie 's new love interest started to molest her two eldest children and nearly beat her to death as she attempted to protect them . Lexie 's injuries hinder her nursing job and she and her children have to move in with Novalee and Americus . Lexie breaks down feeling guilty and angry . She tearfully tells Novalee that she ignored her kid 's dislike for her boyfriend . Mary Elizabeth later passes away and when Forney does not appear at the funeral , Novalee finds him in a hotel and comforts him . They act on their feelings they have denied for so long and spend the night together . Forney confesses his love for her . Novalee confides in Lexie that she has never considered good enough for Forney and is confused about her own feelings for . Novalee learns that Lexie is seeing someone new . Lexie is embarrassed to admit `` Ernie '' is an exterminator and does not have quite the physical attributes that have in the past attracted her interest .",
"3": "Lexie eventually falls in love with Ernie ( Bob Coonrod ) after learning he gave his ex-wife his restored 1967 Chevy Camaro in exchange for custody of his step - daughter whom he adopted as his own . They get married , and Lexie tells Novalee that she 's pregnant . After Forney returns from his sister 's burial on the east coast , Novalee feels deeply that she is not good enough for him , knowing he has a chance of going back to school . Knowing his life would be a dead end staying with her in Sequoyah , she struggles through lying to him saying she does not love him . Heartbroken and rejected by Novalee , Forney returns to school in Maine . Severely depressed at his ruined career following the lawsuit , Willy Jack becomes an alcoholic and starts popping pills while driving with a woman across country . He wanders off drunk and collapses on a railroad track where he is unable to move as a train approaches . On Americus 's 5th birthday , Novalee picks up a newspaper and sees an article about Willy Jack having lost his legs some months before and recently being robbed of his wheelchair . Novalee visits Willy Jack in the hospital and he confesses his whole life would 've been different if he had n't left her . Novalee , realizing he is now a pathetically changed man , is able to finally forgive and let go of Willy Jack . Novalee realizes that her lies are similar mistakes with Forney . She drives Willy Jack home to Tennessee and then continues to Maine to find Forney at a college . Novalee tells him she really does love him and they return to Oklahoma and marry . The final scene is of their wedding , which takes place in a Walmart . Cast ( edit ) Natalie Portman as Novalee Nation Ashley Judd as Lexie Coop Stockard Channing as Thelma `` Sister '' Husband Joan Cusack as Ruth Meyers James Frain as Forney Hull Dylan Bruno as Willy Jack Pickens Keith David as Moses Whitecotton Richard Andrew Jones as Mr.",
"4": "Sprock Sally Field as Mama Lil Angee Hughes as Religious woman Margaret Hoard as Mary Elizabeth Hull Mackenzie Fitzgerald as Americus Nation David Alvarado as Tommy Reynolds Richard Nance as Johnny DeSotto Bob Coonrod as Ernie Cody Linley as Brownie Coop Adrian Garza as Young Brownie ( uncredited ) Differences between novel and film ( edit ) Novalee finds the number 5 unlucky in the movie , and the number 7 unlucky in the novel . Sister Husband has brown hair in the movie , and blue hair in the novel . In the novel , Lexie marries Leon Yoder . In the film , Forney returns to school . In the novel , Forney instead travels for some time before settling in Chicago . Novalee 's marriage to Forney only occurs in the film . In the novel , Lexie is obese . She is constantly trying new fad diets and weight loss schemes . This aspect of her character is removed from the film version . In the novel , Benny Goodluck gives Novalee a buckeye tree for good luck . In the film , the buckeye tree was given to Novalee by Sister Husband . In the novel , Moses has a wife named Certain whom Novalee also becomes close with . She is entirely omitted from the film , as is Benny Goodluck . Music ( edit ) Original music for the film was produced by Mason Daring . A soundtrack of the original music was released by RCA Records , as well as a music compilation soundtrack featuring songs used in the film by artists such as Emmylou Harris , Lyle Lovett , Martina McBride , and John Hiatt . The song `` That 's the Beat of a Heart '' was performed by The Warren Brothers and Sara Evans . A music video was made for the song , which is included as a bonus extra on the DVD release , and features a number of scenes from the film . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mostly negative reviews . Metacritic gives it a score of 30 % based on reviews from 28 critics .",
"5": "Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 35 % approval rating , based on reviews from 97 critics , with the sites consensus stating that the film 's `` poor script and messy plot undermines the decent cast . '' Box office ( edit ) The film opened in theaters in the United States on April 28 , 2000 . Where the Heart Is accumulated ( USD ) $8,292,939 in its opening weekend , opening at number 4 . The film went on to make $33,772,838 at the North American box office , and an additional $7,090,880 internationally for a worldwide total of $40,863,718 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Metacritic ( Where The Heart Is ) Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes ( Where The Heart Is ) Jump up ^ `` Where the Heart Is '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 15 April 2006 . External links ( edit ) Where the Heart Is on IMDb Where the Heart Is at Box Office Mojo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Heart_Is_(2000_film)&oldid=819399280 '' Categories : English - language films 2000s drama films 2000 films 20th Century Fox films American comedy - drama films American teen drama films American films Country music films Directorial debut films Films based on American novels Films set in department stores Films set in Oklahoma Screenplays by Babaloo Mandel Screenplays by Lowell Ganz Teenage pregnancy in film Walmart Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"6": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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0
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3895386769528538506
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who played the twins in darling buds of may
|
[
"Christina Giles",
"Katherine Giles",
"Christina Giles",
"Katherine Giles",
"Christina Giles",
"Katherine Giles",
"Christina Giles, as Petunia Larkin, twin sister to Zinnia (18 episodes)",
"Katherine Giles, as Zinnia Larkin, twin sister to Petunia (18 episodes)"
] |
{
"0": "The Darling Buds of May ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Darling Buds of May ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Darling Buds of May Series titles Starring Pam Ferris Philip Franks David Jason Catherine Zeta - Jones Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 50 minutes approx . Production company ( s ) Excelsior Productions Yorkshire Television Distributor ITV Studios Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 Original release 7 April 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 07 ) -- 4 April 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 04 ) The Darling Buds of May is a British comedy drama television series , produced by Yorkshire Television for the ITV network , first broadcast between 7 April 1991 and 4 April 1993 . It is an adaptation of the 1958 novel of the same name , and its sequels , by H.E. Bates . Set in rural 1950s Kent , it follows the life of the Larkin family . It starred David Jason as `` Pop '' Larkin alongside Pam Ferris as `` Ma '' Larkin , with Catherine Zeta - Jones playing their eldest daughter Mariette , who marries tax inspector Philip Franks as `` Charley '' Charlton . A ratings success , it proved to be Zeta - Jones ' breakout role . Featuring a total of 20 episodes , it was broadcast as three series of six double - episode story lines in the spring of 1991 , 1992 and 1993 , plus two single episode Christmas specials aired in 1991 and 1992 . The title is from the third line of Shakespeare 's sonnet 18 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Time period 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast members 3.2 Recurring cast - Larkin family 3.3 Recurring cast - others 4 Episodes 4.1 Series 1 4.2 Series 2 4.3 Series 3 5 Production 5.1 Conception and development 5.2 Casting 5.3 Filming 5.4 Filming locations 5.5 Music 5.6 Future 6 Themes 7 Release 7.1 Broadcast 7.2 Home media 7.3 Soundtrack 8 Reception 8.1 Awards 9 Source novels and other adaptations 10 References 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The square oast house of Buss Farm , featured in the opening credits , seen in 2007 The Larkin family lives on a farm in rural England , in the county of Kent . Sidney ( `` Pop '' ) and his partner Florence ( `` Ma '' ) have six children , eldest daughter Mariette , followed by their only son Montgomery , and other daughters Primrose , twins Zinnia and Petunia , and Victoria . Ma is a housewife while Pop supplements his farm income with various other not entirely legitimate enterprises . Tax collector Cedric ( `` Charlie '' ) visits to audit Pop , but falls in love with Mariette and quits his job to live the rural life . As Ma and Pop raise their other children , Charlie attempts to provide for his now wife Mariette . Ma and Pop soon have a seventh child , Oscar , followed around a year later by Charlie and Mariette 's first baby , John Blenheim . Pop and Ma 's relationship is depicted as loving and affectionate throughout , although Pop is flirtatious and subject to numerous advances , most of which Ma is aware of and evidently unconcerned by . Proud of all his children , Pop 's schemes evidently provide well for the family , enough to fund boarding school for the twins , naval boarding school for Monty , a swimming pool , a fairground , and a holiday to France , although he is just as motivated by doing good and helping others as making a profit .",
"2": "Ma occasionally becomes involved in Pop 's schemes , or creates a scheme of her own . Possessing some very close friends , their lifestyle , in particular the fact they have never been married , nonetheless raises eyebrows in the stuffy environs of the local village . Mariette and Charlie 's relationship is more torrid , in part due to his insecurity over her attractiveness , and his varying success in providing financially , with their newly acquired hop farm struggling . Mariette 's business skills eventual come to bear as they purchase a local brewery . Primrose is depicted as a frustrated romantic , moving to France to live with a boy her own age and attempting to seduce both Charlie and the village minister upon her return . Monty meanwhile contends with bullying , both at home and at naval boarding school . The increasingly mischievous twins gradually grow apart from their younger sibling Victoria , who delights in teasing and embarrassing all her siblings , especially Primrose . Time period ( edit ) All the episodes are seemingly set during 1958 -- 59 despite the timespan of events across all three series making this a logical impossibility . The first serial is based on the first book , written and set in 1958 , during which Florence finds out she is pregnant . In the second serial ( `` When the green woods laugh '' ) Sidney is accused of committing indecent assault on 23 August 1958 . The trial takes place on July 7th , the same day as Charlie 's and Mariette 's wedding ; this would seem to be a continuity error because it can not be July of the following year as Florence 's baby had not yet been born . By the time of the third serial ( `` A breath of French air '' ) Florence has already given birth to Oscar and the Larkins have a late August holiday in Brittany , during which Charlie and Mariette celebrate their first wedding anniversary . The fourth serial ( `` Christmas is coming '' ) is set at Christmas and it is established Mariette is five months pregnant ; she gives birth in the fifth serial ( `` Oh ! to be in England ! '' ) , which would be some time in the spring of 1960 at the earliest according to the dating of the first series and the chronology of events up to that point .",
"3": "However , in the sixth serial ( `` Stranger at the gates '' ) the twins celebrate their birthday , which a close - up of a wall calendar reveals to be 15 August 1959 . In the eighth serial ( `` Le Grand Weekend '' ) the Larkins ' weekend getaway coincides with Charles de Gaulle 's state visit , which would date the events of the episode to April 1960 if it does indeed coincide with the real - life visit . Primrose 's birthday was revealed to be in May in `` Stranger at the gates '' and she celebrates it in the ninth serial `` The happiest days of your life '' , dating the events either to May 1960 ( using the retconned second series date ) or 1961 ( going by the date given in the first series ) . By the eleventh serial ( `` Climb the greasy pole '' ) , when the children are older and the babies have grown to toddlerhood , another close - up of a calendar reveals the month to be October 1959 . At the end of the final episode , Sidney is elected to the Rural District Council on 5 November 1959 ( Guy Fawkes Night ) . Cast ( edit ) Main cast members ( edit ) Of the four main cast members , Jason and Ferris appeared in all twenty episodes , while Zeta - Jones and Franks appeared in eighteen , their only absences being in the third series double episode `` Cast Not Your Pearls Before Swine '' ( 3.3 & 3.4 ) . David Jason , as Sidney Charles `` Pop '' Larkin , the father of the family Pam Ferris , as Florence Daisy `` Ma '' ( Parker ) Larkin , the mother of the family Catherine Zeta - Jones , as Mariette Charlton , née Larkin , eldest Larkin daughter Philip Franks , Cedric `` Charley '' Charlton , husband of Mariette Recurring cast - Larkin family ( edit ) The actors playing the other Larkin children and grandchild were as below ( listed in descending character age ) . All the children except those yet to be born appeared in the first episode . After appearing in the first six episodes , the actor playing Primrose was replaced , the second appearing from the seventh episode ( the first Christmas special ) onwards .",
"4": "The actors playing the roles of Oscar and John Blenheim first appear in episodes 1.5 and 2.1 respectively . Although a male character , John Blenheim was played by Daisy - May Bates , granddaughter of the author of the books . Julie Stichbury , as Primrose Larkin ( 1991 ) ( 6 episodes ) Abigail Rokison , as Primrose Larkin ( 1991 - 1993 ) ( 12 episodes ) Ian Tucker , as Montgomery ' Monty ' Larkin , their eldest son ( 13 episodes ) Christina Giles , as Petunia Larkin , twin sister to Zinnia ( 18 episodes ) Katherine Giles , as Zinnia Larkin , twin sister to Petunia ( 18 episodes ) Stephanie Ralph , as Victoria Larkin , the youngest Larkin daughter ( 19 episodes ) Ross Marriott , as Oscar Larkin , their youngest child ( 16 episodes ) Daisy - May Bates , as John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim Charlton , the only son of Charlie and Mariette ( 11 episodes ) Recurring cast - others ( edit ) Various other actors appeared in more than one story - line , i.e. in more than one double - episode . Rachel Bell as Edith Pilchester , a local spinster ( 16 episodes ) Moray Watson as the Brigadier , a local retired army officer ( 11 episodes ) Kika Mirylees as Angela Snow , a local woman ( 7 episodes ) Martyn Read as Sergeant Wilson , a local police officer ( 6 episodes ) Tyler Butterworth as Reverend John Candy , the local vicar ( 4 episodes ) Michael Jayston as Ernest Bristow , the brewery owner ( 4 episodes ) Carol MacReady as Mrs. Daws , a local shopkeeper ( 4 episodes ) Sheila Burrell as Mrs.",
"5": "Kinthley , owner of the hop - garden bought by Charlie ( 4 episodes ) Steven Brand as Tom Sargent , love interest of Mariette ( 4 episodes ) Anna Massey as Mademoiselle Antoinette Dupont , a French hotelier ( 3 episodes ) Michael Culver as Sir George Bluff - Gore , a local landowner ( 3 episodes ) Richenda Carey as Lady Bluff - Gore , wife of Sir George ( 3 episodes ) John Carlin as Reverend Spink ( 3 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( edit ) No . Title Original broadcast 1.1 & 1.2 `` The Darling Buds of May '' 7 and 14 April 1991 Cedric Charlton , the tax inspector , arrives on Home Farm to help the Larkins fill in their tax form . He is distracted by their beautiful daughter , Mariette . The Larkins distract him further by attempting to teach him crib and getting him drunk . He wakes with a hangover , and is unfit to return home . Eventually , he forgets life in the office . He accompanies the family on their annual strawberry - picking trip , where he attracts Pauline Jackson , the local flirt . Mariette and Pauline fight for him but Mariette wins and the episode ends with Mr Charlton ( called Charley by the family ) , proposing to Mariette , and Pop Larkin giving them his blessing . 1.3 & 1.4 `` When the green woods laugh '' 21 and 28 April 1991 The day of Charley and Mariette 's wedding is looming . Pop sells a country mansion to an aristocratic couple . When Pop rejects the advances of Corrine Perrigo ( Celia Imrie ) , she gets her revenge by persuading the woman to charge him with assault , when all he attempted was stop her from falling . The Brigadier is best man for the wedding . Eventually , Pop is found innocent and the wedding goes ahead . 1.5 & 1.6 `` A breath of French air '' 5 and 12 May 1991 The Larkins go on holiday to Brittany . The weather is appalling , the food revolting , the receptionist unfriendly .",
"6": "The weather improves , and a mechanic sees the crest on the doors of Mr Larkin 's car and thinks him a lord . As a result , he is treated better , even by the receptionist , Molet . The hotel patronne , Mademoiselle Dupont , gives Pop and Ma her room . Primrose falls in love with a local boy named Marc - Antoine Gammelin and wants to stay in France . Tension springs up between Charley and Mariette when she attracts local young men and wants to spend time with them on the beach . She refuses to go on a miniature railway with Charlie . Incensed , Charlie says he will go on his own . The train is late and he wanders into a bar , where he meets a tomboy and her pals . They get him drunk ; he misses his train and has to be escorted home by Pop . But he sobers up at the sight of Mariette playing in the sea with her new friends . Charley drags her away , and tells her she will come on the train with him next day whether she likes it or not . Mariette surrenders and enjoys it . The Larkins get together with the tomboy , Max ( short for Maxime ) , and Angela Snow ( who , by a coincidence , is also visiting Brittany ) and her sister Iris , who with the hotel staff organise a wedding anniversary celebration for Charley and Mariette . 1.7 `` Christmas is coming ! '' 22 December 1991 As Christmas approaches , Charley and Mariette go to view a house to rent , unaware that Tommy Mason , an escaped convict is hiding there . Pop later discovers him in the Larkins ' hen - house where Victoria is taking food to him . He explains that , since his imprisonment , his wife has severed all ties with him but he is anxious to see his children . Pop usually dresses as Father Christmas to give local children toys but Charley suggests Tommy play the part so he can see his children , which he does , as well as making up with his wife and then returning to prison . Mrs Mason and her children join the throng already invited to spend Christmas Day with the Larkins . Series 2 ( edit ) No . Title Original broadcast 2.1 & 2.2 `` Oh ! to be in England ! ''",
"7": "26 January and 2 February 1992 Mam'selle Dupont comes to stay with the Larkins , and discovers the truth -- Mr. Larkin is not a lord . She is disappointed but comes to terms with it , and enjoys her stay . Pop saves an old woman from being cheated , and buys a fair from his friend , Fruity Pears , who is unable to run it after being attacked by thugs . Primrose 's relationship with the French boy has fizzled out ; back in the UK she falls for Mr Candy , the young vicar in charge of christening the young Larkins ... and a newly arrived Charlton . 2.3 & 2.4 `` Stranger at the gates '' 9 and 16 February 1992 A young man named Pieter who says he is Danish arrives on the farm , and starts doing odd jobs for the people in the village . Everyone , including Mariette , thinks he 's the bee 's knees , much to the resentment of Charley . Meanwhile , Montgomery is being bullied by local boys , and Primrose is attempting to win Mr. Candy 's heart . She mistakes his sister for a girlfriend , and angrily leaves him . Charley discovers that Pieter is German and has been hiding his identity because of the anti-German sentiment in post-World War II Britain . The villagers turn against him on this discovery , but Pieter is restored to favour again after he rescues John Watson , one of the bullies from a quarry ledge . The Larkins arrange for Pieter to marry his girlfriend , an English lady named Eileen . 2.5 & 2.6 `` A season of heavenly gifts '' 23 February and 1 March 1992 Pop Larkin unwittingly becomes involved in smuggling when he receives gifts from a grateful pilot he helped after a crash - landing . Meanwhile , an evil Polish man named Mr. Cope attempts to prevent Charley and Mariette from buying Mrs Kinthley 's hopgarden . The pilot invites the family to a party at his club , which they greatly enjoy . Montgomery Larkin is unhappy at Naval College , where he is training to be a sailor in the merchant navy .",
"8": "The family go to his Open Day ; the Brigadier goes along and helps them solve the problem by showing Pop how to humiliate the bullying instructor , Strickland . 2.7 `` Le Grand Weekend '' 26 December 1992 Pop and Ma 's proposed week - end in Paris is disrupted by a storm , and they spend the time in a country house . Series 3 ( edit ) No . Title Original broadcast 3.1 & 3.2 `` The happiest days of your life '' 28 February and 7 March 1993 The twins go to boarding school , while Charley starts doing the books as a part - time job for the brewery to which he wishes to sell his hops . Charley and Mariette decide to buy the brewery . The whole family repairs the twins ' boarding school , which was otherwise going to be forced to close by the bank for not keeping up with the repairs . 3.3 & 3.4 `` Cast not your pearls before swine '' 14 and 21 March 1993 Pop builds a swimming - pool , and buys two hundred pigs from George Harran , a confidence trickster who is also cheating Edith , who has fallen in love with him . Meanwhile , Primrose has a new love interest -- a member of the swimming pool building crew , from Liverpool . Pop prepares a trick against George to put all to rights without hurting Edith . Primrose runs away to Liverpool in pursuit of her love after Victoria teases her , causing Pop to realise the scam , but returns home when she realises he is not the man for her . 3.5 & 3.6 `` Climb the greasy pole '' 28 March and 4 April 1993 Pop runs for rural councillor while Charley and Mariette struggle at the brewery and have problems in their relationship . Gypsies get involved in Pop 's campaign for rural councillor . Charley and Mariette have to work on their marriage as Mariette is attracted to Tom Sargent , after which they at last finalise the deal to buy Bristow 's brewery .",
"9": "Production ( edit ) Conception and development ( edit ) Having been sold to MGM films in 1959 , it was n't until 1989 that Richard Bates , son of the author of the original books H.E Bates , was able to purchase the rights to the novels . At the same time , Yorkshire Television were looking for a new project for David Jason , having starred for them in A Bit of a Do . Richard Bates went on to Executive Produce the show , alongside Vernon Lawrence of Yorkshire Television . Casting ( edit ) Bates had originally considered Bob Hoskins as ideal for the role of Pop , but Lawrence was of the view his increasing fame as a film actor would create problems . Jason was cast first , followed by Ferris and Franks . Finding an actor to fit with the novel 's description of Mariette as a black - haired and olive skinned beauty proved difficult , with over 300 rejected until Zeta - Jones was cast . With filming due to start , she had been spotted appearing in 42nd Street at the Drury Lane Theatre . Filming ( edit ) Each one - hour episode took two weeks to film , followed by two months in post production . Filming locations ( edit ) Farmhouse of Buss Farm , seen in 2007 Much of the series was filmed in and around the village of Pluckley in Kent ; Executive Producer Richard Bates lived just a few miles away . The location for `` Home Farm '' , the Larkin residence , was Buss Farm a few miles south of Pluckley , owned by the Holmes family . All four main buildings of the Grade II listed farm were utilised , the farmhouse itself , a square oast house ( depicted in the title sequence ) , a Tudor barn and cart lodge . After being put up for sale by the family in 2012 , it was purchased in 2013 by a businessman . Renaming it `` Darling Buds Farm '' , several buildings were converted into guest accommodation themed around the show . The Black Horse pub in Pluckley , seen in 2009 Other locations in Pluckley village itself were used extensively ; the Black Horse pub in The Street was renamed the Hare and Hounds and used as the Larkins ' local .",
"10": "Church Gate Cottage and Fig Tree Cottage in The Street served as Edith Pilchester 's and The Brigadier 's homes respectively . Pluckley primary school , also in The Street , served as the village hall . The butcher 's shop also featured , and the Post Office ( dressed as the grocer 's ) . Church scenes were filmed at St Nicholas Church in the village . The cricket scenes were filmed at Little Chart Cricket Club , a village north east of Pluckley . St Nicholas Church , Pluckley , seen in 2013 Further afield , in and around Tenterden , Kent , Halden Place in Halden Lane , Cranbrook , served as Mrs Kinthley 's hop garden , Wentwood Cottage in Swain Road served as Charley and Mariette 's cottage , and the Kent & East Sussex Railway was the location of Charley 's arrival in Kent , and the station used by Ma , Charley and Mariette shopping for her wedding dress . Other scenes shot in Kent included the exteriors of `` Bristow 's Brewery '' , filmed at Shepherd Neame Brewery in Faversham , and scenes of the Larkin 's beach holiday , filmed in Folkestone , including a backdrop of the Leas Lift . Mlle . Dupont is met by the Larkin 's at Folkestone Harbour after her channel crossing . Little filming was done inside the farmhouse , the interiors having been shot in a studio at Yorkshire Television . Scenes shot in the former Wennington School in Yorkshire were included . To mark the series ' 20th anniversary , Kent County Council established a tourist trail featuring the various film locations and other local attractions and Kent food . Music ( edit ) The series ' music producer Pip Burley wrote the title theme , `` Perfick ! '' . He had submitted the piece anonymously , having deemed the submissions received from a shortlist of composers missed the point of the essential romanticism of the show . Although it also featured lyrics , drawn from the words used in the novels , the theme music for the series did not feature them . The song with lyrics was later sung by David Jason for the radio adaptation of the last book in the Larkin series , A Little of What You Fancy . Future ( edit ) After the series ended , Ferris wished to film more episodes .",
"11": "Having performed it for radio in 1996 , she theorised in 2008 that the reason the fifth book was never adapted for television was because the storyline featured Pop recovering from a heart attack , something the producers likely thought the audience would not want to see . In 2016 , having filmed a cinema adaptation of another classic TV series , Dad 's Army , Zeta - Jones responded positively to suggestions that The Darling Buds of May might also be similarly remade , stating `` I 'd be playing Ma Larkin , but I 'm up for it '' . Themes ( edit ) Locally produced food and drink intentionally played a core role in the series . Due to not being ripe at the right time , the strawberries used in the series were imported from Holland . One of the most iconic scenes featuring Pop and Ma eating a meal together while having a bath . With several scenes featuring eating , the fact Ferris was a vegetarian had to be worked around by the production staff . Both Ferris and Jason gained weight due to the amount of food they had to consume , often in multiple times and for multiple scenes at one time , to make the scenes look realistic . Another theme of the series was the Larkin family 's habit of giving their children unusual or themed first and middle names . Mariette was created by combining ' Marie ' and ' Antoinette ' . Montgomery was named after wartime officer Field Marshall Montgomery . Victoria was named for being born during the plum season ( Victoria plum ) . While Monty and Victoria have no middle names , the other children have multiple instances of them : Primrose Violet Anemone Iris Magnolia Narcissa , twins Petunia June Florence Nightingale and Zinnia June Florence Nightingale , and Oscar Columbus Septimus Dupont , the last one being in tribute to the French hotelleir Mademoiselle Dupont , who features in the series . In comparison , Mariette 's wedding ceremony reveals her middle name is simply Jane . Mariette and Charlie continue the family tradition by naming their son John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The first episode was transmitted on the ITV channel at 8pm on a Sunday night . Home media ( edit ) When the series was first released on video , it sold £ 1m worth of copies in the first four days .",
"12": "DVD releases : Country Publisher Title Rating Release date Notes United Kingdom Cinema Club The Best of The Darling Buds of May PG 15 July 2002 Cinema Club The Darling Buds of May : The Perfect Collection PG 10 November 2003 all 20 episodes ITV Studios The Darling Buds of May : The Complete Series - Special Edition PG 7 February 2005 all 20 episodes & exclusive interviews ITV Studios The Darling Buds of May : The Complete Series PG 1 September 2008 contains all 20 episodes & exclusive commentary ITV Studios The Darling Buds of May : The Complete 20th Anniversary Collection PG 8 August 2011 all 20 episodes Australia Shock Records The Darling Buds of May : Series One PG 3 March 2007 Special 2 - Disc Edition - contains all 6 episodes & bonus episode `` Christmas is Coming '' Shock Records The Darling Buds of May : Series Two 5 May 2007 Special 2 - Disc Edition - contains all 6 episodes & bonus episode `` La Grande Weekend '' Shock Records The Darling Buds of May : The Complete Collection PG 29 March 2008 all 20 episodes Reel DVD The Darling Buds of May : The Complete Collection PG 6 February 2013 all 20 episodes ( contains same packaging as UK 2011 release ) Note : The 2008 and 2011 DVD sets from ITV Studios list that there are 11 episodes ; this is due to the fact that all episodes in series 1 - 3 ( not including the specials ) contain two parts making them count as a whole . Soundtrack ( edit ) A 16 track soundtrack of the series was released by EMI on CD in 1991 . Reception ( edit ) The series was a ratings success , its `` feel - good '' factor during economic recession often noted as the reason . While Yorkshire TV classified it as a drama , audiences and critics have generally considered it a comedy / drama . The first episode broke a British broadcasting record , becoming the first instance of a new series topping the national ratings , beating the soap opera Coronation Street ( also an ITV production ) on the night .",
"13": "This came as a shock to producers , although they had been hopeful of good ratings , based on the dull weather and the belief people would be looking for something to lift their spirits following the end of the Gulf War . Jason attributed the series ' popularity to the public wanting a more wholesome , inclusive and inoffensive viewing option , at a time when violence on television was increasing . This was one of the main reasons he decided to take the role . The series generated an upsurge in sales of H.E. Bates ' novels . Awards ( edit ) 1992 Ivor Novello Award - Best Theme from a TV / Radio Production Source novels and other adaptations ( edit ) The Larkin family truck , seen at the Darling Buds Classic Car Show at Buss Farm in 2007 The series is based on the works of H.E. Bates , who died in 1974 . Having moved from the industrialised English Midlands to a granary in Little Chart in Kent in 1930 in search of new inspirations for his work , he was initially frustrated in his efforts to create a novel based on the Kent way of life . His inspiration for the Larkin stories eventually came in 1955 while on a trip to Sittingbourne . Pausing at Faversham , he observed the joyful camaraderie of a large boisterous family as they emerged from a shop and departed in a large blue truck . Combining this with observations of another family on a nearby small - holding , he set about writing about how these families might live . Originally a short story , he expanded it into a novel , followed by a further four books , the titles of the first four of which were used as episode titles for the TV series : The Darling Buds of May ( 1958 ) A Breath of French Air ( 1959 ) When the Green Woods Laugh ( 1960 ) Oh ! To be in England ! ( 1963 ) A Little of What You Fancy ? ( 1970 ) The first novel in the series was originally adapted to the screen in 1959 as The Mating Game , starring Debbie Reynolds and Tony Randall as Mariette and Charley . The fifth novel , A Little of What You Fancy ?",
"14": ", was never adapted for television , but it was adapted into a six - part series by Eric Pringle for BBC Radio , with Jason and Ferris reprising their roles , first airing in February 1996 . In May 2011 a stage production of the series was put on at Buss Farm . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Darling Buds of May and Kent '' . Kent Life . 21 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hildred , Stafford ; Ewbank , Tim ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) . Sir David Jason - A Life of Laughter . John Blake Publishing . ISBN 9781782190721 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darling Buds of May -- Garden of England Trail -- Behind the Scenes '' . Kent Film Office . 2011 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Darling Buds of May farm in Kent for sale for £ 1.35 m '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Darling Buds of May farm to open to public '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : The Darling Buds of May Trail ( PDF ) . Kent Film Office . ^ Jump up to : `` Darling Buds of May visitor trail set up in Kent '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds of May '' . Pip Burley . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Perfick ! '' . Pip Burley . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Little Dorrit star Pam Ferris on her 15 year rift with Catherine Zeta - Jones '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Catherine Zeta - Jones on Darling Buds of May film : `` I 'm up for it '' `` . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds Of May Series 1 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds Of May Series 2 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds Of May The Complete Collection Collectors Edition on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds Of May Complete Collection on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Darling Buds Of May , The - Soundtrack details - SoundtrackCollector.com '' . www.soundtrackcollector.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds of May '' . Jump up ^ `` The Ivors 1992 - The Ivors '' . The Ivors . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A Little of What You Fancy - BBC Radio 4 FM - 15 February 1996 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Radio A Little of What You Fancy / Heartache Radio 4 '' . The Independent . 1996 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . External links ( edit ) The Darling Buds of May on IMDb Darling Buds Farm -- Kent farm location used for the TV series . Darling Buds Cookery Courses - cookery course at the Kent farm location used for the TV series . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Darling_Buds_of_May_(TV_series)&oldid=803325930 '' Categories : 1991 British television programme debuts 1993 British television programme endings 1990s British drama television series ITV comedy ITV television dramas Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in Kent Works by H.E.",
"16": "Bates Television series by ITV Studios Television series by Yorkshire Television English - language television programs Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 20 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7,
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-3984706621862511717
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where does cortisol come from in the body
|
[
"the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland",
"zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland",
"the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland",
"the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland"
] |
{
"0": "Cortisol - Wikipedia Cortisol Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the natural hormone . For the medication , see Hydrocortisone . Not to be confused with cortisone , a metabolite from cortisol , with a similar name , genesis , and function . This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents . To comply with Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines , please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article 's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article . ( discuss ) . ( November 2016 ) Cortisol Names IUPAC name 11β , 17α , 21 - Trihydroxypregn - 4 - ene - 3 , 20 - dione Identifiers CAS Number 50 - 23 - 7 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 17650 ChemSpider 5551 DrugBank DB00741 ECHA InfoCard 100.000.",
"1": "019 KEGG D00088 PubChem CID 5754 UNII WI4X0X7BPJ InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C21H30O5 / c1 - 19 - 7 - 5 - 13 ( 23 ) 9 - 12 ( 19 ) 3 - 4 - 14 - 15 - 6 - 8 - 21 ( 26 , 17 ( 25 ) 11 - 22 ) 20 ( 15 , 2 ) 10 - 16 ( 24 ) 18 ( 14 ) 19 / h9 , 14 - 16 , 18 , 22 , 24 , 26H , 3 - 8 , 10 - 11H2 , 1 - 2H3 / t14 - , 15 - , 16 - , 18 + , 19 - , 20 - , 21 - / m0 / s1 Key : JYGXADMDTFJGBT - VWUMJDOOSA - N SMILES ( show ) O = C4 \\ C = C2 / ( C @ ) ( ( C@H ) 1 ( C @ @ H ) ( O ) C ( C @ @ ) 3 ( ( C @ @ ) ( O ) ( C ( = O ) CO ) CC ( C@H ) 3 ( C @ @ H ) 1CC2 ) C ) ( C ) CC4 Properties Chemical formula Molar mass 362.460 g / mol Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Infobox references Cortisol is a steroid hormone , in the glucocorticoid class of hormones . When used as a medication , it is known as hydrocortisone . It is produced in humans by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland . It is released in response to stress and low blood - glucose concentration . It functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis , to suppress the immune system , and to aid in the metabolism of fat , protein , and carbohydrates . It also decreases bone formation .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Health effects 1.1 Metabolic response 1.2 Immune response 2 Other effects 2.1 Metabolism 2.1. 1 Glucose 2.1. 2 Bone and collagen 2.1. 3 Amino acid 2.2 Wound healing 2.3 Electrolyte balance 2.3. 1 Sodium 2.3. 2 Potassium 2.4 Stomach and kidneys 2.5 Memory 2.6 Sleep , stress , and mood 2.7 Effects during pregnancy 3 Synthesis and release 3.1 Normal levels 3.2 Disorders of cortisol production 4 Regulation 4.1 Factors reducing cortisol levels 4.2 Factors increasing cortisol levels 5 Biochemistry 5.1 Biosynthesis 5.2 Metabolism 6 Chemistry 7 Other animals 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Health effects ( edit ) Metabolic response ( edit ) In the early fasting state , cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis ( the formation of glucose ) , and activates antistress and anti-inflammatory pathways . Cortisol also plays an important , but indirect , role in liver and muscle glycogenolysis , the breaking down of glycogen to glucose - 1 - phosphate and glucose . This is done through its passive influence on glucagon . Additionally , cortisol facilitates the activation of glycogen phosphorylase , which is necessary for epinephrine to have an effect on glycogenolysis . In the late fasting state , the function of cortisol changes slightly and increases glycogenesis . This response allows the liver to take up glucose not being used by the peripheral tissue and turn it into liver glycogen stores to be used if the body moves into the starvation state . Elevated levels of cortisol , if prolonged , can lead to proteolysis ( breakdown of proteins ) and muscle wasting . Several studies have shown that cortisol can have a lipolytic effect ( promote the breakdown of fat ) . Under some conditions , however , cortisol may somewhat suppress lipolysis . Immune response ( edit ) Cortisol prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation .",
"3": "It is used to treat conditions resulting from overactivity of the B - cell - mediated antibody response . Examples include inflammatory and rheumatoid diseases , as well as allergies . Low - potency hydrocortisone , available as a nonprescription medicine in some countries , is used to treat skin problems such as rashes and eczema . It inhibits production of interleukin ( IL ) - 12 , interferon ( IFN ) - gamma , IFN - alpha , and tumor - necrosis - factor ( TNF ) - alpha by antigen - presenting cells ( APCs ) and T helper ( Th ) 1 cells , but upregulates IL - 4 , IL - 10 , and IL - 13 by Th2 cells . This results in a shift toward a Th2 immune response rather than general immunosuppression . The activation of the stress system ( and resulting increase in cortisol and Th2 shift ) seen during an infection is believed to be a protective mechanism which prevents an over-activation of the inflammatory response . Cortisol can weaken the activity of the immune system . It prevents proliferation of T - cells by rendering the interleukin - 2 producer T - cells unresponsive to interleukin - 1 ( IL - 1 ) , and unable to produce the T - cell growth factor ( IL - 2 ) . Cortisol also has a negative - feedback effect on interleukin - 1 . Though IL - 1 is useful in combating some diseases , endotoxic bacteria have gained an advantage by forcing the hypothalamus to increase cortisol levels ( forcing the secretion of corticotropin - releasing hormone , thus antagonizing IL - 1 ) . The suppressor cells are not affected by glucosteroid response - modifying factor , so the effective setpoint for the immune cells may be even higher than the setpoint for physiological processes ( reflecting leukocyte redistribution to lymph nodes , bone marrow , and skin ) . Rapid administration of corticosterone ( the endogenous type I and type II receptor agonist ) or RU28362 ( a specific type II receptor agonist ) to adrenalectomized animals induced changes in leukocyte distribution . Natural killer cells are affected by cortisol . Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes ( often to 50 % of their total potential ) , probably to increase copper availability for immune purposes .",
"4": "This includes lysyl oxidase , an enzyme that cross-links collagen , and elastin . Especially valuable for immune response is cortisol 's stimulation of the superoxide dismutase , since this copper enzyme is almost certainly used by the body to permit superoxides to poison bacteria . Other effects ( edit ) Metabolism ( edit ) Glucose ( edit ) Cortisol counteracts insulin , contributes to hyperglycemia - causing hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibits the peripheral use of glucose ( insulin resistance ) by decreasing the translocation of glucose transporters ( especially GLUT4 ) to the cell membrane . However , cortisol increases glycogen synthesis ( glycogenesis ) in the liver . The permissive effect of cortisol on insulin action in liver glycogenesis is observed in hepatocyte culture in the laboratory , although the mechanism for this is unknown . Bone and collagen ( edit ) Cortisol reduces bone formation , favoring long - term development of osteoporosis ( progressive bone disease ) . It transports potassium out of cells in exchange for an equal number of sodium ions ( see above ) . This can trigger the hyperkalemia of metabolic shock from surgery . Cortisol also reduces calcium absorption in the intestine . Collagen is an important component of connective tissue . It is vital for structural support and is found in muscles , tendons , and joints , as well as throughout the entire body . Cortisol down - regulates the synthesis of collagen . Amino acid ( edit ) Cortisol raises the free amino acids in the serum by inhibiting collagen formation , decreasing amino acid uptake by muscle , and inhibiting protein synthesis . Cortisol ( as opticortinol ) may inversely inhibit IgA precursor cells in the intestines of calves . Cortisol also inhibits IgA in serum , as it does IgM ; however , it is not shown to inhibit IgE . Wound healing ( edit ) Cortisol and the stress response have known deleterious effects on the immune system . High levels of perceived stress and increases in cortisol have been found to lengthen wound - healing time in healthy , male adults . Those who had the lowest levels of cortisol the day following a 4 mm punch biopsy had the fastest healing time .",
"5": "In dental students , wounds from punch biopsies took an average of 40 % longer to heal when performed three days before an examination as opposed to biopsies performed on the same students during summer vacation . This is in line with previous animal studies that show similar detrimental effects on wound healing , notably the primary reports showing that turtles recoil from cortisol . Electrolyte balance ( edit ) Cortisol acts as a diuretic , increasing water diuresis , glomerular filtration rate , and renal plasma flow from the kidneys , as well as increasing sodium retention and potassium excretion . It also increases sodium and water absorption and potassium excretion in the intestines . Sodium ( edit ) Cortisol promotes sodium absorption through the small intestine of mammals . Sodium depletion , however , does not affect cortisol levels so cortisol can not be used to regulate serum sodium . Cortisol 's original purpose may have been sodium transport . This hypothesis is supported by the fact that freshwater fish use cortisol to stimulate sodium inward , while saltwater fish have a cortisol - based system for expelling excess sodium . Potassium ( edit ) A sodium load augments the intense potassium excretion by cortisol . Corticosterone is comparable to cortisol in this case . For potassium to move out of the cell , cortisol moves an equal number of sodium ions into the cell . This should make pH regulation much easier ( unlike the normal potassium - deficiency situation , in which two sodium ions move in for each three potassium ions that move out -- closer to the deoxycorticosterone effect ) . Stomach and kidneys ( edit ) Cortisol stimulates gastric - acid secretion . Cortisol 's only direct effect on the hydrogen - ion excretion of the kidneys is to stimulate the excretion of ammonium ions by deactivating the renal glutaminase enzyme . Memory ( edit ) Cortisol works with epinephrine ( adrenaline ) to create memories of short - term emotional events ; this is the proposed mechanism for storage of flash - bulb memories , and may originate as a means to remember what to avoid in the future . However , long - term exposure to cortisol damages cells in the hippocampus ; this damage results in impaired learning . Furthermore , cortisol inhibits memory retrieval of already stored information . Sleep , stress , and mood ( edit ) Diurnal cycles of cortisol levels are found in humans .",
"6": "In humans , the amount of cortisol present in the blood undergoes diurnal variation ; the level peaks in the early morning ( around 8 am ) and reaches its lowest level at about midnight - 4 am , or three to five hours after the onset of sleep . Information about the light / dark cycle is transmitted from the retina to the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus . This pattern is not present at birth ; estimates of when it begins vary from two weeks to nine months of age . Changed patterns of serum cortisol levels have been observed in connection with abnormal ACTH levels , mood disorders such as major depressive disorder , anxiety disorders , psychological stress , and physiological stressors such as hypoglycemia , illness , fever , trauma , surgery , fear , pain , physical exertion , or temperature extremes . Cortisol levels may also differ for individuals with autism or Asperger 's syndrome . Also , significant individual variation is seen , although a given person tends to have consistent rhythms . Effects during pregnancy ( edit ) During human pregnancy , increased fetal production of cortisol between weeks 30 and 32 initiates production of fetal lung surfactant to promote maturation of the lungs . In fetal lambs , glucocorticoids ( principally cortisol ) increase after about day 130 , with lung surfactant increasing greatly , in response , by about day 135 , and although lamb fetal cortisol is mostly of maternal origin during the first 122 days , 88 % or more is of fetal origin by day 136 of gestation . Although the timing of fetal cortisol concentration elevation in sheep may vary somewhat , it averages about 11.8 days before the onset of labor . In several livestock species ( e.g. cattle , sheep , goats , and pigs ) , the surge of fetal cortisol late in gestation triggers the onset of parturition by removing the progesterone block of cervical dilation and myometrial contraction . The mechanisms yielding this effect on progesterone differ among species . In the sheep , where progesterone sufficient for maintaining pregnancy is produced by the placenta after about day 70 of gestation , the prepartum fetal cortisol surge induces placental enzymatic conversion of progesterone to estrogen . ( The elevated level of estrogen stimulates prostaglandin secretion and oxytocin receptor development . )",
"7": "Exposure of fetuses to cortisol during gestation can have a variety of developmental outcomes , including alterations in prenatal and postnatal growth patterns . In marmosets , a species of New World primates , pregnant females have varying levels of cortisol during gestation , both within and between females . Infants born to mothers with high gestational cortisol during the first trimester of pregnancy had lower rates of growth in body mass indices than infants born to mothers with low gestational cortisol ( about 20 % lower ) . However , postnatal growth rates in these high - cortisol infants was more rapid than low - cortisol infants later in postnatal periods , and complete catch - up in growth had occurred by 540 days of age . These results suggest that gestational exposure to cortisol in fetuses has important potential fetal programming effects on both pre - and postnatal growth in primates . Synthesis and release ( edit ) Cortisol is produced in the human body by the adrenal gland in the zona fasciculata , the second of three layers comprising the adrenal cortex . The cortex forms the outer `` bark '' of each adrenal gland , situated atop the kidneys . The release of cortisol is controlled by the hypothalamus , a part of the brain . The secretion of corticotropin - releasing hormone by the hypothalamus triggers cells in the neighboring anterior pituitary to secrete another hormone , the adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) , into the vascular system , through which blood carries it to the adrenal cortex . ACTH stimulates the synthesis of cortisol , glucocorticoids , mineralocorticoids , and dehydroepiandrosterone . Normal levels ( edit ) Normal values indicated in the following tables pertain to humans ( normal levels vary among species ) . Measured cortisol levels , and therefore reference ranges , depend on the analytical method used and factors such as age and sex . Test results should , therefore , always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that produced the result .",
"8": "Reference ranges for blood plasma content of free cortisol Time Lower limit Upper limit Unit 09 : 00 am 140 700 nmol / L 5 25 μg / dL Midnight 80 350 nmol / l 2.9 13 μg / dl Using the molecular weight of 362.460 g / mole , the conversion factor from μg / dl to nmol / l is approximately 27.6 ; thus , 10 μg / dl is about 276 nmol / l . Reference ranges for urinalysis of free cortisol Lower limit Upper limit Unit 28 or 30 280 or 490 nmol / 24h 10 or 11 100 or 176 μg / 24 h Disorders of cortisol production ( edit ) Cushing 's syndrome or hypercortisolism : Excessive levels of cortisol in the blood Hypocortisolism : Insufficient levels of cortisol in the blood Disorders of cortisol production , and some consequent conditions , are : Primary hypercortisolism ( Cushing 's syndrome ) Primary hypocortisolism ( Addison 's disease , Nelson 's syndrome ) Secondary hypercortisolism ( pituitary tumor resulting in Cushing 's disease , pseudo-Cushing's syndrome ) Secondary hypocortisolism ( pituitary tumor , Sheehan 's syndrome ) Regulation ( edit ) The primary control of cortisol is the pituitary gland peptide , ACTH , which probably controls cortisol by controlling the movement of calcium into the cortisol - secreting target cells . ACTH is in turn controlled by the hypothalamic peptide corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) , which is under nervous control . CRH acts synergistically with arginine vasopressin , angiotensin II , and epinephrine . ( In swine , which do not produce arginine vasopressin , lysine vasopressin acts synergistically with CRH . )",
"9": "When activated macrophages start to secrete IL - 1 , which synergistically with CRH increases ACTH , T - cells also secrete glucosteroid response modifying factor ( GRMF ) , as well as IL - 1 ; both increase the amount of cortisol required to inhibit almost all the immune cells . Immune cells then assume their own regulation , but at a higher cortisol setpoint . The increase in cortisol in diarrheic calves is minimal over healthy calves , however , and falls over time . The cells do not lose all their fight - or - flight override because of interleukin - 1 's synergism with CRH . Cortisol even has a negative feedback effect on interleukin - 1 -- especially useful to treat diseases that force the hypothalamus to secrete too much CRH , such as those caused by endotoxic bacteria . The suppressor immune cells are not affected by GRMF , so the immune cells ' effective setpoint may be even higher than the setpoint for physiological processes . GRMF affects primarily the liver ( rather than the kidneys ) for some physiological processes . High - potassium media ( which stimulates aldosterone secretion in vitro ) also stimulate cortisol secretion from the fasciculata zone of canine adrenals -- unlike corticosterone , upon which potassium has no effect . Potassium loading also increases ACTH and cortisol in humans . This is probably the reason why potassium deficiency causes cortisol to decline ( as mentioned ) and causes a decrease in conversion of 11 - deoxycortisol to cortisol . This may also have a role in rheumatoid - arthritis pain ; cell potassium is always low in RA . Ascorbic acid presence , particularly in high doses has also been shown to mediate response to psychological stress and speed the decrease of the levels of circulating cortisol in the body post stress . This can be evidenced through a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and decreased salivary cortisol level after treatment with ascorbic acid . Factors reducing cortisol levels ( edit ) Magnesium supplementation decreases serum cortisol levels after aerobic exercise , but not after resistance training . Omega - 3 fatty acids have a dose - dependent effect in slightly reducing cortisol release influenced by mental stress , suppressing the synthesis of interleukin - 1 and - 6 and enhancing the synthesis of interleukin - 2 ; the former promotes higher CRH release .",
"10": "Omega - 6 fatty acids , though , have an inverse effect on interleukin synthesis . Music therapy can reduce cortisol levels in certain situations . Massage therapy can reduce cortisol . Laughing , and the experience of humor , can lower cortisol levels . Soy - derived phosphatidylserine interacts with cortisol ; the correct dose , however , is unclear . Regular dancing has been shown to lead to significant decreases in salivary cortisol concentrations . Withania somnifera ( ashwagandha ) root extract High - dosage treatment with ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) has been shown to decrease circulating cortisol levels during and shortly after the treatment period . Factors increasing cortisol levels ( edit ) Viral infections increase cortisol levels through activation of the HPA axis by cytokines . Caffeine may increase cortisol levels . Sleep deprivation Intense ( high VO max ) or prolonged aerobic exercise transiently increases cortisol levels to increase gluconeogenesis and maintain blood glucose ; however , cortisol declines to normal levels after eating ( i.e. , restoring a neutral energy balance ) The Val / Val variation of the BDNF gene in men and the Val / Met variation in women are associated with increased salivary cortisol in a stressful situation . Severe trauma or stressful events can elevate cortisol levels in the blood for prolonged periods . Subcutaneous adipose tissue regenerates cortisol from cortisone by the enzyme 11 - beta HSD1 . Anorexia nervosa may be associated with increased cortisol levels . The serotonin receptor gene 5HTR2C is associated with increased cortisol production in men . Smelling androstadienone has been found in one study to raise cortisol levels in women , as well as , in other studies , to affect mood ( see androstadienone article for details and citations ) . Excessive or problematic drinking has been linked to increased cortisol levels , especially in college students . Biochemistry ( edit ) Biosynthesis ( edit ) Steroidogenesis , showing cortisol at right . Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol . Synthesis takes place in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex . ( The name cortisol is derived from cortex . )",
"11": "While the adrenal cortex also produces aldosterone ( in the zona glomerulosa ) and some sex hormones ( in the zona reticularis ) , cortisol is its main secretion in humans and several other species . ( However , in cattle , corticosterone levels may approach or exceed cortisol levels . ) . The medulla of the adrenal gland lies under the cortex , mainly secreting the catecholamines adrenaline ( epinephrine ) and noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ) under sympathetic stimulation . The synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with ACTH ; ACTH production is , in turn , stimulated by CRH , which is released by the hypothalamus . ACTH increases the concentration of cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane , via regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein . It also stimulates the main rate - limiting step in cortisol synthesis , in which cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone and catalyzed by cytochrome P450SCC ( side - chain cleavage enzyme ) . Metabolism ( edit ) Cortisol is metabolized by the 11 - beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system ( 11 - beta HSD ) , which consists of two enzymes : 11 - beta HSD1 and 11 - beta HSD2 . 11 - beta HSD1 uses the cofactor NADPH to convert biologically inert cortisone to biologically active cortisol 11 - beta HSD2 uses the cofactor NAD+ to convert cortisol to cortisone Overall , the net effect is that 11 - beta HSD1 serves to increase the local concentrations of biologically active cortisol in a given tissue ; 11 - beta HSD2 serves to decrease local concentrations of biologically active cortisol . Cortisol is also metabolized into 5 - alpha tetrahydrocortisol ( 5 - alpha THF ) and 5 - beta tetrahydrocortisol ( 5 - beta THF ) , reactions for which 5 - alpha reductase and 5 - beta reductase are the rate - limiting factors , respectively . 5 - Beta reductase is also the rate - limiting factor in the conversion of cortisone to tetrahydrocortisone .",
"12": "An alteration in 11 - beta HSD1 has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity , hypertension , and insulin resistance known as metabolic syndrome . An alteration in 11 - beta HSD2 has been implicated in essential hypertension and is known to lead to the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess ( SAME ) . Chemistry ( edit ) Cortisol is a naturally occurring pregnane corticosteroid and is also known as 11β , 17α , 21 - trihydroxypregn - 4 - ene - 3 , 20 - dione . Other animals ( edit ) In non-human animals , cortisol is often used as an indicator of stress and can be measured in blood , saliva , urine , hair , and faeces . See also ( edit ) Cortisone , a hormone Membrane glucocorticoid receptor List of corticosteroids References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Scott E ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Cortisol and Stress : How to Stay Healthy '' . About.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hoehn K , Marieb EN ( 2010 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology . San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 321 - 60261 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Chyun YS , Kream BE , Raisz LG ( February 1984 ) . `` Cortisol decreases bone formation by inhibiting periosteal cell proliferation '' . Endocrinology. 114 ( 2 ) : 477 -- 80 . doi : 10.1210 / endo - 114 - 2 - 477 . PMID 6690287 . ^ Jump up to : Martin PA , Crump MH ( 2003 ) . `` The adrenal gland '' . In Dooley MP , Pineda MH . McDonald 's veterinary endocrinology and reproduction ( 5th ed . ) . Ames , Iowa : Iowa State Press . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 1106 - 6 . Jump up ^ Coderre L , Srivastava AK , Chiasson JL ( June 1991 ) .",
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"23": "7 ( 3 ) : 321 . ^ Jump up to : Brody S , Preut R , Schommer K , Schürmeyer TH ( January 2002 ) . `` A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure , cortisol , and subjective responses to psychological stress '' . Psychopharmacology. 159 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 24 . doi : 10.1007 / s00213 - 001 - 0929 - 6 . PMID 11862365 . Jump up ^ Golf SW , Happel O , Graef V , Seim KE ( November 1984 ) . `` Plasma aldosterone , cortisol and electrolyte concentrations in physical exercise after magnesium supplementation '' . Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry . Zeitschrift für Klinische Chemie Und Klinische Biochemie. 22 ( 11 ) : 717 -- 21 . doi : 10.1515 / cclm. 1984.22. 11.717 . PMID 6527092 . Jump up ^ Golf SW , Bender S , Grüttner J ( September 1998 ) . `` On the significance of magnesium in extreme physical stress '' . Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy . 12 Suppl 2 ( 2suppl ) : 197 -- 202 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1007708918683 . PMID 9794094 . Jump up ^ Wilborn CD , Kerksick CM , Campbell BI , Taylor LW , Marcello BM , Rasmussen CJ , Greenwood MC , Almada A , Kreider RB ( December 2004 ) . `` Effects of Zinc Magnesium Aspartate ( ZMA ) Supplementation on Training Adaptations and Markers of Anabolism and Catabolism '' . Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 1 ( 2 ) : 12 -- 20 . doi : 10.1186 / 1550 - 2783 - 1 - 2 - 12 . PMC 2129161 . PMID 18500945 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Bhathena SJ , Berlin E , Judd JT , Kim YC , Law JS , Bhagavan HN , Ballard - Barbash R , Nair PP ( October 1991 ) . `` Effects of omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin E on hormones involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 54 ( 4 ) : 684 -- 8 . PMID 1832814 . Jump up ^ Delarue J , Matzinger O , Binnert C , Schneiter P , Chioléro R , Tappy L ( June 2003 ) . `` Fish oil prevents the adrenal activation elicited by mental stress in healthy men '' . Diabetes & Metabolism. 29 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / S1262 - 3636 ( 07 ) 70039 - 3 . PMID 12909818 . Jump up ^ Yehuda S ( 2003 ) . `` Omega - 6 / omega - 3 ratio brain related functions '' . In Simopoulos AP , Cleland LG . Omega - 6 , omega - 3 essential fatty acid ratio : the scientific evidence . Basel : Karger . p. 50 . ISBN 3 - 8055 - 7640 - 4 . Jump up ^ Uedo N , Ishikawa H , Morimoto K , Ishihara R , Narahara H , Akedo I , Ioka T , Kaji I , Fukuda S ( 2004 ) . `` Reduction in salivary cortisol level by music therapy during colonoscopic examination '' . Hepato - Gastroenterology. 51 ( 56 ) : 451 -- 3 . PMID 15086180 . Jump up ^ Field T , Hernandez - Reif M , Diego M , Schanberg S , Kuhn C ( October 2005 ) . `` Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy '' . The International Journal of Neuroscience. 115 ( 10 ) : 1397 -- 413 . doi : 10.1080 / 00207450590956459 . PMID 16162447 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Berk LS , Tan SA , Berk D ( 2008 ) . `` Cortisol and Catecholamine stress hormone decrease is associated with the behavior of perceptual anticipation of mirthful laughter '' . The FASEB Journal . 22 ( 1 ) : 946.11 . Jump up ^ Hellhammer J , Fries E , Buss C , Engert V , Tuch A , Rutenberg D , Hellhammer D ( June 2004 ) . `` Effects of soy lecithin phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine complex ( PAS ) on the endocrine and psychological responses to mental stress '' . Stress. 7 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 26 . doi : 10.1080 / 10253890410001728379 . PMID 15512856 . Jump up ^ Starks MA , Starks SL , Kingsley M , Purpura M , Jäger R ( July 2008 ) . `` The effects of phosphatidylserine on endocrine response to moderate intensity exercise '' . Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 5 : 11 . doi : 10.1186 / 1550 - 2783 - 5 - 11 . PMC 2503954 . PMID 18662395 . Jump up ^ Steptoe A , Gibson EL , Vuononvirta R , Williams ED , Hamer M , Rycroft JA , Erusalimsky JD , Wardle J ( January 2007 ) . `` The effects of tea on psychophysiological stress responsivity and post-stress recovery : a randomised double - blind trial '' . Psychopharmacology. 190 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / s00213 - 006 - 0573 - 2 . PMID 17013636 . Jump up ^ `` medicalnewstoday '' . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Quiroga MC , Bongard S , Kreutz G ( July 2009 ) . `` Emotional and Neurohumoral Responses to Dancing Tango Argentino : The Effects of Music and Partner '' . Music and Medicine .",
"26": "1 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 21 . doi : 10.1177 / 1943862109335064 . Jump up ^ Chandrasekhar K , Kapoor J , Anishetty S ( July 2012 ) . `` A prospective , randomized double - blind , placebo - controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high - concentration full - spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults '' . Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine . 34 ( 3 ) : 255 -- 62 . doi : 10.4103 / 0253 - 7176.106022 . PMC 3573577 . PMID 23439798 . Jump up ^ Silverman MN , Pearce BD , Biron CA , Miller AH ( 2005 ) . `` Immune modulation of the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal ( HPA ) axis during viral infection '' . Viral Immunology. 18 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 78 . doi : 10.1089 / vim. 2005.18. 41 . PMC 1224723 . PMID 15802953 . Jump up ^ Lovallo WR , Farag NH , Vincent AS , Thomas TL , Wilson MF ( March 2006 ) . `` Cortisol responses to mental stress , exercise , and meals following caffeine intake in men and women '' . Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior . 83 ( 3 ) : 441 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbb. 2006.03. 005 . PMC 2249754 . PMID 16631247 . Jump up ^ Leproult R , Copinschi G , Buxton O , Van Cauter E ( October 1997 ) . `` Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening '' . Sleep. 20 ( 10 ) : 865 -- 70 . PMID 9415946 . Jump up ^ Robson PJ , Blannin AK , Walsh NP , Castell LM , Gleeson M ( February 1999 ) . `` Effects of exercise intensity , duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes '' . International Journal of Sports Medicine .",
"27": "20 ( 2 ) : 128 -- 35 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2007 - 971106 . PMID 10190775 . Jump up ^ Fuqua JS , Rogol AD ( July 2013 ) . `` Neuroendocrine alterations in the exercising human : implications for energy homeostasis '' . Metabolism. 62 ( 7 ) : 911 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / j. metabol. 2013.01. 016 . PMID 23415825 . Cortisol has wide - ranging effects , including alterations of carbohydrate , protein , and lipid metabolism ; catabolic effects on skin , muscle , connective tissue , and bone ; immunomodulatory effects ; blood pressure and circulatory system regulation ; and effects on mood and central nervous system function . In the short term , activation of the HPA axis in response to stress is adaptive . However , long - term stress promoting chronic exposure of tissues to high cortisol concentrations becomes maladaptive ... Exercise , particularly sustained aerobic activity , is a potent stimulus of cortisol secretion . The circulating concentrations of cortisol are directly proportional to the intensity of exercise as measured by oxygen uptake . As is the case for the GH / IGF - 1 and HPG axes , the HPA axis also receives many other inputs , including the light / dark cycle , feeding schedules , immune regulation , and many neurotransmitters that mediate the effects of exercise and physical and psychic stress ( 52 ) ... The HPA is activated by stress , whether physical ( exercise ) or psychological . Increased cortisol production , along with activation of the sympathetic nervous system , affects whole body metabolism . This is apparently part of the catabolic response of the entire organism , with the purpose of mobilizing metabolic fuels that are subsequently broken down to produce energy and to dampen the threat or perceived threat ... Thus , a negative net energy balance leads to activation of the HPA axis and the circulating concomitants of the catabolic state in an attempt to keep core processes functional , realizing that the stress of exercise has no effect on cortisol and circulating metabolic substrates beyond the impact of the exercise energy expenditure on energy availability ( 60 ) . Thuma et al.",
"28": "( 61 ) had already made the important observation that the reported differences in cortisol levels pre - and postexercise depended on whether this difference was measured from a single pretest level or from the physiologic circadian baseline as determined in an independent session in the resting state . By this analytical technique , these investigators showed that increasing energy expenditure led to significant cortisol release . This release was apparent if they subtracted the physiologic circadian baseline from the postexercise value . Jump up ^ Shalev I , Lerer E , Israel S , Uzefovsky F , Gritsenko I , Mankuta D , Ebstein RP , Kaitz M ( April 2009 ) . `` BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with HPA axis reactivity to psychological stress characterized by genotype and gender interactions '' . Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. psyneuen. 2008.09. 017 . PMID 18990498 . Jump up ^ Smith JL , Gropper SA , Groff JL ( 2009 ) . Advanced nutrition and humanmetabolism . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 11657 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stimson RH , Andersson J , Andrew R , Redhead DN , Karpe F , Hayes PC , Olsson T , Walker BR ( January 2009 ) . `` Cortisol release from adipose tissue by 11beta - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in humans '' . Diabetes. 58 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 53 . doi : 10.2337 / db08 - 0969 . PMC 2606892 . PMID 18852329 . Jump up ^ Haas VK , Kohn MR , Clarke SD , Allen JR , Madden S , Müller MJ , Gaskin KJ ( April 2009 ) . `` Body composition changes in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89 ( 4 ) : 1005 -- 10 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2008.26958 .",
"29": "PMID 19211813 . Jump up ^ Brummett BH , Kuhn CM , Boyle SH , Babyak MA , Siegler IC , Williams RB ( January 2012 ) . `` Cortisol responses to emotional stress in men : association with a functional polymorphism in the 5HTR2C gene '' ( PDF ) . Biological Psychology . 89 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsycho. 2011.09. 013 . PMC 3245751 . PMID 21967853 . Jump up ^ Ceballos NA , Sharma S , Patterson TL , Graham R , Howard K ( November 2015 ) . `` Stress , Immune Function and Collegiate Holiday Drinking : A Pilot Study '' . Neuropsychobiology. 72 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 15 . doi : 10.1159 / 000438757 . PMID 26304312 . Jump up ^ Häggström , Mikael ; Richfield , David ( 2014 ) . `` Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis '' . WikiJournal of Medicine . 1 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.15347 / wjm / 2014.005 . ISSN 2002 - 4436 . Jump up ^ Willett LB , Erb RE ( January 1972 ) . `` Short term changes in plasma corticoids in dairy cattle '' . Journal of Animal Science . 34 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 11 . doi : 10.2527 / jas1972. 341103x . PMID 5062063 . Jump up ^ Margioris AN , Tsatsanis C ( 2011 ) . `` ACTH Action on the Adrenal '' . In Chrousos G. Adrenal physiology and diseases . Endotext.org . Jump up ^ Tomlinson JW , Walker EA , Bujalska IJ , Draper N , Lavery GG , Cooper MS , Hewison M , Stewart PM ( October 2004 ) . `` 11beta - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 : a tissue - specific regulator of glucocorticoid response '' .",
"30": "Endocrine Reviews . 25 ( 5 ) : 831 -- 66 . doi : 10.1210 / er. 2003 - 0031 . PMID 15466942 . Jump up ^ van Staaveren , N. , Teixeira , D.L. , Hanlon , A. and Boyle , L.A. ( 2015 ) . `` The effect of mixing entire male pigs prior to transport to slaughter on behaviour , welfare and carcass lesions '' . PLoS One . 10 ( 4 ) : e0122841 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1022841V . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0122841 . PMC 4382277 . PMID 25830336 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ van Staaveren N , Teixeira DL , Hanlon A , Boyle LA ( 1997 ) . `` The effect of mixing entire male pigs prior to transport to slaughter on behaviour , welfare and carcass lesions '' . PLoS One . 10 ( 4 ) : e0122841 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1022841V . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0122841 . PMC 4382277 . PMID 25830336 . Jump up ^ Schalke E , Stichnoth J , Ott S , Jones - Baade R ( 2007 ) . `` Clinical signs caused by the use of electric training collars on dogs in everyday life situations '' . Applied Animal Behaviour Science . 105 ( 4 ) : 369 -- 380 . doi : 10.1016 / j. applanim. 2006.11. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Accorsi PA , Carloni E , Valsecchi P , Viggiani R , Gamberoni M , Tamanini C , Seren E ( January 2008 ) . `` Cortisol determination in hair and faeces from domestic cats and dogs '' . General and Comparative Endocrinology. 155 ( 2 ) : 398 -- 402 .",
"31": "doi : 10.1016 / j. ygcen. 2007.07. 002 . PMID 17727851 . Jump up ^ Möstl E , Messmann S , Bagu E , Robia C , Palme R ( December 1999 ) . `` Measurement of glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in faeces of domestic livestock '' . Zentralblatt für Veterinarmedizin . Reihe A. 46 ( 10 ) : 621 -- 31 . PMID 10638300 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cortisol . Cortisol MS Spectrum Cortisol ( serum / plasma ) at Lab Tests Online Cortisol : analyte monograph -- The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N ,",
"32": "N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Endogenous steroids Precursors Cholesterol 22R - Hydroxycholesterol 20α , 22R - Dihydroxycholesterol Pregnenolone 11β - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 21 - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α , 21 - Dihydroxypregnenolone 11β , 17α , 21 - Trihydroxypregnenolone Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 11 - Deoxycortisol 11 - Ketoprogesterone 21 - Deoxycortisol 21 - Deoxycortisone Corticosterone Cortisol Cortisone 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Pregnenolone Progesterone Mineralocorticoids 5α - Dihydroaldosterone 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone ,",
"33": "17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Deoxycortisol 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone ( 21 - deoxycorticosterone ) 18 - Hydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 18 - Hydroxycorticosterone 18 - Hydroxyprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Cortisol Sex steroids Androgens 11 - Ketodihydrotestosterone 11 - Ketotestosterone 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 11β - Hydroxyandrostenedione Adrenosterone ( 11 - ketoandrostenedione ) Androstenediol Androstenedione Androsterone Dehydroandrosterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Dihydrotestosterone Epiandrosterone Epitestosterone 16α - Hydroxyandrostenedione 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA sulfate Testosterone Metabolites : 3α - Androstanediol 3α - Androstanediol glucuronide 3β - Androstanediol 3α , 5β - Androstanediol 3β , 5β - Androstanediol 5β - Androstanedione 5β - Dihydrotestosterone Androstanetriols Androstenediol sulfate Androsterone glucuronide Androsterone sulfate Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide Dihydrotestosterone sulfate Etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone glucuronide Epietiocholanolone Testosterone glucuronide Testosterone sulfate Estrogens Estranes : Estetrol Estradiol Estrone Estriol 16β - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxyestradiol ) 17α - Epiestriol ( 16α - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 16β ,",
"34": "17α - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 2 - Hydroxyestradiol 2 - Hydroxyestriol 2 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Hydroxyestradiol 4 - Hydroxyestriol 4 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestradiol 16α - Hydroxyestrone Others : 27 - Hydroxycholesterol 3α - Androstanediol 3β - Androstanediol 4 - Androstenedione 5 - Androstenediol DHEA DHEA sulfate 7 - Keto - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA Metabolites : 2 - Methoxyestradiol 2 - Methoxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestrone Estradiol glucuronide Estradiol sulfate Estrone glucuronide Estrone sulfate Estriol glucuronide Estriol sulfate Lipoidal estradiol ( e.g. estradiol stearate , estradiol palmitate ) Progestogens Progesterone 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone 20α - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 5α - DHDOC Metabolites : Allopregnanediol Pregnanediol Pregnanediol glucuronide Pregnanetriol Neurosteroids Cholestanes : 24S - Hydroxycholesterol Cholesterol Pregnanes : 3α - Dihydroprogesterone 3β - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 5β - Dihydroprogesterone Allopregnanolone",
"35": "Corticosterone DHC DHDOC 11 - Deoxycorticosterone Epipregnanolone Isopregnanolone Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone THB THDOC Androstanes : 3α - Androstanediol 3α - Androstenol 7 - Keto - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 7β - Hydroxy - DHEA 7α - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone Androsterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Etiocholanolone Pheromones : 3α - Androstenol 3β - Androstenol Androstadienol Androstadienone Androstenone Androsterone Estratetraenol Others Vitamin D: 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Calcidiol / Calcifediol Calcitriol Cholecalciferol Others : 7α - Hydroxycholesterol 11α - Hydroxyprogesterone 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone Cholesterol sulfate Glucocorticoid receptor modulators GR Agonists Cortisol - like and related ( 16 - unsubstituted ) : 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 9α - Fluorocortisone ( alfluorone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone ,",
"36": "desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 21 - Deoxycortisol Δ - Prednisolone Δ - Prednisolone 21 - acetate Amebucort Chloroprednisone Chloroprednisone acetate Cloprednol Cloprednol acetate Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Deprodone Deprodone propionate Dichlorisone Dichlorisone acetate Dichlorisone diacetate Difluprednate Endrisone ( endrysone ) Etiprednol Etiprednol dicloacetate ( etiprednol dichloroacetate ) Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Fluorometholone Fluorometholone acetate Fluperolone Fluperolone acetate Fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone esters Halopredone Halopredone acetate ( halopredone diacetate ) Isoflupredone ( 9α - fluoroprednisolone ) Isoflupredone acetate Loteprednol Loteprednol etabonate Mazipredone ( depersolone ) Medrysone Methylprednisolone",
"37": "Methylprednisolone esters Prebediolone Prebediolone acetate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate ) Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Pregnenolone Pregnenolone acetate Pregnenolone succinate ( pregnenolone hemisuccinate ) Resocortol Tipredane Tixocortol Butixocort ( tixocortol butyrate ) Butixocort propionate Tixocortol pivalate Methasones and related ( 16 - substituted ) : 16α - Methyl - 11 - oxoprednisolone Alclometasone Alclometasone dipropionate Amelometasone Beclometasone ( beclomethasone ) Beclometasone esters Betamethasone ( betametasone ) Betamethasone esters Cortobenzolone ( betamethasone salicylate ) Ciclometasone ( ciclomethasone , cyclomethasone ) Clobetasol Clobetasol propionate Clobetasone Clobetasone butyrate Clocortolone Clocortolone esters Cloticasone Cloticasone propionate Cormetasone ( cormethasone ) Cormetasone acetate Descinolone Desoximetasone ( desoxymethasone ) Dexamethasone ( dexametasone ) Dexamethasone esters Diflorasone Diflorasone diacetate",
"38": "Diflucortolone Diflucortolone pivalate Diflucortolone valerate Dimesone Dimesone acetate Doxibetasol ( doxybetasol ) Fluclorolone Flumetasone ( flumethasone ) Flumetasone acetate Flumetasone pivalate Fluocinolone Fluocortin Fluocortin butyl ( fluocortin butylate ) Fluocortolone Fluocortolone esters Fluprednidene ( fluprednylidene ) Fluprednidene acetate Fluticasone Fluticasone furoate Fluticasone propionate Halocortolone Halometasone Icometasone Icometasone enbutate ( icometasone butyrate acetate ) Isoprednidene Locicortolone ( locicortone ) Locicortolone dicibate ( locicortone dicibate ) Meclorisone Meclorisone dibutyrate Meprednisone ( methylprednisone ) Meprednisone acetate Meprednisone hydrogen succinate ( methylprednisone hemisuccinate ) Mometasone Mometasone furoate Paramethasone Paramethasone acetate Paramethasone disodium phosphate Paramethasone phosphate Prednylidene Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate Rimexolone Ticabesone Ticabesone propionate Timobesone Timobesone acetate Triamcinolone Triamcinolone diacetate Ulobetasol ( halobetasol ) Ulobetasol propionate Vamorolone",
"39": "Cyclic ketals ( 16 , 17 - cyclized ) : Acrocinonide ( triamcinolone acroleinide ) Amcinafal ( triamcinolone pentanonide ) Amcinafide ( triamcinolone acetophenide ) Amcinonide ( triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide ) Budesonide Ciclesonide Cicortonide Deflazacort ( azacort ) Descinolone acetonide Desonide ( hydroxyprednisolone acetonide ) Desonide disodium phosphate Desonide pivalate Dexbudesonide Drocinonide Drocinonide phosphate Fluazacort Fluclorolone acetonide ( flucloronide ) Fludroxycortide ( flurandrenolone , flurandrenolide ) Flumoxonide Flunisolide Flunisolide acetate Fluocinolone acetonide Ciprocinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate ) Fluocinonide ( fluocinolide , fluocinolone acetonide acetate ) Procinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide propionate ) Formocortal Halcinonide Itrocinonide Rofleponide Rofleponide palmitate Tralonide Triamcinolone acetonide Flupamesone ( triamcinolone acetonide metembonate ) Triamcinolone acetonide esters Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate ( TBI - PAB ) Triclonide Others / atypical ( other expanded steroid ring systems , homosteroids , and non-pregnane steroids ) : Cortisuzol Cortivazol Domoprednate Naflocort Nicocortonide Nicocortonide acetate Nivacortol ( nivazol ) Oxisopred RU - 28362",
"40": "Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity : 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Chlormadinone acetate Cyproterone Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone acetate Desogestrel Flugestone Flugestone acetate ( flurogestone acetate ) Fluoxymesterone Gestodene Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Metribolone Norgestomet Osaterone acetate Progesterone Promegestone Quingestrone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Tetrahydrogestrinone Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids : AZD - 5423 GSK - 9027 Mixed ( SEGRMs ) Dagrocorat Fosdagrocorat Mapracorat Antagonists 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 17α - Methylprogesterone Aglepristone Asoprisnil Asoprisnil ecamate C108297 C113176 CORT - 108297 Cyproterone acetate Guggulsterone Ketoconazole Lilopristone LLY - 2707 Metapristone ( RU - 42633 ) Miconazole Mifepristone ( RU - 486 ) Onapristone ORG - 34116 ORG - 34517 ( SCH - 900636 ) ORG - 34850 Pregnenolone 16α - carbonitrile Relacorilant ( CORT - 125134 ) RTI 3021 -- 012 RTI 3021 -- 022 Telapristone Tibolone Toripristone Ulipristal acetate",
"41": "Others Antisense oligonucleotides : IONIS - GCCR ( ISIS - 426115 ) See also Receptor / signaling modulators Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators MR Agonists 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone , desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone 16α , 18 - Dihydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 17α - Hydroxyaldosterone 18 - Hydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 19 - Norprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Mometasone Mometasone furoate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate )",
"42": "Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Antagonists Steroidal : 6β - Hydroxy - 7α - thiomethylspironolactone 7α - Thiomethylspironolactone ( SC - 26519 ) 7α - Thioprogesterone ( SC - 8365 ) 7α - Thiospironolactone ( SC - 24813 ) 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone 18 - Deoxyaldosterone Canrenoate potassium ( potassium canrenoate ) Canrenoic acid ( canrenoate ) Canrenone ( canrenoate y - lactone ) Dicirenone Dimethisterone Drospirenone Dydrogesterone Eplerenone Gestodene Guggulsterone Medrogestone Mespirenone Mexrenoate potassium Mexrenoic acid ( mexrenoate ) Mexrenone Oxprenoic acid ( oxprenoate ) Oxprenoate potassium ( RU - 28318 ) Pregnenolone Progesterone Prorenoate potassium Prorenoic acid ( prorenoate ) Prorenone RO - 14 - 9012 RU - 26752 SC - 5233 ( spirolactone ) SC - 8109 SC - 11927 ( CS - 1 ) SC - 19886 SC - 27169 Spirorenone Spironolactone Spiroxasone Tibolone Trimegestone ZK - 91587 ZK - 97894 Nonsteroidal : Amlodipine Apararenone Benidipine BR - 4628 Esaxerenone Felodipine Finerenone Nifedipine Nimodipine Nitrendipine",
"43": "PF - 03882845 SM - 368229 See also Receptor / signaling modulators Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids Glucocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids LCCN : sh85063384 GND : 4160902 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"44": "php?title=Cortisol&oldid=821809039 '' Categories : Anxiety Glucocorticoids Otologicals Pregnanes Stress Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2012 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use American English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles without InChI source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 19 : 29 .",
"45": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did the first marvel vs capcom come out
|
[
"1996",
"in 1996",
"1998"
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{
"0": "Marvel vs. Capcom - wikipedia Marvel vs. Capcom Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series . For the video game , see Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes . Marvel vs. Capcom Marvel vs. Capcom logo used since 2011 Genres Fighting Developer ( s ) Capcom Backbone Entertainment Eighting Iron Galaxy Studios Publisher ( s ) Capcom Virgin Interactive Platforms Arcade , Dreamcast , iOS , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Sega Saturn , Xbox , Xbox 360 , Xbox One Platform of origin Arcade First release X-Men vs. Street Fighter Latest release Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite 2017 Marvel vs. Capcom ( Japanese : マーヴル VS . カプコン , Hepburn : Māvuru bāsasu Kapukon ) is a series of crossover fighting games developed and published by Capcom , featuring characters from their own video game franchises and comic book series published by Marvel Comics . The series originated as coin - operated arcade games , though later releases would be specifically developed for home consoles , handhelds , and personal computers . Its gameplay borrows heavily from Capcom 's previous Marvel - licensed fighting games X-Men : Children of the Atom and Marvel Super Heroes ; however , instead of focusing on single combat , the games incorporated tag team battles . Players form teams of two or three characters and , controlling one fighter at a time , attempt to damage and knock out their opponents . Players can switch out their characters during the match , allowing team members to replenish their health and prolong their ability to fight . The series ' gameplay is also distinguished from other fighting game franchises due to its character assist mechanics and emphasis on aerial combat . The Marvel vs. Capcom series has received generally positive reviews from critics , who have praised its fast - paced gameplay , animated visuals , and wealth of playable characters . On the other hand , the games have been criticized for their lack of content , especially more recent installments . The series has enjoyed broad appeal , especially in markets outside of Japan , selling approximately 8.6 million units as of December 2017 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Games 1.1 Related media 2 Gameplay 3 Characters 4 Development 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Games ( edit ) Timeline of release years X-Men vs. Street Fighter Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter 1998 Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes 1999 2000 Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 2012 Marvel vs. Capcom Origins 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite X-Men vs. Street Fighter was initially released as an arcade game in 1996 . The game was later ported to the Sega Saturn in 1997 and PlayStation in 1998 . It established the series ' basic gameplay conventions by combining Street Fighter - style combat with tag team features . X-Men vs. Street Fighter also borrowed gameplay concepts from Capcom 's previous Marvel - licensed fighting games , X-Men : Children of the Atom and Marvel Super Heroes . Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter was released in arcades in 1997 . It was then ported to the Sega Saturn in 1998 and PlayStation in 1999 . The game expanded the playable roster to the larger Marvel Universe , introducing characters such as Captain America , Hulk , and Spider - Man . It was also responsible for introducing character assist moves to the franchise , a gameplay element which would influence future Marvel vs. Capcom installments . Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes debuted in arcades in 1998 . Ports to the Dreamcast and PlayStation soon followed in 1999 . Rather than strictly using Street Fighter characters , the game included characters from other Capcom video game franchises , such as Mega Man , Morrigan , and Strider Hiryu . It removed the character assist feature used in Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter and implemented its own system , which randomly allocated guest characters to each player . Marvel vs.",
"2": "Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes was released in arcades in 2000 and ported to the Dreamcast within the same year . The game received ports to the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2002 . It was then re-released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 through the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network , respectively , in 2009 . Lastly , a version for iOS devices was released in 2012 . Featuring a large playable roster , Marvel vs. Capcom 2 reused the assist features from Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter and changed the series ' two - on - two battle system to three - on - three fights . Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011 . The series ' traditional sprites transitioned into 3D character models while retaining the 2D - style combat . The game includes various gameplay features designed to make it more accessible to newer players , such as the additions of a comeback mechanic and a more simplified control scheme . Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , a standalone updated edition of the original Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , was released for PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , and Xbox 360 in 2011 . The game was also released for the PlayStation 4 via the PlayStation Network in 2016 ; releases for the Xbox One via the Xbox Live Arcade and Microsoft Windows via Steam followed in 2017 . It features new characters , stages , modes , and other enhancements to improve game balance and online functionality . Marvel vs. Capcom Origins , a compilation game which includes Marvel Super Heroes and Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes , was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 through the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade , respectively , in 2012 . It features high - definition visuals , online multiplayer , dynamic challenges , and unlockables . Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite was released in 2017 for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . It features two - on - two battles , similar to earlier Marvel vs. Capcom games , and removes traditional assist moves in favor of its own dual - character combo system .",
"3": "The game also implements a gameplay mechanic involving the Infinity Stones , which grants players unique abilities and upgrades depending on the type of stone selected . Related media ( edit ) In 2011 , a series of Minimates based on the playable characters from Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds were released by Art Asylum . On July 2 , 2012 , Udon Entertainment announced the release of Marvel vs. Capcom : Official Complete Works , an art book consisting of promotional artwork , sketches and bonus material from the video game collaborations between Marvel and Capcom , beginning with the 1993 arcade game The Punisher to Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . The book contains contributions from a variety of artists and illustrators , including Akiman , Bengus , Shinkiro , Joe Madureira , Adi Granov , Joe Ng , Long Vo , Chamba , Adam Warren and Takeshi Miyazawa . Official Complete Works made its international debut at San Diego Comic - Con on July 11 , 2012 , in an exclusive hardcover edition . The hardcover also featured a wrap - around cover designed by Udon Entertainment and Capcom artist Alvin Lee , and digitally - painted by Udon 's Genzoman . A standard - format softcover was released in November 2012 by Diamond Comics . Gameplay ( edit ) A screenshot from Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds , featuring Hsien - Ko , Felicia and Iron Man . The basic gameplay of the Marvel vs. Capcom series was originally derived from X-Men : Children of the Atom and Marvel Super Heroes . Players compete in battle using characters with unique moves and special attacks . Using a combination of joystick movements and button presses , players must execute various moves to damage their opponent and deplete their life gauge , or alternatively , have the most cumulative health when the timer runs out . However , unlike the two aforementioned games , which focus on single combat , the Marvel vs. Capcom series revolve around tag team - based combat . Instead of choosing a single character , players select multiple characters to form teams of two or three . Each character on the team is given their own life gauge . Players control one character at a time , while the others await off - screen . Players are also free to swap between their characters at any point during the match .",
"4": "As characters take damage , portions of their life gauge will turn red , known as `` red health '' , which represents the amount of health that a character can recover if the player tags them out . The off - screen , dormant characters will slowly replenish their red health , allowing players to cycle through their team members and prolong their ability to fight . Furthermore , as characters deal and receive damage , a colored meter at the bottom of the screen known as the `` Hyper Combo Gauge '' will gradually fill . By expending meter from their Hyper Combo Gauge , players can perform `` Hyper Combos '' -- powerful , cinematic attacks that deal heavy damage to the opponent -- in addition to several other special techniques . If one character loses all of their health , they are knocked out and the next available fighter will automatically come into play . Each successive Marvel vs. Capcom installment has added , removed , or altered gameplay elements over the course of the series ' history . X-Men vs. Street Fighter added two - on - two tag team features . Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter introduced the concept of the `` assist '' by allowing the player to summon their off - screen partner to perform a special move without switching characters . This feature was replaced in Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes , which instead randomly allocated an unplayable guest character with a preset assist move before each match ; in addition , assists were limited to only a few uses per round . The assist features from Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter were re-incorporated into the following sequel , Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes , once again granting players the ability to call in their off - screen characters at any time during the match without constraint . Marvel vs. Capcom 2 also increased the number of characters per team by one , providing a three - on - three battle format . Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds introduced `` X-Factor '' , a comeback mechanic which offers increased damage , speed , and red health regeneration for a limited time upon activation . Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite reverts to two - on - two partner battles and removes traditional character assists . Infinite also implements the Infinity Stones as a gameplay mechanic , where each of the six stones grants unique abilities and enhancements to the player . Another gameplay element that helps to distinguish the Marvel vs.",
"5": "Capcom series from other fighting game franchises is its emphasis on aerial combat . Every character in the Marvel vs. Capcom series is given a `` Launcher '' move , which sends the opponent flying up into the air . The player can then choose to follow up immediately by using a `` Super Jump '' , which allows a character to jump much higher than normal , in order to continue their combo ; these airborne combos are called `` Air Combos '' or `` Aerial Raves '' . Marvel vs. Capcom 3 introduced a gameplay feature known as the `` Team Aerial Combo '' or `` Aerial Exchange '' , giving players the opportunity to extend their Air Combos further by quickly tagging in their other characters while mid-air . As Capcom 's design philosophy for the series has changed to appeal to a wider audience , the control scheme has been repeatedly modified to accommodate people less familiar with the fighting game genre . The first three installments utilized the same layout of six attack buttons , separated as three pairs of light , medium , and hard punches and kicks . In Marvel vs. Capcom 2 , in order to make the game more accessible , the layout was tweaked to four attack buttons , consisting of two pairs of light and heavy punches and kicks , and two dedicated assist buttons . The control scheme was further simplified with the release of Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , which included three attack buttons designated to undefined light , medium , and hard attacks , two assist buttons , and an `` exchange button '' used to perform Launchers and switch between characters during Air Combos . In addition , Marvel vs. Capcom 3 included two different control scheme options : Normal Mode and Simple Mode . Simple Mode , designed for casual players , allows players to perform special moves and Hyper Combos with single button presses at the expense of limiting a character 's available moveset . Characters ( edit ) Marvel vs. Capcom has featured over 100 playable fighters , primarily drawn from comic book series published by Marvel Comics and video games franchises developed and produced by Capcom . Rarely , the games have introduced original characters , which include Norimaro from Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter , and Amingo , Ruby Heart , and SonSon from Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes .",
"6": "In addition to the playable cast , other characters from the Marvel and Capcom universes make appearances in the games in varying capacities . Both Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter and Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes include secret characters which can be played by inputting specific sequences of joystick movements on the character select screen . These secret characters consist of palette swaps of existing fighters with different moveset properties . Clash of Super Heroes also has unplayable summon characters as part of its `` Guest Character / Special Partner '' assist system . Many Marvel vs. Capcom installments also allow players to fight as the games ' boss characters in special game modes , with the exception of Abyss from Marvel vs. Capcom 2 . Characters that have not been playable frequently make cameo appearances in the games ' cutscenes and stage backgrounds . Lastly , numerous non-playable Marvel and Capcom characters are featured as `` Ability Cards '' in the Heroes and Heralds game mode in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . Out of all the playable characters , Ryu and Chun - Li are the only ones to have appeared in every game released thus far . List of playable characters show Character Side XvSF MSHvSF MvC MvC2 MvC3 UMvC3 MvCI Akuma Capcom Unlockable Albert Wesker Capcom Amaterasu Capcom Amingo Capcom Anakaris Capcom Apocalypse Marvel Arthur Capcom B.B.",
"7": "Hood Capcom Unlockable Blackheart Marvel Unlockable Black Panther Marvel DLC Black Widow Marvel DLC Cable Marvel Cammy White Capcom Unlockable Captain America Marvel Unlockable Captain Commando Capcom Captain Marvel Marvel Charlie Nash Capcom Unlockable Chris Redfield Capcom Chun - Li Capcom Unlockable Colossus Marvel Unlockable Crimson Viper Capcom Cyclops Marvel Dan Hibiki Capcom Unlockable Dante Capcom Deadpool Marvel Dhalsim Capcom Unlockable Doctor Doom Marvel Doctor Strange Marvel Dormammu Marvel Felicia Capcom Unlockable Firebrand Capcom Frank West Capcom Galactus Marvel Gambit Marvel Unlockable Gamora Marvel Ghost Rider Marvel Guile Capcom Hawkeye Marvel Hayato Kanzaki Capcom Hsien - Ko Capcom Hulk Marvel Iceman Marvel Iron Fist Marvel Iron Man Marvel Unlockable Jedah Dohma Capcom Jill Valentine Capcom Unlockable DLC DLC Jin Saotome Capcom Juggernaut Marvel Unlockable Ken Masters Capcom Unlockable Magneto Marvel Unlockable Marrow Marvel M. Bison Capcom Unlockable Mega Man Capcom Unlockable Mike Haggar Capcom M.O.D.O.K.",
"8": "Marvel Monster Hunter Capcom DLC Morrigan Aensland Capcom Unlockable Nathan Spencer Capcom Nemesis Capcom Norimaro N / A Nova Marvel Omega Red Marvel Unlockable Onslaught Marvel Phoenix Marvel Phoenix Wright Capcom Psylocke Marvel Rocket Raccoon Marvel Rogue Marvel Roll Capcom Unlockable Ruby Heart Capcom Ryu Capcom Sabretooth Marvel Unlockable Sakura Kasugano Capcom Sentinel Marvel Unlockable Servbot Capcom Unlockable She - Hulk Marvel Shuma - Gorath Marvel Unlockable DLC DLC Sigma Capcom DLC Silver Samurai Marvel Unlockable SonSon Capcom Spider - Man Marvel Spiral Marvel Unlockable Storm Marvel Unlockable Strider Hiryu Capcom Super-Skrull Marvel Taskmaster Marvel Thanos Marvel Unlockable Thor Marvel Trish Capcom Tron Bonne Capcom Ultron Marvel Venom Marvel DLC Vergil Capcom Viewtiful Joe Capcom War Machine Marvel Unlockable Winter Soldier Marvel DLC Wolverine Marvel Unlockable X Capcom X-23 Marvel Zangief Capcom Zero Capcom Total 18 20 17 56 38 51 36 Notes ^ Jump up to : Players can fight as final boss characters Apocalypse , Cyber Akuma , Galactus , and Onslaught against waves of AI - controlled enemies in their games ' respective boss modes . ^ Jump up to : In Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes , Ryu has an ability called `` Complete Change '' , which allows him to change his moveset into Ken 's or Akuma 's . ^ Jump up to : Alternate , palette - swapped versions of Blackheart ( Mephisto ) , Captain America ( U.S.",
"9": "Agent ) , Charlie ( Shadow ) , Chun - Li ( Shadow Lady ) , Hulk ( Orange Hulk ) , Morrigan ( Lilith ) , Sakura ( Sunburned Sakura ) , Spider - Man ( Armored Spider - Man ) , Venom ( Hyper Venom ) , War Machine ( Mega War Machine ) , and Zangief ( Mech - Zangief ) appear as secret characters . Jump up ^ Norimaro is exclusive to the Japanese arcade and console versions of Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter . Jump up ^ An alternate version of Wolverine , named Bone Claw Wolverine , appears as a separate playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes . Jump up ^ Totals include playable boss characters and downloadable content characters , where applicable . Development ( edit ) Capcom 's partnership with Marvel Comics began in 1993 with the release of The Punisher , an arcade beat ' em up based on the comic book series of the same name . Capcom then created their first Marvel - based fighting game , X-Men : Children of the Atom , in 1994 . Marvel Super Heroes soon followed in 1995 . Many of the gameplay mechanics used in the Marvel vs. Capcom series were first developed and refined in these two fighting games , serving as precursors to the series . In 2011 , then - current Capcom USA Strategic Marketing Director of Online and Community Seth Killian stated that many fighting game aficionados , including himself , consider them to have laid the foundation for the series . The idea for implementing tag teams was allegedly inspired by an easter egg from Capcom 's own 1995 fighting game Street Fighter Alpha : Warriors ' Dreams . In a secret `` Dramatic Battle '' mode , two players , controlling Ryu and Ken , were able to fight against an AI - controlled M. Bison at the same time . The easter egg itself had drawn inspiration from the final battle sequence from Street Fighter II : The Animated Movie , which featured a similar fight scene . Recognizing the uniqueness of a team - up concept , Capcom began to work on their next project . After their earlier licensing ventures with Children of the Atom and Marvel Super Heroes , the company decided to combine Marvel 's X-Men franchise , their own Street Fighter franchise , and their team - up concept , leading to the creation of X-Men vs. Street Fighter .",
"10": "The game debuted in Japanese arcades in 1996 , establishing the series ' fast - paced , tag team - based gameplay style . Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter was then released in 1997 , which replaced most of the X-Men cast with other heroes from the Marvel Universe and introduced the character assist mechanic . Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes later followed in 1998 , exchanging the majority of the Street Fighter cast with characters from other Capcom video games series , such as Mega Man and Darkstalkers . In 1999 , Capcom announced the development of yet another sequel , called Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes . Marvel vs. Capcom 2 heavily re-used assets from previous Capcom - developed games , including Street Fighter Alpha , Darkstalkers , and the earlier Marvel vs. Capcom titles , resulting in a large roster of 56 playable characters . Shortly after the release of the PlayStation 2 and Xbox ports for Marvel vs. Capcom 2 , Capcom lost the use of the Marvel license , putting the series on an indefinite hiatus . However , with the resurgence of the fighting game genre in 2008 , owing to the success of Street Fighter IV , Marvel requested Capcom to collaborate with them once again . Capcom would announce the development of the next installment in the Marvel vs. Capcom series , Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds , in 2010 . The game was eventually released in 2011 . An updated version of Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , titled Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , was released later in the same year . The high - definition compilation game Marvel vs. Capcom Origins was then released in 2012 . Following the release of Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for the PlayStation Vita in 2012 , Marvel 's new parent company , The Walt Disney Company , which acquired Marvel in 2009 , chose not to renew Capcom 's license with the Marvel characters , instead opting to put them in its own self - published Disney Infinity series . As a result , Capcom had to pull both Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 and Marvel vs. Capcom 2 off their online platforms in 2013 .",
"11": "However , in 2016 , Disney announced its decision to cancel the Disney Infinity series , discontinue self - publishing efforts , and switch to a licensing - only model , allowing them to license their characters to third - party game developers , including Capcom . Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite was revealed in December 2016 , and then released in September 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game GameRankings Metacritic X-Men vs. Street Fighter 64 % ( PS ) 82 % ( SAT ) N / A Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter 74 % ( PS ) 77 % ( SAT ) N / A Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes 80 % ( DC ) 75 % ( PS ) N / A Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes 90 % ( DC ) 76 % ( PS2 ) 67 % ( Xbox ) 83 % ( X360 ) 86 % ( PS3 ) 61 % ( iOS ) 90 / 100 ( DC ) 76 / 100 ( PS2 ) 65 / 100 ( Xbox ) 82 / 100 ( X360 ) 85 / 100 ( PS3 ) 64 / 100 ( iOS ) Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds 86 % ( X360 ) 86 % ( PS3 ) 85 / 100 ( X360 ) 84 / 100 ( PS3 ) Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 81 % ( PS3 ) 81 % ( X360 ) 82 % ( Vita ) 79 % ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 ( PS3 ) 79 / 100 ( X360 ) 80 / 100 ( Vita ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) Marvel vs. Capcom Origins 72 % ( PS3 ) 80 % ( X360 ) 72 / 100 ( PS3 ) 78 / 100 ( X360 ) Marvel vs.",
"12": "Capcom : Infinite 71 % ( PS4 ) 77 % ( XONE ) 70 % ( PC ) 72 / 100 ( PS4 ) 77 / 100 ( XONE ) 69 / 100 ( PC ) The Marvel vs. Capcom series has received reviews ranging from average to positive from critics . According to Capcom President and COO Haruhiro Tsujimoto , the games have enjoyed broad appeal , especially in markets outside of Japan . Approximately 8.6 million units of the series had been sold by December 2017 , making it Capcom 's seventh best - selling franchise . The series ' first three titles , X-Men vs. Street Fighter , Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter , and Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes , received praise for their frantic gameplay style , visual flair , playable character rosters , and the quality of their sprite animations . The games ' Dreamcast and Sega Saturn ports were also lauded for their technical performance , matching the capabilities of the arcade versions . Conversely , the PlayStation ports were criticized for their removal of tag team battles and noticeable decline in frame rate and animation quality -- changes which stemmed from the console 's RAM limitations . Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes received similar praise , with particular attention given towards the large cast and the addition of three - on - three combat . The Dreamcast , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox versions were criticized for their lack of online multiplayer support outside Japan . These concerns were addressed with the release of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 ports , which reviewers commended for their smooth online experience . A common source of complaints was the game 's jazz - inspired soundtrack , which critics deemed as out of place . In addition to its character variety and visual presentation , Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds garnered praise for simplifying the series ' combat mechanics and control scheme , thus making it more accessible for players new to fighting games . Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom was applauded for its additions to the character roster , gameplay tweaks , and improved online functionality . Both games , however , were criticized for their lack of game modes and single - player content . Marvel vs.",
"13": "Capcom Origins was praised for preserving the original arcade releases ' integrity and its addition of online multiplayer , dynamic challenges , and unlockable content ; however , in remaining faithful to the arcade versions , some reviewers criticized the games for their outdated gameplay and unbalanced fighters . Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite received mixed reviews , with critics praising its implementation of new gameplay mechanics , such as the `` Active Switch '' combo system and the six Infinity Stones . On the other hand , the game was criticized for its presentation , particularly its art direction , and its character roster . In 2012 , Complex ranked Marvel vs. Capcom at number 37 on the list of the best video game franchises , commenting that `` a frenetic pace and over the top effects work together to make this franchise stand the test of time . '' References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Backbone Entertainment developed the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes . Jump up ^ Eighting co-developed Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds and Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 with Capcom . Jump up ^ Iron Galaxy Studios developed Marvel vs. Capcom Origins . Jump up ^ Virgin Interactive published the Dreamcast versions of Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes and Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes in Europe . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Rus ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` IGN Presents the History of Street Fighter ( Page 7 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men vs. Street Fighter - Sega Saturn '' . Game Informer ( 58 ) . February 1998 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 1999 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men vs. Street Fighter EX '' . NowGamer . February 26 , 1998 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : UDON Entertainment ( 2012 ) . Marvel vs. Capcom : Official Complete Works . Hong Kong : Diamond Comics . p. 3 . ISBN 9781926778495 .",
"14": "^ Jump up to : Edwards , Matt ( February 15 , 2009 ) . `` Retrospective : Street Fighter Page 4 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gerstmann , Jeff ( November 30 , 1998 ) . `` Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter ( Import ) Review ( Saturn ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglass C. ( October 14 , 1998 ) . `` First Look : Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter '' . IGN . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Jeremy ( October 7 , 1999 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes Review ( DC ) '' . IGN . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elston , Brett ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel vs Capcom : a history of the Vs fighting series '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Vs. Capcom 2 New Age Of Heroes '' . Killer List of Videogames . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gantayat , Anoop ( June 29 , 2000 ) . `` Marvel vs Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes '' . IGN . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 release dates set in Japan '' . GameSpot . June 12 , 2002 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerstmann , Jeff ( February 27 , 2003 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 Xbox still on for March '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Tom ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 PSN dated '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Fletcher , JC ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 begins a new New Age of Heroes on iOS '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chiappini , Dan ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : The Basics '' . IGN . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seid , Kurtis ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds Primer '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orry , James ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 given November release date '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Laura ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` PlayStation Vita launching in Japan December 17 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Dated for Xbox One / PC , Physical Xbox One / PS4 Versions Coming '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Jim ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Comic - Con : Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elston , Brett ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel vs Capcom Origins coming to XBLA and PSN in September '' . Capcom - Unity . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldfarb , Andrew ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` PSX 2016 : Marvel vs. Capcom Infinite Announced '' .",
"16": "IGN . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Vs. Capcom Infinite Officially Announced '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vazquez , Suriel ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite - Two - On - Two Fights Are Made More Chaotic By Infinity Stones '' . Game Informer . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reiner , Andrew ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` A Look At Art Asylum 's Marvel Vs. Capcom 3 Minimates '' . Game Informer . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Langshaw , Mark ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Get Marvel vs. Capcom : Official Complete Works '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Scott ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Udon to Release `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Official Complete Works '' Art Book `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : X-Men vs. Street Fighter - PlayStation ( Manual ) ( PDF ) . Capcom . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marvel Super Heroes Vs. Street Fighter - Sony Playstation - Manual ( PDF ) . Capcom . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` X-Men Vs. Street Fighter - Sega Saturn - Review '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on September 21 , 1999 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` X-Men vs Street Fighter - Exclusive ! '' ( PDF ) . Sega Saturn Magazine . No. 27 . January 1998 . pp. 52 -- 61 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 .",
"17": "^ Jump up to : Gerstmann , Jeff ( April 2 , 1999 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom ( Clash of Super Heroes ) Review ( DC ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shive , Chris ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 ( PS4 ) '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grimm , Michael ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel vs Capcom 3 Beginner 's Guide '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Co , Franz ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` A History Of Tag Team Fighting Game Innovations '' . Shoryuken . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunham , Jeremy ( May 11 , 2000 ) . `` Marvel vs Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes '' . IGN . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men vs. Street Fighter '' . Next Generation . No. 45 . September 1998 . p. 138 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` X-Men vs. Street Fighter '' . GameFan . Vol. 6 no . 2 . February 1998 . pp. 74 -- 79 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds First Impressions '' . G4 TV . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : George , Richard ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Simplifying Marvel vs. Capcom 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varanini , Giancarlo ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds Hands - On '' .",
"18": "GameSpot . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brudvig , Erik ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` TGS : Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Gets Simple '' . IGN . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Argument For Marvel Vs. Capcom 3 's Super-Simple Controls '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Henry ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` The 56 characters of Marvel vs Capcom 2 '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Super Heroes Vs. Street Fighter '' . Killer List of Videogames . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Vs. Capcom '' . Killer List of Videogames . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Jeremy ( July 28 , 1999 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom ( Preview ) '' . IGN . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Who 's the Boss '' . IGN . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` Galactus revealed as playable in ' his own little mode ' for Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 '' . Engadget . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elston , Brett ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` The 43 character cameos of Marvel vs Capcom 3 '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hopper , Steven ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Pick a Side in UMvC3 's Heroes and Heralds Mode '' . IGN . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 .",
"19": "^ Jump up to : Killian , Seth ( February 11 , 2011 ) . Marvel vs Capcom : a history of the Vs fighting series . GamesRadar . Event occurs at 00 : 17 - 00 : 52 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Seth Killian : So the history of the Versus series technically starts with X-Men vs. Street Fighter , but many fighting aficionados including myself really date some of the origins back to games called X-Men : Children of the Atom and Marvel Super Heroes which introduced things like chain combo and aerial rave ( ... ) all of that lead us eventually into X-Men vs. Street Fighter ... ^ Jump up to : Pascual , Oliver ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` 15 Things You Did n't Know About Marvel Vs. Capcom '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Rus ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` IGN Presents the History of Street Fighter '' . IGN . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Langan , Matthew ( August 17 , 1999 ) . `` Marvel Vs Capcom 2 On The Way ? '' . IGN . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( December 1 , 1999 ) . `` Marvel vs Capcom 2 and Power Stone 2 Officially Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Patrick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` 17 mold - breaking fighting games that all developers should study '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yip , Spencer ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` You Know , Porting Marvel vs. Capcom 2 Was n't Easy '' . Siliconera . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ono , Yoshinori ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Interview 01 : Seeking a Fighting Game with Infinite Potential - The Celebrated Crossover Franchise Returns '' . Capcom .",
"20": "Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 due Q2 2011 on PS3 , 360 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Shippin ' Out February 13 -- 19 : Marvel vs. Capcom 3 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nieves , David ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` There 's a growing rumor about a new Marvel vs. Capcom game in 2017 '' . The Beat . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Karmali , Luke ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Titles No Longer Available Digitally '' . IGN . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macy , Seth G. ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Cancels Infinity , No Longer Self - Publishing Games '' . IGN . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Willie ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Many , Many Attempts at Figuring Out the Game Industry '' . Polygon . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men vs. Street Fighter for PlayStation '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men vs. Street Fighter for Saturn '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter for PlayStation '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter for Saturn '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes for Dreamcast '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes for PlayStation '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for Dreamcast - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for PlayStation 2 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for Xbox - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for Xbox 360 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for PlayStation 3 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for iOS ( iPhone / iPad ) - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for Dreamcast Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for PlayStation 2 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for Xbox Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for Xbox 360 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for PlayStation 3 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for iPhone / iPad Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic .",
"22": "Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds for Xbox 360 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds for PlayStation 3 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds for Xbox 360 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds for PlayStation 3 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for PlayStation 3 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for Xbox 360 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for PlayStation Vita - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for PlayStation 4 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for PlayStation 3 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for Xbox 360 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for PlayStation Vita Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic .",
"23": "Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for PlayStation 4 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom Origins for PlayStation 3 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom Origins for Xbox 360 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom Origins for PlayStation 3 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom Origins for Xbox 360 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite for PlayStation 4 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite for Xbox One '' . GameRankings . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite for PlayStation 4 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite for Xbox One Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite for PC Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tsujimoto , Haruhiro ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite Announced ! '' . Capcom .",
"24": "Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game Series Sales '' . Capcom . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Andy ; Anderson , Paul ; Reiner , Andrew ( October 1999 ) . `` Marvel Vs. Capcom ( Clash of Super Heroes ) - Dreamcast '' . Game Informer ( 78 ) . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2000 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerstmann , Jeff ( March 17 , 1998 ) . `` X-Men vs. Street Fighter Review ( PS ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Randy ( February 25 , 1999 ) . `` Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter ( PS ) '' . IGN . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gerstmann , Jeff ( May 31 , 2000 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boulding , Aaron ( April 1 , 2003 ) . `` Marvel vs Capcom 2 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantler , Topher ; Holmes , Jonathan ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` Review : Marvel vs. Capcom 2 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` MvC2 Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Jeremy ( November 18 , 2002 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Martin ( December 26 , 2002 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 2 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ McGee , Maxwell ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : George , Richard ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGee , Maxwell ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Reviews on Xbox 360 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hopper , Steven ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Review - PlayStation 3 Review at IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turi , Tim ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ultimate Marvel Vs. Capcom 3 Review '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carsillo , Ray ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` EGM Review : Marvel vs Capcom Origins '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cocke , Taylor ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom Origins Review '' . IGN . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Ben ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Battle Of The Brands - Marvel Vs. Capcom : Infinite '' . Game Informer . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huskey , Darry ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Vs Capcom : Infinite Review '' . IGN . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite '' . Destructoid . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stark , Chelsea ; Ramos , Jeff ( September 18 , 2017 ) .",
"26": "`` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite review '' . Polygon . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Elton ; Vincent , Brittany ; Hester , Larry ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` The 50 Best Video Game Franchises '' . Complex . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Marvel vs. Capcom at the Killer List of Videogames - Arcade version Capcom 's Versus series Marvel Comics X-Men vs. Street Fighter Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter Marvel vs. Capcom : Clash of Super Heroes 2 : New Age of Heroes 3 : Fate of Two Worlds Ultimate Origins Infinite SNK Capcom vs. SNK : Millennium Fight 2000 2 : Mark of the Millenium 2001 Tatsunoko Production Tatsunoko vs. Capcom : Ultimate All - Stars Related games X-Men : Children of the Atom Marvel Super Heroes Marvel vs. Capcom series SNK vs. Capcom series Street Fighter X Tekken Tekken X Street Fighter See also Super Gem Fighter Mini Mix Capcom Fighting All - Stars : Code Holder Capcom Fighting Evolution Marvel video game crossovers Disney Infinity Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes Disney Infinity 3.0 Marvel Super Hero Squad Marvel Super Hero Squad The Infinity Gauntlet Online Comic Combat Marvel vs. Capcom X-Men vs. Street Fighter Marvel Super Heroes vs.",
"27": "Street Fighter Clash of Super Heroes 2 : New Age of Heroes 3 : Fate of Two Worlds Ultimate Origins Infinite Marvel : Ultimate Alliance Marvel : Ultimate Alliance Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Other games Spider - Man and Captain America in Doctor Doom 's Revenge Spider - Man and the X-Men in Arcade 's Revenge Marvel Super Heroes Marvel Super Heroes : War of the Gems Marvel Nemesis : Rise of the Imperfects X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse Marvel Pinball Marvel : Avengers Alliance Marvel Heroes Lego Marvel Super Heroes Marvel Puzzle Quest Marvel : Contest of Champions Marvel : Future Fight Street Fighter Video games Main series Street Fighter II Champion Edition Turbo Super Super Turbo Hyper HD Remix Ultra Alpha III 2nd Impact 3rd Strike IV Super 3D Edition Arcade Edition V Other games The Movie Real Battle on Film The Interactive Movie Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo EX Super Gem Fighter Mini Mix Puzzle Fighter Related Human Killing Machine Street Fighter 2010 : The Final Fight Cannon Spike Capcom Fighting Evolution Fighter Maker Fighting Layer Fighting EX Layer Final Fight Rival Schools Crossovers Marvel vs. Capcom series Mouse Generation Namco × Capcom Project X Zone ( 2 ) SNK vs. Capcom series Street Fighter X Mega Man Street Fighter X Tekken Tatsunoko vs. Capcom Tekken X Street Fighter Compilations Collection Capcom Generations Anniversary Collection Capcom Classics Collection Alpha Anthology Capcom Puzzle World Capcom Digital Collection 30th Anniversary Collection Cameo appearances Asura 's Wrath Super Smash Bros.",
"28": "for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Tekken 7 X-Men : Children of the Atom Onimusha Film and television Animated films II : The Animated Movie Alpha : The Animation Alpha : Generations IV : The Ties That Bind Live - action films Street Fighter ( soundtrack ) The Legend of Chun - Li TV series Street Fighter II V Street Fighter Assassin 's Fist Resurrection Short films Street Fighter : Legacy Characters Akuma Alex Balrog Birdie Blanka Cammy Charlie Chun - Li C. Viper Dan Dee Jay Dhalsim Dudley E. Honda Elena Fei Long Gen Gouken Guile Ibuki Juri Ken M. Bison Makoto Oro R. Mika Rose Rufus Ryu Sagat Sakura T. Hawk Vega Yun and Yang Zangief From Final Fight Cody Guy Haggar Maki Poison Rolento Sodom Related Sheng Long Media Street Fighter II ( manga ) Sakura Ganbaru ! Comic books Malibu Comics UDON The Storytelling Game City Hunter Future Cops Hadouken ! Chun - Li 's Spinning Bird Kick Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marvel_vs._Capcom&oldid=836808160 '' Categories : Arcade games Capcom Versus ( series ) Crossover video games Street Fighter Superhero video games Video game franchises Video games based on Marvel Comics Video games developed in Japan Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"29": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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5117997122043803853
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what flag is red and has a gold star
|
[
"The flag of Vietnam",
"flag of Vietnam",
"The flag of Vietnam",
"flag of Vietnam",
"Vietnam"
] |
{
"0": "Flag of Vietnam - wikipedia Flag of Vietnam Jump to : navigation , search Vietnam Name Cờ đỏ sao vàng ( `` Red flag with a gold star '' ) Use Civil and state flag Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted September 5 , 1945 Design A large yellow star centered on a red field . Designed by Nguyễn Hữu Tiến ( or Lê Quang Sô ) Variant flag of Vietnam Name Flag of the People 's Army of Vietnam Use War flag Proportion 2 : 3 Design A yellow star centered on a red field , and yellow words `` Quyết thắng '' ( determined to win ) in the upper left . Designed by Design is a variant of the flag of Vietnam Variant flag of Vietnam Name Ensign of the Vietnam People 's Navy Use Naval ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted January 15 , 2014 Design A white flag with an emblem of the Vietnam People 's Navy in its upper canton with a blue strip below . Designed by Design is a variant of the flag of Vietnam The flag of Vietnam , or `` red flag with a gold star '' ( cờ đỏ sao vàng ) , was designed in 1940 and used during an uprising against French rule in southern Vietnam that year . Red symbolizes the goals of social revolution behind the Vietnamese , national uprising . The star represents the five main classes in Vietnamese society -- intellectuals , farmers , workers , businesspeople and military personnel . The flag was used by the Viet Minh , a communist - led organization created in 1941 to oppose Japanese occupation . At the end of World War II , Viet Minh leader Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Vietnam independent and signed a decree on September 5 , 1945 adopting the flag as the flag of the North Vietnam . The DRV became the government of North Vietnam in 1954 following the Geneva Accords . The flag was modified on November 30 , 1955 to make the edges of the star sharper . Until the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 , South Vietnam used a yellow flag with three red stripes .",
"1": "The red flag of North Vietnam was later adopted as the flag of the unified Vietnam in 1976 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and history 2 Historical flags 3 Banning of the flag 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design and History ( edit ) According to the 1992 constitution : `` The National Flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is rectangular in shape , its width is equal to two thirds of its length , in the middle of fresh red background is a bright five - pointed golden star '' . The flag first appeared in the southern uprising ( Nam Kỳ Khởi nghĩa ) of November 23 , 1940 , against French rule in southern Vietnam . A series of articles by Sơn Tùng on the origin of the flag were published in the state media in 1981 . Sơn Tùng stated that the flag was designed by Nguyễn Hữu Tiến , a leader of the uprising who was arrested by the French in advance of the failed uprising and executed August 28 , 1941 . Tiến , who was born in the northern village of Lũng Xuyên , was unknown to the Vietnamese public before Tùng 's research was published . According to a poem Tiến wrote , the red background represents blood while the yellow foreground represents `` the color of our race 's skin '' , the five points of the star represent intellectuals , peasants , workers , traders and soldiers . Tiến 's poem reads in part : Design proportions of the flag . ... All those of red blood and yellow skin Together we fight under the nation 's sacred flag The flag is soaked with our crimson blood , shed for the nation The yellow star is the colour of our race 's skin Stand up , quickly ! The nation 's soul is calling for us Intellectuals , peasants , workers , traders and armymen United as a five - pointed yellow star ... In April 2001 , Vietnam 's Ministry of Culture reported that there was no documentation to support the claim that Tiến designed the flag . In 2005 , Lê Minh Đức , an official of Tiền Giang province , suggested that the flag was designed by another cadre , Lê Quang Sô , a native of Mỹ Tho Province in the Mekong delta .",
"2": "Đức 's theory is based on statements by Sô 's son as well as Sô 's 1968 memoir . According to Đức , yellow was chosen to represent Vietnam while the red background was inspired by the flag of the Communist Party and represents revolution . Sô experimented with stars in various positions and sizes before choosing a large star in the center for aesthetic reasons . In April 1940 , the flag was approved by Phan Văn Khỏe , the Communist party chief of Mỹ Tho . It was subsequently approved by the national party in July . As of 2006 , the state media has not commented on Đức 's version of events . The flag was displayed at a conference on May 19 , 1941 , at which the Viet Minh was founded . The Viet Minh proclaimed it a `` national flag '' on August 17 , 1945 , at a meeting held in the village of Tân Trào in the North . When the Japanese surrendered at the end of World War II , the Viet Minh entered Hanoi and proclaimed the `` Democratic Republic of Vietnam '' on September 2 . On September 5 , DRV President Ho Chi Minh signed a decree adopting the Vietminh flag . French troops returned in October and restored colonial rule in the South . The National Assembly voted unanimously to adopt the flag on March 2 , 1946 . Following the Geneva Accord between Viet Minh and France in 1954 , the DRV became the government of North Vietnam . On November 30 , 1955 , the flag 's design was modified slightly to make the star smaller and its edges straighter . This followed a similar modification of the flag of the Soviet Union . The flag was adopted in the South after the end of the Vietnam war , and North and South were unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on July 2 , 1976 . Scheme Red Yellow Pantone 1788 Yellow 116 CMYK 0.88. 88.11 0.0.",
"3": "100.0 RGB ( 226 , 28 , 28 ) ( 255,255 , 0 ) Hex triplet # E21C1C # FFFF00 NCS S 1085 Y80R S 0570 G70Y Historical flags ( edit ) Traditional images show the Trung sisters wearing yellow turbans during their revolt against China in AD 40 . These were unwrapped and waved to signal the beginning of a fight . A yellow banner with a red circle in the center was adopted as a standard by Emperor Gia Long ( r . 1802 -- 1820 ) . The flag of South Vietnam was originally designed by Emperor Thành Thái in 1890 , and was revived by Lê Văn Đệ and re-adopted by Emperor Bảo Đại in 1948 . The three stripes represented the Quẻ Càn , or Qian trigram , one of eight trigrams used in the I - Ching , a Taoist scripture . Quẻ Càn is the divination sign for heaven . Later , the stripes were reinterpreted to represent the northern , central and southern regions of Vietnam . The French , who gradually gained control of Vietnam in the late 19th century , flew the national flag of France . As the colony of Cochinchina ( 1864 -- 1945 ) , the South was under exclusive French authority . In contrast , North and Central Vietnam were protectorates with parallel systems of Vietnamese and French administration . Several flags were flown in these regions : the French flag , the Vietnamese imperial flag , and a `` protectorate flag . '' From 1920 to 1945 , the Vietnamese imperial flag had a yellow background with a single , broad red stripe . Japan occupied Vietnam in 1941 - 1945 . In March 1945 , the Japanese deposed the French colonial authorities and proclaimed an Empire of Vietnam with Bảo Đại as emperor . The Quẻ Ly Flag , also a red trigram on a yellow background , was adopted in June . Among other things , Quẻ Ly symbolizes the direction south . Bảo Đại abdicated in August when Japan surrendered . The French returned in October 1945 , but were challenged by the Vietminh , especially in the North .",
"4": "The French proclaimed Cochinchina a republic in June 1946 . This puppet state adopted a Quẻ Càn flag with blue stripes on a yellow background . In May 1948 , the name of the Cochinchina government was changed to `` Provisional Central Government of Vietnam '' in preparation for a merger with the North outlined in the Hạ Long Bay agreements between France and Bảo Đại . Artist Lê Văn Đệ ( 1906 -- 1966 ) met Bảo Đại in Hong Kong in 1948 and proposed that the Quẻ Càn flag of Emperor Thành Thái be restored . On June 2 , 1948 , Chief of State Nguyễn Văn Xuân , signed an ordinance to adopt this flag : `` The national emblem is a flag of yellow background , the height of which is equal to two - thirds of its width . In the middle of the flag and along its entire width , there are three horizontal red bands . Each band has a height equal to one - fifteenth of the width . These three red bands are separated from one another by a space of the band 's height . '' This flag was used in the South until 1975 . It continues to be used by many Vietnamese expatriates as the `` Heritage and Freedom Flag '' , but is de facto banned in Vietnam . Banning of the flag ( edit ) In January 2017 , San Jose , which has the largest population of Vietnamese people in the United States , banned the Vietnamese flag from being displayed on city flagpoles . This was inspired by a 2016 policy adopted by Westminster , California forbidding the display of the flag on city property . Nearby Milpitas also banned the flag from municipal display on September 5 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of flags of Vietnam Flag of North Vietnam Flag of South Vietnam List of flags of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . `` ^ Jump up to : Decree number 5 of September 05 , 1945 Archived April 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine.",
"5": ", ' Archive of Vietnamese legal documents . ^ Jump up to : Resolution number 249 / SL of November 30 , 1955 , Archive of Vietnamese legal documents . ^ Jump up to : `` Resolution of July 07 , 1976 '' , Archive of Vietnamese legal documents . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam , Article 141 . ^ Jump up to : `` VN Embassy : Flag Designer Urban Myths Squelched '' , Embassy of the Socialist Republic in Vietnam in the United States of America . Jump up ^ Sơn Tùng 's writing was published in installments in the newspaper Sài Gòn Giải Phóng and later as a book entitled Nguyễn Hữu Tiến ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ `` Tác giả quốc kỳ : vẫn là dấu chấm hỏi '' , Tuổi Trẻ , November 23 , 2006 Jump up ^ Ho Chi Minh , Foreign Languages Pub . House , 1988 , p. 76 . `` on May 19 , 1941 Viet Minh Front officially made its appearance , and holding high the gold star red flag . '' Jump up ^ Cima , Ronald J. , ed. ( 1990 ) . `` The General Uprising and Independence '' . Vietnam : A Country Study . Dept. of the Army . ISBN 978 - 0160181436 . The following day , the Congress , at a ceremony in front of the village dinh , officially adopted the national red flag with a gold star , and Ho read an appeal to the Vietnamese people to rise in revolution . Jump up ^ Phút Tán Nguyẽn , A Modern History of Viet - nam ( 1802 - 1954 ) , 1964 . p. 502 . `` The Assembly then adopted national Anthem and national flag , approved a new Cabinet and a Committee in charge of the drafting of the Vietnamese Constitution . '' Jump up ^ Van Tan , `` The Insurrection of the Two Trung Sisters '' ^ Jump up to : Khải Chính Phạm Kim Thư , `` The National Flag of Free Vietnam Archived February 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ''",
"6": "Jump up ^ Nguyễn Đình Sài , `` Quốc Kỳ Việt Nam : Nguồn Gốc và Lẽ Chính Thống '' , Vietnam Reform Party . A translation is given here . Jump up ^ Dang , Thanh Thuy Vo ( 2008 ) . Anticommunism as cultural praxis : South Vietnam , War , and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community . San Diego , California . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . The three stripes represent the three distinct regions of Vietnam , connecting the geographically separated ' yellow - skinned ' Vietnamese by the same red blood . The yellow flag originated during the rule of Vietnam 's Emperor Thành Thái ( 1890 ) of the Nguyễn dynasty . Jump up ^ Chế độ Cộng sản Việt Nam ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tìm lại những lá cờ hoàng gia xưa ở Việt Nam '' . Kỷ vật lịch sử . Cuộc vận động Sưu tầm và Tuyên truyền Kỷ vật lịch sử Công an Nhân dân . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Compare to ( South Korean Flag ) . Jump up ^ Dang , Thanh Thuy Vo ( 2008 ) . Anticommunism as cultural praxis : South Vietnam , War , and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community . San Diego , California . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . The three stripes represent the three distinct regions of Vietnam , connecting the geographically separated ' yellow - skinned ' Vietnamese by the same red blood . The yellow flag originated during the rule of Vietnam 's Emperor Thành Thái ( 1890 ) of the Nguyễn dynasty . ^ Jump up to : Vietnam , World Statesman . Jump up ^ `` California City Bans Display of Vietnam National Flag on City Poles '' . NBC News . January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Jose council unanimously approves banning communist Vietnamese flag '' .",
"7": "The Mercury News . January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Milpitas council bans city 's display of Socialist Republic of Vietnam flag '' . The Mercury News . September 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Vietnam . Vietnam at Flags of the World The National Flag of Viet Nam : Its Origin and Legitimacy Flags of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Vietnam articles History Timeline Early dynastic epoch Chinese millennium Late dynastic epoch Republican period North Vietnam South Vietnam",
"8": "Geography Ecoregions Northern Vietnam Central Vietnam Southern Vietnam North Central Coast ( Bắc Trung Bộ ) Northeast ( ( Đông Bắc ) Southeast ( Đông Nam Bộ ) Mekong Delta South Central Coast ( Nam Trung Bộ ) Provinces Red River Delta Northwest ( Tây Bắc ) Central Highlands ( Tây Nguyên ) Politics Constitution Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Communist Party History of central officeholders National Congress General Secretary Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Executive and legislative President Government Prime Minister Deputy Prime Ministers Ministers National Assembly Chairmen Standing Committee Elections Judiciary Supreme People 's Court Provincial Municipal Courts Local Courts Military Courts Military Central Military Commission Ground Force Navy Air Force Coast Guard Border Guard Air Force Security forces ( police ) Economy Agriculture Doi Moi ( `` Renovation '' ) Đồng ( currency ) Energy Five - Year Plans International rankings Manufacturing Telecommunications Tourism Transport Air airlines Jetstar Pacific VietJet Air Vietnam Airlines airports Cam Ranh Da Nang Noi Bai Tan Son Nhat Rail Society Demographics diaspora Education Ethnic groups Public holidays Time Women Culture Art Emblem Dance Cinema Cuisine",
"9": "Flag Literature Martial arts Media Music Religion Theater Vietnamese studies Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"10": "php?title=Flag_of_Vietnam&oldid=837813752 '' Categories : National symbols of Vietnam Flags of Vietnam National flags Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing Vietnamese - language text All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 05 : 51 .",
"11": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the meaning of the greek word metanoia
|
[
"a transformative change of heart; especially: a spiritual conversion",
"\"a transformative change of heart; especially: a spiritual conversion.\"",
"a transformative change of heart; especially: a spiritual conversion"
] |
{
"0": "Metanoia ( theology ) - wikipedia Metanoia ( theology ) Jump to : navigation , search Metanoia , a transliteration of the Greek μετάνοια , can be defined as `` a transformative change of heart ; especially : a spiritual conversion . '' The term suggests repudiation , change of mind , repentance , and atonement ; but `` conversion '' and `` reformation '' may best approximate its connotation . In The King James Version of the Bible , its verbal cognate metanoeo / μετανοέω is translated as repent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pagan Use 2 Uses in the New Testament 3 Use in early Christianity 4 Meaning 5 Other interpretations 6 See also 7 References Pagan use ( edit ) Metanoia means afterthought , from meta meaning `` after '' or `` beyond '' and nous meaning `` mind '' . In Classical Greek metanoia meant changing one 's mind about someone or something . When personified , Metanoia was depicted as a shadowy goddess , cloaked and sorrowful , who accompanied Kairos , the god of Opportunity , sowing regret and inspiring repentance for the `` missed moment '' . This conventional portrayal continued through the Renaissance . `` The elements of repentance , regret , reflection , and transformation are always present in the concept of metanoia to some degree , ... '' Philo Judaeus of Alexandria ( c. 25 BCE -- c. 50 CE ) depicted metanoia as `` in heaven , a beautiful and especially good daughter of the Most High . '' There , `` she entreats God Most High hourly '' on behalf of people . Uses in the New Testament ( edit ) Modern English translations of the Greek New Testament use the word `` repentance '' for both the word metanoia and metamelomai . The former term is so translated almost ten times as often as the latter . Metanoia can be traced to Mark Chapter 1 , where Jesus announces that the kingdom of God is at hand and asks for repentance . Matthew 27 : 3 uses the Greek verb metamelomai in stating that Judas `` repented himself '' after he saw Jesus being led away . Metamelomai denotes `` painful sorrow '' or `` remorseful regret . ''",
"1": "Metamelomai is the equivalent of the words Repent or Repentance . '' Biblical scholar A.T. Robertson observes that Judas had only sorrow and regret and `` mere sorrow avails nothing unless it leads to change of mind and life ( metanoia ) . '' The noun metanoia / μετάνοια , is translated `` repentance , '' and its cognate verb metanoeō / μετανοέω is translated `` repent '' in twenty two instances in the King James Version of the New Testament . Abid Rogers Bhatti in his book A Textbook of Soteriology writes about the meaning of metanoia / μετάνοια . In the Urdu Bible , the word for `` repentance '' is `` toba . '' Toba means regret , grief , and sorrow over sinful deeds that lead to a change of mind and life . Abid agrees with Tertullian in preferring `` conversion '' rather than `` repentance '' to translate metanoia / μετάνοια in Mark 1 : 4 . In summary , Abid believes that `` conversion '' ( rather than `` repentance '' ) is the best English word to express the meaning of the Greek metanoia / μετάνοια . Use in Early Christianity ( edit ) The term `` ... was used consistently in the literature of that time to express a fundamental change in thinking that leads to a fundamental change in behavior and / or way of living '' . In 2006 , an ecumenical group of scholars published a study of repentance in the Bible and the Church . After `` a thorough examination of Hellenistic Jewish writings , '' the study found that for Jews living at the time of Jesus , `` repentance '' meant `` a fundamental change in thinking and living . '' For the New Testament , this change is a necessary ingredient in accomplishing God 's plan for salvation and community for everyone . The Acts of Peter ties metanoia to the cross on which Peter was crucified . While Peter was being crucified , he explained parts of the cross from which he was hanging , including `` the nail which holds the cross beam to the upright in the middle . '' This nail is `` the conversion ( epistrophē ) and repentance ( metanoia ) of man . ''",
"2": "According to David N. Wilkin , `` The Latin Fathers translated metanoia as paenitentia , which came to mean `` penance '' or `` acts of penance . '' '' Tertullian protested the unsuitable translation of the Greek metanoeo into the Latin paenitentiam agite by arguing that `` in Greek , metanoia is not a confession of sins but a change of mind . '' `` Conversion '' ( from the Latin conversiōn - em turning round ) with its `` change in character '' meaning is more nearly the equivalent of metanoia than repentance . Meaning ( edit ) The Merriam - Webster Dictionary transliterates the Greek μετάνοια into metanoia and borrowing it as an English word with a definition that matches the Greek : `` a transformative change of heart ; especially : a spiritual conversion , '' augmented by an explanation of metanoia 's Greek source : `` from metanoiein to change one 's mind , repent , from meta - + noein to think , from nous mind . '' Synonyms for `` conversion '' include `` change of heart '' and `` metanoia . '' In opposition to the Church 's interpretation of metanoia as comprising contrition , confession , and penances , Martin Luther objected that it retained its classical sense of `` a change of mind . '' For John Staupitz , `` ... metanoia can be derived , though not without violence , not only from post and mentem , but also from trans and mentem , so that metanoia signifies a changing of the mind and heart , because it seemed to indicate not only a change of the heart , but also a manner of changing it , i.e. , the grace of God . '' . Metanoia is a concept of fundamental character for Luther , as it marks the ground of the first of his 95 thesis . John Calvin pointed to the double derivation of `` repentance '' : from the Hebrew meaning conversion , or turning again and the Greek ( metanoia ) meaning a change of mind and purpose . The meaning of the word , for Calvin , is appropriate to both derivations because repentance ( a ) involves `` withdrawing from ourselves , '' ( b ) turning to God , ( c ) `` laying aside the old , '' and ( d ) putting on `` a new mind . ''",
"3": "Other interpretations ( edit ) This section may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Greek Orthodox Church in America teaches that `` The Greek term for repentance , metanoia , denotes a change of mind , a reorientation , a fundamental transformation of outlook , of man 's vision of the world and of himself , and a new way of loving others and God . In the words of a second - century text , The Shepherd of Hermas , it implies `` great understanding , '' or discernment . '' In his 1881 The Great Meaning of the Word Metanoia , Treadwell Walden , former minister of St. Paul 's Church , Boston , asserts that metanoia conveys the essence of the Christian gospel . Walden holds that the meaning of the Greek metanoia is very different from the meaning of the English `` repentance '' . He describes the translation of metanoia as repentance as `` an extraordinary mistranslation . '' Walden believed the meaning of metanoia as a `` transmutation '' of consciousness contrasted with classical Greek which he viewed as expressing a superficial change of mind . Walden sought to promote the proper meaning of metanoia as `` change of Mind , a change in the trend and action of the whole inner nature , intellectual , affectional and moral '' over against its translation as repentance . In Repentance : A Cosmic Shift of Mind and Heart , Edward J. Anton observes that in most dictionaries and in the minds of most Christians the primary meaning of `` repent '' is to look back on past behavior with sorrow , self - reproach , or contrition , sometimes with an amendment of life . But neither Jesus nor John the Baptist says to look back in sorrow . For St Paul , `` metanoia is a transfiguration for your brain '' that opens a new future . It was in its use in the New Testament and in writings grounded in the New Testament that the depth of metanoia increased until , in the words of Archbishop Richard C. Trench , it came `` to express that mighty change in mind , heart , and life wrought by the Spirit of God . ''",
"4": "Scholar J. Glentworth Butler says that , in the Greek , there is none of the sorrow or regret contained in the words repentance and repent . Repentance denotes `` sorrow for what one has done or omitted to do ; especially , contrition for sin . '' Repent primarily means `` to review one 's actions and feel contrition or regret for something one has done or omitted to do '' Therefore , Butler asserts that translating metanoeō / μετανοέω and metanoia / μετάνοια as repent and repentance constitute `` an utter mistranslation '' that translators excuse by the fact that no English word can adequately convey the meaning of the Greek words . A.T. Robertson concurs with Butler . Regarding the translation of metanoia as repentance , Robertson calls it `` a linguistic and theological tragedy . '' Regarding John the Baptist 's call to `` repent '' as a translation of the Greek metanoeite , Robertson quotes Broadus as saying that this is `` the worst translation in the New Testament . '' Repent means `` to be sorry , '' but John 's call was not to be sorry , but to change mental attitudes ( metanoeite ) and conduct . Robertson lamented the fact that in his time there was no English word that signified the meaning of the Greek μετάνοια ( metanoia ) . Aloys H. Dirksen in his The New Testament Concept of Metanoia argues against metanoia as merely `` repentance '' and for metanoia as `` conversion . '' Other have characterized the translation of metanoia / μετάνοια as `` repentance '' with similar negativity . Repentance is an `` unsuitable '' translation . It is `` totally inadequate '' to carry the meaning of metanoia . Of the top - ten versions of the Bible in the United States based on unit sales , seven read `` baptism of repentance '' in Mark 1 : 4 in which `` repentance '' translates metanoia . Three of the ten top - selling versions and another in the top - ten based on dollar sales attempt to capture the meaning of metanoia . None of them transliterate the Greek μετἀνοια as metanoia .",
"5": "New Living Translation : `` baptized to show that they had turned from their sins and turned to God '' Common English Bible : `` baptized to show that they were changing their hearts and lives '' New International Readers Version : `` baptized and turn away from their sins '' The Message : `` a baptism of life - change '' In spite of these efforts , David Wilkin forecasts that `` repentance '' as a translation for metanoia will likely continue in most English translations . He , therefore , advises readers to substitute `` change of mind '' for the words repentance and repent . In its Confirmation exegesis , the Minnehaha United Methodist Church of Minneapolis , Minnesota notes , Metanoia is used to refer to the change of mind which is brought about in repentance . Repentance is necessary and valuable because it brings about change of mind or metanoia . This change of mind will make the changed person hate sin and love God . The two terms ( repentance and metanoia ) are often used interchangeably . `` Meta - '' is additionally used to imply `` beyond '' and `` outside of . '' E.g. , ... metaphysics as outside the limits of physics . The word metanoia has taken on an in - vogue usage among interfaith dialogues as simply meaning `` a change of heart . '' Though this is close to its Christian theological meaning , perhaps one may conclude that metanoia is `` taking one 's mind / thoughts beyond and outside of one 's habituations . '' Yes , English translators of the Christian Scriptures fail to find a proper corresponding word for metanoia , so they fall back upon the comfort and ease of the word repent . Yet repent carries with it a negative tone , almost an inhibition caused by guilt ; metanoia forces a positive , proactive life - affirming response . When Jesus calls people to `` repent , '' to `` metanoia , '' could it be that he means : `` Change your thought processes and go beyond your mind 's present state of limitations '' ? Does this not mandate self - assessment and interpersonal acceptance ? Charles Taylor defines metanoia as `` to change one 's mind of attitude '' and builds his pastoral counseling method on the `` metanoia model . '' In doing so , Taylor recalls that the center of Jesus ' ministry was a call to metanoia .",
"6": "For Milton Crum , metanoia means `` a change of perception with its behavioral fruit . '' Thus , metanoia constitutes the central thing that needs to happen in preaching . Peter Senge observes that what happens in a `` learning organization '' that experiences the `` deeper meaning of ' learning ' '' is `` metanoia '' which means `` a shift of mind . '' Therefore , concludes Senge , `` to grasp the meaning of ' metanoia ' is to grasp the deeper meaning of ' learning . ' '' Ulrich Wilckens finds in Peter 's sermon in Acts 2 : 38 - 40 as narrated by Luke the Evangelist , six steps that are required for a person 's salvation . Metanoia is step number one and is essential because the other steps are contingent on a person 's experiencing metanoia . Wilckens believes that this is the normative way to salvation in Luke 's theology . See also ( edit ) Metanoia ( psychology ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Metanoia '' , Merriam - Webster Jump up ^ Pope Benedict XVI . `` Faith as Conversion - Metanoia '' , Principles of Catholic Theology , Ignatius Press , 1987 ISBN 9780898701333 Jump up ^ Strong , James The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible ( Eaton & Mains , 1890 ) ^ Jump up to : Wilkin , Robert N. `` New Testament Repentance : Lexical Considerations '' , Bible.org Jump up ^ Myers , Kelly A. , `` Metanoia and the Transformation of Opportunity '' , Rhetoric Society Quarterly , Vol. 41 , No. 1 , pp. 1 -- 18 Jump up ^ Patrick Gray , Gail R. O'Day , eds. , Scripture and Traditions : Essays on Early Judaism and Christianity in Honor of Carl R. Holladay ( Brill , 2008 ) 80 - 81 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , J. Glentworth . Topical Analysis of the Bible ( Butler Bible Work Co , 1897 ) , 443 . Available in Google Books . Jump up ^ A.T. Robertson . `` Word Pictures in the New Testament - Matthew '' ( PDF ) . Grand Rapids , Missouri : Christian Classics Ethereal Library .",
"7": "Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Edward J Anton , Repentance : A Cosmic Shift of Mind and Heart ( Discipleship Publications , 2005 ) 32 - 33 . Jump up ^ Nave , Guy . The Role and function of Repentance in Luke - Acts , Society of Biblical Literature , 2002 Jump up ^ Mark J. Boda and Gordon T. Smith , eds. , Repentance in Christian Theology ( Michael Glazier , 2006 ) , 90 , 95 . Jump up ^ J.K. Elliott , editor , The Apocryphal New Testament : A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) , 425 . Greek words inserted . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Web Catalog '' . Oed.com.librarycatalog.vts.edu . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Conversion Synonyms , Conversion Antonyms '' . Thesaurus.com . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Luther 's Works , Vol. 48 , Letters ( May 30 , 1518 Letter to John von Staupitz ) , 65 - 70 . Jump up ^ `` Letter of John Staupitz Accompanying the `` Resolutions '' to the XCV Theses by Dr. Martin Luther , 1518 `` , Works of Martin Luther , ( Adolph Spaeth , L.D. Reed , Henry Eyster Jacobs , et Al. , Trans . & Eds . ) , ( Philadelphia : A.J. Holman Company , 1915 ) , Volume 1 , pp. 39 - 43 Jump up ^ John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion 3 . 3 . 1 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Repentance and Confession '' , The Greek Orthodox Church in America Jump up ^ Treadwell Walden , The Great Meaning of the Word Metanoia : Lost in the Old Version , Unrecovered in the New , p. 24 , ( Thomas Whittaker , 1896 ) Jump up ^ Treadwell Walden , The Great Meaning of the Word Metanoia : Lost in the Old Version , Unrecovered in the New .",
"8": "( Thomas Whittaker , 1896 ) , 1 , 3 - 4 , 8 - 9 . Available online in Google Books . Jump up ^ Anton , Edward J. Repentance : A Cosmic Shift of Mind and Heart ( Discipleship Publications , 2005 ) 31 - 32 . Jump up ^ Richard C. Trench , Synonyms of the New Testament ( Macmillan , 1880 , 9th edition ) 255 - 261 . Available online in Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Webster 's Revised Unabridged Dictionary ( 1913 ) - The ARTFL Project '' . Machaut.uchicago.edu . Archived from the original on 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Web Catalog '' . Oed.com.librarycatalog.vts.edu . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ A.T. Robertson . `` Word Pictures in the New Testament - 2 Corinthians '' ( PDF ) . Grand Rapids , Missouri : Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ A.T. Robertson . `` Word Pictures in the New Testament - Matthew '' ( PDF ) . Grand Rapids , Missouri : Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ A.T. Robertson . `` Word Pictures in the New Testament - Matthew '' ( PDF ) . Grand Rapids , Missouri : Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ D. Tarrant , review of The New Testament Concept of Metanoia ( Washington , D.C. : The Catholic University of America , 1932 . ) in Classical Review 47 : 4 ( 1933 ) . Jump up ^ Herbert George Marsh , The Origin and Significance of the New Testament Baptism ( Manchester University Press , 1941 ) , 43 . Jump up ^ James Hastings and others , Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics : Vol 10 ( Scribner 's , 1919 ) , s.v. `` Repentance , '' 733 . Jump up ^ `` CBA Best Sellers '' ( PDF ) . CBAonline.org .",
"9": "Feb 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mark 1 : 4 And so John came , baptizing in the desert region - Online Bible Study Tools '' . BibleStudyTools.com . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert N. Wilkin . `` Repentance and Salvation Part 3 : New Testament Repentance : Lexical Considerations '' . Journal of the Grace Evangelical Society . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmation 101 '' , Minnehaha United Methodist Church of Minneapolis , Minnesota Jump up ^ Charles Taylor The Skilled Pastor ( Augsburg Fortress , 1991 ) , 8 , 64 . Jump up ^ Milton Crum , Manual on Preaching ( Judson , 1977 and Morehouse , 1988 ) 101 Jump up ^ Peter M. Senge , The Fifth Discipline : The Art & Practice of The Learning Organization ( Doubleday , 2006 ) , 13 . Also Peter M. Senge , `` Metanoia -- A Shift of Mind '' in The Jossey - Bass Reader on Educational Leadership ( Jossey - Bass , 2nd ed , 2006 ) Jump up ^ François Bovon , Luke the Theologian : fifty - five years of research , 1950 - 2005 ( Baylor University , 2006 ) , 314 .",
"10": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metanoia_(theology)&oldid=833527449 '' Categories : New Testament Greek words and phrases Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with self - published sources from September 2016 All articles with self - published sources All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 03 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many pieces in a terry's chocolate orange
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"0": "Terry 's Chocolate Orange - wikipedia Terry 's Chocolate Orange Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Terry 's Chocolate Orange Product type Confection Owner Carambar & Co Country Originally York , England . Now Jankowice , Poland Introduced 1932 ( 1932 ) Markets Worldwide Previous owners Terry 's Kraft General Foods Kraft Foods Mondelēz International Terry 's Chocolate Orange is a chocolate product created by Terry 's in 1932 at the Chocolate Works factory in York , England , It was made by Mondelēz International from 2012 - 2017 . As of spring 2017 it is made by Carambar & Co . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Structure 2.1 Spin - offs 3 Advertising 4 Product range 5 Changes to product weight in 2016 6 References 7 External links Development ( edit ) Main article : Terry 's The company opened the Art Deco - style factory The Chocolate Works in 1926 , and began launching new products . These included the Dessert Chocolate Apple ( 1926 ) , Terry 's All Gold ( 1931 ) and the Chocolate Orange ( 1932 ) . At the onset of World War II , confectionery production was immediately halted . The factory was taken over by F. Hills and Sons of Manchester as a shadow factory to manufacture and repair aircraft propeller blades . With the factory handed back to the company post-war , production was difficult due to continued rationing in the United Kingdom , and limited imports of raw cocoa . In 1954 , production of the chocolate apple was phased out in favour of increased production of the chocolate orange . In the North American market , where it has had a variety of importers over the years , it was briefly sold as a Tobler ( maker of the Toblerone ) product . Chocolate oranges appeared on the South Korean market in the GS25 chain of convenience stores in 2017 .",
"1": "Korean packaging Since 2005 and the closure of the Terry factory in York , Chocolate Orange products have been manufactured near Jankowice , Poland . In 1979 , Terry 's launched the Chocolate Lemon , but it was withdrawn three years later . Structure ( edit ) Terry 's Chocolate Orange Bar , a chocolate bar version of the Chocolate Orange The Terry 's Chocolate Orange comprises an orange - shaped ball of chocolate mixed with orange oil , divided into 20 segments , similar to a real orange , and wrapped in orange - skin patterned foil . When packaged , the segments are stuck together firmly in the centre ; therefore , prior to unwrapping , the ball is traditionally tapped severely on a hard surface to cause the segments to separate from each other ( dubbed `` Tap and Unwrap '' or `` Whack and Unwrap '' ) . Spin - offs ( edit ) There have been a number of spin - off products , currently including : Chocolate Orange bar : a bar of six segments , initially produced with smooth vertical segments ( similar to a Toblerone bar ) , then , later , with textured segments that mimic the traditional orange shape . Chocolate Orange minis : a bag of small segments Chocolate Orange White Eggs : egg - shaped white - chocolate versions of Chocolate Orange that were available for one Easter Segsations : individual segments of chocolate in different flavours , including : milk chocolate , puffed rice , honeycomb , cornflake , white chocolate and a `` double seg '' of layered milk and dark chocolate , all flavoured with orange oil . Segsations Mini Eggs : individual foil - wrapped eggs of chocolate in same flavours as Segsations , for Easter Chocolate Orange -- Egg & Spoon : a milk chocolate egg filled with an orange fondant filling ( similar to Cadbury 's Creme Egg ) Advertising ( edit ) The Chocolate Orange product is known for its unusual marketing , which is usually at its heaviest around Christmas . At one time it was estimated that the Chocolate Orange was found in a tenth of British Christmas stockings . Actress Dawn French has fronted numerous campaigns for the brand , often in a posed scene of defending and hiding `` her '' Chocolate Orange from others .",
"2": "Famous marketing phrases include : Tap it and unwrap it ( since replaced with `` whack and unwrap '' ) It 's not Terry 's , it 's mine Do n't tap it ... Whack it ! More recent advertisements ( after the rebranding ) do not feature French and contain the new slogan `` Round but not round for long '' ( some include the Countdown theme tune ) . The newest advertising campaign in the United Kingdom features various situations in which people are trying to break the segments of their Terry 's Chocolate Orange apart with the slogan `` Smash it to pieces , love it to bits '' . Product range ( edit ) A `` tapped and unwrapped '' Terry 's Chocolate Orange Terry 's Dessert Chocolate Apple ( 1926 -- 1954 precursor to the Orange ) Terry 's Chocolate Lemon ( short - lived 1979 - 1980s variant ) Terry 's Chocolate Orange Dark ( formerly ' Plain ' ) Terry 's Chocolate Orange Snowball ( white chocolate ) Terry 's Chocolate Orange Mint ( Discontinued 2012 ) Terry 's Chocolate Orange Toffee Terry 's Chocolate Orange Bars ( chocolate bars ) Terry 's Chocolate Orange Mini segments / Segsations ( individually wrapped segments ) Terry 's Chocolate Orange White Egg Terry 's Chocolate Orange Flavour Carte D'Or ice cream ( no longer in production ) Terry 's Chocolate Orange Tangy Terry 's Chocolate Orange Cookies Terry 's Chocolate Orange Exploding Candy Terry 's Chocolate Orange Siesta Terry 's Chocolate Orange Hazelnut Terry 's Chocolate Orange Raspberry Terry 's Chocolate Orange White Chocolate Smasher Terry 's Chocolate Orange Toffee Crunch Terry 's Chocolate Orange Birthday Cake Terry 's Chocolate Orange Orange Terry 's Chocolate Orange Ice - Creams ( currently sold as limited edition ) Changes to product weight in 2016 ( edit ) On 29 May 2016 , the UK product size was reduced from 175g to 157g by changing the moulded shape of each segment to leave an air gap between each piece . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Chocolate Works '' . NeolithicSea.co.uk . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Terry 's Confections ( Courtesy of Kraft Foods Archives ) '' .",
"3": "docslide.us . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Delgado , Martin . `` How long before Cadbury 's chocolate is made in this Polish factory ? '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chocolate history '' . VisitYork.org . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Terry 's Chocolate Orange at Wikimedia Commons Terry 's Products 1767 All Gold Caramel Bite Chocolate Ball Chocolate Orange Chocolate Peppermint Chocolate Raspberry Milk Chocolate Raspberry Dark Harlequin Moonlight Neapolitans Pyramint Sgt . Major Spartan Twilight York Fruits Manufacturer Mondelēz International Tangerine Confectionery Other Sir Joseph Terry The Chocolate Works Goddards House and Garden Mondelēz International brands Nabisco brands and other snacks Arrowroot Barni Barnum 's Animals Belvita Better Cheddars Bimo Cheese Nips Chips Ahoy !",
"4": "Club Social Comet Enjoy Life Fig Newtons Filipinos Fudgee - O Ginger Snaps Good Thins Handi - Snacks Honey Maid In a Biskit Kinh Do Lefèvre - Utile ( LU ) Lorna Doone Mallomars Mikado Nilla Nutter Butter Oreo Peek Freans Premium Crackers Prince Rice Thins Ritz Crackers SnackWells Sociables Social Tea Stoned Wheat Thins Teddy Grahams Tiger Trakinas Triscuit TUC Vegetable Thins Wheat Thins Wheatsworth Cadbury brands 5 star chocolate Astros Boost Bournville Bournvita Brunch Bar Buttons Carambar Caramello Koala Caramilk Chappies Cherry Ripe Chomp Clusters Creme Egg Creme Egg Twisted Crispy Crunch Crunchie Curly Wurly Dairy Milk ( Caramel , Fruit & Nut ) Double Decker Dream Eclairs Fingers Flake Freddo Fry 's Chocolate Cream Fry 's Turkish Delight Fudge Fuse Green & Black 's Heroes Jelly Babies Kent Koko Kréma La Pie qui Chante Mantecol Maynards Bassetts ( Maynards & Bassett 's ) Milk Tray Mini Eggs Moro Mr.",
"5": "Big Old Gold Palitos de la selva Pascall Picnic Poulain Roses Shots Snack Snowflake Starbar The Natural Confectionery Company Time Out Trebor Twirl Vichy Pastilles Wispa Yowie Gums Beemans gum Bubbaloo Bubblicious Certs Chiclets Clorets Dentyne Dentyne Mints Dirol Freshen Up Gum Hollywood Chewing Gum Malabar Sour Patch Kids Stimorol Stride Swedish Fish Trident Wunderbar Chocolates Alpen Gold Baker 's Chocolate Côte d'Or Daim Freia Freia Melkesjokolade Kvikk Lunsj Lacta Marabou Milka O'Boy Poiana Prince Polo Terry 's Terry 's All Gold Terry 's Chocolate Orange Toblerone Twist Coffee ( Jacobs Douwe Egberts ) Douwe Egberts Gevalia HAG Jacobs Kenco L'OR Moccona Pilão Senseo Super Tassimo Other brands Clight Eden Halls Philadelphia Royal 90 Brasil Sottilette ( Kraft Singles ) Tang Discontinued Bonkers candy Cameo cookies In the United States , these products are manufactured and marketed by The Hershey Company under a prior licensing agreement . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terry%27s_Chocolate_Orange&oldid=835412038 '' Categories : Brand name chocolate British confectionery British brands Yorkshire cuisine Mondelēz brands Products introduced in 1932 Candy Citrus dishes Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 15 : 26 . About Wikipedia",
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what are the functions of the human skeleton
|
[
"support",
"movement",
"protection",
"production of blood cells",
"storage of minerals",
"endocrine regulation",
"support",
"movement",
"protection",
"production of blood cells",
"storage of minerals",
"endocrine regulation",
"support",
"movement",
"protection",
"production of blood cells",
"storage of minerals",
"endocrine regulation",
"support",
"movement",
"protection",
"production of blood cells",
"storage of minerals",
"endocrine regulation"
] |
{
"0": "Human skeleton - wikipedia Human skeleton Jump to : navigation , search `` Bone structure '' and `` skeletal system '' redirect here . For skeletal systems of other animals , see Skeleton . For for the scientific study of bones , see Osteology . Human skeleton Diagram of the human skeleton Details Identifiers Greek σκελετός TA A02. 0.00. 000 FMA 23881 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body . It is composed of about 300 bones at birth -- this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together . The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21 . The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton . The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column , the rib cage , the skull and other associated bones . The appendicular skeleton , which is attached to the axial skeleton , is formed by the shoulder girdle , the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs . The human skeleton performs six major functions ; support , movement , protection , production of blood cells , storage of minerals , and endocrine regulation . The human skeleton is not as sexually dimorphic as that of many other primate species , but subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull , dentition , long bones , and pelvis exist . In general , female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within a given population . The human female pelvis is also different from that of males in order to facilitate childbirth . Unlike most primates , human males do not have penile bones .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Skeletal Divisions 1.1 Axial skeleton 1.2 Appendicular skeleton 2 Functions 2.1 Support 2.2 Movement 2.3 Protection 2.4 Blood cell production 2.5 Storage 2.6 Endocrine regulation 3 Sex differences 3.1 Skull 3.2 Dentition 3.3 Long bones 3.4 Pelvis 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Arthritis 4.2 Osteoporosis 5 History 5.1 The Renaissance 6 See also 7 References Skeletal divisions ( edit ) Axial skeleton ( edit ) Main article : Axial skeleton The axial skeleton ( 80 bones ) is formed by the vertebral column ( 32 -- 34 bones ; the number of the vertebrae differs from human to human as the lower 2 parts , sacral and coccygeal bone may vary in length ) , a part of the rib cage ( 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum ) , and the skull ( 22 bones and 7 associated bones ) . The upright posture of humans is maintained by the axial skeleton , which transmits the weight from the head , the trunk , and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints . The bones of the spine are supported by many ligaments . The erector spinae muscles are also supporting and are useful for balance . Appendicular skeleton ( edit ) Main article : Appendicular skeleton The appendicular skeleton ( 126 bones ) is formed by the pectoral girdles , the upper limbs , the pelvic girdle or pelvis , and the lower limbs . Their functions are to make locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of digestion , excretion and reproduction . Functions ( edit ) A human skeleton on exhibit at the Museum of Osteology , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma The skeleton serves six major functions : support , movement , protection , production of blood cells , storage of minerals and endocrine regulation . Support ( edit ) The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape . The pelvis , associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures .",
"2": "Without the rib cages , costal cartilages , and intercostal muscles , the lungs would collapse . Movement ( edit ) The joints between bones allow movement , some allowing a wider range of movement than others , e.g. the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than the pivot joint at the neck . Movement is powered by skeletal muscles , which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones . Muscles , bones , and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement , all coordinated by the nervous system . It is believed that the reduction of human bone density in prehistoric times reduced the agility and dexterity of human movement . Shifting from hunting to agriculture has caused human bone density to reduce significantly . Protection ( edit ) The skeleton helps to protect our many vital internal organs from being damaged . The skull protects the brain The vertebrae protect the spinal cord . The rib cage , spine , and sternum protect the lungs , heart and major blood vessels . Blood cell. production ( edit ) The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis , the development of blood cells that takes place in the bone marrow . In children , haematopoiesis occurs primarily in the marrow of the long bones such as the femur and tibia . In adults , it occurs mainly in the pelvis , cranium , vertebrae , and sternum . Storage ( edit ) The bone matrix can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism , and bone marrow can store iron in ferritin and is involved in iron metabolism . However , bones are not entirely made of calcium , but a mixture of chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyapatite , the latter making up 70 % of a bone . Hydroxyapatite is in turn composed of 39.8 % of calcium , 41.4 % of oxygen , 18.5 % of phosphorus , and 0.2 % of hydrogen by mass . Chondroitin sulfate is a sugar made up primarily of oxygen and carbon . Endocrine regulation ( edit ) Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin , which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar ( glucose ) and fat deposition . Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity , in addition to boosting the number of insulin - producing cells and reducing stores of fat .",
"3": "Sex differences ( edit ) During construction of the York to Scarborough Railway Bridge in 1901 , workmen discovered a large stone coffin , close to the River Ouse . Inside was a skeleton , accompanied by an array of unusual and expensive objects . This chance find represents one of the most significant discoveries ever made from Roman York . Study of the skeleton has revealed that it belonged to a woman . Anatomical differences between human males and females are highly pronounced in some soft tissue areas , but tend to be limited in the skeleton . The human skeleton is not as sexually dimorphic as that of many other primate species , but subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull , dentition , long bones , and pelvis are exhibited across human populations . In general , female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within a given population . Skull ( edit ) A variety of gross morphological traits of the human skull demonstrate sexual dimorphism , such as the median nuchal line , mastoid processes , supraorbital margin , supraorbital ridge , and the chin . Dentition ( edit ) Human inter-sex dental dimorphism centers on the canine teeth , but it is not nearly as pronounced as in the other great apes . Long bones ( edit ) Long bones are generally larger in males than in females within a given population . Muscle attachment sites on long bones are often more robust in males than in females , reflecting a difference in overall muscle mass and development between sexes . Sexual dimorphism in the long bones is commonly characterized by morphometric or gross morphological analyses . Pelvis ( edit ) The human pelvis exhibits greater sexual dimorphism than other bones , specifically in the size and shape of the pelvic cavity , ilia , greater sciatic notches , and the sub-pubic angle . The Phenice method is commonly used to determine the sex of an unidentified human skeleton by anthropologists with 96 % to 100 % accuracy in some populations . Women 's pelvises are wider in the pelvic inlet and are wider throughout the pelvis to allow for child birth . The sacrum in the women 's pelvis is curved inwards to allow the child to have a `` funnel '' to assist in the child 's pathway from the uterus to the birth canal .",
"4": "Clinical significance ( edit ) See also : Bone disease There are many classified skeletal disorders . One of the most common is osteoporosis . Also common is scoliosis , a side - to - side curve in the back or spine , often creating a pronounced `` C '' or `` S '' shape when viewed on an x-ray of the spine . This condition is most apparent during adolescence , and is most common with females . Arthritis ( edit ) Main article : Arthritis Arthritis is a disorder of the joints . It involves inflammation of one or more joints . When affected by arthritis , the joint or joints affected may be painful to move , may move in unusual directions or may be immobile completely . The symptoms of arthritis will vary differently between types of arthritis . The most common form of arthritis : Osteoarthritis can affect both the larger and smaller joints of the human skeleton . The cartilage in the affected joints will degrade , soften and wear away . This decreases the mobility of the joints and decreases the space between bones where cartilage should be . Osteoporosis ( edit ) Main article : Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease of bone where there is reduced bone mineral density , increasing the likelihood of fractures . Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization in women as a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass , relative to the age and sex - matched average , as measured by Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry , with the term `` established osteoporosis '' including the presence of a fragility fracture . Osteoporosis is most common in women after menopause , when it is called `` postmenopausal osteoporosis '' , but may develop in men and premenopausal women in the presence of particular hormonal disorders and other chronic diseases or as a result of smoking and medications , specifically glucocorticoids . Osteoporosis usually has no symptoms until a fracture occurs . For this reason , DEXA scans are often done in people with one or more risk factors , who have developed osteoporosis and be at risk of fracture . Osteoporosis treatment includes advice to stop smoking , decrease alcohol consumption , exercise regularly , and have a healthy diet .",
"5": "Calcium supplements may also be advised , as may Vitamin D. When medication is used , it may include bisphosphonates , Strontium ranelate , and osteoporosis may be one factor considered when commencing Hormone replacement therapy . History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2014 ) See also : Paleoanthropology The study of human bones probably started in ancient Greece under Ptolemaic kings due to their link to Egypt . Herophilos , through his work by studying dissected human corpses in Alexandria is credited to be the pioneer of the field . His works are lost but are often cited by notable persons in the field such as Galen and Rufus of Ephesus . Galen himself did little dissection though and relied on the work of others like Marinus of Alexandria , as well as his own observations of gladiator cadavers and animals . According to Katherine Park , in medieval Europe dissection continued to be practiced , contrary to the popular understanding that such practices are taboo and thus completely banned . The practice of holy autopsy , such as in the case of Clare of Montefalco further supports the claim . Alexandria continued as a center of anatomy under Islamic rule , with Ibn Zuhr a notable figure . Chinese understandings are divergent , as the closest corresponding concept in the medicinal system seem to be the meridians , although given that Hua Tuo regularly performs surgery , there must be some distance between medical theory and actual understanding . The Renaissance ( edit ) Leonardo Da Vinci , among his many talents also contributed to the study of the skeleton , albeit unpublished in his time . Many artists , Antonio Pollaiuolo being the first , performed dissections for better understanding of the body , although they concentrated mostly on the muscles . Vesalius , regarded as the founder of modern anatomy authored the book De humani corporis fabrica , which contained many illustrations of the skeleton and other body parts , correcting some theories dating from Galen , such as the lower jaw being a single bone instead of two . Various other figures like Alessandro Achillini also contributed to the further understanding of the skeleton .",
"6": "See also ( edit ) List of bones of the human skeleton Distraction osteogenesis References ( edit ) `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Library resources about Skeletal system Resources in your library Jump up ^ Mammal anatomy : an illustrated guide . New York : Marshall Cavendish. 2010 . p. 129 . ISBN 9780761478829 . Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy , ( 2006 ) , p 113 Jump up ^ Patterns of Sexual Behavior Clellan S. Ford and Frank A. Beach , published by Harper & Row , New York in 1951 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 22355 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Switching Farming Made Human Bone Skeleton Joint Lighter '' . Smithsonian Magazine . 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Light human skeleton may have come after agriculture '' . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` With the Advent of Agriculture , Human Bones Dramatically Weakened '' . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernández , KS ; de Alarcón , PA ( Dec 2013 ) . `` Development of the hematopoietic system and disorders of hematopoiesis that present during infancy and early childhood . '' . Pediatric clinics of North America . 60 ( 6 ) : 1273 -- 89 . PMID 24237971 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pcl. 2013.08. 002 . Jump up ^ Lee , Na Kyung ; Sowa , Hideaki ; Hinoi , Eiichi ; Ferron , Mathieu ; Ahn , Jong Deok ; Confavreux , Cyrille ; Dacquin , Romain ; Mee , Patrick J. ; McKee , Marc D. ; Jung , Dae Young ; Zhang , Zhiyou ; Kim , Jason K. ; Mauvais - Jarvis , Franck ; Ducy , Patricia ; Karsenty , Gerard ( 2007 ) . `` Endocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism by the Skeleton '' . Cell.",
"7": "130 ( 3 ) : 456 -- 69 . PMC 2013746 . PMID 17693256 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2007.05. 047 . Jump up ^ Buikstra , J.E. ; D.H. Ubelaker ( 1994 ) . Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains . Arkansas Archaeological Survey . p. 208 . Jump up ^ Phenice , T.W. ( 1969 ) . `` A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 30 ( 2 ) : 297 -- 301 . PMID 5772048 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330300214 . ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine . ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 1116 -- 1121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . Jump up ^ WHO ( 1994 ) . `` Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis . Report of a WHO Study Group '' . World Health Organization technical report series . 843 : 1 -- 129 . PMID 7941614 . Jump up ^ Rocca , Julius ( 9 August 2010 ) . `` A Note on Marinus of Alexandria '' . Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 11 ( 3 ) : 282 -- 285 . doi : 10.1076 / jhin. 11.3. 282.10386 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Charlier , Philippe ; Huynh - Charlier , Isabelle ; Poupon , Joël ; Lancelot , Eloïse ; Campos , Paula F. ; Favier , Dominique ; Jeannel , Gaël - François ; Bonati , Maurizio Rippa ; Grandmaison , Geoffroy Lorin de la ; Herve , Christian ( 2014 ) . `` Special report : Anatomical pathology A glimpse into the early origins of medieval anatomy through the oldest conserved human dissection ( Western Europe , 13th c . A.D. ) '' . Archives of Medical Science . 2 : 366 -- 373 . doi : 10.5114 / aoms. 2013.33331 . Jump up ^ `` Debunking a myth '' . Harvard Gazette . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hairston , Julia L. ; Stephens , Walter ( 2010 ) . The body in early modern Italy . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801894145 . Jump up ^ Sooke , Alastair . `` Leonardo da Vinci : Anatomy of an artist '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bambach , Carmen . `` Anatomy in the Renaissance '' . The Met 's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . Jump up ^ `` Vesalius 's Renaissance anatomy lessons '' . www.bl.uk . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Bones in the human skeleton Axial skeleton Skull Neurocranium occipital parietal frontal temporal sphenoid ethmoid Face nasal maxilla lacrimal zygomatic palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer mandible hyoid Ear ossicles malleus incus stapes Thorax sternum rib cage rib Vertebral column vertebrae cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx Appendicular Shoulder clavicle scapula Arm humerus ulna radius Hand carpals ( scaphoid , lunate bone , triquetral , pisiform ,",
"9": "trapezium , trapezoid , capitate , hamate ) metacarpals phalanges ( prox , int , dist ) Pelvis ilium ischium pubis Leg femur patella fibula tibia Foot tarsals heelbone anklebone navicular cuneiform cuboid metatarsals phalanges proximal intermediate distal Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull ( cranium ) Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin",
"10": "Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_skeleton&oldid=807073927 '' Categories : Endocrine system Human anatomy Skeletal system Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from November 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk",
"11": "Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lingála Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska",
"12": "Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did the study of media effects begin
|
[
"1919",
"1975"
] |
{
"0": "History of media studies - wikipedia History of media studies Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( November 2014 ) This article outlines the history of media studies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chicago School 2 First M.A. Media Studies program in the U.S. 3 Propaganda studies 4 Frankfurt School and Critical Theory 5 Media effects 6 Uses and Gratification Model 7 References Chicago school ( edit ) Though not yet named as such , media studies ' roots are in the Chicago School and thinkers such as John Dewey , Charles Cooley and George Mead . These authors saw American society on the cusp of positive social change toward pure democracy . Mead argued that for an ideal society to exist , a form of communication must be developed to allow the unique individual to appreciate the attitudes , viewpoints and positions of others unlike himself , and allow him to be understood by others as well . Mead believed that this `` new media '' would allow humans to empathize with others , and therefore moves toward an `` ideal of human society . '' Where Mead sees an ideal society , Dewey names it the `` Great Community , '' and further asserts the assumption that humans are intelligent enough for self - government , and that that knowledge is `` a function of association and communication . '' Similarly , Cooley asserts that political communication makes public opinion possible , which in turn promotes democracy . Each of these authors represent the Chicago School 's attention to electronic communication as a facilitator of democracy , its faith in the informed electorate , and its focus on the individual as opposed to the mass . First M.A. Media Studies program in the U.S. ( edit ) The social impact of mass communication has been studied at The New School University in New York since its founding in 1919 . The first college course to investigate the motion picture was offered here in 1926 .",
"1": "Marshall McLuhan 's colleague , John Culkin , brought his Center for Understanding Media to The New School in 1975 and The New School began offering the Master of Arts degree in Media Studies , one of the first graduate programs of its kind . Today , among other programs , MA in Media Studies is still being offered by School of Media Studies , The New School , which will celebrate 40th anniversary of Media Studies at The New School during the academic year 2015 - 2016 Propaganda studies ( edit ) Between the First and Second World Wars , the Institute for Propaganda Analysis briefly rose to importance . Their definition of propaganda was `` expression of opinion or action by individuals or groups deliberately designed to influence opinion or actions of other individuals or groups with reference to predetermined ends . '' Harold Lasswell , who worked in the paradigm of the Chicago School of sociology wrote Propaganda Technique in the World War , which included this definition of propaganda : `` Propaganda in the broadest sense is the technique of influencing human action by the manipulation of representations . These representations may take spoken , written , pictorial or musical form . '' These definitions of propaganda clearly show that this was a school of thought that focused on media effects , as it highlighted the influence that media could have over its audiences attitudes and actions . Epitomizing this early school of media effects studies are experiments done by The Experimental Section of the Research Branch of the U.S. War Department 's Information and Education Division . In the experiments , the effects of various U.S. wartime propaganda films on soldiers were observed . Current Propaganda studies are applied into many fields besides politics . Herman described a propaganda model as `` a model of media behavior and performance , not of media effects . '' ( Herman , 2000 , p. 63 ) He argued : `` They are profit - seeking business , owned by very wealthy people ( or other companies ) ; and they are funded largely by advertisers who are also profit - seeking entities , and who want their advertisements to appear in a supportive selling environment . '' He also presented `` five factors : owner ship , advertising , sourcing , flak and anti-communist ideology - work as filters through which information must pass , and that individually and often in cumulative fashion they greatly influence media choices . '' Until now , there is no conclusion of propaganda , debate still continues .",
"2": "Frankfurt school and critical theory ( edit ) Typified by the philosophical and theoretical orientations of Max Horkheimer , Theodor Adorno , Walter Benjamin , Leo Lowenthal , and Herbert Marcuse , the Frankfurt school contributed greatly to the development and application of critical theory in media studies . Their Marxist critique of market - driven media was critical of its atomizing and leveling effects . The Frankfurt school also lamented the effects of the `` culture industry '' on the production and appreciation of art . For example , in A Social Critique of Radio Music , Adorno asserts : `` ... music has ceased to be a human force and is consumed like other consumers ' goods . This produces ' commodity listening ' ... The listener suspends all intellectual activity . '' As the Frankfurt school lamented on the effects of the `` culture industry '' they also began to identify mass culture and high culture as two distinct entities . Scholars like Benjamin ( 1936 ) and Adorno ( 1945 ) can be credited with what would eventually become known as popular culture and high culture . Their finite distinction of equating original production with ritualistic behavior as compared with mass culture that finds its identifying symbols in reproductions . These reproductions are souless and lacking in definition and originality . Media effects ( edit ) Main article : Media effects The less paradigm in media studies since the Second World War has been associated with the ideas , methods and findings of Paul F. Lazarsfeld and his school : media effect studies . Their studies focused on measurable , short - term behavioral ' effects ' of media and concluded that the media played a limited role in influencing public opinion . The `` Limited - Effects '' Model developed by Lazarsfeld and his colleagues from Columbia was highly influential in the development of media studies . The model claims the mass media has `` limited - effects '' on voting patterns . Voters are influenced , rather , through the ' two - step flow ' model , the idea that media messages are disseminated through personal interaction with ' opinion leaders ' . The model of limited - effects was so influential that the question of media `` effects '' on politics was left largely unaddressed until the late 1960s . Eventually Mass Communication scholars began to study political behavior again and the limited - effects model was called into question .",
"3": "Uses and gratification model ( edit ) As a response to the previous emphasis upon media effects , from the 1970s researchers became interested in how audiences make sense of media texts . The `` uses and gratifications '' model , associated with Jay Blumler and Elihu Katz , reflected this growing interest in the ' active audience ' . One such example of this type of research was conducted by Hodge and Tripp , and separately Palmer , about how school - children make sense of the Australian soap opera Prisoner . They found that pupils could identify with the prisoners : they were `` shut in '' , separated from their friends and would n't be there had they not been made to be , etc . Also , the children could compare the wardens to their teachers : `` the hard - bitten old ( one ) , the soft new one , the one you could take advantage of ... '' John Fiske summarises : The children inserted meanings of the program into their social experience of school in a way that informed both -- the meanings of school and the meanings of Prisoner were each influenced by the other , and the fit between them validated the other . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mead , George Herbert . `` Obstacles and Promises in the Development of an Ideal Society . '' Mind , Self & Society , pp. 317 -- 28 . Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press , 1934 . Jump up ^ Dewey , John . `` Search for the Great Community . '' The Public and Its Problems , pp. 143 -- 84 . New York : Henry Holt & Co. , 1927 . `` Nature , Communication , and Meaning . '' Experience and Nature , pp. 138 -- 70 . Jump up ^ http://www.newschool.edu/public-engagement/school-of-media-studies-about/ Jump up ^ http://www.newschool.edu/public-engagement/school-of-media-studies-degrees-and-programs/ Jump up ^ http://smscommons.newschool.edu/news/2015/09/14/media-studies-40th-anniversary-celebration-fall-2015-spring-2016/ Jump up ^ Lee , Alfred M. ( With Elizabeth Briant Lee ) ( 1937 ) .",
"4": "The Fine Art of Propaganda : A Study of Father Coughlin 's Speeches . Jump up ^ Lasswell , Harold . ( 1937 ) . Propaganda Technique in the World War . pp. 214 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 0458 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lasswell , Harold ( 1937 ) . `` Propaganda '' . Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences . pp. 521 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Hovland , Carl I. ; Arthur A. Lumsdaine ; Fred D. Shefield ( 1949 ) . `` Experiments in Mass Communication '' . Studies in the Social Psychology in World War II , American Soldier Series . New York : Macmillan . 3 : 3 -- 16 , 247 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : ( Herman , 2000 , p. 62 ) Jump up ^ Adorno , Theodor W. ( 1945 ) . `` A Social Critique of Radio Music '' . Kenyon Review . 7 : 208 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Gitlinn , Todd ( 1974 ) . Media Sociology : the Dominant Paradigm . Jump up ^ Chaffee , Steven H. , & Hockheimer , J ... `` The Beginnings of Political Communication Research in the United States : Origins of the ' Limited Effects ' Model . '' The Media Revolution in America & Western Europe , pp. 267 -- 96 . Ed . Ev Rogers & F. Balle . Norwood , N.J. : Ablex , 1985 . Jump up ^ Hutchby , Ian ( 2006 ) . Media Talk : Conversation Analysis and the Study of Broadcasting . Berkshire : Open University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 335 - 20995 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hodge , R. ; Tripp , D. ( 1986 ) . Children and Television . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Palmer , P ( 1986 ) . The Lively Audience : A Study of Children around the TV set .",
"5": "Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 86861 - 970 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Fiske , John ( 1987 ) . Television Culture . London : Routledge . pp. 68 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 03934 - 7 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_media_studies&oldid=758781545 '' Categories : Media studies History of mass media Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 January 2017 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the oasis in ready player one
|
[
"a virtual reality simulator accessible by players using visors and haptic technology such as gloves",
"a virtual reality simulator accessible by players using visors and haptic technology such as gloves",
"a virtual reality simulator",
"a virtual reality simulator"
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{
"0": "Ready Player One - Wikipedia Ready Player One Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel by Ernest Cline . For the film based on the novel , see Ready Player One ( film ) . Ready Player One First edition cover Author Ernest Cline Country United States Language English Genre LitRPG , Science fiction , dystopian Publisher Random House Publication date August 16 , 2011 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , e-book , audiobook Pages 385 ISBN 978 - 0307887436 Ready Player One is a 2011 LitRPG science fiction novel , and the debut novel of American author Ernest Cline . The story , set in a dystopian 2040s , follows protagonist Wade Watts on his search for an Easter egg in a worldwide virtual reality game , the discovery of which will lead him to inherit the game creator 's fortune . Cline sold the rights to publish the novel in June 2010 , in a bidding war to the Crown Publishing Group ( a division of Random House ) . The book was published on August 16 , 2011 . An audiobook was released the same day ; it was narrated by Wil Wheaton , who was mentioned briefly in one of the chapters . In 2012 , the book received an Alex Award from the Young Adult Library Services Association division of the American Library Association and won the 2012 Prometheus Award . A film adaptation , screenwritten by Cline and Zak Penn and directed by Steven Spielberg , was released on March 29 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Setting 1.2 Plot 2 Characters 3 Reception 4 Spin - offs and sequels 4.1 Short story 4.2 Sequel novel 5 In other media 5.1 Easter egg hunt promotion 5.2 Film adaptation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) In the 2040s , the world has been gripped by an energy crisis from the depletion of fossil fuels and the consequences of global warming , and overpopulation , causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation .",
"1": "To escape the decline their world is facing , people turn to the OASIS , a virtual reality simulator accessible by players using visors and haptic technology such as gloves . It functions both as an MMORPG and as a virtual society , with its currency being the most stable in the real world . It was created by James Halliday who , when he died , had announced in his will to the public that he had left an Easter egg inside OASIS , and the first person to find it would inherit his entire fortune and the corporation . The story follows the adventures of Wade Watts , starting about five years after the announcement , when he discovers one of the three keys pointing to the treasure . Plot ( edit ) Teenager Wade Watts lives with his aunt in Oklahoma City in the `` stacks '' , a poverty - stricken district constructed of trailer homes piled on top of each other . He spends his spare time as a `` gunter '' ( `` egg hunter '' ) , logging on to the OASIS as an avatar under the moniker Parzival , reading Halliday 's journal Anorak 's Almanac , and researching details of the 1980s pop culture , mainly classic video games and movies , that Halliday loved . One day , he realizes that the first key is located on the same virtual world as his own online high school , in a re-creation of the Dungeons & Dragons module Tomb of Horrors . He meets Art3mis , a famous female gunter and blogger who has been exploring the place , and advances further than she does when he defeats the AI Acererak at the video game Joust . He is awarded the Copper Key , and Parzival appears on the `` Scoreboard '' , attracting the world 's attention . Parzival completes the gate 's puzzles by playing through the Dungeons of Daggorath video game and then role - playing Matthew Broderick 's character in the film WarGames . Art3mis clears the gate shortly afterwards , as does Wade 's friend Aech . Wade 's fame enables him to make a living by endorsing virtual products . It also brings him to the attention of Nolan Sorrento , head of operations at Innovative Online Industries ( IOI ) , a multinational corporation bent on taking control of the OASIS and monetizing it through a well - funded effort to find the Easter Egg .",
"2": "When Wade refuses to join IOI , Sorrento attempts to kill him by blowing up the stacks where Wade lives , disguising the explosion as a meth lab accident . Wade escapes Oklahoma City and moves to Columbus , Ohio , where he lies low , assuming the pseudonym Bryce Lynch and living in an anonymous apartment designed for hardcore OASIS users . He considers an alliance with Aech , Art3mis , and Daito and Shoto , two Japanese gunters who have also earned the Copper Key . Instead , he and Art3mis begin a wary friendship , but when he asks her out , Art3mis declines . IOI operatives , called Sixers , attempt to assassinate Wade and Art3mis at the birthday party of OASIS co-founder Ogden Morrow . They are stopped by Morrow , who has special privileges and powers within the OASIS . Five months pass . Neither Wade nor anyone else has found the next token , the Jade Key . When Art3mis finds the Jade Key , Parzival scrambles to planet Archaide , where he plays a perfect game of Pac - Man , receiving only a quarter as a prize . Aech provides a hint leading him to the planet Frobozz where he solves the text adventure game Zork . Sorrento , who had tracked Art3mis and Aech using a premium locator artifact , establishes a base there to farm their company 's avatars with keys , and unlocks the second Gate and acquires the Jade Key . Shoto tells Parzival that the Sixers infiltrated Daito 's real - life apartment and threw him out of the building , killing him . Parzival unlocks the Jade Gate , a Voight - Kampff machine in the Blade Runner universe , and completes the arcade game Black Tiger as a character from the first - person shooter perspective . Using his knowledge of Rush , he acquires the Crystal Key , and after playing `` Discovery '' , the third movement from the title track of their album `` 2112 '' , finds a clue regarding the conditions to unlock the final gate . As he messages Art3mis , Aech , and Shoto with his solution , Sorrento ends their covert attempts to clear the third gate , Castle Anorak , and places a force field around it .",
"3": "Wade manipulates his assumed identity in order to be arrested and placed in indentured servitude in IOI 's tech support department . While inside IOI , he uses black market passwords and security exploits to hack into IOI 's intranet : he acquires a wealth of information , including footage of Daito 's murder . The information also includes the attempt on his own life , as well as plans to kill Shoto and Art3mis in real life . After escaping the corporation , he shares his information with his friends and publicizes a gathering of avatars to storm the castle . They are interrupted by Ogden Morrow , who offers them a safe haven at his home in Oregon . Wade meets the real - life Aech and Ogden , but not Art3mis and Shoto , who are already hooked into Ogden 's immersion pods . The day of the battle , Wade uses his planted hack to bring down the barricade , and a massive fight among avatars ensues . After Parzival uses the giant robot Leopardon to fight against Sorrento 's Mechagodzilla Kiryu , Parzival and friends unlock the gate , at which point the Sixers use an artifact called the Cataclyst to destroy the castle and all avatars over a large area . Parzival survives because having the Pac - Man quarter granted him an extra life . As he enters the Crystal Gate , he announces that if he wins he will share his fortune with his three friends . With Sorrento and his Sixers on his heels , Parzival plays Tempest , role - plays King Arthur and various characters in Monty Python and the Holy Grail , and retrieves the Easter egg in Adventure . His victory grants him control of the OASIS , including wiping out his enemies ' avatars , resurrecting his friends , and a Big Red Button that would wipe OASIS . Sorrento is arrested for the murder of Daito and for conspiring to kill Wade and the others . Back in Oregon , Wade and Art3mis meet in person and rekindle their relationship with a kiss . Characters ( edit ) Wade Owen Watts a.k.a. Parzival : the viewpoint character , an orphan from the `` stacks '' surrounding metropolitan Oklahoma City .",
"4": "Wade names his OASIS character Parzival after the Arthurian knight involved in the quest for the holy grail , and dedicates his life to finding James Halliday 's Easter egg . He is 18 years old when he finds the Copper Key in the prologue of the book . His username at the virtual high school he attends is Wade3 . Wade 's character was based on a mix of Cline as well as his geek friends . James Donovan Halliday a.k.a. Anorak : creator of OASIS . A big fan of 1980s culture , he announces in his will his plans to leave his entire fortune to whoever can find his Easter egg that he had hidden in OASIS . His character was initially inspired by Willy Wonka who Cline described as a `` rich eccentric holding a fantastic contest '' . Cline used the personalities of Howard Hughes and Richard Garriott , and placed Halliday 's birth year around the same as his own so that his pop culture interests would coincide with Cline 's `` and the other middle - aged uber geeks I know '' . Aech ( pronounced like the letter H ) : Wade 's best friend , fellow gunter , and rival in the quest to find the egg . Aech 's specialty is in PvP and first - person shooter games , and is one of the top combatants on OASIS . Although Aech 's avatar is an athletic Caucasian heterosexual male , Aech is played by an African - American lesbian named Helen Harris , who grew up in Atlanta , Georgia and is about the same age as Wade . Aech is based partly on Cline 's friend Harry Knowles as well as himself and other geeks , both men and women . Art3mis : a famous female gunter and blogger . Wade has a huge cyber-crush on her , which is complicated by their competition in search of the egg . She chose her avatar 's name from the Greek goddess of the hunt . Like other characters , Cline based Art3mis on himself and other geeks , both men and women . Her real name is Samantha Evelyn Cook from Vancouver , British Columbia and she has a port - wine stain on her face . Ogden `` Og '' Morrow : Co-creator of the OASIS and best friend of James Halliday .",
"5": "They founded the video game company Gregarious Games , where he would handle the business operations , and which would later become Gregarious Simulation Systems ( GSS ) , the company that launched OASIS . His appearance and personality are described as being `` a cross between Albert Einstein and Santa Claus . '' Concerned that people were using it to escape reality , he quits GSS and works on educational software with his wife Kira until her death . His relationship with Halliday deteriorated , and the two men remained estranged until before Halliday 's death , when he is entrusted with ensuring that the hunt goes smoothly and without cheating . Ogden lives in Oregon and owns a set of advanced OASIS consoles and immersion rigs , and is able to monitor everyone in the OASIS , even in private chat rooms . He rarely appears in public , and only shows up on the OASIS once a year on his birthday , where he assumes the avatar of the Great and Powerful Og . Ogden 's character and relationship with Halliday was inspired by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak , with Morrow being more like Jobs as a `` charismatic tech leader '' . Daito : one of the two Japanese gunters who rise to the top of the scoreboard early on in the hunt , working in a team with `` brother '' , Shoto . The pair have a generally tense , but not unfriendly relationship with Aech , and Art3mis , They are closer to Parzival , and work together on quests unrelated to the hunt . They are based on otaku : Japanese geeks who enjoy movies and anime , as well as hikikomori : people who live as recluses inside their family 's homes . Daito 's real name is revealed to be Toshiro Yoshiaki after he is killed by the IOI . Shoto : the second and younger of the two Japanese gunters working as a team in their quest for the egg . Shoto 's real name is Akihide Karatsu . Following the death of his partner , Shoto collaborates with Art3mis , Aech and Wade to finish the hunt .",
"6": "Nolan Sorrento : the head of operations at Innovative Online Industries ( IOI ) , the multinational corporation that serves as an Internet service provider for most of the world , and that plans to take over and monetize the OASIS . Sorrento is head of IOI 's Oology division , which is dedicated to searching for Halliday 's Easter egg . His avatar name is IOI - 655321 , after his employee number . IOI employees in the division are nicknamed Sixers , after their six - digit employee numbers that also begin with the number 6 . Cline said that he named Sorrento after Nolan Bushnell , founder of the video game company Atari , and said , `` Not that I think Nolan is a bad guy , or anything . It 's meant as a subtle tribute ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ready Player One was a New York Times bestseller . Among those praising the book were Entertainment Weekly , The Boston Globe , The A.V. Club , CNN.com , io9 , and Boing Boing . USA Today wrote that the novel `` undoubtedly qualifies Cline as the hottest geek on the planet right now . '' NPR said that the book was `` ridiculously fun and large - hearted '' . Cline `` takes a far - out premise and engages the reader instantly '' with a `` deeply felt narrative ( that ) makes it almost impossible to stop turning the pages . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that `` The book gets off to a witty start '' but noted that it lacks at least one dimension , stating that gaming had overwhelmed everything else about this book . Rebecca Serle of HuffPost described the book as `` the grown - up 's Harry Potter '' and that it `` has it all -- nostalgia , trivia , adventure , romance , heart and , dare I say it , some very fascinating social commentary . '' The book has been translated into over 20 languages . In an interview with Fortune , Cline said that his book had inspired designers at companies such as Oculus VR which recommended the book for their new employees . Oculus has also invited Cline several times to sign books and demo hardware . Spin - offs and sequels ( edit ) Short story ( edit ) Lacero , a fan - fiction story by Andy Weir , was published in the 2016 edition of Ready Player One .",
"7": "It follows the story of Nolan Sorrento and functions as a precursor to the main novel , and is considered canonical to the Ready Player One fictional universe . Sequel novel ( edit ) In 2015 , in an interview with Den of Geek , screenwriter Zak Penn reported that Cline was working on a sequel to the novel . In December 2017 , Cline himself confirmed he is writing a sequel . In other media ( edit ) Easter egg hunt promotion ( edit ) Ten months after the first edition release , Cline revealed on his blog that Ready Player One itself contained an elaborately hidden Easter egg . This clue would form the first part of a series of staged video gaming tests , similar to the plot of the novel . Cline also revealed that the competition 's grand prize would be a DeLorean . The game Ultimate Collector : Garage Sale by Austin - based developer Portalarium was featured in one part of the contest . The final stage of the contest was announced on August 1 , 2012 , and was to set a world record on one of several classic arcade or Atari 2600 games . This was completed on August 9 , 2012 by Craig Queen , who set a new world record in Joust . He was awarded the DeLorean on the TV show X-Play . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Ready Player One ( film ) The film rights were purchased by Warner Bros. on the same day Cline finalized his publishing deal with Random House , one year prior to the novel 's publication . Dan Farah brought the project into the studio and is producing it with Donald De Line . Cline adapted his novel into a screenplay . Over the years , Eric Eason and Zak Penn assisted Cline with rewrites . Steven Spielberg signed on to direct in March 2015 . Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger of Amblin Partners also joined Deline and Farah as producers . Warner Bros. initially announced a release date of December 15 , 2017 . On February 9 , 2016 , the release date was pushed back to March 30 , 2018 , to avoid competition with Star Wars : The Last Jedi . The movie began production in the spring of 2016 and was filmed in both the United States and the United Kingdom .",
"8": "On June 9 , 2016 , Variety stated that Spielberg 's regular collaborator John Williams was planning on composing the film 's score . However , scheduling conflicts with another Spielberg film , The Post , led to Spielberg signing Alan Silvestri for the score . The film stars Tye Sheridan , Olivia Cooke , Ben Mendelsohn , Lena Waithe , Simon Pegg , Hannah John - Kamen and Mark Rylance . It premiered at South by Southwest on March 11 , 2018 , and was theatrically released by Warner Bros. in the United States on March 29 , 2018 . It received generally positive reviews from critics , with praise for its visuals and brisk pacing , and noting it an improvement over the book , though criticism for the lack of character development and `` achingly regressive '' view of pop culture fans . See also ( edit ) Simulated reality Simulated reality in fiction Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ OASIS is an acronym for Ontologically Anthropocentric Sensory Immersive Simulation Jump up ^ In OASIS , the students are required to use their real name when attending school , plus a number for name duplicates . For example , Wade Watts goes by Wade3 , and there is another student named Todd13 . Jump up ^ Art3mis chose the leet spelling as her username because the original spelling was already taken . ^ The terms `` Ch ... '' and `` p . '' are shortened forms for chapter and page , and refer to chapters and pages in the Ready Player One novel in its first American edition . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One by Ernest Cline '' . Random House Publishers . 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' Ready Player One ' is the geek book event of the year : Ernie Cline 's first novel offers nostalgia , the future , and a gamer 's dream '' . HitFix . Jump up ^ `` You want to accept Anorak 's Invitation . Trust me . - '' . wilwheaton.net . August 15 , 2011 .",
"9": "Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YALSA 's Alex Awards '' . American Library Association . 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Libertarian Futurist Society . `` PROMETHEUS AWARD WINNERS ANNOUNCED '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newitz , Annalee . `` Read the first two chapters of Ernest Cline 's new novel , Ready Player One '' . gizmodo.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Poppe , Nathan ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Why is n't Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' movie set in OKC ? '' . NewsOK . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Tony ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` A Few Minutes With Fanboys Writer Ernest Cline on Ready Player One '' . Wired . ^ Jump up to : `` How Lord British Inspired Anorak Ernie 's Blog '' . Ernestcline.com . October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bilton , Nick . `` One on One : Ernest Cline , Author of ' Ready Player One ' '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Geek Genius Behind Ready Player One : An Interview With Ernest Cline '' . warpzoned.com . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Hardcover Fiction : Sunday , September 11th 2011 '' . September 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Trade Fiction Books - Best Sellers - July 1 , 2012 - The New York Times '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Trade Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 25 , 2016 - The New York Times '' . nytimes.com .",
"10": "Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schaub , Michael ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Player One ' : A Winning , Geeked - Out Page - Turner '' . NPR . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( August 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' by Ernest Cline -- Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Author , Rebecca Serle ; Mine , When You Were ; Falling , The Edge of ; Love , Famous in ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' : An Interview with Author Ernest Cline '' . HuffPost . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One '' . ernestcline.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Ready Player One author Ernest Cline inspired Oculus VR '' . fortune.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brogan , Jacob ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` '' Imagining the Future Is Dangerous `` '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 -- via Slate . Jump up ^ `` Facebook gives its Oculus employees a dystopian sci - fi book to get them excited about building the future '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacero '' . galactanet.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brock Wilbur ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' The Martian ' Impacted the ' Ready Player One ' Movie '' . INverse . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` The Author of The Martian Wrote Ready Player One Fan Fiction , and Now It 's Canon '' . gizmodo.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sequel citations : `` Ernie Cline Reportedly Writing Ready Player One Sequel '' . slashfilm.com . January 16 , 2015 .",
"11": "Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . `` Ready Player One Is Getting A Sequel '' . cinemablend.com . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . `` READY PLAYER ONE Sequel Rumored To Be In The Works - Nerdist '' . nerdist.com . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knight , Jacob ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ernie Cline Penning A Sequel Novel To READY PLAYER ONE '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Three Hidden Keys Open Three Secret Gates Ernie 's Blog '' . Ernestcline.com . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contest Winners Level Up In The Ready Player One Easter Egg Hunt '' . Giant Freakin Robot . Jump up ^ `` For Ernest Cline , author of Ready Player One , success is measured in DeLoreans and geeked - out fans '' . venturebeat.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player -- One Author Ernest Cline Gives Away a DeLorean on X-Play '' . g4tv.com . August 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Warner Bros and De Line Pictures Win Book Auction For ' Ready Player One ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` Eason to rewrite ' Player ' script '' . Variety . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg To Direct Sci - Fi Cult Favorite ' Ready Player One ' ; Back At Warner Bros '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne .",
"12": "`` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Slated for 2017 Release '' . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Pushed Back to Avoid ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Honoree John Williams Looks Back on Six Decades of Iconic Themes '' . Variety . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jagneaux , David ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Movie Review Roundup : Another Spielberg Classic ? '' . UploadVR . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Henry T. ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Review Roundup : Pretty , Flawed '' . Tom 's Guide . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 .",
"13": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ready Player One Ready Player One title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Official Tumblr Excerpts from the book from Scribd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ready_Player_One&oldid=837659925 '' Categories : 2011 American novels 2011 science fiction novels 2044 in fiction American novels adapted into films American science fiction novels Debut novels Dystopian novels Hard science fiction Fictional video games MMORPGs in fiction Novels about virtual reality Novels based on Dungeons & Dragons Novels set in Oklahoma Prometheus Award - winning works Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 05 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1,
13,
2,
3,
6,
5,
8,
11,
4,
10,
9,
0,
7,
12
] |
[
1,
13,
2,
3,
6
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-2935843424354238215
|
what was the name of the horse in steptoe and son
|
[
"Hercules",
"Hercules",
"Hercules",
"Hercules"
] |
{
"0": "Steptoe and Son - wikipedia Steptoe and Son Jump to : navigation , search Steptoe and Son Corbett ( left ) and Brambell ( right ) as Harold and Albert . Created by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson Starring Harry H. Corbett Wilfrid Brambell Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 8 No. of episodes 57 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 30 -- 45 minutes Distributor BBC Worldwide 2entertain ABC ( Australia , home video ) Release Original network BBC 1 Picture format 405 - line Black - and - white ( 1962 -- 65 ) 625 - line Black - and - white ( 1970 ) 625 - line PAL ( 1970 -- 74 ) 1080i HDTV ( 2016 ) Audio format Monaural Surround sound 5.1 ( 2016 ) Original release Original run : 4 January 1962 ( 1962 - 01 - 04 ) -- 26 December 1974 Special : 15 September 2016 Chronology Related shows Steptoe and Son ( 1972 ) Steptoe and Son Ride Again ( 1973 ) When Steptoe Met Son ( 2002 ) The Curse of Steptoe ( 2008 ) Steptoe and Son is a British sitcom written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson about a father - and - son rag - and - bone business . They live at Oil Drum Lane , a fictional street in Shepherd 's Bush , London . Four series were broadcast by the BBC from 1962 -- 65 , followed by a second run from 1970 - 74 . The theme tune , `` Old Ned '' , was composed by Ron Grainer . The series was voted 15th in a 2004 poll by the BBC to find Britain 's Best Sitcom . It was remade in the United States as Sanford and Son , in Sweden as Albert & Herbert and in the Netherlands as Stiefbeen en zoon .",
"1": "In 1972 , a film adaptation of the series , Steptoe and Son , was released in cinemas , followed by a sequel Steptoe and Son Ride Again in 1973 . The series focused on the inter-generational conflict of father and son . Albert Steptoe , a `` dirty old man '' , is an elderly rag - and - bone man , set in his grimy and grasping ways . By contrast , his 37 - year - old son Harold is filled with social aspirations , not to say pretensions . The show contained elements of drama and tragedy , as Harold was continually prevented from achieving his ambitions . To this end , the show was unusual at the time for casting actors rather than comedians in its lead roles , although both actors were drawn into more comedic roles as a consequence . In 2000 , the show was ranked # 44 on the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Characters 3 Situation 4 Production 5 Episodes 6 Sketch appearances 7 Adverts 8 Audio 9 Books 10 Other countries 11 Spin - offs 11.1 Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane 11.2 Films 11.3 When Steptoe Met Son 11.4 The Curse of Steptoe 11.5 Steptoe and Son 11.6 Steptoe and Son by Kneehigh 12 DVD releases 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) The show had its roots in a 1962 episode of Galton & Simpson 's Comedy Playhouse . Galton and Simpson 's association with comedian Tony Hancock , for whom they had written Hancock 's Half Hour , had ended and they had agreed to a proposal from the BBC to write a series of 10 comedy shows . The fourth in the series , `` The Offer '' , was born both out of writer 's block and budgetary constraints . Earlier shows in the series had cost more than expected , so the writers decided to write a two - hander set in one room . The idea of two brothers was considered but father and son worked best .",
"2": "Ronald Fraser was second choice for Harold , which would have produced a totally different character . Galton and Simpson were not aiming to make a pilot for a series , having worked for seven years with Hancock . However , Tom Sloan , the BBC 's head of comedy , told them during rehearsals that `` The Offer '' was a definite series pilot : he saw that the Steptoe idea had potential , as did the audience of that edition of Comedy Playhouse . Galton and Simpson were reportedly overwhelmed by this reaction , and the first of what became eight series was commissioned , the first four of which were transmitted between 1962 and 1965 . The last four series were broadcast between 1970 and 1974 , in colour . At the peak of the series ' popularity , it received viewing figures of some 28,000,000 viewers per episode . In addition , the early 1970s saw two feature films , two 46 - minute Christmas specials . In 2005 , the play Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane , written by Ray Galton and John Antrobus , brought the storyline to a close . The series was one of the first UK situation comedy programmes to employ actors rather than comedians in the principal roles . Galton and Simpson had decided that they wanted to try to write for performers who `` did n't count their laughs '' . The series ' title music , `` Old Ned '' , won its composer Ron Grainer his second successive Ivor Novello award . The series had no standard set of opening titles but the opening sequences would often feature the Steptoe 's horse , Hercules . `` Steptoe and Son '' is the Steptoes ' trading name , but as established in the first episode , the `` Son '' is not Harold as initially believed , but Albert . The name dates from when he and his mother -- Mrs. Steptoe -- worked the rounds . The first series has the pair as very rough looking and often dirty and wearing ragged clothes , but they quickly `` tidied up '' for later series . Outside filming of the Steptoe 's yard took place at a car breakers ' yard in Norland Gardens , London W11 , then changing to Stable Way , Latimer Road , for the later series .",
"3": "Both sites have subsequently been redeveloped with no evidence now remaining of the iconic entrance gates through which the horse and cart were frequently driven . Characters ( edit ) Main Article : List of Steptoe and Son characters Situation ( edit ) The episodes often revolve around ( sometimes violent ) disagreements between the two men , Harold 's attempts to bed women and momentary interest over things found on his round . As in many of the best examples of British comedy , much of the humour derives from the pathos of the protagonists ' situation , especially Harold 's continually thwarted ( usually by the elder Steptoe ) attempts to `` better himself '' and the unresolvable love / hate relationship that exists between the pair . Albert almost always comes out on top , and routinely and effortlessly proves himself easily superior to his son whenever they compete , e.g. in their frequent game - playing , such as snooker played into the night and pouring rain in 1970 and the Scrabble and badminton games in the 1972 series . Harold takes them desperately seriously and sees them as symbols of his desire to improve himself , but his efforts come to nothing every time . His father 's success is partly down to superior talent but is aided by cynical gamesmanship and undermining of his son 's confidence . In addition , Albert habitually has better judgement than his son , who blunders into all sorts of con tricks and blind alleys as a result of his unrealistic , straw - clutching ideas . Occasionally the tables are turned , but overall the old man is the winner , albeit in a graceless fashion . Harold is infuriated by these persistent frustrations and defeats , even going to the extent in `` Divided We Stand '' ( 1972 ) of partitioning the house in two so that he does not have to share with his selfish , uncultured and negative father . Predictably , his plan ends in failure and ultimately he can see no way out . However , for all the bitterness there is an essential bond between the pair . Deep down , Albert seems to love his son and his behaviour is perhaps a selfish but misguided way of holding on to him so he does not have to face life alone . When the crunch comes , Harold sticks by his father .",
"4": "This protective bond is much in evidence in `` The Seven Steptoerai '' ( 1974 ) when they are menaced by a local gangster running a protection racket . Typically though , it is Albert who gets them ingeniously out of a very hazardous predicament . The 1974 Christmas special ended the run and seems Harold once again is on the bad end of poor planning , when he books a Christmas holiday abroad , but then finds his passport is out of date . His father must go alone , and Harold , tearfully it seems , waves him off to enjoy a potential good time without him . Harold trudges away , only to jump in a car with a woman to drive off on his own holiday , revealing that he had engineered the whole situation from the beginning . A victory , but only a temporary one , the viewers know that once their holidays end they will return to the familiar status quo once more . Production ( edit ) Both of the main actors used voices considerably different from their own . Brambell , despite being Irish , spoke with a received pronunciation English accent , as did Corbett . Brambell was aged 49 when he accepted the role of Albert , only 13 years older than Corbett . For his portrayal , he acquired a second set of `` rotten '' dentures to accentuate his character 's poor attitude to hygiene . During its production in the 1960s and 1970s , Steptoe and Son marked itself out as radical compared to most UK sitcoms . This was an age when the predominant sources of laughter in British comedy were farce , coincidence , slapstick and innuendo . However Steptoe and Son brought greater social realism . Its characters were not only working class but demonstrably poor . The earthy language and slang used were in marked contrast to the refined voices heard on most television of the time : e.g. , in `` Back in Fashion '' , Harold warns Albert that when the models arrive , `` if you feels like a D'Oyly Carte ( rhyming slang for ' fart ' ) , you goes outside . '' Social issues and debates were routinely portrayed , woven into the humour . The programme did not abandon the more traditional sources of comedy but used them in small doses .",
"5": "The characters , and their intense and difficult relationship , displayed deeper qualities of writing and performance than comedy fans were used to . The pilot episode and the first four series which aired from 1962 -- 1965 was recorded in the BBC Lime Grove Studios in London . When the show returned in 1970 after a four - year hiatus , the programme was made in the BBC Television Centre studios in west London , as from 1970 the show was recorded in colour . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Steptoe and Son episodes Steptoe and Son is rare among 1960s BBC television programmes in that every episode has survived , despite the mass wiping of BBC archive holdings between 1972 and 1978 . However , all the instalments from the first 1970 series and all but two from the second that were originally made in colour only survive in the form of black and white domestic videotape recordings . Copies were made from the master tapes for them by an engineer at the BBC using a Shibaden SV - 700 half - inch reel - to - reel b / w video recorder -- a forerunner of the video cassette recorder . In 2008 , the first reel of ab / w telerecording of the Series 5 episode `` A Winter 's Tale '' ( lasting approximately 15 minutes ) was returned to the BBC ; this is the only telerecording of a colour Steptoe and Son episode known to still exist . The original 2 '' Quad videotapes of all the episodes of the original 1962 -- 65 series were wiped in the late - 1960s . However , these episodes mostly survive on film transfers of the original videotapes as 16mm black and white telerecordings . The exception being `` My Old Man 's a Tory '' which only exists as an optical transfer made from a domestic 405 line reel to reel videotape obtained from Galton and Simpson . The BBC has released 10 DVDs of the series -- each of the eight series , and two compilations entitled `` The Very Best of Steptoe and Son '' volumes 1 and 2 . Two Christmas specials are also available on DVD , as are two feature films : Steptoe and Son and Steptoe and Son Ride Again .",
"6": "A boxed set of Series 1 -- 8 and the two Christmas specials was released on Region 2 DVD by 2entertain on 29 October 2007 . Also , 52 episodes were remade for BBC Radio , initially on the Light Programme in 1966 -- 67 and later Radio 2 from 1971 to 1976 . A special one - off remake of the `` A Winter 's Tale '' episode aired on BBC Four on 14 September 2016 , as part of the BBC 's Lost Sitcom season recreating lost episodes of classic sitcoms . Sketch appearances ( edit ) In 1962 , Brambell and Corbett appeared as Steptoe and Son in a short sketch written by Galton and Simpson on the BBC 's annual Christmas Night with the Stars programme , broadcast on 25 December 1962 . There are no known recordings . In 1963 , they appeared on the ITV Royal Variety Performance in a sketch written by Galton and Simpson featuring Steptoe and Son totting outside Buckingham Palace , the telerecording of the live show , broadcast on 10 November 1963 , still exists . The audio of the sketch was also released on a 7 - inch single . In 1966 , they appeared on the BBC series The Ken Dodd Show in another live on stage sketch written by Galton and Simpson featuring Steptoe and Son on Blackpool beach , with Ken Dodd in the last two minutes as a strange golf professional . A telerecording of the show , broadcast on 24 July 1966 , survives . In 1967 , they appeared in character in a short filmed sequence for the BBC 's annual Christmas Night with the Stars programme . The black and white film sequence featuring Steptoe and Son , broadcast on 25 December 1967 , still exists . In 1978 , they recorded a Radio 2 sketch , referred to by fans as `` Scotch on the Rocks '' , produced especially for a show titled Good Luck Scotland . This was again written by Galton and Simpson and had a basic premise of Albert wishing to go to Argentina to watch the Scottish football team play in the 1978 World Cup as the `` Good Luck Scotland '' title of the programme referred to Scotland 's chances of winning the World Cup that year .",
"7": "Adverts ( edit ) In 1977 , Brambell and Corbett appeared in character for two television ads for Ajax cleaning products , recorded during their tour of Australia . In 1981 , their final ever appearance together was in a UK advert for Kenco Coffee . This led to what proved to be unfounded rumours of a new series for 1981 . Audio ( edit ) A number of LPs and EPs featuring TV soundtracks have been released . Books ( edit ) To tie - in with the original series , two novelisations were written by Gale Pedrick : -- -- ( 1964 ) . Steptoe and Son . Hodder & Stoughton . -- -- ( 1966 ) . Steptoe and Son at the Palace . Hodder & Stoughton . In 2002 BBC Books published Steptoe and Son by Galton , Simpson and Ross which comprehensively covered the television series , the radio series , films , Royal Variety Shows , commercials and the Sanford & Son spin - off . Other countries ( edit ) United States : In 1965 Joseph E. Levine produced a pilot based on The Offer for the American market with Galton and Simpson . Starring Lee Tracy as Albert and Aldo Ray as Harold , it was unscreened , and did not lead to a series . The pilot was released on DVD in the UK in 2018 . The concept was later re-worked as Sanford and Son , a top - rated series that ran for five years ( 1972 -- 77 ) on the NBC network . Sweden ; Sten - Åke Cederhök and Tomas von Brömssen starred in Albert & Herbert . The pair lived at Skolgatan 15 , an address in a working - class neighbourhood of Haga , Gothenburg . The Netherlands ; Stiefbeen en Zoon ( re-translation ; Stepbone and Son ) ran for seventeen episodes . It was awarded the 1964 Golden Televizier Ring . Portugal ; Camilo & Filho Lda. , starring famous Portuguese comedian Camilo de Oliveira , with Nuno Melo as his son .",
"8": "Spin - offs ( edit ) Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane ( edit ) Poster advertising the play Main article : Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane In October 2005 , Ray Galton and John Antrobus premiered their play , Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane , at the Theatre Royal , York . It then went on tour across the country . It was set in the present day and related the events leading to Harold killing his father and their eventual meeting 30 years later , Albert then appearing as a ghost . By the end , it is clearly established that this is very much a conclusion to the Steptoe saga . It was not the first time this idea had been considered . When Wilfrid Brambell left the UK after the third series to pursue an eventually unsuccessful Broadway musical career , Galton and Simpson toyed with the concept of ' killing off ' Albert in order to continue the show without having to await Brambell 's return . The character would have been replaced with Harold 's illegitimate son , Arthur ( a part thought to be intended for actor David Hemmings ) . This idea was detested by Corbett , who thought it ridiculous , although the 2008 drama The Curse of Steptoe depicts Corbett as being delighted with the concept , since assuming the role of father would allow Harold 's character some development and growth , which he felt was long overdue . Films ( edit ) In 1972 a film version was released of the show proving highly popular . This first film , also called Steptoe and Son -- featuring a young Mike Reid and focusing on Harold getting married but still not being able to get away from his father . Due to popular demand another film , Steptoe and Son Ride Again , was released in 1973 which was also highly popular with fans . When Steptoe Met Son ( edit ) Main article : When Steptoe Met Son When Steptoe Met Son was a 2002 Channel 4 documentary about the personal lives of Wilfrid Brambell and Harry H. Corbett . It aired on 20 August 2002 . The programme reveals how Brambell and Corbett were highly dissimilar to their on - screen characters .",
"9": "Corbett felt he had a promising career as a serious actor , but was trapped by his role as Harold and forced to keep returning to the series after typecasting limited his choice of work . Brambell , meanwhile , was a homosexual , something that in the 1960s was still frowned upon and , until the Sexual Offences Act 1967 , illegal and was thus driven underground . The documentary went on to describe an ill - fated final tour of Australia , during which the already strained relationship between Corbett and Brambell finally broke down for good . The Curse of Steptoe ( edit ) Phil Davis and Jason Isaacs recreating the characters in The Curse of Steptoe Main article : The Curse of Steptoe The Curse of Steptoe is a television play which was first broadcast on 19 March 2008 on BBC Four as part of a season of dramas about television personalities . It stars Jason Isaacs as Harry H. Corbett and Phil Davis as Wilfrid Brambell . The drama is based upon the actors ' on - and - off - screen relationship during the making of the BBC sitcom Steptoe and Son , and is based on interviews with colleagues , friends and family of the actors , and the Steptoe writers , Ray Galton and Alan Simpson . The screenplay was written by Brian Fillis , also responsible for the similarly themed 2006 drama Fear of Fanny , which is about television personality Fanny Cradock off - screen . The 66 - minute film is directed by Michael Samuels and produced by Ben Bickerton . Both When Steptoe Met Son and The Curse of Steptoe were considered inaccurate by writers Galton and Simpson and Corbett 's family . Steptoe and Son ( edit ) Jack Lane and Michael Simmonds as the iconic duo In March 2011 the Engine Shed Theatre Company performed three episodes of the iconic series live on stage at the Capitol Theatre , Horsham . Jack Lane played Albert Steptoe and Michael Simmonds played Harold . The three episodes performed by the company were : Men Of Letters , Robbery With Violence and Seance in a Wet Rag and Bone Yard . Engine Shed went on to adapt and perform the two Christmas Specials later that year .",
"10": "Many of the original TV episodes of Steptoe and Son have now been officially adapted to the stage by the original writers Ray Galton and Alan Simpson , with David Pibworth and are available for production on www.classiccomedyscripts.co.uk Steptoe and Son by Kneehigh ( edit ) Performed in 2012 and 2013 by Kneehigh Theatre , Steptoe and Son was adapted from four of the show 's original scripts . The production was designed to highlight the Beckettian nature of Albert and Harold 's situation , focusing on themes of over-reliance and being trapped within social class . The production toured the UK and received positive reviews from the Financial Times and three stars from The Guardian 's Lynn Gardner . DVD releases ( edit ) The first series with all six episodes was released in 2004 followed by the second series in 2005 and the third , fourth and fifth in 2006 . Series 6 , 7 and 8 were released in 2007 alongside the Christmas specials . The two Steptoe films were released in 2006 . The complete boxed set containing all eight series and two Christmas specials was released in October 2007 . In October 2011 the boxset was re released with new packaging . In Australia , Season 1 was released in 2004 , Season 2 and Season 3 in 2006 , Season 4 and Season 5 in 2007 , Season 6 and Season 7 in 2008 and Season 8 in 2009 . DVD Title Disc No . Year Ep . No .",
"11": "DVD release Notes Region 2 Region 4 Complete Series 1 1962 6 13 September 2004 10 November 2004 Includes the pilot Complete Series 2 1963 7 8 August 2005 2 March 2006 -- Complete Series 3 1964 7 13 February 2006 6 July 2006 -- Complete Series 4 1965 7 15 May 2006 7 March 2007 -- Complete Series 5 1970 7 24 July 2006 1 August 2007 -- Complete Series 6 1970 8 8 January 2007 5 March 2008 -- Complete Series 7 1972 7 26 March 2007 7 August 2008 -- Complete Series 8 6 14 May 2007 3 March 2009 -- The Christmas Specials 1973 -- 74 29 October 2007 6 November 2008 Includes the 1973 and 1974 specials Complete Series 1 -- 8 13 1962 -- 74 57 29 October 2007 1 October 2009 Includes the pilot and the 1973 and 1974 specials See also ( edit ) List of films based on British sitcoms References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Grainer : Biography '' . www.rongrainer.org.uk . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best comedy series '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christopher ( 30 December 2011 ) . `` Steptoe And Son 50th anniversary : How the finest sitcom of them all began '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steptoe and Son '' . Archived from the original on 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2009 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ John Hannington ( 27 April 2016 ) . `` Answers to Correspondents '' . Daily Mail . London : ANL Ltd : 56 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Lime Grove -- History of the BBC '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Television Centre : A nostalgic wander through the sets , studios '' . independent.co.uk. 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC TV from AP -- Lime Grove demolition '' . bbctv-ap.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` history of television studios in London '' . tvstudiohistory.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steptoe and Son , Lost Sitcoms -- BBC Four '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lost Sitcoms '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Galton , R. ; Simpson , A. ; Ross , R. ( 2002 ) . Steptoe and Son . London : BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48833 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 10 July 2006 ) . `` British comedy remakes that aim to bring a smile to the US '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Albert & Herbert '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ `` Han är Fleksnes och Albert & Herberts pappa '' . NWT . Jump up ^ `` Stiefbeen en Zoon '' . IMDB . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Camilo & Filho Lda '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Barrie , David ( 19 August 2002 ) . `` The tortured world of Steptoe and Son '' . The Guardian .",
"13": "Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Four unveils new drama season '' . BBC Press Office . 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scriptwriters reject the ' Curse of Comedy ' '' . The Times . 8 March 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Simon Mayo Programme , BBC Radio 5 Live , 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Edge , Simon ( 26 July 2007 ) . `` The shame of Steptoe '' . The Daily Express . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An important message from the Corbett family '' . steptoe-and-son.com . Jump up ^ `` Steptoe drama is slammed '' . The Daily Express . 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site '' . kneehigh.co.uk. 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 .",
"14": "External links ( edit ) Steptoe and Son on IMDb Steptoe and Son Appreciation Society Steptoe and Son Collectors Archive Steptoe and Son at Laughterlog Steptoe and Son at BBC Programmes Steptoe and Son at BBC Online Steptoe and Son at BFI Screenonline Steptoe and Son at British Comedy Guide Steptoe and Son Episodes List of Steptoe and Son episodes Films Steptoe and Son ( film ) Steptoe and Son Ride Again Related Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane When Steptoe Met Son The Curse of Steptoe Remakes Sanford and Son Albert & Herbert Galton and Simpson Ray Galton Alan Simpson Sitcoms Hancock 's Half Hour ( 1954 - 60 ) Citizen James ( 1960 ) Hancock ( 1961 ) Comedy Playhouse Series 1 ( 1961 - 62 ) Series 2 ( 1963 ) Steptoe and Son ( 1962 - 74 ) The Galton and Simpson Comedy ( 1969 ) Clochemerle ( 1972 ) Casanova ' 73 ( 1973 ) The Galton and Simpson Playhouse ( 1977 ) Paul Merton in Galton and Simpson 's .",
"15": "( 1996 -- 97 ) Films The Rebel ( 1961 ) The Wrong Arm of the Law ( 1963 ) The Bargee ( 1964 ) The Spy with a Cold Nose ( 1966 ) Loot ( 1970 ) The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ( 1971 ) Up the Chastity Belt ( 1971 ) Steptoe and Son ( 1972 ) Steptoe and Son Ride Again ( 1973 ) Galton with others Spooner 's Patch ( 1979 - 82 ) Get Well Soon ( 1997 ) Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane ( 2005 ) Related articles Associated London Scripts Sanford and Son ( 1972 - 77 ) Fleksnes Fataliteter ( 1972 - 2002 ) The Last Fleksnes ( 1974 ) Albert & Herbert ( 1974 - 82 ) Skyll inte på mig !",
"16": "( 1978 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steptoe_and_Son&oldid=837756870 '' Categories : 1962 British television programme debuts 1974 British television programme endings 1960s British sitcoms 1970s British sitcoms BBC Radio comedy programmes BBC television sitcoms Black - and - white British television programmes Comedy Playhouse English - language television programs Fictional English people Fictional junk dealers Steptoe and Son Television duos Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into novels Television programs adapted into plays Television programs adapted into radio programs Television series about widowhood Television series created by Ray Galton Television series created by Alan Simpson Television shows set in London Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 EngvarB from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Norsk Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 21 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Golden State Warriors - wikipedia Golden State Warriors Jump to : navigation , search Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1946 History Philadelphia Warriors 1946 -- 1962 San Francisco Warriors 1962 -- 1971 Golden State Warriors 1971 -- present Arena Oracle Arena Location Oakland , California Team colors Royal blue , California golden yellow , slate Main sponsor Rakuten President Rick Welts General manager Bob Myers Head coach Steve Kerr Ownership Joe Lacob ( majority ) , Peter Guber Affiliation ( s ) Santa Cruz Warriors Championships 5 ( 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 ) Conference titles 9 Eastern : 3 ( 1947 , 1948 , 1956 ) Western : 6 ( 1964 , 1967 , 1975 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Division titles 6 ( 1975 , 1976 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ) Retired numbers 6 ( 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 24 , 42 ) Website www.nba.com/warriors Uniforms Home Away The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in the San Francisco Bay Area in Oakland , California . The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . The Warriors play their home games at the Oracle Arena in Oakland . The Warriors have reached nine NBA Finals , winning five NBA championships in 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 and 2017 . Golden State 's five NBA championships are tied for fourth-most in NBA history with the San Antonio Spurs , and behind only the Boston Celtics ( 17 ) , Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) . The team was established in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , a founding member of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . In 1962 , the franchise relocated to the Bay Area and was renamed the San Francisco Warriors .",
"1": "In 1971 , the team changed its geographic moniker to Golden State , California 's state nickname . The team is nicknamed the Dubs as a shortening of `` W 's '' . Wilt Chamberlain and Stephen Curry have both been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Warriors , for a total of three MVP awards . 18 Hall of Famers have played for the Warriors , while four have coached the team . Golden State holds the NBA records for best regular season with 73 -- 9 and most wins in a season ( regular season and postseason combined ) with 88 in 2015 -- 16 , as well as best postseason with 16 -- 1 (. 941 winning percentage ) in 2016 -- 17 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Team creation 1.2 1946 -- 1962 : Philadelphia Warriors 1.3 1962 -- 1971 : San Francisco Warriors 1.4 1971 -- 1978 1.5 1978 -- 1987 1.6 1987 -- 1997 1.7 1997 -- 2008 1.7. 1 2006 -- 07 : `` We believe '' season 1.7. 2 2007 -- 08 season 1.8 2008 -- 2011 1.9 2011 -- present : `` Splash Brothers '' era 1.9. 1 2013 -- 14 : Improvements 1.9. 2 2014 -- 15 : From turmoil to champions 1.9.",
"2": "3 2015 -- 16 : Broken records 1.10 2016 -- present : The `` Fantastic Four '' era 1.11 Move from Oakland back to San Francisco 2 Rivalries 2.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 3 Media 3.1 Television 3.2 Radio 4 Season - by - season records 5 Home arenas 6 Head coaches 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retained draft rights 7.3 Retired numbers 7.4 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members 7.5 FIBA Hall of Famers 8 Statistical leaders and awards 8.1 Franchise leaders 8.2 Individual awards 8.3 NBA All - Star Weekend 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Golden State Warriors Team creation The Warriors were founded in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors , a charter member of the Basketball Association of America . They were owned by Peter A. Tyrrell , who also owned the Philadelphia Rockets of the American Hockey League . Tyrrell hired Eddie Gottlieb , a longtime basketball promoter in the Philadelphia area , as coach and general manager . The owners named the team after the Philadelphia Warriors , an old basketball team who played in the American Basketball League in 1925 . 1946 -- 1962 : Philadelphia Warriors Joe Fulks was the league 's first scoring champion . Led by early scoring sensation Joe Fulks , the team won the championship in the league 's inaugural 1946 -- 47 season by defeating the Chicago Stags , four games to one . The NBA , which was created by a 1949 merger , officially recognizes that as its own first championship . Gottlieb bought the team in 1951 . Wilt Chamberlain averaged 41.5 points per game and 25.1 rebounds per game during his five and a half seasons with the Warriors . The Warriors won its other championship in Philadelphia in the 1955 -- 56 season , defeating the Fort Wayne Pistons four games to one . The Warrior stars of this era were future Hall of Famers Paul Arizin , Tom Gola and Neil Johnston .",
"3": "In 1959 , the team signed draft pick Wilt Chamberlain . Known as `` Wilt the Stilt '' , he led the team in scoring six times , quickly began shattering NBA scoring records and changed the NBA style of play forever . On March 2 , 1962 , in a Warrior `` home '' game played on a neutral court in Hershey , Pennsylvania , Chamberlain scored 100 points against the New York Knicks , a single - game record the NBA ranks among its finest moments . 1962 -- 1971 : San Francisco Warriors In 1962 , Franklin Mieuli purchased the majority shares of the team and relocated the franchise to the San Francisco Bay Area , renaming them the San Francisco Warriors . The Warriors played most of their home games at the Cow Palace in Daly City ( the facility lies just south of the San Francisco city limits ) from 1962 to 1964 and the San Francisco Civic Auditorium from 1964 to 1966 , though occasionally playing home games in nearby cities such as Oakland and San Jose . Nate Thurmond averaged over 20 points per game during five different seasons and over 20 rebounds per game during two seasons while with the Warriors . Prior to the 1963 -- 64 NBA season , the Warriors drafted big man Nate Thurmond to go along with Chamberlain . The Warriors won the Western Division crown that season , but lost the 1964 NBA Finals to the Boston Celtics , four games to one . In the 1964 -- 65 season , the Warriors traded Chamberlain to the Philadelphia 76ers for Connie Dierking , Lee Shaffer , Paul Neumann and $150,000 and won only 17 games . In 1965 , they drafted Rick Barry in the first round who went on to become NBA Rookie of the Year that season and then led the Warriors to the NBA finals in the 1966 -- 67 season , losing ( four games to two ) to Chamberlain 's new team that had replaced the Warriors in Philadelphia , the 76ers . Angered by management 's failure to pay him certain incentive bonuses he felt were due him , Barry sat out the 1967 -- 68 season and signed with the Oakland Oaks of the rival American Basketball Association for the following year , but after four seasons in the ABA rejoined the Warriors in 1972 .",
"4": "During Barry 's absence , the Warriors were no longer title contenders , and the mantle of leadership fell to Thurmond , Jeff Mullins and Rudy LaRusso . They began scheduling more home games in Oakland with the opening of the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1966 and the 1970 -- 71 season would be the team 's last as the San Francisco Warriors . 1971 -- 1978 The Warriors ' 1974 -- 75 championship banner . The franchise adopted its brand name Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971 -- 72 season , in order to suggest that the team represented the entire state of California . Almost all home games were played in Oakland that season ; six were played in San Diego , but none in San Francisco or Daly City . Oakland Arena became the team 's exclusive home court in 1971 . Rick Barry ( shown in 1976 ) was named the NBA Finals MVP in 1975 . The Warriors made the playoffs from 1971 to 1977 except in 1974 , and won their first NBA championship on the West Coast in 1974 -- 75 . In what many consider the biggest upset in NBA history , Golden State not only defeated the heavily favored Washington Bullets but humiliated them in a four - game sweep . That team was coached by former Warrior Al Attles , and led on the court by Rick Barry and Jamaal Wilkes . Barry was named MVP of the finals . At 59 - 23 , the Warriors had the league 's best record during the 1975 -- 76 season . They were upset , however , by the 42 - 40 Phoenix Suns in seven games in the Western Conference Finals . 1978 -- 1987 Because of the loss of key players such as Barry , Wilkes and Thurmond to trades and retirements , the Warriors struggled to put a competitive team on the court from 1978 to 1987 after being one of the NBA 's dominant teams in the 1960s and most of the 1970s .",
"5": "Through the NBA draft , however , they acquired some players such as high - scoring forward Purvis Short ( 1978 ) , former Purdue center Joe Barry Carroll ( 1980 ) and center Robert Parish ( 1976 ) , who was traded to the Boston Celtics in 1980 along with the draft pick that would become Kevin McHale for the pick used to draft Carroll . In 1983 , the Warriors matched the New York Knicks ' offer for free - agent Bernard King , but , unable to pay his high salary , quickly traded him to the Knicks for guard Micheal Ray Richardson , whom they soon shipped to New Jersey in exchange for former Georgetown Hoya point guard Eric `` Sleepy '' Floyd , and journeyman forward Mickey Johnson . ( Floyd once scored 29 points for the Warriors in the fourth quarter of a playoff game against the Lakers , though he was later traded to the Houston Rockets ) . The departure of these players for various reasons symbolized the franchise 's futility during this period , as head coach Attles moved up to the front office as general manager in 1980 and the team made several coaching changes . New owners Jim Fitzgerald and Dan Finane finally managed to return the team to respectability by hiring former Cleveland Cavaliers head coach George Karl as head coach in 1986 after selecting St. John 's small forward Chris Mullin in the 1985 NBA draft . 1987 -- 1997 A ticket for a 1988 -- 89 game between the Warriors and the Jazz . After a subpar stretch in the late 1970s and early 1980s , the team had a brief resurgence under coach Karl , culminating in a 1987 Western Conference Semifinal match against Magic Johnson and the Los Angeles Lakers which is still shown on TV in the NBA 's Greatest Games series . In the game , Warriors ' All - Star point guard Sleepy Floyd 's performance in the second half still stands as the NBA playoff record for points scored in a quarter ( 29 ) and in a half ( 39 ) . His six consecutive field goals in the fourth quarter led to a 51 - point finish for him and a victory for the Warriors .",
"6": "The `` Sleepy Floyd game '' was a catalyst for increased interest in the NBA in the Bay Area which was furthered by new coach Don Nelson , who engineered another successful string of wins in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the high - scoring trio of point guard Tim Hardaway , guard Mitch Richmond and forward Chris Mullin ( collectively known as `` Run TMC '' after the rap group Run - D.M.C. ) . But `` Run TMC '' stayed together for only two seasons ( winning only one playoff series ) , when coach Nelson , in a move to get a promising young front - court player to complement his run - and - gun system , sent Richmond to the Sacramento Kings for rookie power forward Billy Owens . Nelson had been brought to the Warriors from the Milwaukee Bucks by Jim Fitzgerald , who along with Dan Finnane owned the team between 1986 and 1995 . In 1993 -- 94 , with first - round draft pick and Rookie of the Year power forward Chris Webber playing alongside off - guard Latrell Sprewell , the Warriors made the playoffs . At the start of the next season , however , a rift formed between Webber and Sprewell on the one hand and Nelson on the other . All three soon left the team , and the organization went into a tailspin . 1994 -- 95 was the first season under new team owner Chris Cohan , who had bought out Fitzgerald and Finnane . The Warriors selected power forward prospect Joe Smith as their first overall draft pick in 1995 and hired Rick Adelman as the new head coach . They sent Tim Hardaway and Chris Gatling to the Miami Heat for Kevin Willis and Bimbo Coles midway through the 1995 -- 96 season , and ended up with a 36 -- 46 record , three wins short of making the playoffs . While their home court , the Oakland Coliseum Arena , was being extensively renovated , the 1996 -- 97 Warriors played their home games in the San Jose Arena and struggled to a 30 -- 52 finish . Longtime Seton Hall college coach P.J. Carlesimo , who had been recently fired by the Portland Trail Blazers , replaced Adelman as head coach for 1997 -- 98 .",
"7": "Sprewell was suspended for the remainder of the 1997 -- 98 season for losing his temper and choking Carlesimo during a team practice in December , generating the glaring newspaper headline `` WARRIORS HIT ROCK BOTTOM '' and the declaration by general manager Garry St. Jean that Sprewell would never play for the Warriors again . He would not play in the NBA again until he was dealt in January 1999 to the New York Knicks for John Starks , Chris Mills and Terry Cummings . 1997 -- 2008 St. Jean had become the new Warriors ' general manager in July 1997 ; he and his predecessor Dave Twardzik received much of the blame for the Warriors ' struggles early in Cohan 's turbulent tenure as owner in addition to Cohan himself . St. Jean brought in players such as Terry Cummings , John Starks and Mookie Blaylock who were well past their primes . Twardzik drafted several flops , such as Todd Fuller ( while Kobe Bryant was still available as well as Steve Nash and Jermaine O'Neal ) and Steve Logan ( who never played an NBA game ) . In the following draft , the team selected Adonal Foyle while Tracy McGrady was still available . St. Jean did , however , draft future two - time NBA slam dunk champion off - guard Jason Richardson ( from Michigan State ) , a Warriors ' star scorer through the 2006 -- 07 season . For a few years , with rising stars Richardson , small forward Antawn Jamison and point guard Gilbert Arenas leading the team , the Warriors seemed like a team on the rise ; but the young Warriors did not have enough in the competitive Western Conference to make the playoffs . After the 2002 -- 03 season , St. Jean 's earlier mistakes of committing money to players like Danny Fortson , Adonal Foyle and Erick Dampier were painfully felt by Warriors ' fans when the team was unable to re-sign Arenas despite his desire to stay in the Bay Area . A new rule was implemented in response to second - round draft picks who quickly become superstars . Chris Mullin succeeded St. Jean with the title of Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations in 2004 .",
"8": "He hoped to build a winning team around Jason Richardson , Mike Dunleavy Jr and Troy Murphy , and drafted 7 - foot center Andris Biedriņš from Latvia ( 11th overall ) . At the 2005 trading deadline , he bolstered to the team with the acquisition of point guard Baron Davis , bringing to the team its first superstar since Mullin himself . The Warriors enjoyed a great start to the 2005 -- 06 season , entering the new year with a plus . 500 winning percentage for the first time since 1994 , but managed to win only 13 more games through the end of March due to injuries . Davis often found himself at odds with new head coach Mike Montgomery ( used to dealing with college players in his long tenure at Stanford ) and failed to remain healthy , playing in just 54 games . On April 5 , 2006 , the Warriors were officially eliminated from playoff contention in a 114 -- 109 overtime loss to the Hornets , extending their playoff drought to 12 seasons . 2006 -- 07 : `` We Believe '' season Entering the 2006 -- 07 season , the Warriors held the active record ( 12 ) for the most consecutive seasons without a playoff appearance ( see Active NBA non-playoff appearance streaks ) . During the 2006 off - season , Golden State announced that it had bought out the remaining two years of coach Montgomery 's contract and hired previous Golden State and former Dallas Mavericks coach Don Nelson to take over for him . During training camp , small forward Matt Barnes established himself in the rotation . On January 17 , 2007 , the Warriors traded the disappointing Murphy and Dunleavy with promising young power forward Ike Diogu and Keith McLeod to the Indiana Pacers for forward Al Harrington , forward / guard Stephen Jackson , guard Šarūnas Jasikevičius and forward Josh Powell . This trade allowed the Warriors to `` run and gun '' their way to the playoffs with a more athletic and talented team . On March 4 , 2007 , the Warriors suffered a 106 -- 107 loss in Washington , the Wizards handing them their 6th straight loss when former Warrior Arenas hit a technical free throw with less than one second remaining after Nelson had protested a controversial call with the Warriors ahead by a slim margin . The loss dropped them to 26 -- 35 .",
"9": "March 4 marked the turning point for the Warriors . The Warriors closed out the regular season ( 42 -- 40 ) at 16 -- 5 in their last 21 games . `` We Believe '' became the Warriors ' slogan for the last two months of the season and the playoffs . Led by a healthy Baron Davis , an ever - improving Jason Richardson and young future star off - guard Monta Ellis as well as center Biedriņš , the Warriors immediately dashed the highly favored top - seed Dallas Mavericks ' expectations of a short and easy series win with a Game 1 victory in Dallas thanks to Davis ' frantic style of play . The Mavericks came back to win Game 2 easily to tie the series at a game apiece , but the Warriors won both Games 3 & 4 with a huge lift from the home crowd at Oracle Arena . A close Game 5 saw the Mavericks eke out a 118 -- 112 victory with a last - minute surge led by superstar forward Dirk Nowitzki to send the series back to California at 3 -- 2 . In Game 6 , the Warriors engineered a third - quarter 18 -- 0 run to eliminate the Mavericks and become the NBA 's first No. 8 seed to beat a No. 1 seed in a seven - game series ( and the first NBA No. 8 seed to beat the top seed since 1999 when the New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat ) . It was an upset in name only , given the fact that the Warriors had swept the Mavericks in the regular season series . The Warriors went on to play the Utah Jazz in the second round of the 2006 -- 07 playoffs , where they dropped two close games at EnergySolutions Arena to open the series . The series then shifted to the Oracle Arena , where the Warriors won Game 3 in a convincing blowout . Davis scored 32 points and electrified the crowd with a monster dunk on Jazz forward Andrei Kirilenko late in the fourth quarter , but they lost Game 4 at home , their first loss in Oakland in well over a month and the Jazz closed them out in Game 5 in Salt Lake City . 2007 -- 08 season The Warriors faced early difficulties in their attempt to return to the playoffs . Richardson was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for rookie Brandan Wright .",
"10": "To make things even worse , Jackson was suspended for seven games over a firearm incident . They opened the 2007 -- 08 season with six straight losses , but Ellis ' rise , Davis ' solid injury - free season ( 21.6 points , 8 assists , 4.6 rebounds per game ) , and an overall improvement in team chemistry brought them back to playoff contention ; but in the end the Warriors failed to make the playoffs despite a 48 -- 34 season , which is the best record in NBA history for a non-playoff team since the NBA playoffs had expanded to eight teams per conference . The Western Conference was very strong that season ; every playoff team won 50 games , leaving the Warriors two games out of the last playoff spot . The Warriors sold out nearly every home game during the season averaging 19,631 per game , the highest in team history . 2008 -- 2011 In the offseason , Baron Davis opted to return to his home town and sign with the Los Angeles Clippers . With the 14th pick of the 2008 NBA draft , the Warriors selected and signed Anthony Randolph out of LSU . To compensate for the loss of Davis , the Warriors signed free agents Corey Maggette and Ronny Turiaf and re-signed Ellis and Andris Biedriņš to long - term contracts . The Warriors had a disappointing 2008 -- 2009 season , finishing 29 -- 53 . Ellis was injured in a moped accident , and suspended for 30 games for riding the vehicle against the terms of his contract , depriving the Warriors of their top player . They traded disenchanted forward Al Harrington to the New York Knicks for guard Jamal Crawford , and were undone by injuries and the minimal experience of their young players such as Anthony Morrow and Brandan Wright . Coach Nelson often had to make adjustments to the starting lineups since many of the original starters missed games due to injuries . Despite the team 's losing record , the Warriors were hard to beat when they had a healthy lineup and a strong bench . With leadership and improvement in their young players , they were sometimes able to defeat powerhouse teams such as the Boston Celtics , 99 - 89 . During the 2009 off - season , Warrior ownership declined to renew the contract of general manager Mullin .",
"11": "Larry Riley , Nelson 's longtime assistant coach , was promoted in his place and drafted Stephen Curry as an outstanding 7th lottery pick , but dubiously traded Jamal Crawford to the Atlanta Hawks for Acie Law and Speedy Claxton . The Warriors had another injury - prone year in 2009 -- 10 . as they were consistently unable to field their ideal starting lineup . In November , a malcontented Stephen Jackson and seldom - used Acie Law were traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for Raja Bell ( out for the season with an injury ) and Vladimir Radmanovic . Four days later , they signed center Chris Hunter . Starting in January 2010 , they issued multiple 10 - day contracts , most notably to power forward Anthony Tolliver from the Idaho Stampede . Due to their multiple injuries , they were granted an exception allowing them to sign Reggie Williams from the Sioux Falls Skyforce to a 10 - day contract on March 2 , making it their fifth D - League call - up that season , tying an NBA record . They eventually waived the injured Bell to sign Williams for the rest of the year , and finished the season 26 -- 56 , fourth in the Pacific Division . On June 24 , the Warriors selected Ekpe Udoh , a power forward from Baylor , as the 6th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also introduced a modernized version of their `` The City '' logo depicting the new eastern span of the San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge , and switched to a simplified color scheme of royal blue and gold . They also introduced new uniforms reminiscent of the 1969 -- 71 `` The City '' uniforms . The Warriors made an offseason trade that sent Turiaf , Randolph and Kelenna Azubuike to the New York Knicks in return for star high - scoring power forward David Lee via a sign - and - trade . Lee agreed to a six - year , $80 million deal , on a framework contingent on the decision of superstar forward LeBron James to leave the Cleveland Cavaliers to sign with the Miami Heat that same day . Following Morrow 's departure after he signed the New Jersey Nets ' offer sheet , the Warriors signed Dorell Wright , formerly with the Miami Heat , to a three - year , $11 million deal .",
"12": "On July 15 , owner Chris Cohan sold the Warriors to Peter Guber of Mandalay Entertainment and his partner Joe Lacob for a then - record $450 million . On November 15 , the Warriors announced the new 19 - person ownership group composed of Joe Lacob , Peter Guber , Vivek Ranadivé , Erika Glazer , Fred Harman , Bob Piccinini , Larry Bowman , Danny German , Marty Glick , Chad Hurley , Craig R. Johnson , Bruce Karsh , Jeffrey A. Miller , Paul Schaeffer , David Scially , Nick Swinmurn , Harry Tsao , John Walecka and Dennis Wong . The Warriors gathered together during the team 's starting lineup ceremony prior to their 2011 -- 12 exhibition opener against the Sacramento Kings . The Warriors continued their signing spree by adding Harvard guard Jeremy Lin to their roster with a one - year partially guaranteed contract containing a second - year team option , the first Taiwanese - American player in NBA history . Louis Amundson was then added for little under $5 million in mid-September . Keith Smart was hired as head coach that same month after Nelson had resigned before the start of training camp . In February 2011 , the Warriors traded Brandan Wright and Dan Gadzuric for Troy Murphy and a 2011 second - round pick . On February 27 , Murphy and the Warriors reached a buyout agreement and he was waived . During a steady season without making any real ground in the playoff race , the Warriors broke franchise records with 21 made 3 's in a win against the Orlando Magic . In April 2011 , Dorell Wright made a franchise record of 184 3 's in a season in a home win versus Los Angeles Lakers , surpassing Richardson 's 183 in 2005 -- 06 . He then broke another NBA record , as the first player to have scored more points in his seventh season than in all his first six seasons combined in a win against the Portland Trail Blazers . He ended the season with the most three - pointers made in the NBA that season with 194 , as well as the most 3s attempted with 516 , both of which set new Warrior franchise records .",
"13": "The Warriors failed to make the playoffs after a 36 - win season in 2010 -- 11 , and coach Smart was dismissed on April 27 due to the change in ownership . 17 - year NBA veteran and former ABC and ESPN commentator Mark Jackson replaced him as head coach on June 6 . On December 19 , they traded Amundson to the Indiana Pacers for small forward Brandon Rush . 2011 -- present : `` Splash Brothers '' era The `` Splash Brothers '' : Stephen Curry ( left ) and Klay Thompson ( right ) The Warriors did not improve in the 2011 -- 12 NBA season under coach Jackson , finishing the lockout - shorted season with a 23 -- 43 record , 13th in the conference . The team suffered several injuries to key players , and due to the lockout , Jackson could not establish his system in training camp . They then entered into another chaotic rebuilding phase . Team leader Monta Ellis was traded in mid-March 2012 , along with Kwame Brown and Ekpe Udoh , to the Milwaukee Bucks for center Andrew Bogut ( out injured for the season ) and former Warrior small forward Stephen Jackson , who without playing a game for the Warriors was quickly traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Richard Jefferson and a conditional first - round pick on March 15 . These moves saw the rise of Stephen Curry and David Lee to team co-captains , and saw off - guard Klay Thompson , the 11th overall pick of the 2011 NBA draft , move into a starting role . On July 11 , they acquired point guard Jarrett Jack from the New Orleans Hornets in a three - team trade also including the Philadelphia 76ers , who received Dorell Wright from Golden State . On August 1 , they signed forward Carl Landry on the termination of his one - year contract with the Hornets . In the 2012 NBA draft , they selected small forward Harrison Barnes with the 7th overall pick , center Festus Ezeli with the 30th pick , small forward Draymond Green 35th overall , and 7 - foot 1 - inch center Ognjen Kuzmic 52nd overall .",
"14": "In early November , swingman Rush was lost for the year with a torn ACL after falling awkwardly on the court early in the second game of the season , and less than a month later the team announced that Bogut was out indefinitely with a foot injury that was more serious than originally reported . Bogut did not return to regular play until late in the season . Coming out of this maelstrom of trades and injuries with a team starting two rookies ( Barnes and Ezeli ) , the Warriors had one of their best starts in decades , earning their 20th win before hitting the 30 - game mark for the first time since 1992 . The Warriors also achieved a milestone by completing their first ever 6 -- 1 road trip in franchise history , including a 97 -- 95 win over the defending champion Heat in Miami . On April 9 , 2013 , with a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , the Warriors clinched the playoffs for the second time in 19 years and the first time since the 2006 -- 07 `` We Believe '' Warriors . This time , the local battlecry was `` We Belong '' . The team finished the season with a record of 47 -- 35 , earning the sixth seed in the Western Conference , and defeated the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs by winning four out of six games . They lost in the second round to the San Antonio Spurs , four games to two . This was the first playoff experience for all of the starters of this group except for Andrew Bogut . Other highlights of the season included Stephen Curry 's 272 three - point baskets to set an NBA single - season record , giving him the nickname `` baby - faced assassin '' , and the naming of forward David Lee to the 2013 NBA All - Star Game as a reserve , ending the team 's 16 - year drought without an All Star selection , dating back to Latrell Sprewell in the 1997 season . Curry and Klay Thompson , dubbed the `` Splash Brothers '' by team employee Brian Witt for their backcourt shooting prowess , combined for 483 three - pointers during the season , easily besting the prior record of 435 set by the Orlando Magic 's Nick Anderson and Dennis Scott in 1995 -- 96 .",
"15": "2013 -- 14 : improvements With their lone selection in the 2013 NBA draft , the Warriors made 22 - year - old Serbian combo - guard Nemanja Nedovic the 30th and final pick of the first round . In early July 2013 , Golden State signed former Denver Nuggets swingman and free agent Andre Iguodala to a four - year , $48 million deal . To make room under their salary cap , the Warriors traded Richard Jefferson , Andris Biedriņš and Brandon Rush , along with multiple draft picks , including their 2014 and 2017 first - round picks , to the Utah Jazz . The Warriors lost free - agent guard Jarrett Jack , who departed for the Cleveland Cavaliers , and free agent power forward Carl Landry , who went to the Sacramento Kings . To help fill the void left by Landry , the Warriors signed forward - center Marreese Speights to a three - year , $10 million contract . The team also signed one - year deals with veteran center Jermaine O'Neal ( $2 million ) and point guard Toney Douglas ( $1.6 million ) . On August 21 , the Warriors signed 7 ft 1 in Serbian center Ognjen Kuzmic , who had been playing in Europe since his selection in the 2012 NBA draft , to a guaranteed two - year deal . The Warriors began the 2013 -- 14 season showing flashes of brilliance and also plenty of lapses . In early December their record was 12 -- 9 , as compared to 17 -- 4 the year before . One challenging factor was a tough starting schedule that saw them play 14 of their first 22 games on the road , including 10 games against teams holding playoff spots in the standings . A stream of injuries also held the team back , including injuries to Festus Ezeli ( off - season surgery to repair the right knee , out for the season ) , Toney Douglas ( left tibia stress reaction , out nearly a month from mid-November to December ) , and Jermaine O'Neal ( right wrist injury and surgery , out from mid-November to early February ) . Stephen Curry and Harrison Barnes were also out for at least four games before the all - star break , each with minor injuries .",
"16": "Most prominently of all , Iguodala suffered a hamstring pull in late November that kept him out for over a month , during which time the Warriors ' performance suffered significantly on both the defensive and offensive ends of the court , and the team posted a losing 5 -- 7 record while revealing a lack of depth on their bench . With Iguodala back in the lineup , the Warriors went on a 10 - game winning streak , which included six consecutive wins on a single road trip , tying an NBA record . The winning streak was the longest for the franchise since the 1975 championship year , and just one short of the team record of 11 consecutive wins , set in the 1971 -- 72 season . To strengthen their underperforming bench , the Warriors made a three - team trade on January 15 , sending Douglas to the Miami Heat and picking up guards Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks from the Boston Celtics and then , a day before the trade deadline , trading Kent Bazemore and Brooks to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for veteran point guard Steve Blake . Thanks in part to the improved effectiveness of their backup squad , boosted by the additions of Blake and Crawford and the play of 35 - year - old Jermaine O'Neal ( who returned sooner than expected from wrist surgery ) , the Warriors were one of the winningest teams in the NBA after the all - star break . Nonetheless , and despite several victories over top contenders , the team displayed a pattern of losing games to inferior teams even at their home arena . On April 11 , in a 112 -- 95 stomping of the Los Angeles Lakers at the Staples Center , the Warriors clinched a playoff berth in consecutive seasons for the first time since 1991 and 1992 . However , just one day earlier in a loss against the Portland Trail Blazers , Andrew Bogut suffered a cracked rib that would keep him out of the post-season , a big blow to the sixth - seed Warriors ' playoff hopes . The Warriors ended the season 51 -- 31 , winning more than 50 games for only the fourth time in franchise history , finishing 20 games over . 500 for the first time in 22 years , and tying the 1991 -- 92 squad for the franchise 's all - time mark of 24 wins on the road .",
"17": "Even without Bogut , in the first round of the playoffs the Warriors battled the third - seed Los Angeles Clippers to a seventh and deciding game , which the Warriors lost , bringing their 2013 -- 14 season to an end . It was season of many thrilling moments in which the Warriors ' played in 17 regular - season games decided by 2 points or less , 6 games with winning shots in the final 3 seconds , and 7 comeback wins in which the Warriors had been behind by 15 points or more . In other noteworthy occurrences for the season , Curry was named to the starting lineup for the 2014 NBA All - Star Game . For Curry , the only Warrior named to the team , this was his first all - star appearance in five seasons as an NBA player . Curry hit another notable milestone in posting 4 triple - doubles for the season , tying a franchise record unequaled since Wilt Chamberlain in 1963 -- 64 . Curry also averaged career - bests in points and assists ; averaging 24.0 points and 8.5 assists in the season . Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three - point shooting . On February 7 , in a 102 -- 87 win over the Chicago Bulls , the backcourt duo became the first teammates to each make a three - pointer in 30 consecutive games . Curry , who finished the season with 261 threes , set an individual record for most three - pointers in a span of two seasons with 533 , surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 . Together , Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year , besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before . 2014 -- 15 : from turmoil to champions Even as the team rolled towards the post-season , signs emerged of trouble in the Warriors ' front office . On March 25 , the team reassigned assistant coach Brian Scalabrine to the team 's NBA Development League Affiliate in Santa Cruz because of what head coach Mark Jackson called a `` difference in philosophies '' and what unnamed league sources cited by Yahoo ! Sports called `` an increasingly dysfunctional atmosphere '' on the Warriors ' coaching staff .",
"18": "Fewer than two weeks later , assistant coach Darren Erman was fired for secretly recording conversations between coaches , staff and players . During the post season , rumors persisted in the press that Mark Jackson 's job as head coach was in jeopardy , leading the players to make a unanimous declaration of support for Jackson 's return only minutes after the Warriors ' first - round , game seven playoff loss to the Clippers . Nonetheless , three days later , on May 6 , the team announced the firing of Mark Jackson as head coach . In his three - season tenure as head coach , Jackson compiled a 121 - 109 (. 526 ) record , overseeing a terrific turnaround . When Jackson took the helm in 2011 , the franchise had made the playoffs only one time over the prior 17 seasons , averaging 30.2 wins per season during that period . Jackson , 49 , became just the third head coach in franchise history to lead a team to at least 50 wins in a season , joining Don Nelson and Alvin Attles , who both hit the mark twice with the Warriors . With 121 wins overall , Jackson ranks fourth on the franchise 's all - time wins list , trailing Attles ( 557 ) , Nelson ( 422 ) and Eddie Gottlieb ( 263 ) . On May 14 , 2014 , the Golden State Warriors named Steve Kerr the team 's head coach , in a reported $25 million deal over five years . It was a first - time head - coaching position for Kerr , 48 , a five - time NBA champion point guard who holds the all - time career record for accuracy in three - point shooting (. 454 ) . Kerr formerly served as president and general manager for the Phoenix Suns basketball team ( 2007 to 2010 ) , and had most recently been working as an NBA broadcast analyst for Turner Network Television ( TNT ) . The Warriors completed the regular season with a record of 67 - 15 , the best in the league and the most wins in franchise history . The Warriors also finished with a home record of 39 -- 2 , the second best in NBA history . They were first in defensive efficiency for the season and second in offensive efficiency , barely missing the mark that the Julius Erving led Sixers achieved by being first in both offensive and defensive efficiency .",
"19": "On May 4 , Stephen Curry was named the 2014 -- 15 NBA Most Valuable Player , the first Warrior to do so since Wilt Chamberlain in 1960 . In the first round of the playoffs , they swept the New Orleans Pelicans , defeated Memphis Grizzlies in the second round in six games and defeated Houston Rockets in five games of the Western Conference Finals . The Warriors advanced to their first NBA Finals since 1975 , where they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games to win their fourth NBA title , and their first in 40 years . Andre Iguodala was named Finals MVP . Other highlights of the season included Stephen Curry breaking his own record for three - pointers made in a single season with 286 . He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three - pointers , the most by a duo in NBA history . In the postseason , Curry shattered Reggie Miller 's record of 58 made three - pointers in a single postseason with 98 . On January 23 , 2015 , Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third . Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All - Star Game , won the 2014 -- 15 NBA Most Valuable Player award and the 2015 ESPYs Best Male Athlete award . 2015 -- 16 : broken records Draymond Green was an All - NBA Second Team member in 2015 -- 16 The Warriors began the season by winning their first 24 games , eclipsing the previous best start in NBA history , set by the 1993 -- 94 Houston Rockets and the 1948 -- 49 Washington Capitols at 15 -- 0 . The Warriors surpassed the 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks for the best road start in NBA history at 14 -- 0 , which is also the joint - third longest road win streak . Their record - setting start ended when they were defeated by the Milwaukee Bucks on December 12 , 2015 . The Warriors broke a 131 - year - old record of 20 -- 0 set by the 1884 St. Louis Maroons baseball team , to claim the best start to a season in all of the major professional sports in America .",
"20": "Golden State also won 28 consecutive regular - season games dating back to the 2014 -- 15 season , eclipsing the 2012 -- 13 Miami Heat for the second longest winning streak in NBA history . The team set an NBA record 54 - straight regular season home game winning streak , which spanned from January 31 , 2015 to March 29 , 2016 . The previous record of 44 was held by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls team led by Michael Jordan . Stephen Curry , Draymond Green and Klay Thompson were all named to the All - Star Game , the first time the Warriors have had three All - Stars since 1976 . Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple - doubles in a season . Curry broke numerous three - point records during the season , including his own NBA record for made three - pointers in a season of 286 ; he finished the season with 402 three pointers . He made a three - pointer in 151 consecutive games , which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014 . On February 27 , 2016 , Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three - pointers made in a single game , jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Bryant . On April 13 , 2016 , Golden State set the record for most wins in a single season , beating Memphis , and finishing 73 -- 9 . On May 10 , 2016 , Stephen Curry was named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for the second straight season . Curry is the 11th player to win back - to - back MVP honors and became the first player in NBA history to win the MVP award by unanimous vote , winning all 131 first - place votes . The Golden State Warriors went to their second consecutive appearance in the finals with a rematch against the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Warriors went to a 3 -- 1 advantage but the Cavaliers made a comeback to tie the series at 3 wins apiece . In Game 7 the Golden State Warriors lost the championship series on their homecourt , and earned the unfortunate distinction of becoming the first team to give up a 3 -- 1 lead in the NBA finals .",
"21": "2016 -- present : the `` fantastic four '' era On July 4 , 2016 , Kevin Durant announced he would leave the Oklahoma City Thunder in order to sign a two - year contract with the Golden State Warriors . On July 7 , Durant signed his contract , which gave the Warriors a fourth All - NBA player on their team . The Durant signing made the Warriors the prohibitive favorites to win the NBA championship , according to oddsmakers . The Warriors posted many notable achievements during the 2016 -- 17 regular season . On November 7 , 2016 , Stephen Curry set the NBA record for most 3 - pointers in a game with 13 , in a 116 -- 106 win over the Pelicans . On December 5 , 2016 , Klay Thompson scored 60 points in 29 minutes , in a 142 -- 106 victory over the Pacers . In doing so , Thompson became the first player in NBA history to score 60 or more points in fewer than 30 minutes of playing time . Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Draymond Green , and Klay Thompson were all named to the 2017 NBA All - Star Game , making the Warriors only the eighth team in NBA history to have four All - Stars . On February 10 , 2017 , Draymond Green recorded a triple - double with 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals , becoming the first player in NBA history to post a triple - double with fewer than 10 points . On March 2 , 2017 , the Warriors ' streak for most games without back - to - back losses ended at 146 with a 94 -- 87 loss to the Chicago Bulls . The streak eclipsed the previous record of 95 held by the Utah Jazz . The Warriors earned home - court advantage throughout the 2017 playoffs , thanks to a 2016 -- 17 regular season record of 67 -- 15 . They were the first team in NBA playoff history to start 12 -- 0 , defeating in order the Trail Blazers , the Jazz , and the Spurs . The 2017 Finals once again pitted the Warriors against the Cavaliers , becoming the first time in NBA history that two teams met in the Finals for three consecutive years .",
"22": "The Warriors won the championship after going 4 -- 1 in the Finals , and their 16 -- 1 playoff record garnered the best winning percentage (. 941 ) in NBA playoffs history . After the Warriors announced that they were uncertain if they would make the customary visit to the White House by playoff champions , President Donald Trump rescinded his invitation . The team still planned to travel to Washington , D.C. to `` celebrate equality , diversity and inclusion . '' Planned activities include meeting with local youth and a visit to the National Museum of African - American History and Culture . Move from Oakland back to San Francisco In April 2014 , the Warriors began the purchase process for a 12 - acre site in Mission Bay , San Francisco , to hold a new 18,000 - seat arena which is expected to be ready for the 2019 -- 20 NBA season , with construction to begin in early 2016 . The sale was finalized in October 2015 . The location was selected after an original proposal to construct the arena on Piers 30 and 32 , just south of the Bay Bridge , met with vocal opposition due to concerns about traffic , environmental impacts and obstruction of views . The new location , which still faces some vocal opposition in San Francisco , apparently eliminates the need for any voter approval , which would have been required with the original site . Some type of waterfront park is planned across from the projected arena , which will be located at an already - existing Muni T - Third stop . The Central Subway , planned to open in 2018 , may provide a direct connection between the new site and the downtown Powell Street Muni / BART station . Although the Warriors considered a concurrent name change , possibly returning to their former name of San Francisco Warriors , it was ultimately decided that they would remain the Golden State Warriors upon their return back to San Francisco . On January 27 , 2016 , it was announced that the Warriors ' new arena would be called Chase Center as part of an agreement with JPMorgan Chase . Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Main article : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry Media Television Bob Fitzgerald has done television play - by - play , and former Warrior guard Jim Barnett has done color commentary for the Warriors for more than 15 years , currently on NBC Sports Bay Area , where they telecast more than 70 Warrior games a year .",
"23": "They also host Roundtable Live , a half - hour pre-game show leading up to the broadcast of select Golden State home games . Fitzgerald is in his 20th season as the Warriors ' play - by - play man , while Barnett is in his 32nd season as color man . Greg Papa , Garry St. Jean , and Kelenna Azubuike are also members of the telecast team , specializing in in - game , halftime and post-game analysis , while Kerith Burke serves as the sideline reporter . Radio Tim Roye has done the radio play - by - play for Warrior games since 1995 . He is joined in the booth by former Warriors forward Tom Tolbert for home games only . On August 25 , 2016 , the Warriors announced they were leaving long time station KNBR and all of their games will be broadcast on KGMZ . After each game , Roye , Fitzgerald and Barnett get together for post-game radio analysis and a next - game preview . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Golden State Warriors seasons Home arenas Philadelphia Arena ( 1946 -- 1962 ) Philadelphia Convention Hall ( 1952 -- 1962 ) Cow Palace ( 1962 -- 1964 , 1966 -- 1971 and two games in 1975 NBA Finals ) San Francisco Civic Auditorium ( 1964 -- 1966 ) USF War Memorial Gymnasium ( 1964 -- 1966 ) San Diego Sports Arena ( 1971 -- 1972 -- six games ) San Jose Arena ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Coliseum Arena / The Arena in Oakland / Oracle Arena ( 1966 -- 1967 , 1971 -- 1996 and 1997 -- present ) Chase Center ( 2019 , planned ) Head coaches Main article : List of Golden State Warriors head coaches Players Main article : Golden State Warriors all - time roster Current roster Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 4.0 !",
"24": "F 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bell , Jordan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 224 lb ( 102 kg ) 1995 -- 01 -- 07 Oregon 4.0 ! F 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Boucher , Chris ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 11 Oregon 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Cook , Quinn 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 1993 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 14 Davidson 4.0 ! F 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Durant , Kevin 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 29 Texas 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 04 Michigan State 2.5 !",
"25": "G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 -- 01 -- 28 Arizona 6.0 ! C 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jones , Damian 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 -- 06 -- 30 Vanderbilt 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) 4.0 ! F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 02 -- 06 UCLA 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 McCaw , Patrick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 -- 10 -- 25 UNLV 6.0 ! C 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 McGee , JaVale 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1988 -- 01 -- 19 Nevada 6.0 !",
"26": "C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Pachulia , Zaza 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1984 -- 02 -- 10 Georgia 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 -- 02 -- 08 Washington State 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 West , David 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1980 -- 08 -- 29 Xavier 2.5 ! G / F 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Young , Nick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1985 -- 06 -- 01 Southern California Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Mike Brown ( associate HC ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Chris DeMarco ( player development ) Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Willie Green ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 04 -- 10 Retained draft rights The Warriors hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee , who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends .",
"27": "This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Retired numbers Golden State Warriors retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Date 13 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain 1959 -- 1965 000000001999 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1999 14 Meschery , Tom Tom Meschery 1961 -- 1967 000000001967 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 1967 16 Attles , Al Al Attles 1960 -- 1971 000000001977 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1977 17 Mullin , Chris Chris Mullin G / F 1985 -- 1997 2000 -- 2001 000000002012 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2012 24 Barry , Rick Rick Barry 1965 -- 1967 1972 -- 1978 000000001988 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1988 42 Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond 1963 -- 1974 000000001978 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1978 Notes : Includes Chamberlain 's tenure ( 1959 -- 1962 ) in Philadelphia . Includes Meschery 's tenure ( 1961 -- 1962 ) in Philadelphia . Includes Attles ' tenure ( 1960 -- 1962 ) in Philadelphia . He also served as head coach from 1969 to 1983 . Also general manager from 2004 to 2009 . Meschery , Attles , Barry , Thurmond and Mullin are also members of the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame . Naismith memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members Golden State Warriors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted",
"28": "17 Andy Phillip G / F 1950 -- 1953 1961 00 Robert Parish 1976 -- 1980 2003 14 Tom Gola F / G 1955 -- 1962 1976 17 Chris Mullin G / F 1985 -- 1997 2000 -- 2001 2011 10 Joe Fulks 1946 -- 1954 1978 41 Jamaal Wilkes 1974 -- 1977 2012 11 Paul Arizin F / G 1950 -- 1962 1978 50 Ralph Sampson C / F 1987 -- 1989 2012 13 Wilt Chamberlain 1959 -- 1965 1978 30 Bernard King 1980 -- 1982 2013 16 Jerry Lucas F / C 1969 -- 1971 1980 25 Guy Rodgers 1958 -- 1966 2014 42 Nate Thurmond F / C 1963 -- 1974 1985 23 Mitch Richmond 1988 -- 1991 2014 24 Rick Barry 1965 -- 1967 1972 -- 1978 13 Šarūnas Marčiulionis 1989 -- 1994 2014 6 Neil Johnston 1951 -- 1959 10 Jo Jo White 1979 -- 1980 2015",
"29": "Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Name Position Tenure Inducted Frank McGuire Coach 1961 -- 1962 1977 Bill Sharman Coach 1966 -- 1968 Alex Hannum Coach 1963 -- 1966 1998 Don Nelson Coach 1988 -- 1995 2006 -- 2010 2012 Contributors Name Position Tenure Inducted Name Position Tenure Inducted Eddie Gottlieb Founder / Owner 1946 -- 1962 1972 Pete Newell Scout 1977 -- 1984 1979 Rick Welts President 2011 -- present 2018 Arizin , Fulks , Gola , Johnston and Phillip played all or most of their tenure with the Warriors in Philadelphia . Rodgers ' tenure was evenly divided between Philadelphia and San Francisco , and Chamberlain 's nearly so . King ( Knicks ) , Lucas ( Knicks ) , Parish ( Celtics ) , Richmond ( Kings ) , Sampson ( University of Virginia and Rockets ) , White ( Celtics ) , and Wilkes ( Lakers ) were elected mostly for their performances with other teams . Marčiulionis played most of his NBA career with Golden State , but his induction is also for his distinguished international career ( Statyba , USSR , and Lithuania ) . Of those elected to the hall primarily as Warriors , only Thurmond , Barry and Mullin spent significant time with the team since the 1971 move to Oakland and the name change to `` Golden State '' . FIBA Hall of Famers Golden State Warriors Hall of Famers Players No .",
"30": "Name Position Tenure Inducted 13 Šarūnas Marčiulionis 1989 -- 1994 2015 Statistical leaders and awards Franchise leaders Career leaders Category Player Statistics Games played Chris Mullin 807 Points Wilt Chamberlain 17,783 Rebounds Nate Thurmond 12,771 Assists Guy Rodgers 4,855 Steals Chris Mullin 1,360 Blocks Adonal Foyle 1,140 Field goals Wilt Chamberlain 7,216 FG percentage Andris Biedriņš . 594 3P FGs Stephen Curry 1,917 3P FG Percentage Anthony Morrow . 460 Free throws Paul Arizin 5,010 FT percentage Stephen Curry . 902 Points per game Wilt Chamberlain 41.5 Rebounds per game Wilt Chamberlain 25.1 Assists per game Tim Hardaway 9.3 Steals per game Rick Barry 2.3 Blocks per game Manute Bol 3.7 Individual awards Most Valuable Player Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Stephen Curry -- 2015 , 2016 NBA Finals MVP Rick Barry -- 1975 Andre Iguodala -- 2015 Kevin Durant -- 2017 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Draymond Green -- 2017 NBA Rookie of the Year Woody Sauldsberry -- 1958 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Rick Barry -- 1966 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1975 Mitch Richmond -- 1989 Chris Webber -- 1994 NBA Most Improved Player of the Year Gilbert Arenas -- 2003 Monta Ellis -- 2007 NBA Executive of the Year Dick Vertlieb -- 1975 Bob Myers - 2015 ,",
"31": "2017 NBA Coach of the Year Alex Hannum -- 1964 Don Nelson -- 1992 Steve Kerr -- 2016 NBA Sportsmanship Award Stephen Curry -- 2011 NBA Community Assist Award Stephen Curry -- 2014 All - NBA First Team Joe Fulks -- 1947 -- 1949 Howie Dallmar -- 1948 Paul Arizin -- 1952 , 1956 , 1957 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1956 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1962 , 1964 Rick Barry -- 1966 , 1967 , 1974 -- 1976 Chris Mullin -- 1992 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 Stephen Curry -- 2015 , 2016 All - NBA Second Team Joe Fulks -- 1951 Andy Phillip -- 1952 , 1953 Jack George -- 1956 Neil Johnston -- 1957 Tom Gola -- 1958 Paul Arizin -- 1959 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1963 Rick Barry -- 1973 Phil Smith -- 1976 Bernard King -- 1982 Chris Mullin -- 1989 , 1991 Tim Hardaway -- 1992 Stephen Curry -- 2014 , 2017 Draymond Green -- 2016 Kevin Durant -- 2017 All - NBA Third Team Chris Mullin -- 1990 Tim Hardaway -- 1993 David Lee -- 2013 Klay Thompson -- 2015 , 2016 Draymond Green -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive First Team Nate Thurmond -- 1969 , 1971 Andre Iguodala -- 2014 Draymond Green -- 2015 -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Rudy LaRusso -- 1969 Nate Thurmond -- 1972 -- 1974 Phil Smith -- 1976 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1976 , 1977 E.C.",
"32": "Coleman -- 1978 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 Andrew Bogut -- 2015 NBA All - Rookie First Team Nate Thurmond -- 1964 Fred Hetzel -- 1966 Rick Barry -- 1966 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1975 Gus Williams -- 1976 Joe Barry Carroll -- 1981 Larry Smith -- 1981 Mitch Richmond -- 1989 Tim Hardaway -- 1990 Billy Owens -- 1992 Chris Webber -- 1994 Joe Smith -- 1996 Marc Jackson -- 2001 Jason Richardson -- 2002 Stephen Curry -- 2010 Klay Thompson -- 2012 Harrison Barnes -- 2013 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Latrell Sprewell -- 1993 Donyell Marshall -- 1995 Antawn Jamison -- 1999 NBA All - Star Weekend NBA All - Star selections Paul Arizin -- 1951 , 1952 , 1955 -- 1962 Joe Fulks -- 1951 , 1952 Andy Phillip -- 1951 , 1952 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1958 Jack George - 1956 , 1957 Woody Sauldsberry -- 1959 Tom Gola -- 1960 -- 1962 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1965 Tom Meschery -- 1963 Guy Rodgers -- 1963 , 1964 , 1966 Nate Thurmond -- 1965 -- 1968 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 Rick Barry -- 1966 , 1967 , 1973 -- 1978 Jim King - 1968 Clyde Lee - 1968 Rudy LaRusso -- 1968 , 1969 Jeff Mullins -- 1969 -- 1971 Jerry Lucas -- 1971 Cazzie Russell -- 1972 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1976 Phil Smith -- 1976 ,",
"33": "1977 Bernard King - 1982 Sleepy Floyd -- 1987 Joe Barry Carroll -- 1987 Chris Mullin -- 1989 -- 1993 Tim Hardaway -- 1991 -- 1993 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 , 1995 , 1997 David Lee -- 2013 Stephen Curry -- 2014 -- 2018 Klay Thompson -- 2015 -- 2018 Draymond Green -- 2016 -- 2018 Kevin Durant -- 2017 , 2018 NBA All - Star Game head coach Alex Hannum -- 1965 Bill Sharman -- 1968 Al Attles -- 1975 , 1976 Don Nelson -- 1992 Steve Kerr -- 2015 , 2017 NBA All - Star Game MVP Paul Arizin -- 1952 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Rick Barry -- 1967 Slam Dunk Contest Jason Richardson -- 2002 , 2003 Three - Point Contest Stephen Curry -- 2015 Klay Thompson -- 2016 Notes Jump up ^ Philadelphia was 1947 league championship finalist -- and won the inaugural 1947 BAA Finals -- not as Eastern champion but as winner of the runners - up bracket . The Eastern and Western champions met in one best - of - seven semifinal series while four runners - up played best - of - three series to determine the other league finalist . The Warriors were second in the East , won the runners - up bracket , and defeated the Western champion Chicago . Next year the Baltimore Bullets won the runners - up bracket and defeated the Eastern champion Warriors in the 1948 BAA Finals . `` 1946 -- 47 BAA Season Summary '' . `` 1947 -- 48 BAA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : After three seasons the eastern BAA merged with the older , midwestern National Basketball League ( NBL ) to create the NBA prior to the 1949 -- 50 season . The NBA recognizes BAA history as the first stage of its own and begins its list of champions with the 1947 Warriors . `` NBA Season Recaps '' .",
"34": "NBA History ( nba.com/history ) . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : California made `` The Golden State '' its official state nickname in 1968 . `` California State Symbols '' . California State Library . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . References Jump up ^ `` Warriors All - Time Yearly Results '' ( PDF ) . Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Golden State Warriors seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Unveil New Logo , Color Scheme And Branding Elements '' . NBA.com/Warriors . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . The colors of the new logos and branding elements are Warriors Royal Blue and California Golden Yellow . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Reproduction Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors and Rakuten Form Jersey Partnership '' . NBA.com/Warriors ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . National Basketball Association . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherwood Strauss , Ethan ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` To make splash , Dubs must break up duo '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kale Williams ; Jenna Lyons ( April 14 , 2016 ) .",
"35": "`` Warriors fans delirious after basking in historic night '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia , . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chamberlain scores 100 in 1962 game versus Knicks '' . National Basketball Association . March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry Bio '' . National Basketball Association . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 2014 - 15 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . National Basketball Association . October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fainaru - Wada , Mark ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` The man who owns the Warriors / Cohan 's rocky reign / An era marked by lost games , lost fans and endless litigation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Pacers make 8 - player trade with Warriors '' . Indiana Pacers . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warriors @ Trail Blazers Recap On April 18 , the Warriors clinched their first playoff berth since 1994 with a resounding 120 -- 98 win in the regular season finale at Portland . Jump up ^ Thompson , Marcus , II ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` Warriors fan is behind ' We Believe ' campaign '' . Contra Costa Times . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Baron Davis Player Card '' . ESPN . April 13 , 1979 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ `` Larry Riley Q + A : Getting to Know GState 's GM '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Limp to Victory Is Fitting Finish '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Lacob , Guber have deal to buy Warriors '' . Associated Press . July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Lacob on the New Era Warriors : `` Something very special is happening already '' Talking Points `` . Blogs.mercurynews.com . November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking news : Warriors buy out Troy Murphy ( and why it 's a wise move ) '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Murphy had to be waived before Tuesday to remain eligible for a playoff roster on a new team . CLARIFICATION : There is a later deadline for signing with a new team . Jump up ^ `` Warriors , Murphy reach buyout agreement '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ANTONIO GONZALEZ , AP Sports Writer Apr 27 , 6 : 19 pm EDT . `` Warriors promise change , cut ties with coach Smart -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Warriors Name Mark Jackson Head Coach '' . Golden State Warriors . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors head to Denver lacking playoff experience '' . NBA . April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Splash Brothers Take On the World '' . Golden State Warriors . October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ `` Origin of Stephen Curry 's and Klay Thompson 's ' Splash Brothers ' nickname '' . Yahoo ! Sports . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors get guard Nemanja Nedovic with 30th pick in draft '' . mercurynews.com . Jump up ^ Tafur , Vic ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Warriors Make Trade Agree to Deal with Iguodala '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Antonio ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` AP Source : Warriors to sign Marreese Speights '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Report : Jermaine O'Neal , Toney Douglas to Sign with Warriors '' . CBS Sports.com . Jump up ^ `` B&H Basketball Player Ognjen Kuzmić is the New Player of the Golden State Warriors '' . Sarajevo Times . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors closing in on being a defensive power '' . mercurynews.com . Jump up ^ JayPatt . `` Bosnian center Ognjen Kuzmic signs with Warriors , according to report '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics trade Jordan Crawford , MarShon Brooks to Golden State Warriors '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors acquire Steve Blake from Lakers '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 14 Top Games : Part 1 '' . Golden State Warriors . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bleacher Report Milestones . `` Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson Each Make Three - Pointer in 30 Consecutive Games '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Assistant Scalabrine reassigned after clash with Jackson '' . The San Francisco Chronicle .",
"38": "Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors coach Mark Jackson forces reassignment of assistant Brian Scalabrine '' . Yahoo ! Sports . March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Darren Erman fired from Warriors for secret recordings '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' players fully support their coach '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ `` Mark Jackson fired by Golden State Warriors '' . Golden State Warriors . Jump up ^ Zach Buckley . `` Golden State Warriors Firing Mark Jackson Would Be Massive Mistake '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Relieve Head Coach Mark Jackson of His Duties '' . Golden State Warriors . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Kerr accepts reported five - year , $25 M offer from Warriors '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Franchise Index '' . Basketball Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 105 - 97 Cleveland Cavaliers : LeBron James loses in NBA Finals for the fourth time as Warriors win first championship in 40 years '' . Daily Mail . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Make History With 16th `` Straight Win '' `` . New York Times . November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best NBA starts '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Road Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Over '' . NBA.com . December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Home Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Individual Regular Season Records for 3 - Point Field Goals '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies vs.",
"39": "Warriors - Game Recap - April 13 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com. April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named 2015 - 16 Kia NBA Most Valuable Player '' . Warriors.com . May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Advance to Second Consecutive NBA Finals -- Golden State Warriors '' . Jump up ^ `` Game 6 of the NBA Finals as it happened '' . Jump up ^ Gallo , D.J. ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 7 -- as it happened '' . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant to sign with Warriors '' . ESPN . July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Sign Free Agent Forward Kevin Durant '' . Golden State Warriors . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durant Effect : Warriors heavy 2017 favourites '' . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry hits NBA - record 13 3 - pointers '' . Golden State Warriors . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson Pours In 60 Points , in Just 29 Minutes '' . New York Times . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four all - stars ? ! ? Warriors join rare NBA company '' . Mercury News . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Draymond Green records one - of - a-kind triple - double with rebounds , assists and steals '' . NBA . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' historic streak snapped with loss to Bulls '' . SFGATE . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ `` Purdy : Put a pause on the dynasty talk -- and just enjoy this Warriors title '' . Mercury News . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Javier . `` Trump takes on Stephen Curry and Colin Kaepernick -- and the sports world hits back '' . www.cnbc.com . CNBC.com . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Golden State Warriors to swap White House visit for trip to African - American History museum '' . TheHill . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors shift arena plans to Mission Bay '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ `` New San Francisco Golden State Warriors arena Chase Center '' . KRON4 . Jump up ^ Diamond Leung ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors expect to break ground on new San Francisco arena in 2016 '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . The Warriors are hoping to break ground on their new arena project shortly after the start of 2016 and have the venue completed in July or August 2018 , team president Rick Welts said Tuesday . Jump up ^ `` Warriors formally purchase Mission Bay site '' . SFGate . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knight Perrigan , Heather ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors owners make a risky play '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Board gives Warriors ' arena initial green light '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden State Warriors consider name change '' . NBC sports . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Pete ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Golden State Warriors confirm they wo n't change name when moving to San Francisco before 2019 - 20 season '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 .",
"41": "Jump up ^ `` Future Warriors arena to be named Chase Center '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Fitzgerald '' . Golden State Warriors . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Saracevic , Al ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors drop KNBR , head to 95.7 The Game '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dineen , J.K. `` Warriors arena to be named Chase Center -- bank buys naming rights '' . SFGate.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Hanging From the Rafters '' . NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Mullin 's No. 17 jersey retired by Warriors in halftime ceremony '' , March 19 , 2012 External links National Basketball Association portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden State Warriors . Official website Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate",
"42": "Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Links to related articles Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953",
"43": "-- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07",
"44": "2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St.",
"45": "Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 ,",
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2930863770871000475
|
who won the oscar over wolf of wall street
|
[
"Martin Scorsese",
"Leonardo DiCaprio",
"Jonah Hill",
"Terence Winter"
] |
{
"0": "List of accolades received by the Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 Film ) - wikipedia List of accolades received by the Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 Film ) Jump to : navigation , search List of accolades received by The Wolf of Wall Street Leonardo DiCaprio received several nominations for producing and starring in the film . ( show ) Accolades Award Won Nominated AACTA Awards 0 Academy Awards 0 5 American Cinema Editors 0 American Film Institute Art Directors Guild 0 Boston Society of Film Critics 0 6 British Academy Film Awards 0 Broadcast Film Critics Association 6 Casting Society of America Chicago Film Critics Association 0 Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association 0 Detroit Film Critics Society 0 Dorian Awards 0 Directors Guild of America Award 0 Empire Awards Florida Film Critics Circle 0 Golden Globe Awards Grammy Awards 0 International Online Film Critics ' Poll 0 Irish Film & Television Awards 0 London Film Critics Circle Awards 0 MTV Movie Awards 8 National Board of Review Palm Springs International Film Festival Producers Guild of America Award 0 San Francisco Film Critics Circle 0 5 Satellite Awards 0 5 Visual Effects Society Award 0 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 0 Writers Guild of America 0 Total number of awards and nominations Totals 10 82 References The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American biographical black comedy film directed by Martin Scorsese . The screenplay was adapted by Terence Winter from Jordan Belfort 's memoir of the same name . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Belfort , a New York stockbroker who runs a firm that engages in securities fraud and money laundering on Wall Street in the 1990s . Jonah Hill , Margot Robbie , and Kyle Chandler feature in supporting roles . The film premiered in New York City on December 17 , 2013 . Paramount Pictures gave it a wide release in North America and France on December 25 .",
"1": "The film grossed a worldwide total of over $392 million on a production budget of $100 million . As of August 2015 , it is Scorsese 's highest - grossing film . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 260 reviews and judged 78 % to be positive . The Wolf of Wall Street garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for Scorsese 's direction , DiCaprio 's performance as Belfort , and Winter 's adapted screenplay . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director for Scorsese , Best Adapted Screenplay for Winter , Best Actor for DiCaprio , and Best Supporting Actor for Hill but failed to win in any category . The Wolf of Wall Street earned four nominations at the 67th British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTAs ) , including Best Director , Best Actor , and Best Adapted Screenplay but did not win in any category . The film received two nominations at the 71st Golden Globe Awards , including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy with DiCaprio winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . The film was also nominated at the 66th Directors Guild of America Awards , the 25th Producers Guild of America Awards , and the 66th Writers Guild of America Awards . Both the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute included The Wolf of Wall Street in their respective lists of top ten films of 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Accolades 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AACTA Awards January 10 , 2014 Best Actor -- International DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Academy Awards March 2 , 2014 Best Picture Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese , Leonardo DiCaprio , Joey McFarland and Emma Tillinger Koskoff Nominated Best Director Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Nominated Best Actor DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Supporting Actor Hill !",
"2": "Jonah Hill Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Nominated American Cinema Editors February 7 , 2014 Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy / Musical Schoonmaker ! Thelma Schoonmaker Won American Film Institute January 10 , 2014 Top Ten Films of the Year Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese , Leonardo DiCaprio , Riza Aziz , Joey McFarland , and Emma Tillinger Koskoff Won Art Directors Guild February 8 , 2014 Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film Shaw ! Bob Shaw Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics December 8 , 2013 Best Film Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Runner - up Best Director Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Runner - up Best Actor DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Runner - up Best Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Runner - up Best Editing Schoonmaker ! Thelma Schoonmaker Runner - up Best Ensemble Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 16 , 2014 Best Director Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Nominated Best Actor in a Leading Role DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Nominated Best Editing Schoonmaker ! Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association January 16 , 2014 Best Picture Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated Best Acting Ensemble Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated Best Director Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Nominated Best Editing Schoonmaker ! Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated Best Actor in a Comedy DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Won Casting Society of America January 22 , 2015 Big Budget Comedy Lewis !",
"3": "Ellen Lewis Won Chicago Film Critics Association December 16 , 2013 Best Adapted Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Nominated Best Editing Schoonmaker ! Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association December 16 , 2013 Best Picture Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street 7th Place Best Director Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese 5th Place Best Actor DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio 5th Place Best Supporting Actor Hill ! Jonah Hill 5th Place Detroit Film Critics Society December 13 , 2013 Best Director Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Nominated Best Actor DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Ensemble Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated Best Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards January 25 , 2014 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Nominated Dorian Awards January 21 , 2014 Film of the Year Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated Empire Awards March 30 , 2014 Best Actor DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Female Newcomer Robbie ! Margot Robbie Won Florida Film Critics Circle December 18 , 2013 Best Adapted Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Runner - up Golden Globe Awards January 12 , 2014 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Won Grammy Awards February 8 , 2015 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated International Online Film Critics ' Poll January 25 , 2015 Best Picture Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated Best Actor DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Winter !",
"4": "Terence Winter Nominated Best Editing Schoonmaker ! Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated Irish Film & Television Awards April 5 , 2014 International Film Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated International Actor DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated London Film Critics Circle Awards February 2 , 2014 Film of the Year Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated Actor of the Year DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Director of the Year Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Nominated Screenwriter of the Year Winter ! Terence Winter Nominated MTV Movie Awards April 13 , 2014 Movie of the Year Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated Best Male Performance DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Robbie ! Margot Robbie Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Hill ! Jonah Hill and Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Shirtless Performance DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated # WTF Moment DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Won Best Musical Moment DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Comedic Performance Hill ! Jonah Hill Won National Board of Review December 4 , 2013 Best Adapted Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Won Top Ten Films Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Won Palm Springs International Film Festival January 5 , 2014 Creative Impact in Acting Award Hill ! Jonah Hill ( The Wolf of Wall Street , and Moneyball ) Won Producers Guild of America Awards January 19 , 2014 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Aziz ! Riza Aziz , Emma Koskoff , and Joey McFarland Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle December 15 , 2013 Best Picture Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated Best Director Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Nominated Best Actor DiCaprio !",
"5": "Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Nominated Best Editing Schoonmaker ! Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated Satellite Awards February 23 , 2014 Best Motion Picture Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Nominated Best Director Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Nominated Best Actor -- Motion Picture DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Nominated Best Editing Schoonmaker ! Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated Visual Effects Society February 12 , 2014 Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture Legato ! Robert Legato , Mark Russell , Joseph Farrell , Lisa Spence Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 9 , 2013 Best Director Scorsese ! Martin Scorsese Nominated Best Actor DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Nominated Best Editing Schoonmaker ! Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated Writers Guild of America February 1 , 2014 Best Adapted Screenplay Winter ! Terence Winter Nominated Young Artist Association May 4 , 2014 Best Supporting Young Actress in a Feature Film Eisenberg ! Giselle Eisenberg Nominated See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 2013 in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Morfoot , Addie ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Terence Winter : Leo ' Brave Enough ' for Candle Scene in ' Wolf of Wall Street ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harding , Nick ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Jordan Belfort : The real Wolf of Wall Street and the men who brought him down '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacNab , Geoffrey ( January 16 , 2014 ) .",
"6": "`` The Wolf of Wall Street , review : Scorsese 's film on rogue trader Jordan Belfort is on the money '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Scorsese Movie Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wolf of Wall Street ' Is Martin Scorsese 's Top - Grossing Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Oscar Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bafta Film Awards 2014 : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Globes Nominations : The Full List '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Globe Awards Winners '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` DGA Unveils Film Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 PGA Awards : Winners and Nominees '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . January 19 , 2014 .",
"7": "Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` WGA Awards 2014 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Austin Beutner . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Board of Review Announces 2013 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI Awards 2013 : Top 10 Films List Is Good News For Major Studios '' . Deadline.com . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Academy announces nominees for 3rd AACTA International Awards '' ( PDF ) . Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts . December 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' Captain Phillips , ' ' Gravity ' Among ACE Eddie Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Art Directors Guild Nominations Announced '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Boston Society of Film Critics winners '' . HitFix . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Nominations '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : The Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ `` Casting Society Unveils Artios Film Nominees '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Grand Budapest , ' ' Wolf of Wall Street ' win awards from Casting Society of America '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Chicago Film Critics Association nominations '' . HitFix . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dallas Fort Worth Film Critics Association winners '' . HitFix . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Film Critics Society nominates top films '' . The Detroit News . Jonathan Wolman . December 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GALECA 2013 nominees '' . Out . Joe Landry . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2014 Nominations Are Here ! '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jameson Empire Awards 2014 : The Winners '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 FFCC Award Winners '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 57th Grammy Awards '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of the 2013 -- 2014 International Online Film Critics ' Poll Announced '' . Monsters and Critics .",
"9": "January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 11th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards '' . Irish Film & Television Awards . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFTA Announces Winners of the 11th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards '' . Irish Film and Television Network . April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` London Critics ' Circle Announces 2014 Film Awards Nominations '' . London Film Critics Circle . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 MTV Movie Awards : Full Nominations List '' . MTV . Viacom . March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : Winners List '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Variety to Honor John Lee Hancock , Jonah Hill , and `` 10 Directors to Watch '' `` . Palm Springs International Film Festival . December 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 San Francisco Film Critics Circle nominations '' . HitFix . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Leads Film Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Visual Effects Society Announces Nominees for the 12th Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . January 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association nominations '' . HitFix .",
"10": "December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Association . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Accolades for The Wolf of Wall Street at the Internet Movie Database Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_accolades_received_by_The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)&oldid=814475194 '' Categories : Lists of accolades by film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 01 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
4,
2,
3,
5,
0,
1,
6,
9,
10,
8,
7
] |
[
4,
2,
3,
5,
0
] |
-7583584111592285108
|
who was the youngest president to be elected
|
[
"Theodore Roosevelt",
"Theodore Roosevelt",
"John F. Kennedy",
"John F. Kennedy",
"John F. Kennedy"
] |
{
"0": "List of presidents of the United States by age - wikipedia List of presidents of the United States by age Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of presidents of the United States by age . The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration ( first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms ) , upon leaving office , and at the time of death . Each president 's lifespan ( age at death ) is measured in two ways , to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced . The first figure is the number of days between the president 's date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; in parentheses , the same period is given in years and days , with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived , and the days being the number of days since the last birthday . Where the president is still living , their lifespan is calculated up to April 26 , 2018 . The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president , and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living . Contents ( hide ) 1 Age of U.S. presidents 1.1 Notes 2 Oldest living U.S. presidents 3 References 4 Sources Age of U.S. presidents ( edit ) See also : Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve ( mean age marked by red line , c. 55.5 years ) The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months . This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration . The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt , who became president at the age of 42 years , 322 days , following William McKinley 's assassination ; the oldest was Donald Trump , who was 70 years , 220 days old at his inauguration . The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy , at 43 years , 163 days of age on election day ; the oldest was Ronald Reagan , who was 73 years , 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term .",
"1": "Assassinated three years into his term , John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office ( 46 years , 177 days ) ; the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt ( 50 years , 128 days ) . The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan ( 77 years , 349 days ) . Born on May 29 , 1917 , John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors , the greatest number to date : Lyndon Johnson ( 8 years , 9 months , and 2 days ) ; Ronald Reagan ( 6 years , 3 months , and 23 days ) ; Richard Nixon ( 4 years , 4 months , and 16 days ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 3 years , 10 months , and 15 days ) . Born on February 6 , 1911 , Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors , the greatest number to date : Richard Nixon ( 1 year , 11 months , and 7 days ) ; Gerald Ford ( 2 years , 5 months , and 8 days ) ; John F. Kennedy ( 6 years , 3 months , and 23 days ) ; and Jimmy Carter ( 13 years , 7 months , and 25 days ) . Three presidents -- Donald Trump , George W. Bush , and Bill Clinton -- were born in 1946 ( all within the span of 9 weeks ) . This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born . Two presidents -- James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding -- were born on November 2 ( 70 years apart ) . This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents . The oldest living U.S. president is George H.W. Bush , born June 12 , 1924 ( age 93 years , 318 days ) . On November 25 , 2017 , he also became the longest - lived president , surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford , who died at the age of 93 years , 165 days . The second oldest living president , Jimmy Carter , has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history , currently at 37 years , 96 days .",
"2": "He surpassed the previous record , held by Herbert Hoover ( 31 years , 230 days ) on September 7 , 2012 . The youngest living president is Barack Obama , born August 4 , 1961 ( age 56 years , 265 days ) . The shortest - lived president to have died by natural causes ( thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield , who were both assassinated ) was James K. Polk , who died of cholera at the age of 53 years , 225 days ; only 103 days after leaving office . Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s . They are ( in order of birth ) : John Adams ( 1735 -- 1826 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1874 -- 1964 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1911 -- 2004 ) Gerald Ford ( 1913 -- 2006 ) George H.W. Bush ( born 1924 ) Jimmy Carter ( born 1924 ) # President Birth date Presidency start date Age at start date Presidency end date Age at end date Post-presidency timespan Death date Lifespan Washington , George George Washington 000000001732 - 02 - 22 - 0000 Feb 22 , 1732 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 Apr 30 , 1789 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 7004237520000000000 ♠ 65 years , 10 days 01,015 1,015 days ( 7003101500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 285 days ) 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 Dec 14 , 1799 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days ( 24,767 days ) Adams , John A. John Adams 000000001735 - 10 - 30 - 0000 Oct 30 , 1735 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 ,",
"3": "1797 7004224060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 125 days 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 7004238660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 125 days 09,253 9,253 days ( 7003925300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 122 days ) 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days ( 33,119 days ) Jefferson , Thomas Thomas Jefferson 000000001743 - 04 - 13 - 0000 Apr 13 , 1743 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 7004211440000000000 ♠ 57 years , 325 days 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 7004240660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 325 days 06,331 6,331 days ( 7003633100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 122 days ) 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 7004303970000000000 ♠ 83 years , 82 days ( 30,397 days ) Madison , James James Madison 000000001751 - 03 - 16 - 0000 Mar 16 , 1751 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 7004211720000000000 ♠ 57 years , 353 days 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 7004240940000000000 ♠ 65 years , 353 days 07,056 7,056 days ( 7003705600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 116 days ) 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 Jun 28 ,",
"4": "1836 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days ( 31,150 days ) Monroe , James James Monroe 000000001758 - 04 - 28 - 0000 Apr 28 , 1758 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 7004214940000000000 ♠ 58 years , 310 days 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 7004244160000000000 ♠ 66 years , 310 days 02,313 2,313 days ( 7003231300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 122 days ) 000000001831 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1831 7004267290000000000 ♠ 73 years , 67 days ( 26,729 days ) 6 Adams , John Q. John Q. Adams 000000001767 - 07 - 11 - 0000 Jul 11 , 1767 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 7004210550000000000 ♠ 57 years , 236 days 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 7004225160000000000 ♠ 61 years , 236 days 06,930 6,930 days ( 7003693000000000000 ♠ 18 years , 356 days ) 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 Feb 23 , 1848 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days ( 29,446 days ) 7 Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson 000000001767 - 03 - 15 - 0000 Mar 15 , 1767 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 7004226340000000000 ♠ 61 years ,",
"5": "354 days 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 7004255560000000000 ♠ 69 years , 354 days 03,018 3,018 days ( 7003301800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 96 days ) 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 Jun 8 , 1845 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days ( 28,574 days ) 8 Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren 000000001782 - 12 - 05 - 0000 Dec 5 , 1782 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 7004198120000000000 ♠ 54 years , 89 days 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 7004212730000000000 ♠ 58 years , 89 days 07,812 7,812 days ( 7003781200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 142 days ) 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 Jul 24 , 1862 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days ( 29,085 days ) 9 Harrison , William H. William H. Harrison 000000001773 - 02 - 09 - 0000 Feb 9 , 1773 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 7004248590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 23 days 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days 00,000 0 days 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days ( 24,890 days ) 10 Tyler ,",
"6": "John John Tyler 000000001790 - 03 - 29 - 0000 Mar 29 , 1790 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004186330000000000 ♠ 51 years , 6 days 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 7004200630000000000 ♠ 54 years , 340 days 06,164 6,164 days ( 7003616400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 320 days ) 000000001862 - 01 - 18 - 0000 Jan 18 , 1862 7004262270000000000 ♠ 71 years , 295 days ( 26,227 days ) 11 Polk , James K. James K. Polk 000000001795 - 11 - 02 - 0000 Nov 2 , 1795 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 7004180190000000000 ♠ 49 years , 122 days 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 7004194800000000000 ♠ 53 years , 122 days 00,103 103 days 000000001849 - 06 - 15 - 0000 Jun 15 , 1849 7004195830000000000 ♠ 53 years , 225 days ( 19,583 days ) 12 Taylor , Zachary Zachary Taylor 000000001784 - 11 - 24 - 0000 Nov 24 , 1784 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 7004234750000000000 ♠ 64 years , 100 days 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days 00,",
"7": "000 0 days 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days ( 23,967 days ) 13 Fillmore , Millard Millard Fillmore 000000001800 - 01 - 07 - 0000 Jan 7 , 1800 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004184450000000000 ♠ 50 years , 183 days 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 7004194140000000000 ♠ 53 years , 56 days 07,674 7,674 days ( 7003767400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 4 days ) 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 Mar 8 , 1874 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days ( 27,088 days ) 14 Pierce , Franklin Franklin Pierce 000000001804 - 11 - 23 - 0000 Nov 23 , 1804 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 7004176330000000000 ♠ 48 years , 101 days 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1857 7004190940000000000 ♠ 52 years , 101 days 04,601 4,601 days ( 7003460100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 218 days ) 000000001869 - 10 - 08 - 0000 Oct 8 , 1869 7004236950000000000 ♠ 64 years , 319 days ( 23,695 days ) 15 Buchanan , James James Buchanan 000000001791 - 04 - 23 - 0000 Apr 23 , 1791 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 ,",
"8": "1857 7004240560000000000 ♠ 65 years , 315 days 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 7004255170000000000 ♠ 69 years , 315 days 02,646 2,646 days ( 7003264600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 89 days ) 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 Jun 1 , 1868 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days ( 28,163 days ) 16 Lincoln , Abraham Abraham Lincoln 000000001809 - 02 - 12 - 0000 Feb 12 , 1809 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 7004190130000000000 ♠ 52 years , 20 days 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days 00,000 0 days 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days ( 20,516 days ) 17 Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson 000000001808 - 12 - 29 - 0000 Dec 29 , 1808 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205610000000000 ♠ 56 years , 107 days 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1869 7004219800000000000 ♠ 60 years , 65 days 02,340 2,340 days ( 7003234000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 149 days ) 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 Jul 31 , 1875 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days ( 24,",
"9": "320 days ) 18 Grant , Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant 000000001822 - 04 - 27 - 0000 Apr 27 , 1822 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1869 7004171130000000000 ♠ 46 years , 311 days 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 7004200350000000000 ♠ 54 years , 311 days 03,063 3,063 days ( 7003306300000000000 ♠ 8 years , 141 days ) 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 Jul 23 , 1885 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days ( 23,098 days ) 19 Hayes , Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001822 - 10 - 04 - 0000 Oct 4 , 1822 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 7004198750000000000 ♠ 54 years , 151 days 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 7004213360000000000 ♠ 58 years , 151 days 04,337 4,337 days ( 7003433700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 319 days ) 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 Jan 17 , 1893 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days ( 25,673 days ) 20 Garfield , James A. James A. Garfield 000000001831 - 11 - 19 - 0000 Nov 19 , 1831 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 7004180030000000000 ♠ 49 years , 105 days 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 ,",
"10": "1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days 00,000 0 days 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days ( 18,202 days ) 21 Arthur , Chester A. Chester A. Arthur 000000001829 - 10 - 05 - 0000 Oct 5 , 1829 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004189770000000000 ♠ 51 years , 349 days 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 7004202390000000000 ♠ 55 years , 150 days 00,624 624 days ( 7002624000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 259 days ) 000000001886 - 11 - 18 - 0000 Nov 18 , 1886 7004208630000000000 ♠ 57 years , 44 days ( 20,863 days ) 22 Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001837 - 03 - 18 - 0000 Mar 18 , 1837 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 7004175180000000000 ♠ 47 years , 351 days 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1889 7004189790000000000 ♠ 51 years , 351 days 05,590 5,590 days ( 15 years , 112 days ) 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days ( 26,030 days ) 23 Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison 000000001833 - 08 - 20 - 0000 Aug 20 ,",
"11": "1833 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1889 7004202850000000000 ♠ 55 years , 196 days 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 7004217460000000000 ♠ 59 years , 196 days 02,930 2,930 days ( 7003293000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 9 days ) 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 Mar 13 , 1901 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days ( 24,676 days ) 24 Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001837 - 03 - 18 - 0000 Mar 18 , 1837 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 7004204400000000000 ♠ 55 years , 351 days 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 7004219010000000000 ♠ 59 years , 351 days 05,590 5,590 days ( 15 years , 112 days ) 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days ( 26,030 days ) 25 McKinley , William William McKinley 000000001843 - 01 - 29 - 0000 Jan 29 , 1843 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 7004197580000000000 ♠ 54 years , 34 days 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days 00,000 0 days 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 ,",
"12": "1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days ( 21,412 days ) 26 Roosevelt , Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 000000001858 - 10 - 27 - 0000 Oct 27 , 1858 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 03,595 3,595 days ( 7003359500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 308 days ) 000000001919 - 01 - 06 - 0000 Jan 6 , 1919 7004219850000000000 ♠ 60 years , 71 days ( 21,985 days ) 27 Taft , William H. William H. Taft 000000001857 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1857 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 06,213 6,213 days ( 7003621300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 4 days ) 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 Mar 8 , 1930 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days ( 26,471 days ) 28 Wilson , Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 000000001856 - 12 - 28 - 0000 Dec 28 , 1856 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years ,",
"13": "66 days 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 7004234410000000000 ♠ 64 years , 66 days 01,066 1,066 days ( 7003106600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 336 days ) 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 Feb 3 , 1924 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days ( 24,507 days ) 29 Harding , Warren G. Warren G. Harding 000000001865 - 11 - 02 - 0000 Nov 2 , 1865 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 7004202100000000000 ♠ 55 years , 122 days 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days 00,000 0 days 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days ( 21,091 days ) 30 Coolidge , Calvin Calvin Coolidge 000000001872 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1872 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004186550000000000 ♠ 51 years , 29 days 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 7004206960000000000 ♠ 56 years , 243 days 01,403 1,403 days ( 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 307 days ) 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 Jan 5 , 1933 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days ( 22,099 days ) 31 Hoover ,",
"14": "Herbert Herbert Hoover 000000001874 - 08 - 10 - 0000 Aug 10 , 1874 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 7004199290000000000 ♠ 54 years , 206 days 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 7004213900000000000 ♠ 58 years , 206 days 11,553 11,553 days ( 7004115530000000000 ♠ 31 years , 230 days ) 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 Oct 20 , 1964 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days ( 32,943 days ) 32 Roosevelt , Franklin D. Franklin D. Roosevelt 000000001882 - 01 - 30 - 0000 Jan 30 , 1882 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 7004186600000000000 ♠ 51 years , 33 days 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days 00,000 0 days 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days ( 23,082 days ) 33 Truman , Harry S. Harry S. Truman 000000001884 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1884 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004222530000000000 ♠ 60 years , 339 days 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 7004250930000000000 ♠ 68 years , 257 days 07,280 7,",
"15": "280 days ( 7003728000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 341 days ) 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 , 1972 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days ( 32,373 days ) 34 Eisenhower , Dwight D. Dwight D. Eisenhower 000000001890 - 10 - 14 - 0000 Oct 14 , 1890 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 7004227430000000000 ♠ 62 years , 98 days 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 7004256650000000000 ♠ 70 years , 98 days 02,989 2,989 days ( 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days ) 000000001969 - 03 - 28 - 0000 Mar 28 , 1969 7004286540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 165 days ( 28,654 days ) 35 Kennedy , John F. John F. Kennedy 000000001917 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1917 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days 00,000 0 days 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days ( 16,978 days ) 36 Johnson , Lyndon B. Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001908 - 08 - 27 - 0000 Aug 27 , 1908 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 ,",
"16": "1963 7004201750000000000 ♠ 55 years , 87 days 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 7004220610000000000 ♠ 60 years , 146 days 01,463 1,463 days ( 7003146300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 2 days ) 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 Jan 22 , 1973 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days ( 23,524 days ) 37 Nixon , Richard Richard Nixon 000000001913 - 01 - 09 - 0000 Jan 9 , 1913 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 7004204650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 11 days 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 7004224920000000000 ♠ 61 years , 212 days 07,196 7,196 days ( 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days ) 000000001994 - 04 - 22 - 0000 Apr 22 , 1994 7004296880000000000 ♠ 81 years , 103 days ( 29,688 days ) 38 Ford , Gerald Gerald Ford 000000001913 - 07 - 14 - 0000 Jul 14 , 1913 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 7004223060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 26 days 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 7004232010000000000 ♠ 63 years , 190 days 10,932 10,932 days ( 7004109320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 340 days ) 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 ,",
"17": "2006 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days ( 34,133 days ) 39 Carter , Jimmy Jimmy Carter 000000001924 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1924 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 7004191040000000000 ♠ 52 years , 111 days 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 7004205650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 111 days 13,610 13,610 days ( 7004136100000000000 ♠ 37 years , 96 days ) 2018 - 04 - 26 7004341750000000000 ♠ 93 years , 207 days ( 34,175 days ) 40 Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 000000001911 - 02 - 06 - 0000 Feb 6 , 1911 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days 05,615 5,615 days ( 7003561500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 137 days ) 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 Jun 5 , 2004 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days ( 34,088 days ) 41 Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 000000001924 - 06 - 12 - 0000 Jun 12 , 1924 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 7004235980000000000 ♠ 64 years , 222 days 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 ,",
"18": "1993 7004250590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 222 days 09,227 9,227 days ( 7003922700000000000 ♠ 25 years , 96 days ) 2018 - 04 - 26 7004342860000000000 ♠ 93 years , 318 days ( 34,286 days ) 42 Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 000000001946 - 08 - 19 - 0000 Aug 19 , 1946 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 7004169560000000000 ♠ 46 years , 154 days 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 7004198780000000000 ♠ 54 years , 154 days 06,305 6,305 days ( 7003630500000000000 ♠ 17 years , 96 days ) 2018 - 04 - 26 7004261830000000000 ♠ 71 years , 250 days ( 26,183 days ) 43 Bush , George W. George W. Bush 000000001946 - 07 - 06 - 0000 Jul 6 , 1946 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 7004199220000000000 ♠ 54 years , 198 days 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 7004228440000000000 ♠ 62 years , 198 days 03,383 3,383 days ( 7003338300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 96 days ) 2018 - 04 - 26 7004262270000000000 ♠ 71 years , 294 days ( 26,227 days ) 44 Obama , Barack Barack Obama 000000001961 - 08 - 04 - 0000 Aug 4 , 1961 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 ,",
"19": "2009 7004173360000000000 ♠ 47 years , 169 days 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 169 days 00 , 134461 461 days ( 7002461000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 96 days ) 2018 - 04 - 26 7004207190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 265 days ( 20,719 days ) 45 Trump , Donald Donald Trump 000000001946 - 06 - 14 - 0000 Jun 14 , 1946 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days 2018 - 04 - 26 7004288540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 364 days 24,952 2018 - 04 - 26 7004262490000000000 ♠ 71 years , 316 days ( 26,249 days ) # President Birth date Presidency start date Age at start date Presidency end date Age at end date Post-presidency timespan Death date Lifespan Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Birthdate as changed to New Style . ^ Jump up to : Died in office . ^ Jump up to : Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms ( 1889 -- 1893 ) , and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term ( 1897 ) until his death ( 1908 ) . Jump up ^ Resigned from office . ^ Jump up to : As of April 26 , 2018 . Oldest living U.S. presidents ( edit ) See also : Living Presidents of the United States Of the 44 persons who have served as president , 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time .",
"20": "Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any , from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later . Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest , from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later . On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death , but by the inauguration of a president who was older . Theodore Roosevelt ( born 1858 ) lost this distinction when William Taft ( born 1857 ) was inaugurated , then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson ( born 1856 ) was inaugurated . More recently , Richard Nixon ( born 1913 ) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan ( born 1911 ) was inaugurated . Furthermore , although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president ( at age 49 ) and a former president ( at age 50 ) , he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term . Consequently , Taft was the oldest living president twice : first during his presidency ( having succeeded the younger Roosevelt ) , and a second time after Wilson ( his successor as president but an older man ) died . Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction , at the age of 90 . On seven occasions , the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office . In the cases of John Adams , Ulysses S. Grant , Theodore Roosevelt , Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon , this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president ; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison , the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor ( John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively ) . By contrast , the president who acquired this distinction furthest from his time in office was Gerald Ford , who had been retired for 7003999800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 137 days . President Dates Age at start date Age at end date Length Washington , George George Washington 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1789 -- December 14 , 1799 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years ,",
"21": "67 days 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days 7003388000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 228 days Adams , John John Adams 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1799 -- July 4 , 1826 7004234210000000000 ♠ 64 years , 45 days 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days 7003969800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 202 days Madison , James James Madison 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1826 -- June 28 , 1836 7004275030000000000 ♠ 75 years , 110 days 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days 7003364700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 360 days Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1836 -- June 8 , 1845 7004253070000000000 ♠ 69 years , 105 days 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days 7003326700000000000 ♠ 8 years , 345 days Adams , John Quincy John Quincy Adams 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1845 -- February 23 , 1848 7004284560000000000 ♠ 77 years , 332 days 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days 7002990000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 260 days Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1848 -- July 24 , 1862 7004238200000000000 ♠ 65 years , 80 days 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days 7003526500000000000 ♠ 14 years ,",
"22": "151 days Buchanan , James James Buchanan 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1862 -- June 1 , 1868 7004260240000000000 ♠ 71 years , 92 days 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days 7003213900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 313 days Fillmore , Millard Millard Fillmore 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1868 -- March 8 , 1874 7004249820000000000 ♠ 68 years , 146 days 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days 7003210600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 280 days Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1874 -- July 31 , 1875 7004238100000000000 ♠ 65 years , 69 days 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days 7002510000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 145 days Grant , Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1875 -- July 23 , 1885 7004194530000000000 ♠ 53 years , 95 days 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days 7003364500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 357 days Hayes , Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1885 -- January 17 , 1893 7004229380000000000 ♠ 62 years , 292 days 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days 7003273500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 178 days Harrison ,",
"23": "Benjamin Benjamin Harrison 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1893 -- March 13 , 1901 7004217000000000000 ♠ 59 years , 150 days 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days 7003297600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 55 days Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1901 -- June 24 , 1908 7004233700000000000 ♠ 63 years , 360 days 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days 7003266000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 103 days Roosevelt , Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1908 -- March 4 , 1909 7004181370000000000 ♠ 49 years , 241 days 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days Wilson , Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1913 -- February 3 , 1924 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days 7003398800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 336 days Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1924 -- March 8 ,",
"24": "1930 7004242460000000000 ♠ 66 years , 141 days 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days 7003222500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 33 days Coolidge , Calvin Calvin Coolidge 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1930 -- January 5 , 1933 7004210650000000000 ♠ 57 years , 247 days 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 303 days Hoover , Herbert Herbert Hoover 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1933 -- October 20 , 1964 7004213320000000000 ♠ 58 years , 148 days 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days 7004116110000000000 ♠ 31 years , 289 days Truman , Harry S. Harry S. Truman 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1964 -- December 26 , 1972 7004293840000000000 ♠ 80 years , 165 days 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days Johnson , Lyndon B. Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1972 -- January 22 , 1973 7004234970000000000 ♠ 64 years , 121 days 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days Nixon , Richard Richard Nixon 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1973 -- January 20 , 1981 7004219280000000000 ♠ 60 years , 13 days 7004248480000000000 ♠ 68 years ,",
"25": "11 days 7003292000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1981 -- June 5 , 2004 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days 7003853700000000000 ♠ 23 years , 137 days Ford , Gerald Gerald Ford 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2004 -- December 26 , 2006 7004331990000000000 ♠ 90 years , 327 days 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days 7002934000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 204 days Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2006 -- present 7004301470000000000 ♠ 82 years , 197 days Current 7003413900000000000 ♠ 11 years , 121 days President Dates Age at start date Age at end date Length References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Two former presidents share November 2 birthday '' . Indianapolis , Indiana : WTHR . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey , `` The Presidents of the United States '' . The White House . Robert S. Summers , `` POTUS : Presidents of the United States '' . Internet Public Library .",
"26": "( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age&oldid=838316998 '' Categories : Lists of political office - holders by age Lists relating to the United States presidency Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Latina Română Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 07 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"27": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is buried in the tomb of the unknown soldiers
|
[
"U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified"
] |
{
"0": "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier ( Arlington ) - wikipedia Tomb of the Unknown Soldier ( Arlington ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the monument in the United States . For similar monuments , see Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . North side view The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier or the Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified . Having no officially designated name , it is located in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia , United States of America . The World War I `` Unknown '' is a recipient of the Medal of Honor , the Victoria Cross , and several other foreign nations ' highest service awards . The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor , presented by U.S. Presidents who presided over their funerals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tomb of 1921 2 Tomb of 1931 3 The Unknown of World War I 4 The Unknowns of World War II and Korea 5 The Unknown of Vietnam 5.1 Identification of the Unknown 5.2 Redesignation of the crypt 6 Tomb guards 6.1 Weapons 6.2 Walking the mat 6.3 Changing of the Guard 6.4 Dedication 7 Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Tomb of 1921 ( edit ) Tomb as of November 11 , 1922 . The Tomb of 1931 would occupy this same location . On March 4 , 1921 , the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater . On November 11 , 1921 , the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred below a three - level marble tomb . The bottom two levels are six marble sections each and the top at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below . A stone , rather than marble , slab covers the rectangular opening .",
"1": "Tomb of 1931 ( edit ) Since 1921 the intent was to place a superstructure on top of the Tomb , but it was not until July 3 , 1926 , that Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb and the expenditure of $50,000 ( with a completed cost of $48,000 ) . A design competition was held and won by architect Lorimer Rich and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones . An appropriation from Congress for the work was secured and on December 21 , 1929 , a contract for completion of the Tomb itself was entered into . The Tomb would consist of seven pieces of marble in four levels ( cap , die , base and sub-base ) of which the die is the largest block with the sculpting on all four sides . Quarrying the Yule marble ( 3.9 miles south of Marble , Colorado by the Vermont Marble Company ) was a one - year process beginning in 1930 . The cap was quarried on the first attempt but the base required three tries . The large middle block also required three tries . In late January 1931 , the 56 ton middle block was lifted out of the quarry . The quarrying involved 75 men . When the block was separated from the mountain inside the quarry it weighed 124 tons . A wire saw was then brought into the quarry to cut the block down to 56 tons . On February 3 , the block reached the marble mill site ( in the town of Marble ) after a four - day trip from the quarry . Here it was crated , then shipped to Vermont on February 8 . The block was sawn to final size in West Rutland , Vermont and fabricated by craftsmen in Proctor , Vermont before it was shipped by train to Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia . By September , all 7 blocks were on the grounds of the Tomb site , at Arlington . Assembly began in September 1931 . An imperfection was found in the base requiring three more quarryings . By the end of December 1931 , the assembly was completed . Finishing work followed with the carvings on the die block by the Piccirilli Brothers under the direction of the sculptor Thomas Jones . ( The brothers also carved the Lincoln statue for the Lincoln Memorial ) . The Tomb was completed without formal ceremony on April 9 , 1932 .",
"2": "The Tomb was placed at the head of the grave of the World War I Unknown . West of this grave are the crypts of Unknowns from World War II ( south ) and Korea ( north ) . Between the two lies a crypt that once contained an Unknown from Vietnam ( middle ) . His remains were positively identified in 1998 through DNA testing as First Lieutenant Michael Blassie , United States Air Force and were removed . Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza . The Tomb has a flat - faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classical pilasters set into the surface with objects and inscription carved into the sides . The 1931 symbolism of the objects on the north , south and east sides changed over time . North and South panel with 3 wreaths on each side represent ( in 1931 ) `` a world of memories '' but later the six major battles engaged in by American forces in France : Ardennes , Belleau Wood , Château - Thierry , Meusse - Argonne , Oisiu - Eiseu , and Somme . Each wreath has 38 leaves and 12 berries . East panel that faces Washington , DC , are three Greek figures representing Peace , Victory , and `` American Manhood '' -- but later `` Valor '' instead of `` American Manhood '' Western panel is inscribed with ( centered on the panel ) : HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY AN AMERICAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT TO GOD Tomb Dimensions as of 2004 ( xxx ) * 1931 die block dimension coming out of the quarry .",
"3": "Level Length Width Height Cubic Feet Tons Cap 12 ' - 5.4 '' 6 ' - 6.7 '' 1 ' - 3.3 '' 100.69 8.56 Die 12 ' - 3.0 '' ( 14 ' - 0 `` ) * 6 ' - 6.4 '' ( 7 ' - 4.8 `` ) * 5 ' - 2.1 '' ( 6 `` - 0 '' ) * 385.43 ( 621.6 ) * 32.76 ( 52.84 ) * Base 13 ' - 10.0 '' 7 ' - 11.9 '' 1 ' - 11.1 '' 198.64 16.88 Sub-Base 14 ' - 10.4 '' 9 ' - 0.2 '' 1 ' - 10.9 '' 255.81 21.74 The Unknown of World War I ( edit ) The World War I Unknown arriving at the Washington Navy Yard , 1921 ( colorized ) On Memorial Day , 1921 , four unknown servicemen were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France . U.S. Army Sgt . Edward F. Younger , who was wounded in combat , highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Cross in `` The Great War '' selected the Unknown of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Châlons - en - Champagne , France , on October 24 , 1921 . Younger selected the World War I Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets . He chose the third casket from the left . The chosen Unknown was transported to the United States aboard the USS Olympia . Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery , France . The World War I Unknown lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda from his arrival in the United States until Armistice Day , 1921 . On November 11 , 1921 , President Warren G. Harding officiated at the interment ceremonies at the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery .",
"4": "During the ceremony , the World War I Unknown was awarded the Victoria Cross by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty , on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom . ( The United Kingdom Victoria Cross was placed with the soldier . Earlier , on March 4 , 1921 , the British Unknown Warrior was conferred the U.S. Medal of Honor by General of the Armies John Pershing . ) In 1928 , the Unknown Soldier was presented the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to America 's youth by the Boy Scouts of America . The Unknowns of World War II and Korea ( edit ) The Korean War Unknown joins the two candidates from World War II aboard the USS Canberra On August 3 , 1956 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to select and pay the tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War . The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958 . The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe , Africa , Hawaii , and the Philippines . Two Unknowns from World War II , one from the European Theater and one from the Pacific Theater , were placed in identical caskets and taken aboard the USS Canberra , a guided - missile cruiser resting off the Virginia Capes . Navy Hospital Corpsman 1st Class William R. Charette , then the U.S. Navy 's only active - duty Medal of Honor recipient who was an enlisted man , selected the World War II Unknown . The remaining casket received a solemn burial at sea . Four unknown Americans who died in the Korean War were disinterred from the National Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii . Army Master Sergeant Ned Lyle made the final selection . Both caskets arrived in Washington on May 28 , 1958 , where they lay in the Capitol Rotunda until the morning of May 30 , when they were carried on caissons to Arlington National Cemetery . President Eisenhower awarded each the Medal of Honor , and the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War were interred in the plaza beside their World War I comrade . The Unknown of Vietnam ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"5": "( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The designation of the Vietnam Unknown proved to be difficult -- with improvements in DNA testing it is possible , though unlikely , that the recovered remains for every unknown soldier killed in the Vietnam War will be identified . The Vietnam Unknown service member was originally designated by Medal of Honor recipient U.S. Marine Corps Sgt . Maj . Allan Jay Kellogg , Jr. , during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , May 17 , 1984 . Each branch of the Armed Services took part in the transportation to honor the unknown . The Marines from Marine Barracks Hawaii consisted of an Honor Guard of 9 enlisted men and Lt. Denis Muller . The designated Vietnam Unknown was transported aboard the USS Brewton , where the Marines stood guard over the casket during the voyage to Naval Air Station Alameda , California . At Travis , the debarkation ceremony turned the remains over to the USAF on May 24 . The next day , the remains of were flown from Travis Air Force Base , California , arriving at Andrews Air Force Base , Maryland . Once there the remains were turned over to the US Army , where the remains were taken to Fort McNair for placement upon the horse - drawn wagon which later carried the Unknown to the Capital Rotunda for display before interment . While on display for public viewing , all branches of the US Armed Forces stood in honor , guarding the casket of the Unknown for 2 weeks . The Tomb guards stood at death watch for the entire day as thousands of people braved the dreary weather to pay their respects . The presidential wreath was brought forward toward President Reagan during the interment ceremony for the Unknown Serviceman of the Vietnam Era at the Tomb of the Unknowns on May 28 , 1984 . Many Vietnam veterans and President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan visited the Vietnam Unknown in the U.S. Capitol . An Army caisson carried the Vietnam Unknown from the Capitol to the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day , May 28 , 1984 . President Reagan presided over the funeral , and presented the Medal of Honor to the Vietnam Unknown , and also acted as next of kin by accepting the interment flag at the end of the ceremony .",
"6": "The interment flags of all Unknowns at the Tomb of the Unknowns are on view in the Memorial Display Room . Identification of the Unknown ( edit ) In 1994 , Ted Sampley , a POW / MIA activist , determined that the remains of the Vietnam Unknown were likely those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie , who was shot down near An Lộc , Vietnam , in 1972 . Sampley published an article in his newsletter and contacted Blassie 's family , who attempted to pursue the case with the Air Force 's casualty office without result . In January 1998 CBS News broadcast a report based on Sampley 's investigation which brought political pressure to support the identification of the remains . The body was exhumed on May 14 , 1998 . Based on mitochondrial DNA testing , Department of Defense scientists confirmed the remains were those of Blassie . The identification was announced on June 30 , 1998 , and on July 10 , Blassie 's remains arrived home to his family in St. Louis , Missouri ; he was reinterred at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery on July 11 . Redesignation of the crypt ( edit ) The slab over the crypt that once held the remains of the Vietnam Unknown has since been replaced . The original inscription of `` Vietnam '' and the dates of the conflict has been changed to `` Honoring and Keeping Faith with America 's Missing Servicemen '' as a reminder of the commitment of the Armed Forces to the fullest possible accounting of missing service members . Tomb guards ( edit ) Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge The tomb guards are soldiers of the United States Army . The first military guards were troopers from the 3rd Cavalry , `` Brave Rifles '' , who were posted nearby on Fort Myer . Since April 6 , 1948 , ( known then as `` Army Day '' ) , when the regiment was reactivated , it has been guarded by soldiers from 3rd Infantry Regiment , `` The Old Guard '' . The Old Guard is also posted to Fort Myer , Virginia , adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery . It is considered one of the highest honors to serve as a Sentinel at the Tomb of the Unknowns .",
"7": "Fewer than 20 percent of all volunteers are accepted for training and of those only a fraction pass training to become full - fledged Tomb Guards . This attrition rate has made the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge the second least - awarded qualification badge of the United States military ( the first being the Astronaut Badge ) . The soldier `` walking the mat '' does not wear rank insignia , so as not to outrank the Unknowns , whatever their ranks may have been . Non-commissioned officers ( usually the Relief Commander and Assistant Relief Commanders ) , do wear insignia of their rank when changing the guard only . They have a separate uniform ( without rank ) that is worn when they actually guard the Unknowns or are `` posted . '' The duties of the sentinels are not purely ceremonial . The sentinels will confront people who cross the barriers at the tomb or who they perceive to be disrespectful or excessively loud . Weapons ( edit ) Over the years there have been several different types of weapons used by the tomb guards . The changes in weapons reflect the changes in the Army , including M1903 Springfield rifle , M1 Garand and M14 rifles , M1911 and M9 pistols . Tomb guards currently carry M14 rifles , which are unloaded and affixed to ceremonial rifle stocks . These rifles are cleaned daily and kept ready for use at all times . Walking the mat ( edit ) There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves . The tomb guard : Marches 21 steps south down the black mat laid across the Tomb . Turns and faces east , toward the Tomb , for 21 seconds . Turns and faces north , changes weapon to outside shoulder , and waits 21 seconds . Marches 21 steps down the mat . Turns and faces east for 21 seconds . Turns and faces south , changes weapon to outside shoulder , and waits 21 seconds . Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard . After each turn , the guard executes a sharp `` shoulder - arms '' movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat . Out of respect for the interred , the sentinels command silence at the tombs .",
"8": "If the guard walking the mat must vocally confront a disturbance from spectators , or a threat , the routine is interrupted , and remains so until the disturbance is under control . The sentinel will exit the mat , place the weapon in port arms position , and confront the disturbance . Once under control , the sentinel then walks on the pavement to the other side of the mat , turns to shoulder arms , and continues the routine . Twenty - one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed -- the 21 - gun salute . The mat is usually replaced twice per year : before Memorial Day and before Veterans Day . This is required because of the wear on the rubber mat by the special shoes worn by tomb guards . The sentinels have metal plates built into the soles and inner parts of their shoes to allow for a more rugged sole and to give the signature click of the heel during maneuvers . The sentinels wear sunglasses because of the bright reflection from the marble surrounding the Tomb and the Memorial Amphitheater . On the ground not covered by the mat , a rust pattern in the tile can be seen that corresponds to the precise steps taken during the changing of the guard . The metal from the guards ' boots causes the brown rust markings on the stone . On the mat itself , footprints caused by standing guard are also visible . Changing of the guard ( edit ) Changing of the Guard , 2005 . While Arlington National Cemetery is open , during the day in summer months from April 1 to September 30 , the guard is changed every half hour . During the winter months , from October 1 to March 31 , the guard is changed every hour . After the cemetery closes to the public ( 7 p.m. to 8 a.m. April through September , and 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. October through March ) , the guard is changed every 2 hours . The ceremony can be witnessed by the public whenever Arlington National Cemetery is open . The guard change is very symbolic , but also conducted in accordance with Army regulations . The relief commander or assistant relief commander , along with the oncoming guard , are both required for a guard change to take place . The relief commander orders the guard being relieved to `` pass on your orders '' to the oncoming guard .",
"9": "The guard being relieved will say to the oncoming guard , `` Post and orders remain as directed . '' The oncoming guard 's response is always , `` Orders acknowledged . '' During changes when the public is witnessing the ceremony , the commander will inform the public that the ceremony is about to take place and that those in attendance should remain `` silent and standing '' throughout the entire event . Dedication ( edit ) A civilian guard was first posted at the Tomb on November 17 , 1925 , to prevent , among other things , families from picnicking on the flat marble slab with views of the city . A military guard was first posted on March 25 , 1926 . The first 24 - hour guard was posted on midnight , July 2 , 1937 . The Tomb of the Unknowns has been guarded continuously , 24 hours a day , 7 days a week , since that time . Inclement weather , terrorist attacks , et cetera , do not cause the watch to cease . Since 1948 , the tomb guards , a special platoon within the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment ( The Old Guard ) work on a team rotation of 24 hours on , 24 hours off , for five days , taking the following four days off . A guard takes an average of six hours to prepare his uniform -- heavy wool , regardless of the time of year -- for the next day 's work . In addition to preparing the uniform , guards also conduct physical training , tomb guard training , participate in field exercises , cut their hair before the next work day , and at times are involved in regimental functions as well . Tomb guards are required to memorize 35 pages of information about Arlington National Cemetery and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , including the locations of nearly 300 graves and who is buried in each one . A special Army decoration , the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is authorized for wear after passing a detailed test of 100 questions ( from a pool of more than 300 ) , a uniform test with two gigs ( errors ) or fewer ( measured to the 1 / 64 `` ) , and a test on the guard changing sequence . After serving honorably for a period of nine months , and having passed the sequence of tests , a tomb guard is permanently awarded the Badge .",
"10": "Since the first award on February 7 , 1958 , fewer than 650 soldiers have completed training and been awarded this badge , including four women . A small number of tomb guard Identification Badges have also been retroactively awarded to soldiers who served as Guards before 1959 . Those numbers make the Badge the second rarest award currently issued in the United States Army ; only the Army Astronaut Badge is rarer . The badge was designed in 1956 and first issued to members of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns on February 7 , 1958 . The badge was first issued only as a temporary wear item , meaning the soldiers could only wear the badge during their tenure as members of the honor guard . Upon leaving the duty , the badge was returned and reissued to incoming soldiers . In 1963 , a regulation was enacted that allowed the badge to be worn as a permanent part of the military uniform , even after the soldier 's completion of duty at the Tomb of the Unknowns . Damage and repair to the Tomb monument ( edit ) The crack can be seen underneath the words `` An American '' and above the word `` Soldier . '' Cracking and weathering are causing concerns for the long - term preservation of the Tomb Monument . A November 1963 report first recorded horizontal cracking of the monument 's marble die block . Though this was the first time that the damage was documented , the report made it clear that the cracks had become visible some time before that date . In 1963 -- 1964 , there were two cracks -- referred to as `` primary '' and `` secondary '' -- extending approximately 34 feet around the die block . By 1974 , they had extended to 40 feet . They grew another 4.6 feet over the next 15 years . Inspection has determined that the cracks have increased horizontally since 1990 . Analysis also indicates that the cracks are not surficial but extend partially through the block and will eventually extend all the way through . The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble 's surface . As much as 2.85 mm of the marble surface has been lost through weathering .",
"11": "The study projected that before 2010 , the Tomb Monument will have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concludes the only solutions are to enclose or replace the monument . Several options have been considered to deal with the damage . Officials at Arlington National Cemetery determined that proper repair can return the Tomb Monument to an acceptable appearance . However , because the cracks will continue to lengthen and widen , continuous grouting , regrouting , touch - up , monitoring , and maintenance would be required . Therefore , a report commissioned by Arlington National Cemetery and published in June 2006 confirmed the Cemetery 's conclusion that `` replacement of the three pieces of the Tomb Monument is the preferred alternative '' . A final decision was scheduled to be made on September 30 , 2007 . The National Trust for Historic Preservation objects to the plan to replace the authentic Tomb Monument . The Trust expressed concern that Arlington National Cemetery seeks to replace the existing monument with marble from the original quarry , which experts agree is likely eventually to crack . The Trust has observed that the Cemetery 's own 1990 report recommended that the monument be repaired and that the Cemetery , in fact , commissioned Oehrlein Architects to repair the stone . In 2007 , Mary Oehrlein informed Congressional staff members that : `` The existing monument can easily be repaired , as was done 17 years ago , using conventional conservation methods to re-grout the cracks . Once repaired , the fault lines would be virtually invisible from the public viewing areas . '' On September 26 , 2007 , U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka announced that an amendment crafted together with Senator Jim Webb will be added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 ( H.R. 1585 ) that would require a report on the plans of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to replace the monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns . The secretaries would be required to advise Congress on the current efforts to maintain and preserve the monument . Additionally , they would have to provide an assessment on the feasibility and advisability of repairing rather than replacing the Tomb Monument . Finally , if the secretaries choose replacement , they would have to report those plans and detail how they intend to dispose of the current monument .",
"12": "Once the report is provided , the secretaries are prevented from taking action to replace the monument for at least 180 days . The Akaka - Webb amendment was included in the bill by unanimous consent of the Senate . An amendment to the Fiscal Year 2008 Defense Authorization Bill authorized a review of the monument 's condition . The bill also authorized repair , but not replacement , of the monument . Final passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2008 ( H.R. 4986 ) was signed by President Bush on January 28 , 2008 . October 21 , 2011 : Completed repair of the cracks in the Tomb . In 2003 John Haines , a retired car dealer , offered to donate a large slab of marble to the Arlington National Cemetery to replace the existing marble . Haines paid $31,000 for the marble slab . The marble was not removed from the quarry , however , because imperfections were found and the block was rejected . In June 2009 Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that the monument was to be repaired , not replaced . In 2010 , the cracks were filled but the repairs lasted only a few months . As of June 2011 , the cemetery was struggling to repair the cracks in the monument , one of which measured 28.4 feet ( 8.7 m ) long , with another at 16.2 feet ( 4.9 m ) . In September 2011 , the cracks were filled again and on October 21 , 2011 , inspection by the Corps of Engineers and other experts pronounced the repairs a success . See also ( edit ) Civil War Unknowns Monument Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier Tomb of the Unknown Soldier -- for a list of similar memorials in other countries Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier World War I memorials Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier The Unknown Warrior -- London , UK The Unknown Soldier -- Paris , France Military rites Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Syracuse University Archives has an extensive collection of Lorimer Rich ( 1914 Syracuse graduate ) papers pertaining to his architect design work of the Tomb , including 44 numbered drawings of the Tomb . http://archives.syr.edu/collections/alumni/rich_box.html Archived February 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Many sources reference the 1931 Tomb as a sarcophagus , but it is not : in a sarcophagus , the remains are placed in a hollowed - out portion of the stone ; the marble in the Tomb was not hollowed out and the remains are underneath the Tomb . Jump up ^ 1931 body block tonnage calculated in 2004 is different ( by 5.9 % ) from the other source amount of 56 tons and can not be explained with certainty . Sub-base cubic footage and tons was calculated from the source dimensions because cubic feet and tons were not included in the source data table . Per cubic foot , the marble weighs 170 pounds . Jump up ^ The identification took place after Blassie 's family lobbied the Pentagon to perform the DNA testing . His remains ( 6 partial bones ) had originally been recovered several months after his aircraft had been shot down and were not sufficient to allow for positive identification at the time . CNN.com `` Home at last for a fallen hero '' . June 11 , 1998 . Also see : U.S. National Library of Medicine -- Visible Proofs , `` Michael Blassie unknown no more '' , May 23 , 2006 Jump up ^ The Tomb Guard Identification Badge is the only badge awarded by the United States Army that can be revoked after a soldier has left the military . The Regimental Commander of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment has the authority to revoke a badge from any Guard ( past or present ) for any act that would bring discredit upon the Tomb of the Unknowns . `` Army Regulation 600 - 8 - 22 -- `` Military Awards '' ( 11 December 2006 ) ; para. 8 - 40f '' ( PDF ) . Department of the Army . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery : The Tomb of the Unknowns '' . Arlingtoncemetery.mil . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients - World War I Tomb of the Unknown Soldier ( archived from the original on October 22 , 2006 ) .",
"14": "Jump up ^ World War I Unknown Soldier , Arlington National Cemetery website . ^ Jump up to : `` The Quartermaster Review September -- October 1963 '' . United States Army . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Configuration of 1921 Tomb '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Unknown Soldier of World War I '' . The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funeral , 1921 - 1969 . United States Army . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Tomb '' . Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marble , Colorado : City of Stone '' ; by Duane Vandenbusche and Rex Myers ; Golden Bell Press ; Denver , Colorado ; 6th printing February 1996 ^ Jump up to : `` The Vermont Marble Museum '' . Vermont Marble Company . April 1931 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dedication photo '' . Syracuse University Archives . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Scan of the Tomb , 2004 '' . Direct Dimensions Inc , Owing Mills , Maryland . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Victoria Cross '' . The British Army 212 ( Yorkshire ) Field Hospital ( volunteers ) website . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1929 - 1926 '' . Boy Scouts of America National Council . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 79 -- 429 ; Pub. L. 84 -- 975 ^ Jump up to : `` Quartermaster Review ( January -- February 1964 ) '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 .",
"15": "Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Poole ( 2009 ) . On hallowed ground : the story of Arlington National Cemetery . Walker & Company . pp. 301 -- 302 . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1548 - 6 . Jump up ^ Memorial day tribute : holiday holds special meaning for Blassie family - LaVonne Johnson , Citizen Airman . June 2003 . Jump up ^ McVeigh , Alex ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` First Tomb Badge recipient laid to rest '' . The Official Home Page Of The United States Army . Jump up ^ `` Who Are The Tomb Guards '' . tombguard.org . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Changing of the Guard '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Society of the Honor Guard -- Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting Arlington National Cemetery '' . Retrieved September 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb of the Unknown Soldier FAQ '' . Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Still Vigilant at the Tomb of the Unknowns Despite Irene - ABC News Jump up ^ PHOTO : Despite Sandy , Soldiers Stand Guard At Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier : The Two - Way : NPR Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091014110013/http://www.tombguard.org/Nov01_Jan02.pdf Jump up ^ The Sentinel , `` Post and Orders Remain as Directed '' ( PDF ) . August 2002 -- September 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Repair or Replacement Project ( draft ) '' ( PDF ) .",
"16": "June 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Take Action for Historic Preservation '' . Nationaltrust.org . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Crack Mars Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , ABC News May 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ John Paul Woodley , Jr. , Assistant Secretary of the Army ( Civil Works ) ; William F. Tuerk , Under Secretary for Memorial Affairs , Department of Veterans Affairs ( 2008 ) . `` Report on Alternative Measures To Address Cracks in the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia '' . Congressional Record . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Akaka - Webb Amendment to Halt Replacement of the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns is Approved by Senate '' . September 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. , `` Bid to Replace Tomb Monument Stalls '' , Washington Post , January 30 , 2008 , p . A03 . Jump up ^ Nancy Lofholm , Marble for Unknowns tomb just sits , Denver Post , August 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMichael , William ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Tomb of Unknowns to be repaired , not replaced '' . Army Times . Army Times Publishing Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : video by Army Corps of Engineers , Norfolk District Jump up ^ Davenport , Christian , `` Repairs On Persistent Cracks At Tomb Of Unknowns Delayed '' , Washington Post , June 9 , 2011 , p . B1 . Jump up ^ Army Corps of Engineers photos and text Further reading ( edit ) The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funeral , 1921 - 1969 , CHAPTER I , The Unknown Soldier of World War I , State Funeral , 23 October -- 11 November 1921 by B.C.",
"17": "Mossman and M.W. Stark . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History , 1991 . CMH Pub 90 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of the Unknowns . Official U.S. Army Tomb Guard and Tomb of the Unknowns website Arlington Cemetery official site Arlington Historical Society Arlington Convention and Visitors Service official website Snopes 's article on the Tomb of the Unknowns Society of the Honor Guard - Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Video of the Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns , by Dover Lodge # 489 video of a changing of the guard The short film Interment Ceremony Of The Vietnam Unknown ( 1985 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Historic film footage of November 11 , 1921 interment ceremony for the World War I Unknown Soldier at the tomb of 1921 The Unknowns - 2016 Documentary film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&oldid=835797676 '' Categories : Arlington National Cemetery Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Military monuments and memorials in the United States World War I memorials in the United States American recipients of the Victoria Cross American World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross Monuments and memorials in Virginia Marble sculptures in Virginia 1931 sculptures Tombs of Unknown Soldiers Tombs in the United States 1921 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 20 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "National Film Award for Best Actor - wikipedia National Film Award for Best Actor Jump to : navigation , search National Film Award for Best Actor National award for contributions to Indian Cinema Awarded for Best Performance by an Actor Sponsored by Directorate of Film Festivals Formerly called Bharat Award ( 1968 -- 1974 ) Reward ( s ) Rajat Kamal ( Silver Lotus ) ₹ 50,000 ( US $770 ) First awarded 1967 Last awarded 2017 Most recent winner Riddhi Sen Highlights Total awarded 56 First winner Uttam Kumar The National Film Award for Best Actor , officially known as the Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actor ( Hindi pronunciation : ( rədʒət̪ kəməl ) ) , is an honour presented annually at the National Film Awards of India instituted since 1967 to actors who have delivered the best performance in a leading role within the Indian film industry . Called the `` State Awards for Films '' when established in 1954 , the National Film Awards ceremony is older than the Directorate of Film Festivals . The State Awards instituted the individual award in 1968 as the `` Bharat Award for the Best Actor '' ; in 1975 , it was renamed as the `` Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actor '' . Throughout the past 45 years , accounting for ties and repeat winners , the Government of India has presented a total of 52 `` Best Actor '' awards to 40 actors . Until 1974 , winners of the National Film Award received a figurine and certificate ; since 1975 , they have been awarded with a `` Rajat Kamal '' ( silver lotus ) , certificate and a cash prize . Although the Indian film industry produces films in around 20 languages and dialects , the actors whose performances have won awards have worked in seven major languages : Hindi ( twenty - two awards ) , Malayalam ( thirteen awards ) , Tamil ( seven awards ) , Bengali ( five awards ) , Marathi ( three awards ) , Kannada ( three awards ) and English ( two awards ) . The first recipient was Uttam Kumar from Bengali cinema , who was honoured at the 15th National Film Awards in 1968 for his performances in Anthony Firingee and Chiriyakhana .",
"1": "As of 2017 , Amitabh Bachchan is the most honoured actor , with four awards . Two actors -- Kamal Haasan and Mammootty -- have been honoured three times , while six actors -- Sanjeev Kumar , Mithun Chakraborty , Om Puri , Naseeruddin Shah , Mohanlal , and Ajay Devgn -- have won the award two times . Two actors have achieved the honour for performing in two languages -- Mithun Chakraborty ( Hindi and Bengali ) and Mammootty ( Malayalam and English ) . The most recent recipient is Riddhi Sen , who was honoured at the 65th National Film Awards for his performance in the Bengali film Nagarkirtan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recipients 2 Footnotes 3 References 4 External links Recipients ( edit ) Amitabh Bachchan has won the honour maximum number of times ( four ) . Kamal Haasan ( top ) and Mammootty ( bottom ) have won the award three times . Mithun Chakraborty was awarded for his debut film . Key Symbol Meaning Year Indicates the year in which the film was censored by the Central Board of Film Certification ( CBFC ) Indicates a joint award for that year List of award recipients , showing the year , role ( s ) , film ( s ) and language ( s ) Year Recipient ( s ) Role ( s ) Work ( s ) Language ( s ) Refs . 1967 ( 15th ) Uttam Kumar Anthony Firingee Byomkesh Bakshi Antony Firingee Chiriyakhana Bengali 1968 ( 16th ) Ashok Kumar Jogi Thakur Aashirwad Hindi 1969 ( 17th ) Utpal Dutt Bhuvan Shome Bhuvan Shome Hindi 1970 ( 18th ) Sanjeev Kumar Hamid Ahmed Dastak Hindi 1971 ( 19th ) M.G.",
"2": "Ramachandran Selvam Rickshawkaran Tamil 1972 ( 20th ) Sanjeev Kumar Hari Charan Mathur Koshish Hindi 1973 ( 21st ) P.J. Antony Velichapad Nirmalyam Malayalam ( 22nd ) Sadhu Meher Kishtaya Ankur Hindi ( 23rd ) M.V. Vasudeva Rao Choma Chomana Dudi Kannada 1976 ( 24th ) Mithun Chakraborty Ghinua Mrigayaa Hindi 1977 ( 25th ) Bharath Gopi Shankaran Kutty Kodiyettam Malayalam 1978 ( 26th ) Arun Mukherjee Parasuram Parasuram Bengali 1979 ( 27th ) Naseeruddin Shah Anirudh Parmar Sparsh Hindi 1980 ( 28th ) Balan K. Nair Govindan Oppol Malayalam 1981 ( 29th ) Om Puri Hari Mondal Arohan Hindi 1982 ( 30th ) Kamal Haasan R.",
"3": "Srinivas ( Cheenu ) Moondram Pirai Tamil ( 31st ) Om Puri Anant Velankar Ardh Satya Hindi 1984 ( 32nd ) Naseeruddin Shah Naurangia Paar Hindi 1985 ( 33rd ) Shashi Kapoor Vikas Pande New Delhi Times Hindi 1986 ( 34th ) Charuhasan Tabara Shetty Tabarana Kathe Kannada ( 35th ) Kamal Haasan Sakthivelu Nayakar Nayakan Tamil 1988 ( 36th ) Premji Raghava Chakyar Piravi Malayalam 1989 ( 37th ) Mammootty Vaikom Muhammad Basheer Chandu Chekavar Mathilukal Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha Malayalam 1990 ( 38th ) Amitabh Bachchan Vijay Deenanath Chauhan Agneepath Hindi 1991 ( 39th ) Mohanlal Gopinathan Bharatham Malayalam 1992 ( 40th ) Mithun Chakraborty Shibnath Tahader Katha Bengali 1993 ( 41st ) Mammootty Ponthan Mada Bhaskara Patelar Ponthan Mada Vidheyan Malayalam 1994 ( 42nd ) Nana Patekar Pratap Narayan Tilak Krantiveer Hindi 1995 ( 43rd ) Rajit Kapur Mahatma Gandhi Making of the Mahatma !",
"4": "The Making of the Mahatma English ( 44th ) Kamal Haasan Senapathy ( Indian ) Chandrabose Indian Tamil 1997 ( 45th ) Balachandra Menon Ismail Samaantharangal Malayalam 1997 ( 45th ) Suresh Gopi Kannan Perumalayan Kaliyattam Malayalam 1998 ( 46th ) Ajay Devgn Ajay R. Desai Zakhm Hindi 1998 ( 46th ) Mammootty B.R. Ambedkar Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar English 1999 ( 47th ) Mohanlal Kunjikuttan Vanaprastham Malayalam 2000 ( 48th ) Anil Kapoor Major Jaidev Rajvansh Pukar Hindi 2001 ( 49th ) Murali Appa Mestry Neythukaran Malayalam 2002 ( 50th ) Ajay Devgn Bhagat Singh Legend of Bhagat Singh ! The Legend of Bhagat Singh Hindi 2003 ( 51st ) Vikram Chithan Pithamagan Tamil ( 52nd ) Saif Ali Khan Karan Kapoor Hum Tum Hindi 2005 ( 53rd ) Amitabh Bachchan Debraj Sahai Black Hindi 2006 ( 54th ) Soumitra Chatterjee Shashanka Palit Podokkhep Bengali 2007 ( 55th ) Prakash Raj Vengadam Kanchivaram Tamil 2008 ( 56th ) Upendra Limaye Tayappa Jogwa Marathi 2009 ( 57th ) Amitabh Bachchan Auro Paa Hindi ( 58th ) Dhanush K.P.",
"5": "Karuppu Aadukalam Tamil ( 58th ) Salim Kumar Abu Adaminte Makan Abu Malayalam 2011 ( 59th ) Girish Kulkarni Keshya Deool Marathi 2012 ( 60th ) Irrfan Khan Paan Singh Tomar Paan Singh Tomar Hindi 2012 ( 60th ) Vikram Gokhale Ratnakar Anumati Marathi 2013 ( 61st ) Rajkummar Rao Shahid Azmi Shahid Hindi 2013 ( 61st ) Suraj Venjaramoodu Father Perariyathavar Malayalam 2014 ( 62nd ) Sanchari Vijay Madesha ( Vidya ) Naanu Avanalla ... Avalu Kannada 2015 ( 63rd ) Amitabh Bachchan Bhashkor Banerjee Piku Hindi 2016 ( 64th ) Akshay Kumar Rustom Pavri Rustom Hindi 2017 ( 65th ) Riddhi Sen Puti Nagarkirtan Bengali Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 2014 , the cash prize is ₹ 50,000 ( US $770 ) . Jump up ^ Bachchan has been the most successful actor since 2000 , having won the award three times for his performances in Black ( 2005 ) , Paa ( 2009 ) and Piku ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Denotes The year in which the film was censored by the Central Board of Film Certification . Jump up ^ The character played by Kamal Haasan was loosely based on the Mumbai - based Tamil gangster Varadarajan Mudaliar . Jump up ^ Mammootty played the real - life character of Vaikom Muhammad Basheer in the film that was based on an autobiographical novel of the same name by Basheer himself . Jump up ^ The character remained unnamed throughout the film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About National Film Awards '' . Directorate of Film Festivals .",
"6": "Archived from the original on 25 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 21st National Awards For Films ( 1974 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 16 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 22nd National Film Festival ( 1975 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 60th National Film Awards Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) , India . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Awards for Films : Uttam Kumar ( 1967 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals. 25 November 1968 . p. 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amitabh Bachchan '' . The Hindustan Times . 18 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Avijit ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` Mithun : Sexy at sixty '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 14th National Film Awards For Films ( 1968 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals. 25 November 1968 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` 16th National Awards For Films ( 1969 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals. 13 February 1970 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Gokulsing , K. & Dissanayake , Wimal ( 2004 ) . Indian popular cinema : a narrative of cultural change . Trentham Books . p. 97 . ISBN 1 - 85856 - 329 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` 20th National Awards For Films ( 1971 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 41 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About MGR -- Dr. M.G. Ramachandran '' . mgrhome.org . MGR Memorial Charitable Trust . Archived from the original on 21 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 23rd National Film Festival ( 1976 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 40th National Film Festival '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 38 -- 39 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 25th National Film Festival ( 1978 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ The Times of India directory & yearbook , including who 's who . Times of India Press . HathiTrust. 1980 .",
"8": "^ Jump up to : `` 32nd National Film Festival ( 1985 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Hindi ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 28th National Film Festival ( 1981 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 29th National Film Festival ( 1982 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 30th National Film Festival ( 1983 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 31st National Film Festival June 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Saibal ; Nihalani , Govind & Guljar ( 2003 ) . `` Kapoor , Shashi ( b . 1938 ) '' . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Delhi : Popular Prakashan . p. 568 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 34th National Film Awards 1987 '' . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Of course Velu Nayakan does n't dance '' . The Hindu . 18 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 .",
"9": "Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Nagarajan , Saraswathy ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` Smooth sailing '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mammootty as Basheer 's Majid '' . Bangalore Mirror. 21 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 34 -- 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 36 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 22 .",
"10": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 40 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Standing ovation for Dev Anand '' . The Tribune . Chandigarh . Tribune News Service . 30 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) .",
"11": "Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 32 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 34 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 64 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 3 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 59th National Film Awards for 2011 -- Feature Films '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 61st National Film Awards Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) , India . 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 62nd National Awards : Kangana Ranaut wins Best Actress for ' Queen ' , Vijay wins Best Actor for ' Nanu Avanalla Avalu ' '' . Times of India . 24 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2015 . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 63rd National Film Awards : List of winners '' . The Times of India . 28 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2016 .",
"12": "Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 64 th National Film Awards , 2016 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Directorate of Film Festivals. 4 April 2018 . p. 89 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 65th National Film Awards announcement LIVE UPDATES '' . The Indian Express . 13 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals , India National Film Awards Archives National Film Award for Best Actor 1967 -- 1980 Uttam Kumar ( 1967 ) Ashok Kumar ( 1968 ) Utpal Dutt ( 1969 ) Sanjeev Kumar ( 1970 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1971 ) Sanjeev Kumar ( 1972 ) P.J. Antony ( 1973 ) Sadhu Meher ( 1974 ) M.V. Vasudeva Rao ( 1975 ) Mithun Chakraborty ( 1976 ) Bharath Gopi ( 1977 ) Arun Mukherjee ( 1978 ) Naseeruddin Shah ( 1979 ) Balan K. Nair ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Om Puri ( 1981 ) Kamal Haasan ( 1982 ) Om Puri ( 1983 ) Naseeruddin Shah ( 1984 ) Shashi Kapoor ( 1985 ) Charuhasan ( 1986 ) Kamal Haasan ( 1987 ) Premji ( 1988 ) Mammootty ( 1989 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 1990 ) Mohanlal ( 1991 ) Mithun Chakraborty ( 1992 ) Mammootty ( 1993 ) Nana Patekar ( 1994 ) Rajit Kapur ( 1995 ) Kamal Haasan ( 1996 )",
"13": "Balachandra Menon and Suresh Gopi ( 1997 ) Ajay Devgan and Mammootty ( 1998 ) Mohanlal ( 1999 ) Anil Kapoor ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Murali ( 2001 ) Ajay Devgan ( 2002 ) Vikram ( 2003 ) Saif Ali Khan ( 2004 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 2005 ) Soumitra Chatterjee ( 2006 ) Prakash Raj ( 2007 ) Upendra Limaye ( 2008 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 2009 ) Dhanush and Salim Kumar ( 2010 ) Girish Kulkarni ( 2011 ) Irrfan Khan and Vikram Gokhale ( 2012 ) Rajkummar Rao and Suraj Venjaramoodu ( 2013 ) Sanchari Vijay ( 2014 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 2015 ) Akshay Kumar ( 2016 ) Riddhi Sen ( 2017 ) National Film Awards Directorate of Film Festivals Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Cinema of India Lifetime Achievement Dadasaheb Phalke Award Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Feature Film Best Director Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Best Children 's Film Best Debut Film of a Director Best Animated Film Silver Lotus Awards Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Child Artist Best Music Direction Best Male Playback Singer Best Female Playback Singer Best Lyrics Best Production Design Best Audiography Best Choreography Best Cinematography Best Costume Design Best Editing Best Make - up Best Screenplay Best Special Effects",
"14": "Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation Best Film on Family Welfare Best Film on National Integration Best Film on Other Social Issues Special Jury Award Special Mention Silver Lotus Awards ( Regional ) Languages specified in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India : Assamese Bodo Bengali English Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Meitei Marathi Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Languages other than those specified in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution : Bhojpuri Haryanvi Jasari Khasi Kodava Kokborok Ladakhi Mishing Mizo Monpa Rabha Sherdukpen Tulu Wancho Discontinued Awards Second Best Feature Film Third Best Feature Film Best Story Best Film Based on High Literary Work Non-Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Non-Feature Film Best Director Silver Lotus Awards Best First Film of a Director Best Audiography Best Cinematography Best Editing Best Music Direction Best Narration / Voice Over Best Agriculture Film Best Animation Film Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film Best Arts / Cultural Film Best Biographical Film Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film Best Exploration / Adventure Film Best Film on Family Welfare Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film Best Investigative Film Best Promotional Film Best Scientific Film Best Short Fiction Film Best Film on Social Issues Special Jury Award Special Mention",
"15": "Discontinued Awards Best Experimental Film Best Filmstrip Best Industrial Film Best News Review Best Newsreel Cameraman Writing on Cinema Golden Lotus Awards Best Book on Cinema Best Film Critic Special Awards Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Book on Cinema ) Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Film Critic ) Awards by year 1953 -- 1960 1953 ( 1st ) 1954 ( 2nd ) 1955 ( 3rd ) 1956 ( 4th ) 1957 ( 5th ) 1958 ( 6th ) 1959 ( 7th ) 1960 ( 8th ) 1961 -- 1980 1961 ( 9th ) 1962 ( 10th ) 1963 ( 11th ) 1964 ( 12th ) 1965 ( 13th ) 1966 ( 14th ) 1967 ( 15th ) 1968 ( 16th ) 1969 ( 17th ) 1970 ( 18th ) 1971 ( 19th ) 1972 ( 20th ) 1973 ( 21st ) 1974 ( 22nd ) 1975 ( 23rd ) 1976 ( 24th ) 1977 ( 25th ) 1978 ( 26th ) 1979 ( 27th ) 1980 ( 28th ) 1981 -- 2000 1981 ( 29th ) 1982 ( 30th ) 1983 ( 31st ) 1984 ( 32nd ) 1985 ( 33rd )",
"16": "1986 ( 34th ) 1987 ( 35th ) 1988 ( 36th ) 1989 ( 37th ) 1990 ( 38th ) 1991 ( 39th ) 1992 ( 40th ) 1993 ( 41st ) 1994 ( 42nd ) 1995 ( 43rd ) 1996 ( 44th ) 1997 ( 45th ) 1998 ( 46th ) 1999 ( 47th ) 2000 ( 48th ) 2001 -- present 2001 ( 49th ) 2002 ( 50th ) 2003 ( 51st ) 2004 ( 52nd ) 2005 ( 53rd ) 2006 ( 54th ) 2007 ( 55th ) 2008 ( 56th ) 2009 ( 57th ) 2010 ( 58th ) 2011 ( 59th ) 2012 ( 60th ) 2013 ( 61st ) 2014 ( 62nd ) 2015 ( 63rd ) 2016 ( 64th ) 2017 ( 65th ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"17": "php?title=National_Film_Award_for_Best_Actor&oldid=838538680 '' Categories : National Film Awards ( India ) Film awards for lead actor Hidden categories : CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) Featured lists Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-3251809994408662838
|
when was the young and the restless first aired
|
[
"March 26, 1973",
"March 26, 1973",
"March 26, 1973",
"March 26, 1973",
"March 26, 1973"
] |
{
"0": "The Young and the Restless - wikipedia The Young and the Restless Jump to : navigation , search The Young and the Restless Also known as Y&R Genre Soap opera Drama Created by William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Written by Mal Young Directed by Sally McDonald Owen Renfroe Conal O'Brien Casey Childs Michael Eilbaum See below Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer RC Cates Sharon Farber Rick Krizman Dominic Messinger Opening theme `` Nadia 's Theme '' by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin , Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 11,000 ( as of September 1 , 2016 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mal Young ( and others ) Producer ( s ) Supervising Producers John Fisher Anthony Morina Producer Mary O'Leary Coordinating Producer Matthew J. Olsen Associate Producer Jimmy Freeman See below Location ( s ) CBS Television City Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 30 minutes ( 1973 -- 80 ) 60 minutes ( 1980 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Bell Dramatic Serial Company ( 1973 -- present ) Corday Productions ( 1973 -- present ) Screen Gems ( 1973 -- 74 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1974 -- 2000 ) CPT Holdings , Inc.",
"1": "( 1988 -- present ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network CBS Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1973 -- 2001 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2001 -- present ) Audio format Mono ( 1973 -- 87 ) Stereo ( 1987 -- present ) Original release March 26 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows As the World Turns The Bold and the Beautiful External links Website The Young and the Restless ( often abbreviated as Y&R ) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . The show is set in a fictional Wisconsin town called Genoa City , which is unlike and unrelated to the real life village of the same name , Genoa City , Wisconsin . First broadcast on March 26 , 1973 , The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half - hour episodes , five times a week . The show expanded to one - hour episodes on February 4 , 1980 . In 2006 , the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013 , when Y&R moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights , starting July 1 , 2013 . The series is also syndicated internationally . The Young and the Restless originally focused on two core families : the wealthy Brooks family and the working class Foster family . After a series of recasts and departures in the early 1980s , all the original characters except Jill Foster and Katherine Chancellor were written out . Bell replaced them with the new core families , the Abbotts and the Williamses . Over the years , other families such as the Newmans , Winters , and the Baldwin - Fishers were introduced . Despite these changes , one storyline that has endured through almost the show 's entire run is the feud between Jill Abbott and Katherine Chancellor , the longest rivalry on any American soap opera . Since its debut , The Young and the Restless has won nine Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series .",
"2": "It is also currently the highest - rated daytime drama on American television . As of 2008 , it had appeared at the top of the weekly Nielsen ratings in that category for more than 1,000 weeks since 1988 . As of December 12 , 2013 , according to Nielsen ratings , The Young and the Restless was the leading daytime drama for an unprecedented 1,300 weeks , or 25 years . The serial is also a sister series to The Bold and the Beautiful , as several actors have crossed over between shows . In June 2017 , The Young and the Restless was renewed for three additional years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Production 2.1 Videotaping and broadcasting 3 Casting and story development 4 Executive producers and head writers 5 Awards 5.1 Daytime Emmy Awards 5.2 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards 5.3 Writers Guild of America Awards 6 Broadcast 6.1 Oceania 6.2 Europe 6.3 African / Eastern 7 Theme music and other music 8 Ratings 8.1 Ratings history 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) To compete with the youthful ABC soap operas , All My Children , One Life to Live , and General Hospital , CBS executives wanted a new daytime serial that was youth oriented . William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell created The Young and the Restless in 1972 for the network under the working title , The Innocent Years ! `` We were confronted with the very disturbing reality that young America had lost much of its innocence , '' Bell said . `` Innocence as we had known and lived it all our lives had , in so many respects , ceased to exist . '' They changed the title of the series to The Young and the Restless because they felt it `` reflected the youth and mood of the early seventies . '' The Bells named the fictional setting for the show after the real Genoa City , Wisconsin , which was located on their way from their then - home in Chicago to their annual summer vacation spot in Lake Geneva . The Young and the Restless began airing on March 26 , 1973 , replacing the cancelled soap opera , Where the Heart Is .",
"3": "Bell worked as head writer from the debut of the series until his retirement in 1998 . He wrote from his home in Chicago while production took place in Los Angeles , California . Originally , Bell wanted to shoot the series in New York , however , CBS executives felt that Los Angeles would be more cost effective . John Conboy acted as the show 's first executive producer , staying in the position until 1982 . Bell and H. Wesley Kenney became co-executive producers that year until Edward Scott took over in 1989 . Bell then became senior executive producer . Other executive producers included David Shaughnessy , John F. Smith , Lynn Marie Latham , Josh Griffith , Maria Arena Bell , and Paul Rauch . In the mid-1980s , Bell and his family moved to Los Angeles to create a new soap opera . During this time , his three children , William Jr. , Bradley , and Lauralee Bell , each became involved in soap operas . Lauralee Bell worked as an actress on The Young and the Restless . Bradley Bell co-created The Bold and the Beautiful with his father . William Bell Jr. became involved in the family 's production companies as president of Bell Dramatic Serial Co. and Bell - Phillip Television Productions Inc . `` It 's worked out very well for us because we really all worked in very different aspects of the show , '' William Bell Jr. said . `` With my father and I , it was a great kind of partnership and pairing in the sense that he had a total control of the creative side of the show and I did n't have even the inclination to interject in what he was doing . '' After William J. Bell 's 1998 retirement , a number of different head writers took over the position , including Kay Alden , Trent Jones , John F. Smith , Lynn Marie Latham , Scott Hamner , Josh Griffith , Maria Arena Bell , and Hogan Sheffer . In 2012 , former General Hospital executive producer Jill Farren Phelps was hired as the new executive producer of the soap , replacing Bell . Griffith was also named the sole head writer . On August 15 , 2013 , it was speculated and reported by several online sources that Griffith had resigned as head - writer of the serial .",
"4": "Further speculation adds that Shelly Altman may take over as the new scribe , alongside Tracey Thomson or Jean Passanante may be brought aboard as co-head scribe . On September 12 , 2013 , it was announced that Passanante and Altman were named head writers of the show , with Thomson promoted to co-head writer . On September 18 , 2014 , former All My Children , Santa Barbara and General Hospital head writer Charles Pratt , Jr. was named as the new head writer of the show . Passanante , Altman and Thomson have been demoted to breakdown writers . Pratt was also named as co-executive producer sharing the credit with Phelps . On June 7 , 2016 , Serial Scoop announced that Phelps had been terminated from her position as executive producer ; a replacement was not named at the time of their reporting . The following morning , Sony Pictures Television confirmed to several media outlets that Phelps had been let go from her position ; British television producer Mal Young was announced as Phelps ' replacement . Phelps ' last appearance as executive producer was July 12 , 2016 , while Young 's first appearance occurred the following day on July 13 . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Pratt was named as executive producer and show - runner of Lee Daniels ' Star . The same day , Daytime Confidential revealed that former Generations and Days of Our Lives head writer Sally Sussman , who previously had positions with the show , such as Associate Head Writer , was in - talks to replace Pratt as Head Writer . On September 15 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sussman was named as the soap 's new head writer . On September 21 , 2016 , Daytime Confidential reported that after ten years since leaving the soap , Alden had been re-hired to be a story consultant under Sussman 's regime . Sussman 's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20 , 2016 , and began airing on December 7 , 2016 . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced its decision to renew the serial for three years . On July 31 , 2017 , it was announced that both Alden and Sussman would retire from their positions ; Young was named as Sussman 's successor as head writer .",
"5": "Sussman last aired as head writer on October 24 , 2017 . Young 's tenure as head writer aired on October 25 , 2017 . Production ( edit ) Videotaping and broadcasting ( edit ) Taped at CBS Television City , studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26 , 1973 , the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television , which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television . The Young and the Restless originally aired as a half - hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production , creating `` a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre . '' Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them , soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue , characters , and story , with details like sets as secondary concerns . The Young and the Restless stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles , similar to Hollywood - style productions . The style of videotaping included using out - of - the - ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close - ups with bright lighting on the actors ' faces . Conboy said he used lighting to create `` artistic effects '' . Those effects made the series look dark , shadowy , and moody . The Young and the Restless ' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas . When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer , he balanced the lighting of the scenes . Due to the success of the series , CBS and their affiliates pressured Bell to lengthen the series from 30 minutes to a full hour . Bell attributed this change to the show 's fall from number one in the Nielsen ratings , since the lengthening of the show led to the departure of a number of cast members . `` The issue of performing in a one - hour show had not been part of their contracts , '' Bell said . This forced the show to recast multiple main characters and eventually phase out the original core families in favor of new ones . The show expanded to one hour on February 4 , 1980 . It airs at 12 : 30pm ET / 11 : 00am CT / PT , although some stations opt to air it at 11 : 30am CT .",
"6": "Exteriors used in the late 1980s and early 1990s ( and reused years later ) included locations in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , including Allegheny General Hospital , One Oxford Centre , the Duquesne Club , Hampton Township and the prison . Phillip Chancellor died in the Richland , Pennsylvania area , where the police chief was not told and believed the accident really happened . On June 27 , 2001 , The Young and the Restless became the first daytime soap opera to be broadcast in high - definition . In September 2011 , its sister soap The Bold and the Beautiful became the last soap to make the transition from SD to HD before All My Children ended its ABC run on September 23 , 2011 and began its TOLN run online on April 29 , 2013 . On April 24 , 2006 , SoapNet began airing same - day episodes of the series . The final airing on SoapNet was on June 28 , 2013 . The soap has moved from SoapNet to TV Guide Network . The same day episodes begin airing on TVGN ( now Pop ) weeknights on July 1 , 2013 . Casting and story development ( edit ) See also : The Young and the Restless cast members , The Young and the Restless characters , and The Young and the Restless storylines The cast photo of The Young and the Restless , taken in celebration of the soap 's 11,000 th episode ( 2016 ) . Front row ( l-r ) : Hunter King , Miles Gaston Villanueva , Melissa Ordway , Sean Carrigan , Mishael Morgan , Bryton James , Amelia Heinle , Jason Thompson , Eileen Davidson , Gina Tognoni , Peter Bergman , Eric Braeden , Melody Thomas Scott , Steve Burton , Sharon Case , Joshua Morrow , Justin Hartley , Melissa Claire Egan , Jess Walton , Tristan Rogers , Christel Khalil and Daniel Goddard Second row : Robert Adamson , Sofia Pernas , Michael E. Knight , Beth Maitland , Tracey E. Bregman , Christian LeBlanc , Doug Davidson , Lauralee Bell , Kristoff St.",
"7": "John , Camryn Grimes , Greg Rikaart , Mara McCaffray , Catherine Bach and Kate Linder Co-creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell centered The Young and the Restless around two core families , the wealthy Brooks ' and the poor Fosters . Bell borrowed this technique of soap opera building from his mentor , Irna Phillips . While casting for the series , Bell and executive producer John Conboy auditioned 540 actors for the 13 main characters . They assembled the youngest group of actors ever cast on a soap opera at the time , hiring mostly unknown actors who they considered `` glamorous model types '' . Chemistry between actors also factored into the criteria for casting . The stories focused on the younger characters , with an emphasis in fantasy . The fantasy element was reflected in the love story between Jill Foster and the millionaire Phillip Chancellor II ; the Leslie Brooks , Brad Elliot , and Lorie Brooks love triangle ; and Snapper Foster 's romance with Chris Brooks . Sexuality also played a major role in the stories . Formerly , soap operas did not delve into the sexual side of their romances . Bell changed that , first during his time as head writer of Days of Our Lives and again on The Young and the Restless . William Gray Espy 's Snapper Foster is considered the `` first to discover sex on a soap opera . '' During the story , the character is engaged to Chris Brooks ( Trish Stewart ) and having a sexual relationship with Sally McGuire ( Lee Crawford ) . Other plots reflected sexual themes as well . For the first time in the genre , the dialogue and the story situations included explicit sexual themes such as premarital intercourse , impotence , incest , and rape . The first two rape storylines that would be told on the serial were controversial at the time as they reflected a more introspective and analytic storytelling style , the first time rape storylines would be addressed in this manner in the genre . The first , in 1973 - 74 , revolved around the rape of Chris Brooks and the aftermath , in which she entertained ( and , eventually , rejected ) the idea that she was perhaps at fault for her attack .",
"8": "The second , in 1976 , involved Chris 's sister Peggy ( Pamela Peters Solow ) and was meant to serve as a cut - and - dried story in which no viewer could justify this attack , committed out of the blue by an authority figure . The series also explored social issues . Jennifer Brooks underwent the first mastectomy on a soap opera . Other social issue storylines included bulimia , alcoholism , and cancer . Lesbianism was also touched on with Katherine Chancellor , who flirts with Jill while drunk in 1974 and has a brief relationship with Joann Curtis ( Kay Heberle ) in 1977 . When the series lengthened from a half - hour to an hour in 1980 , multiple cast members who portrayed characters from the original core families departed because their contracts only bound them to performing in a half - hour show . A number of the characters were recast until one of the few remaining original actors , Jaime Lyn Bauer , who portrayed Lorie Brooks , decided to leave . When she announced her intention not to renew her contract , Bell decided to replace the original core families . `` As I studied the remaining cast , I realized I had two characters - Paul Williams , played by Doug Davidson , and Jack Abbott , played by Terry Lester - both of whom had a relatively insignificant presence on the show , '' Bell said . `` They did n't have families . Hell , they did n't even have bedrooms . But these became the two characters I would build our two families around . '' The characters from the Abbott and Williams families were integrated into the series while the Brooks and Foster families , with the exception of Jill , were phased out . The continuity of the feud between Jill and Katherine , which began in the early years of the show , smoothed the transition . The relationship between the two characters remained a central theme throughout the series and became the longest lasting rivalry in daytime history . Another character introduced in the 1980s was Eric Braeden 's Victor Newman . Originally , the character was `` a despicable , contemptible , unfaithful wife abuser '' who was intended to be killed off . Braeden 's tenure on the show was meant to last between eight and twelve weeks .",
"9": "`` When I saw Eric Braeden 's first performance - the voice , the power , the inner strength - I knew immediately that I did n't want to lose this man , '' Bell said . `` He was exactly what the show needed . Not the hateful man we saw on - screen , but the man he could and would become . '' Bell rewrote the story to save the character and put Braeden on contract . Victor 's romance with Nikki Reed became a prominent plot in the series . With the success of another iconic character , Kimberlin Brown 's Sheila Carter , Bell made daytime drama history in 1992 by successfully crossing her over from The Young and the Restless to his second soap , The Bold and the Beautiful . The success of the crossover was due , in part , to the creativity of Bell , as the nefarious character of Sheila was presumed to have died in a fire on The Young and the Restless . In the 1980s , core black characters were introduced with the Barber and Winters families . Victoria Rowell ( Drucilla Barber ) and Tonya Lee Williams ( Dr. Olivia Barber ) were cast as the nieces of the Abbott 's maid , Mamie Johnson , in 1990 . The brothers Neil ( Kristoff St. John ) and Malcolm Winters ( Shemar Moore ) were introduced as love interests for Olivia and Drucilla . The Young and the Restless became popular among black viewers , which Williams and St. John attributed to the writing for the black characters . `` I play a CEO at a major corporation , that 's something we do n't see that often , '' St. John said . `` And the show does n't use the old African - American stereotypes that we have been seeing on TV , like the hustler , the pimp , the drug dealer . We have come a long way . '' Though the characters held prominent positions in the fictional work place of Genoa City , they had little interaction with other characters outside of their jobs . Executive producers and head writers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"10": "( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Executive producers Name Years Production Notes / Contributions William J. Bell 1973 -- 2005 Also the show 's creator and longtime head writer ( until 1998 ) , he served as the main executive producer while working alongside of other executive producers . He was n't credited as an executive producer until 1982 when his credit began appearing with H. Wesley Kenney . Served as solo EP from 1986 to 1987 after the departure of Kenney . He received the title of `` senior executive producer '' when Edward Scott became EP and remained credited with the title until 2004 when he returned to the executive producer credit with John F. Smith as co-executive producer . William J. Bell died on April 29 , 2005 and on the following Monday , his credit as EP was edited from the show ; he was still living when those episodes were filmed . John Conboy 1973 -- 82 Served as the show 's first executive producer while credited with the `` produced by '' credit as the title of executive producer was credited hardly on any soaps ( other than a small few ) , until the mid-1970s to 1980s . It was under his run when CBS wanted Y&R expanded from 30 minutes to an hour with the cancellation of Love of Life . Also the show switched from the live - to - tape filming technique to pre-recording episodes , a practice that remains in effect to this date as with all soaps . John departed in 1982 to produce his newly created soap Capitol , which was later cancelled to make room for Y&R 's sister show The Bold and the Beautiful . H. Wesley Kenney 1982 -- 86 Guided the show with more action - driven story direction inspired in large part by the more action oriented soap General Hospital which was a ratings smash at the time . The change to more action storylines are believed to be what helped the show win Daytime Emmy Awards in 1983 , 1985 and 1986 . Began crediting the show 's cast in alphabetical order , a standard that remains to this date . Ceased the fade to next scene transition effect within the show 's episodes .",
"11": "Had artist Sandy Dvore , who designed the art drawing photos in the shows main title , to design the show 's signature stylized brush stroke logo on Y&R merchandise in 1982 , leading to the debut of the logo in the show 's main title in January 1984 . Edward J. Scott 1987 -- 2001 Debuted on the show in 1976 as an associate producer eventually becoming the `` produced by '' producer under John Conboy until 1987 . Briefly filled in as EP for H. Wesley Kenney in 1986 . Helped the show rise to co - # 1 in 1987 with General Hospital in ratings before it solely dethroned GH as # 1 in 1988 and has since remained there . Retired the longtime art drawings cast montage of the opening credits in 1988 . Began the practice of crediting production principals on opening scenes of the show and adding the cast members ' real - life names to the opening credits in 1999 . Ceased the last commercial break between the last scene and end credits . Converted the show into HDTV in 2001 , making it the first soap in history to do so . Returned from 2004 to 2007 as `` supervising producer '' , a position he previously had briefly in 1987 . Real - life husband of actress Melody Thomas Scott ( Nikki Reed Newman ) . David Shaughnessy 2001 -- 04 Assumed executive producer position after serving as a producer and supervising producer since 1991 . The Bell Dramatic Serial Co. production logo began appearing with end credits under his run . He managed to score brief returns by veteran actors such as Jaime Lyn Bauer , William Gray Espy , Meg Bennett and James Houghton ( who wrote on the show between 1991 and 2006 ) , all of whom who left the show back in the 1970s and 1980s , for brief storylines in 2002 and 2003 . Debuted `` next episode '' preview scenes in 2003 , a practice started with the ABC soaps in 1998 .",
"12": "John F. Smith 2003 -- 06 Became co-executive producer with William J. Bell and David Shaughnessy while still serving as co-head writer with Kay Alden and Trent Jones ( until 2004 ) . Worked as a writer on the show since the early 1980s . Still maintained the co-EP title after William J. Bell 's passing in 2005 . Stepped down in 2006 as EP while remaining as co-head writer until November 2006 . Lynn Marie Latham 2006 -- 07 Brought on as a `` creative consultant '' under John F. Smith in November 2005 ; Latham would later fire Smith as co-head writer in 2006 . Promoted to head writer with Kay Alden and Smith in February 2006 , then promoted to executive producer , becoming the show 's first female EP in October 2006 , after the show went that summer without an EP . Tenure as EP / HW was criticized by viewers and insiders for damaging the show 's history with out - of - text writing , firing several longtime cast and crew members in favor of several unknowns , and doing too much favoritism . She was fired when she abandoned her post as EP to go on strike for the 2007 -- 08 writer 's strike . Josh Griffith 2006 -- 08 Brought on by Lynn Marie Latham as her co-executive producer in 2006 . Assumed full producer duties in December 2007 , when Latham was fired . He also served as head writer with Maria Arena Bell during the 2007 -- 08 writers strike . Remained as EP when Bell became sole head writer until he was fired when it was learned that he was tampering with Bell 's stories ; this was also known as former EP Edward Scott , who is friends with Griffith , was said to be doing the same thing on Days of Our Lives , leading to his departure from that show . Paul Rauch 2008 -- 11 The veteran producer debuted as Maria Arena Bell 's co-executive producer in October 2008 . It was established that his role as co-executive producer would be to only foresee everything with the production of the show while Bell was solely responsible for the stories .",
"13": "This was the only time Paul ever been a co-EP and his first stop back to soap operas in six years since his 2002 departure from Guiding Light . He opted not to renew his contract with Y&R after three years with the show and stepped down in May 2011 . Maria Arena Bell 2008 -- 12 Bell is the wife of William Bell , Jr. , the oldest son of William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell . Under her run , she brought the show 's fictional Jabot Cosmetics to life by teaming up with a real cosmetics marketing company to help distribute the products . Named head writer in December 2007 . Bell was named executive producer in October 2008 , after Josh Griffith was ousted for tampering with her stories . Bell brought along veteran producer Paul Rauch to help her with the production of the show while she mostly focused on the stories . She was known for steering away from character - driven storylines in favor of plot - driven ones , which was criticized . From 2008 to 2010 , she was credited as co-executive producer as well as Rauch , while her credit appeared first . Bell was let go in July 2012 ; an official reason was never given for her departure , however many sources speculate it was due to the controversial pairing of characters Sharon and Victor Newman ( Sharon Case and Eric Braeden ) . One of the final milestones to happen under Bell 's regime was the celebration of the 10,000 th episode . The final episode under Bell 's direction was broadcast on October 11 , 2012 ; but she was credited until October 22 . Jill Farren Phelps 2012 -- 16 Named executive producer in July 2012 upon the dismissal of Maria Arena Bell . This marked the second CBS soap opera Phelps executive produced , with the first being Guiding Light from 1991 to 1995 . While Maria Arena Bell was still credited , Phelps began her tenure by August as she made several immediate casting changes ( such as hiring Robert Adamson and Hunter King , two young actors she worked with on the primetime soap Hollywood Heights , respectively ) . By October , she was still uncredited as executive producer although her first episode aired on October 12 , 2012 , and received her first official credit on October 23 , 2012 .",
"14": "On June 7 , 2016 , Serial Scoop and Daytime Confidential reported that Phelps had been terminated at that soap , with no confirmation of final airdate made at press time . Phelps ' exit was confirmed the following day by Sony Pictures Television . Phelps was last credited as executive producer on July 12 , 2016 . Charles Pratt , Jr . 2015 -- 16 Named co-executive producer in September 2014 , sharing the position with Phelps , a position he previously served on NBC soap opera Santa Barbara . Pratt 's first episode as HW and co-EP aired on January 16 , 2015 . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Pratt would no longer co-executive producer the soap , given his new position as show - runner of Lee Daniels ' Star . Pratt was last credited as head writer and co-executive producer on December 6 , 2016 . Mal Young 2016 -- present Named executive producer in June 2016 upon the dismissal of Jill Farren Phelps . This marks the first American soap opera Young executive produced , having previously been the producer and executive producer of British soap operas Brookside , EastEnders and Holby City . July 13 , 2016 , marked Young 's first appearance as executive producer . Immediate changes made under Young included the return of actress Elizabeth Hendrickson and a return guest appearance from Michael Graziadei in the roles of Chloe Mitchell and Daniel Romalotti , respectively . The series will also celebrate its 11,000 th episode under Young 's credit on September 1 , 2016 . In 2017 , it was announced that Young would take on head writer duties after Sally Sussman 's retirement . Young 's first credit as head writer will appear on October 25 , 2017 . Sally Sussman 2016 -- 17 Named co-executive producer in September 2016 upon the dismissal of Pratt , Jr ... Sussman shares the position with Young , a position she previously served on NBC soap opera Generations . Sussman 's first credit as head writer and co-executive producer appeared on December 7 , 2016 .",
"15": "In July 2017 , it was announced that Sussman would retire ; she received her last credit as head writer and co-executive producer on October 24 , 2017 . Head writers Years Head writer ( s ) March 26 , 1973 -- 97 William J. Bell 1997 -- 98 William J. Bell Kay Alden 1998 -- 2000 Kay Alden 2000 -- 02 Kay Alden Trent Jones 2002 -- 06 Kay Alden John F. Smith 2006 Kay Alden John F. Smith Lynn Marie Latham 2006 -- 07 Lynn Marie Latham Scott Hamner 2007 -- 08 Josh Griffith Maria Arena Bell 2008 -- 12 Maria Arena Bell Hogan Sheffer Scott Hamner 2012 -- 13 Josh Griffith Hogan Sheffer Tracey Thomson Shelly Altman 2013 -- 15 Shelly Altman Jean Passanante Tracey Thomson 2015 -- 16 Charles Pratt , Jr . 2016 -- 17 Sally Sussman 2017 -- Mal Young Awards ( edit ) The serial has won 116 Daytime Emmys , among 360 nominations .",
"16": "The following list summarizes awards won by The Young and the Restless : Daytime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Recipient Role Year ( s ) Outstanding Drama Series 1975 , 1983 , 1985 , 1986 , 1993 , 2004 , 2007 ( tied with Guiding Light ) , 2014 , 2015 ( tied with Days of Our Lives ) Outstanding Individual Director in a Daytime Drama Series Richard Dunlap 1975 , 1978 Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2011 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team 1992 , 1997 , 2000 , 2006 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 Lead Actor Peter Bergman Eric Braeden Christian LeBlanc Doug Davidson Billy Miller Jack Abbott Victor Newman Michael Baldwin Paul Williams Billy Abbott 1991 , 1992 , 2002 1998 2005 , 2007 2009 2013 2014 Lead Actress Jess Walton Michelle Stafford Jeanne Cooper Gina Tognoni Jill Foster Abbott Phyllis Summers Katherine Chancellor Phyllis Summers 1997 2008 2017 Supporting Actor Shemar Moore Greg Rikaart Kristoff St. John Billy Miller Steve Burton Malcolm Winters Kevin Fisher Neil Winters Billy Abbott Dylan McAvoy 2000 2005 2008 2010 , 2013 ( tied with Scott Clifton ) 2017 Supporting Actress Beth Maitland Jess Walton Michelle Stafford Sharon Case Amelia Heinle Jessica Collins Traci Abbott Connolly Jill Foster Abbott Phyllis Summers Sharon Newman Victoria Newman Avery Bailey Clark 1985 1991 1997 1999 2014 2015 , 2016 Younger Actress Tracey E. Bregman Tricia Cast Heather Tom Camryn Grimes Christel Khalil Hunter King Lauren Fenmore Nina Webster Victoria Newman Cassie Newman Lily Winters Summer Newman 1985 1992 1993 , 1999 2000 2012 2014 , 2015 Younger Actor Kristoff St.",
"17": "John David Tom David Lago Bryton James Neil Winters Billy Abbott Raul Guittierez Devon Hamilton 1992 2000 2005 2007 Lifetime Achievement Award William J. Bell Jeanne Cooper Lee Phillip Bell creator Katherine Chancellor co-creator 1992 2007 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards ( edit ) 2006 `` Hall of Fame Inductee '' Eric Braeden ( Victor Newman ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( edit ) 2003 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Kay Alden , Trent Jones , John F. Smith , Jerry Birn , Jim Houghton , Natalie Minardi , Janice Ferri , Eric Freiwald , Joshua McCaffrey , Michael Minnis , Rex M. Best 2006 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Kay Alden , John F. Smith , Janice Ferri , Jim Houghton , Natalie Minardi Slater , Sally Sussman Morina , Sara Bibel , Eric Freiwald , Linda Schreiber , Joshua S. McCaffrey , Marc Hertz , Sandra Weintraub 2008 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Lynn Marie Latham , Scott Hamner , Bernard Lechowick , Cherie Bennett , Jeff Gottesfeld , Jim Stanley , Natalie Minardi Slater , Lynsey Dufour , Marina Alburger , Sara Bibel , Sandra Weintraub Broadcast ( edit ) In Belize , Channel 5 Great Belize Television airs the soap , while rival Channel 7 Tropical Vision Limited also airs the soap . In Canada , the Global Television Network airs new episodes a day ahead of the US broadcast . Most Global stations use The Young and the Restless as a late - afternoon lead - in for their local newscasts , but times vary by market . It also airs on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador which airs the program on a same - day - as - CBS basis . In Jamaica , the show airs on CVMTV . In Trinidad , the show airs weekdays on CBS and has been airing in Trinidad since the 1980s . In 1988 , 70 percent of Trinidadians who had access to a television watched daily episodes of The Young and the Restless , a series that emphasized family problems , sexual intrigue , and gossip .",
"18": "Oceania ( edit ) Main article : Screening of soap operas in Australia In Australia , The Young and the Restless airs after Days of Our Lives on Arena . It previously aired on the Nine Network from April 1 , 1974 to February 23 , 2007 , before joining the W line - up on April 2 , 2007 , to August 17 , 2012 , On July 20 , 2012 , it was announced that the show would move to Arena on August 20 , 2012 , after W rebranded as SoHo . Episodes are approximately one week behind those airing in the US at present . In New Zealand , The Young and the Restless aired alongside Days of Our Lives on TV ONE and ended on November 6 , 2009 . The soap was approximately four seasons behind the CBS season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming . In the Philippines , aired from 1987 to 1989 on ABS - CBN . Europe ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , The Young and The Restless has aired on many TV channels starting in 1990 , when episodes from 1987 debuted on BSB Galaxy in a regular weekday timeslot . When BSB merged with Sky in November 1990 , the soap moved to Sky 's flagship channel Sky One and aired at 11 : 00 weekdays until the end of 1992 . When BSB 's original three - year contract to air the soap expired , Sky chose not to renew it . In 1993 , Y&R was picked up by UK Living ( then known as simply Living , now Sky Living ) in a primetime timeslot , picking up where Sky left off . This lasted until late 1995 . In 2007 , Zone Romantica , now CBS Drama began broadcasting the show weekdays ( four years behind US ) . In 2009 , when CBS went into partnership with and took over the Chellozone Channels the show was relegated to just one showing a day ( in favor of repeating shows such as Dynasty and Dallas in the daytime ) . It was attracting around 18 -- 20,000 viewers at midnight in the last week of its broadcast in the UK in August 2010 .",
"19": "African / eastern ( edit ) In India , the show began airing in February 2007 on Zee Café . The channel started with episodes from 2004 . In South Africa , the show airs on e.tv . The show was originally aired in South Africa in the early 1990s , dubbed into the Afrikaans language , and entitled ' Rustelose Jare ' ( Restless Years ) . In 1999 The Young and the Restless was canceled but the show returned to South African television screens in June 2004 , with no overhead foreign translations . As of June 2014 , episodes are screened nine months behind the US . Because of `` continual viewing '' with no breaks , South African audiences will catch up with the US broadcast by mid-2016 . Theme music and other music ( edit ) Main article : Nadia 's Theme `` Nadia 's Theme '' has been the theme music of The Young and the Restless since the show 's debut in 1973 . The melody , originally titled `` Cotton 's Dream '' , was composed by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin , Jr. for the 1971 theatrical film Bless the Beasts and Children . The melody was later renamed `` Nadia 's Theme '' after the ABC television network 's sports summary program Wide World of Sports lent the music for a montage of Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci 's routines during the 1976 Summer Olympics ; despite the title , Nadia never performed her floor exercises using this piece of music . Instead , she used a piano arrangement of a medley of the songs `` Yes Sir , That 's My Baby '' and `` Jump in the Line . '' Botkin wrote a rearranged version of the piece specifically for The Young and the Restless ' debut . The song remained unchanged , save for a slight remix in 1988 and a three - year stint in the early 2000s ( decade ) , when an alternate , more jazzy arrangement of that tune was used , using portions of the longer closing version of the original theme . An LP album was published in 1976 by A&M Records . The track list contains two titles of the French composer Michel Colombier , Rainbow and Emmanuel , a success track which he wrote in memory of the death of his son .",
"20": "In late September and early October 2012 , upon the show 's 10,000 th episode , the current form of opening credits were updated . In the years prior , fans criticized them for their lack of updates and cast additions ( some contract players , such as Adrienne Frantz , and Kimberlin Brown came and went without being added ) . In mid-February 2017 , the current form of opening credits were updated to honor the history on CBS Daytime and to carry them into the future as they approach the 44th anniversary . Ratings ( edit ) See also : List of U.S. daytime soap opera ratings As of 2010 , The Young and the Restless has managed over 1,000 consecutive weeks in the # 1 spot for daytime dramas . On the week ending April 6 , 2012 , The Young and the Restless was watched by a new low of an average of 3,960,000 viewers for the week , beating its previous low of 4.209 million in October 2011 , as well as being the only week to date below 4 million viewers . Currently , the show is still the most - watched daytime drama ; and for the season 2011 -- 12 , has a household rating of 3.5 , and 1.5 for the Women 18 -- 49 demographic . As of 2008 , the Tuesday episodes of The Young and the Restless on average is the most - watched daytime drama showing . When introduced during the 1972 -- 73 season , the show was at the bottom of the ratings , but rose rapidly : ninth by 1974 -- 75 and third by 1975 -- 76 . By 1988 -- 89 it had dethroned long - time leader General Hospital as the top - rated soap , a position it has held ever since . During the week of December 2 , 2013 , the series celebrated their twenty - fifth year as the number one daytime drama . The Young and the Restless airs every weeknight on Pop , where it averaged 362,000 viewers from July to September 2013 . Ratings history ( edit ) Season Rating Season rank 1972 -- 73 5.0 15th 1973 -- 74 6.",
"21": "2 13th 1974 -- 75 8.4 9th 1975 -- 76 8.6 3rd 1976 -- 77 8.7 4th 1977 -- 78 7.8 5th 1978 -- 79 8.6 3rd 1979 -- 80 8.8 3rd 1980 -- 81 7.8 6th 1981 -- 82 7.4 5th 1982 -- 83 8.0 4th 1983 -- 84 8.8 3rd 1984 -- 85 8.1 3rd 1985 -- 86 8.3 2nd 1986 -- 87 8.0 2nd 1987 -- 88 8.1 1st 1988 -- 89 8.1 1st 1990 -- 91 8.1 1st 1991 -- 92 8.2 1st 1992 -- 93 8.4 1st 1993 -- 94 8.6 1st 1994 -- 95 7.5 1st 1995 -- 96 7.6 1st 1996 -- 97 7.1 1st 1997 -- 98 6.8 1st 1998 -- 99 6.9 1st 1999 -- 00 6.8 1st 2000 -- 01 5.8 1st 2001 -- 02 5.0 1st 2002 -- 03 4.7 1st 2003 -- 04 4.4 1st 2004 -- 05 4.2 1st 2005 -- 06 4.",
"22": "2 1st 2006 -- 07 4.2 1st 2007 -- 08 4.1 1st 2008 -- 09 3.7 1st 2009 -- 10 3.8 1st 2010 -- 11 3.6 1st 2011 -- 12 3.5 1st 2012 -- 13 3.6 1st 2013 -- 14 3.4 1st 2014 -- 15 3.5 1st 2015 - 16 3.6 1st 2016 - 17 3.5 1st ^ A ( debut ) ^ B Tied in rating ( 8.1 ) with General Hospital ; however General Hospital drew more viewers in millions . ^ C The Young and the Restless was number - one solo ( for the first time ) for the 1988 -- 89 and has retained this position ever since . See also ( edit ) Television portal United States portal CBS Daytime Genoa City ( The Young and the Restless ) The Young and the Restless cast members The Young and the Restless characters List of longest - serving soap opera actors References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Strohm , Emily ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Celebrates 11,000 Episodes and 43 Years on Air ! '' . People . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless '' . E ! True Hollywood Story . 2001 - 05 - 20 . E ! . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Ron ; Thompson , Robert J. ; Spence , Louise ; Feuer , Jane ( 1997 ) . Morton , Robert , ed . Worlds Without End : The Art and History of the Soap Opera . New York , New York : Harry N Abrams . pp.",
"23": "150 -- 151 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3997 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hyatt , Wesley ( 1997 ) . The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television . Billboard Books . pp. 476 -- 482 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8315 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present . Fourth Edition . Penguin Books . pp. 931 -- 934 . ISBN 0140249168 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` Sudser Slides to SoapNet '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Young and the Restless ' Moves From Soapnet to TV Guide Network '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Young & the Restless ' Moves to TVGN for Exclusive Basic Cable Airings Beginning Monday , July 1 '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless 35th Anniversary Salute '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Worlds Without End , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : `` Black Stars Heat Up Daytime Soaps '' . Jet . October 13 , 1997 . pp. 52 -- 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R : Famous Plots -- Kay / Jill Feud '' . Youngandtherestless.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R : Famous Plots '' . Globaltv.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2012 .",
"24": "Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Daniel ( April 26 , 2004 ) . `` TV Guide Editors ' Blogs -- Daniel 's Dish '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` CBS.com '' . ^ Jump up to : Matelski , Marilyn ( 1988 ) . The Soap Opera Evolution : America 's Enduring Romance with Daytime Drama . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . Publishers . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 324 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . ( Sony ) . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Cassata , Mary ; Irwin , Barbara ( 1996 ) . Hoffman , Peter , ed . The Young and the Restless Most Memorable Moments . Los Angeles , California : General Publishing Group . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 881649 - 87 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Catherine Anger ( 1999 ) . Other Worlds : Society Seen Through Soap Opera . University of Toronto Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 103 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Oei , Lily ( December 5 , 2001 ) . `` Exec replaces Scott '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladden , Chelsea P. `` Ask the Writers ! '' . Sony . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladden , Chelsea P. `` Checking in with Lynn ... '' Sony . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soap Watch '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Branco , Nelson ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Soap Whisperer '' . TV Guide Canada . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Oei , Lily ( March 4 , 2004 ) . `` Ellen the talk of the Emmys '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Oei , Lily ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Farren Phelps Named Executive Producer And Josh Griffith Named Head Writer Of `` THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS , '' The Number One Daytime Drama `` . Market Watch . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Head Writer Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR REPORT : Is Josh Griffith IN or OUT at The Young and the Restless ? ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simms , Richard M. ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Headwriter Out ? '' . Soaps in Depth . CBS.soapsindepth.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Will Shelly Altman Assume Head Writer Duties at The Young and the Restless ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Officially Names New Head Writers '' . Soap Opera Digest .",
"26": "Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chuck Pratt Gets Head Writer Gig and an Executive Producer Credit at The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Michael ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Jill Farren Phelps Out at The Young and the Restless ? '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONFIRMED ! JILL FARREN PHELPS OUT AT Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , inc. 8 June 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` MAL YOUNG 'S FIRST Y&R EPISODE SET '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ex-Y&R Headwriter Chuck Pratt Named New Showrunner of Lee Daniels ' Star '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Gig For Y&R 's Charles Pratt , Jr '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chuck Pratt OUT at Y&R ; Hearing Sally Sussman Morina in Talks '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sally Sussman Morina Named Head Writer of The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential .",
"27": "Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Y&R NAMES NEW HEAD WRITER '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kay Alden Returns to The Young and the Restless as Story Consultant ( Exclusive ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Y&R 's Melody Thomas Scott Reveals First Airdate Of Sally Sussman Morina and Kay Alden 's Scripts ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews Daytime Lineup ; Y&R Gets 3 More Years '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Gets 3 More Seasons , as CBS Renews Daytime Slate '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Young and the Restless SHOCKER : Sally Sussman and Kay Alden to Retire ; Mal Young in as New Head Writer ! ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Y&R Scribes Out ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc .",
"28": "Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` New Y&R Head Writer Mal Young 's Material to Begin Airing in October '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! How Y&R Will Change '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Worlds Without End , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Soares , Manuela ( 1978 ) . The Soap Opera Book . New York , New York : Harmony Books . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53331 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Carol Traynor ( 1992 ) . It 's Time for My Story . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 94297 - X . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Bates Motel , ' ' The Young & the Restless ' and Patrice King Brown '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Prikios , Karen Anderson ( June 25 , 2001 ) . `` Finding the art in HDTV '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Leaving SOAPnet This Summer ! '' . Soaps in Depth . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Starting July 1 watch same day episodes of # YR weeknights '' . TVGN Twitter . June 26 , 2013 .",
"29": "Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Countdown To Y&R Clip From TVGN ! '' . Soap in Depth . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Denis , Paul ( 1985 ) . Inside the Soaps . Don Mills , Ontario , Canada : Citadel Press . pp. 116 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 0940 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie ( 1979 ) . All My Afternoons . New York , New York : A & W Publishing . pp. 152 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 89104 - 098 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Elana ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` Wallowing in Sex : The New Sexual Culture of 1970s American Television '' . Duke University Press -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 98 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Waldron , Clarence ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` ' Young and the Restless ' Celebrates 35 Years of Drama , Success '' . Jet . pp. 56 -- 59 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Worlds Without End , p. 93 Jump up ^ Worlds Without End , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` Huge Shakeup at Y&R ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . August 20 , 2012 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` DAYTIME AND SOAP OPERA TV RATINGS CBS Celebrates The Young and the Restless Milestone 10,000 th Episode on The Talk '' . TVbytheNumbers . United States : Zap2it . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : New Boss Jill Farren Phelps Reveals What 's in Store For The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com .",
"30": "Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Series producer ( s ) : Jill Farren Phelps and Charles Pratt , Jr. ; Writer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Tracey Thomson ( July 12 , 2016 ( US ) ; July 11 , 2016 ( Canada ) ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . Episode 10,064 . CBS . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Y&R HIRES NEW HEAD WRITER '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Polarizing Pair in Soaps : Execs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt on the State of The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Round 2 : The Young and the Restless Chiefs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt Answer Our Burning Questions '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Series producer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Mal Young ; Writer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Tracey Thomson ( July 13 , 2016 ( US ) ; July 12 , 2016 ( Canada ) ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . Episode 10,065 . CBS . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1975 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1985 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com .",
"31": "Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daytime Emmys 2014 : The Winners List '' . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( Apr 26 , 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmys : Days and Y&R Split Best Drama , GH Wins 3 Acting Awards , B&B Tops Soap Opera Pack '' . tvline.com . Retrieved Apr 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present . Fourth Edition . Penguin Books . p. 1067 . ISBN 0140249168 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1075 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1095 -- 1102 Jump up ^ `` 1996 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1998 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1999 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 .",
"32": "^ Jump up to : `` 2002 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` And The Daytime Emmy Winners Are ! '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1111 Jump up ^ `` 2006 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1991 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1992 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Emmy Award Winners '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Actor in a Drama Series '' . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supporting Actor in a Drama Series '' . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' scores 5 Daytime Emmys , including best drama ; ' Today , ' ' Jeopardy ! ' also win '' . Associated Press .",
"33": "June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/766507/The-Young-and-the-Restless Jump up ^ Nadia Comăneci at Olympic.org Jump up ^ `` Y&R Unveils New Opening '' . February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless To Mark 1000 Weeks on Top ! '' . www.soaps.com . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : New Lows For DAYS / Y&R ; Another Horrible Week For Soaps - Soap Opera Network '' . April 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ratings : New Low For DAYS in Women 18 - 49 Viewers - Soap Opera Network '' . July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime 's 40 Most Popular Shows - Soap Opera Network '' . December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' General Hospital ' Overtakes ' The Young And The Restless ' For First Time In More Than Six Years '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://finance.yahoo.com/news/big-brother-dark-young-restless-161800237.html Jump up ^ `` Daytime Ratings : Week of April 28 Edition - Soap Opera Network '' . May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Ratings for December 29 , 2008 -- January 2 , 2009 '' . April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : DAYS Rebounds From Bad Week - Soap Opera Network '' . May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : Soaps Down in Total Viewers - Soap Opera Network '' . June 3 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Young and the Restless .",
"34": "Wikinews has related news : The Young and the Restless celebrates 35 years : Wikinews interviews three actresses Official website The Young and the Restless at CBS Daytime The Young and the Restless on IMDb The Young and the Restless Daily Recaps The Young and the Restless at TVGN The Young and the Restless at Yahoo ! TV The Young and the Restless at the W. Channel Full episodes of The Young and the Restless Available only to U.S. viewers In depth audio interview with Eric Braeden ( Dec 2007 ) The Young and the Restless Official Fan Wiki at CBS Wiki The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges",
"35": "Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Daytime television soap operas in the United States Current The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1940s debuts Faraway Hill ( 1946 ) Highway to the Stars ( 1947 ) These Are My Children ( 1949 ) A Woman to Remember ( 1949 ) 1950s debuts As the World Turns ( 1956 -- 2010 ) The Brighter Day ( 1954 -- 1962 ) The Edge of Night ( 1956 -- 1984 ) The First Hundred Years ( 1950 --",
"36": "1952 ) First Love ( 1954 -- 1955 ) From These Roots ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Golden Windows ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Guiding Light ( 1952 -- 2009 ) Hawkins Falls ( 1950 -- 1955 ) Love of Life ( 1951 -- 1980 ) Miss Susan ( 1951 ) One Man 's Family ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Portia Faces Life ( 1954 -- 1955 ) The Secret Storm ( 1954 -- 1974 ) Search for Tomorrow ( 1951 -- 1986 ) Three Steps to Heaven ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Young Doctor Malone ( 1958 -- 1963 ) 1960s debuts Another World ( 1964 -- 1999 ) Bright Promise ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The Clear Horizon ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Dark Shadows ( 1966 -- 1971 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) The Doctors ( 1963 -- 1982 ) A Flame in the Wind ( 1964 -- 1966 ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) Hidden Faces ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Love is a Many Splendored Thing ( 1967 -- 1973 ) Morning Star ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Never Too Young ( 1965 -- 1966 ) The Nurses ( 1965 -- 1967 ) One Life to Live ( 1968 -- 2012 ) Our Five Daughters ( 1962 ) Paradise Bay ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Where the Heart Is ( 1969 -- 1973 ) The Young Marrieds ( 1964 -- 66 ) 1970s debuts All My Children ( 1970 -- 2011 ) The Best of Everything ( 1970 ) How to Survive a Marriage ( 1974 -- 1975 )",
"37": "Lovers and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Return to Peyton Place ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1975 -- 1989 ) Somerset ( 1970 -- 1976 ) A World Apart ( 1970 -- 1971 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1980s debuts Another Life ( 1981 -- 1984 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Capitol ( 1982 -- 1987 ) Generations ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Loving ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Rituals ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Santa Barbara ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Texas ( 1980 -- 1982 ) 1990s debuts The City ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Passions ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Port Charles ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Sunset Beach ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Swans Crossing ( 1992 ) Tribes ( 1990 ) Undressed ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Spyder Games ( 2001 ) Web series All My Children ( 2013 ) Anacostia ( 2009 -- present ) As the Cookie Crumbles ( 2008 ) The Bay ( 2010 -- present ) Beacon Hill ( 2014 -- present ) The Cavanaughs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) DeVanity ( 2011 -- 2014 ) East Los High ( 2013 -- present ) EastSiders ( 2012 -- present ) Miss Behave ( 2010 -- 2012 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Ragged Isle ( 2011 -- 2014 ) River Ridge ( 2012 ) The Spot ( 1995 --",
"38": "1997 ) Tainted Dreams ( 2013 -- 2014 ) They Go On ( 1997 ) Venice : The Series ( 2009 -- present ) What If . ( 2010 ) Winterthorne ( 2015 ) CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T.",
"39": "( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Murphy Brown ( 2018 ) TKO : Total Knock Out ( 2018 ) Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) F.B.I.",
"40": "( TBA ) The World 's Best ( TBA ) Awards for The Young and the Restless Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series The Doctors ( 1972 ) The Edge of Night ( 1973 ) The Doctors ( 1974 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1975 ) Another World ( 1976 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1977 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1978 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1979 ) Guiding Light ( 1980 ) General Hospital ( 1981 ) Guiding Light ( 1982 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1983 ) General Hospital ( 1984 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1985 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1986 ) As the World Turns ( 1987 ) Santa Barbara ( 1988 ) Santa Barbara ( 1989 ) Santa Barbara ( 1990 ) As the World Turns ( 1991 ) All My Children ( 1992 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1993 ) All My Children ( 1994 ) General Hospital ( 1995 ) General Hospital ( 1996 ) General Hospital ( 1997 ) All My Children ( 1998 ) General Hospital ( 1999 ) General Hospital ( 2000 ) As the World Turns ( 2001 ) One Life to Live ( 2002 ) As the World Turns ( 2003 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2004 ) General Hospital ( 2005 ) General Hospital ( 2006 ) Guiding Light and The Young and the Restless ( tie , 2007 ) General Hospital ( 2008 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2009 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2010 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2011 ) General Hospital ( 2012 ) Days of Our Lives ( 2013 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2014 ) Days of Our Lives and The Young and the Restless ( tie , 2015 ) General Hospital ( 2016 ) General Hospital ( 2017 )",
"41": "Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team Days of Our Lives ( 1974 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1975 ) One Life to Live ( 1976 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1977 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1978 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1979 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1980 ) General Hospital ( 1981 ) General Hospital ( 1982 ) One Life to Live ( 1983 ) One Life to Live ( 1984 ) Guiding Light ( 1985 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1986 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1987 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1988 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1989 ) Santa Barbara ( 1990 ) Santa Barbara ( 1991 ) Another World ( 1992 ) As the World Turns ( 1993 ) Guiding Light ( 1994 ) All My Children ( 1995 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1996 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1997 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1998 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1999 ) General Hospital ( 2000 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2001 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2002 ) All My Children ( 2003 ) General Hospital ( 2004 ) General Hospital ( 2005 ) General Hospital ( 2006 ) As the World Turns ( 2007 ) One Life to Live ( 2008 ) One Life to Live ( 2009 ) General Hospital ( 2010 ) The Bold and the Beautiful / The Young and the Restless ( 2011 ) General Hospital ( 2012 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2013 ) One Life to Live ( 2014 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2015 ) General Hospital ( 2016 ) General Hospital (",
"42": "2017 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team The Edge of Night ( 1974 ) Another World ( 1975 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1976 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1977 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1978 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1979 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1980 ) General Hospital ( 1981 ) Guiding Light ( 1986 ) One Life to Live ( 1987 ) All My Children ( 1988 ) Santa Barbara ( 1989 ) Guiding Light ( 1990 ) Santa Barbara ( 1991 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1992 ) Guiding Light ( 1993 ) One Life to Live ( 1994 ) General Hospital ( 1995 ) All My Children ( 1996 ) All My Children / The Young and the Restless ( 1997 ) All My Children ( 1998 ) General Hospital ( 1999 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2000 ) As the World Turns ( 2001 ) As the World Turns ( 2002 ) General Hospital ( 2003 ) As the World Turns ( 2004 ) As the World Turns ( 2005 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2006 ) Guiding Light ( 2007 ) One Life to Live ( 2008 ) General Hospital ( 2009 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2011 ) Days of Our Lives ( 2012 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2013 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2014 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2015 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2016 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"43": "php?title=The_Young_and_the_Restless&oldid=838309645 '' Categories : 1973 American television series debuts 1970s American drama television series 1980s American drama television series 1990s American drama television series 2000s American drama television series 2010s American drama television series American television soap operas CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Wisconsin The Young and the Restless Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Television series created by William J. Bell Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations having redundant parameters CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 06 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Lionel Messi - wikipedia Lionel Messi Jump to : navigation , search Argentine footballer `` Messi '' redirects here . For other uses , see Messi ( disambiguation ) . This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Messi and the second or maternal family name is Cuccittini .",
"1": "Lionel Messi Messi with Barcelona in December 2016 Full name Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini Date of birth ( 1987 - 06 - 24 ) 24 June 1987 ( age 30 ) Place of birth Rosario , Argentina Height 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Barcelona Number 10 Youth career 1994 -- 2000 Newell 's Old Boys 2001 -- 2004 Barcelona Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2003 -- 2004 Barcelona C 10 ( 5 ) 2004 -- 2005 Barcelona B 22 ( 6 ) 2004 -- Barcelona 414 ( 378 ) National team 2004 -- 2005 Argentina U20 18 ( 14 ) 2008 Argentina U23 5 ( 2 ) 2005 -- Argentina 123 ( 61 ) Honours ( show ) Representing Argentina Olympic Games 2008 Beijing FIFA World Cup 2014 Brazil Copa América 2007 Venezuela 2015 Chile 2016 United States South American U-20 Championship 2005 Colombia FIFA U-20 World Cup 2005 Netherlands * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 17 April 2018 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 11 November 2017 This article is part of a series about Lionel Messi Argentine professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo Films Messi ( 2014 ) Messi ( 2017 ) Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ljoˈnel anˈdɾez ˈmesi ) ( listen ) ; born 24 June 1987 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentina national team .",
"2": "Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as the greatest of all time , Messi has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards , four of which he won consecutively , and a record - tying four European Golden Shoes . He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona , where he has won 31 trophies , including eight La Liga titles , four UEFA Champions League titles , and six Copas del Rey . Both a prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker , Messi holds the records for most official goals scored in La Liga ( 378 ) , a La Liga season ( 50 ) , a club football season in Europe ( 73 ) , a calendar year ( 91 ) , El Clásico ( 25 ) , as well as those for most assists in La Liga ( 149 ) and the Copa América ( 11 ) . He has scored over 600 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised in central Argentina , Messi was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency as a child . At age 13 , he relocated to Spain to join Barcelona , who agreed to pay for his medical treatment . After a fast progression through Barcelona 's youth academy , Messi made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004 . Despite being injury - prone during his early career , he established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years , finishing 2007 as a finalist for both the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award , a feat he repeated the following year . His first uninterrupted campaign came in the 2008 -- 09 season , during which he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football . At 22 years old , Messi won the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award by record voting margins . Three successful seasons followed , with Messi winning three consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Ors , including an unprecedented fourth . His personal best campaign statistically to date was the 2011 -- 12 season , in which he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season , while establishing himself as Barcelona 's all - time top scorer in official competitions in March 2012 . The following two seasons , Messi finished twice second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , his perceived career rival .",
"3": "Messi regained his best form during the 2014 -- 15 campaign , breaking the all - time goalscoring records in both La Liga and the Champions League in November 2014 , and led Barcelona to a historic second treble . An Argentine international , Messi is his country 's all - time leading goalscorer . At youth level , he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship , finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe , and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics . His style of play as a diminutive , left - footed dribbler drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona , who declared the teenager his successor . After making his senior debut in August 2005 , Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup during the 2006 edition , and reached the final of the 2007 Copa América , where he was named young player of the tournament . As the squad 's captain from August 2011 , he led Argentina to three consecutive finals : the 2014 World Cup , for which he won the Golden Ball , and the 2015 and 2016 Copas América . After announcing his international retirement in 2016 , he reversed his decision and led his country to qualification for the 2018 World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Barcelona 2.1. 1 2003 -- 05 : Rise to the first team 2.1. 2 2005 -- 08 : Making the starting eleven 2.1. 3 2009 -- 11 : Sustained success 2.1. 4 2012 : A record - breaking year 2.1. 5 2013 -- 14 : Messidependencia 2.1. 6 2014 -- 15 : A historic treble 2.1. 7 2015 -- 16 : Domestic success 2.1. 8 2016 -- 17 : Fourth Golden Boot 2.1.",
"4": "9 2017 -- 18 season 3 International career 3.1 2004 -- 05 : Success at youth level 3.2 2005 -- 06 : Senior and World Cup debuts 3.3 2007 -- 08 : Copa América final and Olympic gold 3.4 2008 -- 11 : Collective decline 3.5 2011 -- 13 : Assuming the captaincy 3.6 2014 -- 15 : World Cup and Copa América finals 3.7 2016 : Copa América Centenario , retirement , and return 3.7. 1 `` Do n't go , Leo '' 3.7. 2 Return 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo 5 In popular culture 6 Personal life 6.1 Family and relationships 6.2 Charity 6.3 Legal issues 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Club 8.2 International 8.3 Individual 8.3. 1 Awards 8.3. 2 Performances 8.4 Records 8.4. 1 World 8.4. 2 Continental 8.4. 3 Spain 8.4. 4 Argentina 8.4. 5 Barcelona 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life 5 - year - old Lionel Messi with Club Abanderado Grandoli of Rosario , where he started to play football Lionel Andrés Messi was born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario , the third of four children of Jorge Messi , a steel factory manager , and his wife Celia Cuccittini , who worked in a magnet manufacturing workshop . On his father 's side , he is of Italian and Spanish descent , the great - grandson of immigrants from the northcentral Adriatic Marche region of Italy and Catalonia , and on his mother 's side , he has primarily Italian ancestry .",
"5": "Growing up in a tight - knit , football - loving family , `` Leo '' developed a passion for the sport from an early age , playing constantly with his older brothers , Rodrigo and Matías , and his cousins , Maximiliano and Emanuel Biancucchi , both of whom became professional footballers . At the age of four he joined local club Grandoli , where he was coached by his father , though his earliest influence as a player came from his maternal grandmother , Celia , who accompanied him to training and matches . He was greatly affected by her death , shortly before his eleventh birthday ; since then , as a devout Catholic , he has celebrated his goals by looking up and pointing to the sky in tribute of his grandmother . `` When you saw him you would think : this kid ca n't play ball . He 's a dwarf , he 's too fragile , too small . But immediately you 'd realise that he was born different , that he was a phenomenon and that he was going to be something impressive . '' -- Newell 's Old Boys youth coach Adrián Coria shares his first impression of the 12 - year - old Messi . A lifelong supporter of Newell 's Old Boys , Messi joined the Rosario club when he was six years old . During the six years he played for Newell 's , he scored almost 500 goals as a member of `` The Machine of ' 87 '' , the near - unbeatable youth side named for the year of their birth , and regularly entertained crowds by performing ball tricks during half - time of the first team 's home games . However , his future as a professional player was threatened when , at age 10 , he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency . As his father 's health insurance covered only two years of growth hormone treatment , which cost at least $ 1,000 per month , Newell 's agreed to contribute , but later reneged on their promise . He was scouted by Buenos Aires club River Plate , whose playmaker , Pablo Aimar , he idolised , but they were also unable to pay for his treatment due to the country 's economic collapse . Messi enrolled at Barcelona 's youth academy , La Masia , at age 13 As the Messi family had relatives in Catalonia , they sought to arrange a trial with Barcelona in September 2000 .",
"6": "First team director Charly Rexach immediately wanted to sign him , but the board of directors hesitated ; at the time it was highly unusual for European clubs to sign foreign players of such a young age . On 14 December , an ultimatum was issued for Barcelona to prove their commitment , and Rexach , with no other paper at hand , offered a contract on a paper napkin . In February 2001 , the family relocated to Barcelona , where they moved into an apartment near the club 's stadium , Camp Nou . During his first year in Spain , Messi rarely played with the Infantiles due to a transfer conflict with Newell 's ; as a foreigner , he could only be fielded in friendlies and the Catalan league . Without football , he struggled to integrate into the team ; already reserved by nature , he was so quiet that his teammates initially believed he was mute . At home , he suffered from homesickness after his mother moved back to Rosario with his brothers and little sister , María Sol , while he stayed in Barcelona with his father . After a year at Barcelona 's youth academy , La Masia , Messi was finally enrolled in the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) in February 2002 . Now playing in all competitions , he befriended his teammates , among whom were Cesc Fàbregas and Gerard Piqué . After completing his growth hormone treatment aged 14 , Messi became an integral part of the `` Baby Dream Team '' , Barcelona 's greatest - ever youth side . During his first full season ( 2002 -- 03 ) , he was top scorer with 36 goals in 30 games for the Cadetes A , who won an unprecedented treble of the league and both the Spanish and Catalan cups . The Copa Catalunya final , a 4 -- 1 victory over Espanyol , became known in club lore as the partido de la máscara , the final of the mask . A week after suffering a broken cheekbone during a league match , Messi was allowed to start the game on the condition that he wear a plastic protector ; soon hindered by the mask , he took it off and scored two goals in 10 minutes before his substitution .",
"7": "At the close of the season , he received an offer to join Arsenal , his first from a foreign club , but while Fàbregas and Piqué soon left for England , he chose to remain in Barcelona . Club career Barcelona 2003 -- 05 : rise to the first team `` It seemed as if he had been playing with us all his life . '' -- Barcelona 's then assistant coach Henk Ten Cate on Messi 's first - team debut . During the 2003 -- 04 season , his fourth with Barcelona , Messi rapidly progressed through the club 's ranks , debuting for a record five teams in a single campaign . After being named player of the tournament in four international pre-season competitions with the Juveniles B , he played only one official match with the team before being promoted to the Juveniles A , where he scored 18 goals in 11 league games . Messi was then one of several youth players called up to strengthen a depleted first team during the international break . French Winger Ludovic Giuly explained how a teenage Leo caught the eye in a training session with Frank Rijkaard 's first team : `` He destroyed us all ... They were kicking him all over the place to avoid being ridiculed by this kid , he just got up and kept on playing . He would dribble past four players and score a goal . Even the team 's starting centre - backs were nervous . He was an alien . '' At 16 years , four months , and 23 days old , he made his first team debut when he came on in the 75th minute during a friendly against José Mourinho 's Porto on 16 November 2003 . His performance , creating two chances and a shot on goal , impressed the technical staff , and he subsequently began training daily with the club 's reserve side , Barcelona B , as well as weekly with the first team . After his first training session with the senior squad , Barça 's new star player , Ronaldinho , told his teammates that he believed the 16 - year - old would become an even better player than himself . Ronaldinho soon befriended Messi , whom he called `` little brother '' , which greatly eased his transition into the first team .",
"8": "Messi , at age 18 , playing against Málaga in 2005 To gain further match experience , Messi joined Barcelona C in addition to the Juveniles A , playing his first game for the third team on 29 November . He helped save them from the relegation zone of the Tercera División , scoring five goals in ten games , including a hat - trick in eight minutes during a Copa del Rey match while man - marked by Sevilla 's Sergio Ramos . His progress was reflected in his first professional contract , signed on 4 February 2004 , which lasted until 2012 and contained an initial buyout clause of € 30 million . A month later , on 6 March , he made his debut for Barcelona B in the Segunda División B , and his buyout clause automatically increased to € 80 million . He played five games with the B team that season but did not score . Physically he was weaker than his opponents , who were often much older and taller , and in training he worked on increasing his muscle mass and overall strength in order to be able to shake off defenders . Towards the end of the season , he returned to both youth teams , helping the Juveniles B win the league . He finished the campaign having scored for four of his five teams with a total of 36 goals in all official competitions . During the 2004 -- 05 season , Messi was a guaranteed starter for the B team , playing 17 games throughout the campaign and scoring on six occasions . Since his debut the previous November , he had not been called up to the first team again , but in October 2004 , the senior players asked manager Frank Rijkaard to promote him . Since Ronaldinho already played on the left wing , Rijkaard moved Messi from his usual position onto the right flank ( though initially against the player 's wishes ) , allowing him to cut into the centre of the pitch and shoot with his dominant left foot . Messi made his league debut during the next match on 16 October , against Espanyol , coming on in the 82nd minute . At 17 years , three months , and 22 days old , he was at the time the youngest player to represent Barcelona in an official competition .",
"9": "As a substitute player , he played only 77 minutes in nine matches for the first team that season , including his debut in the UEFA Champions League against Shakhtar Donetsk . He scored his first senior goal on 1 May 2005 , against Albacete , from an assist by Ronaldinho , becoming -- at that time -- the youngest - ever scorer for the club . Barcelona , in their second season under Rijkaard , won the league for the first time in six years . 2005 -- 08 : making the starting Eleven `` In my entire life I have never seen a player of such quality and personality at such a young age , particularly wearing the ' heavy ' shirt of one of the world 's great clubs . '' -- Fabio Capello praises the 18 - year - old Messi following the Joan Gamper trophy in August 2005 . On 24 June 2005 , his 18th birthday , Messi signed his first contract as a senior team player . It made him a Barcelona player until 2010 , two years less than his previous contract , but his buyout clause increased to € 150 million . His breakthrough came two months later , on 24 August , during the Joan Gamper Trophy , Barcelona 's pre-season competition . A starter for the first time , he gave a well - received performance against Fabio Capello 's Juventus , receiving an ovation from the Camp Nou . While Capello requested to loan Messi , a bid to buy him came from Inter Milan , who were willing to pay his € 150 million buyout clause and triple his wages . According to then - president Joan Laporta , it was the only time the club faced a real risk of losing Messi , but he ultimately decided to stay . On 16 September , his contract was updated for the second time in three months and extended to 2014 . Messi during a training session with Barça in August 2006 Due to issues regarding his legal status in the Royal Spanish Football Federation , Messi missed the start of La Liga , but on 26 September , he acquired Spanish citizenship and became eligible to play . Wearing the number 19 shirt , he gradually established himself as the first - choice right winger , forming an attacking trio with Ronaldinho and striker Samuel Eto'o .",
"10": "He was in the starting line - up in major matches like his first Clásico against rivals Real Madrid on 19 November , as well as Barcelona 's away victory over Chelsea in the last 16 round of the Champions League , where he played his best match to that point . After he had scored 8 goals in 25 games , including his first in the Champions League , his season ended prematurely during the return leg against Chelsea on 7 March 2006 , when he suffered a torn hamstring . Messi worked to regain fitness in time for the Champions League final , but on 17 May , the day of the final , he was eventually ruled out . He was so disappointed that he did not celebrate his team 's victory over Arsenal in Paris , something he later came to regret . While Barcelona began a gradual decline , the 19 - year - old Messi established himself as one of the best players in the world during the 2006 -- 07 campaign . Already an idol to the culés , the club 's supporters , he scored 17 goals in 36 games across all competitions . However , he continued to be plagued by major injuries ; a metatarsal fracture sustained on 12 November 2006 kept him out of action for three months . He recovered in time for the last 16 round of the Champions League against Liverpool , but was effectively marked out of the game ; Barcelona , the reigning champions , were out of the competition . In the league , his goal contribution increased towards the end of the season ; 11 of his 14 goals came from the last 13 games . On 10 March 2007 , he scored his first hat - trick in a Clásico , the first player to do so in 12 years , equalising after each goal by Real Madrid to end the match in a 3 -- 3 draw in extra time . His growing importance to the club was reflected in a new contract , signed that month , which greatly increased his wages . Messi makes his Maradona-esque run against Getafe in April 2007 Already frequently compared to compatriot Diego Maradona , Messi proved their similarity when he nearly replicated Maradona 's two most famous goals in the span of three weeks .",
"11": "During a Copa del Rey semi-final against Getafe on 18 April , he scored a goal remarkably similar to Maradona 's goal in the quarter - finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup , known as the Goal of the Century . Messi collected the ball on the right side near the halfway line , ran 60 metres ( 200 ft ) , and beat five defenders before scoring with an angled finish , just as Maradona had done . A league match against Espanyol on 9 June saw him score by launching himself at the ball and guiding it past the goalkeeper with his hand in similar fashion to Maradona 's Hand of God goal in the same World Cup match . As Messi continued his individual rise , Barcelona faltered ; the team failed to reach the Copa del Rey final after Messi was rested during the second leg against Getafe and lost the league to Real Madrid on head - to - head results . After Ronaldinho lost form , Messi became Barça 's new star player at only 20 years old , receiving the nickname `` Messiah '' from the Spanish media . His efforts in 2007 also earned him award recognition ; journalists voted him the third - best player of the year for the 2007 Ballon d'Or , behind Kaká and runner - up Cristiano Ronaldo , while international managers and national team captains voted him second for the FIFA World Player of the Year award , again behind Kaká . Although he managed to score 16 goals during the 2007 -- 08 campaign , the second half of his season was again marred by injuries after he suffered a torn hamstring on 15 December . He returned to score twice in their away victory against Celtic in the last 16 round of the Champions League , becoming the competition 's top scorer at that point with six goals , but reinjured himself during the return leg on 4 March 2008 . Rijkaard had fielded him despite warning from the medical staff , leading captain Carles Puyol to criticise the Spanish media for pressuring Messi to play every match . Barcelona finished the season without trophies , eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions , Manchester United , and placed third in the league . After two unsuccessful seasons , Barcelona were in need of an overhaul , leading to the departure of Rijkaard and Ronaldinho .",
"12": "Upon the latter 's departure , Messi was given the number 10 shirt . He signed a new contract in July 2008 on an annual salary of € 7.8 million , becoming the club 's highest - paid player . Ahead of the new season , a major concern remained his frequent muscular injuries , which had left him side - lined for a total of eight months between 2006 and 2008 . To combat the problem , the club implemented new training , nutrition , and lifestyle regimens , and assigned him a personal physiotherapist , who would travel with him during call - ups for the Argentina national team . As a result , Messi remained virtually injury - free during the next four years , allowing him to reach his full potential . Despite his injuries early in the year , his performances in 2008 saw him again voted runner - up for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , both times behind Cristiano Ronaldo . 2009 -- 11 : sustained success In his first uninterrupted campaign , the 2008 -- 09 season , he scored 38 goals in 51 games , contributing alongside Eto'o and winger Thierry Henry to a total of 100 goals in all competitions , a record at the time for the club . Messi in the Champions League final against Manchester United in May 2009 During his first season under Barcelona 's new manager , former captain Pep Guardiola , Messi played mainly on the right wing , like he had under Rijkaard , though this time as a false winger with the freedom to cut inside and roam the centre . During the Clásico on 2 May 2009 , however , he played for the first time as a false nine , positioned as a centre - forward but dropping deep into midfield to link up with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta . He assisted with a chip his side 's first goal and scored twice to end the match in an emphatic 6 -- 2 victory , the team 's greatest - ever score at Real Madrid 's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium . Returning to the wing , he played his first final since breaking into the first team on 13 May , scoring once and assisting a second goal as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 4 -- 1 to win the Copa del Rey .",
"13": "With 23 league goals from Messi that season , Barcelona became La Liga champions three days later and achieved its fifth double . As the season 's Champions League top scorer with nine goals , the youngest in the tournament 's history , Messi scored two goals and assisted two more to ensure a 4 -- 0 quarter - final victory over Bayern Munich . He returned as a false nine during the final on 27 May in Rome against Manchester United . Barcelona were crowned champions of Europe by winning the match 2 -- 0 , the second goal coming from a Messi header over goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . Barcelona thus achieved the first treble in the history of Spanish football . This success was reflected in a new contract , signed on 18 September , which committed Messi to the club through 2016 with a new buyout clause of € 250 million , while his salary increased to € 12 million . His team 's prosperity continued into the second half of 2009 , as Barcelona became the first club to achieve the sextuple , winning six top - tier trophies in a single year . After victories in the Supercopa de España and UEFA Super Cup in August , Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup against Estudiantes de La Plata on 19 December , with Messi scoring the winning 2 -- 1 goal with his chest . At 22 years old , Messi won the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , both times by the greatest voting margin in each trophy 's history . `` Messi is the best player in the world by some distance . He 's like a PlayStation . He can take advantage of every mistake we make . '' -- Arsène Wenger commends Messi for his four -- goal display against Arsenal in April 2010 . Unsatisfied with his position on the right wing , Messi resumed playing as a false nine in early 2010 , beginning with a Champions League last 16 - round match against VfB Stuttgart . After a first - leg draw , Barcelona won the second leg 4 -- 0 with two goals and an assist from Messi . At that point , he effectively became the tactical focal point of Guardiola 's team , and his goalscoring rate increased .",
"14": "Messi scored a total of 47 goals in all competitions that season , equaling Ronaldo 's club record from the 1996 -- 97 campaign . He notably scored all of his side 's four goals in the Champions League quarter - final against Arsène Wenger 's Arsenal on 6 April while becoming Barcelona 's all - time top scorer in the competition . Although Barcelona were eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions , Inter Milan , Messi finished the season as top scorer ( with 8 goals ) for the second consecutive year . As the league 's top scorer with 34 goals ( again tying Ronaldo 's record ) , he helped Barcelona win a second consecutive La Liga trophy with only a single defeat . Messi ( centre ) and his teammates celebrate winning the FIFA Club World Cup in December 2011 Messi secured Barcelona 's first trophy of the 2010 -- 11 campaign , the Supercopa de España , by scoring a hat - trick in his side 's second - leg 4 -- 0 victory over Sevilla , after a first - leg defeat . Assuming a playmaking role , he was again instrumental in a Clásico on 29 November 2010 , the first with José Mourinho in charge of Real Madrid , as Barcelona defeated their rivals 5 -- 0 . Messi helped the team achieve 16 consecutive league victories , a record in Spanish football , concluding with another hat - trick against Atlético Madrid on 5 February 2011 . His club performances in 2010 earned him the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , though his win was met with some criticism due to his lack of success with Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Under the award 's old format , he would have placed just outside the top three , owing his win to the votes from the international coaches and captains . Towards the end of the season , Barcelona played four Clásicos in the span of 18 days . A league match on 16 April ended in a draw after a penalty from Messi .",
"15": "After Barcelona lost the Copa del Rey final four days later , Messi scored both goals in his side 's 2 -- 0 win in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals , the second of which -- a dribble past three players -- was acclaimed as one of the best ever in the competition . Although he did not score , he was again important in the second - leg draw that sent Barcelona through to the Champions League final , where they faced Manchester United in a repeat of the final two years earlier . As the competition 's top scorer for the third consecutive year , with 12 goals , Messi gave a man - of - the - match performance at Wembley on 28 May , scoring the match - winning goal of Barça 's 3 -- 1 victory . Barcelona won a third consecutive La Liga title . In addition to his 31 goals , Messi was also the league 's top assist provider with 18 . He finished the season with 53 goals and 24 assists in all competitions , becoming Barcelona 's all - time single - season top scorer and the first player in Spanish football to reach the 50 - goal benchmark . As Messi developed into a combination of a number 8 ( a creator ) , a 9 ( scorer ) , and a 10 ( assistant ) , he scored an unprecedented 73 goals and provided 29 assists in all club competitions during the 2011 -- 12 season , producing a hat - trick or more on 10 occasions . He began the campaign by helping Barcelona win both the Spanish and European Super Cups ; in the Supercopa de España , he scored three times to achieve a 5 -- 4 aggregate victory over Real Madrid , overtaking Raúl as the competition 's all - time top scorer with eight goals . At the close of the year , on 18 December , he scored twice in the FIFA Club World Cup final , a 4 -- 0 victory over Santos , earning the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament , as he had done two years previously . For his efforts in 2011 , he again received the FIFA Ballon d'Or , becoming only the fourth player in history to win the Ballon d'Or three times , after Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten .",
"16": "Additionally , he won the inaugural UEFA Best Player in Europe Award , a revival of the old - style Ballon d'Or . By then , Messi was already widely considered one of the best footballers in history , alongside players like Diego Maradona and Pelé . 2012 : a record - breaking year `` I feel sorry for those who want to compete for Messi 's throne -- it 's impossible , this kid is unique . '' -- Pep Guardiola after Messi became Barcelona 's all - time top scorer at age 24 in March 2012 As Messi maintained his goalscoring form into the second half of the season , the year 2012 saw him break several longstanding records . On 7 March , two weeks after scoring four goals in a league fixture against Valencia , he scored five times in a Champions League last 16 - round match against Bayer Leverkusen , an unprecedented achievement in the history of the competition . In addition to being the joint top assist provider with five assists , this feat made him top scorer with 14 goals , tying José Altafini 's record from the 1962 -- 63 season , as well as becoming only the second player after Gerd Müller to be top scorer in four campaigns . Two weeks later , on 20 March , Messi became the top goalscorer in Barcelona 's history at 24 years old , overtaking the 57 - year record of César Rodríguez 's 232 goals with a hat - trick against Granada . Messi points to the sky during his five - goal display against Bayer Leverkusen in March 2012 Despite Messi 's individual form , Barcelona 's four - year cycle of success under Guardiola -- one of the greatest eras in the club 's history -- drew to an end . Although Barcelona won the Copa del Rey against Athletic Bilbao on 25 May , its 14th title of that period , the team had lost the league to Real Madrid and was eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions , Chelsea , with Messi sending a crucial second - leg penalty kick against the crossbar . In Barça 's last home league match on 5 May , against Espanyol , Messi scored all four goals before approaching the bench to embrace Guardiola , who had announced his resignation as manager .",
"17": "He finished the season as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for a second time , with 50 goals , an all - time La Liga record , while his 73 goals in all competitions surpassed Gerd Müller 's 67 goals in the 1972 -- 73 Bundesliga season , making him the single - season top scorer in the history of European club football . Under manager Tito Vilanova , who had first coached him aged 14 at La Masia , Messi helped the club achieve its best - ever start to a La Liga season during the second half of 2012 , amassing 55 points by the competition 's midway point , a record in Spanish football . A double scored on 9 December against Real Betis saw Messi break two longstanding records : he surpassed César Rodríguez 's record of 190 league goals , becoming Barcelona 's all - time top scorer in La Liga , and Gerd Müller 's record of most goals scored in a calendar year , overtaking his 85 goals scored in 1972 for Bayern Munich and Germany . Messi sent Müller a number 10 Barcelona shirt , signed `` with respect and admiration '' , after breaking his 40 - year record . At the close of the year , Messi had scored a record 91 goals in all competitions for Barcelona and Argentina . Although FIFA did not acknowledge the achievement , citing verifiability issues , he received the Guinness World Records title for most goals scored in a calendar year . As the odds - on favourite , Messi again won the FIFA Ballon d'Or , becoming the only player in history to win the Ballon d'Or four times . 2013 -- 14 : Messidependencia Barcelona had virtually secured their La Liga title by the start of 2013 , eventually equalling Real Madrid 's 100 - point record of the previous season . However , their performances deteriorated in the second half of the 2012 -- 13 campaign , concurrently with Vilanova 's absence due to ill health . After losing successive Clásicos , including the Copa del Rey semi-finals , they were nearly eliminated in the first knockout round of the Champions League by Milan , but a revival of form in the second leg led to a 4 -- 0 comeback , with two goals and an assist from Messi .",
"18": "Now in his ninth senior season with Barcelona , Messi signed a new contract on 7 February , committing himself to the club through 2018 , while his fixed wage rose to € 13 million . He wore the captain 's armband for the first time a month later , on 17 March , in a league match against Rayo Vallecano ; by then , he had become the team 's tactical focal point to a degree that was arguably rivalled only by former Barcelona players Josep Samitier , László Kubala and Johan Cruyff . Since his evolution into a false nine three years earlier , his input into the team 's attack had increased exponentially ; from 24 % in their treble - winning campaign , his goal contribution rose to more than 40 % that season . `` In Leo we are talking about the best player in the world and when things are not going well you have to use him . Even if he is half lame , his presence on the pitch is enough to lift us and our play in general . '' -- Defender Gerard Piqué explains Barcelona 's reliance on an unfit Messi against Paris Saint - Germain in April 2013 . After four largely injury - free seasons , the muscular injuries that had previously plagued Messi reoccurred . After he suffered a hamstring strain on 2 April , during the first quarter - final against Paris Saint - Germain , his appearances became sporadic . In the second leg against PSG , with an underperforming Barcelona down a goal , Messi came off the bench in the second half and within nine minutes helped create their game - tying goal , which allowed them to progress to the semi-finals . Still unfit , he proved ineffective during the first leg against Bayern Munich and was unable to play at all during the second , as Barcelona were defeated 7 -- 0 on aggregate by the eventual champions . These matches gave credence to the notion of Messidependencia , Barcelona 's perceived tactical and psychological dependence on their star player . Messi 's Golden Shoe award for the 2012 -- 13 season Messi continued to struggle with injury throughout 2013 , eventually parting ways with his long - time personal physiotherapist .",
"19": "Further damage to his hamstring sustained on 12 May ended his goalscoring streak of 21 consecutive league games , a worldwide record ; he had netted 33 goals during his run , including a four - goal display against Osasuna , while becoming the first player to score consecutively against all 19 opposition teams in La Liga . With 60 goals in all competitions , including 46 goals in La Liga , he finished the campaign as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for the second consecutive year , becoming the first player in history to win the European Golden Shoe three times . Following an irregular start to the new season under manager Gerardo Martino , formerly of his boyhood club Newell 's Old Boys , Messi suffered his fifth injury of 2013 when he tore his hamstring on 10 November , leaving him sidelined for two months . Despite his injuries , he was voted runner - up for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , relinquishing the award after a four - year monopoly to Cristiano Ronaldo . Messi celebrates his second goal against Granada in September 2014 During the second half of the 2013 -- 14 season , doubts persisted over Messi 's form , leading to a perception among the culés that he was reserving himself for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Statistically , his contribution of goals , shots , and passes had dropped significantly compared to previous seasons . He still managed to break two longstanding records in a span of seven days : a hat - trick on 16 March against Osasuna saw him overtake Paulino Alcántara 's 369 goals to become Barcelona 's top goalscorer in all competitions including friendlies , while another hat - trick against Real Madrid on 23 March made him the all - time top scorer in El Clásico , ahead of the 18 goals scored by former Real Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . Messi finished the campaign with his worst output in five seasons , though he still managed to score 41 goals in all competitions . For the first time in five years , Barcelona ended the season without a major trophy ; they were defeated in the Copa del Rey final by Real Madrid and lost the league in the last game to Atlético Madrid , causing Messi to be booed by sections of fans at the Camp Nou .",
"20": "After prolonged speculation over his future with the club , Messi signed a new contract on 19 May 2014 , only a year after his last contractual update ; his salary increased to € 20 million , or € 36 million before taxes , the highest wage ever in the sport . 2014 -- 15 : a historic treble `` Messi is an alien that dedicates himself to playing with humans . '' -- Juventus captain Gianluigi Buffon ahead of their meeting in the Champions League final in June 2015 Under new manager and former captain Luis Enrique , Messi experienced a largely injury - free start to the 2014 -- 15 season , allowing him to break three more longstanding records towards the end of the year . A hat - trick scored against Sevilla on 22 November made him the all - time top scorer in La Liga , as he surpassed the 59 - year record of 251 league goals held by Telmo Zarra . Three days later , he scored another hat - trick against APOEL , overtaking Raúl 's 71 goals to become top scorer in the history of the Champions League . A third hat - trick , scored against city rivals Espanyol on 7 December , allowed him to surpass César Rodríguez as the all - time top scorer in the Derbi barceloní with 12 goals . Messi again placed second in the FIFA Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , largely owing to his second - place achievement with Argentina at the World Cup . At the start of 2015 , Barcelona were perceived to be headed for another disappointing end to the season , with renewed speculation in the media that Messi was leaving the club . A turning point came on 11 January during a 3 -- 1 victory over Atlético Madrid , the first time Barça 's attacking trident of Messi , Luis Suárez and Neymar , dubbed `` MSN '' , each scored in a match , marking the beginning of a highly successful run . After five years of playing in the centre of the pitch , Messi had returned to his old position on the right wing late the previous year , by his own suggestion according to Suárez , their striker . From there , he regained his best -- arguably his best - ever -- form , while Suárez and Neymar ended the team 's attacking dependency on their star player .",
"21": "With 58 goals from Messi , the trio scored a total of 122 goals in all competitions that season , a record in Spanish football . Messi battles Juventus defender Patrice Evra for the ball during the Champions League final in June 2015 Towards the end of the campaign , Messi scored in a 1 -- 0 away win over Atlético Madrid on 17 May , securing the La Liga title . Among his 43 league goals that season was a hat - trick scored in 11 minutes against Rayo Vallecano on 8 March , the fastest of his senior career ; it was his 32nd hat - trick overall for Barcelona , allowing him to overtake Telmo Zarra as the player with the most hat - tricks ever in Spanish football . Additionally , as the season 's top assist provider with 18 assists , he surpassed Luís Figo as the player with the most assists in La Liga ; he made his record 106th assist in a fixture against Levante on 15 February , in which he also scored a hat - trick . Messi then scored twice as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 1 in the Copa del Rey final on 30 May , achieving the sixth double in their history . His opening goal was hailed as one of the greatest in his career ; he collected the ball near the halfway line and beat four opposing players , before feinting the goalkeeper to score in a tight space by the near post . The goal was later named one of the three final nominees for the 2015 FIFA Puskás Award . In the Champions League , Messi scored twice and assisted on another in their 3 -- 0 semi-final victory over Bayern Munich , now under the stewardship of Guardiola . His second goal , which came only three minutes after his first , saw him chip the ball over goalkeeper Manuel Neuer after his dribble past Jérôme Boateng had made the defender drop to the ground ; it went viral , becoming the year 's most tweeted about sporting moment , and was named the best goal of the season by UEFA . Despite a second - leg loss , Barcelona progressed to the final on 6 June in Berlin , where they defeated Juventus 3 -- 1 to win their second treble , becoming the first team in history to do so .",
"22": "Although Messi did not score , he participated in each of his side 's goals , particularly the second as he forced a parried save from goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from which Suárez scored the match - winning goal on the rebound . In addition to being the top assist provider with six assists , Messi finished the competition as the joint top scorer with ten goals , which earned him the distinction of being the first player ever to achieve the top scoring mark in five Champions League seasons . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe award for a second time . 2015 -- 16 : domestic success Messi dribbling past Sevilla 's Éver Banega in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup Messi opened the 2015 -- 16 season by scoring twice from free kicks in Barcelona 's 5 -- 4 victory ( after extra time ) over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . A subsequent 5 -- 1 aggregate defeat against Athletic Bilbao in the Supercopa de España ended their expressed hopes of a second sextuple , with Messi scoring his side 's only goal . On 16 September , he became the youngest player to make 100 appearances in the UEFA Champions League in a 1 -- 1 away draw to Roma . On 26 September , Messi sustained an injury in Barcelona 's match against Las Palmas ; tests later confirmed that he suffered a tear in the medial collateral ligament of his left knee , ruling him out for six to eight weeks . He finally returned to the pitch on 21 November , making a substitute appearance in Barcelona 's 4 -- 0 away win over rivals Real Madrid in El Clásico . Messi capped off the year by winning the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December , collecting his fifth club trophy of 2015 as Barcelona went on to defeat River Plate 3 -- 0 in Yokohama . Messi also won the tournament 's Silver Ball , despite missing the semi-final . On 30 December , Messi scored on his 500th appearance for Barcelona , in a 4 -- 0 home win over Real Betis .",
"23": "On 6 January 2016 , recording Barcelona 's first goal of the new year , Messi scored two goals and assisted the other two in a 4 -- 1 derby win over Espanyol at the Camp Nou , in the first leg of the round of 16 of the 2015 -- 16 Copa del Rey . Five days later , Messi won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for a record fifth time in his career . On 3 February , he scored a hat - trick in Barcelona 's 7 -- 0 win against Valenciain the first leg of the Copa del Rey semi-final at the Camp Nou , also scoring his 500th career goal in the process , including youth competitions . With teammate Luis Suárez scoring the other four goals in the same match , this was the first time that two players had scored at least three goals each at Camp Nou , and the first time since Luis Suárez Miramontes and Justo Tejada in 1956 . The feat had only occurred three times before in the club 's history , all at Camp de Les Corts . The next league match at Camp Nou , a 6 -- 1 win against Celta de Vigo , Messi assisted Suárez from a penalty kick . Some people saw it as `` a touch of genius '' , while others criticised it as being disrespectful to the opponent . The Celta players , however , never complained and their coach defended the penalty , stating , `` Barca 's forwards are very respectful . '' The penalty routine has been compared to that of Barça icon Johan Cruyff in 1982 , who was battling lung cancer , leading many fans to indicate that the penalty was a tribute to him . Cruyff himself was `` very happy '' with the play , insisting `` it was legal and entertaining '' . On 17 February , Messi reached his 300th league goal in a 1 -- 3 away win against Sporting de Gijón . A few days later , he scored both goals in Barcelona 's 0 -- 2 win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium , in the first leg of the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League round of 16 , with the second goal being Barcelona 's 10,000 th in official competitions .",
"24": "On 17 April , Messi ended a five - match scoring drought with his 500th senior career goal for club and country in Barcelona 's 2 -- 1 home loss to Valencia . Messi finished the 2015 -- 16 season by setting up both goals in Barcelona 's 2 -- 0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final , at the Vicente Calderón Stadium , on 22 May 2016 , as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season . In total , Messi scored 41 goals and provided 23 assists , as Barcelona 's attacking trio managed a Spanish record of 131 goals throughout the season , breaking the record they had set the previous season . 2016 -- 17 : fourth Golden Boot `` ( Messi ) is indispensable , but the rest of us are dispensable . -- No , the club is bigger than any manager , than any player ... except Leo . That 's the reality , and you have to accept it . '' -- In an interview with Barcelona 's official magazine , Messi 's compatriot Javier Mascherano points out that Barcelona has continued to enjoy success despite the departures of its key figures . Messi opened the 2016 -- 17 season by lifting the 2016 Supercopa de España as Barcelona 's captain in the absence of the injured Andrés Iniesta ; he set - up Munir 's goal in a 2 -- 0 away win over Sevilla in the first leg on 14 August , and subsequently scored and assisted in a 3 -- 0 win in the return leg on 17 August . Three days later , he scored two goals and provided an assist to lead Barcelona to a 6 -- 2 victory against Real Betis in the opening game of the 2016 -- 17 La Liga season . On 13 September 2016 , Messi scored his first hat - trick of the season in the opening game of the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League campaign against Celtic in a 7 -- 0 victory ; this was also Messi 's sixth hat - trick in the Champions League , the most by any player . A week later , Messi sustained a groin injury in a 1 -- 1 draw against Atlético Madrid and was ruled out with injury for three weeks .",
"25": "He marked his return with a goal , scoring three minutes after coming off the bench in a 4 -- 0 home win over Deportivo de La Coruña , on 16 October . Three days after this , he netted his thirty - seventh club hat - trick as Barcelona defeated Manchester City 4 -- 0 . On 1 November , Messi scored his 54th Champions League group stage goal in Barcelona 's 3 -- 1 away return fixture loss to Manchester City , surpassing the previous record of 53 goals held by Raúl . On 12 November , Messi placed second in the 2016 Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , who claimed the award for the fourth time . He finished the year with 51 goals , making him Europe 's top scorer , one ahead of Zlatan Ibrahimović . After placing second in the 2016 Ballon d'Or , on 9 January 2017 Messi also finished in second place -- behind Cristiano Ronaldo once again -- in the 2016 Best FIFA Men 's Player Award . On 11 January , Messi scored from a free - kick in Barcelona 's 3 -- 1 victory against Athletic Bilbao in the second leg of the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey , which enabled Barcelona to advance to the quarter - finals of the competition ; with his 26th goal from a free - kick for Barcelona in all competitions , he equalled the club 's all - time record , which had previously been set by Ronald Koeman . In his next league match , on 14 January , Messi scored in a 5 -- 0 win against Las Palmas ; with this goal , he equalled Raúl 's record for the most number of teams scored against in La Liga ( 35 ) . On 4 February , Messi scored his 27th free - kick for Barcelona in a 3 -- 0 home win over Athletic Bilbao in the league , overtaking Koeman as the club 's all - time top - scorer from free - kicks . On 23 April , Messi scored twice in a 3 -- 2 away win over Real Madrid . His game - winning goal in stoppage time was his 500th for Barcelona .",
"26": "On 27 May , Messi scored a goal and set up another for Paco Alcácer in the 2017 Copa del Rey Final , helping Barcelona to a 3 -- 1 victory over Alavés , and was named Man of the Match . In total , Messi finished the 2016 -- 17 season with 54 goals and 16 assists , while his 37 goals in La Liga saw him claim both the Pichichi and European Golden Boot Awards for the fourth time in his career . 2017 -- 18 season Messi opened the 2017 -- 18 season by converting a penalty in Barcelona 's 1 -- 3 first leg home defeat to Real Madrid in Supercopa de España . Thereby , Messi also extended his El Clásico goalscoring record with the goal being his 24th official and 25th overall . On 27 August , Messi scored his first two goals of the 2017 -- 18 La Liga season in a 2 -- 0 away win over Alavés . Messi 's first goal marked his 350th in the fixture , becoming the first player ever to achieve this milestone . On 9 September , Messi scored his first hat - trick of the 2017 -- 18 league campaign , against Espanyol in derbi barceloní , thus helping to secure a 5 -- 0 home victory for Blaugrana over local rivals . Messi netted twice against Gianluigi Buffon , on 12 September , as Barça defeated the last season 's Italian champions Juventus 3 -- 0 at home in the UEFA Champions League . On 19 September , Messi found the net four times in a 6 -- 1 trashing of Eibar at the Camp Nou in La Liga . Three weeks later , on 1 October , Messi surpassed his former teammate Carles Puyol to become the third highest appearance maker in the club 's history , as he helped Barça defeat Las Palmas 3 -- 0 by assisting Sergio Busquets ' opener and later adding two himself in his 594th official game for the club ; the league game was played behind closed doors at the Camp Nou due to violence in Catalonia relating to an ongoing independence referendum .",
"27": "On 18 October , in his 122nd European club appearance , Messi scored his 97th UEFA Champions League goal , and his 100th in all UEFA club competitions , in a 3 -- 1 home victory over Olympiakos ; he also set up Lucas Digne 's goal during the same match . Messi became only the second player after Cristiano Ronaldo to reach this century milestone , but accomplished it in 21 fewer appearances than the Portuguese counterpart . On 23 October , Messi finished as the runner - up behind Cristiano Ronaldo in 2017 Best FIFA Men 's Player award for the second consecutive year . On 4 November , he made his 600th appearance for Barcelona in a 2 -- 1 home win over Sevilla in La Liga . Following the reception of his fourth Golden Boot , Messi signed a new deal with Barcelona on 25 November , keeping him with the club through the 2020 -- 21 season . His buyout clause was set at € 700 million . On 7 January 2018 , Messi made his 400th La Liga appearance with Barcelona in a 3 -- 0 home win over Levante , marking the occasion with his 144th league assist and 365th league goal for the club , the latter of which saw him equal Gerd Müller 's record for the most league goals scored for the same club in one of Europe 's top five divisions . A week later , he broke the record , scoring his 366th La Liga goal from a free kick in a 4 -- 2 away win against Real Sociedad . On 4 March , he scored his 600th senior career goal from a free kick in a 1 -- 0 home win over Atlético Madrid , in La Liga . On 14 March , Messi scored his 99th and 100th Champions League goals in a 3 -- 0 home win over Chelsea , becoming only the second player after Cristiano Ronaldo to reach this landmark , and achieving it at a younger age , in fewer appearances , having played fewer minutes , and having taken fewer shots than his Portuguese counterpart ; his opening goal , which came after only two minutes and eight seconds , was also the fastest of his career .",
"28": "During the same match , he also set up Ousmane Dembélé for his first Barcelona goal ; the result saw Barcelona advance to the quarter - finals of the competition for the eleventh consecutive season . On 7 April , he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 1 win over Leganés including his sixth goal scored from a free - kick for the season , matching the record set by former teammate Ronaldinho . International career 2004 -- 05 : success at youth level As a dual Argentine - Spanish national , Messi was eligible to play for the national team of both countries . Selectors for Spain 's Under - 17 squad began pursuing him in 2003 after Barcelona 's director of football , Carles Rexach , alerted the Royal Spanish Football Federation to their young player . Messi declined the offer , having aspired to represent La Albiceleste since childhood . To further prevent Spain from taking him , the Argentine Football Association organised two under - 20 friendlies in June 2004 , against Paraguay and Uruguay , with the purpose of finalising his status as an Argentina player in FIFA . Five days after his 17th birthday , on 29 June , he made his debut for his country against Paraguay , scoring once and providing two assists in their 8 -- 0 victory . He was subsequently included in the squad for the South American Youth Championship , held in Colombia in February 2005 . As he lacked the stamina of his teammates , the result of his former growth hormone deficiency , he was used as a substitute in six of the nine games , proving more effective when coming on in the second half . After being named man of the match against Venezuela , he scored the winning 2 -- 1 goal in the crucial last match against Brazil , thereby securing their third - place qualification for the FIFA World Youth Championship . Aware of his physical limitations , Messi employed a personal trainer to increase his muscle mass , returning to the squad in an improved condition in time for the World Youth Championship , hosted by the Netherlands in June 2005 . After he was left out of the starting line - up in their first match against the United States , a 1 -- 0 defeat , the squad 's senior players asked manager Francisco Ferraro to let Messi start , as they considered him their best player .",
"29": "After helping the team defeat Egypt and Germany to progress past the group stage , Messi proved decisive in the knockout phase as he scored their equaliser against Colombia , provided a goal and an assist against title favourites Spain , and scored their opening goal against reigning champions Brazil . Ahead of the final , he was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . He scored two penalties in their 2 -- 1 victory over Nigeria , clinching Argentina 's fifth championship and finishing the tournament as top scorer with 6 goals . His performances drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona , who had led Argentina to the title in 1979 . 2005 -- 06 : senior and World Cup debuts In recognition of his achievements with the under - 20 side , senior manager José Pékerman gave Messi his first call - up for a friendly against Hungary on 17 August 2005 . Aged 18 , Messi made his senior debut for Argentina when he came on in the 63rd minute , only to be sent off after two minutes for a perceived foul against Vilmos Vanczák , who had grabbed his shirt ; Messi had struck the defender with his arm while trying to shake him off , which the referee interpreted as an intentional elbowing , a contentious decision . Messi was reportedly found weeping in the dressing room after his sending - off . He returned to the team on 3 September in their World Cup qualifier defeat to Paraguay , which he had declared his `` re-debut '' ahead of the match . Messi started his first game in the next qualifying match against Peru , in which he was able to win a crucial penalty that secured their victory . After the match , Pékerman described him as `` a jewel '' . He subsequently made regular appearances for the team ahead of Argentina 's participation in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , scoring his first goal in a friendly against Croatia on 1 March 2006 . A hamstring injury sustained a week later jeopardised his presence in the World Cup , but he was nevertheless selected for Pékerman 's squad and regained fitness in time for the start of the tournament . During the World Cup in Germany , Messi witnessed their opening match victory against the Ivory Coast from the substitutes ' bench .",
"30": "In the next match , against Serbia and Montenegro , he became the youngest player to represent Argentina at a FIFA World Cup when he came on as a substitute in the 74th minute . He assisted their fourth strike within minutes and scored the final goal in their 6 -- 0 victory , making him the youngest scorer in the tournament and the sixth - youngest goalscorer in the history of the World Cup . As their progression to the knockout phase was secured , several starters were rested during the last group match . Messi consequently started the game against the Netherlands , a 0 -- 0 draw , as they won their group on goal differential . In the round of 16 match against Mexico , played on his 19th birthday , Messi came on in the 84th minute , with the score tied at 1 -- 1 . He appeared to score a goal , but it was contentiously ruled offside , with the team needing a late goal in extra time to proceed . He did not play in the quarter - final against Germany , during which Argentina were eliminated 4 -- 2 in a penalty shootout . Back home , Pékerman 's decision to leave him on the bench against Germany led to widespread criticism from those who believed Messi could have changed the outcome of the match in Argentina 's favour . 2007 -- 08 : Copa América final and Olympic gold Messi evades Brazil 's Marcelo in the semi-final of the 2008 Summer Olympics As Messi evolved into one of the best players in the world , he secured a place in Alfio Basile 's starting line - up , as part of a team considered favourites to win the 2007 Copa América , held in Venezuela . He set up the game - winning goal of their 4 -- 1 victory over the United States in the opening match , before winning a penalty that led to the game - tying first strike of their 4 -- 2 win in the next match against Colombia . As they had secured their place in the knockout phase , Messi started the next game on the bench , coming on in the last 25 minutes with the score at 0 -- 0 to help his team defeat Paraguay by assisting their only goal .",
"31": "At the quarter - final stage , where the group winners faced Peru , he scored the second goal of a 4 -- 0 victory that saw them through to the semi-final , during which he chipped the ball over Mexico 's goalkeeper to ensure another 3 -- 0 win . In a surprise defeat , Argentina lost the final 3 -- 0 to a Brazil squad which lacked several of the nation 's best players . Their unexpected loss was followed by much criticism in Argentina , though Messi was mostly exempt due to his young age and secondary status to star player Juan Román Riquelme . He was named the best young player of the tournament by CONMEBOL . Ahead of the 2008 Summer Olympics , Barcelona legally barred Messi from representing Argentina at the tournament as it coincided with their Champions League qualifying matches . After interference from newly appointed Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola , who had won the tournament in 1992 , Messi was permitted to join Sergio Batista 's under - 23 squad in Beijing . During the first match , he scored the opening goal and assisted another in their 2 -- 1 victory over the Ivory Coast . Following a 1 -- 0 win in the next group match against Australia , ensuring their quarter - final qualification , Messi was rested during the game against Serbia , while his side won the match to finish first in their group . Against the Netherlands , he again scored the first goal and assisted a second strike to help his team to a 2 -- 1 win in extra time . After a 3 -- 0 semi-final victory over Brazil , Messi assisted the only goal in the final as Argentina defeated Nigeria to claim Olympic gold medals . Along with Riquelme , Messi was singled out by FIFA as the stand - out player from the tournament 's best team . 2008 -- 11 : collective decline From late 2008 , the national team experienced a three - year period marked by poor performances . Under manager Diego Maradona , who had led Argentina to World Cup victory as a player , the team struggled to qualify for the 2010 World Cup , securing their place in the tournament only after defeating Uruguay 1 -- 0 in their last qualifying match . Maradona was criticised for his strategic decisions as he played Messi out of position , positioned too deep for him to be able to contribute to the attack to his full ability .",
"32": "In eight qualifying matches under Maradona 's stewardship , Messi scored only one goal , netting the opening goal in the first such match , a 4 -- 0 victory over Venezuela . During that game , played on 28 March 2009 , he wore Argentina 's number 10 shirt for the first time , following the international retirement of Riquelme . Overall , Messi scored four goals in 18 appearances during the qualifying process . Ahead of the tournament , Maradona visited Messi in Barcelona to request his tactical input ; Messi then outlined a 4 -- 3 -- 1 -- 2 formation with himself playing behind the two strikers , a playmaking position known as the enganche in Argentine football , which had been his preferred position since childhood . Messi in action during the opening match against Bolivia in the 2011 Copa América Despite their poor qualifying campaign , Argentina were considered title contenders at the World Cup in South Africa . At the start of the tournament , the new formation proved effective ; Messi managed at least four attempts on goal during their opening match but was repeatedly denied by Nigeria 's goalkeeper , resulting in a 1 -- 0 win . During the next match , against South Korea , he excelled in his playmaking role , participating in all four goals of his side 's 4 -- 1 victory . As their place in the knockout phase was guaranteed , most of the starters were rested during the last group match , but Messi reportedly refused to be benched . He wore the captain 's armband for the first time in their 2 -- 0 win against Greece ; as the focal point of their play , he helped create their second goal to see Argentina finish as group winners . In the round of 16 , they defeated Mexico 3 -- 1 , with Messi assisting their first goal , a controversial strike that stood despite being offside . Argentina 's unstructured defence had proved a liability throughout the World Cup and finally led to their elimination in the quarter - final against Germany , at the same stage of the tournament and by the same opponent as four years earlier . Their 4 -- 0 loss was their worst margin of defeat since 1974 . FIFA subsequently identified Messi as one of the tournament 's 10 best players , citing his `` outstanding '' pace and creativity and `` spectacular and efficient '' dribbling , shooting and passing .",
"33": "Back home , however , Messi was the subject of far harsher judgement . As the perceived best player in the world , he had been expected to lead an average team to the title , as Maradona arguably did in 1986 , but he had failed to replicate his performances at Barcelona with the national team , leading to the accusation that he cared less about his country than his club . Maradona was replaced by Sergio Batista , who had orchestrated Argentina 's Olympic victory . Batista publicly stated that he intended to build the team around Messi , employing him as a false nine within a 4 -- 3 -- 3 system , as used to much success by Barcelona . Although Messi scored a record 53 goals during the 2010 -- 11 club season , he had not scored for Argentina in an official match since March 2009 . Despite the tactical change , his goal drought continued during the 2011 Copa América , hosted by Argentina . Their first two matches , against Bolivia and Colombia , ended in draws , with Messi underperforming by his standards . Media and fans noted that he did not combine well with striker Carlos Tevez , who enjoyed far greater popularity among the Argentine public ; Messi was consequently booed by his own team 's supporters for the first time in his career . During the crucial next match , with Tevez on the bench , he gave a well - received performance , assisting two goals in their 3 -- 0 victory over Costa Rica . After the quarter - final against Uruguay ended in a 1 -- 1 draw following extra time , with Messi having assisted their equaliser , Argentina were eliminated 4 -- 5 in the penalty shootout by the eventual champions . 2011 -- 13 : assuming the captaincy Messi scored his first international hat - trick against Switzerland in February 2012 After Argentina 's unsuccessful performance in the Copa América , Batista was replaced by Alejandro Sabella . Upon his appointment in August 2011 , Sabella awarded the 24 - year - old Messi the captaincy of the squad , in accord with then - captain Javier Mascherano . Reserved by nature , Messi went on to lead his squad by example as their best player , while Mascherano continued to fulfil the role of the team 's on - field leader and motivator .",
"34": "In a further redesign of the team , Sabella dismissed Tevez and brought in players with whom Messi had won the World Youth Championship and Olympic Games . Now playing in a free role in an improving team , Messi finally ended his goal drought by scoring during their first World Cup qualifying match against Chile on 7 October , his first official goal for Argentina in two - and - a-half years . Under Sabella , Messi 's goalscoring rate drastically increased ; where he had scored only 17 goals in 61 matches under his previous managers , he scored 25 times in 32 appearances during the following three years . He netted a total of 12 goals in 9 games for Argentina in 2012 , equalling the record held by Gabriel Batistuta , Argentina 's all - time top scorer , for the most goals scored in a calendar year for their country . His first hat - trick with the Albicelestes came in a friendly against Switzerland on 29 February 2012 , followed by two more hat - tricks over the next year - and - a-half in friendlies against Brazil and Guatemala . Messi then helped the team secure their place in the 2014 World Cup with a 5 -- 2 victory over Paraguay on 10 September 2013 ; in addition to providing an assist , he scored twice from a penalty kick , taking his international tally to 37 goals to become Argentina 's second - highest goalscorer behind only Batistuta . Overall , he had scored a total of 10 goals in 14 matches during the qualifying campaign . Concurrently with his bettered performances , his relationship with his compatriots improved , as he gradually began to be perceived more favourably in Argentina . 2014 -- 15 : World Cup and Copa América finals Ahead of the World Cup in Brazil , doubts persisted over Messi 's form , as he finished an unsuccessful and injury - plagued season with Barcelona . At the start of the tournament , however , he gave strong performances , being elected man of the match in their first four matches . In his first World Cup match as captain , he led them to a 2 -- 1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina ; he helped create their early opening goal and scored their second strike after a dribble past three players , his first World Cup goal since his debut in the tournament eight years earlier .",
"35": "During the second match against Iran , he scored an injury - time goal from 23 metres out to end the game in a 1 -- 0 win , securing their qualification for the knockout phase . He scored twice in the last group match , a 3 -- 2 victory over Nigeria , his second goal from a free kick , as they finished first in their group . Messi assisted a late goal in extra time to ensure a 1 -- 0 win against Switzerland in the round of 16 , before starting the play that led to their match - winning 1 -- 0 goal in the quarter - final against Belgium , helping Argentina progress to the semi-final of the World Cup for the first time since 1990 . Following a 0 -- 0 draw in extra time , they eliminated the Netherlands 4 -- 2 in a penalty shootout to reach the final . Messi battles Germany 's Mats Hummels for the ball during the final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Billed as Messi versus Germany , the world 's best player against the best team , the final was a repeat of the 1990 final featuring Diego Maradona . Within the first half - hour , Messi had started the play that led to a goal , but it was ruled offside . He missed several opportunities to open the scoring throughout the match , in particular at the start of the second half when his breakaway effort went wide of the far post . Substitute Mario Götze finally scored in the 113th minute , followed in the last minute of extra time by a free kick that Messi sent over the net , as Germany won the match 1 -- 0 to claim the World Cup . At the conclusion of the final , Messi was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . In addition to being the joint third - highest goalscorer , with four goals and an assist , he created the most chances , completed the most dribbling runs , made the most deliveries into the penalty area and produced the most throughballs in the competition . However , his selection drew criticism due to his lack of goals in the knockout round ; FIFA President Sepp Blatter expressed his surprise , while Maradona suggested that Messi had undeservedly been chosen for marketing purposes . Another final appearance , the third of Messi 's senior international career , followed in the 2015 Copa América , held in Chile .",
"36": "Under the stewardship of former Barcelona manager Gerardo Martino , Argentina entered the tournament as title contenders due to their second - place achievement at the World Cup . During the opening match against Paraguay , they were ahead two goals by half - time but lost their lead to end the match in a 2 -- 2 draw ; Messi had scored from a penalty kick , netting his only goal in the tournament . Following a 1 -- 0 win against defending champions Uruguay , Messi earned his 100th cap for his country in the final group match , a 1 -- 0 win over Jamaica , becoming only the fifth Argentine to achieve this milestone . In his 100 appearances , he had scored a total of 46 goals for Argentina , 22 of which came in official competitive matches . As Messi evolved from the team 's symbolic captain into a genuine leader , he led Argentina to the knockout stage as group winners . In the quarter - final , they created numerous chances , including a rebound header by Messi , but were repeatedly denied by Colombia 's goalkeeper , and ultimately ended the match scoreless , leading to a 5 -- 4 penalty shootout in their favour . At the semi-final stage , Messi excelled as playmaker as he provided three assists and helped create three more goals in his side 's 6 -- 1 victory over Paraguay , receiving applause from the initially hostile crowd . Argentina started the final as the odds - on title favourites , but were defeated by Chile 4 -- 1 in a penalty shootout after an 0 -- 0 extra-time draw . Faced with aggression from opposing players , including taking a boot to the midriff , Messi played below his standards , though he was the only Argentine to successfully convert his penalty . At the close of the tournament , he was reportedly selected to receive the Most Valuable Player award but rejected the honour . As Argentina continued a trophy drought that began in 1993 , the World Cup and Copa América defeats again brought intense criticism for Messi from Argentine media and fans . 2016 : Copa América Centenario. , retirement , and return Messi 's place in Argentina 's Copa América Centenario squad was initially put in jeopardy when he sustained a back injury in a 1 -- 0 friendly win over Honduras in a pre-Copa América warm - up match on 27 May 2016 .",
"37": "It was later reported that he had suffered a deep bruise in his lumbar region , but that he would remain in Martino 's squad for the tournament , although he was later left on the bench in Argentina 's 2 -- 1 opening win over defending champions Chile on 6 June due to concerns regarding his fitness . Although Messi was declared match - fit for his nation 's second group match against Panama on 10 June , Martino left him on the bench once again ; he replaced Augusto Fernández in the 61st minute and subsequently scored a hat - trick in 19 minutes , also starting the play which led to Sergio Agüero 's goal , as the match ended in a 5 -- 0 victory , sealing Argentina 's place in the quarter - finals of the competition ; he was elected man of the match for his performance . On 18 June 2016 , in the quarter - final of the Copa América against Venezuela , Messi produced another man of the match performance , assisting two goals and scoring another in a 4 -- 1 victory , which enabled him to equal Gabriel Batistuta 's national record of 54 goals in official international matches . This record was broken three days later when Messi scored in a 4 -- 0 win in the semi-final of the Copa América against hosts the United States ; he also assisted two goals during the match as Argentina sealed a place in the final of the competition for a second consecutive year , and was named man of the match once again . `` I tried my hardest . It has been four finals , I want more than anyone to win a title with the national team , but unfortunately , it did not happen ... I think this is best for everyone , firstly for me and for a lot of people that wish this . The team has ended for me , a decision made . '' -- Messi announcing his retirement on 27 June 2016 During a repeat of the previous year 's final on 26 June , Argentina once again lost to Chile on penalties after a 0 -- 0 deadlock , resulting in Messi 's third consecutive defeat in a major tournament final with Argentina , and his fourth overall . After the match , Messi , who had missed his penalty in the shootout , announced his retirement from international football .",
"38": "Sources reported that other Argentine players -- Sergio Agüero , Javier Mascherano , Gonzalo Higuaín , Lucas Biglia , Éver Banega , Ezequiel Lavezzi and Ángel Di María -- could follow their captain in retiring from international football . Chile coach Juan Antonio Pizzi said after the match , `` My generation ca n't compare him to Maradona that 's for my generation , because of what Maradona did for Argentine football . But I think the best player ever played today here in the United States . '' Messi finished the tournament as the second highest scorer , behind Eduardo Vargas , with five goals , and was the highest assist provider with four assists , also winning more Man of the Match awards than any other player in the tournament ( 3 ) ; he was named to the team of the tournament for his performances , but missed out on the Golden Ball Award for best player , which went to Alexis Sánchez . `` Do n't go , Leo '' Following his announcement , a campaign began in Argentina for Messi to change his mind about retiring . He was greeted by fans with signs like `` Do n't go , Leo '' when the team landed in Buenos Aires . President of Argentina Mauricio Macri urged Messi not to quit , stating , `` We are lucky , it is one of life 's pleasures , it is a gift from God to have the best player in the world in a footballing country like ours ... Lionel Messi is the greatest thing we have in Argentina and we must take care of him . '' Mayor of Buenos Aires Horacio Rodríguez Larreta unveiled a statue of Messi in the capital to convince him reconsider retirement . On social networks , NoTeVayasLeo became a global trending topic , and even a playlist on Spotify . The campaign also continued in the streets and avenues of the Argentine capital , with about 50,000 supporters going to the Obelisco de Buenos Aires on 2 July , using the same slogan . Return `` A lot of things went through my mind on the night of the final and I gave serious thought to quitting , but my love for my country and this shirt is too great . ''",
"39": "-- Messi reversing his decision from retiring on 12 August 2016 Just a week after Messi announced his international retirement , Argentine newspaper La Nación reported that he was reconsidering playing for Argentina at the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in September . On 12 August , it was confirmed that Messi had reversed his decision to retire from international football , and he was included in the squad for the national team 's upcoming 2018 World Cup qualifiers . On 1 September 2016 , in his first game back , he scored in a 1 -- 0 home win over Uruguay in a 2018 World Cup qualifier . Messi celebrating scoring a hat - trick against Ecuador on 10 October 2017 . His goals sent Argentina through to the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 28 March 2017 , Messi was suspended for four international games for insulting an assistant referee in a game against Chile on 23 March 2017 . He was also fined CHF 10,000 . On 5 May 2017 , Messi 's four match ban as well as his 10,000 CHF fine was lifted by FIFA after Argentina Football Association appealed against his suspension , which meant he could now play Argentina 's remaining World Cup Qualifiers . Argentina 's place in the 2018 World Cup was in jeopardy going into their final qualifying match as they were sixth in their group , outside the five possible CONMEBOL World Cup qualifying spots , meaning they risked failing to qualify for the World Cup for the first time since 1970 . On 10 October 2017 , Messi led his country to World Cup qualification in scoring a hat - trick as Argentina came from behind to defeat Ecuador 3 -- 1 away ; Argentina had not defeated Ecuador in Quito since 2001 . Messi 's three goals saw him become the joint all - time leading scorer in CONMEBOL World Cup qualifiers with 21 goals , alongside Uruguay 's Luis Suárez , overtaking the previous record which was held by compatriot Hernán Crespo . Player Profile Style of play `` I have fun like a child in the street . When the day comes when I 'm not enjoying it , I will leave football . '' -- Messi explains his approach to the game in May 2011 .",
"40": "Due to his short stature , Messi has a lower centre of gravity than taller players , which gives him greater agility , allowing him to change direction more quickly and evade opposing tackles ; this has led the Spanish media to dub him La Pulga Atómica ( `` The Atomic Flea '' ) . Despite being physically unimposing , he possesses significant upper - body strength , which , combined with his low centre of gravity and resulting balance , aids him in withstanding physical challenges from opponents ; he has consequently been noted for his lack of diving in a sport rife with playacting . His short , strong legs allow him to excel in short bursts of acceleration while his quick feet enable him to retain control of the ball when dribbling at speed . His former Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola once stated , `` Messi is the only player that runs faster with the ball than he does without it . '' Although he has improved his ability with his weaker foot since his mid-20s , Messi is predominantly a left - footed player ; with the outside of his left foot , he usually begins dribbling runs , while he uses the inside of his foot to finish and provide passes and assists . Messi prepares to shoot with his dominant left foot during the final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup A prolific goalscorer , Messi is known for his finishing , positioning , quick reactions , and ability to make attacking runs to beat the defensive line . He also functions in a playmaking role , courtesy of his vision and precise passing , and is an accurate free kick and penalty kick taker , though his ability on penalties has somewhat deteriorated in recent seasons . His pace and technical ability enable him to undertake individual dribbling runs towards goal , in particular during counterattacks , usually starting from the halfway line or the right side of the pitch . Widely considered to be the best dribbler in the world , and one of the greatest of all time , with regard to this ability , his former Argentina manager Diego Maradona has said of him , `` The ball stays glued to his foot ; I 've seen great players in my career , but I 've never seen anyone with Messi 's ball control . '' Beyond his individual qualities , he is also a well - rounded , hard - working team player , known for his creative combinations , in particular with Barcelona midfielders Xavi and Andrés Iniesta .",
"41": "Messi frequently celebrates a goal by pointing a finger on each hand towards the skies in dedication to his late grandmother . It was she who encouraged a young Messi to play , and also took him to games . Tactically , Messi plays in a free attacking role ; a versatile player , he is capable of attacking on either wing or through the centre of the pitch . His favoured position in childhood was the playmaker behind two strikers , known as the enganche in Argentine football , but he began his career in Spain as a left - winger or left - sided forward . Upon his first - team debut , he was moved onto the right wing by manager Frank Rijkaard ; from this position , he could more easily cut through the defence into the middle of the pitch and curl shots on goal with his left foot , rather than predominantly cross balls for teammates . Under Guardiola and subsequent managers , he most often played in a false nine role ; positioned as a centre - forward or lone striker , he would roam the centre , often moving deep into midfield and drawing defenders with him , in order to create and exploit spaces for passes , dribbling runs or combinations with Xavi and Iniesta . Under the stewardship of Luis Enrique , Messi returned to playing in the right - sided position that characterised much of his early career , while also being deployed in a deeper , free role . With the Argentina national team , Messi has similarly played anywhere along the frontline ; under various managers , he has been employed on the right wing , as a false nine , or in a deeper , creative role as a classic number 10 or attacking midfielder . Reception A prodigious talent as a teenager , Messi established himself among the world 's best players before age 20 . Diego Maradona considered the 18 - year - old Messi the best player in the world alongside Ronaldinho , while the Brazilian himself , shortly after winning the Ballon d'Or , commented , `` I 'm not even the best at Barça , '' in reference to his protégé . Four years later , after Messi had won his first Ballon d'Or by a record margin , the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was the greatest player in history .",
"42": "An early proponent was his then - manager Pep Guardiola , who , as early as August 2009 , declared Messi to be the best player he had ever seen . In the following years , this opinion gained greater acceptance among pundits , managers , former and current players , and by the end of Barça 's second treble - winning season , Messi 's superiority , ahead of Maradona and Pelé , had become the predominant view among insiders in continental Europe . A frequent dismissal , however , has centred on the fact that Messi has not won the FIFA World Cup with Argentina , leading some in the sport to instead cite him as the best club player in history . `` I 've seen the player who will inherit my place in Argentinian football and his name is Messi . '' -- Diego Maradona hails the 18 - year - old Messi as his successor in February 2006 . Throughout his career , Messi has been compared with his compatriot Diego Maradona , due to their similar playing styles as diminutive , left - footed dribblers . Initially , he was merely one of many young Argentine players , including his boyhood idol Pablo Aimar , to receive the `` New Maradona '' moniker , but as his career progressed , Messi proved his similarity beyond all previous contenders , establishing himself as the greatest player Argentina had produced since Maradona . Jorge Valdano , who won the 1986 World Cup alongside Maradona , said in October 2013 , `` Messi is Maradona every day . For the last five years , Messi has been the Maradona of the World Cup in Mexico . '' César Menotti , who as manager orchestrated their 1978 World Cup victory , echoed this sentiment when he opined that Messi plays `` at the level of the best Maradona '' . Other notable Argentines in the sport , such as Osvaldo Ardiles , Javier Zanetti , and Diego Simeone , have expressed their belief that Messi has overtaken Maradona as the best player in history . In Argentine society , Messi is generally held in lesser esteem than Maradona , a consequence of not only his uneven performances with the national team , but also of differences in class , personality , and background .",
"43": "Messi is in some ways the antithesis of his predecessor : where Maradona was an extroverted , controversial character who rose to greatness from the slums , Messi is reserved and unassuming , an unremarkable man outside of football . An enduring mark against him is the fact that , although through no fault of his own , he never proved himself in the Argentine Primera División as an upcoming player , achieving stardom overseas from a young age , while his lack of outward passion for the Albiceleste shirt -- he does not sing the national anthem and is disinclined to emotional displays -- have in the past led to the false perception that he felt Catalan rather than truly Argentine . Despite having lived in Spain since age 13 , Messi has said : `` Argentina is my country , my family , my way of expressing myself . I would change all my records to make the people in my country happy . '' In November 2016 , with the Argentine Football Association being run by a FIFA committee for emergency due to an economic crisis , it was reported that three of the national team 's security staff told Messi that they have n't been given their salaries for six months . He stepped in and paid the salaries of the three members . Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Messi has been compared to Cristiano Ronaldo ( left ) throughout much of their careers Among his contemporary peers , Messi is most often compared and contrasted with Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo , as part of an ongoing rivalry that has been compared to past sports rivalries like the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Björn Borg -- John McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One . Although Messi has at times denied any rivalry , they are widely believed to push one another in their aim to be the best player in the world : since 2008 , both players have won five Ballons d'Or and four European Golden Shoes . Pundits and fans regularly argue the individual merits of both players ; beyond their playing styles , the debate also revolves around their differing physiques -- Ronaldo is 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) with a muscular build -- and contrasting public personalities , with Ronaldo 's self - confidence and theatrics a foil to Messi 's humility .",
"44": "Messi faces Ronaldo at least twice every season in El Clásico , which ranks among the world 's most viewed annual sports events . Off the pitch , Ronaldo is his direct competitor in terms of salary , sponsorships , and social media fanbase . In popular culture `` That is me and Messi . We 're right up there . Absolutely . '' -- US president Barack Obama when given an honorary number 10 jersey at the White House . According to France Football , Messi was the world 's highest - paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014 ; he was the first player to exceed the € 40 million benchmark , with earnings of € 41 million in 2013 , and the € 50 -- € 60 million points , with income of € 65 million in 2014 . In 2016 , Messi was second on Forbes list of the world 's highest - paid athletes ( after Cristiano Ronaldo ) with income of $81.4 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . Since 2008 , he has been Barcelona 's highest - paid player , receiving a salary that increased incrementally from € 7.8 million to € 13 million over the next five years . Signing a new Barcelona contract in 2017 , he earns $667,000 per week in wages , and Barcelona also paid him $59.6 million as a signing on bonus . His new buyout clause is set at $835 million ( € 700 million ) . In addition to his salary and multimillion - euro bonuses , much of his income derives from endorsements ; SportsPro has consequently cited him as one of the world 's most marketable athletes every year since their research began in 2010 . His main sponsor since 2006 is the sportswear company Adidas . As Barça 's leading youth prospect , he had been signed with Nike since age 14 , but transferred to Adidas after they successfully challenged their rival 's claim to his image rights in court . Over time , Messi established himself as their leading brand endorser ; from 2008 , he had a long - running signature collection of Adidas F50 boots , and in 2015 , he became the first footballer to receive his own sub-brand of Adidas boots , the Adidas Messi .",
"45": "A mural of Messi 's likeness in the San Siro district of Milan , photographed in 2013 As a commercial entity , Messi 's marketing brand has been based exclusively on his talents and achievements as a player , in contrast to arguably more glamorous players like Cristiano Ronaldo and David Beckham . At the start of his career , he thus mainly held sponsorship contracts with companies that employ sports - oriented marketing , such as Adidas , Pepsi , and Konami . From 2010 onwards , concurrently with his increased achievements as a player , his marketing appeal widened , leading to long - term endorsement deals with luxury brands Dolce & Gabbana and Audemars Piguet . Messi is also a global brand ambassador for Gillette , Turkish Airlines , Ooredoo , and Tata Motors , among other companies . Additionally , Messi was the face of Konami 's video game series Pro Evolution Soccer , appearing on the covers of PES 2009 , PES 2010 and PES 2011 . He subsequently signed with rival company EA Sports to become the face of their series FIFA and has since appeared on four consecutive covers from FIFA 13 to FIFA 16 . Example of Messi 's global popularity . Photographed in India Messi 's global popularity and influence are well documented . He was among the Time 100 , an annual list of the world 's most influential people as published by Time , in 2011 and 2012 . His fanbase on the social media website Facebook is among the largest of all public figures : within seven hours of its launch in April 2011 , his Facebook page had nearly seven million followers , and by November 2013 , he had become only the second sportsperson , after Cristiano Ronaldo , to amass over 50 million followers . According to a 2014 survey by sports research firm Repucom in 15 international markets , Messi was familiar to 87 % of respondents around the world , of whom 78 % perceived him favourably , making him the second-most recognised player globally , behind Ronaldo , and the most likable of all contemporary players . Other events have illustrated Messi 's presence in popular culture .",
"46": "A solid gold replica of his left foot , weighing 25 kg ( 55 lb ) and valued at $5.25 million , went on sale in Japan in March 2013 to raise funds for victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . A 2013 Turkish Airlines advertisement starring Messi , in which he engages in a selfie competition with then - Los Angeles Lakers star Kobe Bryant , was the most - watched ad on YouTube in the year of its release , receiving 137 million views , and was subsequently voted the best advertisement of the 2005 -- 15 decade to commemorate YouTube 's founding . World Press Photo selected `` The Final Game '' , a photograph of Messi facing the World Cup trophy after Argentina 's final defeat to Germany , as the best sports image of 2014 . Messi , a documentary about his life by filmmaker Álex de la Iglesia , premiered at the Venice Film Festival in August 2014 . Personal life Family and relationships Since 2008 , when he was 20 , Messi has been in a relationship with Antonella Roccuzzo , a fellow native of Rosario . He has known Roccuzzo since he was five years old , as she is the cousin of his best friend since childhood , Lucas Scaglia , who is also a football player . After keeping their relationship private for a year , Messi first confirmed their romance in an interview in January 2009 , before going public a month later during a carnival in Sitges after the Barcelona -- Espanyol derby . `` Leo is not shy . He 's introverted . He 's reserved . '' -- Endocrinologist Dr. Diego Schwarzstein addressed Messi 's growth hormone deficiency from 1997 to 2001 . According to Bleacher Report 's Richard Fitzpatrick , `` Schwarzstein and Messi built up a close relationship during more than four years of treatment . '' Messi and Roccuzzo have three sons : Thiago ( born 2012 ) , Mateo ( born 2015 ) and Ciro ( born 2018 ) . To celebrate his partner 's first pregnancy , Messi placed the ball under his shirt after scoring in Argentina 's 4 -- 0 win against Ecuador on 2 June 2012 , before confirming the pregnancy in an interview two weeks later .",
"47": "Thiago was born in Barcelona on 2 November 2012 , with Messi attending the birth after being given permission by Barcelona to miss training . He announced his son 's arrival on his Facebook page , writing , `` Today I am the happiest man in the world , my son was born and thanks to God for this gift ! '' Thiago 's name and handprints are tattooed on his left calf . In April 2015 , Messi confirmed on Facebook that they were expecting another child . He missed training ahead of a match against Atlético Madrid to attend the birth of his second son , Mateo , on 11 September 2015 in Barcelona . On 30 June 2017 , he married Roccuzzo at a luxury hotel named Hotel City Center in Rosario with about 260 guests attending his wedding . On 15 October 2017 , his wife announced they were expecting their third child in an Instagram post , with the words `` Family of 5 '' . On 10 March 2018 , Messi skipped the match against Málaga after Ciro was born . Messi enjoys a close relationship with his immediate family members , particularly his mother , Celia , whose face he has tattooed on his left shoulder . His professional affairs are largely run as a family business : his father , Jorge , has been his agent since he was 14 , and his oldest brother , Rodrigo , handles his daily schedule and publicity . His mother and other brother , Matías , manage his charitable organisation , the Leo Messi Foundation , and take care of personal and professional matters in Rosario . Since leaving for Spain at age 13 , Messi has maintained close ties to his hometown of Rosario , even preserving his distinct Rosarino accent . He has kept ownership of his family 's old house , although it has long stood empty ; he maintains a penthouse apartment in an exclusive residential building for his mother , as well as a family compound just outside the city . Once when he was in training with the national team in Buenos Aires , he made a three - hour trip by car to Rosario immediately after practice to have dinner with his family , spent the night with them , and returned to Buenos Aires the next day in time for practice .",
"48": "Messi keeps in daily contact via phone and text with a small group of confidants in Rosario , most of whom were fellow members of `` The Machine of ' 87 '' at Newell 's Old Boys . Although considered a one - club man , he has long planned to return to Rosario to end his playing career at Newell 's . He was on bad terms with the club after his transfer to Barcelona , but by 2012 their public feud had ended , with Newell 's embracing their ties with Messi , even issuing a club membership card to his newborn son . Charity Throughout his career , Messi has been involved in charitable efforts aimed at vulnerable children , a commitment that stems in part from the medical difficulties he faced in his own childhood . Since 2004 , he has contributed his time and finances to the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , an organisation with which Barcelona also have a strong association . Messi has served as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador since his appointment in March 2010 , completing his first field mission for the organisation four months later as he travelled to Haiti to bring public awareness to the plight of the country 's children in the wake of the recent earthquake . He has since participated in UNICEF campaigns targeting HIV prevention , education , and the social inclusion of disabled children . To celebrate his son 's first birthday , in November 2013 , Messi and Thiago were part of a publicity campaign to raise awareness of mortality rates among disadvantaged children . Messi pictured in July 2014 In addition to his work with UNICEF , Messi founded his own charitable organisation , the Leo Messi Foundation , which supports access to health care , education , and sport for children . It was established in 2007 following a visit Messi paid to a hospital for terminally ill children in Boston , an experience that resonated with him to the point that he decided to reinvest part of his earnings into society . Through his foundation , Messi has awarded research grants , financed medical training , and invested in the development of medical centres and projects in Argentina , Spain , and elsewhere in the world . In addition to his own fundraising activities , such as his global `` Messi and Friends '' football matches , his foundation receives financial support from various companies to which he has assigned his name in endorsement agreements , with Adidas as their main sponsor .",
"49": "Messi has also invested in youth football in Argentina : he financially supports Sarmiento , a football club based in the Rosario neighbourhood where he was born , committing in 2013 to the refurbishment of their facilities and the installation of all - weather pitches , and funds the management of several youth players at Newell 's Old Boys and rival club Rosario Central , as well as at River Plate and Boca Juniors in Buenos Aires . At Newell 's Old Boys , his boyhood club , he funded the 2012 construction of a new gymnasium and a dormitory inside the club 's stadium for their youth academy . His former youth coach at Newell 's , Ernesto Vecchio , is employed by the Leo Messi Foundation as a talent scout for young players . On 7 June 2016 , Messi won a libel case against La Razón newspaper and was awarded € 65,000 in damages , which he donated to the charity Doctors without Borders . Legal issues Messi 's financial affairs came under investigation in 2013 for suspected tax evasion . Offshore companies in tax havens Uruguay and Belize were allegedly used to evade € 4.1 million in taxes related to sponsorship earnings between 2007 and 2009 . An unrelated shell company in Panama , set up in 2012 , was subsequently identified as belonging to the Messis in the Panama Papers data leak . Messi , who pleaded ignorance of the alleged scheme , voluntarily paid arrears of € 5.1 million in August 2013 . He stood trial alongside his father on three counts of tax evasion in May 2016 . On 6 July 2016 , Messi and his father were both found guilty of tax fraud and were handed suspended 21 - month prison sentences and respectively ordered to pay € 1.7 million and € 1.4 million in fines . While the District Attorney did not consider there to be motives to accuse Messi , the state lawyer 's office became the only party that requested a punishment for him , despite his declarations that he was not aware of any of the deals that were taking place with his money . Facing the judge , he said , `` I just played football . '' Career statistics Club As of 21 April 2018 Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season League Copa del",
"50": "Rey Champions League Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Barcelona C 2003 -- 04 Tercera División 10 5 -- -- -- 10 5 Barcelona B 2003 -- 04 Segunda División B 5 0 -- -- -- 5 0 2004 -- 05 Segunda División B 17 6 -- -- -- 17 6 Total 22 6 -- -- -- 22 6 Barcelona 2004 -- 05 La Liga 7 0 0 -- 9 2005 -- 06 La Liga 17 6 6 0 0 25 8 2006 -- 07 La Liga 26 14 5 0 36 17 2007 -- 08 La Liga 28 10 0 9 6 -- 40 16 2008 -- 09 La Liga 31 23 8 6 12 9 -- 51 38 2009 -- 10 La Liga 35 34 11 8 53 47 2010 -- 11",
"51": "La Liga 33 31 7 7 13 12 55 53 2011 -- 12 La Liga 37 50 7 11 14 5 6 60 73 2012 -- 13 La Liga 32 46 5 11 8 50 60 2013 -- 14 La Liga 31 28 6 5 7 8 0 46 41 2014 -- 15 La Liga 38 43 6 5 13 10 -- 57 58 2015 -- 16 La Liga 33 26 5 5 7 6 49 41 2016 -- 17 La Liga 34 37 7 5 9 11 52 54 2017 -- 18 La Liga 32 29 6 10 6 50 40 Total 414 378 68 48 125 100 26 21 633 547 Career total 446 389 68 48 125 100 26 21 665 558 Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup ,",
"52": "two appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and two goals in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup ^ Jump up to : Appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and one goal in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances and three goals in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances and one goal in Supercopa de España , one appearance and one goal in FIFA Club World Cup International See also : List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi As of 11 November 2017 Appearances and goals by national team , year and competition Team Year Competitive Friendly Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Argentina U20 -- 2005 16 11 -- 16 11 Total 16 11 18 14 Argentina U23 2008 5 -- 5 Total 5 -- 5 Argentina 2005 0 0 5 0 2006 7 2007 10 14 6 2008 6 8 2009 8 10 5 0 5 10 2011 8 5 13 2012 5 5 7 9 12 2013 5 7 6 2014 7 7 14 8 2015 6 8 2016 10 8 0 11 8 2017 5 0 7 Total 81 34 42 27 123 61 Career total 102 47 44 30 146 77 Jump up ^ Nine appearances and five goals in the 2005 South American U-20 Championship ,",
"53": "seven appearances and six goals in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship Jump up ^ Appearances in Summer Olympics ^ Jump up to : Appearances in FIFA World Cup qualification ^ Jump up to : Appearances in FIFA World Cup Jump up ^ Six appearances and two goals in Copa América , four appearances and two goals in FIFA World Cup qualification Jump up ^ Four appearances in Copa América , four appearances and two goals in FIFA World Cup qualification Jump up ^ Appearances in Copa América Jump up ^ Five appearances and three goals in FIFA World Cup qualification , five appearances and five goals in Copa América Centenario Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Messi 's achievements , see List of career achievements by Lionel Messi . Messi accepting the Golden Ball award , alongside his future teammate Neymar after the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Final Club Barcelona La Liga : 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Copa del Rey : 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Supercopa de España : 2005 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 UEFA Champions League : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 UEFA Super Cup : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 FIFA Club World Cup : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 International Argentina FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2005 Olympic Gold Medal : 2008 Individual Awards FIFA Ballon d'Or / Ballon d'Or : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 European Golden Shoe : 2010 , 2012 , 2013 ,",
"54": "2017 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2009 FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2014 UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award : 2011 , 2015 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2009 UEFA Club Forward of the Year : 2009 World Soccer World Player of the Year : 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 Onze d'Or : 2009 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 Globe Soccer Awards Best Player of the Year : 2015 La Liga Best Player : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 La Liga Best Forward : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2009 , 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final Most Valuable Player : 2009 , 2011 FIFA World Youth Championship Golden Ball : 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship Golden Shoe : 2005 Olimpia de Oro ( Argentine Sportsperson of the Year ) : 2011 Olimpia de Plata ( Argentine Footballer of the Year ) : 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Copa América Best Young Player : 2007 Copa América Golden Ball : 2015 FIFPro Young World Player of the Year : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 World Soccer Young Player of the Year : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 Bravo Award : 2007 Golden Boy ( Young European Footballer of the Year ) : 2005 IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 IFFHS World 's Best Top Goalscorer : 2011 ,",
"55": "2012 IFFHS World 's Best Top Division Goalscorer : 2012 , 2013 , 2017 IFFHS Men 's World Team : 2017 La Liga Player of the Month : January 2016 , April 2017 Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Don Balón Award ( La Liga Best Foreign Player ) : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Trofeo EFE : 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 Trofeo Aldo Rovira : 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Team of the Year : 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ESM Team of the Season : 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ESPN World Team of the Decade : 2009 UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year World Soccer Greatest XI of All Time ( published 2013 ) La Liga Team of the Season : 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 UEFA La Liga Team of The Season : 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2014 Copa América Dream Team : 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ,",
"56": "2016 AFA Team of All Time ( published 2015 ) UEFA Goal of the Season : 2006 -- 07 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Copa América Best Goal : 2007 Best International Athlete ESPY Award : 2012 , 2015 L'Équipe Champion of Champions : 2011 Performances La Liga top goalscorer : 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 La Liga top assist provider : 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Copa del Rey top goalscorer : 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey top assist provider : 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League top goalscorer : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League top assist provider : 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 FIFA Club World Cup top goalscorer : 2011 FIFA World Youth Championship top goalscorer : 2005 Copa América top assist provider : 2011 , 2015 , 2016 Records As of April 2018 World Most ( FIFA ) Ballons d'Or : 5 ( 2009 -- 12 , 2015 ) ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) Guinness World Record as top goalscorer for club and country in a calendar year : 91 goals in 2012 Top goalscorer in all club competitions in a calendar year : 79 goals in 2012 Top goalscorer in a club season : 73 goals in 2011 -- 12 Longest goalscoring run in a domestic league : 21 matches ,",
"57": "33 goals in 2012 -- 13 Only player to have won more than one FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 11 times ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) Continental Most goals scored in a European Cup / Champions League game : 5 goals ( shared with 13 other players ) Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League group stages : 60 Most hat - tricks scored in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) Youngest player to make 100 appearances in the UEFA Champions League : 28 years , 84 days in 2015 Top goalscorer in the UEFA Super Cup : 3 goals ( shared with Arie Haan , Oleg Blokhin , Gerd Müller , Rob Rensenbrink , François Van der Elst , Terry McDermott , and Radamel Falcao ) Top assist provider in Copa América : 11 assists Most goals scored in CONMEBOL World Cup Qualifiers : 21 goals ( shared with Luis Suárez ) Spain Most Best Player in La Liga awards : 6 ( 2009 -- 13 , 2015 ) Most Best Forward in La Liga awards : 7 ( 2009 -- 13 , 2015 , 2016 ) Top goalscorer in La Liga : 378 goals Top assist provider in La Liga : 149 assists Top goalscorer in the Supercopa de España : 13 goals Top goalscorer in a La Liga season : 50 goals in 2011 -- 12 Most hat - tricks scored in a La Liga season : 8 in 2011 -- 12 ( shared with Cristiano Ronaldo ) First player to reach 300 La Liga goals ; only player to reach 350 La Liga goals .",
"58": "Most opposition teams scored against in La Liga history : 36 Argentina Argentina all - time top goalscorer : 61 goals Top goalscorer for Argentina in a calendar year : 12 goals in 2012 ( shared with Gabriel Batistuta ) Only Argentine player to score against every CONMEBOL nation Youngest player to play for Argentina in a FIFA World Cup : 18 years , 357 days in 2006 Youngest player to score for Argentina in a FIFA World Cup : 18 years , 357 days in 2006 Youngest player to reach 100 caps for a country under CONMEBOL 's jurisdiction : 27 years , 361 days in 2015 Most Argentine Footballer of the Year awards : 11 ( 2005 , 2007 -- 13 , 2015 -- 17 ) Barcelona Top goalscorer in the Derbi barceloní : 21 goals Top goalscorer in El Clásico : 25 goals Top goalscorer in official competitions : 546 goals Top goalscorer including friendlies : 580 goals Top goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League : 100 goals Top goalscorer in European competitions : 103 goals Top goalscorer in international competitions : 108 goals Most hat - tricks scored in La Liga : 29 Most hat - tricks scored in all competitions : 40 Most official trophies won with the team : 30 ( shared with Andrés Iniesta ) See also Biography portal Association football portal Argentina portal List of one - club men Football records in Spain UEFA club competition records and statistics Football at the Summer Olympics FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA World Cup awards L'Équipe Champion of Champions Notes Jump up ^ In isolation , Andrés is pronounced ( anˈdɾes ) . References Jump up ^ See : Notes Jump up ^ According to his club 's official website , FCBarcelona.com , and his authorised biography , Messi by Guillem Balagué , his surname is the single `` Messi '' , in accordance with Argentine customs . Other sources , including a 2014 document by FIFA , give his surname as the double `` Messi Cuccittini '' .",
"59": "After winning a libel case in 2017 , Messi 's own management company stated : `` The football player Lionel Andres Messi Cuccittini has donated a total of € 72,783.20 to the organisation Doctors Without Borders . '' Jump up ^ According to Milan Sufflay , the surname Messi comes from Meksi , Mexi , Mesi family originated from mjek -- meaning Doctor -- in Albanian . Jump up ^ In addition to four FIFA Ballons d'Or , Messi received France Football 's Ballon d'Or and FIFA 's World Player of the Year award prior to their fusion ; both organisations credit him with five ( FIFA ) Ballons d'Or . Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Cristiano Ronaldo , Messi is the second - highest goalscorer in the European Cup / Champions League as of April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Assist statistics began in 1990 . Jump up ^ Does not include a goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup . Citations ^ Jump up to : Marsden , Sam ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Messi donates to charity after libel case win '' . ESPN . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Lionel Andrés Messi '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 32 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil : List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 10 June 2014 . p. 2 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Meksi , Fedhon ( 2010 ) . Labova dhe Labovitët ( PDF ) . p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` Me 24 qershor të 1987 lindi fenomeni Lionel Messi '' . PO.al. 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Messi me origjinë shqiptare `` , Përparim Kabo përmend faktet : Ja pse nuk është çudi ! '' . Balkanweb. 6 March 2018 .",
"60": "^ Jump up to : `` Magical Messi Grabs Hat - trick in Copa America as Argentina Romp into Quarters '' . The Daily Telegraph . Agence France - Presse. 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Widely regarded as the best footballer of all time , Lionel Messi ... has sublime balance and is able to dribble past defenders with almost inhuman ease . Jump up ^ Lacombe , Rémy ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Messi , le Cinquième Élément '' . France Football . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , Lloyd , Luis Enrique and Ellis Triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2015 '' . FIFA. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , pp. 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Carlin , John ( 27 March 2010 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Magic in His Feet '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Maume , Chris ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi : The World at His Feet '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Wright ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` Here and Gone : The Strange Relationship between Lionel Messi and His Hometown in Argentina '' . Outside the Lines . ESPN FC . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , pp. 31 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Cazadieu , Jérôme ; Juillard , Alexandre ; Traïni , Frédéric ( 15 November 2008 ) . `` Leo Messi : La Légende d'El Enano '' ( Leo Messi : The Legend of El Enano ) . L'Équipe via Irish Independent . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hawkey , Ian ( 20 April 2008 ) .",
"61": "`` Lionel Messi on a Mission '' . The Times ( subscription required ) . Archived from the original on 30 August 2008 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Paul ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Pablo Aimar : The Argentinian Wizard Admired by Maradona and Messi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi : How Argentinian Teenager Signed for Barcelona on a Serviette '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Longman , Jeré ( 21 May 2011 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Boy Genius '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caioli 2012 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 149 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 27 March 2010 ) . `` Fàbregas , Messi , Piqué : Class of 2002 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter 2012 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Could Have Joined Arsenal as a Teenager , Says Arsène Wenger '' . The Guardian . 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Messiah '' . FIFA. 5 March 2006 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` The best quotes about Lionel Messi 's 10 years at Barcelona '' . ESPN FC . ^ Jump up to : Caioli 2012 , pp. 68 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Bird , Liviu ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` Ex-Teammate , La Masia Coach Recall Lionel Messi 's Early Days , Persona '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 19 July 2015 .",
"62": "Jump up ^ `` Giuly remembers the first time he saw Messi ' kill ' his team - mates '' . Sport. 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` Messi Reflects on Debut 10 Years On '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 191 -- 193 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 246 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Hunter 2012 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Carbonell , Rafael ( 26 October 2004 ) . `` El Último Salto de la ' Pulga ' '' ( The Last Jump of the ' Flea ' ) . El País ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 183 -- 185 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 262 -- 263 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2003 -- 04 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2004 -- 05 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter 2012 , pp. 35 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Reng , Ronald ( 27 May 2011 ) . `` Lionel Messi '' . FT Magazine . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` Who Knew on His 2004 Debut That Lionel Messi Would Go so Far at Barcelona '' . The National . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 24 February 2006 ) . `` Messi Has All the Qualities to Take World by Storm '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Graham ( 4 June 2015 ) .",
"63": "`` Messi , Iniesta and Xavi Driven to Join the Champions League Elite '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter 2012 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Joan Laporta : ' Barcelona has been kidnapped . It 's hostage to lies and it 's sad ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 272 -- 276 . ^ Jump up to : `` Starlet Messi Stays at Barça until 2014 '' . ESPN FC. 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter 2012 , pp. 266 -- 269 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi Has Ronaldinho 's Number '' . FIFA. 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 279 -- 284 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2005 -- 06 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ingla : Rijkaard to Blame for Barça Decline '' . ESPN FC. 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi : I 'm Not the Best '' . FIFA. 31 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2006 -- 07 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Needs Surgery on Broken Foot '' . CNN . 13 November 2006 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Graham ( 19 October 2011 ) . `` Messi Closing in on Remarkable Record '' . ESPN FC .",
"64": "Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Tomkins 2007 , pp. 130 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 12 March 2007 ) . `` There 's Something about Messi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , p. 302 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Christopher ( 24 February 2006 ) . `` Maradona Hails His Successor '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 20 April 2007 ) . `` The Greatest Goal Ever ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 10 June 2007 ) . `` Hand of Messi Saves Barcelona '' . The Times ( subscription required ) . Archived from the original on 13 October 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dónde Está Messi ? Ahora Dónde Está Messi ? '' ( ' Where Is Messi ? Where Is Messi Now ? ' ) . El Mundo ( in Spanish ) . 11 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham Bows out with Liga Title '' . BBC Sport. 17 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 24 September 2007 ) . `` Ronaldinho Misses Barcelona 's Big Night Out '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlin , John ( 3 February 2008 ) . `` Nou Sensation '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 519 -- 524 . Jump up ^ `` Kaka Named FIFA World Player of the Year '' . ESPN FC. 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2007 -- 08 '' . BDFutbol .",
"65": "Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bright , Richard ( 6 March 2008 ) . `` Lionel Messi Sidelined for Six Weeks '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Henley , Alex ( 21 February 2008 ) . `` Two for Messi as Barça See off Celtic '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho Cleared for Barça Exit '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , p. 472 . ^ Jump up to : Heydari , Keyvan Antonio ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Messi : Amazing Talent in a Reluctant Star '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Phil ( 1 December 2009 ) . `` Lionel Messi : A Rare Talent '' . The Independent . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Ronaldo Adds Fifa World Player of the Year to List of Accolades '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2008 -- 09 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Roden , Lee ( 20 April 2015 ) . `` Are Messi , Suarez and Neymar Barcelona 's Best - Ever Front Three ? '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 453 -- 459 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Barcelona : Six of the Best ' El Clásicos ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Defeat Athletic Bilbao to Win Copa del Rey '' . The Daily Telegraph . 14 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 .",
"66": "Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Title Celebrations Marred by Violence '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Sweeps up Goalscoring Honours '' . UEFA. 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Barcelona 2 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Seery , Phil ( 31 May 2009 ) . `` Barcelona Eclipse Dream Team with Historic Treble '' . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( 21 May 2010 ) . `` The Treble Club '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Beat Estudiantes to Win the Club World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Is the Real Lionel Messi Better than the Virtual One ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 476 -- 478 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2009 -- 10 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 17 May 2010 ) . `` La Liga Title the Least Barcelona Deserve as Madrid Again Finish Empty Handed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi the Sixth Player to Score Four Times in Champions League Tie '' . The Daily Telegraph . 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` ' Mythical , Universal , the Lord 's Anointed One ' -- Spain Hails Leo Messi '' . The Guardian .",
"67": "Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Andrew ( 22 May 2010 ) . `` Messi Takes Scoring Plaudits '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Joseph ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Messi Receives Golden Boot for Top European Scorer '' . U-T San Diego . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Messi Wins Supercopa for Barça '' . ESPN FC. 21 August 2010 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 29 November 2010 ) . `` David Villa Strikes Twice as Slick Barcelona Thrash Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Stars as Barcelona Seal Record League Win '' . BBC Sport. 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Consecutive Wins in the Top Division of Spanish football ( Soccer ) '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` Lionel Messi Is the World 's Best Player but Xavi Deserved FIFA 's Award '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly in the Aftermatch of the Clásico Series '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 494 -- 499 . Jump up ^ `` Top Scorer Messi Matches Van Nistelrooy Mark '' . UEFA. 28 May 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 28 May 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 3 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol .",
"68": "Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cascarino , Tony ; Barclay , Patrick ( 27 May 2011 ) . `` Is Sublime Lionel Messi the Greatest Footballer Ever ? '' . The Times ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Pitt - Brooke , Jack ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` 48 Not Out : Messi Proves Himself King of the Goals '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Scores Spanish Record 50th Goal '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Soccer Training Drills -- Lionel Messi a Combination '' . Project Sports Mastery. 2018 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , p. 512 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2011 -- 12 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mohamed , Majid ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi : The Best Goalscorer Ever but Is the Barcelona Player the Greatest - Ever Footballer ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tempers Flare into Brawl as Barcelona Beats Real Madrid '' . USA Today . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 26 August 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 2 Porto 0 : Match Report '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Win FIFA Club World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 18 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Crowned World 's Best '' . ESPN FC. 9 January 2012 .",
"69": "Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Wins UEFA Best Player in Europe Award '' . UEFA. 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` FIFA Ballon d'Or 2012 : Lionel Messi Rewarded for Displays No Rival Could Ever Match '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi as Dominant as Michael Jordan , Claims Barcelona 's Pep Guardiola , After He Breaks Goal Record '' . The Daily Telegraph . 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Scores Four as Barcelona Rout Valencia '' . CNN . 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rostance , Tom ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi Scores Five in Barcelona Champions League Win '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2011 -- 12 : Statistics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record - Breaking Messi Takes Top Scorer Honour '' . UEFA. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` Pep Guardiola Leaves Lasting Legacy at Barcelona '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pep Guardiola 's Final Game : Barcelona Win Copa del Rey '' . BBC Sport. 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` Barcelona 2 -- 2 Chelsea ( agg 2 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Four - Goal Lionel Messi Gives Pep Guardiola Perfect Barcelona Send - Off '' . The Guardian . 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 .",
"70": "Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Receives Golden Boot Award as Europe 's Top Scorer '' . Sports Illustrated . 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Smashes Müller 's 40 - Year Record '' . ESPN FC. 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` To See Coach 's Legacy at Barcelona , Just Look on Field '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ten - Man Barcelona Shocked by Sociedad '' . CNN . 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Iain ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Fatherhood Has n't Slowed Record - Breaking Messi '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mueller Gets Messi 's No. 10 Barcelona Shirt '' . Sports Illustrated . 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mohamed , Majid ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi Becomes Most Decorated Player in History after Winning Unprecedented Fourth Straight Ballon d'Or '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Refuses to Back Lionel Messi or Godfrey Chitalu for Goal Record '' . BBC Sport. 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona Star Lionel Messi Sets New Goal - Scoring Record '' . Guinness World Records . 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Ballon d'Or Contenders Messi , Ronaldo and Iniesta in Profile '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` A Sense of Anticlimax but Barcelona Still Deserve Their La Liga Title '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2015 .",
"71": "Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 9 March 2013 ) . `` Barcelona Face up to Uncomfortable Truths after Alarming Slump in Form '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Matt ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Barcelona 4 -- 0 AC Milan ( agg 4 -- 2 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Signs New Barcelona Deal '' . CNN . 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Iain ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Captain Messi Inspires Another Barça League Triumph '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caioli 2015 , ch. 38 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Iain ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` Andrés Iniesta Admission That Barcelona Suffer from ' Messi - Dependence ' Proved against PSG '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Set to Miss Rest of Barcelona Season with Hamstring Injury '' . The Daily Telegraph . 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` Messidependencia Brought into Focus as Barcelona Show Vulnerability '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 14 November 2013 ) . `` Rumours of Lionel Messi Rift with Barcelona Rubbished Be Representatives of the Argentina International '' . The Independent . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi Worry Mars Barca 's Title Joy '' . CNN . 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi ' Breaks Record ' by Scoring in 17th Consecutive La Liga Game '' . BBC Sport. 10 March 2013 .",
"72": "Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rooke , Sam ( 27 January 2013 ) . `` Barcelona 5 Osasuna 1 : Messi Hits Four in Rout '' . The Sunday Times ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi Awarded Golden Shoe for Third Time after 46 La Liga Goals for Barcelona '' . The Independent . 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2012 -- 13 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 587 -- 592 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Returns from Injury in Barcelona Victory '' . CNN . 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Wins FIFA Ballon D'or after Stellar Year at Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : West , Andy ( 22 March 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid v Barcelona : Has Ronaldo Overtaken Messi ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 12 March 2014 ) . `` One Flick of Lionel Messi 's Left Foot Ends Talk of Crisis at Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Argentina in Tune at Last despite Tough Start to World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 3 Barcelona 4 Match Report : Lionel Messi Hat - Trick Out - Guns Cristiano Ronaldo in Seven - Goal El Clásico Thriller '' . The Independent . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2013 -- 14 '' . BDFutbol .",
"73": "Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi : I Had a Lot of Problems during 2013 -- 14 Season '' . ESPN FC. 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Name Luis Enrique as New Coach , Lionel Messi Signs New Contract with La Liga Club '' . ABC News . 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Signs New Barcelona Deal '' . ESPN FC. 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Notarianni , Roberto ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` Messi , la ( Très ) Bonne Paie '' ( Messi , the ( Very ) Good Payroll ) . France Football . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Is ' an Alien That Dedicates Himself to Playing with Humans ' Says Gianluigi Buffon '' . The Guardian . 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot . `` Gerardo Martino : Lionel Messi Feeling Mental , Physical Strain of Years at Top '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona Forward Will Leave ' Unreachable ' Record '' . BBC Sport. 23 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apoel Nic 0 -- 4 Barcelona '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Besa , Ramon ( 7 December 2014 ) . `` El Derbi Es un Monólogo de Messi '' ( The Derby Is a Monologue of Messi ) . El País ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Wins Ballon D'or for Second Straight Year '' . ESPN FC. 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Roden , Lee ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Barcelona , Messi and Enrique : What 's Gone Wrong ? '' .",
"74": "BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Barcelona Transform Their Season from Trouble to a Possible Treble '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : West , Andy ( 19 March 2015 ) . `` Motivated Lionel Messi Transforms Barcelona 's Hopes for Trophy Treble '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Messi 's Best - Ever Form ? '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Tomas , Francesc ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Barcelona Increasingly Gaining Messi Independence ( and It 's a Good Thing ) '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Barcelona 's Luis Suárez , Leo Messi and Neymar Too Good for Juventus '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2014 -- 15 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 17 May 2015 ) . `` Barcelona Win La Liga : Lionel Messi Strike Sees Barca Clinch 23rd Title at Home of Reigning Champions Atletico Madrid '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supporters , Superstars and Goals Galore '' . FIFA. 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2014 -- 15 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi También Es Leyenda en el Ranking Histórico de Asistencias '' ( Messi Is Also a Legend in the Historical Assist Ranking ) ( in Spanish ) . La Liga BBVA. 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 .",
"75": "^ Jump up to : Corrigan , Dermot ( 15 February 2015 ) . `` Messi Notches Assist Record '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Treble Comes into Focus as Messi Marches Barcelona to Copa Title '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Puskás Award '' . FIFA . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Newman , Blair ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` If Lionel Messi Makes Pep Guardiola Feel Helpless , What Chance Do the Rest Have ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 7 December 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi , Manchester United and Arsenal : The 10 Most Tweeted Sporting Moments of 2015 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chavez , Christopher ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Messi 's Goal vs. Bayern Voted Europe 's Best in 2014 -- 15 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( 12 May 2015 ) . `` Bayern Mun 3 -- 2 Barcelona '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Barcelona Overwhelms Juventus to Win Fifth Champions League Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2014 -- 15 : Statistics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hannah , Ralph ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` The Ultimate Record - Breaking Preview to the UEFA Champions League Final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Roger ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Messi Beats Ronaldo for 2014 -- 15 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award '' . CBS Sports .",
"76": "Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Says Free Kick Goals in UEFA Super Cup Were ' Lucky ' '' . ESPN FC. 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Barcelona Disappoint as Athletic Bilbao Deservedly Win the Spanish Super Cup '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ John Molinaro ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Florenzi 's goal vs. Barca one for the ages '' . Sports Net . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi out for seven to eight weeks '' . FC Barcelona. 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Rose ( 21 November 2015 ) . `` Real Madrid 0 -- Barcelona 4 '' . BBC Sport.com . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dermot Corrigan ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Club World Cup triumph proves Barcelona are ' best in the world ' '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Toll ( 30 December 2015 ) . `` FC Barcelona claim 4 -- 0 victory over Betis and top spot to end 2015 '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi inspires Barcelona to win over Espanyol on Arda Turan 's debut '' . The Guardian . 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrigon , Dermot ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` Lionel Messi wins 2015 Ballon d'Or ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , Neymar '' . Jump up ^ Des Bieler ( 3 February 2016 ) . `` Lionel Messi 's 500th goal shows off scintillating skill '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi make history at Camp Nou '' . FC Barcelona.",
"77": "4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona penalty : Was it disrespectful or a touch of genius ? '' . BBC Sport. 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , Suarez team up for audacious penalty kick '' . Fox News Channel . 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suarez penalty makes Johan Cruyff ' very happy ' '' . ESPN FC. 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi breaks the 300 goal barrier in the league '' . FC Barcelona. 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barça reach 10,000 goals in official competition '' . FC Barcelona. 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi scores 500th goal : Barcelona star nets milestone '' . Sports Illustrated . 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi sirve el doblete '' ( Messi hands out double ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Adriana Garcia ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Barca 's double double hailed in Spanish media '' . Reuters . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert Güell ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Messi , Suárez and Neymar Jr end season with 131 goals '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Samuel ( 17 February 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi is bigger than Barcelona and indispensable -- Javier Mascherano '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramon Besa ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` Messi levanta la Supercopa '' ( Messi lifts the Supercup ) . El País ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Arch bell ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` Barça tame Sevilla in Super Cup '' . Marca . Spain . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barca seal Supercopa de Espana '' .",
"78": "Football España. 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez plunders hat - trick , Lionel Messi scores twice as Barca smash six past Betis '' . 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi out for three weeks FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Scores in His Return as Barcelona Roll Past Deportivo La Coruña '' . beIN SPorts. 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack Wilkinson ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` Lionel Messi scored a hat - trick as 10 - man Manchester City lost 4 -- 0 on Pep Guardiola 's return to Barcelona in the Champions League '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Alex Dowd ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Watch Lionel Messi score to pass Raul for most goals in the UCL group stage '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 2 November 2016 ) . `` Manchester City stun Barcelona in breathless Champions League victory '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo beats Messi for fourth Ballon d'Or '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 31 December 2016 ) . `` Top goal scorers in 2016 : Messi claims crown , Ibrahimovic and Ronaldo follow '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 award '' . CNN . 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi equals Ronald Koeman 's Barcelona free - kick record '' . ESPN FC. 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Murray ( 14 January 2017 ) . `` Watch Lionel Messi match record for the most La Liga teams scored against '' .",
"79": "Fox Sports . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Green ( 4 February 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi embarrasses Gorka Iraizoz with free - kick for Barcelona '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 23 April 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi scores 500th goal for Barcelona against Real Madrid '' . ESPNFC . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi inspires Barcelona to Copa del Rey final triumph against Alavés '' . The Guardian . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi receives fourth Golden Shoe Award : Each day I enjoy it more '' . Marca . Spain . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo goal , red card in Real Madrid win against Barcelona '' . ESPN FC. 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi and Luis Suárez call for optimism '' . FC Barcelona. 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi becomes the first player to score 350 La Liga goals '' . SBNation. 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's hat trick guides Barcelona 's win over local rivals Espanyol '' . ESPN FC. 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Samuel ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi scores twice as Barcelona get revenge on Juventus in UCL '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Samuel ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi creates something from nothing for Barcelona -- Valverde '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 -- 0 Las Palmas : Lionel Messi nets brace in front of empty Nou Camp -- 5 talking points '' . The Mirror. 1 October 2017 .",
"80": "Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 -- 1 Olympiakos '' . BBC Sport. 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Messi emulates Ronaldo with 100th European goal '' . UEFA. 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best FIFA Men 's Player '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Sam Marsden ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi marks 600th Barcelona appearance in win over Sevilla '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi signs new deal through 2020 / 21 season '' . FC Barcelona. 25 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi in La Liga : 400 games and 365 goals '' . FC Barcelona. 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi breaks Muller goal record '' . beinsports.com. 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Messi breaks Muller record as Barca beats Sociedad '' . beinsports.com. 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ West , Andy ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` Barcelona 1 - 0 Atlético Madrid '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores 100th Champions League goal in Barcelona 's 3 - 0 victory over Chelsea '' . Los Angeles Times . 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mark Ogden ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Chelsea go down fighting but ca n't stop Lionel Messi , Barcelona '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Faster and younger than rival Ronaldo - Magical Messi 's 100 Champions League goals in Opta numbers '' . FourFourTwo. 14 March 2018 .",
"81": "Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Gimeno , Francesc J. ( 7 April 2018 ) . `` Lionel Messi equals the record of Ronaldinho '' . Sport . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Himmelman , Jeff ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` The Burden of Being Messi '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 209 -- 219 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 220 -- 240 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magic Messi Sparks High Drama in the Lowlands '' . FIFA . July 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 22 August 2005 ) . `` Messi Handles ' New Maradona ' Tag '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi 's Debut Dream Turns Sour '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Tries Again as Argentina Face Paraguay '' . ESPN FC. 2 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Is a Jewel Says Argentina Coach '' . ESPN FC. 10 October 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mamrud , Roberto . `` Lionel Andrés Messi -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 5 June 2006 ) . `` Messi Comes of Age '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina 6 -- 0 Serbia & Montenegro '' . BBC Sport. 16 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holland 0 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport. 21 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 .",
"82": "Jump up ^ Lisi 2011 , pp. 470 -- 471 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 2 -- 1 Mexico ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisi 2011 , pp. 485 -- 486 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 1 Argentina '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisi 2011 , pp. 492 -- 493 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 382 -- 383 . Jump up ^ `` Argentines Wonder Why Messi Sat Out '' . The New York Times . 2 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 384 -- 387 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina into Last Eight of Copa '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tevez Nets in Argentina Victory '' . BBC Sport. 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Missing Some Stars , Brazil Wins Copa América '' . The New York Times . 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Homewood , Brian ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Court Blocks Messi from Olympics Soccer '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter 2012 , pp. 63 -- 64 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 436 -- 437 . Jump up ^ `` Report and Statistics : Men 's and Women 's Olympic Football Tournaments Beijing 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 21 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lisi 2011 , pp. 533 -- 539 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 28 April 2009 ) .",
"83": "`` Lionel Messi Can Achieve More at Barcelona than Diego Maradona '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 155 -- 156 , 405 -- 406 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` Greece 0 Argentina 2 : Match Report '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gowar , Rex ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` Messi Captains Argentina for First Time '' . Reuters . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lisi 2011 , pp. 564 -- 567 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Golden Ball Nominees Announced '' . FIFA. 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 414 -- 420 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué , Guillem ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Holland vs Argentina : How Coach Alejandro Sabella Persuaded Lionel Messi Not to Quit the National Team '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Michael ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi Showing Some Promising Signs in a New Argentina Role '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 595 -- 602 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` If Messi Is Argentina 's Star , Then Mascherano Is the Glue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Adamson , Mike ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi 's Incredible Record - Breaking Year in Numbers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Paul ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Record - Breaking Messi Sees the Bigger Picture '' . UEFA . Retrieved 13 August 2015 .",
"84": "Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Qualifying : Paraguay 2 Argentina 5 '' . FourFourTwo. 11 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil Technical Report and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . pp. 170 -- 171 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Argentina 2 -- 1 Bos - Herce '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Rob ( 21 June 2014 ) . `` Argentina v Iran , World Cup 2014 : Live '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 25 June 2014 ) . `` Nigeria 2 -- 3 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( 1 July 2014 ) . `` Argentina 1 -- 0 Switzerland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferris , Ken ( 5 July 2014 ) . `` Argentina Beat Belgium to Reach First Semi since 1990 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Netherlands 0 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` The World Cup Final : The Best Team vs. the Best Player '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Mueller Is the World Cup Superstar Messi Only Dreams of Being '' . Eurosport. 12 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 13 July 2014 ) .",
"85": "`` World Cup Final 2014 : Germany v Argentina -- as It Happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` World Cup Final : Was Lionel Messi Really a Disappointment in Brazil or Have We Just Become Numb to His Genius ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Lionel Messi Golden Ball Surprised Sepp Blatter '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gerardo ' Tata ' Martino Appointed Argentina Coach '' . CNN . 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gowar , Rex ; Torres , Santiago ; Palmer , Justin ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` Messi Bemoans Scoring Difficulties at Copa América '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 2 -- 2 Paraguay '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agüero Header Gives Argentina Copa América Win over Uruguay '' . The Guardian . 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Gideon ; Jimenez , Tony ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` Messi Wins 100th Argentina Cap '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Jonathan ( 1 July 2015 ) . `` Even Hostile Chile Fans Forced to Acknowledge Lionel Messi 's Greatness '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 20 June 2015 ) . `` Argentina Win Group B after Hard - Fought Victory over Jamaica '' . FOX Soccer . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Beat Colombia on Penalties to Reach Copa America Semifinal '' . ESPN FC. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 .",
"86": "Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Hosts Chile Stun Argentina to Claim First Copa América Title on Penalties '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Rosalba ( 1 July 2015 ) . `` Argentina Odds - On Favorites to Lift Copa America '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Adriana ( 7 July 2015 ) . `` Argentina 's Lionel Messi Grateful for Support after Copa América Defeat '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Copa America 2015 : ' Destroyed ' Lionel Messi Hit by Argentina Trophy Drought '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferris , Ken ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Coach : I 'd Have Stopped Playing for Argentina if I Was Messi '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi leaves Argentina 's friendly win vs. Honduras with back injury '' . ESPN FC. 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi exits Argentina friendly win vs. Honduras with back injury '' . ESPN FC. 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi trains alone ahead of Argentina 's Copa America opener '' . FourFourTwo. 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina top Chile in rematch of last year 's Copa América final '' . The Guardian . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores brilliant hat - trick as Argentina surge into quarter - finals '' . The Guardian . 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Match 16 : Argentina vs Panama '' . Copa América Centenario. 10 June 2016 .",
"87": "Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Match 27 : Argentina vs Venezuela '' . Copa América Centenario. 18 June 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Copa America : Lionel Messi equals Gabriel Batistuta 's Argentina record '' . BBC Sport. 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi equals Argentina 's all - time goal - scoring record '' . ESPN FC. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Match 29 : United States vs Argentina '' . Copa América Centenario. 21 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Devastated Messi announces likely retirement from Argentina '' . CNN . 27 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi retires from Argentina after Copa America final loss to Chile '' . ESPN FC. 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi says his Argentina career is over after Copa América final defeat '' . The Guardian . 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONMEBOL -- stats '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Copa América 2016 : Awards '' . Copa America Organisation. 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina do n't want Messi to retire '' . Sky Sports . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi ' God 's gift ' to Argentina -- president '' . AS . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Ciudad homenajeó a Lionel Messi con una estatua en el Paseo de la Gloria '' . La Nacion ( Argentine ) . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inauguran en Buenos Aires una estatua en homenaje a Messi '' . El Mundo Deportivo ( Spanish ) . 28 June 2016 .",
"88": "Jump up ^ `` Desde Mauro Icardi y Puyol a Jorge Rial , los mensajes de aliento para Lionel Messi '' . La Nacion ( Argentine ) . 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fans , President , Maradona Want Messi to Reconsider '' . The New York Times . 27 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # NoTeVayasLio , la campaña que inunda Argentina para pedir la continuidad de Messi '' . Informativos Telecinco ( Spanish ) . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Macri , Maradona and the Argentine people rally together to prompt Messi U-turn '' . Sport. 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Argentina striker reverses decision to retire from national team '' . 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Roger ( 3 July 2016 ) . `` La Nacion claims to know that Lionel Messi will return to Argentina national team '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi to make Argentina return after brief international retirement '' . ESPN FC. 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi strikes back as Argentina sink Uruguay '' . beIN SPORTS. 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi suspended for four matches '' . FIFA. 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona and Argentina forward banned for ' insulting ' assistant ref '' . BBC Sport. 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` FIFA Appeal Committee passes decision on Lionel Messi '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi hat - trick secures Argentina 's passage to World Cup '' . The Guardian . 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Messi lifts Argentina into World Cup with Uruguay , Colombia but Chile out '' . ESPN FC. 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 .",
"89": "^ Jump up to : `` Messi , Suarez share record for goals in CONMEBOL World Cup qualifiers '' . ESPN FC. 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schnibben , Cordt ( 6 June 2012 ) . `` The Golden Yell : Ronaldo and Messi Battle to Define a Football Era '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ritter , Karl ( 12 July 2014 ) . `` Five Reasons Why Messi Stands out in Soccer World '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , goals for 2010 '' . Mundo Deportivo ( Spanish ) . 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi becomes the ' Atomic Flea ' '' . Goal ( Spanish ) . 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , The Atomic Flea who became the best in the world '' . AS ( Spanish ) . 28 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garside , Kevin ( 29 March 2010 ) . `` Arsenal v Barcelona : Lionel Messi Making Case for World 's Greatest Ever Player '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lucas ( 30 September 2005 ) . `` Lionel Messi -- the New Maradona ? '' . UEFA . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , p. 553 . ^ Jump up to : Monti , Fabio ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Controllo , Corsa , Tocco di Palla : Perché nel Calcio Piccolo è Bello '' ( Control , Stroke and Touch on the Ball : Because in Football Small Is Beautiful ) . Corriere della Sera ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tomas , Francesc ( 25 June 2015 ) . `` Six Reasons Why Lionel Messi Is the World 's Best '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 17 August 2015 .",
"90": "Jump up ^ Juan Jiménez ( 12 March 2016 ) . `` The one record Messi 's ashamed of : 7 missed penalties '' . as.com . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Why Leo Messi Is so Good at Free Kicks but so Average at Penalties '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McTear , Euan ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Why does n't Messi 's genius translate to the penalty spot ? '' . Tifo Football . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott Davis ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Here 's what makes Lionel Messi so impossible to defend '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Barney Ronay ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi : the genius who operates to a different set of physical rules '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Matchett , Karl ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` The Story Behind Lionel Messi 's 5 Most Iconic Barcelona Celebrations '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Martin ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` In focus : Messi 's changing role '' . UEFA . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maradona Hails Messi as Successor '' . BBC Sport. 24 February 2006 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ball , Phil ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` Britain v Spain ( Sort Of ) '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Minshull , Phil ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Is Messi the Greatest Ever ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Es el Mejor Jugador que Veré Jamás '' ( ' Messi Is the Best Player I Have Ever Seen ' ) .",
"91": "El Mundo ( in Spanish ) . 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Is the Barcelona and Argentina Star the Greatest Player Ever ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Is the Barcelona Forward the Greatest of Them All ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Cairns , Dan ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` How Does Lionel Messi Stack up against Football Legends ? '' . BBC Newsbeat . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Valdano : ' Messi Es Maradona Todos Los Días ' '' ( Valdano : ' Messi Is Maradona Every Day ' ) ( in Spanish ) . FIFA. 7 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Menotti : ' Messi Está al Nivel del Mejor Maradona Que Vi ' '' ( Menotti : ' Messi Is at the Level of the Best Maradona That I Saw ' ) . AS ( in Spanish ) . 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter 2012 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Dan ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` Face to Face : Javier Zanetti '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sin Dudas , Messi Es Mejor que Maradona '' ( ' Without Doubt , Messi Is Better than Maradona ' ) . Clarín ( in Spanish ) . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 12 July 2014 ) . `` Adept ? Yes . Adored ? Not Yet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 August 2015 .",
"92": "Jump up ^ Mora y Araujo , Marcela ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` Lionel Messi Is Not the New Maradona -- He Can Be Better than That '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Vomits Because of Nerves , Says Argentina 's Alejandro Sabella '' . The Guardian . 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina federation to have affairs managed by emergency FIFA panel '' . ESPN FC. 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi paid the salaries of Argentina 's security team '' . Marca . Spain . 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's kind gesture to security staff with Argentina '' . Sport. 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The Game 's Best Rivalry '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi Blames Media for Inventing Rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Snowball , Ben ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Cristiano Ronaldo Is Not My Rival '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ballons d'Or winners list '' . The Telegraph . 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Arotaritei , Sorin ; Di Maggio , Roberto ; Stokkermans , Karel . `` Golden Boot ( Soulier d'Or ) Awards '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's Personal Duel with Lionel Messi Is Affecting His Performances for Portugal '' . The Daily Telegraph .",
"93": "Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Pedro ; Montague , James ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm Better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : He 's Got a God - Given Talent -- and He Knows It '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Badenhausen , Kurt ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama honors the Rapids '' . Colorado Rapids ( Owned by Stan Kroenke ) . 27 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . THE PRESIDENT : Absolutely . That is me and Messi . We 're right up there . Absolutely . ( Laughter . ) Jump up ^ Rainbow , Jamie ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Stat of the Day : Top 20 Best Paid Players and Coaches '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi Signs New Barcelona Contract , Set To Become World 's Highest - Paid Footballer '' . Forbes . Retrieved 17 December 2017 Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Marketable 2015 '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , pp. 94 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` Retrospect : Adidas F50 Messi Collection '' .",
"94": "Soccer Bible . 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Backed by Messi '' . Adidas ( press release ) . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's Fourth Most Marketable Athlete -- Lionel Messi '' . SportsPro. 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 10 January 2011 ) . `` Lionel Messi Voted Soccer 's Best , But Sponsors Stay Away '' . Forbes . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi and Dolce & Gabbana : An Assist in Style '' ( PDF ) . Dolce & Gabbana ( press release ) . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Millerchip , Oliver ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Messi to Front New Gillette Campaign '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentine Soccer Star Leo Messi Named Global Brand Ambassador for Turkish Airlines '' . Reuters ( press release ) . 6 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Ian ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Messi Cashes in with Qatari Contract '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Is Global Brand Ambassador for Tata Motors '' . Firstpost. 3 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2014 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi to Star on Cover of EA Sports FIFA for Fourth Straight Year '' . Sports Illustrated . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Thierry ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` The 2011 Time 100 : Lionel Messi , God of the Field '' . Time . Retrieved 22 August 2015 .",
"95": "Jump up ^ Hamm , Mia ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` The World 's 100 Most Influential People 2012 : Lionel Messi '' . Time . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Joins Facebook , Nets 7m Followers '' . ESPN FC. 6 April 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Giuliano , Karissa ( 9 June 2015 ) . `` The 10 Most Popular Celebrities on Facebook '' . CNBC . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Borg , Chris ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Ballon D'Or : Lionel Messi vs. Cristiano Ronaldo -- Battle of the Brands '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World '' ( PDF ) . Repucom ( press release ) . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi 's Left Foot -- Yours for $5.25 Million '' . CNN . 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Krasselt , Kaitlyn ( 21 June 2014 ) . `` Cannes to Cannes : YouTube 's Most Viewed Ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lorenzetti , Laura ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` YouTube Users Say This Is the ' Ad of the Decade ' '' . Time . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Sports Photo of the Year Goes To ... Lionel Messi and ' the Final Game ' '' . Eurosport. 12 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( 27 August 2014 ) . `` Venice Film Review : ' Messi ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina hosts Lionel Messi 's ' wedding of the century ' '' . BBC News .",
"96": "Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The Machine of ' 87 : Messi 's Boyhood Teammates Recall Early Signs of Greatness '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Shares Baby Joy '' . beIN Sports . 17 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Junior Named Thiago '' . ESPN FC. 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's Wife Expecting Second Child , Barcelona Star Says '' . ESPN FC. 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi 's Brother Confirms Birth of Barcelona Star 's Second Child '' . FourFourTwo. 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi marries stunning childhood sweetheart Antonella Roccuzzo in Argentine home town '' . The Independent Ireland . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi and wife Antonella Roccuzzo expecting their third child '' . ESPN FC. 15 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alex ( 15 October 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi and wife Antonella Roccuzzo have big news '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona news : Lionel Messi announces arrival of third child after withdrawing from squad to face Malaga Goal.com '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Balagué 2013 , pp. 31 , 143 , 570 . ^ Jump up to : Balagué 2013 , pp. 576 -- 577 . Jump up ^ Wright , Chris ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` After Just 72 Hours on the Planet , Thiago Messi Signs for Newell 's Old Boys '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi : Goodwill Ambassador '' .",
"97": "UNICEF. 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Iain ; Palmer , Justin . `` Barcelona Extend UNICEF Shirt Deal to 2016 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi Activity Highlights '' . UNICEF. 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi 's Son Turns One and Celebrates with UNICEF '' . UNICEF ( press release ) . 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Fast Facts '' . CNN . 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ooredoo , Messi Foundation Continue Expansion : Three New Mobile Health Clinics Launched in Algeria '' . Arab Times . 3 August 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lionel Messi and Friends ' Soccer Tour Is One of Many Causes Argentine Superstar Supports '' . New England Sports Network . 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Partners '' . Leo Messi Foundation . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's Lionel Messi wins libel case , donates damages to charity '' . ESPN FC. 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi wins a case against ' La Razon ' newspaper '' . Sport. 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Much , Mauritius ; Obermayer , Bastian ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` The Small Kaiser '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , father guilty of tax fraud , given suspended 21 - month sentences '' . Sports Illustrated . 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi in tax court : I played football and trusted my father '' . ESPN FC. 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2012 , pp. 69 -- 71 .",
"98": "Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2015 -- 16 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2016 -- 17 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini : Matches 2017 -- 18 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Player Profile '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi achievements '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andrés Iniesta and Leo Messi win 30th trophy with Barcelona '' . Sport EN. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iniesta and Messi , 30 trophies as Barça players FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` After Zlatan Ibrahimovic 's 32nd trophy win , who are the most decorated players in football ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sport ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) . `` He 's won 29 trophies ... but this was also Lionel Messi 's first '' . sport . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Ballon d'Or : History '' . FIFA . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , Neuer Heralded as Brazil 2014 's Best '' . FIFA. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Lionel Messi '' . UEFA . Retrieved 13 September 2015 .",
"99": "Jump up ^ `` Messi voted 2009 World Soccer Player of the Year '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi voted 2011 World Soccer 's Player of the Year '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins 2012 World Soccer Player of the Year award '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Soccer Awards : Messi leads the way as Barcelona sweep the board '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Onze d'Or all - time winners '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Globe Soccer Awards '' . globesoccer.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otero , Paul M. ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Palmarés de un Genio : El Coleccionista de Trofeos '' ( Honours of a Genius : The Collector of Trophies ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi , Mejor Delantero y Mejor Jugador '' ( Messi , Best Forward and Best Player ) ( in Spanish ) . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 2 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi , 2014 -- 15 Liga BBVA Best Player '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 30 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi named Best Striker in La Liga Santander 2015 -- 16 '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Club World Cup : Awards '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 .",
"100": "Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Trio Sweep Awards '' . FIFA. 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Youth Championship Netherlands 2005 '' . FIFA . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premios Olimpia 2015 : La Judoca Paula Pareto se Llevó el Oro y los de Plata Fueron Para Messi , Marco Ruben , Andrés Nocioni y Adolfo Cambiaso '' ( Olympia Awards 2015 : The Judoca Paula Pareto Took the Gold and Silver Was for Messi , Marco Ruben , Andrés Nocioni and Adolfo Cambiaso ) ( in Spanish ) . LRA Radio Nacional. 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Ganadores de Olimpia de Plata en Cada Deporte , con los Medallistas Dorados de Río entre los Destacados '' ( The Winners of the Silver Olimpia in Each Sport , with the Gold Medalists of Río among the Highlights ) . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delfina Pignatiello se quedó con el Olimpia de Oro '' . TN ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires. 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caioli 2012 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` BeIN Sports : Messi habría rechazado el MVP del torneo '' ( BeIN Sports : Messi reportedly rejects MVP award for tournament ) ( in Spanish ) . AS.com. 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi allegedly refuses best player award at Copa America as trophy removed from ceremony '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi rechazó recoger el premio a MVP de la Copa América '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . Retrieved 5 December 2015 .",
"101": "Jump up ^ `` Messi rechazó el MVP del Argentina - Paraguay de la Copa América '' . Sport . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Soccer Awards results '' . worldsoccer.com . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo Award all - time winners '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Best Playmaker 2015 '' . International Federation of Football History and Statistics . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert Ley ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` The World 's Best Playmaker 2016 : Lionel Messi '' . IFFHS.de . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Best Playmaker 2017 : One More For Lionel Messi '' . iffhs.de. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFFHS : Former Results '' . International Federation of Football History and Statistics . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The IFFHS Men World Team 2017 '' . IFFHS.de. 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi named Liga BBVA Player of the Month for January '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi named LaLiga Santander Player of the Month for April '' . La Liga. 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Jonathan ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi picks up the Pichichi award and Alfredo Di Stefano trophy at ceremony in Barcelona following successful 2016 -- 17 La Liga campaign '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain -- Footballer of the Year '' . The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 1 November 2017 .",
"102": "Jump up ^ `` Messi recibe el Trofeo EFE como mejor futbolista latinoamericano de la Liga BBVA '' . Mundo Deportivo ( in Spanish ) . 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ EN , Sport ( 28 November 2015 ) . `` Leo Messi presented with the sixth Memorial Aldo Rovira award '' . sport ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ CatalunyaPress.es ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Messi gana el trofeo Aldo Rovira por quinta vez '' . Catalunyapress ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFPro and FIFA Present the 2015 World XI '' . FIFPro. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World11 '' . FIFA. 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team of the Year 2015 : Lionel Messi '' . UEFA. 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and figures : UEFA.com Team of the Year 2017 '' . UEFA.com : The official website for European football . UEFA. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ESM Top - Elf : Ein Bayern - Star in Europas Elite . Abendzeitung ( in German ) . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 25 December 2009 ) . `` World Team of the Decade '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : the all - time XI '' . UEFA. 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 .",
"103": "Jump up ^ Rainbow , Jamie ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` The Greatest XI : how the panel voted '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 -- 15 Liga BBVA Ideal XI '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atletico dominate UEFA 's La Liga team of the season '' . Marca . Spain . 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once ideal de LaLiga para UEFA : 4 del Madrid , 3 del Barça ... '' ( UEFA 's LaLiga All - Star XI : 4 from Madrid , 3 from Barça ... ) . Diario AS ( in Spanish ) . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dream Team Winners Earn Sony Prizes '' . FIFA. 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El Once Ideal de la Copa América '' ( The Ideal Eleven of the Copa América ) . La República ( in Spanish ) . 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Copa América 2011 Dream Team '' . Copa America Organisation. 8 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copa América 2015 : Team of the Tournament '' . Copa America Organisation. 5 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` La Selección de Todos los Tiempos '' ( The Team of All Time ) ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Football Association . 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi wins UEFA goal of the season award '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 26 August 2016 .",
"104": "Jump up ^ `` Robinho Disputará a Messi y Riquelme la Copa América y el MVP del Torneo '' ( Robinho Battles Messi and Riquelme for the Copa América and the MVP of the Tournament ) . Diario AS ( in Spanish ) . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los 10 Mejores Goles de la Copa América 2007 '' ( The 10 Best Goals of the 2007 Copa América ) . Copa America Organisation. 6 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPYs : Lionel Messi , Robbie Keane , U.S. women 's team all win awards '' . ESPN FC. 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L'Equipe names Leo Messi ' Champion of Champions ' in 2011 '' . FC Barcelona. 26 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2009 -- 10 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Scorers 2016 -- 17 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2014 -- 15 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Spanish Primera División Statistics : Top Assists 2015 -- 16 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 May 2016 .",
"105": "Jump up ^ `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2008 -- 09 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2010 -- 11 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2013 -- 14 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2015 -- 16 '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2016 -- 17 '' . World Football . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Copa del Rey Statistics '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Copa del Rey Statistics '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2008 -- 09 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2009 -- 10 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` UEFA Champions League Statistics : Top Scorers 2014 -- 15 '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2011 -- 12 Statistics : Assists '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . `` UEFA Champions League 2014 -- 15 Statistics : Assists '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2011 : Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Copa América 2015 Stats Centre : Player Stats Attack '' . Copa America Organisation .",
"106": "Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copa America 2016 : Six players who have starred in the United States '' . Sky Sports . 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Wins Ballon d'Or over Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : The Goal That Started the Barcelona Legend '' . BBC Sport. 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 12 La Liga scoring records held by Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five incredible records shared by Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Sportskeeda. 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top scorers in a single European game '' . UEFA . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five - goal Messi leaves Leverkusen spellbound '' . UEFA . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` What records does Lionel Messi hold ? '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Records Ronaldo and Messi have not broken ( yet ) '' . UEFA . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Christopher ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi Becomes Youngest to 100 Champions League Appearances '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Saffer , Paul ( 11 August 2015 ) . `` Messi , Alves among Super Cup Record - Breakers '' . UEFA . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Sets Copa América Assists Record , Thrills Gillette Stadium '' . NESN. 18 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi Tiene Presente a Suárez '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 .",
"107": "Jump up ^ Hannah , Ralph ( 25 November 2014 ) . `` Double for Lionel Messi as Barcelona Star Takes Both La Liga and Champions League All - Time Goals Records in a Week '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi enjoys record - breaking day for Barca '' . ESPN . 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona 1 -- 3 Real Madrid : To be continued ... '' FC Barcelona . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Most Goals Scored in a Season in the Top Division of Spanish Football '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi is the first player to score 300 goals in La Liga '' . ESPN FC. 17 February 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi , the only player to have scored against 36 different First Division clubs '' . FC Barcelona. 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Messi Sets LaLiga Record With First Half Brace '' . beIN SPORTS USA . 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi breaks Argentina 's all - time goal - scoring record '' . ESPN FC. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , máximo artillero histórico de la selección argentina '' . FIFA ( Spanish ) . 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , único dueño del gol '' . Argentine Football Association ( Spanish ) . 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ EN , Sport ( 5 September 2015 ) . `` Messi 's now scored vs. EVERY South American country ... except Argentina '' . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Lionel Messi 's 28th Birthday , Here Are 10 of His Stunning Career Stats ... '' Eurosport.",
"108": "24 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Di Maria beats Messi to Argentine Player of the Year award '' . The Independent . 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sport ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Leo Messi , nominado al Premio Olimpia 2015 '' . sport ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premios Olimpia 2016 . Se elige al mejor deportista del año : estas son todas las ternas '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los ganadores de los Premios Olimpia '' . ESPN.com.ar . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Insatiable Messi grabs a 38th career hat - trick against Espanyol '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's record - breaking el clásico in numbers '' . The Independent . 23 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FC Barcelona Individual Records '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` L. Messi '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ; Bull , J.J. ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Chelsea 1 Barcelona 1 : Lionel Messi punishes single mistake to take crucial away goal to Nou Camp '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Bibliography Balagué , Guillem ( 2013 ) . Messi . Orion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4091 - 4659 - 9 . Caioli , Luca ( 2012 ) . Messi : The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend . Corinthian Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 90685 - 040 - 1 .",
"109": "Caioli , Luca ( 2015 ) . Messi : More than a Superstar . Icon Books . ISBN 978 - 190685 - 091 - 3 . Guinness World Records 2015 . Guinness World Records . 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908843 - 65 - 4 . Hunter , Graham ( 2012 ) . Barça : The Making of the Greatest Team in the World . BackPage Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9564971 - 8 - 5 . Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2011 ) . A History of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2010 . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7754 - 2 . Tomkins , Paul ( 2007 ) . Above Us Only Sky : Liverpool FC 's Global Revolution . Anchor Print Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9556367 - 0 - 7 . External links Find more aboutLionel Messiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website ( in Catalan ) ( in Spanish ) Profile for FC Barcelona Profile at La Liga Lionel Messi at ESPN FC Lionel Messi at BDFutbol Lionel Messi at Soccerway Lionel Messi at Soccerbase Lionel Messi at National-Football-Teams.com Lionel Messi -- FIFA competition record Lionel Messi -- UEFA competition record FC Barcelona -- current squad 1 Ter Stegen 2 Semedo 3 Piqué 4 Rakitić 5 Busquets 6 D. Suárez 8 Iniesta ( c ) 9 L.",
"110": "Suárez 10 Messi 11 Dembélé 13 Cillessen 14 Coutinho 15 Paulinho 17 Alcácer 18 Alba 19 Digne 20 Roberto 21 Gomes 22 Vidal 23 Umtiti 24 Mina 25 Vermaelen Coach : Valverde Argentina squads Argentina squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Abbondanzieri 2 Ayala 3 Sorín ( c ) 4 Coloccini 5 Cambiasso 6 Heinze 7 Saviola 8 Mascherano 9 Crespo 10 Riquelme 11 Tevez 12 Franco 13 Scaloni 14 Palacio 15 Milito 16 Aimar 17 Cufré 18 Rodríguez 19 Messi 20 Cruz 21 Burdisso 22 González 23 Ustari Coach : Pékerman Argentina squad -- 2007 Copa América runners - up 1 Abbondanzieri 2 Ayala ( c ) 3 Díaz 4 Ibarra 5 Gago 6 Heinze 7 Palacio 8 Zanetti 9 Crespo 10 Riquelme 11 Tevez 12 Carrizo 13 González 14 Mascherano 15 G. Milito 16 Aimar 17 Burdisso 18 Messi 19 Cambiasso 20 Verón 21 D.",
"111": "Milito 22 Orión Coach : Basile Argentina men 's football squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 1 Ustari 2 Garay 3 Monzón 4 Zabaleta 5 Gago 6 Fazio 7 Sosa 8 Banega 9 Lavezzi 10 Riquelme ( c ) 11 Di María 12 Pareja 13 Acosta 14 Mascherano 15 Messi 16 Agüero 17 Buonanotte 18 Romero 22 Navarro Coach : Batista Argentina squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Pozo 2 Demichelis 3 C. Rodríguez 4 Burdisso 5 Bolatti 6 Heinze 7 Di María 8 Verón 9 Higuaín 10 Messi 11 Tevez 12 Garcé 13 Samuel 14 Mascherano ( c ) 15 Otamendi 16 Agüero 17 Gutiérrez 18 Palermo 19 Milito 20 M. Rodríguez 21 Andújar 22 Romero 23 Pastore Coach : Maradona Argentina squad -- 2011 Copa América 1 Carrizo 2 Garay 3 Zabaleta 4 Burdisso 5 Cambiasso 6 G. Milito 7 Di María 8 Zanetti 9 Higuaín 10 Messi 11 Tevez 12 Andújar 13 Pareja 14 Mascherano ( c ) 15 Biglia 16 Agüero 17 Rojo 18 Pastore 19 Banega 20 Gago 21 Lavezzi 22 D. Milito 23 Romero Coach : Batista Argentina squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Romero 2 Garay 3 Campagnaro 4 Zabaleta 5 Gago 6 Biglia 7 Di María 8 Pérez 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 M.",
"112": "Rodríguez 12 Orión 13 A. Fernández 14 Mascherano 15 Demichelis 16 Rojo 17 F. Fernández 18 Palacio 19 Álvarez 20 Agüero 21 Andújar 22 Lavezzi 23 Basanta Coach : Sabella Argentina squad -- 2015 Copa América runners - up 1 Romero 2 Garay 3 Roncaglia 4 Zabaleta 5 Gago 6 Biglia 7 Di María 8 Pereyra 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 Agüero 12 Guzmán 13 Casco 14 Mascherano 15 Demichelis 16 Rojo 17 Otamendi 18 Tevez 19 Banega 20 Lamela 21 Pastore 22 Lavezzi 23 Andújar ( Marchesín ) Coach : Martino Argentina squad -- 2016 Copa América Centenario runners - up 1 Romero 2 Maidana 3 Roncaglia 4 Mercado 5 Kranevitter 6 Biglia 7 Di María 8 Fernández 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 Agüero 12 Guzmán 13 Funes Mori 14 Mascherano 15 Cuesta 16 Rojo 17 Otamendi 18 Lamela 19 Banega 20 Gaitán 21 Pastore 22 Lavezzi 23 Andújar Coach : Martino Awards Awards and achievements",
"113": "Preceded by Luciana Aymar Olimpia de Oro 2011 Succeeded by Sergio Martínez Preceded by Rafael Nadal L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2011 Succeeded by Serena Williams ( female ) Usain Bolt ( male ) Preceded by José Mourinho Gazzetta dello Sport Sportsman of the Year 2011 Succeeded by Usain Bolt FIFA Player of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year 1991 : Matthäus 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Romário 1995 : Weah 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Zidane 2001 : Figo 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Zidane 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C.",
"114": "Ronaldo See also : Ballon d'Or Ballon d'Or France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C.",
"115": "Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) World Soccer Player of the Year 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Zico 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Maradona 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Gullit 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Maldini 1995 : Vialli 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo La Liga Foreign Player of the Year - Don Balón Award 1976 : Neeskens 1977 : Cruyff 1978 : Cruyff 1979 : Stielike 1980 : Stielike 1981 : Stielike 1982 : Stielike 1983 : Barbas 1984 : Barbas 1985 : Schuster 1986 : Valdano 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Alemão",
"116": "1989 : Ruggeri 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Schuster 1992 : Laudrup 1993 : Đukić 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Mijatović 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Rivaldo 1999 : Figo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Figo 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Nihat 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Riquelme 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Messi 2008 : Agüero 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi La Liga Forward of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Messi La Liga Best Player of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Griezmann EFE Trophy 1990 -- 91 : Fernández 1991 -- 92 : Zalazar 1992 -- 93 : Zamorano 1993 -- 94 : Romário 1994 -- 95 : Zamorano 1995 -- 96 : Simeone 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Roberto Carlos 1998 -- 99 : Rivaldo 1999 -- 2000 : Herrera 2000",
"117": "-- 01 : Acuña 2001 -- 02 : Saviola 2002 -- 03 : Ronaldo 2003 -- 04 : Ronaldinho 2004 -- 05 : Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Aimar 2006 -- 07 : Messi 2007 -- 08 : Agüero 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : Diego Costa 2014 -- 15 : Suárez 2015 -- 16 : Navas FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball 2000 : Edílson 2005 : Rogério Ceni 2006 : Deco 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Messi 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Messi 2012 : Cássio 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Ramos 2015 : Suárez 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Modrić FIFA U-20 World Cup awards Golden Ball 1977 : Bessonov 1979 : Maradona 1981 : Gabor 1983 : Geovani 1985 : Silas 1987 : Prosinečki 1989 : Bismarck 1991 : Peixe 1993 : Adriano 1995 : Caio 1997 : Olivera 1999 : Keita 2001 : Saviola 2003 : Matar 2005 : Messi 2007 : Agüero 2009 : Adiyiah 2011 : Henrique",
"118": "2013 : Pogba 2015 : Traoré 2017 : Solanke Golden Shoe 1977 : Guina 1979 : Díaz 1981 : Koussas 1983 : Geovani 1985 : Losada 1987 : Witeczek 1989 : Salenko 1991 : Scherbakov 1993 : Zambrano 1995 : Etxeberria 1997 : Adaílton 1999 : Couñago 2001 : Saviola 2003 : Johnson 2005 : Messi 2007 : Agüero 2009 : Adiyiah 2011 : Henrique 2013 : Assifuah 2015 : Kovalenko 2017 : Orsolini Golden Glove 2009 : Alvarado 2011 : Mika 2013 : De Amores 2015 : Rajković 2017 : Woodman Footballer of the Year of Argentina 1970 : Yazalde 1971 : Pastoriza 1972 : Bargas 1973 : Brindisi 1974 : Raimondo 1975 : Scotta 1976 : Passarella 1977 : Fillol 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Maradona 1980 : Maradona 1981 : Maradona 1982 : Gatti 1983 : Bochini 1984 : Márcico 1985 : Francescoli 1986 : Maradona 1987 : Fabbri 1988 : Paz 1989 : Alfaro Moreno 1990 : Goycochea 1991 : Ruggeri 1992 :",
"119": "Islas 1993 : Medina Bello 1994 : Navarro Montoya 1995 : Francescoli 1996 : Chilavert 1997 : Salas 1998 : Batistuta 1999 : Saviola 2000 : Riquelme 2001 : Riquelme 2002 : Milito 2003 : Tevez 2004 : Tevez 2005 : Messi 2006 : Verón 2007 : Messi 2008 : Messi & Riquelme 2009 : Messi & Verón 2010 : Messi & Martínez 2011 : Messi & Riquelme 2012 : Messi & L. López 2013 : Messi & M. Rodríguez 2014 : Di María & Pratto 2015 : Messi & Ruben 2016 : Messi & Belluschi 2017 : Messi & Benedetto UEFA Club Footballer of the Year 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Beckham 2000 : Redondo 2001 : Effenberg 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Deco 2005 : Gerrard 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Milito UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der",
"120": "Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05",
"121": ": Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award UEFA Best Player in Europe 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Iniesta 2012 -- 13 : Ribéry 2013 -- 14 : Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year 2016 -- 17 : Ronaldo Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano 2007 -- 08 : Raúl 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : C. Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : Messi FIFPro Player of the Year awards World Player of the Year 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo Young Player of the Year 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Messi 2007 : Messi 2008 : Messi Bravo Award 1978 : Case 1979 : Birtles 1980 : H.",
"122": "Müller 1981 : Wark 1982 : Shaw 1983 : Bonini 1984 : Righetti 1985 : Butragueño 1986 : Butragueño 1987 : van Basten 1988 : Ohana 1989 : Maldini 1990 : Baggio 1991 : Prosinečki 1992 : Guardiola 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Panucci 1995 : Kluivert 1996 : Del Piero 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Buffon 2000 : Casillas 2001 : Hargreaves 2002 : Metzelder 2003 : Rooney 2004 : C. Ronaldo 2005 : Robben 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Messi 2008 : Benzema 2009 : Busquets 2010 : T. Müller 2011 : Hazard 2012 : Verratti 2013 : Isco 2014 : Pogba 2015 : Berardi Golden Boy award winners 2003 : Van der Vaart 2004 : Rooney 2005 : Messi 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Agüero 2008 : Anderson 2009 : Pato 2010 : Balotelli 2011 : Götze 2012 : Isco 2013 : Pogba 2014 : Sterling 2015 : Martial 2016 : Sanches 2017 : Mbappé La Liga top scorers 1929 : Bienzobas 1930 : Gorostiza 1931 : Bata 1932 : Bata 1933 : Olivares 1934 : Lángara 1935 : Lángara 1936 : Lángara 1940 : Unamuno 1941 : Pruden 1942 : E. Suárez 1943 : Martín 1944 : E.",
"123": "Suárez 1945 : Zarra 1946 : Zarra 1947 : Zarra 1948 : Pahiño 1949 : César 1950 : Zarra 1951 : Zarra 1952 : Pahiño 1953 : Zarra 1954 : Di Stéfano 1955 : Arza 1956 : Di Stéfano 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Badenes , Di Stéfano & Ricardo 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Puskás 1961 : Puskás 1962 : Seminario 1963 : Puskás 1964 : Puskás 1965 : Ré 1966 : Aragonés 1967 : Waldo 1968 : Uriarte 1969 : Amancio & Gárate 1970 : Amancio ,",
"124": "Aragonés & Gárate 1971 : Gárate & Rexach 1972 : Porta 1973 : Marianín 1974 : Quini 1975 : Carlos 1976 : Quini 1977 : Kempes 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Krankl 1980 : Quini 1981 : Quini 1982 : Quini 1983 : Rincón 1984 : Da Silva & Juanito 1985 : Sánchez 1986 : Sánchez 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Sánchez 1989 : Baltazar 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Butragueño 1992 : Manolo 1993 : Bebeto 1994 : Romário 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Pizzi 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Vieri 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Salva 2001 : Raúl 2002 : Tristán 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Forlán & Eto'o 2006 : Eto'o 2007 : Van Nistelrooy 2008 : Güiza 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : L. Suárez 2017 : Messi Copa del Rey top scorers 1993 : Urban 1994 : Coca & Gudelj 1995 : Penev 1996 : Pantić 1997 : Klimowicz 1998 : Rivaldo 1999 : C. López 2000 : Arenaza , Barata , Cembranos , Gâlcă , Hasselbaink ,",
"125": "Míchel & Yordi 2001 : Salva 2002 : Guti & Raúl 2003 : Portillo 2004 : Raúl 2005 : Huegún , Alejandro & Muñoz 2006 : Ewerthon 2007 : Saviola 2008 : Soler 2009 : Messi & Luis Fabiano 2010 : Maxi 2011 : Messi & C. Ronaldo 2012 : Infante 2013 : Costa 2014 : Messi 2015 : Aspas & Neymar 2016 : Guidetti , Messi , Munir ,",
"126": "Negredo & Suárez 2017 : Ben Yedder & Messi 2018 : Curto European Golden Shoe L'Équipe award 1968 : Eusébio 1969 : Zhekov 1970 : Müller 1971 : Skoblar 1972 : Müller 1973 : Eusébio 1974 : Yazalde 1975 : Georgescu 1976 : Kaiafas 1977 : Georgescu 1978 : Krankl 1979 : Kist 1980 : Vandenbergh 1981 : Slavkov 1982 : Kieft 1983 : Gomes 1984 : Rush 1985 : Gomes 1986 : Van Basten 1987 : Cămătaru / Polster 1988 : Çolak 1989 : Mateuţ 1990 : Sánchez & Stoichkov 1991 : Pančev Unofficial 1992 : McCoist 1993 : McCoist 1994 : Taylor 1995 : Avetisyan 1996 : Endeladze ESM award 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Machlas 1999 : Jardel 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Larsson 2002 : Jardel 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry & Forlán 2006 : Toni 2007 : Totti 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo & Suárez 2015 : C.",
"127": "Ronaldo 2016 : Suárez 2017 : Messi European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Milutinović 1956 -- 57 : Viollet 1957 -- 58 : Di Stéfano 1958 -- 59 : Fontaine 1959 -- 60 : Puskás 1960 -- 61 : J. Águas 1961 -- 62 : Di Stéfano , Løfqvist , Puskás , Strehl & Tejada 1962 -- 63 : Altafini 1963 -- 64 : Kovačević , Mazzola & Puskás 1964 -- 65 : Eusébio & Torres 1965 -- 66 : Albert & Eusébio 1966 -- 67 : Piepenburg & Van Himst 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Law 1969 -- 70 : Jones 1970 -- 71 : Antoniadis 1971 -- 72 : Dunai , Macari & Takač 1972 -- 73 : Müller 1973 -- 74 : Müller 1974 -- 75 : Müller & Markarov 1975 -- 76 : Heynckes 1976 -- 77 : Cucinotta & Müller 1977 -- 78 : Simonsen 1978 -- 79 : Sulser 1979 -- 80 : Lerby 1980 -- 81 : McDermott , Rummenigge & Souness 1981 -- 82 : Hoeneß 1982 -- 83 : Rossi 1983 -- 84 : Sokol 1984 -- 85 : Nilsson & Platini 1985 -- 86 : Nilsson 1986 -- 87 : Cvetković 1987 -- 88 : R. Águas , Ferreri , Hagi , Madjer , McCoist ,",
"128": "Míchel & Novák 1988 -- 89 : Van Basten 1989 -- 90 : Papin & Romário 1990 -- 91 : Pacult & Papin 1991 -- 92 : Papin & Yuran UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Romário 1993 -- 94 : Koeman & Rufer 1994 -- 95 : Weah 1995 -- 96 : Litmanen 1996 -- 97 : Pantić 1997 -- 98 : Del Piero 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko & Yorke 1999 -- 2000 : Jardel , Raúl & Rivaldo 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Van Nistelrooy 2005 -- 06 : Shevchenko 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Neymar , C. Ronaldo & Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : C.",
"129": "Ronaldo FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . 2014 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Manuel Neuer Defenders David Luiz Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Marcelo Midfielders Ángel Di María James Rodríguez Toni Kroos Forwards Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Neymar Coach Joachim Löw CONMEBOL Copa América Player of the Tournament South American Nations Championship Player of the tournament 1916 : Gradín 1917 : Scarone 1919 : Friedenreich 1920 : Piendibene 1921 : Tesoriere 1922 : Fortes 1923 : Nasazzi 1924 : Petrone 1925 : Seoane 1926 : Andrade 1927 : Seoane 1929 : Ferreira 1935 : Nasazzi 1937 : Mata 1939 : Fernández 1941 : Livingstone 1942 : Varela 1945 : da Guia 1946 : Pedernera 1947 : Moreno",
"130": "1949 : Ademir 1953 : Herrera 1955 : Hormazábal 1956 : Míguez 1957 : Sívori 1959 -- 1 : Pelé 1959 -- 2 : Silveira 1963 : Blacut 1967 : Rocha Copa América Player of the tournament 1975 : Cubillas 1979 : Caszely 1983 : Francescoli 1987 : Valderrama 1989 : Sosa 1991 : Rodríguez 1993 : Goycochea 1995 : Francescoli 1997 : Ronaldo 1999 : Rivaldo 2001 : Guevara 2004 : Adriano 2007 : Robinho 2011 : Suárez 2015 : Messi 2016 : Sánchez 2015 Copa América Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Claudio Bravo Defenders Jeison Murillo Gary Medel Nicolás Otamendi Midfielders Christian Cueva Marcelo Díaz Javier Mascherano Arturo Vidal Forwards Eduardo Vargas Paolo Guerrero Lionel Messi Coach Jorge Sampaoli Copa América Centenario Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Claudio Bravo Defenders Mauricio Isla Nicolás Otamendi Gary Medel Jean Beausejour Midfielders Javier Mascherano Arturo Vidal Charles Aránguiz Forwards Eduardo Vargas Alexis Sánchez Lionel Messi",
"131": "2014 -- 15 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Bravo RB : Dani Alves CB : Piqué CB : Otamendi LB : Alba MF : J. Rodríguez MF : Krychowiak MF : Rakitić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Griezmann Manager : Luis Enrique 2015 -- 16 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Oblak RB : Ramos CB : Piqué CB : Godín LB : Marcelo MF : Iniesta MF : Busquets MF : Modrić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Suárez 2008 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Sergio Ramos CB : John Terry CB : Carles Puyol LB : Philipp Lahm MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Xavi MF : Cesc Fàbregas MF : Franck Ribéry FW : Lionel Messi FW : Fernando Torres Coach : Alex Ferguson 2009 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Dani Alves CB : John Terry CB : Carles Puyol LB : Patrice Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Xavi MF : Kaká MF : Andrés Iniesta FW : Lionel Messi FW : Zlatan Ibrahimović Coach : Pep Guardiola 2010 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Maicon CB : Gerard Piqué CB : Carles Puyol LB : Ashley Cole",
"132": "MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Xavi MF : Wesley Sneijder MF : Andrés Iniesta FW : Lionel Messi FW : David Villa Coach : José Mourinho 2011 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Dani Alves CB : Gerard Piqué CB : Thiago Silva LB : Marcelo MF : Arjen Robben MF : Xavi MF : Andrés Iniesta MF : Gareth Bale FW : Lionel Messi FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2012 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Iker Casillas RB : Sergio Ramos CB : Gerard Piqué CB : Thiago Silva LB : Philipp Lahm MF : Andrés Iniesta MF : Xavi MF : Andrea Pirlo MF : Mesut Özil FW : Lionel Messi FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2014 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Manuel Neuer RB : Philipp Lahm CB : Sergio Ramos CB : Diego Godín LB : David Alaba MF : Arjen Robben MF : Toni Kroos MF : Ángel Di María FW : Lionel Messi FW : Zlatan Ibrahimović FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2015 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Manuel Neuer RB : Dani Alves CB : Sergio Ramos CB : Gerard Piqué LB : David Alaba MF : Paul Pogba MF : Andrés Iniesta MF : James Rodríguez FW : Cristiano Ronaldo FW : Lionel Messi FW : Neymar 2016 UEFA Team of the Year GK :",
"133": "Gianluigi Buffon RB : Jérôme Boateng CB : Gerard Piqué CB : Sergio Ramos LB : Leonardo Bonucci MF : Luka Modrić MF : Toni Kroos MF : Andrés Iniesta FW : Lionel Messi FW : Antoine Griezmann FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2017 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Gianluigi Buffon RB : Dani Alves CB : Sergio Ramos CB : Giorgio Chiellini LB : Marcelo MF : Luka Modrić MF : Toni Kroos MF : Kevin De Bruyne MF : Eden Hazard FW : Lionel Messi FW : Cristiano Ronaldo IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker 2006 : Zidane 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Xavi 2009 : Xavi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Xavi 2012 : Iniesta 2013 : Iniesta 2014 : Kroos 2015 : Messi 2016 : Messi 2017 : Messi IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer 1991 : Papin 1992 : Bergkamp 1993 : Al - Owairan 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Daei 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Al - Huwaidi 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Rivaldo 2001 : Al - Dhabit 2002 : van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Daei 2005 : Adriano 2006 : Suazo 2007 : Mputu",
"134": "2008 : Rico 2009 : Okazaki 2010 : Al - Mutawa 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Ronaldo 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Lewandowski 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Ronaldo Best International Athlete ESPY Award winners 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Pujols 2007 : Federer 2008 : Ochoa 2009 : Bolt 2010 -- 2011 : Award not given 2012 : Messi 2013 : Bolt 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Bolt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"135": "php?title=Lionel_Messi&oldid=837695305 '' Categories : 1987 births Living people 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2007 Copa América players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2011 Copa América players 2014 FIFA World Cup players 2015 Copa América players Copa América Centenario players Argentina international footballers Argentina youth international footballers Argentine expatriate footballers Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain Argentine footballers Argentine fraudsters Argentine people of Catalan descent Argentine people of Italian descent Argentine people of Spanish descent Argentine Roman Catholics Argentina under - 20 international footballers Association football forwards Ballon d'Or winners Expatriate footballers in Spain FC Barcelona B players FC Barcelona C players FC Barcelona players FIFA Century Club FIFA World Player of the Year winners Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics La Liga players Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Naturalised citizens of Spain Olympic footballers of Argentina Olympic gold medalists for Argentina Olympic medalists in football People convicted of fraud People convicted of tax crimes People named in the Panama Papers Argentine people of Marchesan descent Pichichi Trophy winners Segunda División B players Sportspeople from Rosario , Santa Fe Tercera División players UNICEF people UEFA Champions League winning players Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use dmy dates from April 2018 Good articles Use British English from April 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with Catalan - language external links Articles with Spanish - language external links ESPN FC template using numeric ID BDFutbol template with ID same as Wikidata Soccerway template with ID same as Wikidata NFT template with ID same as Wikidata FIFA player ID same",
"136": "as Wikidata UEFA player ID same as Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan",
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"138": "Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 डोटेली 119 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 12 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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9154034014619924934
|
where is gulf breeze fl on the map
|
[
"30°21′36″N 87°10′41″W / 30.36000°N 87.17806°W",
"on the Fairpoint Peninsula in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States and is a suburb of Pensacola which lies to the north, across Pensacola Bay",
"30°21′36″N 87°10′41″W / 30.36000°N 87.17806°W / 30.36000; -87.17806 (30.359933, -87.178190)",
"on the Fairpoint Peninsula in Santa Rosa County, Florida,",
"a suburb of Pensacola which lies to the north, across Pensacola Bay"
] |
{
"0": "Gulf Breeze , Florida - wikipedia Gulf Breeze , Florida Jump to : navigation , search `` Gulf Breeze '' redirects here . For the Amtrak train , see Gulf Breeze ( train ) . For other uses , see Gulf breeze .",
"1": "Gulf Breeze , Florida City Entrance sign and median in Gulf Breeze , FL heading East on Hwy 98 , July 2013 Seal Location in Santa Rosa County and the state of Florida Coordinates : 30 ° 21 ′ 25.7184 '' N 87 ° 9 ′ 49.8846 '' W / 30.357144000 ° N 87.163856833 ° W / 30.357144000 ; - 87.163856833 Coordinates : 30 ° 21 ′ 25.7184 '' N 87 ° 9 ′ 49.8846 '' W / 30.357144000 ° N 87.163856833 ° W / 30.357144000 ; - 87.163856833 Country United States State Florida County Santa Rosa Settled 1875 Founded ( as Gulf Breeze ) 1935 Incorporated ( city ) August 10 , 1961 Founded by The Duncan Family Government Mayor Matt Dannheisser Junior City Manager Buz Eddy Area City 23.56 sq mi ( 61.02 km ) Land 4.68 sq mi ( 12.12 km ) Water 18.88 sq mi ( 48.90 km ) Elevation 16 ft ( 5 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 5,763 Estimate ( 2016 ) 6,466 Density 1,381.33 / sq mi ( 533.37 / km ) Metro 461,227 ( Pensacola metropolitan area ) Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) Area code ( s ) 850 FIPS code 12 - 28000 GNIS feature ID 0283485 Website http://www.cityofgulfbreeze.com Gulf Breeze Florida Gulf Breeze is a city on the Fairpoint Peninsula in Santa Rosa County , Florida , United States and is a suburb of Pensacola which lies to the north , across Pensacola Bay .",
"2": "The population was 5,763 at the 2010 census and by July 2016 , that had increased to an estimated 6,466 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography and climate 2 Points of interest 3 Demographics 4 Public transportation 5 Schools 6 Notable people 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Geography and climate ( edit ) Gulf Breeze is located at 30 ° 21 ′ 36 '' N 87 ° 10 ′ 41 '' W / 30.36000 ° N 87.17806 ° W / 30.36000 ; - 87.17806 ( 30.359933 , - 87.178190 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 23.5 square miles ( 61 km ) , of which 4.8 square miles ( 12.3 km2 ) is land and 18.8 square miles ( 49 km ) ( 79.79 % ) is water . Growth of the city itself is geographically restricted , surrounded by major water bodies on three sides ; the eastern portion of Gulf Breeze is occupied by the Naval Live Oaks Reservation . As a result , new growth takes place east of the city limits along U.S. Highway 98 . Gulf Breeze , FL Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 5.7 61 43 4.9 64 45 6.3 70 52 75 57 4.4 83 65 5.2 88 72 7.1 90 74 6.1 92 74 6.7 87 70 4.2 79 59 4.4 71 51 64 45 Average max. and min .",
"3": "temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : weather.com/NOAA.gov ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 145 16 6 124 18 7 160 21 11 102 24 14 112 28 18 132 31 22 180 32 23 155 33 23 170 31 21 107 26 15 112 22 11 102 18 7 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Points of interest ( edit ) In 1828 the U.S. Government purchased the land encompassing the Naval Live Oaks Reservation for experimenting with acorns for the cultivation of live oaks to produce wooden ships . Before the Civil War , the wood of the live oak was the primary material of choice for shipbuilders , thus the protection and cultivation of the trees for the US Navy was considered vital for defense in those turbulent times . Currently , the land comprises over 1300 acres ( 5.3 km2 ) in Gulf Islands National Seashore and is supervised by the National Park Service . To the south of Highway 98 is a visitor 's center for the Gulf Islands National Seashore and several public beach areas . Gulf Islands National Seashore offers recreation opportunities and preserves natural and historic resources along the Gulf of Mexico barrier islands of Florida and Mississippi . The protected regions include mainland areas and parts of 7 islands . The Florida District of the seashore features offshore barrier islands with sparkling white quartz sand beaches ( along miles of undeveloped land ) , historic fortifications , and nature trails . The Gulf Breeze Zoo is a 50 - acre ( 20 ha ) site that includes hundreds of animals , a boardwalk overlooking a free range preserve , CP Huntington style train , as well as other amenities . The zoo features various events throughout the year including Boo at the Zoo and Zoo Lights . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop .",
"4": "% ± 1970 4,190 -- 1980 5,478 30.7 % 5,530 0.9 % 2000 5,665 2.4 % 5,763 1.7 % Est. 2016 6,466 12.2 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 5,665 people , 2,377 households , and 1,678 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,192.0 people per square mile ( 460.5 / km2 ) . There were 2,553 housing units at an average density of 537.2 per square mile ( 207.5 / km2 ) . There were 2,377 households out of which 28.1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 57.7 % were married couples living together , 10.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 29.4 % were non-families. 25.3 % of all households were made up of individuals and 13.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.83 . In the city , the population was spread out with 22.3 % under the age of 18 , 4.6 % from 18 to 24 , 22.5 % from 25 to 44 , 29.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 20.8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 45 years . For every 100 females there were 89.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 83.6 males . The median income for a household in the city was $52,522 , and the median income for a family was $61,661 . Males had a median income of $44,408 versus $28,159 for females . The per capita income for the city was $34,688 .",
"5": "About 3.8 % of families and 4.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.5 % of those under age 18 and 1.2 % of those age 65 or over . Public transportation ( edit ) Gulf Breeze is served by Escambia County Area Transit 's # 61 route . Schools ( edit ) Gulf Breeze High School Gulf Breeze ( lower center ) is north of Pensacola Beach , Florida , south of Pensacola , and surrounded by Pensacola Bay . Gulf Breeze High School ( website ) Gulf Breeze Middle School Gulf Breeze Elementary School ( website ) Oriole Beach Elementary School Notable people ( edit ) Doug Baldwin , American football player . Adrian Street , professional wrestler ( longtime resident ) . Bob Armstrong , professional wrestler ( originally from Marietta , Georgia ; longtime resident ) . Abigail Spencer , actress ; born and raised in Gulf Breeze . Jason McKie , American football player . Ben Lively , Baseball player , Pitcher for Philadelphia Phillies . Nate Merrill See also ( edit ) Gulf Breeze UFO incident Navarre , Florida References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf Breeze Zoo '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ http://www.goecat.com/routes/_doc/ride-guide.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.goecat.com/routes/index.php Jump up ^ http://www.buddytv.com/info/abigail-spencer-info.aspx External links ( edit ) The Gulf Breeze Zoo -- the regional zoo . Gulf Breeze Area Chamber of Commerce -- the area 's chamber of commerce Pensacola metropolitan area Counties Escambia Santa Rosa Major city Pensacola Incorporated Cities Century Gulf Breeze Jay Milton Unincorporated Bagdad Barrineau Park Bellview Brent Cantonment Ensley Ferry Pass Gonzalez Goulding Innerarity Point McDavid Molino Munson Mytrle Grove Navarre Navarre Beach Oriole Beach Pace Pensacola Beach Perdido Key Walnut Hill Warrington West Pensacola Municipalities and communities of Santa Rosa County , Florida , United States County seat : Milton Cities Gulf Breeze Milton Town Jay CDPs Allentown Avalon Bagdad Berrydale Brownsdale Chumuckla Cobbtown Dickerson City Dixonville East Milton Fidelis Floridatown Garcon Point Harold Holley Midway Mount Carmel Mulat Munson Navarre Oriole Beach Pace Pea Ridge Pine Level Point Baker Roeville Spring Hill Tiger Point Wallace Whitfield Whiting Field Woodlawn Beach Unincorporated communities Broxson McLellan New York Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Breeze,_Florida&oldid=814077212 '' Categories : Populated places on the Intracoastal Waterway in Florida Cities in Santa Rosa County ,",
"7": "Florida Cities in Pensacola metropolitan area Cities in Florida 1875 establishments in Florida Populated places established in 1875 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 45 . About Wikipedia",
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-8812023770401780881
|
the boards name on ed edd and eddy
|
[
"Plank",
"Plank",
"Plank",
"Plank",
"Plank"
] |
{
"0": "List of Ed , Edd n Eddy characters - wikipedia List of Ed , Edd n Eddy characters Jump to : navigation , search From top - left : Ed , Edd ( Double Dee ) , Eddy , Sarah , Jimmy , Jonny 2x4 ( holding Plank ) , Rolf , the Kanker Sisters ( Marie , Lee , and May Kanker ) , Kevin , and Nazz The Ed , Edd n Eddy animated television series , consists of 135 stories , features an extensive cast of characters created by Danny Antonucci . The series takes place in the fictional town of Peach Creek . The number of characters in Ed , Edd n Eddy is fixed at twelve ( thirteen if Plank , a board of wood who acts as one character 's imaginary friend , is included ) . The show revolves around three best friends ( Ed , Edd , and Eddy ) , usually referred to as `` the Eds '' . There is a secondary group of characters ( Kevin , Rolf , Nazz , Jimmy , Sarah and Jonny ) , and three teenage girls known as `` the Kanker Sisters '' . Most of the children live in the cul - de-sac , while the Kanker Sisters live in the nearby `` Park ' n ' Flush '' trailer park . Eddy 's brother is a character mentioned throughout the series , mostly by Eddy , but is never seen until the movie Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show ; He is the only fully seen adult in the series . The series ' characters have received awards and nominations at the 2002 Fancy Anvil Awards , a fictional award show broadcast on Cartoon Network . Antonucci stated the personalities of the Eds are based on personal traits of himself , and the activities of his two sons , and that the other characters are based on children he grew up with .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 2 Protagonists 2.1 Eddy 2.2 Edd ( Double D ) 2.3 Ed 3 Supporting characters 3.1 Jonny 3.2 Jimmy 3.3 Sarah 3.4 Kevin 3.5 Rolf 3.6 Nazz 4 Other characters 4.1 Kanker Sisters 4.2 Eddy 's Brother 5 Reception , appearances in other media and merchandising 6 See also 7 References Creation According to cartoonist and Ed , Edd n Eddy creator Danny Antonucci , he based the characters on real people in his life ; the personalities of Ed , Edd , and Eddy are based on his own traits , and the activities of his two sons while the cul - de-sac children and the Kanker sisters were all based on children he grew up with . Rolf is based on himself and his cousins , since he was part of an immigrant family , and grew up in a first generation foreign household with different customs and ways of living , compared to those born in Canada . Jimmy is based on one of his cousins , who spent most of his time playing with girls than boys and was rather feminine . Jonny and Plank are inspired by one of Antonucci 's childhood friends , a loner who spent most of his time outside with his blanket . He stated that he believed it was important to add Plank , a board of wood , to the show , and that he `` thought it would be really cool to do the show with Plank taking on a character of his own '' and to cause Jonny to do things he would usually never do . Some wanted Plank to be able to talk , smile and blink as if he was alive , but Antonucci insisted that it should be treated as a piece of wood , brought to life by Jonny 's imagination . All the children have multicolored tongues ; Antonucci said that the idea came after he saw his son and his friends with different - colored tongues because of eating different candy while he was working on a storyboard . The characters went through a number of `` walking cycles '' , a process used to determine how each character should walk or run , turn around , blink , etc.",
"2": "before the crew came up with the final product . Protagonists Eddy Eddy ( Tony Sampson ) is the self - appointed leader of the Eds . He is selfish , loud - mouthed , immature , greedy , and hot - tempered . He loves money , jawbreakers ( which he likes to spend his ill - earned money on ) , dirty magazines ( as hinted in `` Luck of the Ed '' ) , his room , and Chunky Puffs . Eddy ordinarily comes up with the plans for scamming people , but they usually fail , much to his frustration . Eddy will often , especially in the early seasons , slack off by suntanning or drinking a soda while his fellow Eds do all the work . His prized possessions include his magazines , king - sized bed , and disco ball . He also has a Barry White album and is a fan of Tom Jones . Eddy is the shortest of the Eds and takes this very seriously , hating the thought of people calling him short , suggesting he may have a Napoleon complex . Eddy sometimes boasts about his older brother and uses this to his advantage to gain respect . Like Kevin , Eddy can be cruel and acerbic , with a tendency to tease his peers , but deep down , Eddy only wants to be liked by everyone . Edd ( Double D ) Edd ( Samuel Vincent ) is the smartest of the Eds and the most polite , mature , and considerate of the three . As a result , he is more socially accepted by the rest of the kids than Ed and Eddy , usually acting as a peacemaker or offering the rest of the kids advice . To differentiate his homophonic name from Ed and Eddy , he is referred to as Double - D. Edd has a high IQ and is top of the class in most subjects at school , though he is the physically weakest of the Eds and despises P.E. and other sporting activities . As the most creative of the trio , he is able to construct things like planes , rocket cars , and roller coasters with junk he comes across and enjoys doing so . He also is able to play pedal steel guitar , but does not like to do so often . He often speaks using complex words and struggles to speak normally in high anxiety situations .",
"3": "His clothing usually consists of an red / orange shirt , purple shorts , red socks , cyan shoes , and a black ski hat with two white lines on it . He sleeps in a footed onesie , and in the later seasons and the movie , he wears a tie when going to school . Double D never willingly removes his hat ( except while bathing ) , so it is unknown what lies under it ; Ed and Eddy see him twice without it . Whatever his hat hides , Edd is self - conscious about it . He is also self - conscious about a gap in his front teeth thanks to Eddy poking fun at it . He is the only one of the trio to be an only child , and his parents leave sticky notes around his house as a means of communicating with him . Like the other two Eds , Edd 's personality is largely based upon series creator Danny Antonucci , who has said `` there 's my Edd side , neurotic , analytical , must be organized . Also if Eddy and Ed ( single D ) were not around , Edd would be happy with his own company , something that works for me too . '' Antonucci has also explained that the habit of Double Dee 's parents to communicate with him through sticky notes was based on a habit of his own parents . Ed Ed ( Matt Hill ) is the strong , airheaded , and usually quite random dogsbody of the group who has very short hair . He wears a red - and - white striped shirt , a green jacket with two white stripes on each sleeve and purple - blue jeans . His skin is yellow , unlike the other characters , and he is known to laugh a lot and is happy most of the time . Ed has amazing physical strength , which is humorously worked into many of the show 's plots . He has no chin and a unibrow , which is noted often by Eddy . His mind is a subculture grab - bag full of comics and monster movies , which he often confuses with reality , and which leads him to speak in non sequiturs almost all the time . Ed ( to the misfortune of many people ) is utterly at the mercy of his tyrannical younger sister Sarah and is an easy target of her manipulations , with Sarah threatening to tell their mother if she does not get her way .",
"4": "Ed is kindhearted , good - natured , and has a positive attitude towards almost everything and everyone , even to those who are not accommodating to him . He cares about the welfare of the other two Eds . He often sacrifices himself for his two best friends , the other cul - de-sac children , and even Sarah , for whom he cares deeply , though she treats him badly . He is absentminded and naive , making him the perfect candidate to help Eddy with his scams , as Ed hardly ever questions them . Even so , Ed never feels abused by Eddy . Ed enjoys buttered toast , gravy , cereal ( namely Chunky Puffs ) , pudding skin , chickens , comics and monster movies . Much to the dismay of mysophobic Edd , he has poor personal hygiene , even to the point of being terrified of soap and liking the smell of sweaty boots . Though the Eds were outcasts throughout the series , in the series ' TV movie finale Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show , the three become friends with all the cul - de-sac children ; even Sarah starts treating Ed nicely . Creator Danny Antonucci explained Ed 's inspiration saying , `` Ed is ... me , following his own path and slightly dysfunctional , a daydreamer who while people are doing one thing , will be busy thinking of another . '' He also described Ed as `` slow , living in his own world and he really does n't fit in with the rest of the crowd , '' and explained that it was hard to decide who would voice him . Ed ended up being voiced by Matt Hill . Supporting characters Jonny Jonny , also known as Jonny 2x4 ( David Paul Grove ) , is a loner and considered by his peers to be a nuisance . Jonny is often made fun of for his big head ( Eddy usually refers to him as `` Melonhead '' ) and has a tendency of getting his head caught in branches when climbing trees . He talks a lot , and frequently gets on the other kids ' nerves . He is rarely seen without his imaginary friend , a 2x4 wooden board with drawn - on eyes and a mouth , aptly named Plank . Jonny seems innocent and gullible , and often forgives people no matter what they do .",
"5": "He does not seem to mind the antics of the Eds , and is often the most friendly out of all the cul - de-sac kids towards them . He is very protective of Plank , and will burst into acts of bravery or extreme aggression if Plank is stolen or harmed in some way . He does not seem to acknowledge that Plank is just an inanimate , silent , 2x4 piece of wood , and when asked for help with an imaginary friend , he claimed to have no clue what the Eds are talking about . He and Plank both have superhero alter egos ( Captain Melonhead and Splinter the Wonderwood , respectively ) , which they assumed twice throughout the series ; first in `` Robbin ' Ed '' to thwart Eddy 's `` Thingamajig '' scam and to fight Eddy 's own one - time only alter ego , Professor Scam , and then in `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show '' to hunt down and get revenge on the Eds . After `` Big Picture Show , '' he and Plank become The Gourd and Timber the Dark Shard in order to take revenge on the entire cul - de-sac . Jimmy Jimmy ( Keenan Christenson ) is an insecure child , with a propensity to cry , and Sarah 's best friend whom he is most often seen spending his time with . Jimmy is highly accident - prone , often seen sporting bandages , casts , and braces ( particularly headgear ) , and is considered the weakest kid in the cul - de-sac . Though Jimmy has a cowardly , delicate , and effeminate personality , he truly wishes to be strong and muscular and many episodes demonstrate his desire for stardom . He can be crafty when motivated , and had twice made scams that were very successful . Jimmy has shown how deeply attached he is to Sarah when someone tries to take her away from him . For most of the series he wore a retainer to correct his teeth , due to a bowling pin accident during one of Eddy 's scams . Sarah Sarah ( Janyse Jaud ) is Ed 's grouchy , spoiled , short - tempered younger sister who acts cute and kind to the Eds only when it suits her .",
"6": "She is commonly depicted with a disgruntled facial expression and treats her intimidated , trembling brother , frightened by his sister 's constant threats of tattling on him , with complete disdain . Imposing , Sarah frequently orders people ( sometimes even those of higher rightful authority than her ) around , and her desires often have to be met or else she will fling herself into a violent temper tantrum or threaten the person in question . Throughout the course of the series , Sarah has been shown to possess an infatuation with Edd , but still occasionally subjects him to abuse due to guilt by association with the other Eds . Kevin Kevin ( Kathleen Barr ) is a stereotypical jock . He is cynical , sarcastic and can be cruel at times . Kevin has a garage full of jawbreakers , due to the fact that his father works at a jawbreaker factory . He loves customizing his bike , skateboards , and snowboards . When not riding his trusty bike , he usually hangs out with Rolf and Nazz in the Lane . He hates the Eds to the point of paranoia , but his animosity towards them is mostly geared towards Eddy . The two are mortal enemies and often go entirely out of their way to humiliate or physically harm each other at the first opportunity ( with Eddy referring to Kevin as `` Shovel Chin '' ) . He tends to call the Eds `` dorks '' and has a habit of coming up with words merged with `` dork '' to suit the situation . Like Edd , Kevin normally wears a hat and rarely takes it off ; in the episode `` Boys Will be Eds '' , Kevin takes off his hat for the first time and is shown to be bald , though a flashback episode reveals that he used to have long hair . In some episodes , he is shown to have a great fear of Eddy 's brother ; Eddy knows this and frequently uses his brother as leverage against Kevin . Rolf Rolf ( Peter Kelamis ) is a quirky , odd , and usually happy immigrant of an undetermined origin and culture with odd customs ( which he displays frequently , and it often involves a wide variety of meat ) and has a thick accent to match .",
"7": "He works on his parents ' small farm within the cul - de-sac , and leads a scouting group called the `` Urban Rangers , '' which includes Jimmy , Plank , and Jonny . Rolf usually refers to himself in third person , as well as being the son of a shepherd , in which he takes pride . His faithful farm animals are three pigs ( one named Wilfred ) , a goat named Victor , at least six chickens ( two named Bridget and Gertrude ) , a cow named Beatrice , and five sheep . He appears to be friendly with the Eds ( whom he calls the `` Ed boys '' ) unless they make a fool out of him or offend him in some way , after which he is not afraid to use brute force . He seems to be very muscular , but this is usually only shown when he is angry . Rolf confuses the rest of the kids to no end with his unusual customs and food - making . Nazz Nazz Van Bartonschmeer ( Tabitha St. Germain ; Jenn Forgie ; Erin Fitzgerald ) is a good - natured , sweet , mature yet somewhat ditzy , fashionable local girl who normally treats her peers ( including the Eds ) respectfully ; however , when antagonized she will react violently to the cause of her agitation or partake in harming the Eds as discipline for an alleged misdeed that they have committed . A majority of the male characters featured in the series are smitten with her , and an entire episode once chronicled their many failed attempts at wooing her . She also possesses a number of humorous eccentricities , such as the ability to yodel , substandard skills at playing a rather large tuba and is often depicted with poor table etiquette . Edd seems to be the Ed that Nazz is closest to , as he was the first character she 'd kissed in the series in `` The Day the Ed Stood Still '' , took him trick - or - treating in the Halloween special , and got him to dance with her at the school dance in `` May I Have this Ed ? '' . She appears to have a crush on Kevin , though he is mostly oblivious to this ; he favors his bike more . Although the most mature of the neighborhood kids , she occasionally displays traits of the stereotypical `` dumb blonde '' .",
"8": "Other characters Kanker sisters Lee ( Janyse Jaud ) , Marie ( Kathleen Barr ) , and May ( Erin Fitzgerald ; Jenn Forgie ) are three half - sisters who serve as the main antagonists towards the cul - de-sac and its inhabitants . Lee is the leader with curly red hair that covers her eyes , Marie has blue hair , and May is the buck - toothed blonde . They live in the nearby trailer park called Park ' n ' Flush . The mere presence of the Kankers is enough to terrify the cul - de-sac residents , and they have been shown to have volatile and destructive tempers . While all the Kankers supposedly like the Eds , it has been shown that May prefers Ed , Marie prefers Edd , and Lee prefers Eddy . Throughout the series , each of the Kankers repeatedly get the Eds and privately force themselves onto them with romantic intention , much to their horror . Eddy 's brother Eddy 's Brother ( Terry Klassen ) is mentioned frequently throughout the series , mostly by Eddy , though his name is never revealed . Eddy mentions how his brother taught him much about how to scam , and to be a con artist , and throughout the series many of the children are shown to have a great fear and respect for him . He was previously an unseen character , but he finally makes an appearance in the movie Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show . Eddy 's brother at first seems to be everything the other kids imagined , but it turns out that all of the folklore surrounding him was made up by Eddy to impress the other kids , and in reality he is a sadistic individual who refers to Eddy as a `` pipsqueak '' and bullies him mercilessly , which ultimately caused Eddy to become who he is . He works at the `` Mondo a-Go Go '' amusement park , but his specific job is unknown . Reception , appearances in other media and merchandising In 2004 , the Eds also appeared in a short series of basketball commercials with NBA All - Star Steve Francis . All three Eds have been the main roles in four Ed , Edd n Eddy - based video games , including Ed , Edd n Eddy : Jawbreakers !",
"9": "( 2002 ) , Ed , Edd n Eddy : Giant Jawbreakers ( 2004 ) , Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Mis - Edventures ( 2005 ) , and Ed , Edd n Eddy : Scam of the Century ( 2007 ) , as well as appearing as playable characters in a number of Cartoon Network - based video games , including 2003 's Cartoon Network : Block Party and Cartoon Network Speedway . All three Eds appear as Non-playable characters in the MMOG Cartoon Network Universe : FusionFall . They also appear as Nanos ( items that help the user or his / her party ) . The Eds and Sarah have also been free toys in children 's meals for Subway . The three have also appeared on a number of Ed , Edd n Eddy T - shirts available for purchase on the Cartoon Network Shop . A series of Ed , Edd n Eddy DVDs have been released . The three have made a cameo appearance in a Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends episode , along with Dexter of Dexter 's Laboratory , and in a crossover of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Codename : Kids Next Door entitled `` The Grim Adventures of the Kids Next Door . '' Ed appeared in the `` Cartoon Network Elections 2004 '' with Grim from The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy as a team , and they ended up winning , due to the highest number of votes by viewers . See also List of Ed , Edd n Eddy episodes References ^ Jump up to : Danny Antonucci ( October 10 , 2006 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete First Season -- Interview with the Creator ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Warner Home Video . Event occurs at 2 : 15 -- 4 : 39 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Day Edder '' . Ed , Edd n Eddy. April 27 -- 28 , 2007 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Danny Antonucci ( April 24 , 2007 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete Second Season -- Behind the Eds ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Warner Home Video .",
"10": "^ Jump up to : Topp , Kit RR ( October 2002 ) . `` Animation By Mistake : Chatting with Danny Antonucci '' . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed , Edd n Eddy Characters '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show . Cartoon Network . November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Day Edder '' . Ed , Edd n Eddy. April 27 -- 28 , 2007 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Danny Antonucci ( October 10 , 2006 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete First Season -- Interview with the Creator ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Warner Home Video . Event occurs at 0 : 22 -- 2 : 34 . Jump up ^ DeMott , Rick ( February 13 , 2004 ) . `` Cartoon Network Matches Up Basketball Stars & Toons '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Jawbreakers ! for Game Boy Advance '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Giant Jawbreakers for Mobile phone '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Mis - Edventures '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Scam of the Century for DS '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network : Block Party Announced '' . IGN . March 15 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Speedway '' . IGN . March 3 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 .",
"11": "^ Jump up to : Blancato , Joe ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` GDC 2008 : FusionFall , Cartoon Network 's MMOG '' . The Escapist . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Subway Kids ' Pack '' . SubwayKids.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2004 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy '' . Cartoon Network Shop . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy -- Season 1 , Vol. 1 ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy , Vol. 2 -- Fools Par - Ed - Ise ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' N Eddy : The Complete First Season ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy : The Complete Second Season ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Monster '' . Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends . Season 3 . July 22 , 2005 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of the Kids Next Door '' . The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy / Codename : Kids Next Door . November 11 , 2007 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Elections 2004 '' . ( Cartoon Network shorts ) . 2004 . Cartoon Network . ( hide ) Ed , Edd n Eddy Characters Seasons `` The Ed - touchables '' / `` Nagged to Ed '' 5 6 Film Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show Video games Jawbreakers !",
"12": "( 2003 ) The Mis - Edventures ( 2005 ) Scam of the Century ( 2007 ) Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ed,_Edd_n_Eddy_characters&oldid=821617345 '' Categories : Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of characters in Canadian television animation Ed , Edd n Eddy Cartoon Network - related lists Lists of children 's television characters Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sang national anthem at the super bowl
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{
"0": "List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl - wikipedia List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII . This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl . The U.S. national anthem ( `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' ) has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967 ; Vikki Carr sang `` America the Beautiful '' in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977 . Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982 , famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games . Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009 , `` America the Beautiful '' is sung before the national anthem every year . Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem , and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performances 2 Multiple and hometown performances 3 Notable performances 4 Controversies 5 Other patriotic performances 6 See also 7 References Performances ( edit ) No . Year Venue Performer ( s ) 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , California The Pride of Arizona , Michigan Marching Band , and UCLA choir II 1968 Orange Bowl , Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra An NFL.com reference ( ) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem , but NBC 's broadcast of game , available from the Paley Center for Media 's collection , shows that Geisler performed it . IV 1970 Tulane Stadium , New Orleans Al Hirt V 1971 Orange Bowl , Miami Tommy Loy ( trumpet ) VI 1972 Tulane Stadium , New Orleans U.S.",
"1": "Air Force Academy Chorale VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels ( children 's choir ) of Chicago 's Holy Angels Church VIII Rice Stadium , Houston , Texas Charley Pride IX Tulane Stadium , New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band ( 2 ) X 1976 Orange Bowl , Miami Tom Sullivan XI 1977 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California None ( Vikki Carr sang `` America the Beautiful '' ) XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome , New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University XIII 1979 Orange Bowl , Miami The Colgate Thirteen XIV 1980 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Cheryl Ladd XV 1981 Superdome , New Orleans Helen O'Connell XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome , Pontiac , Michigan Diana Ross XVII Rose Bowl , Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida Barry Manilow XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium , Stanford , California San Francisco Boys Chorus , San Francisco Girls Chorus , Piedmont Children 's Chorus , and San Francisco Children 's Chorus XX 1986 Superdome , New Orleans Wynton Marsalis ( trumpet ) XXI Rose Bowl , Pasadena Neil Diamond XXII Jack Murphy Stadium , San Diego Herb Alpert ( trumpet ) XXIII Joe Robbie Stadium , Miami Billy Joel XXIV Superdome , New Orleans Aaron Neville XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium , Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling XXVI Metrodome , Minneapolis Harry Connick , Jr .",
"2": "ASL ( American Sign Language ) : Lori Hilary XXVII Rose Bowl , Pasadena Garth Brooks ASL : Marlee Matlin XXVIII Georgia Dome , Atlanta Natalie Cole ASL : Courtney Keel Foley XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium , Miami Kathie Lee Gifford ASL : Heather Whitestone XXX Sun Devil Stadium , Tempe , Arizona Vanessa L. Williams ASL : Mary Kim Titla XXXI Superdome , New Orleans Luther Vandross ASL : Erika Rachael Schwarz XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Jewel ASL : Phyllis Frelich XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium , Miami Cher ASL : Speaking Hands XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome , Atlanta Faith Hill ASL : Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir XXXV Raymond James Stadium , Tampa Backstreet Boys AASL : Tom Cooney XXXVI 2002 Superdome , New Orleans Mariah Carey ASL : Joe Narcisse XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Dixie Chicks ASL : Janet Maxwell XXXVIII Reliant Stadium , Houston Beyoncé ASL : Suzanna Christy XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 2 ) , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets ASL : Wesley Tallent XL 2006 Ford Field , Detroit Aaron Neville ( 2 ) and Aretha Franklin , Dr.",
"3": "John ( piano accompaniment ) ASL : Angela LaGuardia XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Billy Joel ( 2 ) ASL : Marlee Matlin ( 2 ) XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Jordin Sparks ASL : A Dreamer XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida Jennifer Hudson ASL : Kristen Santos XLIV Sun Life Stadium , Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood ASL : Kinesha Battles XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium , Arlington , Texas Christina Aguilera ASL : Candice Villesca XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson ASL : Rachel Mazique XLVII 2013 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans Alicia Keys ASL : John Maucere XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Renée Fleming ASL : Amber Zion XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Idina Menzel ASL : Treshelle Edmond 50 2016 Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , California Lady Gaga ASL : Marlee Matlin ( 3 ) LI 2017 NRG Stadium , Houston , Texas Luke Bryan ASL : Kriston Lee Pumphery . LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Pink ASL : Alexandria Wailes . Multiple and hometown performances ( edit ) Acts that have performed three times : Marlee Matlin ( ASL ) , ( XXVII , XLI , and 50 ) Acts that have performed two times : GSU Tiger Marching Band ( II and IX ) Billy Joel ( XXIII and XLI ) Aaron Neville ( XXIV and XL ) U.S.",
"4": "Air Force Academy Chorale ( VI and XXXIX ) Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area : Beyoncé ( XXXVIII , Houston ) Aretha Franklin ( XL , Detroit ) Al Hirt ( IV , New Orleans ) Aaron Neville ( XXIV & XL , New Orleans ) Diana Ross ( XVI , Detroit ) Jordin Sparks ( XLII , Phoenix ) Notable performances ( edit ) The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , during the Gulf War , had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever . It was released as a single a few weeks later , appeared on the album Whitney : The Greatest Hits , and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks . The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer . Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . It became popular in country radio . Following the September 11 attacks , her version entered the country singles chart at number 35 , despite not being released as an official single , and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002 . At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 , in an emotional and groundbreaking performance , soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem , scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history , and the second - highest ratings for any television program in history . Controversies ( edit ) Just days after Super Bowl XXV , a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance . It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone , but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded . Since 1993 , the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track . This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance . Only 45 minutes before kickoff , he refused to take the stage , due to a dispute with NBC . Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video `` We Shall Be Free '' during the pregame . The network chose not to air the video , due to content some felt was disturbing imagery .",
"5": "Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem , which meant the league had nothing to play if he left . Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands , and were prepared to use him as a replacement . After last - minute negotiations , NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game , and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang . Following the `` wardrobe malfunction '' controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 , all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny . Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the Naval Academy , Air Force Academy , Coast Guard Academy , and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform . This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together . Two days after Super Bowl XLIII , it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced . At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV , Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly . Instead of singing `` O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming '' , the pop star sang `` What so proudly we watched at the twilight 's last gleaming '' . According to the New York Times , she also changed `` gleaming '' to `` reaming '' . Other patriotic performances ( edit ) The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII . The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem . Since 2009 , `` America the Beautiful '' is sung before the national anthem .",
"6": "Pledge of Allegiance 1969 : Apollo 8 crew 1970 : Apollo astronauts 1973 : Apollo 17 crew `` America the Beautiful '' 1977 : Vikki Carr ( in place of the national anthem ) 2001 : Ray Charles 2002 : Mary J. Blige , Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra 2005 : Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles 2009 : Faith Hill 2010 : Queen Latifah 2011 : Lea Michele 2012 : Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert 2013 : Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus 2014 : Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus 2015 : John Legend 2016 : U.S. Armed Forces Chorus 2017 : Phillipa Soo , Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones . 2018 : Leslie Odom Jr ... . `` God Bless America '' 2003 : Céline Dion See also ( edit ) Super Bowl List of Super Bowl halftime shows References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl -- Entertainment '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III '' . Paley Center for Media . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Living the dream : Prof to sign anthem for deaf '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI : PepsiCo and the NAD '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ King ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII '' .",
"7": "KING Says . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAD , NFL , & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Tickets 2015 '' . Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50 '' . National Football League . Associated Press . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI '' . National Football League . January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hudson 's Super Bowl Lip - Sync No Surprise to Insiders '' . ABC News . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A fitting wartime rendition '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 4 , 1991 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Warner ca n't match ' 07 magic vs. Steelers '' . Chicago Tribune . February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our National Anthem : The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' . Rolling Stone . July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film , NFL Films , 1991 ^ Jump up to : `` Oh , Say , Can She Sing '' . St. John 's Downtown . January 31 , 2004 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunkerley , Beville ; Leahhey , Andrew ; Parton , Chris ; Moss , Marissa R. ; Shelburne , Craig ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Faith Hill 's 10 Greatest Live Performances '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl '' . CBS Sports . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Chris ; Paparella , Andrew ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston 's Star - Spangled Secret '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . The Official Garth Brooks Official Website . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ; James , Meg ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` The Nation ; After ' 04 Fiasco , Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides '' . The Los Angeles Times ( Home ed . ) . p . A01 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 14 , 2005 ) . `` Football ? They Play a Game ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Callow , James ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Super Bowl 2011 : Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Schabner , Dean ( February 6 , 2011 ) .",
"9": "`` Christina Aguilera Mangles ' Star - Spangled Banner ' at Super Bowl '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Singing , Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Entertainment '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weseling , Chris ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sandy Hook , Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Jennifer ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` I 'm blessed & honored to be singing `` America The Beautiful '' with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday `` . Twitter . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/ Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Is Coming to the Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NFL.com ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ( hide ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979",
"10": ") 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks",
"11": "Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_anthem_performers_at_the_Super_Bowl&oldid=823330535 '' Categories : Lists of musicians National anthems Super Bowl lists The Star - Spangled Banner Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from February 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Hysteresis - wikipedia Hysteresis Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Hysteria . Electric displacement field D of a ferroelectric material as the electric field E is first decreased , then increased . The curves form a hysteresis loop . Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history . For example , a magnet may have more than one possible magnetic moment in a given magnetic field , depending on how the field changed in the past . Plots of a single component of the moment often form a loop or hysteresis curve , where there are different values of one variable depending on the direction of change of another variable . This history dependence is the basis of memory in a hard disk drive and the remanence that retains a record of the Earth 's magnetic field magnitude in the past . Hysteresis occurs in ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials , as well as in the deformation of rubber bands and shape - memory alloys and many other natural phenomena . In natural systems it is often associated with irreversible thermodynamic change such as phase transitions and with internal friction ; and dissipation is a common side effect . Hysteresis can be found in physics , chemistry , engineering , biology and economics , and so on . It is incorporated in many artificial systems : for example , in thermostats and Schmitt triggers , it prevents unwanted frequent switching . Hysteresis can be a dynamic lag between an input and an output that disappears if the input is varied more slowly ; this is known as rate - dependent hysteresis . However , phenomena such as the magnetic hysteresis loops are mainly rate - independent , which makes a durable memory possible . Systems with hysteresis are nonlinear , and can be mathematically challenging to model . Some models such as the Preisach model ( originally applied to ferromagnetism ) and the Bouc - Wen model attempt to capture general features of hysteresis ; and there are also phenomenological models for particular phenomena such as the Jiles - Atherton model for ferromagnetism .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and history 2 Types 2.1 Rate - dependent 2.2 Rate - independent 3 In engineering 3.1 Control systems 3.2 Electronic circuits 3.3 User interface design 3.4 Aerodynamics 4 In mechanics 4.1 Elastic hysteresis 4.2 Contact angle hysteresis 4.3 Bubble shape hysteresis 4.4 Adsorption hysteresis 4.5 Matric potential hysteresis 5 In materials 5.1 Magnetic hysteresis 5.1. 1 Physical origin 5.1. 2 Magnetic hysteresis models 5.1. 3 Applications 5.2 Electrical hysteresis 5.3 Liquid -- solid - phase transitions 6 In biology 6.1 Cell biology and genetics 6.2 Immunology 6.3 Neuroscience 6.4 Respiratory physiology 6.5 Voice and speech physiology 6.6 Ecology and epidemiology 7 In economics 7.1 Permanently higher unemployment 7.2 Game theory 8 Additional considerations 8.1 Models of hysteresis 8.2 Energy 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology and history ( edit ) The term `` hysteresis '' is derived from ὑστέρησις , an Ancient Greek word meaning `` deficiency '' or `` lagging behind '' . It was coined around 1890 by Sir James Alfred Ewing to describe the behaviour of magnetic materials . Some early work on describing hysteresis in mechanical systems was performed by James Clerk Maxwell . Subsequently , hysteretic models have received significant attention in the works of Ferenc Preisach ( Preisach model of hysteresis ) , Louis Néel and D.H. Everett in connection with magnetism and absorption . A more formal mathematical theory of systems with hysteresis was developed in the 1970s by a group of Russian mathematicians led by Mark Krasnosel'skii .",
"2": "Types ( edit ) Rate - dependent ( edit ) One type of hysteresis is a simple lag between input and output . A simple example is a sinusoidal input X ( t ) that results in a sinusoidal output Y ( t ) , but with a phase lag φ : X ( t ) = X 0 sin ω t Y ( t ) = Y 0 sin ( ω t − φ ) . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) X ( t ) & = X_ ( 0 ) \\ sin \\ omega t \\ \\ Y ( t ) & = Y_ ( 0 ) \\ sin \\ left ( \\ omega t - \\ phi \\ right ). \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) Such behavior can occur in linear systems , and a more general form of response is Y ( t ) = χ i X ( t ) + ∫ 0 ∞ Φ d ( τ ) X ( t − τ ) d τ , ( \\ displaystyle Y ( t ) = \\ chi _ ( \\ text ( i ) ) X ( t ) + \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \\ infty ) \\ Phi _ ( \\ text ( d ) ) ( \\ tau ) X ( t - \\ tau ) \\ , \\ mathrm ( d ) \\ tau , ) where χ i ( \\ displaystyle \\ chi _ ( \\ text ( i ) ) ) is the instantaneous response and Φ d ( τ ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ Phi _ ( d ) ( \\ tau ) ) is the impulse response to an impulse that occurred τ ( \\ displaystyle \\ tau ) time units in the past . In the frequency domain , input and output are related by a complex generalized susceptibility that can be computed from Φ d ( \\ displaystyle \\ Phi _ ( d ) ) ; it is mathematically equivalent to a transfer function in linear filter theory and analogue signal processing . This kind of hysteresis is often referred to as rate - dependent hysteresis . If the input is reduced to zero , the output continues to respond for a finite time . This constitutes a memory of the past , but a limited one because it disappears as the output decays to zero . The phase lag depends on the frequency of the input , and goes to zero as the frequency decreases .",
"3": "When rate - dependent hysteresis is due to dissipative effects like friction , it is associated with power loss . Rate - independent ( edit ) Systems with rate - independent hysteresis have a persistent memory of the past that remains after the transients have died out . The future development of such a system depends on the history of states visited , but does not fade as the events recede into the past . If an input variable X ( t ) cycles from X to X and back again , the output Y ( t ) may be Y initially but a different value Y upon return . The values of Y ( t ) depend on the path of values that X ( t ) passes through but not on the speed at which it traverses the path . Many authors restrict the term hysteresis to mean only rate - independent hysteresis . Hysteresis effects can be characterized using the Preisach model and the generalized Prandtl - Ishlinskii model . In engineering ( edit ) Control systems ( edit ) In control systems , hysteresis can be used to filter signals so that the output reacts less rapidly than it otherwise would , by taking recent history into account . For example , a thermostat controlling a heater may switch the heater on when the temperature drops below A , but not turn it off until the temperature rises above B. ( For instance , if one wishes to maintain a temperature of 20 ° C then one might set the thermostat to turn the heater on when the temperature drops to below 18 ° C and off when the temperature exceeds 22 ° C ) . Similarly , a pressure switch can be designed to exhibit hysteresis , with pressure set - points substituted for temperature thresholds . Electronic circuits ( edit ) Sharp hysteresis loop of a Schmitt trigger Often , some amount of hysteresis is intentionally added to an electronic circuit to prevent unwanted rapid switching . This and similar techniques are used to compensate for contact bounce in switches , or noise in an electrical signal . A Schmitt trigger is a simple electronic circuit that exhibits this property . A latching relay uses a solenoid to actuate a ratcheting mechanism that keeps the relay closed even if power to the relay is terminated .",
"4": "Hysteresis is essential to the workings of some memristors ( circuit components which `` remember '' changes in the current passing through them by changing their resistance ) . Hysteresis can be used when connecting arrays of elements such as nanoelectronics , electrochrome cells and memory effect devices using passive matrix addressing . Shortcuts are made between adjacent components ( see crosstalk ) and the hysteresis helps to keep the components in a particular state while the other components change states . Thus , all rows can be addressed at the same time instead of individually . In the field of audio electronics , a noise gate often implements hysteresis intentionally to prevent the gate from `` chattering '' when signals close to its threshold are applied . User interface design ( edit ) A hysteresis is sometimes intentionally added to computer algorithms . The field of user interface design has borrowed the term hysteresis to refer to times when the state of the user interface intentionally lags behind the apparent user input . For example , a menu that was drawn in response to a mouse - over event may remain on - screen for a brief moment after the mouse has moved out of the trigger region and the menu region . This allows the user to move the mouse directly to an item on the menu , even if part of that direct mouse path is outside of both the trigger region and the menu region . For instance , right - clicking on the desktop in most Windows interfaces will create a menu that exhibits this behavior . Aerodynamics ( edit ) In aerodynamics , hysteresis can be observed when decreasing the angle of attack of a wing after stall , regarding the lift and drag coefficients . The angle of attack where the flow on top of the wing reattaches is generally lower than the angle of attack where the flow separates during the increase of the angle of attack . In Mechanics. ( edit ) Elastic hysteresis ( edit ) Elastic hysteresis of an idealized rubber band . The area in the centre of the hysteresis loop is the energy dissipated due to internal friction . In the elastic hysteresis of rubber , the area in the centre of a hysteresis loop is the energy dissipated due to material internal friction . Elastic hysteresis was one of the first types of hysteresis to be examined .",
"5": "A simple way to understand it is in terms of a rubber band with weights attached to it . If the top of a rubber band is hung on a hook and small weights are attached to the bottom of the band one at a time , it will get longer . As more weights are loaded onto it , the band will continue to extend because the force the weights are exerting on the band is increasing . When each weight is taken off , or unloaded , the band will get shorter as the force is reduced . As the weights are taken off , each weight that produced a specific length as it was loaded onto the band now produces a slightly longer length as it is unloaded . This is because the band does not obey Hooke 's law perfectly . The hysteresis loop of an idealized rubber band is shown in the figure . In terms of force , the rubber band was harder to stretch when it was being loaded than when it was being unloaded . In terms of time , when the band is unloaded , the effect ( the length ) lagged behind the cause ( the force of the weights ) because the length has not yet reached the value it had for the same weight during the loading part of the cycle . In terms of energy , more energy was required during the loading than the unloading , the excess energy being dissipated as heat . Elastic hysteresis is more pronounced when the loading and unloading is done quickly than when it is done slowly . Some materials such as hard metals do n't show elastic hysteresis under a moderate load , whereas other hard materials like granite and marble do . Materials such as rubber exhibit a high degree of elastic hysteresis . When the intrinsic hysteresis of rubber is being measured , the material can be considered to behave like a gas . When a rubber band is stretched it heats up , and if it is suddenly released , it cools down perceptibly . These effects correspond to a large hysteresis from the thermal exchange with the environment and a smaller hysteresis due to internal friction within the rubber . This proper , intrinsic hysteresis can be measured only if the rubber band is adiabatically isolated .",
"6": "Small vehicle suspensions using rubber ( or other elastomers ) can achieve the dual function of springing and damping because rubber , unlike metal springs , has pronounced hysteresis and does not return all the absorbed compression energy on the rebound . Mountain bikes have made use of elastomer suspension , as did the original Mini car . The primary cause of rolling resistance when a body ( such as a ball , tire , or wheel ) rolls on a surface is hysteresis . This is attributed to the viscoelastic characteristics of the material of the rolling body . Contact angle hysteresis ( edit ) The contact angle formed between a liquid and solid phase will exhibit a range of contact angles that are possible . There are two common methods for measuring this range of contact angles . The first method is referred to as the tilting base method . Once a drop is dispensed on the surface with the surface level , the surface is then tilted from 0 ° to 90 ° . As the drop is tilted , the downhill side will be in a state of imminent wetting while the uphill side will be in a state of imminent dewetting . As the tilt increases the downhill contact angle will increase and represents the advancing contact angle while the uphill side will decrease ; this is the receding contact angle . The values for these angles just prior to the drop releasing will typically represent the advancing and receding contact angles . The difference between these two angles is the contact angle hysteresis . The second method is often referred to as the add / remove volume method . When the maximum liquid volume is removed from the drop without the interfacial area decreasing the receding contact angle is thus measured . When volume is added to the maximum before the interfacial area increases , this is the advancing contact angle . As with the tilt method , the difference between the advancing and receding contact angles is the contact angle hysteresis . Most researchers prefer the tilt method ; the add / remove method requires that a tip or needle stay embedded in the drop which can affect the accuracy of the values , especially the receding contact angle .",
"7": "Bubble shape hysteresis ( edit ) The equilibrium shapes of bubbles expanding and contracting on capillaries ( blunt needles ) can exhibit hysteresis depending on the relative magnitude of the maximum capillary pressure to ambient pressure , and the relative magnitude of the bubble volume at the maximum capillary pressure to the dead volume in the system . The bubble shape hysteresis is a consequence of gas compressibility , which causes the bubbles to behave differently across expansion and contraction . During expansion , bubbles undergo large non equilibrium jumps in volume , while during contraction the bubbles are more stable and undergo a relatively smaller jump in volume resulting in an asymmetry across expansion and contraction . The bubble shape hysteresis is qualitatively similar to the adsorption hysteresis , and as in the contact angle hysteresis , the interfacial properties play an important role in bubble shape hysteresis . The existence of the bubble shape hysteresis has important consequences in interfacial rheology experiments involving bubbles . As a result of the hysteresis , not all sizes of the bubbles can be formed on a capillary . Further the gas compressibility causing the hysteresis leads to unintended complications in the phase relation between the applied changes in interfacial area to the expected interfacial stresses . These difficulties can be avoided by designing experimental systems to avoid the bubble shape hysteresis . Adsorption hysteresis ( edit ) Hysteresis can also occur during physical adsorption processes . In this type of hysteresis , the quantity adsorbed is different when gas is being added than it is when being removed . The specific causes of adsorption hysteresis are still an active area of research , but it is linked to differences in the nucleation and evaporation mechanisms inside mesopores . These mechanisms are further complicated by effects such as cavitation and pore blocking . In physical adsorption , hysteresis is evidence of mesoporosity - indeed , the definition of mesopores ( 2 -- 50 nm ) is associated with the appearance ( 50 nm ) and disappearance ( 2 nm ) of mesoporosity in nitrogen adsorption isotherms as a function of Kelvin radius .",
"8": "An adsorption isotherm showing hysteresis is said to be of Type IV ( for a wetting adsorbate ) or Type V ( for a non-wetting adsorbate ) , and hysteresis loops themselves are classified according to how symmetric the loop is . Adsorption hysteresis loops also have the unusual property that it is possible to scan within a hysteresis loop by reversing the direction of adsorption while on a point on the loop . The resulting scans are called `` crossing , '' `` converging , '' or `` returning , '' depending on the shape of the isotherm at this point . Matric potential hysteresis ( edit ) The relationship between matric water potential and water content is the basis of the water retention curve . Matric potential measurements ( Ψ ) are converted to volumetric water content ( θ ) measurements based on a site or soil specific calibration curve . Hysteresis is a source of water content measurement error . Matric potential hysteresis arises from differences in wetting behaviour causing dry medium to re-wet ; that is , it depends on the saturation history of the porous medium . Hysteretic behaviour means that , for example , at a matric potential ( Ψ ) of 5 kPa , the volumetric water content ( θ ) of a fine sandy soil matrix could be anything between 8 % to 25 % . Tensiometers are directly influenced by this type of hysteresis . Two other types of sensors used to measure soil water matric potential are also influenced by hysteresis effects within the sensor itself . Resistance blocks , both nylon and gypsum based , measure matric potential as a function of electrical resistance . The relation between the sensor 's electrical resistance and sensor matric potential is hysteretic . Thermocouples measure matric potential as a function of heat dissipation . Hysteresis occurs because measured heat dissipation depends on sensor water content , and the sensor water content -- matric potential relationship is hysteretic . As of 2002 , only desorption curves are usually measured during calibration of soil moisture sensors . Despite the fact that it can be a source of significant error , the sensor specific effect of hysteresis is generally ignored .",
"9": "In materials ( edit ) Magnetic hysteresis ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic hysteresis Theoretical model of magnetization m against magnetic field h . Starting at the origin , the upward curve is the initial magnetization curve . The downward curve after saturation , along with the lower return curve , form the main loop . The intercepts h and m are the coercivity and saturation remanence . When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material such as iron , the atomic dipoles align themselves with it . Even when the field is removed , part of the alignment will be retained : the material has become magnetized . Once magnetized , the magnet will stay magnetized indefinitely . To demagnetize it requires heat or a magnetic field in the opposite direction . This is the effect that provides the element of memory in a hard disk drive . The relationship between field strength H and magnetization M is not linear in such materials . If a magnet is demagnetized ( H = M = 0 ) and the relationship between H and M is plotted for increasing levels of field strength , M follows the initial magnetization curve . This curve increases rapidly at first and then approaches an asymptote called magnetic saturation . If the magnetic field is now reduced monotonically , M follows a different curve . At zero field strength , the magnetization is offset from the origin by an amount called the remanence . If the H-M relationship is plotted for all strengths of applied magnetic field the result is a hysteresis loop called the main loop . The width of the middle section is twice the coercivity of the material . A closer look at a magnetization curve generally reveals a series of small , random jumps in magnetization called Barkhausen jumps . This effect is due to crystallographic defects such as dislocations . Magnetic hysteresis loops are not exclusive to materials with ferromagnetic ordering . Other magnetic orderings , such as spin glass ordering , also exhibit this phenomenon . Physical origin ( edit ) Main article : Ferromagnetism The phenomenon of hysteresis in ferromagnetic materials is the result of two effects : rotation of magnetization and changes in size or number of magnetic domains . In general , the magnetization varies ( in direction but not magnitude ) across a magnet , but in sufficiently small magnets , it does not .",
"10": "In these single - domain magnets , the magnetization responds to a magnetic field by rotating . Single - domain magnets are used wherever a strong , stable magnetization is needed ( for example , magnetic recording ) . Larger magnets are divided into regions called domains . Across each domain , the magnetization does not vary ; but between domains are relatively thin domain walls in which the direction of magnetization rotates from the direction of one domain to another . If the magnetic field changes , the walls move , changing the relative sizes of the domains . Because the domains are not magnetized in the same direction , the magnetic moment per unit volume is smaller than it would be in a single - domain magnet ; but domain walls involve rotation of only a small part of the magnetization , so it is much easier to change the magnetic moment . The magnetization can also change by addition or subtraction of domains ( called nucleation and denucleation ) . Magnetic hysteresis models ( edit ) The most known empirical models in hysteresis are Preisach and Jiles - Atherton models . These models allow an accurate modeling of the hysteresis loop and are widely used in the industry . However , these models lose the connection with thermodynamics and the energy consistency is not ensured . Last models rely on a consistent thermodynamic formulation . VINCH model is inspired by the kinematic hardening laws and by the thermodynamics of irreversible processes . In particular , in addition to provide an accurate modeling , the stored magnetic energy and the dissipated energy are known at all times . The obtained incremental formulation is variationally consistent , i.e. , all internal variables follow from the minimization of a thermodynamic potential . That allows to obtain easily a vectorial model while Preisach and Jiles - Atherton are fundamentally scalar models . Applications ( edit ) Main article : Magnet § Common uses of magnets There are a great variety of applications of the hysteresis in ferromagnets . Many of these make use of their ability to retain a memory , for example magnetic tape , hard disks , and credit cards . In these applications , hard magnets ( high coercivity ) like iron are desirable so the memory is not easily erased . Magnetically soft ( low coercivity ) iron is used for the cores in electromagnets . The low coercivity reduces that energy loss associated with hysteresis .",
"11": "The low energy loss during a hysteresis loop is also the reason why soft iron is used for transformer cores and electric motors . Electrical hysteresis ( edit ) Electrical hysteresis typically occurs in ferroelectric material , where domains of polarization contribute to the total polarization . Polarization is the electrical dipole moment ( either C m or C m ) . The mechanism , an organization of the polarization into domains , is similar to that of magnetic hysteresis . Liquid -- solid - phase transitions ( edit ) Hysteresis manifests itself in state transitions when melting temperature and freezing temperature do not agree . For example , agar melts at 85 ° C and solidifies from 32 to 40 ° C . This is to say that once agar is melted at 85 ° C , it retains a liquid state until cooled to 40 ° C. Therefore , from the temperatures of 40 to 85 ° C , agar can be either solid or liquid , depending on which state it was before . In biology ( edit ) Cell biology and genetics ( edit ) Main article : Cell biology Hysteresis in cell biology often follows bistable systems where the same input state can lead to two different , stable outputs . Where bistability can lead to digital , switch - like outputs from the continuous inputs of chemical concentrations and activities , hysteresis makes these systems more resistant to noise . These systems are often characterized by higher values of the input required to switch into a particular state as compared to the input required to stay in the state , allowing for a transition that is not continuously reversible , and thus less susceptible to noise . Cells undergoing cell division exhibit hysteresis in that it takes a higher concentration of cyclins to switch them from G2 phase into mitosis than to stay in mitosis once begun . Biochemical systems can also show hysteresis - like output when slowly varying states that are not directly monitored are involved , as in the case of the cell cycle arrest in yeast in exposed to mating pheromone . Here , the duration of cell cycle arrest depends not only on the final level of input Fus3 , but also on the previously achieved Fus3 levels .",
"12": "This effect is achieved in due to the slower time scales involved in the transcription of intermediate Far1 , such that the total Far1 activity reaches its equilibrium value slowly , and for transient changes in Fus3 concentration , the response of the system depends on the Far1 concentration achieved with the transient value . Experiments in this type of hysteresis benefit from the ability to change the concentration of the inputs with time . The mechanisms are often elucidated by allowing independent control of the concentration of the key intermediate , for instance , by using an inducible promoter . Main article : Chromatin Darlington in his classic works on genetics discussed hysteresis of the chromosomes , by which he meant `` failure of the external form of the chromosomes to respond immediately to the internal stresses due to changes in their molecular spiral '' , as they lie in a somewhat rigid medium in the limited space of the cell nucleus . Main article : Morphogen In developmental biology , cell type diversity is regulated by long range - acting signaling molecules called morphogens that pattern uniform pools of cells in a concentration - and time - dependent manner . The morphogen Sonic Hedgehog ( Shh ) , for example , acts on limb bud and neural progenitors to induce expression of a set of homeodomain - containing transcription factors to subdivide these tissues into distinct domains . It has been shown that these tissues have a ' memory ' of previous exposure to Shh . In neural tissue , this hysteresis is regulated by a homeodomain ( HD ) feedback circuit that amplifies Shh signaling . In this circuit , expression of Gli transcription factors , the executors of the Shh pathway , is suppressed . Glis are processed to repressor forms ( GliR ) in the absence of Shh , but in the presence of Shh , a proportion of Glis are maintained as full - length proteins allowed to translocate to the nucleus , where they act as activators ( GliA ) of transcription . By reducing Gli expression then , the HD transcription factors reduce the total amount of Gli ( GliT ) , so a higher proportion of GliT can be stabilized as GliA for the same concentration of Shh . Immunology ( edit ) There is some evidence that T cells exhibit hysteresis in that it takes a lower signal threshold to activate T cells that have been previously activated .",
"13": "Ras activation is required for downstream effector functions of activated T cells . Triggering of the T cell receptor induces high levels of Ras activation , which results in higher levels of GTP - bound ( active ) Ras at the cell surface . Since higher levels of active Ras have accumulated at the cell surface in T cells that have been previously stimulated by strong engagement of the T cell receptor , weaker subsequent T cell receptor signals received shortly afterwards will deliver the same level of activation due to the presence of higher levels of already activated Ras as compared to a naïve cell . Neuroscience ( edit ) See also : Refractory period ( physiology ) The property by which some neurons do not return to their basal conditions from a stimulated condition immediately after removal of the stimulus is an example of hysteresis . Respiratory physiology ( edit ) Lung hysteresis is evident when observing the compliance of a lung on inspiration versus expiration . The difference in compliance ( volume / pressure ) is due to the additional energy required during inspiration to recruit and inflate additional alveoli . The transpulmonary pressure vs Volume curve of inhalation is different from the Pressure vs Volume curve of exhalation , the difference being described as hysteresis . Lung volume at any given pressure during inhalation is less than the lung volume at any given pressure during exhalation . Voice and speech physiology ( edit ) A hysteresis effect may be observed in voicing onset versus offset . The threshold value of the subglottal pressure required to start the vocal fold vibration is lower than the threshold value at which the vibration stops , when other parameters are kept constant . In utterances of vowel - voiceless consonant - vowel sequences during speech , the intraoral pressure is lower at the voice onset of the second vowel compared to the voice offset of the first vowel , the oral airflow is lower , the transglottal pressure is larger and the glottal width is smaller . Ecology and epidemiology ( edit ) Hysteresis is a commonly encountered phenomenon in ecology and epidemiology , where the observed equilibrium of a system can not be predicted solely based on environmental variables , but also requires knowledge of the system 's past history . Notable examples include the theory of spruce budworm outbreaks and behavioral - effects on disease transmission .",
"14": "In economics ( edit ) Main article : Hysteresis ( economics ) Economic systems can exhibit hysteresis . For example , export performance is subject to strong hysteresis effects : because of the fixed transportation costs it may take a big push to start a country 's exports , but once the transition is made , not much may be required to keep them going . When some negative shock reduces employment in a company or industry , fewer employed workers then remain . As usually the employed workers have the power to set wages , their reduced number incentivizes them to bargain for even higher wages when the economy again gets better instead of letting the wage be at the equilibrium wage level , where the supply and demand of workers would match . This causes hysteresis : the unemployment becomes permanently higher after negative shocks . Permanently higher unemployment ( edit ) The idea of hysteresis is used extensively in the area of labor economics , specifically with reference to the unemployment rate . According to theories based on hysteresis , severe economic downturns ( recession ) and / or persistent stagnation ( slow demand growth , usually after a recession ) cause unemployed individuals to lose their job skills ( commonly developed on the job ) or to find them become obsolete or become demotivated / disillusioned / depressed or lose job - seeking skills . In addition , employers may use time spent in unemployment as a screening tool , i.e. , to weed out less desired employees in hiring decisions . Then , in times of an economic upturn , recovery , or ' boom ' , the affected workers will not share in the prosperity , remaining unemployed for long periods ( e.g. , over 52 weeks ) . This makes unemployment `` structural '' , i.e. , extremely difficult to reduce simply by increasing the aggregate demand for products and labor without causing increased inflation . That is , it is possible that a ratchet effect in unemployment rates exists , so a short - term rise in unemployment rates tend to persist . For example , traditional anti-inflationary policy ( the use of recession to fight inflation ) leads to a permanently higher ' natural ' rate of unemployment ( more scientifically known as the NAIRU ) .",
"15": "This occurs first because inflationary expectations are ' sticky ' downward due to wage and price rigidities ( and so adapt slowly over time rather than being approximately correct as in theories of rational expectations ) and second because labor markets do not clear instantly in response to unemployment . The existence of hysteresis has been put forward as a possible explanation for the persistently high unemployment of many economies in the 1990s . Hysteresis has been invoked by Olivier Blanchard among others to explain the differences in long run unemployment rates between Europe and the United States . Labor market reform ( usually meaning institutional change promoting more flexible wages , firing , and hiring ) or strong demand - side economic growth may not therefore reduce this pool of long - term unemployed . Thus , specific targeted training programs are presented as a possible policy solution . However , the hysteresis hypothesis suggests such training programs are aided by persistently high demand for products ( perhaps with incomes policies to avoid increased inflation ) , which reduces the transition costs out of unemployment and into paid employment easier . Game theory ( edit ) Hysteresis occurs in applications of game theory to economics , in models with product quality , agent honesty or corruption of various institutions . Slightly different initial conditions can lead to opposite outcomes and resulting stable good and bad equilibria . Additional considerations ( edit ) Models of hysteresis ( edit ) Each subject that involves hysteresis has models that are specific to the subject . In addition , there are models that capture general features of many systems with hysteresis . An example is the Preisach model of hysteresis , which represents a hysteresis nonlinearity as a linear superposition of square loops called non-ideal relays . Many complex models of hysteresis arise from the simple parallel connection , or superposition , of elementary carriers of hysteresis termed hysterons . A simple parametric description of various hysteretic loops may be found in the Lapshin model of hysteresis . Along with the classical loop ( see figure at the top of the page ) , substitution of trapezoidal or triangle pulses instead of the harmonic functions also allows piecewise - linear hysteresis loops ( see Electronic circuit example ) frequently used in discrete automatics to be built in the model .",
"16": "There is an implementation of the hysteresis model in R programming language ( package Hysteresis ) . The Bouc -- Wen model of hysteresis is often used to describe non-linear hysteretic systems . It was introduced by Bouc and extended by Wen , who demonstrated its versatility by producing a variety of hysteretic patterns . This model is able to capture in analytical form , a range of shapes of hysteretic cycles which match the behaviour of a wide class of hysteretical systems ; therefore , given its versability and mathematical tractability , the Bouc -- Wen model has quickly gained popularity and has been extended and applied to a wide variety of engineering problems , including multi-degree - of - freedom ( MDOF ) systems , buildings , frames , bidirectional and torsional response of hysteretic systems two - and three - dimensional continua , and soil liquefaction among others . The Bouc -- Wen model and its variants / extensions have been used in applications of structural control , in particular in the modeling of the behaviour of magnetorheological dampers , base isolation devices for buildings and other kinds of damping devices ; it has also been used in the modelling and analysis of structures built of reinforced concrete , steel , masonry and timber . Energy ( edit ) When hysteresis occurs with extensive and intensive variables , the work done on the system is the area under the hysteresis graph . See also ( edit ) Backlash ( engineering ) Black box Bean 's critical state model Deadband Fuzzy control system Hysteresivity Markov property Path dependence Path dependence ( physics ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mayergoyz , Isaak D. ( 2003 ) . Mathematical Models of Hysteresis and their Applications : Second Edition ( Electromagnetism ) . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 480873 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Bertotti , Giorgio ( 1998 ) . `` Ch. 2 '' . Hysteresis in magnetism : For physicists , materials scientists , and engineers . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 093270 - 2 .",
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"20": "Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 280 ... 895F . PMID 9572732 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5365. 895 . Jump up ^ Doncic , Andreas ; Skotheim , Jan M ( 2013 ) . `` Feedforward regulation ensures stability and rapid reversibility of a cellular state '' . Molecular Cell. 50 ( 6 ) . PMC 3696412 . Jump up ^ Darlington , C.D. ( 1937 ) . Recent Advances in Cytology ( Genes , Cells , & Organisms ) ( Second ed . ) . P. Blakiston 's Son & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 1376 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rieger , R. ; Michaelis , A. ; M.M. ( 1968 ) . A Glossary of Genetics and Cytogenetics : Classical and Molecular ( Third ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 04316 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harfe , B.D. ; Scherz , P.J. ; Nissim , S. ; Tian , H. ; McMahon , A.P. ; Tabin , C.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Evidence for an expansion - based temporal Shh gradient in specifying vertebrate digit identities '' . Cell. 118 ( 4 ) : 517 -- 28 . PMID 15315763 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2004.07. 024 . Jump up ^ Lek , M. ; Dias , J.M. ; Marklund , U. ; Uhde , C.W. ; Kurdija , S. ; Lei , Q. ; Sussel , L. ; Rubenstein , J.L. ; Matise , M.P. ; Arnold , H. - H. ; Jessell , T.M. ; Ericson , J. ( 2010 ) . `` A homeodomain feedback circuit underlies step - function interpretation of a Shh morphogen gradient during ventral neural patterning '' . Development .",
"21": "137 ( 23 ) : 4051 -- 4060 . PMID 21062862 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 054288 . Jump up ^ Das , J. ; Ho , M. ; Zikherman , J. ; Govern , C. ; Yang , M. ; Weiss , A. ; Chakraborty , A.K. ; Roose , J.P. ( 2009 ) . `` Digital Signaling and Hysteresis Characterize Ras Activation in Lymphoid Cells '' . Cell. 136 ( 2 ) : 337 -- 351 . PMC 2662698 . PMID 19167334 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2008.11. 051 . Jump up ^ Escolar , J.D. ; Escolar , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Lung histeresis : a morphological view '' ( PDF ) . Histology and Histopathology Cellular and Molecular Biology . 19 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 166 . PMID 14702184 . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ West , John B. ( 2005 ) . Respiratory physiology : the essentials . Hagerstown , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 5152 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lucero , Jorge C. ( 1999 ) . `` A theoretical study of the hysteresis phenomenon at vocal fold oscillation onset -- offset '' . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 105 ( 1 ) : 423 -- 431 . Bibcode : 1999ASAJ ... 105 ... 423L . ISSN 0001 - 4966 . doi : 10.1121 / 1.424572 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , Laurence M. ( 2009 ) `` Hysteresis in Unemployment : Old and New Evidence '' , US National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) Working Paper No. 14818 Jump up ^ Blanchard , Olivier J. ; Summers , Lawrence H. ( 1986 ) .",
"22": "`` Hysteresis and the European Unemployment Problem '' . NBER Macroeconomics Annual . 1 : 15 -- 78 . doi : 10.2307 / 3585159 . Jump up ^ S.P. Hargreaves Heap ( 1980 ). `` Choosing the Wrong ` Natural ' Rate : Accelerating Inflation or Decelerating Employment and Growth ? '' The Economic Journal Vol. 90 , No. 359 ( Sep. , 1980 ) , pp. 611 - 620 . ^ Jump up to : R.V. Lapshin ( 1995 ) . `` Analytical model for the approximation of hysteresis loop and its application to the scanning tunneling microscope '' ( PDF ) . Review of Scientific Instruments . USA : AIP. 66 ( 9 ) : 4718 -- 4730 . Bibcode : 1995RScI ... 66.4718 L. ISSN 0034 - 6748 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1145314 . ( Russian translation is available ) . Jump up ^ S. Maynes ; F. Yang ; A. Parkhurst ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Package Hysteresis ( Tools for Modeling Rate - Dependent Hysteretic Processes and Ellipses ) '' . R - project . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bouc , R. ( 1967 ) . `` Forced vibration of mechanical systems with hysteresis '' . Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Nonlinear Oscillation . Prague , Czechoslovakia . p. 315 . Jump up ^ Bouc , R. ( 1971 ) . `` Modèle mathématique d'hystérésis : application aux systèmes à un degré de liberté '' . Acustica ( in French ) . 24 : 16 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Wen , Y.K. ( 1976 ) . `` Method for random vibration of hysteretic systems '' . Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 102 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 263 .",
"23": "Further reading ( edit ) Chikazumi , Sōshin ( 1997 ) . Physics of Ferromagnetism . Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 851776 - 9 . Jiles , D.C. ; Atherton , D.L. ( 1986 ) . `` Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis '' . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 61 : 48 -- 60 . Bibcode : 1986JMMM ... 61 ... 48J . doi : 10.1016 / 0304 - 8853 ( 86 ) 90066 - 1 . Krasnosel'skii , Mark ; Pokrovskii , Alexei ( 1989 ) . Systems with Hysteresis . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 15543 - 2 . Mayergoyz , Isaak D. ; Bertotti , Giorgio , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Science of Hysteresis ( 3 - volume set ) . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 480874 - 4 . Mielke , A. ; Roubíček , T. ( 2015 ) . Rate - Independent Systems - Theory and Application . Springer , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4939 - 2705 - 0 . Truesdell , C. ; Noll , Walter ( 2004 ) . Antman , Stuart , ed . The Non-Linear Field Theories of Mechanics ( Third ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 02779 - 9 . Originally published as Volume III / 3 of Handbuch der Physik in 1965 . Visintin , Augusto ( 1994 ) . Differential models of hysteresis . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 54793 - 8 . Noori , Hamid R. ( 2014 ) . Hysteresis phenomena in biology . Springer .",
"24": "ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 38217 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Look up hysteresis in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Elastic hysteresis of household string is examined at Wikiversity Overview of contact angle Hysteresis Preisach model of hysteresis -- Matlab codes developed by Zs . Szabó Hysteresis What 's hysteresis ?",
"25": "Dynamical systems with hysteresis ( interactive web page ) Magnetization reversal app ( coherent rotation ) Elastic hysteresis and rubber bands GND : 4132813 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hysteresis&oldid=807156265 '' Categories : Nonlinear systems Magnetic ordering Materials science Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2002 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 07 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "United States Secretary of State - wikipedia United States Secretary of State Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Secretary of state ( U.S. state government ) . Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Mike Pompeo since April 26 , 2018 Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet , National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. § 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 07 - 27 ) First holder John Jay ( acting ) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy Deputy Secretary of State Salary $205,700 annually ( Executive Schedule I ) Website www.state.gov The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America , and as head of the U.S. Department of State , is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government 's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs . The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and , following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , is confirmed by the United States Senate . The Secretary of State , along with the Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of Defense , and Attorney General , are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments . Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level ( currently $205,700 ) . The current Secretary of State is Mike Pompeo . On March 13 , 2018 , President Donald Trump dismissed Rex Tillerson and nominated Pompeo , then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , to replace Tillerson . Tillerson announced later that day that his last day at the State Department would be March 31 , 2018 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Duties and responsibilities 2 List of Secretaries of State 3 References 4 External links Duties and responsibilities ( edit ) The stated duties of the Secretary of State are as follows : `` Supervises the United States Foreign Service '' and `` administers the Department of State '' Advises the President on matters relating to U.S. foreign policy including the appointment of diplomatic representatives to other nations and on the acceptance , recall , or dismissal of representatives from other nations `` Negotiates , interprets , or terminates treaties and agreements '' and `` conducts negotiations relating to U.S. foreign affairs '' `` Personally participates in or directs U.S. representatives to international conferences , organizations , and agencies '' Provides information and services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports `` Ensures the protection of the U.S. Government to American citizens , property , and interests in foreign countries '' `` Supervises the administration of the U.S. immigration policy abroad '' Communicates issues relating the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and to U.S. citizens `` Promotes beneficial economic intercourse between the U.S. and other countries '' The original duties of the Secretary of State include some domestic duties such as : Receipt , publication , distribution , and preservation of the laws of the United States Preparation , sealing , and recording of the commissions of Presidential appointees Preparation and authentication of copies of records and authentication of copies under the Department 's seal Custody of the Great Seal of the United States Custody of the records of former Secretary of the Continental Congress except for those of the Treasury and War departments Most of the domestic functions of the Department of State have been transferred to other agencies . Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States , performance of protocol functions for the White House , and the drafting of certain proclamations . The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries . Under Federal Law , the resignation of a President or of a Vice President is only valid if declared in writing , in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State .",
"2": "Accordingly , the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew , domestic issues , were formalized in instruments delivered to the Secretary of State , Henry Kissinger . As the highest - ranking member of the cabinet , the Secretary of State is the third - highest official of the executive branch of the Federal Government of the United States , after the President and Vice President and is fourth in line to succeed the Presidency , coming after the Vice President , the Speaker of the House of Representatives , and the President pro tempore of the Senate . Six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President . Others , including Henry Clay , William Seward , James Blaine , William Jennings Bryan , John Kerry , and Hillary Clinton have been unsuccessful presidential candidates , either before or after their term of office as Secretary of State . The nature of the position means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world . The record for most countries visited in a secretary 's tenure is 112 by Hillary Clinton . Second is Madeleine Albright with 96 . The record for most air miles traveled in a secretary 's tenure is 1.380 million miles by John Kerry . Second is Condoleezza Rice 's 1.059 million miles , and third is Clinton 's 956,733 miles . What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State ? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws , Governments , History . Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind . `` '' -- John Adams List of Secretaries of State ( edit ) Further information : List of Secretaries of State of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Cornell Law School . Jump up ^ `` Pay & Leave : Salaries & Wages '' . Salary Table No. 2015 - EX . United States Office of Personnel Management . January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 5 U.S.C. § 5312 . Jump up ^ `` Heads of State , Heads of Government , Ministers for Foreign Affairs '' , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations .",
"3": "Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NATO Member Countries , NATO . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cabinets and Counselors : The President and the Executive Branch ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Haaretz ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Meet Mike Pompeo , Trump 's Reported New Hardliner Secretary of State '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rex Tillerson out as secretary of state ; CIA Director Mike Pompeo will replace him '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Trump fires Rex Tillerson as secretary of state '' . 2018 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Duties of the Secretary of State '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States '' . www.state.gov . United States Department of State . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 20 - Resignation or refusal of office '' . ^ Jump up to : Mark Landler ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Scare Adds to Fears That Clinton 's Work Has Taken Toll '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lee , Matthew ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Frequent flier Hillary Clinton hits 100 - country mark '' . Detroit Free Press . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kerry breaks record for miles traveled by secretary of state '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Ford , Worthington C. , ed. ( 1927 ) . Statesman and Friend : Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse , 1784 -- 1822 . Boston , MA : Little , Brown , and Company . p.",
"4": "57 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Secretaries of State of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : United States Secretary of State Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Secretary of State '' dated 2010 - 02 - 23 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by Ambassadors from the United States ( while at their posts ) Order of Precedence of the United States as Secretary of State Succeeded by Ambassadors to the United States ( in order of tenure ) Preceded by Otherwise Barack Obama as Former President Succeeded by Otherwise António Guterres as Secretary - General of the United Nations Current U.S.",
"5": "presidential line of succession Preceded by President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch 4th in line Succeeded by Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin United States Secretaries of State Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789 -- present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice ( tenure ) Clinton ( tenure ) Kerry ( tenure ) Tillerson Pompeo Agencies under the United States Department of State Headquarters : Harry S Truman Building Mike Pompeo , Secretary of State John Sullivan , Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Thomas A. Shannon Jr. , Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Counselor of the Department Executive Secretariat Office of U.S. Foreign Assistance Resources Operations Center Under Secretary for Political Affairs Bureau of African Affairs Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Bureau of International Organization Affairs Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Under Secretary for Economic Growth , Energy , and the Environment Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs Bureau of Energy Resources Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Office of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary Office of the Chief Economist Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs Bureau of Arms Control ,",
"6": "Verification and Compliance Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation Bureau of Political - Military Affairs Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Bureau of Public Affairs Bureau of International Information Programs Department Spokesperson Office of the Historian Office of Policy , Planning , and Resources for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs United States Diplomacy Center Under Secretary for Management Bureau of Administration Bureau of Budget and Planning Bureau of Consular Affairs Bureau of Diplomatic Security Bureau of Human Resources Bureau of Information Resource Management Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations Diplomatic Reception Rooms Foreign Service Institute Office of Children 's Issues Office of eDiplomacy Office of Foreign Missions Office of Management Policy , Rightsizing , and Innovation Office of Medical Services Office of White House Liaison Under Secretary for Civilian Security , Democracy , and Human Rights Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Bureau of Population , Refugees , and Migration Office of Global Criminal Justice Office of Global Youth Issues Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Bureaus / Offices reporting directly to the Secretary Bureau of Intelligence and Research Bureau of Legislative Affairs Office of Civil Rights Office of Inspector General Office of the Legal Adviser Office of Policy Planning Staff Office of the Chief of Protocol Office of Global Food Security Office of Global Women 's Issues Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator Office of Global Partnerships Leaders of the United States federal executive departments Current Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Past Commerce and Labor Health , Education ,",
"7": "and Welfare Navy Post Office War Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Mike Pompeo ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Robert Wilkie ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency .",
"8": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Secretary_of_State&oldid=838518950 '' Categories : United States Department of State United States Secretaries of State Cabinet of the United States Foreign ministers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .",
"9": "About Wikipedia",
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the patient self-determination act (psda) mandates that
|
[
"required many hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, hospice providers, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility",
"required many hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, hospice providers, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility",
"many hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, hospice providers, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility"
] |
{
"0": "Patient Self - Determination Act - wikipedia Patient Self - Determination Act Jump to : navigation , search The Patient Self - Determination Act ( PSDA ) was passed by the United States Congress in 1990 as an amendment to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 . Effective on December 1 , 1991 , this legislation required many hospitals , nursing homes , home health agencies , hospice providers , health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) , and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility . This law does not apply to individual physicians . Because the 1991 PSDA does not apply to individual physicians , private clinics and practices , most of which are incorporated for - profit organizations , the problem of cruel over treatment for profit of the elderly on Medicare / Medicaid was not controlled to the extent that Congress hoped would be possible when the states would implement the goals of the 1991 PSDA in state laws . ( Recently , in 2012 , the newspapers have revealed that The United States Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Justice have cooperated to prosecute over treatment of patients under the federal False Claims Act . ) The goals of the 1991 PSDA are covered in the PURPOSE section , below . Section 1233 of the proposed America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 ( H.R. 3200 ) would have authorized reimbursements for physician counseling regarding advance directives ( once every five years ) but it was not included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 because of controversy over what were characterized as `` death panels . '' Unfortunately , because the law of the 1991 PSDA does not require or mandate the treating physicians -- after an educated `` terminal '' prognosis that is shared with the patient -- to seek informed consent from elderly and terminal Medicare / Medicaid patients for either Curative Care under Medicare or palliative care , transition to Hospice in the last six months of life ( also paid or out of the Medicare purse ) , the goals of the PSDA are not realized . Patient self rationing of expensive medical care at the end of life through the process of the advance directive under the provisions of the 1991 PSDA is discouraged because the patients have not had end - of - life conversations with the treating physicians .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Requirements 2 Purpose 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Requirements ( edit ) The requirements of the PSDA are as follows : p Patients are given written notice upon admission to the health care facility of their decision - making rights , and policies regarding advance health care directives in their state and in the institution to which they have been admitted . Patient rights include : The right to facilitate their own health care decisions The right to accept or refuse medical treatment The right to make an advance health care directive Facilities must inquire as to whether the patient already has an advance health care directive , and make note of this in their medical records . Facilities must provide education to their staff and affiliates about advance health care directives . Health care providers are not allowed to discriminately admit or treat patients based on whether or not they have an advance health care directive . Purpose ( edit ) The purpose of the Patient Self - Determination Act was / is to inform patients of their rights regarding decisions toward their own medical care , and ensure that these rights are communicated by the health care provider . Specifically , the rights ensured are those of the patient to dictate their future care ( by means such as living will or power of attorney ) , should they become incapacitated . The goals of the `` purpose '' of the Patient Self - Determination Act are / were ( 1 ) to prevent cruel over treatment of elderly / disabled Medicare / Medicaid patients for the profit motive and ( 2 ) to save money for Medicare and the private insurers in the form of the reduction of end - of - life costs for Medicare and the private insurers when elderly Medicare / Medicaid patients would ELECT / CHOOSE to refuse expensive ICU / CCU life - extending or life - saving treatments in the hospital in order to shorten their suffering unto a certain death . It was envisioned by the framers of the 1991 PSDA that the elderly / disabled on Medicare / Medicaid would die less expensively and more comfortably ( out of pain ) on the palliative care / Hospice Medicare Entitlement in their own personal residence or in the setting of a residential nursing home when the treating physicians consulted with them about their terminal diagnoses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Health Care Advance Directives - What is the Patient Self - Determination Act ? . American Bar Association .",
"2": "Jump up ^ What is the Patient Self - Determination Act ? . Legal HelpMate . Jump up ^ Advance Care Planning in Health Care Reform Legislation Archived 2010 - 07 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... National Hospice and Paliative Care Organization . Jump up ^ Robert Pear ( December 25 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Returns to End - of - Life Plan That Caused Stir '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Robert Pear ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Alters Rule on Paying for End - of - Life Planning '' . The New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Kring , Daria L. ( October -- December 2007 ) . `` The Patient Self - determination Act : has it reached the end of its life ? '' . JONA 'S Healthcare Law , Ethics and Regulation. 9 ( 4 ) : 125 -- 33 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. NHL. 0000300767.91800. 17 . PMID 18043329 . Leahman , Dee ( July -- August 2004 ) . `` Why the Patient Self - Determination Act has failed '' . North Carolina Medical Journal . 65 ( 4 ) : 249 -- 51 . PMID 15481498 . Pope , Thaddeus Mason ( Winter 1999 ) . `` The Maladaptation of Miranda to Advance Directives : A Critique of the Patient Self Determination Act '' . Health Matrix. 9 ( 1 ) : 139 -- 202 . PMID 10538190 . SSRN 174749 . Ulrich , Lawrence P. ( 1998 ) , `` The Requirements of the Patient Self - Determination '' , The Patient Self - Determination Act : Meeting the Challenges in Patient Care Walerius , Theresa ; Hill , Pamela D. ; Anderson , Mary Ann ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Nurses ' knowledge of Advance Directives , Patient Self - determination Act , and Illinois Advance Directive Law '' . Clinical Nurse Specialist. 23 ( 6 ) : 316 -- 20 . doi : 10.1097 / NUR.",
"3": "0b013e3181be3273 . PMID 19858904 . Yates , Jeffery L. ; Glick , Henry R. ( 1997 ) . `` The failed Patient Self - Determination Act and policy alternatives for the right to die '' . Journal of Aging & Social Policy . 9 ( 4 ) : 29 -- 50 . doi : 10.1300 / J031v09n04_03 . PMID 10186890 . External links ( edit ) `` The Patient Self - Determination Act ( PSDA ) '' . American Cancer Society : Treatment Topics & Resources . June 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patient_Self-Determination_Act&oldid=830355762 '' Categories : 1990 in law United States federal health legislation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 09 : 40 . About Wikipedia",
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2014654096097980265
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where is virginia beach located on a map
|
[
"on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States",
"on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States",
"on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay"
] |
{
"0": "Virginia Beach , Virginia - wikipedia Virginia Beach , Virginia Jump to : navigation , search `` Virginia Beach '' redirects here . For other places with the same name , see Virginia Beach ( disambiguation ) . Virginia Beach , Virginia Independent city City of Virginia Beach Aerial view of Virginia Beach Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` The Resort City '' , `` Neptune City '' Motto ( s ) : Landmarks of Our Nation 's Beginning Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia Beach , Virginia Location in the contiguous United States Coordinates : 36 ° 51 ′ 02 '' N 75 ° 58 ′ 40 '' W / 36.8506 ° N 75.9779 ° W / 36.8506 ; - 75.9779 Country United States of America State Virginia County None ( Independent city ) Incorporated ( as town ) 1906 Incorporated ( as city ) 1952 Government Type Council - manager Mayor Will Sessoms ( R ) Area Independent city 1,290 km ( 497 sq mi ) Land 640 km ( 249 sq mi ) Water 640 km ( 248 sq mi ) Elevation 3 m ( 10 ft ) Population ( 2015 ) Independent city 452,745 ( 41st ) Density 702 / km ( 1,818 / sq mi ) Urban 1,212,000 Metro 1,724,876 ( 37th ) Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) Area code ( s ) 757 FIPS code 51 - 82000 GNIS feature ID 1500261 Website www.vbgov.com Virginia Beach is an independent city located on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 437,994 . In 2015 , the population was estimated to be 452,745 . Although mostly suburban in character , it is the most populous city in Virginia and the 41st most populous city in the nation .",
"1": "Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , Virginia Beach is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . This area , known as `` America 's First Region '' , also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Norfolk , Portsmouth , and Suffolk , as well as other smaller cities , counties , and towns of Hampton Roads . Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels , motels , and restaurants along its oceanfront . Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship , a beach soccer tournament . It is also home to several state parks , several long - protected beach areas , three military bases , a number of large corporations , two universities , International headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Pat Robertson 's Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) , Edgar Cayce 's Association for Research and Enlightenment , and numerous historic sites . Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet , Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists , who eventually settled in Jamestown , on April 26 , 1607 . The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world . It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge - Tunnel , the longest bridge - tunnel complex in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Neighborhoods 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 4 Economy 5 Culture 6 Sports 7 Parks and recreation 8 Government 9 Education 10 Media 11 Infrastructure 11.1 Transportation 11.1. 1 Walkability 11.2 Utilities 11.3 Healthcare 12 Notable people 13 Sister cities 14 In popular culture 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Virginia Beach , Virginia ; Timeline of Virginia Beach , Virginia ; and Princess Anne County , Virginia A Chesepian home The Chesepian were the historic indigenous people of the area now known as Tidewater in Virginia at the time of European encounter .",
"2": "Little is known about them but archeological evidence suggests they may have been related to the Carolina Algonquian , or Pamlico people . They would have spoken one of the Algonquian languages . These were common among the numerous tribes of the coastal area , who made up the loose Powhatan Confederacy , numbering in the tens of thousands in population . The Chesepian occupied an area which is now defined as the independent cities of Norfolk , Portsmouth , Chesapeake , and Virginia Beach . Cape Henry from the air , facing east - southeast In 1607 , after a voyage of 144 days , three ships headed by Captain Christopher Newport , and carrying 105 men and boys , made their first landfall in the New World on the mainland , where the southern mouth of the Chesapeake Bay meets the Atlantic Ocean . They named it Cape Henry , after Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , the eldest son of King James I of England . These English colonists of the Virginia Company of London moved on from this area , as they were under orders to seek a site further inland , which would be more sheltered from ships of competing European countries . They created their first permanent settlement on the north side of the James River at Jamestown . Adam Thoroughgood ( 1604 -- 1640 ) of King 's Lynn , Norfolk , England is one of the earliest Englishmen to settle in this area , which was developed as Virginia Beach . At the age of 18 , he had contracted as an indentured servant to pay for passage to the Virginia Colony in the hopes of bettering his life . He earned his freedom after several years and became a leading citizen of the area . In 1629 , he was elected to the House of Burgesses for Elizabeth Cittie ( sic ) , one of four `` citties '' ( or incorporations ) which were subdivided areas established in 1619 . In 1634 , the Colony was divided into the original eight shires of Virginia , soon renamed as counties . Thoroughgood is credited with using the name of his home in England when helping name `` New Norfolk County '' in 1637 . The following year , New Norfolk County was split into Upper Norfolk County ( soon renamed Nansemond County ) and Lower Norfolk County .",
"3": "Thoroughgood resided after 1634 was along the Lynnhaven River , named for his home in England . Lower Norfolk County was large when first organized , defined as from the Atlantic Ocean west past the Elizabeth River , encompassing the entire area now within the modern cities of Portsmouth , Norfolk , Chesapeake , and Virginia Beach . It attracted many entrepreneurs , including William Moseley with his family in 1648 . Belonging to the Merchant Adventurers Guild of London , he immigrated from Rotterdam of the Netherlands , where he had been in the international trade . He settled on land on the north side of the Elizabeth River ( Virginia ) , east of what developed as Norfolk . Following increased settlement , in 1691 Lower Norfolk County was divided to form Norfolk and Princess Anne counties . Princess Anne , the easternmost county in South Hampton Roads , extended from Cape Henry at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , south to what became the border of the North Carolina colony . It included all of the area fronting the Atlantic Ocean . Princess Anne County was known as a jurisdiction from 1691 to 1963 , over 250 years . Princess Anne County ( 1691 -- 1963 ) , now extinct , with Virginia Beach from 1895 Virginia map In the early centuries , this area was rural and developed for plantation agriculture . In the late 19th century , the small resort area of Virginia Beach developed in Princess Anne County after the 1883 arrival of rail service to the coast . The Virginia Beach Hotel was opened and operated by the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad and Improvement Company at the oceanfront , near the tiny community of Seatack . The hotel was foreclosed and the railroad reorganized in 1887 . The hotel was upgraded and reopened in 1888 as the Princess Anne Hotel . In 1891 , guests at the new hotel watched the wreck and rescue efforts of the United States Life - Saving Service for the Norwegian bark Dictator . The ship 's figurehead , which washed up on the beach several days later , was erected as a monument to the victims and rescuers . It stood along the oceanfront for more than 50 years . In the 21st century , it inspired the pair of matching Norwegian Lady Monuments , sculpted by Ørnulf Bast and installed in Virginia Beach and Moss , Norway .",
"4": "The resort initially depended on railroad and electric trolley service . The completion of Virginia Beach Boulevard in 1922 , which extended from Norfolk to the oceanfront , opened the route for automobiles , buses , and trucks . The passenger rail service to the oceanfront was eventually discontinued as traffic increased by vehicle . The growing resort of Virginia Beach became an incorporated town in 1906 . Over the next 45 years , Virginia Beach continued to grow in popularity as a seasonal vacation spot . The casinos were replaced by amusement parks and family - oriented attractions . In 1927 The Cavalier Hotel opened and became a popular vacation spot . Virginia Beach gained status as an independent city in 1952 , although ties remained between it and Princess Anne County . In 1963 , after voters in the two jurisdictions passed a supporting referendum , and with the approval of the Virginia General Assembly , the two political subdivisions were consolidated as a new , much larger independent city , retaining the better - known name of the Virginia Beach resort . The Alan B. Shepard Civic Center ( `` The Dome '' ) , a significant building in the city 's history , was constructed in 1958 , and was dedicated to the career of former Virginia Beach resident and astronaut Alan Shepard . As the area changed , the Dome was frequently used as a bingo hall . The building was razed in 1994 to make room for a municipal parking lot and potential future development . Virginia Beach Town Center Real estate , defense , and tourism are major sectors of the Virginia Beach economy . Local public and private groups have maintained a vested interest in real - estate redevelopment , resulting in a number of joint public - private projects , such as commercial parks . Examples of the public - private development include the Virginia Beach Convention Center , the Oceanfront Hilton Hotel , and the Virginia Beach Town Center . The city assisted in financing the project through the use of tax increment financing : creating special tax districts and constructing associated street and infrastructure to support the developments . The Town Center opened in 2003 , with related construction continuing . The Convention Center opened in 2005 . The city has begun to run out of clear land available for new construction north of the Green Line , an urban growth boundary dividing the urban northern and rural southern sections of the city .",
"5": "Infill and development of residential neighborhoods has placed a number of operating constraints on Naval Air Station Oceana , a major fighter jet base for the U.S. Navy . While the airbase enjoys wide support from Virginia Beach at large , the Pentagon Base Realignment and Closure commission has proposed closure of Oceana within the next decade . Geography ( edit ) The Chesapeake Bay shore Virginia Beach is located at 36 ° 51 ′ 02 '' N 75 ° 58 ′ 40 '' W / 36.8506 ° N 75.9779 ° W / 36.8506 ; - 75.9779 ( Virginia Beach ) Coordinates : 36 ° 51 ′ 02 '' N 75 ° 58 ′ 40 '' W / 36.8506 ° N 75.9779 ° W / 36.8506 ; - 75.9779 ( Virginia Beach ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 497 square miles ( 1,290 km ) , of which 249 square miles ( 640 km ) is land and 248 square miles ( 640 km ) ( 49.9 % ) is water . It is the largest city in Virginia by total area and third - largest city land area . The average elevation is 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) above sea level . A major portion of the city drains to the Chesapeake Bay by way of the Lynnhaven River and its tributaries . The city is located at the southeastern corner of Virginia in the Hampton Roads area bordering the Atlantic Ocean . The Hampton Roads Metropolitan Statistical Area ( officially known as the Virginia Beach - Norfolk - Newport News , VA - NC MSA ) is the 37th largest in the United States , with a total population of 1,707,639 . The area includes the Virginia cities of Norfolk , Virginia Beach , Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Poquoson , Portsmouth , Suffolk , Williamsburg , and the counties of Gloucester , Isle of Wight , James City , Mathews , Surry , and York , as well as the North Carolina county of Currituck . While Virginia Beach is the most populated city within the MSA , it actually currently functions more as a suburb .",
"6": "The city of Norfolk is recognized as the central business district , while the Virginia Beach oceanside resort district and Williamsburg are primarily centers of tourism . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Virginia Beach from space When the modern city of Virginia Beach was created in 1963 , by the consolidation of the 253 square miles ( 660 km ) Princess Anne County with the 2 square miles ( 5.2 km ) City of Virginia Beach , the newly larger city was divided into seven boroughs : Bayside , Blackwater , Kempsville , Lynnhaven , Princess Anne , Pungo , and Virginia Beach . Virginia Beach has many distinctive communities and neighborhoods within its boundaries , including : Alanton , Aragona Village , the largest sub-division in Tidewater when completed , Bay Colony , Bayside , Cape Henry , Chesapeake Beach , Croatan Beach , Great Neck Point , Green Run , Kempsville , Lago Mar , London Bridge , Lynnhaven , Newtown , The North End , Oceana , Ocean Park , Pembroke Manor , Princess Anne , Pungo , Red Mill Commons , Sandbridge , Thalia , and Thoroughgood . Climate ( edit ) The climate of Virginia Beach is humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa ) . Winters are cool and snowfall is light . Summers are hot and humid . The `` official '' weather statistics are recorded at Norfolk International Airport on the extreme northwestern border of Virginia Beach . The mean annual temperature is 59.6 ° F ( 15.3 ° C ) , with an average annual snowfall of 5.8 inches ( 150 mm ) at the airport to around 3.0 inches ( 76 mm ) in the southeastern corner around Back Bay . Average annual precipitation ( the large majority rainfall ) is high , ranging between 47 inches ( 1,200 mm ) at the airport to over 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) per year at Back Bay . The wettest season is summer , specifically July to early September , with August the single wettest month , averaging over 5.5 inches of rain . From October to June , average monthly precipitation is remarkably consistent , ranging between 3.1 and 3.7 inches .",
"7": "The highest recorded temperature to date was 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) in July 2010 , and the lowest recorded temperature was − 3 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) in January 1985 , both being recorded at Norfolk International Airport . Additionally , the geographic location of the city , with respect to the principal storm tracks , is especially favorable which is why it has earned the reputation as a vacation destination . It is south of the average path of storms originating in the higher latitudes , and north of the usual tracks of hurricanes and other major tropical storms , with the exception of Hurricane Isabel in 2003 . Because of the moderating effects of the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean , Virginia Beach is the northernmost location on the east coast in which many species of plants ( both subtropical and tropical ) will reliably grow . Spanish moss , for example is near the northernmost limit of its natural range at First Landing State Park , and is the most northerly location where it is widespread . Other plants like Sabal palmetto , Pindo Palm , and Oleander are successfully grown here while they succumb to the colder winter temperatures to the north and inland to the west . ( show ) Climate data for Norfolk International Airport , Virginia ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1874 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 84 ( 29 ) 82 ( 28 ) 92 ( 33 ) 97 ( 36 ) 100 ( 38 ) 102 ( 39 ) 105 ( 41 ) 105 ( 41 ) 100 ( 38 ) 95 ( 35 ) 86 ( 30 ) 82 ( 28 ) 105 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 73.2 ( 22.9 ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 86.4 ( 30.2 ) 91.4 ( 33 ) 95.5 ( 35.3 ) 97.8 ( 36.6 ) 95.8 ( 35.",
"8": "4 ) 92.1 ( 33.4 ) 85.6 ( 29.8 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 98.8 ( 37.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 48.1 ( 8.9 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) 58.2 ( 14.6 ) 67.6 ( 19.8 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 83.5 ( 28.6 ) 87.4 ( 30.8 ) 85.1 ( 29.5 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 68.3 ( 20.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 32.7 ( 0.4 ) 34.4 ( 1.3 ) 40.5 ( 4.7 ) 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 67.1 ( 19.5 ) 71.9 ( 22.2 ) 70.7 ( 21.5 ) 65.3 ( 18.5 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 36.1 ( 2.3 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 17.6 ( − 8 ) 21.2 ( − 6 ) 27.2 ( − 2.7 ) 35.7 ( 2.1 ) 45.7 ( 7.6 ) 55.5 ( 13.1 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 53.7 ( 12.1 ) 39.7 ( 4.3 ) 30.5 ( − 0.8 ) 21.7 ( − 5.",
"9": "7 ) 15.2 ( − 9.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 3 ( − 19 ) ( − 17 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 36 ( 2 ) 45 ( 7 ) 54 ( 12 ) 49 ( 9 ) 40 ( 4 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 5 ( − 15 ) − 3 ( − 19 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 3.12 ( 79.2 ) 3.68 ( 93.5 ) 3.41 ( 86.6 ) 3.41 ( 86.6 ) 4.26 ( 108.2 ) 5.14 ( 130.6 ) 5.52 ( 140.2 ) 4.76 ( 120.9 ) 3.42 ( 86.9 ) 3.15 ( 80 ) 3.26 ( 82.8 ) 46.53 ( 1,181.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 2.4 ( 6.1 ) 2.0 ( 5.1 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) trace ( 3 ) 5.8 ( 14.7 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.4 9.5 10.6 10.1 10.6 9.9 11.1 10.1 8.8 7.6 8.5 9.8 117.0 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.6 1.3 0.4 0.",
"10": "1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 4.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 66.3 65.6 64.6 62.8 68.8 70.6 73.3 75.2 74.4 72.1 68.5 67.0 69.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 171.5 175.2 229.3 252.8 271.7 280.1 278.3 260.4 231.4 208.3 175.7 160.4 2,695.1 Percent possible sunshine 56 58 62 64 62 64 62 62 62 60 57 53 61 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) ( hide ) Climate data for Virginia Beach , Virginia ( 1980 - 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 52.2 ( 11.2 ) 59.8 ( 15.4 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 86.3 ( 30.2 ) 80.6 ( 27 ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 62.2 ( 16.8 ) 52.6 ( 11.4 ) 69.4 ( 20.77 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 29.9 ( − 1.2 ) 32.1 ( 0.1 ) 38.2 ( 3.4 ) 46.6 ( 8.1 ) 55.6 ( 13.",
"11": "1 ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) 67.6 ( 19.8 ) 61.4 ( 16.3 ) 50.1 ( 10.1 ) 41.1 ( 5.1 ) 33.2 ( 0.7 ) 49.15 ( 9.53 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.6 ( 91 ) 3.5 ( 89 ) 4.1 ( 104 ) 3.5 ( 89 ) 3.8 ( 97 ) 4.0 ( 102 ) 5.1 ( 130 ) 5.2 ( 132 ) 4.7 ( 119 ) 3.5 ( 89 ) 3.3 ( 84 ) 3.6 ( 91 ) 47.9 ( 1,217 ) Source : USA.com Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop .",
"12": "% ± 1790 7,793 -- 1800 8,859 13.7 % 1810 9,498 7.2 % 1820 8,768 − 7.7 % 1830 9,102 3.8 % 1840 7,285 − 20.0 % 1850 7,669 5.3 % 1860 7,714 0.6 % 1870 8,273 7.2 % 1880 9,394 13.6 % 1890 9,510 1.2 % 1900 11,192 17.7 % 1910 11,526 3.0 % 1920 13,626 18.2 % 1930 16,282 19.5 % 1940 19,984 22.7 % 1950 42,277 111.6 % 1960 77,127 82.4 % 1790 - 1960 Population as Princess Anne County Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1910 320 -- 1920 846 164.4 % 1930 1,719 103.2 % 1940 2,600 51.3 % 1950 5,390 107.3 % 1960 8,091 50.1 % 1970 172,106 2,027.1 % 1980 262,199 52.3 % 393,069 49.9 % 2000 425,257 8.2 % 437,994 3.0 % Est. 2016 452,602 3.3 % U.S.",
"13": "Decennial Census 1790 - 1960 1900 - 1990 1990 - 2000 According to the 2010 Census , the racial composition of Virginia Beach was as follows : White or Caucasian : 67.7 % ( Non-Hispanic White : 64.5 % ) Black or African American : 19.6 % American Indian : 0.4 % Asian : 6.1 % ( 4.0 % Filipino , 0.5 % Chinese , 0.4 % Indian , 0.4 % Vietnamese , 0.3 % Korean , 0.2 % Japanese ) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0.1 % Some other race : 2.0 % Two or more races : 4.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) : 6.6 % ( 2.2 % Puerto Rican , 1.9 % Mexican , 0.3 % Dominican , 0.2 % Panamanian , 0.2 % Salvadoran , 0.2 % Cuban , 0.2 % Colombian ) Map of racial distribution in Virginia Beach , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 425,257 people , 154,455 households , and 110,898 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,712.7 people per square mile ( 661.3 / km2 ) . There were 162,277 housing units at an average density of 653.6 per square mile ( 252.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was : 67.7 % White ( 64.5 % non-Hispanic white ) , 19.6 % African American , 0.4 % Native American , 6.1 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 2.0 % from other races , and 4.0 % from two or more races. 6.6 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race .",
"14": "There were 154,455 households out of which 38.8 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 55.7 % were married couples living together , 12.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 28.2 % were non-families. 20.4 % of all households were made up of individuals and 5.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.14 . The age distribution was 27.5 % under the age of 18 , 10.0 % from 18 to 24 , 34.3 % from 25 to 44 , 19.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females there were 98.0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 95.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $48,705 , and the median income for a family was $53,242 . Virginia Beach had the 5th highest median family income among large cities in 2003 . The per capita income for the city was $22,365 . About 5.1 % of families and 6.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 8.6 % of those under age 18 and 4.7 % of those age 65 or over . The city of Virginia Beach has a lower crime rate than the other regional cities of Hampton Roads , Newport News , Norfolk , and Portsmouth , which all exceed national average crime rates . In 1999 Virginia Beach experienced 12 murders giving the city a murder rate of 2.7 per 100,000 people . For 2007 , Virginia Beach had 16 murders , for a murder rate of 3.7 per 100,000 people . That was lower than the national average that year of 6.9 . The city 's total crime index rate for 2007 was 221.2 per 100,000 people , lower than the national average of 320.9 .",
"15": "According to the Congressional Quarterly Press ' 2008 City Crime Rankings : Crime in Metropolitan America , Virginia Beach , Virginia ranks 311th in violent crime among 385 cities containing more than 75,000 inhabitants . Violent crimes per 100,000 citizens Crime Virginia Beach ( 2009 ) National Average Murder 3.7 6.9 Rape 20.2 32.2 Robbery 127.3 195.4 Assault 98.6 340.1 Burglary 495.2 814.5 Automobile Theft 134.4 526.5 Religion ( edit ) 34.4 % of the city 's population is affiliated with religious congregations , compared to the 50.2 % nationwide figure . There are 146,402 adherents and 184 different religious congregations in the city . 28 % Catholic Church 14 % Southern Baptist Convention 13 % United Methodist Church 12 % Charismatic Churches Independent 33 % Others Economy ( edit ) Tourism at the beach boosts Virginia Beach 's economy Virginia Beach is composed of a variety of industries , including national and international corporate headquarters , advanced manufacturers , defense contractors and locally - owned businesses . The city 's location and business climate have made it a hub of international commerce , as nearly 200 foreign firms have established a presence , an office location or their North American headquarters in Hampton Roads . Twenty internationally - based firms have their U.S. or North American headquarters in Virginia Beach , including companies like STIHL , Busch , IMS Gear , and Sanjo Corte Fino . Other major companies headquartered in Virginia Beach include Amerigroup , the Christian Broadcasting Network and Operation Blessing International . Other major employers include GEICO , VT and Navy Exchange Service Command . Virginia Beach was ranked at number 45 on Forbes list of best places for business and careers . Tourism produces a large share of Virginia Beach 's economy . With an estimated $857 million spent in tourism related industries , 14,900 jobs cater to 2.75 million visitors . City coffers benefit as visitors provide $73 million in revenue . Virginia Beach opened a Convention Center in 2005 which caters to large group meetings and events .",
"16": "Hotels not only line the oceanfront but also cluster around Virginia Beach Town Center and other parts of the city . Restaurants and entertainment industries also directly benefit from Virginia Beach 's tourism . Virginia Beach has a large agribusiness sector which produces $80 million for the city economy . One hundred - seventy - two farms exist in Virginia Beach , mostly below the greenline in the southern portion of the city . Farmers are able to sell their goods and products at the city 's Farmer 's Market . A VF - 41 F - 4J over NAS Oceana in the late 1960s Virginia Beach is home to several United States Military bases . These include the United States Navy 's NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads , and the Joint Expeditionary Base East located at Cape Henry . Additionally , NAB Little Creek is located mostly within the city of Virginia Beach but carries a Norfolk address . NAS Oceana is the largest employer in Virginia Beach ; it was decreed by the 2005 BRAC Commission that NAS Oceana must close unless the city of Virginia Beach condemns houses in areas designated as `` Accident Potential Zones . '' This action has never been the position of the United States Navy ; indeed , the Navy had not recommended NAS Oceana to the BRAC Commission for potential closure . The issue of closure of NAS Oceana remains unresolved as of May 2008 Both NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads are considered to be the largest of their respective kind in the world . Furthermore , located in nearby Norfolk is the central hub of the United States Navy 's Atlantic Fleet , Norfolk Navy Base . 54 % of the 171,000 people working in Virginia Beach live in the city , 12 % live in Chesapeake , and 10 % live in Norfolk . An additional 99,600 people commute from Virginia Beach , with 35 % going to Norfolk and 23 % going to Chesapeake . In 2016 , 3.9 % of residents were unemployed . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture in Virginia Beach Adam Thoroughgood House , before 1957 restoration The city is home to several points of interest in the historical , scientific , and visual / performing arts areas , and has become a popular tourist destination in recent years .",
"17": "The Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art features regularly changing exhibitions in a variety of media . Exhibitions feature painting , sculpture , photography , glass , video and other visual media from internationally acclaimed artists as well as artists of national and regional renown . MOCA was born from the annual Boardwalk Art Show , which began in 1952 and is now the museum 's largest fundraiser . By operating at a national standard , MOCA received accreditation from the American Alliance of Museums in 2010 . The Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center ( formerly the Virginia Marine Science Museum ) is a popular aquarium near the oceanfront that features the 300,000 - gallon Norfolk Canyon Aquarium , containing sand tiger , nurse and brown sharks , as well as sting rays and other large open - ocean dwellers . There is also a 70,000 - gallon sea turtle aquarium , sea turtle hatchling laboratory , hands - on ocean exploration exhibits , jellyfish and octopus aquariums , and even a life - size model of a humpback whale . Other features include the Owls Creek salt marsh and a nature trail . One of the World 's Largest collections of World War I and World War II aircraft is located at the Military Aviaiton Museum in the Pungo area of Virginia Beach . The Virginia Beach Amphitheater , built in 1996 , features a wide variety of popular shows and concerts , ranging from Kenny Chesney to Taylor Swift to Coldplay to Ozzfest . The Sandler Center , a 1200 - seat performing arts theatre , opened in the Virginia Beach Town Center in November 2007 . Virginia Beach is home to many sites of historical importance and has 18 sites on the National Register of Historic Places . Such sites include the Adam Thoroughgood House ( one of the oldest surviving colonial homes in Virginia ) , the Francis Land House ( a 200 - year - old plantation ) , the Cape Henry Lights and nearby Cape Henry Light Station ( a second tower ) , Bayville Farm , De Witt Cottage , Ferry Farm Plantation , Dr. John Miller - Masury House , Adam Keeling House , Old Donation Church , Pembroke Manor , Pleasant Hall , Shirley Hall ( Devereaux House ) , Thomas Murray House , U.S.",
"18": "Coast Guard Station ( Seatack ) , Upper Wolfsnare , Weblin House , and Wishart Boush House , and Wolfsnare . The Edgar Cayce Hospital for Research and Enlightenment was established in Virginia Beach in 1928 with 60 beds . Cayce was a psychic from Kentucky who claimed healing abilities and made prophesies . Cayce is known as the father of the `` New Age '' movement of the 1960s . Cayce resided in Virginia Beach until he died on January 3 , 1945 . His followers are still active in Virginia Beach . The 67th street facility features a large private library of books on psychic matters , and is open to the public . The traditional beach - architecture headquarters building features massage therapy by appointment . Atlantic University was opened by Cayce in 1930 ; it closed two years later but was re-opened in 1985 . Atlantic University was originally intended for study of Cayce 's readings and research on spiritual subjects . The city 's largest festival , the Neptune Festival , attracts 500,000 visitors to the oceanfront and 350,000 visitors to the air show at NAS Oceana . Celebrating the city 's heritage link with Norway , events are held in September in the oceanfront and Town Center areas . Every August , the American Music Festival provides festival attendees with live music performed on stages all over the oceanfront , including the beach on Fifth Street . The festival ends with the Rock ' n ' Roll Half Marathon . Sports ( edit ) Club League Venue Established Virginia Beach Neptunes ALPB Baseball Wheeler Field 2014 Virginia Beach City FC NPSL Soccer Virginia Beach Sportsplex 2014 Since Norfolk contains the central business district of Hampton Roads , most of the major spectator sports are located there . While the Hampton Roads area has been recently considered as a viable prospect for major - league professional sports , and regional leaders have attempted to obtain Major League Baseball , NBA and NHL franchises in the recent past , no team has yet relocated to the area . Hampton Roads is the second largest metropolitan area in the United States without a club in a major professional sports league , after the Austin metropolitan area . The Norfolk Admirals won the AHL Calder Cup in 2012 .",
"19": "The Virginia Destroyers , a UFL franchise , played at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex until the league 's collapse in 2012 . Two soccer teams , the Virginia Beach Piranhas , a men 's team in the USL Premier Development League , and the Hampton Roads Piranhas , a women 's team in the W - League play at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex . The Virginia Beach Sportsplex contains the central training site for the U.S. women 's national field hockey team . The city is also home to the East Coast Surfing Championships , an annual contest of more than 100 of the world 's top professional surfers and an estimated 400 amateur surfers . This is North America 's oldest surfing contest . There are eleven golf courses open to the public in the city , as well as four country club layouts and 36 military holes at NAS Oceana 's Aeropines course . Among the best - known public courses are Hell 's Point Golf Club and Virginia Beach National , the latter of which hosted the Virginia Beach Open , a Nationwide Tour event from 2000 to 2006 . Also , the Kingsmill Resort hosts the Kingsmill Championship , an annual LPGA Tour tournament . Virginia Beach is host to a Rock ' n ' Roll Half Marathon each year on Labor Day weekend in conjunction with the American Music Festival . It is one of the largest Half Marathons in the world . The final 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) are on the boardwalk . In 2012 , Virginia Beach was one of several cities trying to lure the Sacramento Kings to play there . Parks and recreation ( edit ) Virginia Beach is home to 210 city parks , encompassing over 4,000 acres ( 1,600 ha ) , including neighborhood parks , community parks , district parks , and other open spaces . Each park is unique and offers something for everyone , from wide open spaces to playgrounds , picnic shelters , and ballfields . Mount Trashmore Park is clearly visible from I - 264 when traveling to the oceanfront . The park is 165 acres ( 67 ha ) . The hill is 60 ft ( 18 m ) high and over 800 ft ( 240 m ) long , and was created by compacting layers of solid waste and clean soil . It is the highest point in Virginia Beach .",
"20": "The park also features two lakes : Lake Windsor and Lake Trashmore . Lake Trashmore is stocked with fish , but is unsanitary to fish in . Residents can also take advantage of a skate park . A Japanese - style moon bridge in the Miyazaki Japanese Garden , Red Wing Park One of the major parks is Red Wing Park , a 97 acres ( 39 ha ) park in east - central part of the city , very close to Oceana Naval Air Station . This land became a park in 1966 . A unique feature of this park is the Miyazaki Japanese Garden , which is a result of its interactions with its sister city Miyazaki , Japan . Other features include : the Reba S. McClanan Fragrance Garden , 5 picnic shelters with charcoal grills , tennis courts , pickleball courts , basketball court , 2 volleyball courts , handball / racquetball court , horseshoe pits , two playground areas , shared - use paths , gardens , picnic areas with charcoal grills , dog park , open fields , vending machines , public restrooms , a playground , wooded areas . Another major park in the city is Great Neck Park , a 70 acres ( 28 ha ) park located in the Lynnhaven District . Facilities include five large group shelters , mini-shelters , family picnic tables and grills , three playgrounds , horseshoe pits , volleyball courts , vending machines , walking trails , four baseball fields , as well as a gazebo located at the end of a scenic walkway overlooking the Lynnhaven River . People riding a rental surrey on the boardwalk The Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge , established in 1938 , is an 8,000 - acre ( 32 km ) fresh water refuge that borders the Atlantic Ocean on the east and Back Bay on the west . The barrier islands feature large sand dunes , maritime forests , fresh water marshes , ponds , ocean beach , and large impoundments for wintering wildfowl . It is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . First Landing State Park and False Cape State Park are both located in coastal areas within the city 's corporate limits as well . Both offer camping facilities , cabins , and outdoor recreation activities in addition to nature and history tours .",
"21": "Munden Point Park is a rural park located in the deep southern end of the city , right on The North Landing River . It is owned and maintained by the city of Virginia Beach . The park features five shelters , three baseball fields , a boat ramp , boat rentals , three playgrounds , six horseshoe pits , volleyball nets , and light hiking trails . An outdoor amphitheatre is fully equipped with electrical outlets and is available for reservations of weddings , outside classroom activities and other events . Restrooms , parking , vending machines , playgrounds , gardens , and barbecue grills are also available for use . Canoes , boat ramps , and disc golf courses may also be rented to go . Additionally , the famous 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) boardwalk at the oceanfront is often packed with fascinating entertainment , outdoor cafes , concerts and people . Made of concrete , the boardwalk links forty hotels and other attractions and has a bike path . Naval Aviation Monument Park was formally dedicated on May 6 , 2006 , by the Hampton Roads Squadron of the Naval Aviation Foundation Association . Planned since 1997 in partnership with the City of Virginia Beach , the park features heroic - scale statuary and reliefs to tell the history of Naval Aviation . Pleasure House Point is an 118 acres ( 48 hectares ) park of undeveloped land on the shore of the Lynnhaven River . Located just south of the Lesner Bridge and the Chesapeake Bay , it includes oyster beds , wetlands and a maritime forest . The location was the site of a planned condo development that collapsed in 2008 . It was acquired by the City of Virginia Beach with help from the Trust for Public Land and the Chesapeake Bay Foundation in 2012 . It is one of the largest undeveloped parcels of land on the Lynnhaven River and will be preserved for future generations . It is also the location of the Brock Environmental Center which provides hands - on educational programs for students to learn about the Chesapeake Bay . Lastly , of course , are the city 's abundant and ample indoor recreational facilities , which often include basketball and racquetball courts , weight and fitness training rooms , and swimming pools . These centers also play host to many special programs for children , youth and adults .",
"22": "The Bayside facility , for example , offers classes in yoga and pilates , as well as various types and styles of dance , not to mention seasonal offerings for young children and senior citizens . Virginia Beach 's extensive park system is recognized as one of the best in the United States . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that Virginia Beach had the 8th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities . ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city 's median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of city residents within a half - mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents . Government ( edit ) Local law prohibits the use of profanity along the boardwalk . This sign along Atlantic Avenue indicates this law . Presidential Elections Results Year Republican Democratic Third Parties 2016 48.4 % 98,224 44.8 % 91,032 6.8 % 13,763 2012 50.5 % 99,291 48.0 % 94,299 1.6 % 3,051 2008 49.9 % 100,319 49.1 % 98,885 1.0 % 2,045 59.1 % 103,752 40.2 % 70,666 0.7 % 1,269 2000 55.9 % 83,674 41.6 % 62,268 2.6 % 3,829 50.6 % 63,741 41.4 % 52,142 8.0 % 10,060 50.0 % 68,936 32.2 % 44,294 17.8 % 24,555 68.9 % 76,481 30.4 % 33,780 0.7 % 757 1984 74.4 % 72,571 25.3 % 24,703 0.3 % 320 1980 60.",
"23": "5 % 47,936 31.4 % 24,895 8.1 % 6,404 1976 54.5 % 34,593 40.7 % 25,824 4.9 % 3,101 1972 76.6 % 38,074 20.9 % 10,373 2.6 % 1,286 1968 43.2 % 16,316 26.8 % 10,101 30.0 % 11,325 1964 44.9 % 10,529 55.0 % 12,892 0.1 % 21 1960 42.5 % 986 56.1 % 1,301 1.5 % 34 1956 53.3 % 1,355 43.7 % 1,111 3.0 % 77 1952 59.8 % 1,310 40.2 % 881 Virginia Beach was chartered as a municipal corporation by the General Assembly of Virginia on January 1 , 1963 . The city currently operates under the council -- manager form of government . The city does not fall under the jurisdiction of a county government , due to state law . Rather , it functions as an independent city and operates as a political subdivision of the state . The city 's legislative body consists of an eleven - member city council . The city manager is appointed by the council and acts as the chief executive officer . Through his staff , he implements policies established by the council . Members of the city council normally serve four - year terms and are elected on a staggered basis in non-partisan elections . Beginning in 2008 , general elections are held the first Tuesday in November in even - numbered years . In previous years , elections were held the first Tuesday in May in even - numbered years . All registered voters are eligible to vote for all council members . Three council members and the mayor serve on an at - large basis .",
"24": "All others are elected by district ( and must live in the district they represent ) : Bayside , Beach , Centerville , Kempsville , Lynnhaven , Princess Anne , and Rose Hall . The mayor is elected to a four - year term through direct election . The mayor presides over city council meetings , and serves as the ceremonial head and spokesperson of the city . A vice mayor is also elected by the city council at the first meeting following a council election . The current mayor of Virginia Beach is Will Sessoms , a Republican . Citizens of Virginia Beach also elect five constitutional officers , and candidates for these offices are permitted to run with an affiliated political party . Three of these offices deal substantially with public safety and justice : the sheriff , commonwealth 's attorney , and the clerk of the circuit court . The two other offices are concerned with fiscal policy : the city treasurer and the commissioner of the revenue . Virginia Beach is located entirely in the Virginia 's 2nd congressional district , served by U.S. Representative Scott Taylor ( Republican ) . Education ( edit ) The current building of Frank W. Cox High School According to the U.S. Census , 28.1 % of the population over twenty - five ( vs. a national average of 24 % ) hold a bachelor 's degree or higher , and 90.4 % ( vs. 80 % nationally ) have a high school diploma or equivalent . The city of Virginia Beach is home to Virginia Beach City Public Schools , one of the largest school systems in the state ( based on student enrollment ) . Virginia Beach City Public Schools currently serves 69,735 students , and includes 56 elementary schools , 14 middle schools , 12 high schools which include Landstown , Princess Anne , Green Run , Green Run Collegiate , Cox , Tallwood , Salem , First Colonial , Kellam , Kempsville , Bayside , and Ocean Lakes High Schools as well as a number of secondary / post-secondary specialty schools and centers such as the Advanced Technology Center ( ATC ) , which provides courses for those trying to gain a place in the technology field . Ocean Lakes maintains a rigorous math and science academy ; Bayside houses a health sciences academy , with courses in medical microbiology , genetic medicine , and pathophysiology .",
"25": "Salem High school houses the Visual and Performing Arts Academy , preparing students for jobs in the Fine and Performing Arts . Landstown High School contains a Technology Academy , which helps prepare students for jobs in Business Marketing , Information Technology , and / or Engineering . First Colonial High School is home to the Legal Studies Academy , with courses such as Forensic Science , Intro to Law , and Legal Research and Writing , preparing students for jobs in the law field . Tallwood High School has recently founded a world studies academy , Kempsville High School began their Entrepreneurship and Business Academy in 2017 , and Princess Anne , the oldest high school in the city , is an International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme school . Princess Anne used to host a special program for pregnant high schoolers in the area . The program for pregnant girls was moved off of Princess Anne 's campus and into a section of the alternative school , Renaissance Academy , which was completed in late 2009 . With only 8 girls going on to the new program at the Academy , Virginia Beach set to defund the program in 2010 . Specialized courses are offered at all these academies , even though they occasionally overlap courses offered at other specialized centers , such as Landstown and the ATC -- less than 1 - mile ( 1.6 km ) away . There are also a number of private , independent schools in the city , including Norfolk Academy , Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic School and Parish , The Hebrew Academy of Tidewater , Cape Henry Collegiate School , Bishop Sullivan Catholic High School ( formerly Norfolk Catholic ) , Baylake Pines School , and Virginia Beach Friends School . Association for Research and Enlightenment Virginia Beach is home to two universities : Regent University , a private university founded by Christian evangelist and leader Pat Robertson , which has historically focused on graduate education but has recently established an undergraduate program as well . Atlantic University , associated with the Edgar Cayce organization , the Association for Research and Enlightenment ( ARE ) , offers M.A. degrees in Transpersonal Studies , with many New Age subjects thanks to its Edgar Cayce link . Old Dominion University and Norfolk State University are in nearby Norfolk and both the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech operate satellite campuses in Virginia Beach . Tidewater Community College , a major junior college , also has its largest campus located in the city .",
"26": "Virginia Wesleyan College , a private liberal arts college , is located on the border with Norfolk with the physical address of the school being in Norfolk , but the majority of the campus being in Virginia Beach . ECPI University 's main campus is located here as well . Additional institutions of higher education are located in other communities of greater Hampton Roads . The Virginia Beach Public Library System provides free access to accurate and current information and materials to all individuals , and promotes reading as a critical life skill . The library supports the educational and leisure needs of Virginia Beach citizens with a system of area libraries , a Central Library , a Bookmobile , a virtual library , the South Rosemont Youth Library , the Wahab Public Law Library , the Municipal Reference Library and the Special Services for the Blind and Visually Handicapped . The Library has a collection of more than 1,000,000 items including special subject collections . Media ( edit ) The Virginian - Pilot , based in Norfolk , is the daily newspaper for Virginia Beach . Other papers include Veer and the New Journal and Guide . Inside Business focuses on local business news . Virginia Wesleyan College publishes its own newspaper , The Marlin Chronicle . The Norfolk - Virginia Beach area is served by a variety of radio stations on the FM and AM dials , with towers located around the Hampton Roads area . Virginia Beach is also served by several television stations . The Norfolk - Portsmouth - Newport News designated market area ( DMA ) is the 42nd largest in the U.S. with 712,790 homes ( 0.64 % of the total U.S. ) . The major network television affiliates are WTKR - TV 3 ( CBS ) , WAVY 10 ( NBC ) , WVEC - TV 13 ( ABC ) , WTPC - TV 21 ( Trinity Broadcasting Network ) , WGNT 27 ( CW ) , WTVZ 33 ( MyNetworkTV ) , WVBT 43 ( Fox ) , and WPXV 49 ( ION Television ) . The Public Broadcasting Service station is WHRO - TV 15 . Virginia Beach residents also can receive independent station WSKY broadcasting on channel 4 from Camden County , North Carolina .",
"27": "Some can also receive PBS affiliate WUND 2 ( UNC - TV ) , Home Shopping Network affiliate W14DC - D from Portsmouth , Daystar Network religious television station WVAD - LD TV 25 from Chesapeake and RTV affiliate WGBS - LD broadcasting on channel 7 from Hampton . Virginia Beach is served by Cox Cable . DirecTV and Dish Network are also popular as an alternative to cable television in Virginia Beach . In addition a large portion of the city is served by Verizon FIOS . Virginia Beach serves as the headquarters for the Christian Broadcasting Network , located adjacent to Regent University . CBN 's most notable program , The 700 Club originates from the Virginia Beach studios . In 2008 , Virginia Beach became the home to the Reel Dreams Film Festival . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Virginia Beach A Hampton Roads Transit bus travels northbound on Pacific Avenue in Virginia Beach . Virginia Beach is primarily served by the Norfolk International Airport ( IATA : ORF , ICAO : KORF , FAA LID : ORF ) , which is now the region 's major commercial airport . The airport is located near Chesapeake Bay , along the city limits straddling neighboring Norfolk . Seven airlines provide nonstop services to twenty five destinations . ORF had 3,703,664 passengers take off or land at its facility and 68,778,934 pounds of cargo were processed through its facilities . Newport News / Williamsburg International Airport also provides commercial air service for the Hampton Roads area . The Chesapeake Regional Airport provides general aviation services and is located five miles ( 8 km ) outside the city limits . Virginia Beach is served by Amtrak through the Norfolk and Newport News stations , via connecting buses . The Norfolk line runs southwest toward Suffolk , Virginia , then turns northwest toward Petersburg , Richmond ( Staples Mill Road ) , and points beyond . The Newport News line runs west along the Virginia Peninsula to Williamsburg , Richmond ( via the downtown Main Street and the suburban Staples Mill Road stations ) , and points beyond . A high - speed rail connection at Richmond to both the Northeast Corridor and the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor are also under study . Greyhound / Trailways provides service from a central bus terminal in adjacent Norfolk .",
"28": "The Greyhound station in Virginia Beach is located on Laskin Road , about a mile west of the oceanfront . Bus services to New York City via the Chinatown bus , Today 's Bus , is located on Newtown Road . The city is connected to I - 64 via I - 264 , which runs from the oceanfront , intersects with I - 64 on the east side of Norfolk , and continues through downtown Norfolk and Portsmouth until rejoining I - 64 at the terminus of both roads in Chesapeake where Interstate 664 completes the loop which forms the Hampton Roads Beltway . Travelers to and from Virginia Beach can access the Hampton Roads Beltway in either direction from I - 264 in Norfolk to use a choice of the two bridge - tunnel facilities to cross Hampton Roads to reach the Peninsula , Williamsburg , Richmond and points north . Other major roads include Virginia Beach Boulevard ( U.S. Route 58 ) , Shore Drive ( U.S. Route 60 ) , which connects to Atlantic Avenue at the oceanfront , Northampton Blvd ( U.S. Route 13 ) , Princess Anne Road ( State Route 165 ) , Indian River Road ( former State Route 603 ) , Lynnhaven Parkway , Independence Boulevard , General Booth Boulevard , and Nimmo Parkway . Streets in the oceanfront hotel and entertainment district are arranged in a fairly regular , grid like pattern , with Atlantic Avenue parallel to the shoreline , then Pacific Avenue , and Arctic Avenue going further inland . The city is also connected to Virginia 's Eastern Shore region via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge - Tunnel ( CBBT ) , which is the longest bridge - tunnel complex in the world and known as one of the Seven Engineering Wonders of the Modern World . The CBBT , a tolled facility carries U.S. Route 13 . Transportation within the city , as well as the rest of Hampton Roads is served by a regional bus service , Hampton Roads Transit . An extension of The Tide light rail system from Norfolk to the oceanfront is currently being studied . For years , Virginia Beach residents have debated on whether or not to extend The Tide from Norfolk into its borders with the apparent divide falling between younger and older residents and the potential cost to Virginia Beach taxpayers .",
"29": "In November 2016 , residents voted on a referendum proposing that would extend the light rail from Norfolk to Virginia Beach with 57 % against the rail extension and 43 % for the extension . Walkability ( edit ) A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Virginia Beach 39th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities . Utilities ( edit ) Water and sewer services are provided by the City 's Department of Utilities . Virginia Beach receives its electricity from Dominion Virginia Power which has local sources including the Chesapeake Energy Center ( a gas power plant ) , coal - fired plants in Chesapeake and Southampton County , and the Surry Nuclear Power Plant . Norfolk headquartered Virginia Natural Gas , a subsidiary of AGL Resources , distributes natural gas to the city from storage plants in James City County and Chesapeake . Virginia Beach receives its water from Lake Gaston . The Virginia Tidewater area has grown faster than the local freshwater supply . The river water has always been salty , and fresh groundwater is no longer available in most areas . Currently , water for the Tidewater area is pumped from Lake Gaston , which straddles the Virginia - North Carolina border along with the Blackwater and Nottoway rivers . The pipeline is 76 miles ( 122 km ) long and 60 inches ( 1,500 mm ) in diameter . Much of its follows the former right - of - way of an abandoned portion of the Virginian Railway . It is capable of pumping 60 million gallons of water per day ( 60MGD ) , Norfolk and Chesapeake are partners in the project . The city provides wastewater services for residents and transports wastewater to the regional Hampton Roads Sanitation District treatment plants . Healthcare ( edit ) Virginia Beach is served by Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital and Sentara Princess Anne Hospital . Sentara Bayside Hospital has been modified to a stand alone Emergency Department and outpatient treatment center , now known as Sentara Independence . Sentara Leigh Hospital is just across the city line in Norfolk . Beach Health clinic offers basic medical services for uninsured residents of Virginia Beach .",
"30": "Notable people ( edit ) Felicia Barton , semi-finalist on American Idol Genesis the Greykid , artist , creative , poet , writer Rudy Boesch , contestant on Survivor Curtis Bush , kickboxer Gabby Douglas , Olympic gymnastics gold medalist Herman Goldner , mayor of St. Petersburg , Florida Percy Harvin , NFL player BJ Leiderman , composer of themes for NPR shows Michael Hearst , author , musician , and composer Marc Leishman , professional golfer Evan Marriott , actor in Joe Millionaire Bob McDonnell , former Governor of Virginia Ryan McGinness , artist Lenda Murray , IFBB professional bodybuilder Juice Newton , singer , songwriter Pusha T , rapper J.R. Reid , NBA player Pat Robertson , television preacher Todd Schnitt , radio personality Rhea Seehorn , actress known for role as Kim Wexler in Better Call Saul Scott Sizemore , MLB player Mark Ruffalo , Oscar - nominated actor ; raised in Virginia Beach Chris Taylor , MLB player Timbaland , rapper , singer , record producer Travis Wall , contestant on So You Think You Can Dance and choreographer Matthew E. White , songwriter and producer Pharrell Williams , rapper , singer , record producer , composer and fashion designer Lil Tracy , rapper , singer and songwritter Ryan Zimmerman , MLB player Sister cities ( edit ) Virginia Beach 's Sister Cities are : Bangor , Northern Ireland , United Kingdom Miyazaki , Miyazaki Prefecture , Kyūshū , Japan since May 25 , 1992 Moss , Norway Olongapo , Philippines Coutances , Normandy , France Virginia Beach has one Friendship City : San Juan del Sur , Nicaragua In popular culture ( edit ) In 2015 , in honor of the game 's 80th birthday , Hasbro held an online vote in order to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the Monopoly Here and Now : The US edition of the game . Virginia Beach , Virginia received the fourth highest number of votes in the online contest , earning it a green spot on the board . The top Boardwalk spot went to Pierre , South Dakota .",
"31": "See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Virginia portal List of people from Virginia Beach National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Beach , Virginia Norwegian Lady Statues Virginia Beach Fire Department Virginia Beach Police Department Virginia Beach Department of EMS Virginia Beach Volunteer Rescue Squad Wash Woods at False Cape Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Norfolk kept January 1874 to December 1945 at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown , and at Norfolk Int'l since January 1946 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population estimates , July 1 , 2015 , ( V2015 ) '' . Jump up ^ List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Melissa Jones ( March 15 , 2005 ) . Superlatives USA : The Largest , Smallest , Longest , Shortest , and Wackiest Sites in America . Capital Books . pp. 137 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931868 - 85 - 3 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach History Timeline '' . Princess Anne County / Virginia Beach Historical Society . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Henry Memorial '' . U.S. National Park System . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moon , Shep. `` 400 Years of Change '' .",
"32": "Virginia Department of Environmental Quality . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Origins of Norfolk 's Name '' . Norfolk Historical Society . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk Becomes a Borough '' . Norfolk Historical Society . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Mark Souther , `` Twixt Ocean and Pines : The Seaside Resort at Virginia Beach , 1880 - 1930 . '' M.A. thesis , University of Richmond , 1996 . Jump up ^ Foss , William O. , The Norwegian Lady and the Wreck of the Dictator . Virginia Beach , Virginia : Noreg Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 9721989 - 0 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach History '' . VirginiaBeach.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Va . Beach getting serious again about Dome site development '' . Hampton Roads.com , Bill Reed , November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dome 's memory will linger as a monument several activities are planned to honor the beach 's now - razed former civic center '' . Virginian Pilot . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved February 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Town Center '' . City of Virginia Beach . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barbara L. Brewer . `` Phase I of Virginia Beach Convention Center Set to Open in June '' . Meetingsnet . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` VIRGINIA BEACH 'S GREEN LINE : SHOULD THE LINE HOLD ? '' . Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beach council tightens rules on building around Oceana '' . Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' .",
"33": "United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Virginia Beach Neighborhood History ( 1 ) . Retrieved on March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Summary '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Information from NOAA . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : VA NORFOLK INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for NORFOLK / INTL , VA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Virginia Beach , Virginia '' , USA.com , 2003 . Web : ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . University of Virginia Library . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 PHC - T - 4 . Ranking Tables for Counties : 1990 and 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Factfinder2census.gov Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Median Family Income ( In 2003 Inflation - adjusted Dollars ) '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2004 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach , Virginia ( VA ) profile '' . City-data.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CQ Press : City Crime Rankings 2008 '' . Os.cqpress.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach city , Virginia '' . City-data.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Economic Profile '' . Virginia Beach Economic Development Community . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Agribusiness '' . Virginia Beach Economic Development Community . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Farmers Market '' . City of Virginia Beach . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Profile -- Military '' . Virginia Beach Economic Development Community . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Worldwide Space A Handbook : ISBN 1 - 881341 - 13 - 5 . www.nablc.navy.mil Archived April 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://virginialmi.com/report_center/community_profiles/5104000810.pdf Jump up ^ Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center accessdate = March 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Military Aviation Museum -- Historic WWI & WWII Hangars , Aircraft , Airshows , and Adventure ! '' . militaryaviationmuseum.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sandler Center for the Performing Arts accessdate = March 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ National Register of Historic Places -- Virginia Beach accessdate = March 18 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic University '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Neptune Festival '' . The Neptune Festival . June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verizon Wireless American Music Festival Archived July 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine .",
"35": "Jump up ^ `` Big - league sports not on the horizon for Norfolk '' . Virginian Pilot . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach Golf Courses '' . Thegolfcourses.net . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Half Marathon '' . Elite Racing . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Nate ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Virginia Beach Courts Sacramento Kings '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach Parks '' . Virginia Beach Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved October 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Mt . Trashmore Park '' . Virginia Beach Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved October 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Red Wing Park '' . City of Virginia Beach . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great Neck Park '' . Virginia Beach Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge '' . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service , Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` First Landing State Park '' . First Landing State Park . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` False Cape State Park '' . False Cape State Park . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Munden Point '' . Virginia Birding and Wildlife Trail . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Munden Point Park '' . www.vbgov.com . City of Virginia Beach , Virginia . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boardwalk '' . Virginiabeach.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ Naval Aviation Monument Park . Alexandria , Virginia.",
"36": ": Naval Aviation Foundation , Wings of Gold , quarterly , Summer - Fall , 2006 , page 58 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach deal preserves a slice of nature '' . Jump up ^ `` Environmental center opens at Pleasure House Point '' . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach 's Park System Ranks Eighth in the Nation '' . June 6 , 2013 . The City of Virginia Beach . Retrieved on July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia Beach City Manager : Form of Government '' . Virginia Beach City Manager . September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia Beach City Council : About Us '' . Virginia Beach City Council . September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Virginian - Pilot , The . `` Virginia Beach 's program for pregnant girls set to move '' . Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roth , Lauren . `` Virginia Beach cuts back on program for pregnant teens '' . Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach City Public Schools : About Us '' . Virginia Beach City Public Schools . September 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` State Recognized Accredited Schools '' . Virginia Council for Private Education . September 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Regent University '' . Regent University . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Norfolk State '' . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2007 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Old Dominion '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` VT Hampton Roads Center '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ `` UVa . Hampton Roads Center '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tidewater Community College '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Virginia Wesleyan '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About ECPI '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Virginia Beach Public Library accessdate = June 18 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Hampton Roads News Links '' . abyznewslinks.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hampton Roads Radio Links '' . ontheradio.net . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Gary . `` Nielsen Reports 1.1 % increase in U.S. Television Households for the 2006 -- 2007 Season Archived July 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Nielsen Media Research . September 23 , 2006 . Retrieved on September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Titles with locations including Virginia Beach , Virginia , USA . '' IMDB . Retrieved on March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk International Airport Mission and History '' . Norfolk International Airport . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk International Airport Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Norfolk International Airport . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Newport News / Williamsburg International Airport '' . Newport News / Williamsburg International Airport . Retrieved February 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chesapeake Regional Airport '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast High Speed Rail '' . Southeast High Speed Rail . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Today 's Bus '' . Today 's Bus .",
"38": "Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chesapeake Bay Bridge - Tunnel Facts '' . Chesapeake Bay Bridge and Tunnel Commission . Retrieved November 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hampton Roads Transit '' . Hrtransit.org . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach Transit Extension Study Hampton Roads Transit '' . Gohrt.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Jordan . `` How did the light rail debate in Virginia Beach become so nasty ? '' . Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , WAVY News ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Beach residents vote against light rail extension '' . WAVY - TV . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` VA Places , Gaston Pipeline '' . Virginiaplaces.org . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VA Beach Government , Department of Public Utilities '' . Vbgov.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hampton Roads Sanitation District '' . Hampton Roads Sanitation District . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Hospitals and Medical Centers '' . The Agape Center . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Meacham , `` Mayor packed ideas , pipe tobacco in rich public life , '' September 15 , 2010 `` . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holtzclaw , Mike . `` Evan Marriott 's life interrupted by unexpected TV stardom on ' Joe Millionaire ' '' . Daily Press . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Robert F. McDonnell 's bio '' .",
"39": "Governor.virginia.gov . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Session 2005 ; McDonnell , Robert F. ( Bob ) '' . Virginia House of Delegates . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Session 2003 ; McDonnell , Robert F. ( Bob ) '' . Virginia House of Delegates . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lenda Murray - Facebook '' . Jump up ^ `` Scott Sizemore Stats '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Taylor ( baseball ) Jump up ^ `` Ryan Zimmerman Stats '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sister Cities Directory : Virginia Beach , Virginia '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Monopoly '' . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutVirginia Beachat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Convention and Visitors Bureau Places adjacent to Virginia Beach , Virginia City of Norfolk Northampton County City of Chesapeake Virginia Beach , Virginia Atlantic Ocean Currituck County ,",
"40": "North Carolina Articles relating to Virginia Beach City of Virginia Beach Topics History Timeline Culture People Sports Media Education Economy Fire Transportation Parks First Landing State Park False Cape State Park Mount Trashmore Munden Point Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge Military Naval Air Station Oceana Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek Fort Story Attractions Adam Keeling House Adam Thoroughgood House Atlantic Fun Park Atlantic Wildfowl Heritage Museum Cape Henry Light Cape Henry Memorial Ferry Plantation House Francis Land House Lynnhaven House Military Aviation Museum Motor World Norwegian Lady Statues Ocean Breeze Water Park Old Coast Guard Station Museum Tidewater Arboretum Upper Wolfsnare Virginia Aquarium Virginia Beach Oceanfront Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art Neighborhoods Alanton Bayside Chesapeake Beach Croatan Beach Great Neck Point Green Run Kempsville Kings Grant Lago Mar London Bridge Lynnhaven Oceana Pembroke Manor Princess Anne Pungo Salem Sandbridge Seatack Sigma Thalia Town Center Hampton Roads Metropolitan Area Virginia Hampton Roads Virginia Beach - Norfolk - Newport News Metropolitan Area Cities Chesapeake Hampton Newport News Norfolk Portsmouth Poquoson Suffolk Virginia Beach Williamsburg Counties Currituck Gloucester Isle of Wight James City Mathews Surry York Towns Claremont Dendron Smithfield Surry Windsor Sub-regions South Hampton Roads Virginia Peninsula Topics Transportation People History Battle of Hampton Roads Note : Cities are independent , not being part of any county Commonwealth of Virginia Richmond ( capital ) Topics Administrative divisions Climate Colleges and universities Colony Congressional districts Delegations Senators Representatives Environment Furniture Government History Historic Landmarks Law Homes Music People Rights Rivers Scouting Slogan Sports teams State Fair State parks",
"41": "Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Tribes Seal of Virginia Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Newspapers Radio TV Politics Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Chesapeake Bay Cumberland Mountains Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Hampton Roads Middle Peninsula Northern Neck Northern Virginia Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley South Hampton Roads Southside Southwest Virginia Tennessee Valley Tidewater Tri-Cities Virginia Peninsula Western Virginia Metro areas Blacksburg - Christiansburg - Radford Bluefield Bristol Charlottesville Danville Harrisonburg Lynchburg Martinsville Richmond Roanoke Staunton - Waynesboro Norfolk - Virginia Beach Washington - Arlington - Alexandria Winchester Counties Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton",
"42": "Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Independent cities Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester VIAF : 131994524 LCCN : n80060996 ISNI : 0000 0004 0509 1378 GND : 4127130 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Beach,_Virginia&oldid=837923192 '' Categories : Virginia Beach , Virginia Beaches of Virginia Cities in Virginia Seaside resorts in the United States Surfing locations in the United States Populated coastal places in Virginia Populated places established in 1906 1906 establishments in Virginia Landforms of Virginia Beach , Virginia Surfing in Virginia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from March 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016",
"43": "Coordinates on Wikidata All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen",
"44": "Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 71 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many episodes in game if thrones season 7
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"0": "Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 5.4 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light .",
"2": "In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of harming dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone .",
"3": "Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers to Tyene the same poison used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead .",
"4": "Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real .",
"5": "66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally .",
"6": "Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south .",
"7": "Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear .",
"8": "In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Eddard Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season .",
"9": "Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) The seventh season contains original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some of the show 's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland .",
"10": "Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . In a June 2016 interview with Variety , co-creators David Benioff and D.B.",
"11": "Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran for 69 minutes . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 95 % approval rating from 42 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10 , and a 92 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . ''",
"12": "Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms . No .",
"13": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep.",
"14": "10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref .",
"15": "2017 American Film Institute Awards 2017 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2017 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Robert McLachlan ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Gregory Middleton ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated IGN Awards Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television David Benioff , D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Stormborn '' ) Nominated Jesse Parker ( for `` The Queen 's Justice '' ) Nominated Crispin Green ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley C. Katona ,",
"16": "Paul Bercovitch ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated 2018 22nd Satellite Awards Best Genre Series Game of Thrones Won 23rd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 60th Annual Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Ramin Djawadi Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2018 Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Cajun Hylton , Georgy Arevshatov ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards 2017 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` Dragonstone '' , `` The Queen 's Justice '' , and `` Eastwatch '' ) Won Cinema Audio Society Awards 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters ,",
"17": "Brett Voss ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Costume Designers Guild Awards 2017 Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won 70th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Matt Shakman ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Nicola Matthews Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Nominated Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2017 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Chris Baird , David Ramos , Sam Conway ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real - Time Project Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Nicholas Wilson ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Zombie Polar Bear '' ) Nominated Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Philipp Winterstein , Andreas Krieg ( for `` Eastwatch '' -- `` Drogon Meets Jon '' ) Nominated Murray Stevenson , Jason Snyman , Jenn Taylor , Florian Friedmann ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Drogon Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Daniel Villalba , Antonio Lado , José Luis Barreiro , Isaac de la Pompa ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Won Patrice Poissant , Deak Ferrand ,",
"18": "Dominic Daigle , Gabriel Morin ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Manuel Ramírez , Óscar Márquez , Pablo Hernández , David Gacituaga ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , Sylvain Nouveau , Nathan Arbuckle ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' -- `` Wall Destruction '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Óscar Perea , Santiago Martos , David Esteve , Michael Crane ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Montminy Brodeur , Xavier Fourmond , Reuben Barkataki , Sébastien Raets ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Dom Hellier , Thijs Noij , Edwin Holdsworth , Giacomo Matteucci ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Effects / Foley Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Bradley Katona , Brett Voss and Jeffrey Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel , Paul Bercovitch and Tim Hands ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Music / Musical David Klotz ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 15th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Won Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Won Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank and Matthew Waters Nominated Best VFX Ed Bruce & Nicholas Murphy Nominated 5th Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period Television Series Robert Boake , Matt Jones ,",
"19": "Tate Araez Guzman Won 44th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Pending Best Actress on a Television Series Lena Headey Pending Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Kit Harington Pending Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Pending 2018 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Viserion is Killed by the Night King '' ( for Beyond the Wall ) Pending 2018 British Academy Television Craft Awards Costume Design Michele Clapton Won Production Design Deborah Riley , Rob Cameron Won Special Award Game of Thrones Won Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Best Trailer Game of Thrones Won Best Digital Campaign Game of Thrones Won Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . In some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer .",
"20": "On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times , making Game of Thrones the most - pirated television series in 2017 .",
"21": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 .",
"22": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times .",
"23": "Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 .",
"25": "Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) .",
"30": "`` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 .",
"31": "Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 .",
"32": "^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2017 '' . American Film Institute . 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 '' . IGN. 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Black - ish ' Top Humanitas Prize Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NOMINEES '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ Lewis , Rebecca ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` National Television Awards 2018 winners '' . Metro . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Netflix , FX 's FEUD Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Grammys : Full list of winners at the 60th Grammy Awards ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television - Eddie Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' I , Tonya ' Top American Cinema Editors ' Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ; Petski , Denise ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` ADG Awards : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , ' Logan ' & ' Coco ' Take Film Trophies -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : Sound Mixers Hear ' Dunkirk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Win at 2018 Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : Oscar Nominees ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editor Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ifta Awards 2018 : the full list of nominations '' . The Irish Times . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFTAs : Full list of winners as Gabriel Byrne is honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Irish Independent .",
"35": "February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Baby Driver ' Score Motion Picture Wins at LMGI Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Battles It Out With ' Black Mirror ' & ' Line Of Duty ' As BAFTA TV Nominations Are Unveiled '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA TV Craft Award Winners Include ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' The Crown ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Webby Awards : ' Game Of Thrones ' , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Lady Gaga Among Winners '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) .",
"37": "`` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent .",
"38": "Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2017 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6",
"39": "7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8",
"40": "Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 7 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"41": "php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=838458219 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 04 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
24,
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-5454592898253291827
|
who are the only 2 families that have had 3 generations of oscar winners
|
[
"The Hustons",
"the Coppolas",
"Hustons",
"Coppolas",
"Farrow/Previn/Allens",
"The Hustons",
"the Coppolas"
] |
{
"0": "List of Academy award - winning families - wikipedia List of Academy award - winning families Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Academy Award winners related to other winners . Honorary awards are included . In many instances , family members shared awards . These awards are counted only once for each family . Results reflect awards through the 89th Academy Awards for 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extended family 2 Siblings 3 Couples 3.1 Shared awards 3.2 Separate awards 4 Other 5 References 6 External links Extended family ( edit ) This list includes winners who are direct relatives of other winners , including in - laws , aunts / uncles and first cousins . The Shearers have the most wins , with 16 . The Newmans were nominated the most often , all 92 being for Film Scoring , Arrangement , or Original Song . The Coppolas have the most nominated ( 9 ) and winning ( 7 ) members . The Hustons were the first three generation family of winners . The others are the Coppolas and , technically , the Farrow / Previn / Allens . There are only two instances of a parent and child receiving acting nominations in the same film : Henry Fonda and Jane Fonda in On Golden Pond . Diane Ladd and Laura Dern in Rambling Rose . There are only two instances of three family members being nominated for a single award : Brothers Bob and Lee Minkler , and their nephew Michael Minkler were nominated for Sound work on Tron . Jim Sheridan and his daughters Naomi and Kirsten Sheridan shared the Screenplay nomination for In America . Relationships noted show relation to first family member listed . Family Awards / Nominations Member ( Wins / Nominations / Honorary ) Relationship Awards Earliest Winning Film Note Shearer 16 34 Douglas Shearer ( 14 / 28 / 0 ) Sound Recording , Special Effects The Big House Norma Shearer ( 1 / 5 / 0 ) Sister Actress The Divorcee Shearer 's husband , Irving G. Thalberg , produced numerous MGM hits , including Best Picture winner Grand Hotel , but never took screen credit .",
"1": "Howard Hawks ( 0 / 1 / 1 ) Brother - in - law Honorary married to Norma Shearer 's sister , Athole Shearer . Newman 12 76 Alfred Newman ( 9 / 45 / 0 ) Music - Scoring Alexander 's Ragtime Band Sons : Composers David Newman ( 1 nomination ) and Thomas Newman ( 14 nominations ) . Randy Newman ( 2 / 20 / 0 ) Nephew Music - Original Song Monsters , Inc . Lionel Newman ( 1 / 11 / 0 ) Brother Music - Scoring Hello , Dolly ! Brother Emil Newman has 1 nomination for Music - Scoring , making the Newmans the most - nominated family . Coppola 12 29 Francis Ford Coppola ( 5 / 14 / 1 ) Writing , Directing , Producing Patton Son Roman Coppola has one nomination . Spike Jonze ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) Son - in - law Writing her Ex-husband of Sofia Coppola Sofia Coppola ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Daughter Writing Lost in Translation Carmine Coppola ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Father Music - Scoring , Song The Godfather , Part II David Shire ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Brother - in - law Music - Original Song Norma Rae Was married to F.F.C. 's sister , Talia Shire , who has 2 nominations of her own . Nicolas Cage ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Nephew Actor Leaving Las Vegas Patricia Arquette ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Niece - in - law Actor Boyhood ex-wife of Nicolas Cage and ex-sister - in - law of James Newton Howard ( 8 nominations ) Farrow 9 39 Woody Allen ( 4 / 24 / 0 ) Directing , Writing Annie Hall Allen is married to André Previn 's daughter , Soon - Yi Previn , making him John Farrow 's grandson - in - law .",
"2": "In addition , Soon - Yi Previn 's mother , Mia Farrow , was previously married to Frank Sinatra ( 1 / 2 / 2 ) . André Previn ( 4 / 13 / 0 ) Father - in - law Music - Scoring , Song Gigi Married to John Farrow 's daughter , Mia Farrow . Shared 3 song nominations with his first wife , Dory Previn . John Farrow ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Grandfather - in - law Writing Around the World in 80 Days Coen 5 19 Ethan Coen ( 4 / 14 / 0 ) Writing , Directing , Producing Fargo All awards and nominations shared with Joel Coen ( except Best Picture for Fargo ) ; includes two nominations with Joel Coen under their shared editing pseudonym `` Roderick Jaynes '' . Joel Coen ( 4 / 14 / 0 ) Brother Writing , Directing , Producing Fargo All awards and nominations shared with Ethan Coen ( except Best Director for Fargo ) ; includes two nominations with Ethan Coen under their shared editing pseudonym `` Roderick Jaynes '' .",
"3": "Frances McDormand ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) Sister - in - law Actress Fargo married to Joel Coen Voight 5 15 Angelina Jolie ( 1 / 2 / 1 ) Actress Girl , Interrupted Brad Pitt ( 1 / 6 / 0 ) Former Husband Producing 12 Years a Slave Billy Bob Thornton ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Former husband Writing Sling Blade Jon Voight ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) Father Actor Coming Home Selznick 5 13 David O. Selznick ( 2 / 8 / 1 ) Producing Gone With the Wind Jennifer Jones ( 1 / 5 / 0 ) Wife Actress Song of Bernadette Louis B. Mayer ( 0 / 0 / 1 ) Father - in - law Honorary DeMille 5 7 Cecil B. DeMille ( 1 / 3 / 2 ) Producer The Greatest Show on Earth Anthony Quinn ( 2 / 4 / 0 ) Son - In - Law Actor Viva Zapata ! Zanuck 5 Darryl F. Zanuck ( 0 / 1 / 3 ) Honorary Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Richard Zanuck ( 1 / 3 / 1 ) Son Producer Driving Miss Daisy Lili Fini Zanuck ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Daughter - in - law Producer Driving Miss Daisy Huston 21 John Huston ( 2 / 14 / 0 ) Director , Screenplay The Treasure of the Sierra Madre Directed both his father and daughter 's award - winning performances .",
"4": "Walter Huston ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) Father Actor The Treasure of the Sierra Madre Anjelica Huston ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Daughter Actress Prizzi 's Honor Brother Tony Huston was nominated for Writing for The Dead Bergman 17 Ingrid Bergman ( 3 / 7 / 0 ) Actress Gaslight Husband Roberto Rossellini has one nomination ( Screenplay ) Martin Scorsese ( 1 / 10 / 0 ) Son - in - law Director The Departed Was married to I.B. 's daughter Isabella Rossellini Horner 13 James Horner ( 2 / 10 / 0 ) Composer Titanic Harry Horner ( 2 / 3 / 0 ) Father Art Direction The Heiress Minkler 12 Michael Minkler ( 3 / 11 / 0 ) Sound Black Hawk Down nominated with uncles Bob Minkler and Lee Minkler for Sound work on Tron , one of only two instances of 3 family members sharing a nomination in the same category Bob Minkler ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Uncle Sound Star Wars Episode IV Ferrer 12 George Clooney ( 2 / 8 / 0 ) Actor Syriana José Ferrer ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Uncle Actor Cyrano de Bergerac was married to George Clooney 's aunt , singer / actress Rosemary Clooney Martin Balsam ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) father - in - law Actor A Thousand Clowns father of George Clooney 's ex-wife , Talia Balsam Fonda 10 Jane Fonda ( 2 / 7 / 0 ) Actress Klute Brother Peter Fonda has two nominations ( Screenplay and Actor ) Henry Fonda ( 1 / 3 / 1 ) Father Actor On Golden Pond First wife Margaret Sullavan had 1 nomination .",
"5": "Guggenheim 10 Charles Guggenheim ( 3 / 9 / 0 ) Short Subject - Live Action Robert Kennedy Remembered Davis Guggenheim ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Son Documentary - Feature Length An Inconvenient Truth Wife Elisabeth Shue has 1 nomination . Stevens 10 George Stevens ( 2 / 9 / 1 ) Director , Producer A Place in the Sun George Stevens , Jr. ( 0 / 1 / 1 ) Son Documentarian , Producer Honorary Garland 7 Judy Garland ( 0 / 2 / 1 ) Honorary - Juvenile Performance The Wizard of Oz Liza Minnelli ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Daughter Actress Cabaret Only winner with two winning parents Vincente Minnelli ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Husband Director Gigi Peter Allen ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Son - in - law Songwriter Arthur Wife Liza Minnelli was featured in Arthur Douglas 6 Michael Douglas ( 2 / 2 / 0 ) Producer , Actor One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Kirk Douglas ( 0 / 3 / 1 ) Father Actor Honorary Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Wife Actress Chicago Ustinov 7 Peter Ustinov ( 2 / 4 / 0 ) Acting Spartacus Was married to Angela Lansbury 's half - sister , Isolde Denham . Angela Lansbury ( 0 / 3 / 1 ) Sister - in - law Actress Honorary Magnusson 7 Kim Magnusson ( 2 / 5 / 0 ) Short Film Election Night Tivi Magnusson ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Father Short Film The New Tenants Kanin 7 Ruth Gordon ( 1 / 5 / 0 ) Acting Rosemary 's Baby married to Michael Kanin 's brother , Garson Kanin , sharing 3 writing nominations with him .",
"6": "Michael Kanin ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Brother - in - law Writing Woman of the Year shared one nomination with wife Fay Kanin Kress 6 Harold Kress ( 2 / 6 / 0 ) Film Editing How the West Was Won Carl Kress ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Son Film Editing The Towering Inferno shared the award with his father Pressburger 5 Emeric Pressburger ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) Writing 49th Parallel Kevin Macdonald ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Grandson Documentary - Feature Length One Day in September Rouse Russell Rouse ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Writing Pillow Talk Christopher Rouse ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Son Film Editing The Bourne Ultimatum Berri Claude Berri ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Short Film Le Poulet Thomas Langmann ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Son Producer The Artist Fisher Thomas L. Fisher ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Visual Effects Titanic Scott R. Fisher ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Son Visual effects Interstellar George Terry George ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Short Film The Shore Oorlagh George ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Daughter Short Film The Shore Siblings ( edit ) The Sherman Brothers shared all their nominations and awards . The Coen brothers have shared all of their awards and 12 of their nominations ( including two nominations under the pseudonym Roderick Jaynes ) ; each received an individual nomination for Fargo . Sisters Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine were both nominated for Best Actress in 1942 , with Fontaine winning for Suspicion . They are the only siblings to have both won lead acting awards , and the only pair of sisters to have awards . Sisters Vanessa and Lynn Redgrave were both nominated for Best Actress in 1966 ( for Morgan -- A Suitable Case for Treatment and Georgy Girl , respectively ) , both losing to Elizabeth Taylor in Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ) .",
"7": "There are three sets of twins on the list : Julius / Philip G. Epstein Richard / Paul Sylbert Wolfgang / Christoph Lauenstein Name Awards / Wins / Nominations / Honorary Earliest Winning Film Name Awards / Wins / Nominations / Honorary Earliest Winning Film Combined Awards / Nominations Douglas Shearer Sound / Special Effects ( 14 / 28 / 0 ) The Big House Norma Shearer Actress ( 1 / 5 / 0 ) The Divorcee 15 / 33 Alfred Newman Composer ( 9 / 45 / 0 ) Alexander 's Ragtime Band Lionel Newman Composer ( 1 / 11 / 0 ) Hello , Dolly ! 10 / 56 Herman Mankiewicz Writing ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Citizen Kane Joseph Mankiewicz Directing , Writing ( 4 / 9 / 0 ) A Letter to Three Wives 5 / 11 Ethan Coen Producing , Directing , Writing , Editing ( 4 / 14 / 0 ) Fargo Joel Coen Producing , Directing , Writing , Editing ( 4 / 14 / 0 ) Fargo 4 / 15 Shirley MacLaine Actress ( 1 / 6 / 0 ) Terms of Endearment Warren Beatty Directing , Honorary ( 1 / 13 / 1 ) Reds 3 / 19 Joan Fontaine Actress ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Suspicion Olivia de Havilland Actress ( 2 / 5 / 0 ) To Each His Own 3 / 8 Richard Sylbert Art Direction ( 2 / 6 / 0 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ?",
"8": "Paul Sylbert Art Direction ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Heaven Can Wait 3 / 8 Neil Corbould Visual Effects ( 2 / 4 / 0 ) Gladiator Chris Corbould Visual Effects ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Inception 3 / 7 Denis Sanders Short Film ( 2 / 2 / 0 ) A Time Out of War Terry Sanders Short Film ( 2 / 5 / 0 ) A Time Out of War 3 / 6 Bub Asman Sound Editing ( 2 / 5 / 0 ) Letters From Iwo Jima John Asman Technical Achievement ( 0 / 0 / 1 ) 3 / 5 Ben Affleck Writing , Producing ( 2 / 2 / 0 ) Good Will Hunting Casey Affleck Actor ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Manchester by the Sea 3 / 4 James Goldman Writing ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) The Lion in Winter William Goldman Writing ( 2 / 2 / 0 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 3 / 3 Richard Sherman Music ( 2 / 9 / 0 ) Mary Poppins Robert B. Sherman Music ( 2 / 9 / 0 ) Mary Poppins 2 / 9 Ethel Barrymore Actress ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) None But the Lonely Heart Lionel Barrymore Actor ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) A Free Soul 2 / 6 Todd Boekelheide Sound ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Amadeus Jay Boekelheide Sound Editing ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) The Right Stuff 2 / 3 Julius J. Epstein Writing ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) Casablanca Philip G.",
"9": "Epstein Writing ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Casablanca 1 / 4 Wolfgang Lauenstein Short Film ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Balance Christoph Lauenstein Short Film ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Balance 1 / 1 The Marx Brothers were cited in an honorary award given to Groucho Marx in 1973 . In addition to siblings mentioned directly above , these five sets of siblings share acting nominations : Maggie and Jake Gyllenhaal Meg and Jennifer Tilly Julia and Eric Roberts Jane and Peter Fonda River and Joaquin Phoenix Vanessa and Lynn Redgrave One winning family has two generations of nominated siblings : Sofia Coppola has won for writing and been nominated for best picture and best director , and her brother Roman Coppola has been nominated for writing . Their father Francis Ford Coppola , who has multiple wins , and his sister ( their aunt ) Talia Shire have also both been nominated . Couples ( edit ) These are the spouses who have won Academy Awards , though not necessarily while they were married . Only two couples have won awards for Best Actor / Actress : Laurence Olivier / Vivien Leigh and Joanne Woodward / Paul Newman . Michael Douglas / Catherine Zeta - Jones and Nicolas Cage / Patricia Arquette have Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress wins . Javier Bardem and Penélope Cruz share Best Supporting awards . Three couples have been nominated for performances in the same film : Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne for The Guardsman ; Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester for Witness for the Prosecution ; Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor for Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? . Only one couple has ever competed head - to - head for the same award . In 2010 , Kathryn Bigelow won for directing / producing The Hurt Locker , beating ex-spouse James Cameron , nominated for his film Avatar . Julie Andrews , Lauren Bacall , and Angelina Jolie have each been married to two other winners ( Tony Walton / Blake Edwards , Humphrey Bogart / Jason Robards , and Billy Bob Thornton / Brad Pitt , respectively ) .",
"10": "Judy Garland / Vincente Minnelli and Liza Minnelli / Peter Allen constitute the only instance in which a member of a winning couple ( Liza Minnelli ) has a parent ( in this case , both parents ) who is also a member of a winning couple . Shared awards ( edit ) All the awards and nominations for these couples were for films they worked on together : Couple Earliest Winning Film Combined Awards / Nominations Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman Music - Original Song The Thomas Crown Affair 3 / 16 Charles Huguenot van der Linden Martina Huguenot van der Linden Short Documentary This Tiny World 1 / 2 Julia Phillips Michael Phillips Producer The Sting 1 / 2 Sean Fine Andrea Nix Fine Short Documentary Inocente 1 / 2 Ray McKinnon Lisa Blount Short Film The Accountant 1 / 1 Ben Shedd Jacqueline Phillips Shedd Short Documentary The Flight of the Gossamer Condor 1 / 1 Muriel Box Sydney Box Writing The Seventh Veil 1 / 1 Chris Innis Bob Murawski Film Editing The Hurt Locker 1 / 1 Earl W. Wallace Pamela Wallace Writing Witness 1 / 1 Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Songwriting Frozen 1 / 1 Sandy Reynolds - Wasco David Wasco Production Design La La Land 1 / 1 Separate awards ( edit ) Couples with at least one unshared award or nomination : Name Awards / Wins / Nominations / Honorary Earliest Winning Film Name Awards / Wins / Nominations / Honorary Earliest Winning Film Combined Awards / Nominations Joel Coen Director , Producer , Writer ( 4 / 14 / 0 ) Fargo Frances McDormand Actress ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) Fargo 5 / 18 Laurence Olivier Actor , Producer ( 2 / 11 / 1 ) Hamlet Vivien Leigh Actress ( 2 / 2 / 0 ) Gone with the Wind 5 / 13 James Cameron Director , Producer , Editor ( 3 / 6 / 0 ) Titanic Kathryn Bigelow Director ,",
"11": "Producer ( 2 / 3 / 0 ) The Hurt Locker 5 / 9 Joanne Woodward Actress ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) The Three Faces of Eve Paul Newman Actor ( 1 / 10 / 2 ) The Color of Money 4 / 14 Peter Jackson Director , Producer , Writer ( 3 / 9 / 0 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Fran Walsh Producer , Writer , Original Song ( 3 / 7 / 0 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 4 / 10 Elizabeth Taylor Actress ( 2 / 5 / 1 ) BUtterfield 8 Mike Todd Producer ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Around the World in 80 Days 4 / 6 David O.",
"12": "Selznick Producer ( 2 / 8 / 1 ) Gone with the Wind Jennifer Jones Actress ( 1 / 5 / 0 ) The Song of Bernadette 3 / 13 Holly Hunter Actress ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) The Piano Janusz Kamiński Cinematography ( 2 / 6 / 0 ) Schindler 's List 3 / 10 Dante Ferretti Art Direction ( 3 / 9 / 0 ) The Aviator Francesca Lo Schiavo Set Decoration ( 3 / 8 / 0 ) The Aviator 3 / 9 John Hubley Animated Short ( 3 / 7 / 0 ) Moonbird Faith Hubley Animated Short ( 2 / 6 / 0 ) The Hole 3 / 7 Tony Richardson Producer / Director ( 2 / 2 / 0 ) Tom Jones Vanessa Redgrave Actress ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) Julia 3 / 6 Helen Hayes Actress ( 2 / 2 / 0 ) The Sin of Madelon Claudet Charles MacArthur Writing ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) The Scoundrel 3 / 5 Billy Bob Thornton Writing ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Sling Blade Angelina Jolie Actress ( 1 / 2 / 1 ) Girl , Interrupted 3 / 5 Brad Pitt Producing ( 1 / 6 / 0 ) 12 Years a Slave 3 / 8 John Toll Cinematography ( 2 / 3 / 0 ) Legends of the Fall Lois Burwell Makeup ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Braveheart 3 / 5 Jason Robards Actor ( 2 / 3 / 0 ) All the President 's Men Lauren Bacall Honorary ( 0 / 1 / 1 ) 3 / 4 Humphrey Bogart Actor ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) The African Queen 2 / 4 Michael Douglas Producer ,",
"13": "Actor ( 2 / 2 / 0 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Catherine Zeta - Jones Supporting Actress ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Chicago 3 / 3 Douglas Fairbanks Honorary ( 0 / 0 / 1 ) Mary Pickford Actress ( 1 / 1 / 1 ) Coquette 3 / 1 Anne Bancroft Actress ( 1 / 5 / 0 ) The Miracle Worker Mel Brooks Writing ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) The Producers 2 / 8 Julie Andrews Actress ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Mary Poppins Tony Walton Costume Design ( 1 / 5 / 0 ) All That Jazz 2 / 8 Blake Edwards Honorary ( 0 / 1 / 1 ) 2 / 4 Sam Mendes Director ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) American Beauty Kate Winslet Actress ( 1 / 6 / 0 ) The Reader 2 / 7 Taylor Hackford Short Film ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Teenage Father Helen Mirren Actress ( 1 / 5 / 0 ) The Queen 2 / 7 Spike Jonze Director , Producer , Writer , Actor ( 1 / 4 / 0 ) Her Sofia Coppola Director , Producer , Screenwriter ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Lost in Translation 2 / 7 George Miller Writer / Director / Producer ( 1 / 6 / 0 ) Happy Feet Margaret Sixel Editor ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Mad Max : Fury Road 2 / 7 Marcia Lucas Film Editing ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope George Lucas Honorary ( 0 / 4 / 1 ) Irving G.",
"14": "Thalberg Memorial Award 2 / 6 Javier Bardem Supporting Actor ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) No Country for Old Men Penélope Cruz Supporting Actress ( 1 / 3 / 0 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona 2 / 6 Judy Garland Honorary - Juvenile Performance ( 0 / 2 / 1 ) The Wizard of Oz Vincente Minnelli Director ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Gigi 2 / 4 Edna Anhalt Writing ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Panic in the Streets Edward Anhalt Writing ( 2 / 3 / 0 ) Panic in the Streets 2 / 3 Liza Minnelli Actress ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Cabaret Peter Allen Songwriter ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Arthur 2 / 3 William Friedkin Director ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) The French Connection Sherry Lansing Producer ( 0 / 1 / 1 ) Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award 2 / 3 Richard Zanuck Producer ( 1 / 3 / 1 ) Driving Miss Daisy Lili Fini Zanuck Producer ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Driving Miss Daisy 2 / 3 Callie Khouri Screenwriter ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Thelma and Louise T Bone Burnett Original Song ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Crazy Heart 2 / 3 Nicolas Cage Actor ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) Leaving Las Vegas Patricia Arquette Supporting Actress ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) Boyhood 2 / 3 Other ( edit ) Carl Laemmle Jr. ( 1 / 1 / 0 ) , who produced Best Picture winner All Quiet on the Western Front but was not nominated for the award because at the time the production company ( in this case Universal ) and not individual producers were nominated , and director William Wyler ( 3 / 14 / 1 ) ( Mrs. Miniver ) , were cousins .",
"15": "Susan Sarandon ( 1 / 5 / 0 ) ( Dead Man Walking ) has two children with former partner Tim Robbins ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) ( Mystic River ) . Robbins directed Sarandon in her winning performance in Dead Man Walking . Casey Affleck ( 1 / 2 / 0 ) ( The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and Manchester by the Sea ) is the brother of Ben Affleck ( 2 / 2 / 0 ) ( Good Will Hunting and Argo ) and brother - in - law of Joaquin Phoenix ( 0 / 3 / 0 ) ( Gladiator , Walk the Line , and The Master ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.filmsite.org/bestsuppactor.html ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` AMPAS Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0005572/bio ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0404154/bio Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' .",
"17": "IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` AMPAS Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( 5 September 2012 ) . `` Jeffrey Katzenberg , George Stevens Jr. , D.A. Pennebaker Win Academy Honors '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscars Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' .",
"18": "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0470927/ Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb .",
"19": "Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . To Groucho Marx in recognition of his brilliant creativity and for the unequalled achievements of the Marx Brothers in the art of motion picture comedy . Jump up ^ Robert Abele ; Jeryl Brunner ; Steve Daly ; Mari Kasanuki ; Mary Margaret ( 2012 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Your Oscar Night Starts Now ! '' . PARADE Magazine . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Trivia '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 16 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ http://www.filmsite.org/bestactor.html Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0401101/ Jump up ^ http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0886319/ Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0680182/ Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . awardsdatabase.oscars.org . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) NomineeID = 8270 Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . awardsdatabase.oscars.org . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) NomineeID = 8306 Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database -- John Toll '' . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database -- Lois Burwell '' . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences .",
"22": "Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference ckhouri was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference tburnett was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Awards page '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ http://www.filmsite.org/bestdirs1.html Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences .",
"23": "External links ( edit ) Oscars.Org Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Film Films Best Picture milestones Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Academy_Award-winning_families&oldid=812062034 '' Categories : Academy Awards lists Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with broken reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when is equilibrium reached in a chemical reaction
|
[
"when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reaction",
"in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system",
"when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reaction"
] |
{
"0": "Chemical equilibrium - wikipedia Chemical equilibrium Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a chemical reaction , chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time , so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system . Usually , this state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reaction . The reaction rates of the forward and backward reactions are generally not zero , but equal . Thus , there are no net changes in the concentrations of the reactant ( s ) and product ( s ) . Such a state is known as dynamic equilibrium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical introduction 2 Thermodynamics 2.1 Addition of reactants or products 2.2 Treatment of activity 2.3 Concentration quotients 2.4 Metastable mixtures 3 Pure substances 4 Multiple equilibria 5 Effect of temperature 6 Effect of electric and magnetic fields 7 Types of equilibrium 8 Composition of a mixture 8.1 Mass - balance equations 8.1. 1 Polybasic acids 8.1. 2 Solution and precipitation 8.2 Minimization of Gibbs energy 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Historical introduction ( edit ) Burette , a common laboratory apparatus for carrying out titration , an important experimental technique in equilibrium and analytical chemistry . The concept of chemical equilibrium was developed after Berthollet ( 1803 ) found that some chemical reactions are reversible . For any reaction mixture to exist at equilibrium , the rates of the forward and backward ( reverse ) reactions are equal .",
"1": "In the following chemical equation with arrows pointing both ways to indicate equilibrium , A and B are reactant chemical species , S and T are product species , and α , β , σ , and τ are the stoichiometric coefficients of the respective reactants and products : α A + β B ⇌ σ S + τ T The equilibrium concentration position of a reaction is said to lie `` far to the right '' if , at equilibrium , nearly all the reactants are consumed . Conversely the equilibrium position is said to be `` far to the left '' if hardly any product is formed from the reactants . Guldberg and Waage ( 1865 ) , building on Berthollet 's ideas , proposed the law of mass action : forward reaction rate = k + A α B β backward reaction rate = k − S σ T τ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) ( \\ ce ( forward ~ reaction ~ rate ) ) & = k_ ( + ) ( \\ ce ( A ) ) ^ ( \\ alpha ) ( \\ ce ( B ) ) ^ ( \\ beta ) \\ \\ ( \\ ce ( backward ~ reaction ~ rate ) ) & = k_ ( - ) ( \\ ce ( S ) ) ^ ( \\ sigma ) ( \\ ce ( T ) ) ^ ( \\ tau ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) where A , B , S and T are active masses and k and k are rate constants . Since at equilibrium forward and backward rates are equal : k + ( A ) α ( B ) β = k − ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ( \\ displaystyle k_ ( + ) \\ left \\ ( ( \\ ce ( A ) ) \\ right \\ ) ^ ( \\ alpha ) \\ left \\ ( ( \\ ce ( B ) ) \\ right \\ ) ^ ( \\ beta ) = k_ ( - ) \\ left \\ ( ( \\ ce ( S ) ) \\ right \\ ) ^ ( \\ sigma ) \\ left \\ ( ( \\ ce ( T ) ) \\ right \\ ) ^ ( \\ tau ) \\ , ) and the ratio of the rate constants is also a constant , now known as an equilibrium constant .",
"2": "K c = k + k − = ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ( A ) α ( B ) β ( \\ displaystyle K_ ( c ) = ( \\ frac ( k_ ( + ) ) ( k_ ( - ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ ( ( \\ ce ( S ) ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ sigma ) \\ ( ( \\ ce ( T ) ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ tau ) ) ( \\ ( ( \\ ce ( A ) ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ alpha ) \\ ( ( \\ ce ( B ) ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ beta ) ) ) ) By convention the products form the numerator . However , the law of mass action is valid only for concerted one - step reactions that proceed through a single transition state and is not valid in general because rate equations do not , in general , follow the stoichiometry of the reaction as Guldberg and Waage had proposed ( see , for example , nucleophilic aliphatic substitution by S 1 or reaction of hydrogen and bromine to form hydrogen bromide ) . Equality of forward and backward reaction rates , however , is a necessary condition for chemical equilibrium , though it is not sufficient to explain why equilibrium occurs . Despite the failure of this derivation , the equilibrium constant for a reaction is indeed a constant , independent of the activities of the various species involved , though it does depend on temperature as observed by the van ' t Hoff equation . Adding a catalyst will affect both the forward reaction and the reverse reaction in the same way and will not have an effect on the equilibrium constant . The catalyst will speed up both reactions thereby increasing the speed at which equilibrium is reached . Although the macroscopic equilibrium concentrations are constant in time , reactions do occur at the molecular level . For example , in the case of acetic acid dissolved in water and forming acetate and hydronium ions , CH CO H + H O ⇌ CH CO + H O a proton may hop from one molecule of acetic acid on to a water molecule and then on to an acetate anion to form another molecule of acetic acid and leaving the number of acetic acid molecules unchanged . This is an example of dynamic equilibrium . Equilibria , like the rest of thermodynamics , are statistical phenomena , averages of microscopic behavior .",
"3": "Le Châtelier 's principle ( 1884 ) gives an idea of the behavior of an equilibrium system when changes to its reaction conditions occur . If a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions , the position of equilibrium moves to partially reverse the change . For example , adding more S from the outside will cause an excess of products , and the system will try to counteract this by increasing the reverse reaction and pushing the equilibrium point backward ( though the equilibrium constant will stay the same ) . If mineral acid is added to the acetic acid mixture , increasing the concentration of hydronium ion , the amount of dissociation must decrease as the reaction is driven to the left in accordance with this principle . This can also be deduced from the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction : K = ( CH 3 CO 2 − ) ( H 3 O + ) ( CH 3 CO 2 H ) ( \\ displaystyle K = ( \\ frac ( \\ ( ( \\ ce ( CH3CO2 - ) ) \\ ) \\ ( ( \\ ce ( H3O+ ) ) \\ ) ) ( ( \\ ce ( \\ ( CH3CO2H \\ ) ) ) ) ) ) If ( H O ) increases ( CH CO H ) must increase and CH CO must decrease . The H O is left out , as it is the solvent and its concentration remains high and nearly constant . A quantitative version is given by the reaction quotient . J.W. Gibbs suggested in 1873 that equilibrium is attained when the Gibbs free energy of the system is at its minimum value ( assuming the reaction is carried out at constant temperature and pressure ) . What this means is that the derivative of the Gibbs energy with respect to reaction coordinate ( a measure of the extent of reaction that has occurred , ranging from zero for all reactants to a maximum for all products ) vanishes , signalling a stationary point . This derivative is called the reaction Gibbs energy ( or energy change ) and corresponds to the difference between the chemical potentials of reactants and products at the composition of the reaction mixture . This criterion is both necessary and sufficient . If a mixture is not at equilibrium , the liberation of the excess Gibbs energy ( or Helmholtz energy at constant volume reactions ) is the `` driving force '' for the composition of the mixture to change until equilibrium is reached .",
"4": "The equilibrium constant can be related to the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction by the equation Δ r G ⊖ = − R T ln K eq ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta _ ( r ) G ^ ( \\ ominus ) = - RT \\ ln K_ ( ( \\ ce ( eq ) ) ) ) where R is the universal gas constant and T the temperature . When the reactants are dissolved in a medium of high ionic strength the quotient of activity coefficients may be taken to be constant . In that case the concentration quotient , K , K c = ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ( A ) α ( B ) β ( \\ displaystyle K_ ( \\ ce ( c ) ) = ( \\ frac ( ( ( \\ ce ( S ) ) ) ^ ( \\ sigma ) ( ( \\ ce ( T ) ) ) ^ ( \\ tau ) ) ( ( ( \\ ce ( A ) ) ) ^ ( \\ alpha ) ( ( \\ ce ( B ) ) ) ^ ( \\ beta ) ) ) ) where ( A ) is the concentration of A , etc. , is independent of the analytical concentration of the reactants . For this reason , equilibrium constants for solutions are usually determined in media of high ionic strength . K varies with ionic strength , temperature and pressure ( or volume ) . Likewise K for gases depends on partial pressure . These constants are easier to measure and encountered in high - school chemistry courses . Thermodynamics ( edit ) At constant temperature and pressure , one must consider the Gibbs free energy , G , while at constant temperature and volume , one must consider the Helmholtz free energy : A , for the reaction ; and at constant internal energy and volume , one must consider the entropy for the reaction : S . The constant volume case is important in geochemistry and atmospheric chemistry where pressure variations are significant . Note that , if reactants and products were in standard state ( completely pure ) , then there would be no reversibility and no equilibrium . Indeed , they would necessarily occupy disjoint volumes of space . The mixing of the products and reactants contributes a large entropy ( known as entropy of mixing ) to states containing equal mixture of products and reactants . The standard Gibbs energy change , together with the Gibbs energy of mixing , determine the equilibrium state . In this article only the constant pressure case is considered .",
"5": "The relation between the Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant can be found by considering chemical potentials . At constant temperature and pressure , the Gibbs free energy , G , for the reaction depends only on the extent of reaction : ξ ( Greek letter xi ) , and can only decrease according to the second law of thermodynamics . It means that the derivative of G with ξ must be negative if the reaction happens ; at the equilibrium the derivative being equal to zero . ( d G d ξ ) T , p = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( dG ) ( d \\ xi ) ) \\ right ) _ ( T , p ) = 0 ~ ) : equilibrium In order to meet the thermodynamic condition for equilibrium , the Gibbs energy must be stationary , meaning that the derivative of G with respect to the extent of reaction : ξ , must be zero . It can be shown that in this case , the sum of chemical potentials of the products is equal to the sum of those corresponding to the reactants . Therefore , the sum of the Gibbs energies of the reactants must be the equal to the sum of the Gibbs energies of the products . α μ A + β μ B = σ μ S + τ μ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) + \\ beta \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) = \\ sigma \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( S ) ) + \\ tau \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( T ) ) \\ , ) where μ is in this case a partial molar Gibbs energy , a chemical potential . The chemical potential of a reagent A is a function of the activity , ( A ) of that reagent . μ A = μ A ⊖ + R T ln ( A ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) = \\ mu _ ( A ) ^ ( \\ ominus ) + RT \\ ln \\ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) \\ ) \\ , ) ( where μ is the standard chemical potential ) .",
"6": "The definition of the Gibbs energy equation interacts with the fundamental thermodynamic relation to produce d G = V d p − S d T + ∑ i = 1 k μ i d N i ( \\ displaystyle dG = Vdp - SdT+ \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \\ mu _ ( i ) dN_ ( i ) ) . Inserting dN = ν dξ into the above equation gives a Stoichiometric coefficient ( ν i ( \\ displaystyle \\ nu _ ( i ) ~ ) ) and a differential that denotes the reaction occurring once ( dξ ) . At constant pressure and temperature the above equations can be written as ( d G d ξ ) T , p = ∑ i = 1 k μ i ν i = Δ r G T , p ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( dG ) ( d \\ xi ) ) \\ right ) _ ( T , p ) = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \\ mu _ ( i ) \\ nu _ ( i ) = \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) ) which is the `` Gibbs free energy change for the reaction . This results in : Δ r G T , p = σ μ S + τ μ T − α μ A − β μ B ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) = \\ sigma \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( S ) ) + \\ tau \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( T ) ) - \\ alpha \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) - \\ beta \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) \\ , ) . By substituting the chemical potentials : Δ r G T , p = ( σ μ S ⊖ + τ μ T ⊖ ) − ( α μ A ⊖ + β μ B ⊖ ) + ( σ R T ln ( S ) + τ R T ln ( T ) ) − ( α R T ln ( A ) + β R T ln ( B ) ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T ,",
"7": "p ) = ( \\ sigma \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( S ) ) ^ ( \\ ominus ) + \\ tau \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( T ) ) ^ ( \\ ominus ) ) - ( \\ alpha \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) ^ ( \\ ominus ) + \\ beta \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) ^ ( \\ ominus ) ) + ( \\ sigma RT \\ ln \\ ( \\ mathrm ( S ) \\ ) + \\ tau RT \\ ln \\ ( \\ mathrm ( T ) \\ ) ) - ( \\ alpha RT \\ ln \\ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) \\ ) + \\ beta RT \\ ln \\ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) \\ ) ) ) , the relationship becomes : Δ r G T , p = ∑ i = 1 k μ i ⊖ ν i + R T ln ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ( A ) α ( B ) β ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \\ mu _ ( i ) ^ ( \\ ominus ) \\ nu _ ( i ) + RT \\ ln ( \\ frac ( \\ ( \\ mathrm ( S ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ sigma ) \\ ( \\ mathrm ( T ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ tau ) ) ( \\ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ alpha ) \\ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ beta ) ) ) ) ∑ i = 1 k μ i ⊖ ν i = Δ r G ⊖ ( \\ displaystyle \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \\ mu _ ( i ) ^ ( \\ ominus ) \\ nu _ ( i ) = \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \\ ominus ) ) : which is the standard Gibbs energy change for the reaction that can be calculated using thermodynamical tables .",
"8": "The reaction quotient is defined as : Q r = ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ( A ) α ( B ) β ( \\ displaystyle Q_ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ ( \\ mathrm ( S ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ sigma ) \\ ( \\ mathrm ( T ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ tau ) ) ( \\ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ alpha ) \\ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ beta ) ) ) ) Therefore , ( d G d ξ ) T , p = Δ r G T , p = Δ r G ⊖ + R T ln Q r ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( dG ) ( d \\ xi ) ) \\ right ) _ ( T , p ) = \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) = \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \\ ominus ) + RT \\ ln Q_ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) ) At equilibrium : ( d G d ξ ) T , p = Δ r G T , p = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( dG ) ( d \\ xi ) ) \\ right ) _ ( T , p ) = \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) = 0 ) leading to : 0 = Δ r G ⊖ + R T ln K e q ( \\ displaystyle 0 = \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \\ ominus ) + RT \\ ln K_ ( \\ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) and Δ r G ⊖ = − R T ln K e q ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \\ ominus ) = - RT \\ ln K_ ( \\ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) Obtaining the value of the standard Gibbs energy change , allows the calculation of the equilibrium constant . Addition of reactants or products ( edit ) For a reactional system at equilibrium : Q = K ; ξ = ξ .",
"9": "If are modified activities of constituents , the value of the reaction quotient changes and becomes different from the equilibrium constant : Q ≠ K ( d G d ξ ) T , p = Δ r G ⊖ + R T ln Q r ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( dG ) ( d \\ xi ) ) \\ right ) _ ( T , p ) = \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \\ ominus ) + RT \\ ln Q_ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) ~ ) and Δ r G ⊖ = − R T ln K e q ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta _ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \\ ominus ) = - RT \\ ln K_ ( eq ) ~ ) then ( d G d ξ ) T , p = R T ln ( Q r K e q ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( dG ) ( d \\ xi ) ) \\ right ) _ ( T , p ) = RT \\ ln \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( Q_ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) ) ( K_ ( \\ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) ) \\ right ) ~ ) If activity of a reagent i increases Q r = ∏ ( a j ) ν j ∏ ( a i ) ν i ( \\ displaystyle Q_ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ prod ( a_ ( j ) ) ^ ( \\ nu _ ( j ) ) ) ( \\ prod ( a_ ( i ) ) ^ ( \\ nu _ ( i ) ) ) ) ~ ) , the reaction quotient decreases . then Q r < K e q ( \\ displaystyle Q_ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) < K_ ( \\ mathrm ( eq ) ) ~ ) and ( d G d ξ ) T , p < 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( dG ) ( d \\ xi ) ) \\ right ) _ ( T , p ) < 0 ~ ) The reaction will shift to the right ( i.e. in the forward direction , and thus more products will form ) .",
"10": "If activity of a product j increases then Q r > K e q ( \\ displaystyle Q_ ( \\ mathrm ( r ) ) > K_ ( \\ mathrm ( eq ) ) ~ ) and ( d G d ξ ) T , p > 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( dG ) ( d \\ xi ) ) \\ right ) _ ( T , p ) > 0 ~ ) The reaction will shift to the left ( i.e. in the reverse direction , and thus less products will form ) . Note that activities and equilibrium constants are dimensionless numbers . Treatment of activity ( edit ) The expression for the equilibrium constant can be rewritten as the product of a concentration quotient , K and an activity coefficient quotient , Γ . K = ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ... ( A ) α ( B ) β ... × γ S σ γ T τ ... γ A α γ B β ... = K c Γ ( \\ displaystyle K = ( \\ frac ( ( \\ mathrm ( S ) ) ^ ( \\ sigma ) ( \\ mathrm ( T ) ) ^ ( \\ tau ) ... ) ( ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) ^ ( \\ alpha ) ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) ^ ( \\ beta ) ... ) ) \\ times ( \\ frac ( ( \\ gamma _ ( \\ mathrm ( S ) ) ) ^ ( \\ sigma ) ( \\ gamma _ ( \\ mathrm ( T ) ) ) ^ ( \\ tau ) ... ) ( ( \\ gamma _ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) ) ^ ( \\ alpha ) ( \\ gamma _ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) ) ^ ( \\ beta ) ... ) ) = K_ ( \\ mathrm ( c ) ) \\ Gamma ) ( A ) is the concentration of reagent A , etc . It is possible in principle to obtain values of the activity coefficients , γ . For solutions , equations such as the Debye -- Hückel equation or extensions such as Davies equation Specific ion interaction theory or Pitzer equations may be used. . However this is not always possible . It is common practice to assume that Γ is a constant , and to use the concentration quotient in place of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant . It is also general practice to use the term equilibrium constant instead of the more accurate concentration quotient . This practice will be followed here .",
"11": "For reactions in the gas phase partial pressure is used in place of concentration and fugacity coefficient in place of activity coefficient . In the real world , for example , when making ammonia in industry , fugacity coefficients must be taken into account . Fugacity , f , is the product of partial pressure and fugacity coefficient . The chemical potential of a species in the gas phase is given by μ = μ ⊖ + R T ln ( f b a r ) = μ ⊖ + R T ln ( p b a r ) + R T ln γ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mu = \\ mu ^ ( \\ ominus ) + RT \\ ln \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( f ) ( \\ mathrm ( bar ) ) ) \\ right ) = \\ mu ^ ( \\ ominus ) + RT \\ ln \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( p ) ( \\ mathrm ( bar ) ) ) \\ right ) + RT \\ ln \\ gamma ) so the general expression defining an equilibrium constant is valid for both solution and gas phases . Concentration quotients ( edit ) In aqueous solution , equilibrium constants are usually determined in the presence of an `` inert '' electrolyte such as sodium nitrate NaNO or potassium perchlorate KClO . The ionic strength of a solution is given by I = 1 2 ∑ i = 1 N c i z i 2 ( \\ displaystyle I = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) c_ ( i ) z_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) where c and z stand for the concentration and ionic charge of ion type i , and the sum is taken over all the N types of charged species in solution . When the concentration of dissolved salt is much higher than the analytical concentrations of the reagents , the ions originating from the dissolved salt determine the ionic strength , and the ionic strength is effectively constant . Since activity coefficients depend on ionic strength the activity coefficients of the species are effectively independent of concentration . Thus , the assumption that Γ is constant is justified . The concentration quotient is a simple multiple of the equilibrium constant .",
"12": "K c = K Γ ( \\ displaystyle K_ ( \\ mathrm ( c ) ) = ( \\ frac ( K ) ( \\ Gamma ) ) ) However , K will vary with ionic strength . If it is measured at a series of different ionic strengths the value can be extrapolated to zero ionic strength . The concentration quotient obtained in this manner is known , paradoxically , as a thermodynamic equilibrium constant . To use a published value of an equilibrium constant in conditions of ionic strength different from the conditions used in its determination , the value should be adjusted . Metastable mixtures ( edit ) A mixture may appear to have no tendency to change , though it is not at equilibrium . For example , a mixture of SO and O is metastable as there is a kinetic barrier to formation of the product , SO . 2 SO + O ⇌ 2 SO The barrier can be overcome when a catalyst is also present in the mixture as in the contact process , but the catalyst does not affect the equilibrium concentrations . Likewise , the formation of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide and water is very slow under normal conditions CO + 2 H O ⇌ HCO + H O but almost instantaneous in the presence of the catalytic enzyme carbonic anhydrase . Pure substances ( edit ) When pure substances ( liquids or solids ) are involved in equilibria their activities do not appear in the equilibrium constant because their numerical values are considered one .",
"13": "Applying the general formula for an equilibrium constant to the specific case of a dilute solution of acetic acid in water one obtains CH CO H + H O ⇌ CH CO + H O K c = ( C H 3 C O 2 − ) ( H 3 O + ) ( C H 3 C O 2 H ) ( H 2 O ) ( \\ displaystyle K_ ( \\ mathrm ( c ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ mathrm ( ( ( CH_ ( 3 ) CO_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( - ) ) ( ( H_ ( 3 ) O ) ^ ( + ) ) ) ) ( \\ mathrm ( ( ( CH_ ( 3 ) CO_ ( 2 ) H ) ) ( ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ) ) For all but very concentrated solutions , the water can be considered a `` pure '' liquid , and therefore it has an activity of one . The equilibrium constant expression is therefore usually written as K = ( C H 3 C O 2 − ) ( H 3 O + ) ( C H 3 C O 2 H ) = K c ( \\ displaystyle K = ( \\ frac ( \\ mathrm ( ( ( CH_ ( 3 ) CO_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( - ) ) ( ( H_ ( 3 ) O ) ^ ( + ) ) ) ) ( \\ mathrm ( ( ( CH_ ( 3 ) CO_ ( 2 ) H ) ) ) ) ) = K_ ( \\ mathrm ( c ) ) ) . A particular case is the self - ionization of water itself 2 H O ⇌ H O + OH Because water is the solvent , and has an activity of one , the self - ionization constant of water is defined as K w = ( H + ) ( O H − ) ( \\ displaystyle K_ ( \\ mathrm ( w ) ) = \\ mathrm ( ( H ^ ( + ) ) ( OH ^ ( - ) ) ) ) It is perfectly legitimate to write ( H ) for the hydronium ion concentration , since the state of solvation of the proton is constant ( in dilute solutions ) and so does not affect the equilibrium concentrations . K varies with variation in ionic strength and / or temperature .",
"14": "The concentrations of H and OH are not independent quantities . Most commonly ( OH ) is replaced by K ( H ) in equilibrium constant expressions which would otherwise include hydroxide ion . Solids also do not appear in the equilibrium constant expression , if they are considered to be pure and thus their activities taken to be one . An example is the Boudouard reaction : 2 CO ⇌ CO + C for which the equation ( without solid carbon ) is written as : K c = ( C O 2 ) ( C O ) 2 ( \\ displaystyle K_ ( \\ mathrm ( c ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ mathrm ( ( CO_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( \\ mathrm ( ( CO ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) Multiple equilibria ( edit ) Consider the case of a dibasic acid H A. When dissolved in water , the mixture will contain H A , HA and A . This equilibrium can be split into two steps in each of which one proton is liberated . H 2 A ↽ − − ⇀ HA − + H + : K 1 = ( HA − ) ( H + ) ( H 2 A ) HA − ↽ − − ⇀ A 2 − + H + : K 2 = ( A 2 − ) ( H + ) ( HA − ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( array ) ( rl ) ( \\ ce ( H2A < = > ( HA ^ ( - ) ) + ( H+ ) ) ) : &K_ ( 1 ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ ce ( ( HA - ) ( H+ ) ) ) ( \\ ce ( ( H2A ) ) ) ) \\ \\ ( \\ ce ( HA - < = > ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) + ( H+ ) ) ) : &K_ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ ce ( ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) ( H+ ) ) ) ( \\ ce ( ( HA - ) ) ) ) \\ end ( array ) ) ) K and K are examples of stepwise equilibrium constants . The overall equilibrium constant , β , is product of the stepwise constants .",
"15": "H 2 A ↽ − − ⇀ A 2 − + 2 H + ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( ( H2A ) < = > ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) + ( 2H+ ) ) ) ) : β D = ( A 2 − ) ( H + ) 2 ( H 2 A ) = K 1 K 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta _ ( ( \\ ce ( D ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( ( \\ ce ( ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) ( H ^ + ) ^ 2 ) ) ) ( ( \\ ce ( ( H_2A ) ) ) ) ) = K_ ( 1 ) K_ ( 2 ) ) Note that these constants are dissociation constants because the products on the right hand side of the equilibrium expression are dissociation products . In many systems , it is preferable to use association constants . A 2 − + H + ↽ − − ⇀ HA − : β 1 = ( HA − ) ( A 2 − ) ( H + ) A 2 − + 2 H + ↽ − − ⇀ H 2 A : β 2 = ( H 2 A ) ( A 2 − ) ( H + ) 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( array ) ( ll ) ( \\ ce ( ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) + ( H+ ) < = > HA - ) ) : & \\ beta _ ( 1 ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ ce ( ( HA ^ ( - ) ) ) ) ( \\ ce ( ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) ( H+ ) ) ) ) \\ \\ ( \\ ce ( ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) + ( 2H+ ) < = > H2A ) ) : & \\ beta _ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ ce ( ( H2A ) ) ) ( \\ ce ( ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) ( H+ ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \\ end ( array ) ) ) β and β are examples of association constants . Clearly β = 1 / K and β = 1 / β ; log β = pK and log β = pK + pK For multiple equilibrium systems , also see : theory of Response reactions .",
"16": "Effect of temperature ( edit ) The effect of changing temperature on an equilibrium constant is given by the van ' t Hoff equation d ln K d T = Δ H m ⊖ R T 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d \\ ln K ) ( dT ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ Delta H_ ( \\ mathrm ( m ) ) ^ ( \\ ominus ) ) ( RT ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Thus , for exothermic reactions ( ΔH is negative ) , K decreases with an increase in temperature , but , for endothermic reactions , ( ΔH is positive ) K increases with an increase temperature . An alternative formulation is d ln K d ( T − 1 ) = − Δ H m ⊖ R ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d \\ ln K ) ( d ( T ^ ( - 1 ) ) ) ) = - ( \\ frac ( \\ Delta H_ ( \\ mathrm ( m ) ) ^ ( \\ ominus ) ) ( R ) ) ) At first sight this appears to offer a means of obtaining the standard molar enthalpy of the reaction by studying the variation of K with temperature . In practice , however , the method is unreliable because error propagation almost always gives very large errors on the values calculated in this way . Effect of electric and magnetic fields ( edit ) The effect of electric field on equilibrium has been studied by Manfred Eigen among others .",
"17": "Types of equilibrium ( edit ) Haber -- Bosch process # N ( g ) ⇌ N ( adsorbed ) N ( adsorbed ) ⇌ 2 N ( adsorbed ) H ( g ) ⇌ H ( adsorbed ) H ( adsorbed ) ⇌ 2 H ( adsorbed ) N ( adsorbed ) + 3 H ( adsorbed ) ⇌ NH ( adsorbed ) NH ( adsorbed ) ⇌ NH ( g ) In the gas phase : rocket engines The industrial synthesis such as ammonia in the Haber -- Bosch process ( depicted right ) takes place through a succession of equilibrium steps including adsorption processes Atmospheric chemistry Seawater and other natural waters : chemical oceanography Distribution between two phases log D distribution coefficient : important for pharmaceuticals where lipophilicity is a significant property of a drug Liquid -- liquid extraction , Ion exchange , Chromatography Solubility product Uptake and release of oxygen by hemoglobin in blood Acid -- base equilibria : acid dissociation constant , hydrolysis , buffer solutions , indicators , acid -- base homeostasis Metal -- ligand complexation : sequestering agents , chelation therapy , MRI contrast reagents , Schlenk equilibrium Adduct formation : host -- guest chemistry , supramolecular chemistry , molecular recognition , dinitrogen tetroxide In certain oscillating reactions , the approach to equilibrium is not asymptotically but in the form of a damped oscillation . The related Nernst equation in electrochemistry gives the difference in electrode potential as a function of redox concentrations . When molecules on each side of the equilibrium are able to further react irreversibly in secondary reactions , the final product ratio is determined according to the Curtin -- Hammett principle . In these applications , terms such as stability constant , formation constant , binding constant , affinity constant , association / dissociation constant are used . In biochemistry , it is common to give units for binding constants , which serve to define the concentration units used when the constant 's value was determined . Composition of a mixture ( edit ) When the only equilibrium is that of the formation of a 1 : 1 adduct as the composition of a mixture , there are many ways that the composition of a mixture can be calculated .",
"18": "For example , see ICE table for a traditional method of calculating the pH of a solution of a weak acid . There are three approaches to the general calculation of the composition of a mixture at equilibrium . The most basic approach is to manipulate the various equilibrium constants until the desired concentrations are expressed in terms of measured equilibrium constants ( equivalent to measuring chemical potentials ) and initial conditions . Minimize the Gibbs energy of the system . Satisfy the equation of mass balance . The equations of mass balance are simply statements that demonstrate that the total concentration of each reactant must be constant by the law of conservation of mass . Mass - balance equations ( edit ) In general , the calculations are rather complicated or complex . For instance , in the case of a dibasic acid , H A dissolved in water the two reactants can be specified as the conjugate base , A , and the proton , H. The following equations of mass - balance could apply equally well to a base such as 1 , 2 - diaminoethane , in which case the base itself is designated as the reactant A : T A = ( A ) + ( H A ) + ( H 2 A ) ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) = \\ mathrm ( ( A ) + ( HA ) + ( H_ ( 2 ) A ) ) \\ , ) T H = ( H ) + ( H A ) + 2 ( H 2 A ) − ( O H ) ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( \\ mathrm ( H ) ) = \\ mathrm ( ( H ) + ( HA ) + 2 ( H_ ( 2 ) A ) - ( OH ) ) \\ , ) With T the total concentration of species A. Note that it is customary to omit the ionic charges when writing and using these equations . When the equilibrium constants are known and the total concentrations are specified there are two equations in two unknown `` free concentrations '' ( A ) and ( H ) .",
"19": "This follows from the fact that ( HA ) = β ( A ) ( H ) , ( H A ) = β ( A ) ( H ) and ( OH ) = K ( H ) T A = ( A ) + β 1 ( A ) ( H ) + β 2 ( A ) ( H ) 2 ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) = \\ mathrm ( ( A ) ) + \\ beta _ ( 1 ) \\ mathrm ( ( A ) ( H ) ) + \\ beta _ ( 2 ) \\ mathrm ( ( A ) ( H ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ , ) T H = ( H ) + β 1 ( A ) ( H ) + 2 β 2 ( A ) ( H ) 2 − K w ( H ) − 1 ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( \\ mathrm ( H ) ) = \\ mathrm ( ( H ) ) + \\ beta _ ( 1 ) \\ mathrm ( ( A ) ( H ) ) + 2 \\ beta _ ( 2 ) \\ mathrm ( ( A ) ( H ) ) ^ ( 2 ) - K_ ( w ) ( \\ mathrm ( H ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \\ , ) so the concentrations of the `` complexes '' are calculated from the free concentrations and the equilibrium constants .",
"20": "General expressions applicable to all systems with two reagents , A and B would be T A = ( A ) + ∑ i p i β i ( A ) p i ( B ) q i ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) = ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) + \\ sum _ ( i ) p_ ( i ) \\ beta _ ( i ) ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) ^ ( p_ ( i ) ) ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) ^ ( q_ ( i ) ) ) T B = ( B ) + ∑ i q i β i ( A ) p i ( B ) q i ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) = ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) + \\ sum _ ( i ) q_ ( i ) \\ beta _ ( i ) ( \\ mathrm ( A ) ) ^ ( p_ ( i ) ) ( \\ mathrm ( B ) ) ^ ( q_ ( i ) ) ) It is easy to see how this can be extended to three or more reagents . Polybasic acids ( edit ) Species concentrations during hydrolysis of the aluminium . The composition of solutions containing reactants A and H is easy to calculate as a function of p ( H ) . When ( H ) is known , the free concentration ( A ) is calculated from the mass - balance equation in A . The diagram alongside , shows an example of the hydrolysis of the aluminium Lewis acid Al shows the species concentrations for a 5 × 10 M solution of an aluminium salt as a function of pH . Each concentration is shown as a percentage of the total aluminium . Solution and precipitation ( edit ) The diagram above illustrates the point that a precipitate that is not one of the main species in the solution equilibrium may be formed . At pH just below 5.5 the main species present in a 5 μM solution of Al are aluminium hydroxides Al ( OH ) , AlOH and Al ( OH ) , but on raising the pH Al ( OH ) precipitates from the solution . This occurs because Al ( OH ) has a very large lattice energy . As the pH rises more and more Al ( OH ) comes out of solution .",
"21": "This is an example of Le Châtelier 's principle in action : Increasing the concentration of the hydroxide ion causes more aluminium hydroxide to precipitate , which removes hydroxide from the solution . When the hydroxide concentration becomes sufficiently high the soluble aluminate , Al ( OH ) , is formed . Another common instance where precipitation occurs is when a metal cation interacts with an anionic ligand to form an electrically neutral complex . If the complex is hydrophobic , it will precipitate out of water . This occurs with the nickel ion Ni and dimethylglyoxime , ( dmgH ) : in this case the lattice energy of the solid is not particularly large , but it greatly exceeds the energy of solvation of the molecule Ni ( dmgH ) . Minimization of Gibbs energy ( edit ) At equilibrium , at a specified temperature and pressure , the Gibbs energy G is at a minimum : d G = ∑ j = 1 m μ j d N j = 0 ( \\ displaystyle dG = \\ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \\ mu _ ( j ) \\ , dN_ ( j ) = 0 ) For a closed system , no particles may enter or leave , although they may combine in various ways . The total number of atoms of each element will remain constant . This means that the minimization above must be subjected to the constraints : ∑ j = 1 m a i j N j = b i 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) a_ ( ij ) N_ ( j ) = b_ ( i ) ^ ( 0 ) ) where a is the number of atoms of element i in molecule j and b is the total number of atoms of element i , which is a constant , since the system is closed . If there are a total of k types of atoms in the system , then there will be k such equations . If ions are involved , an additional row is added to the a matrix specifying the respective charge on each molecule which will sum to zero . This is a standard problem in optimisation , known as constrained minimisation . The most common method of solving it is using the method of Lagrange multipliers , also known as undetermined multipliers ( though other methods may be used ) .",
"22": "Define : G = G + ∑ i = 1 k λ i ( ∑ j = 1 m a i j N j − b i 0 ) = 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( G ) ) = G+ \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \\ lambda _ ( i ) \\ left ( \\ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) a_ ( ij ) N_ ( j ) - b_ ( i ) ^ ( 0 ) \\ right ) = 0 ) where the λ are the Lagrange multipliers , one for each element . This allows each of the N and λ to be treated independently , and it can be shown using the tools of multivariate calculus that the equilibrium condition is given by 0 = ∂ G ∂ N j = μ j + ∑ i = 1 k λ i a i j ( \\ displaystyle 0 = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( G ) ) ) ( \\ partial N_ ( j ) ) ) = \\ mu _ ( j ) + \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \\ lambda _ ( i ) a_ ( ij ) ) 0 = ∂ G ∂ λ i = ∑ j = 1 m a i j N j − b i 0 ( \\ displaystyle 0 = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( G ) ) ) ( \\ partial \\ lambda _ ( i ) ) ) = \\ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) a_ ( ij ) N_ ( j ) - b_ ( i ) ^ ( 0 ) ) ( For proof see Lagrange multipliers . ) This is a set of ( m + k ) equations in ( m + k ) unknowns ( the N and the λ ) and may , therefore , be solved for the equilibrium concentrations N as long as the chemical potentials are known as functions of the concentrations at the given temperature and pressure . ( See Thermodynamic databases for pure substances . ) Note that the second equation is just the initial constraints for minimization . This method of calculating equilibrium chemical concentrations is useful for systems with a large number of different molecules . The use of k atomic element conservation equations for the mass constraint is straightforward , and replaces the use of the stoichiometric coefficient equations.",
"23": ". The results are consistent with those specified by chemical equations . For example , if equilibrium is specified by a single chemical equation : , ∑ j = 0 m ν j R j = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ sum _ ( j = 0 ) ^ ( m ) \\ nu _ ( j ) R_ ( j ) = 0 ) where ν is the stochiometric coefficient for the j th molecule ( negative for reactants , positive for products ) and R is the symbol for the j th molecule , a properly balanced equation will obey : ∑ j = 1 m a i j ν j = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) a_ ( ij ) \\ nu _ ( j ) = 0 ) Multiplying the first equilibrium condition by ν yields 0 = ∑ j = 1 m ν j μ j + ∑ j = 1 m ∑ i = 1 k ν j λ i a i j = ∑ j = 1 m ν j μ j ( \\ displaystyle 0 = \\ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \\ nu _ ( j ) \\ mu _ ( j ) + \\ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \\ nu _ ( j ) \\ lambda _ ( i ) a_ ( ij ) = \\ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \\ nu _ ( j ) \\ mu _ ( j ) ) As above ,",
"24": "defining ΔG Δ G = ∑ j = 1 m ν j μ j = ∑ j = 1 m ν j ( μ j ⊖ + R T ln ( ( R j ) ) ) = Δ G ⊖ + R T ln ( ∏ j = 1 m ( R j ) ν j ) = Δ G ⊖ + R T ln ( Q r ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta G = \\ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \\ nu _ ( j ) \\ mu _ ( j ) = \\ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \\ nu _ ( j ) ( \\ mu _ ( j ) ^ ( \\ ominus ) + RT \\ ln ( \\ ( R_ ( j ) \\ ) ) ) = \\ Delta G ^ ( \\ ominus ) + RT \\ ln \\ left ( \\ prod _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \\ ( R_ ( j ) \\ ) ^ ( \\ nu _ ( j ) ) \\ right ) = \\ Delta G ^ ( \\ ominus ) + RT \\ ln ( Q_ ( r ) ) ) which will be zero at equilibrium . See also ( edit ) Acidosis Alkalosis Arterial blood gas Benesi -- Hildebrand method Determination of equilibrium constants Equilibrium constant Henderson -- Hasselbalch equation Michaelis -- Menten kinetics pCO pH pK Redox equilibria Steady state ( chemistry ) Thermodynamic databases for pure substances Non-random two - liquid model ( NRTL model ) - Phase equilibrium calculations UNIQUAC model - Phase equilibrium calculations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Atkins , Peter ; De Paula , Julio ( 2006 ) . Atkins ' Physical Chemistry ( 8th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . pp. 200 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8759 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Atkins , Peter W. ; Jones , Loretta . Chemical Principles : The Quest for Insight ( 2nd ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 9903 - 0 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` chemical equilibrium '' . Jump up ^ Berthollet , C.L. ( 1803 ) . Essai de statique chimique ( Essay on chemical statics ) ( in French ) . Paris , France : Firmin Didot . On pp. 404 -- 407 , Berthellot mentions that when he accompanied Napoleon on his expedition to Egypt , he ( Berthellot ) visited Lake Natron and found sodium carbonate along its shores . He realized that this was a product of the reverse of the usual reaction Na CO + CaCl → 2NaCl + CaCO ↓ and therefore that the final state of a reaction was a state of equilibrium between two opposing processes . From p. 405 : `` ... la décomposition du muriate de soude continue donc jusqu'à ce qu'il se soit formé assez de muriate de chaux , parce que l'acide muriatique devant se partager entre les deux bases en raison de leur action , il arrive un terme où leurs forces se balancent . '' ( ... the decomposition of the sodium chloride thus continues until enough calcium chloride is formed , because the hydrochloric acid must be shared between the two bases in the ratio of their action ( i.e. , capacity to react ) ; it reaches an end ( point ) at which their forces are balanced . ) Jump up ^ The notation ⇌ was proposed in 1884 by the Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff . See : van ' t Hoff , J.H. ( 1884 ) . Études de Dynamique Chemique ( Studies of chemical dynamics ) ( in French ) . Amsterdam , Netherlands : Frederik Muller & Co. pp. 4 -- 5 . Van ' t Hoff called reactions that did n't proceed to completion `` limited reactions '' . From pp. 4 -- 5 : `` Or M. Pfaundler a relié ces deux phénomênes ... s'accomplit en même temps dans deux sens opposés . '' ( Now Mr.",
"26": "Pfaundler has joined these two phenomena in a single concept by considering the observed limit as the result of two opposing reactions , driving the one in the example cited to the formation of sea salt ( i.e. , NaCl ) and nitric acid , ( and ) the other to hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrate . This consideration , which experiment validates , justifies the expression `` chemical equilibrium '' , which is used to characterize the final state of limited reactions . I would propose to translate this expression by the following symbol : HCl + NO Na ⇌ NO H + Cl Na . I thus replace , in this case , the = sign in the chemical equation by the sign ⇌ , which in reality does n't express just equality but shows also the direction of the reaction . This clearly expresses that a chemical action occurs simultaneously in two opposing directions . ) Jump up ^ Brady , James E. Chemistry : Matter and Its Changes ( 4th ed . ) . Fred Senese . ISBN 0 - 471 - 21517 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Mary Jane ( 1999 ) . `` Why Equilibrium ? Understanding Entropy of Mixing '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 76 ( 10 ) : 1391 . Bibcode : 1999JChEd ... 76.1391 S . doi : 10.1021 / ed076p1391 . Jump up ^ Clugston , Michael J. ( 1990 ) . `` A mathematical verification of the second law of thermodynamics from the entropy of mixing '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 67 ( 3 ) : 203 . Bibcode : 1990JChEd ... 67Q. 203C . doi : 10.1021 / ed067p203 . Jump up ^ Davies , C.W. ( 1962 ) . Ion Association . Butterworths . ^ Jump up to : Grenthe , I. ; Wanner , H. `` Guidelines for the extrapolation to zero ionic strength '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Rossotti , F.J.C. ; Rossotti , H. ( 1961 ) . The Determination of Stability Constants . McGraw - Hill .",
"27": "^ Jump up to : Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry . 1994 . ISBN 0 - 89925 - 457 - 8 . Jump up ^ Beck , M.T. ; Nagypál , I. ( 1990 ) . Chemistry of Complex Equilibria ( 2nd ed . ) . Budapest : Akadémiai Kaidó . ^ Jump up to : `` Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications '' ( PDF ) . NASA Reference publication 1311 . NASA . 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith , W.R. ; Missen , R.W. ( 1991 ) . Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Analysis : Theory and Algorithms ( Reprinted ed . ) . Malabar , FL : Krieger Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Mathtrek Systems '' . Jump up ^ The diagram was created with the program HySS Jump up ^ C. Kittel , H. Kroemer ( 1980 ) . `` 9 '' . Thermal Physics ( 2 ed . ) . W.H. Freeman Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1088 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Chemical equilibrium Resources in your library Van Zeggeren , F. ; Storey , S.H. ( 1970 ) . The Computation of Chemical Equilibria . Cambridge University Press . Mainly concerned with gas - phase equilibria . Leggett , D.J. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Computational Methods for the Determination of Formation Constants . Plenum Press . Martell , A.E. ; Motekaitis , R.J. ( 1992 ) . The Determination and Use of Stability Constants . Wiley - VCH . Gans , P. ( 2004 ) . Stability Constants : Determination and Uses ( CD - ROM ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Leeds : Protonic Software .",
"28": "( hide ) Chemical equilibria Concepts Acid dissociation constant Binding constant Binding selectivity Buffer solution Chemical equilibrium Chemical stability Chelation Determination of equilibrium constants Dissociation constant Distribution coefficient Dynamic equilibrium Equilibrium chemistry Equilibrium constant Equilibrium unfolding Equilibrium stage Hammett acidity function Henry 's law Liquid -- liquid extraction Macrocycle effect Phase diagram Predominance diagram Phase rule Reaction quotient Self - ionization of water Solubility equilibrium Stability constants of complexes Thermodynamic equilibrium Thermodynamic activity Vapor -- liquid equilibrium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"29": "php?title=Chemical_equilibrium&oldid=837361611 '' Categories : Equilibrium chemistry Analytical chemistry Physical chemistry Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Pages using citations with format and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 10 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did i'm like a bird come out
|
[
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"October 24, 2000",
"October 24, 2000",
"October 24, 2000"
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{
"0": "I 'm Like a Bird - wikipedia I 'm Like a Bird Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm Like a Bird '' Single by Nelly Furtado from the album Whoa , Nelly ! B - side `` I Feel You '' `` Party ( Reprise ) '' `` My Love Grows Deeper '' Released October 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 24 ) Format CD single Recorded 1999 Genre Pop folk R&B Length 4 : 03 Label DreamWorks Songwriter ( s ) Nelly Furtado Producer ( s ) Gerald Eaton Brian West Nelly Furtado singles chronology `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( 2000 ) `` Turn Off the Light '' ( 2001 ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( 2000 ) `` Turn Off the Light '' ( 2001 ) Alternative cover European cover Audio sample file help Music video `` I 'm Like a Bird '' on YouTube `` I 'm Like a Bird '' is a song written by Canadian singer - songwriter Nelly Furtado , and produced by Gerald Eaton and Brian West , as the first single from her first album , Whoa , Nelly ! . It was one of the most successful singles of 2001 , peaking at number one on the Canadian Singles Chart , as well as number two in Australia and New Zealand , number five in the United Kingdom , and number nine in the United States . The song received very positive reviews from music critics for Furtado 's singing and the empowering lyrics , and became one of the most critically acclaimed songs of 2001 . Many also consider it to be her signature song ; Furtado herself commented `` There 's a simplicity about it that I love , '' and `` It 's my freedom song '' . The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Song of the Year and won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , making Furtado the first female act to win the award for her debut single since Mariah Carey did so ten years earlier and the last to be awarded to a Canadian artist winner in the category . It also won the Juno Award for Single of the Year .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Music Theory 2 Artist Response 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Official versions 7 Release history 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 References 11 External links Music theory ( edit ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' is composed common time in the key of B ♭ major . The song moves at 90 beats per minute , and Furtado 's voice spans around an octave and a half , from F to B ♭ . It is written in verse - chorus form , with a bridge before the second chorus . Artist response ( edit ) In 2006 Furtado said of the song , `` I 've heard it sung at karaoke or by cover bands and it was awesome -- I was like , wow , I 've got one of those songs . Somebody once called it a ' hairbrush song ' , one that girls and guys sing in front of the mirror with their hairbrush . I just think I 'm lucky I have it -- it 's paying the bills ! '' Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` I 'm Like a Bird '' was directed by Francis Lawrence . The video begins in the sky where the camera slowly pans down onto Furtado , who is lying in the grass . It then shows her singing on a tree trunk in mid-air . In the chorus she gets up and starts singing to the camera while birds are flying around her . The second verse shows her sitting in mid-air in a forest , while singing to the camera . The chorus consists of flashes of Furtado singing in mid-air , again , while leaning on the tree trunk . During the bridge she is singing to a bug while her eyes change colour . The conclusion of the video shows her falling backwards from a branch into a crowd as she sings the final chorus of the song . The last shot pans out to reveal a crowd of tens of thousands . There was made an edited version of the music video for European VH1 , where some scenes where changed .",
"2": "Track listing ( edit ) UK CD single `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( LP version ) -- 4 : 02 `` Party '' ( Reprise ) ( non-LP version ) -- 4 : 53 `` My Love Grows Deeper '' ( non-LP version ) -- 4 : 54 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( video ) -- 4 : 02 German 2 - track single `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( LP version ) -- 4 : 02 `` Party '' ( Reprise ) ( non-LP version ) -- 4 : 53 German 4 - track single `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( LP version ) -- 4 : 02 `` Party '' ( Reprise ) ( non-LP version ) -- 4 : 53 `` My Love Grows Deeper '' ( non-LP version ) -- 4 : 54 `` I Feel You '' ( featuring Esthero ) -- 4 : 08 Personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from the Whoa , Nelly ! album liner notes .",
"3": "Nelly Furtado -- songwriting , co-producer , lead vocals , background vocals Brian West -- producer , acoustic guitar , engineering , programming , recording Gerald Eaton -- producer , programming Russ Miller -- drums Mike Elizondo -- bass Brad Haehnel -- shaker , mixing , engineering , recording Allan Molnar -- vibraphone , acoustic guitar , synthesizer John Knupp -- second engineering Official versions ( edit ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Junior Vasquez Club Anthem Remix ) -- 10 : 21 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Junior Vasquez Club Anthem Padapella ) -- 9 : 12 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Junior Vasquez Earth Anthem Radio Mix ) -- 6 : 30 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Gavo 's Martini Bar mix ) -- 6 : 56 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Your Mom 's Mix ) - 7 : 27 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Moon mix ) -- 4 : 27 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Tara remix ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( F Man remix ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Vadco Martini mix ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Bubbling Reggae remix ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Asha vs. Nelly Remix ) -- 5 : 33 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Studio Version from Get Loose Tour ) -- 5 : 51 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Radio promo ) -- 4 : 02 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( LP version ) -- 4 : 04 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Acoustic version ) -- 4 : 29 `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Piano version ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Karaoke version ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Instrumental version ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' ( Element 101 Cover from Punk Goes Pop ) Release history ( edit ) Region Date Label United States October 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 24 ) DreamWorks Canada November 28 ,",
"4": "2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 28 ) Universal Music Europe February 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 19 ) Australia February 26 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 26 ) United Kingdom Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 01 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 41 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 19 Brazil ( ABPD ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 33 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 17 Portugal ( Portuguese Singles Chart ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 26 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Australian Singles ( ARIA ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 UK ( OCC ) 33 US Billboard Hot 100 43 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sheet music for `` I 'm Like a Bird '' . Nelstar Publishing . 2001 . Jump up ^ de Silverio , Victoria .",
"5": "`` Nelly Furtado : Free As A Bird '' Archived 2007 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Blender . July 2006 . Retrieved 18 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Method Studios - Nelly Furtado `` I 'm Like a Bird '' Archived 2007 - 10 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2000 ) Album notes for Whoa , Nelly ! by Nelly Furtado ( liner notes ) . DreamWorks Records . Jump up ^ `` International Chart Performance '' . Swisscharts . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nelly Furtado Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Furtado , Nelly Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 15x , 2001 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' . Top Digital Download .",
"6": "Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Top40-charts.com '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romanian 2001 end - of - year charts Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like A Bird '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nelly Furtado : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Nelly Furtado Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Nelly Furtado Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Nelly Furtado Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Nelly Furtado Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End Of Year Singles 2001 Top 50 Australian Singles Chart '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2001 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 of 2001 - UK Music Charts '' . UK Charts . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2001 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Nelly Furtado -- I 'm Like a Bird '' . British Phonographic Industry .",
"7": "Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Enter I 'm Like a Bird in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) `` I 'm Like a Bird '' Official music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Bobcaygeon '' by The Tragically Hip Juno Award for Best Single Succeeded by `` How You Remind Me '' by Nickelback Nelly Furtado Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Whoa , Nelly ! Folklore Loose Mi Plan The Spirit Indestructible The Ride Compilation albums Mi Plan Remixes The Best of Nelly Furtado Live albums Loose : The Concert Concert tours Burn in the Spotlight Tour Come as You Are Tour Get Loose Tour Mi Plan Tour The Spirit Indestructible Tour Related topics Mosley Music Group Nelly Furtado songs Discography Whoa , Nelly ! `` Hey , Man ! ''",
"8": "`` Shit on the Radio ( Remember the Days ) '' `` I 'm Like a Bird '' `` Turn Off the Light '' Folklore `` Powerless ( Say What You Want ) '' `` Explode '' `` Try '' `` Força '' `` The Grass Is Green '' Loose `` Maneater '' `` Promiscuous '' `` No Hay Igual '' `` Te Busqué '' `` Say It Right '' `` Do It '' `` In God 's Hands '' `` All Good Things ( Come to an End ) '' Mi Plan `` Manos al Aire '' `` Más '' `` Bajo Otra Luz '' `` Fuerte '' The Best of Nelly Furtado `` Night Is Young '' The Spirit Indestructible `` Spirit Indestructible '' `` Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) '' `` Parking Lot '' `` Bucket List '' `` Waiting for the Night '' The Ride `` Pipe Dreams '' Collaborations `` Get Ur Freak On '' `` Ching Ching '' `` Fotografía '' `` Give It to Me '' `` Sexy Movimiento ( Remix ) '' `` Win or Lose '' `` Broken Strings '' `` Jump '' `` Morning After Dark '' `` Wavin ' Flag '' `` Who Wants to Be Alone '' `` Hot - n - Fun '' `` Is Anybody Out There ? ''",
"9": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Like_a_Bird&oldid=815091273 '' Categories : 2000 singles Nelly Furtado songs Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence Songs written by Nelly Furtado Debut singles 1999 songs DreamWorks Records singles Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 18 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
4,
9,
8,
5,
6,
2,
7,
3,
0,
1
] |
[
4,
9,
8,
5,
6,
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6474467061771320397
|
who was the aztec ruler when the spanish arrived
|
[
"Moctezuma II",
"Moctezuma II",
"Moctezuma II",
"emperor Cuauhtemoc"
] |
{
"0": "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire - wikipedia Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Jump to : navigation , search Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Part of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and Mexican Indian Wars Conquest of Mexico by Cortés , oil on canvas Spanish : Conquista de México por Cortés Date February , 1519 to August 13 , 1521 against Aztecs , after 1522 to 17 of February 1530 against Tarascans Location Aztec Empire and other indigenous states ( Modern day Mexico ) Result Spaniard and native allied victory Territorial changes Annexation of the Aztec Empire , Tarascans and others by Spanish Empire Belligerents Spanish Empire Confederacy of Tlaxcala Cempoala support or casual alliance : Otomis Mixquic Iztapalapa Xochimilco Texcoco Aztec Triple Alliance ( 1519 -- 1521 ) Tenochtitlan Tlatelolco Chalco Xochimilco Texcoco Tlacopan allied states : Teotitlan independent states : Metztitlan Tarascan state ( 1522 -- 1530 ) Kingdom of Tututepec Kingdom of Yopitzinco Kingdom of Zaachila Kingdom of Colliman Kingdom of Xalisco Chichimeca various petty kingdoms and tribes ( map ) Commanders and leaders Hernán Cortés Pedro de Alvarado Gonzalo de Sandoval Cristóbal de Olid Nuño de Guzmán Xicotencatl the Younger † Xicotencatl the Elder Maxixcatl Xicomecoatl Motecuhzoma II † Cuitláhuac † Cuauhtémoc Cacamatzin † Coanacochtzin Tetlepanquetzal Itzquauhtzin † Tangaxuan II Strength Spanish conquistadors : 90 -- 100 cavalry 900 -- 1,300 infantry 6 guns 13 brigantines Tlaxcala : 80,000 -- 200,000 Cempoala : 400 Aztecs : 300,000 Tarascans : 100,",
"1": "000 Casualties and losses 1,000 dead Thousands of Tlaxcallan and Native Allies 200,",
"2": "000 dead ( including civilians ) 300 war canoes sunk Indian wars and conflicts in New Spain Mexican Indian Wars Conquest of Yucatán Conquest of the Aztec Empire Conquest of Chiapas Conquest of Guatemala Conquest of Petén Yaqui Wars Conquest of Cibola Mixtón War Tiguex War Chichimeca War Acaxee Rebellion Acoma War Comanche -- Mexico Wars Apache -- Mexico Wars Navajo Wars Tepehuán Revolt Pueblo Revolt Pima Revolt First Magdalena massacre Spanish colonial campaigns Canary Islands ( 1402 -- 96 ) Guinea ( 1478 ) Morocco ( 1497 ) Orán ( 1509 ) Bugia ( 1510 ) Tripoli ( 1510 ) Djerba ( 1510 ) Algeria ( 1516 ) Algeria ( 1517 -- 18 ) Djerba ( 1520 ) Mexico ( 1519 -- 1821 ) Mexico ( 1519 -- 21 ) Chiapas ( 1523 -- 1695 ) Guatemala ( 1524 -- 1697 ) Petén ( 1618 -- 97 ) El Salvador ( 1524 - 39 ) Honduras ( 1524 -- 39 ) Yucatán ( 1527 -- 1697 ) Algeria ( 1529 ) Peru ( 1531 -- 72 ) Tunisia ( 1534 ) Tunisia ( 1535 ) Chile ( 1536 -- 1810 ) Colombia ( 1537 - 1540 ) Algeria ( 1541 ) Tunisia ( 1550 ) Libya ( 1551 ) Algeria ( 1555 ) Algeria ( 1556 ) Algeria ( 1558 ) Tunisia ( 1560 ) Algeria ( 1563 ) Philippines ( 1565 -- 1900 ) Philippines ( 1567 -- 1872 ) Tunisia ( 1574 ) Puerto Rico ( 1595 ) Cuba ( 1596 ) Puerto Rico ( 1598 ) Morocco ( 1614 ) Formosa ( 1626 ) St. Kitts ( 1629 ) Philippines",
"3": "( 1646 ) Hispaniola ( 1655 ) Jamaica ( 1655 ) Canary Islands ( 1657 ) Jamaica ( 1657 ) Jamaica ( 1658 ) North America ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chiloé ( 1712 ) Bahamas ( 1720 ) Banda Oriental ( 1735 -- 37 ) North America ( 1739 -- 48 ) Sacramento ( 1762 -- 63 ) Cuba ( 1762 ) Nicaragua ( 1762 ) Philippines ( 1762 ) Sacramento ( 1776 -- 77 ) North America ( 1779 -- 83 ) Americas ( 1796 -- 1808 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Ecuador ( 1809 ) Peru ( 1811 -- 24 ) Bolivia ( 1809 -- 25 ) Florida ( 1810 ) Paraguay ( 1810 -- 11 ) Argentina ( 1810 -- 18 ) Mexico ( 1810 -- 21 ) Chile ( 1810 -- 26 ) El Salvador ( 1811 ) Uruguay ( 1811 ) Venezuela ( 1811 -- 23 ) Colombia ( 1815 -- 16 ) Colombia ( 1819 -- 20 ) Ecuador ( 1820 -- 22 ) Mexico ( 1821 -- 29 ) Balanguingui ( 1848 ) Cochinchina ( 1858 -- 62 ) Morocco ( 1859 -- 60 ) Dominican Republic ( 1863 -- 65 ) Chile / Peru ( 1864 -- 66 ) Cuba ( 1868 -- 78 ) Cuba ( 1879 -- 80 ) Cuba ( 1895 -- 98 ) Philippines ( 1896 -- 98 ) Puerto Rico ( 1898 ) Guam ( 1898 ) Morocco ( 1920 -- 26 ) Morocco ( 1957 -- 58 ) Part of a series on the",
"4": "History of Mexico Pre-Columbian Spanish rule ( hide ) Conquest Colonial period War of Independence First Empire First Republic ( show ) Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Federal Republic ( show ) La Reforma Reform War French intervention 1864 -- 1928 ( show ) Second Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War Modern ( show ) Maximato ( 1928 -- 1934 ) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Students of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican Drug War Timeline Mexico portal The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , beginning in February 1519 , was one of the most significant events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas . Following Christopher Columbus ' establishment of permanent settlement in the Caribbean , the Spanish authorized expeditions or entradas for the discovery , conquest , and colonization of new territory , using existing Spanish settlements as a base . The Spanish campaign began in February 1519 , following the Spanish arrival in Yucatán in 1517 . Two years later the Spanish set sail , thus beginning the campaign of colonization of the Americas . The Spanish campaign declared victorious on August 13 , 1521 , when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Hernán Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan , the capital of the Aztec Empire .",
"5": "During the campaign , Cortés was given support from a number of tributaries and rivals of the Aztecs , including the Totonacs , and the Tlaxcaltecas , Texcocans , and other city - states particularly bordering Lake Texcoco . In their advance , the allies were tricked and ambushed several times by the people they encountered . After eight months of battles and negotiations , which overcame the diplomatic resistance of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II to his visit , Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan on November 8 , 1519 , where he took up residence , welcomed by Moctezuma . When news reached Cortés of the death of several of his men during the Aztec attack on the Totonacs in Veracruz , he took the opportunity to take Moctezuma captive , Moctezuma allowed himself to be captured as a diplomatic gesture . Capturing the cacique or indigenous ruler was standard operating procedure for Spaniards in their expansion in the Caribbean , so capturing Moctezuma had considerable precedent , which might well have included those in Spain during the Christian reconquest of territory held by Muslims . When Cortés left Tenochtitlan to return to the coast and deal with the expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez , Pedro de Alvarado was left in charge . Alvarado allowed a significant Aztec feast to be celebrated in Tenochtitlan and on the pattern of the earlier massacre in Cholula , closed off the square and massacred the celebrating Aztec noblemen . The biography of Cortés by Francisco López de Gómara contains a description of the massacre . The Alvarado massacre at the Main Temple of Tenochtitlan precipitated rebellion by the population of the city . Moctezuma was killed , although the sources do not agree on who murdered him . According to one account , when Moctezuma , now seen as a mere puppet of the invading Spaniards , attempted to calm the outraged populace , he was killed by a projectile . According to an indigenous account , the Spanish killed Moctezuma . Cortés had returned to Tenochtitlan and his men fled the capital city during the Noche Triste in June , 1520 .",
"6": "The Spanish , Tlaxcalans and reinforcements returned a year later on August 13 , 1521 to a civilization that had been weakened by famine and smallpox . This made it easier to conquer the remaining Aztecs . Many of those on the Cortés expedition of 1519 had never seen combat before , including Cortés . A whole generation of Spaniards later participated in expeditions in the Caribbean and Tierra Firme ( Central America ) , learning strategy and tactics of successful enterprises . The Spanish conquest of Mexico had antecedents with established practices . The fall of the Aztec Empire was the key event in the formation of the Spanish overseas empire , with New Spain , which later became Mexico . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources for the history of the conquest of Central Mexico 2 Significant events in the conquest of Central Mexico 2.1 Aztec omens for the conquest 3 Spanish arrival in Yucatán 4 Cortés ' expedition 4.1 Commissioning the expedition 4.2 Revoking the commission 4.3 Cortés lands at Cozumel 4.4 Cortés lands on the Yucatán peninsula 4.5 Foundation of the Spanish town of Veracruz 4.6 Scuttling the fleet and aftermath 4.7 Alliance with Tlaxcala 4.8 Cortés marches to Cholula 4.9 Massacre of Cholula 4.10 Tenochtitlan 4.10. 1 Cortés welcomed by Moctezuma 4.10. 2 Defeat of de Narváez 4.10. 3 The Aztec response 4.10. 4 The Spanish retreat from Tenochtitlan 4.10. 5 Spaniards find refuge in Tlaxcala 4.10. 6 Siege of Tenochtitlan 4.11 After the fall of Aztec Empire 4.11. 1 Subjugation of the Tarascans 4.11.",
"7": "2 Conquest of Michoacán 5 Integration into the Spanish Empire 6 Later Wars of Conquest 6.1 Chichimec Wars 6.2 Conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula 7 The Aztecs under Spanish rule 8 Cultural depictions 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 11.1 Primary sources 11.2 Secondary sources 11.3 Additional bibliography 12 External links Sources for the History of the conquest of central Mexico The Conquest of Mexico , the initial destruction of the great pre-Columbian civilizations , is a significant event in world history . The Conquest was well documented by a variety of sources with differing points of view , including indigenous accounts , by both allies and opponents . Accounts by the Spanish conquerors exist from the first landfall at Veracruz , Mexico ( on Good Friday , April 22 , 1519 ) to the final victory over the Mexica in Tenochtitlan on August 13 , 1521 . Notably , the accounts of the Conquest , Spanish and indigenous alike , have biases and exaggerations . Some , though not all , Spanish accounts downplay the support of their indigenous allies . Conquerors ' accounts exaggerate individual contributions to the Conquest at the expense of their comrades , while indigenous allies ' accounts stress their loyalty and importance to victory for the Spanish . These accounts are similar to Spanish conquerors ' accounts contained in petitions for rewards , known as benemérito petitions . Some older Nahua men said they remembered the attack . They said they remembered people in the city grabbing their children and trying to get on canoes to leave before the Spanish arrived . They remembered the cannons being used by their enemies to knock down their city walls , dumping sand into their canals as well as the complex weapons the Spanish had used that were so unfamiliar and new to the indigenous people of Mexico . Even when the Nahua men got a hold of the European weapons , they did n't know how to use them . They decided it was best to just make the weapon unable to be regained . They threw it in the lake and they sank to the bottom , this way the enemy could no longer use it . Hernan Cortes and the rest of his men decided to build a catapult .",
"8": "They wanted to scare the Mexica into surrendering , but it ended up failing and causing a commotion on the Spanish side . The indigenous men were sort of impressed with their enemy for two reasons. They distinctly remember the way iron was manipulated by the Europeans . These men wore iron armor , had iron shields , swords , and crossbows , which meant that their bodies were well protected and that their weapons were strong . And what also stood out was the information network among the Spaniards . It surprised them how swiftly information circulated . Two lengthy accounts from the defeated indigenous viewpoint were created under the direction of Spanish friars , Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún and Dominican Diego Durán , using indigenous informants . The first Spanish account of the conquest was written by lead conqueror Hernán Cortés , who sent a series of letters to the Spanish monarch Charles V , giving a contemporary account of the conquest from his point of view , in which he justified his actions . These were almost immediately published in Spain and later in other parts of Europe . Much later , Spanish conqueror Bernal Díaz del Castillo , a well - seasoned participant in the conquest of Central Mexico , wrote what he called The True History of the Conquest of New Spain , countering the account by Cortés 's official biographer , Francisco López de Gómara . Bernal Díaz 's account had begun as a benemérito petition for rewards but he expanded it to encompass a full history of his earlier expeditions in the Caribbean and Tierra Firme and the conquest of the Aztec . A number of lower rank Spanish conquerors wrote benemérito petitions to the Spanish Crown , requesting rewards for their services in the conquest , including Juan Díaz , Andrés de Tapia , García del Pilar , and Fray Francisco de Aguilar . Cortés 's right - hand man , Pedro de Alvarado did not write at any length about his actions in the New World , and died as a man of action in the Mixtón War in 1542 . Two letters to Cortés about Alvarado 's campaigns in Guatemala are published in The Conquistadors .",
"9": "The chronicle of the so - called `` Anonymous Conqueror '' was written sometime in the sixteenth century , entitled in an early twentieth - century translation to English as Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan ( i.e. Tenochtitlan ) . Rather than it being a petition for rewards for services , as many Spanish accounts were , the Anonymous Conqueror made observations about the indigenous situation at the time of the conquest . The account was used by eighteenth - century Jesuit Francisco Javier Clavijero in his descriptions of the history of Mexico . On the indigenous side , the allies of Cortés , particularly the Tlaxcalans , wrote extensively about their services to the Spanish Crown in the conquest , arguing for special privileges for themselves . The most important of these are the pictorial Lienzo de Tlaxcala and the Historia de Tlaxcala by Diego Muñoz Camargo . Less successfully , the Nahua allies from Huexotzinco ( or Huejotzinco ) near Tlaxcala argued that their contributions had been overlooked by the Spanish . In a letter in Nahuatl to the Spanish Crown , the indigenous lords of Huejotzinco lay out their case in for their valorous service . The letter has been published in Nahuatl and English translation by James Lockhart in We People Here : Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico in 1991 . Texcoco patriot and member of a noble family there , Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitl , likewise petitioned the Spanish Crown , in Spanish , saying that Texcoco had not received sufficient rewards for their support of the conquistadors , particularly after the Spanish were forced out of Tenochtitlan . The best - known indigenous account of the conquest is Book 12 of Bernardino de Sahagún 's General History of the Things of New Spain and published as the Florentine Codex , in parallel columns of Nahuatl and Spanish , with pictorials . Less well - known is Sahagún 's 1585 revision of the conquest account , which shifts from the indigenous viewpoint entirely and inserts at crucial junctures passages lauding the Spanish and in particular Hernán Cortés .",
"10": "Another indigenous account compiled by a Spanish friar is Dominican Diego Durán 's The History of the Indies of New Spain , from 1581 , with many color illustrations . A text from the Nahua point of view , the Anales de Tlatelolco , an early indigenous account in Nahuatl , perhaps from 1540 , remained in indigenous hands until it was published . An extract of this important manuscript was published in 1991 by James Lockhart in Nahuatl transcription and English translation . A popular anthology in English for classroom use is Miguel León - Portilla 's , The Broken Spears : The Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico from 1992 . Not surprisingly , many publications and republications of sixteenth - century accounts of the conquest of Mexico appeared around 1992 , the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's first voyage , when scholarly and popular interest in first encounters surged . The most popular and enduring narrative of the Spanish campaign in central Mexico is by New England - born nineteenth - century historian William Hickling Prescott . His History of the Conquest of Mexico , first published in 1843 , remains an engaging narrative of the conquest , based on a large number of sources copied from the Spanish archives . Prescott based his narrative history on primary source documentation , mainly from the Spanish viewpoint , but it is likely that the copy of the Spanish text of the 1585 revision of Bernardino de Sahagǘn 's account of the conquest was done for Prescott 's history . Significant events in the conquest of central Mexico Historical sources for the conquest of Mexico recount some of the same events in both Spanish and indigenous sources . Others , however , are unique to a particular primary source or group narrating the event . Individuals and groups laud their own accomplishments , while often denigrating or ignoring those of their opponents or their allies or both . Aztec omens for the conquest In the sources recorded by Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún and Dominican Diego Durán , there are accounts of events that were interpreted as supernatural omens of the conquest . These two accounts are full - blown narratives from the viewpoint of the Spanish opponents .",
"11": "Most first - hand accounts about the conquest of the Aztec Empire were written by Spaniards : Hernán Cortés ' letters to Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and the first - person narrative of Bernal Díaz del Castillo , The True History of the Conquest of New Spain . The primary sources from the native people affected as a result of the conquest are seldom used , because they tend to reflect the views of a particular native group , such as the Tlaxcalans . Indigenous accounts were written in pictographs as early as 1525 . Later accounts were written in the native tongue of the Aztec and other native peoples of central Mexico , Nahuatl . It is also important to note that the native texts of the defeated Mexica narrating their version of the conquest described eight omens that were believed to have occurred nine years prior to the arrival of the Spanish from the Gulf of Mexico . In 1510 , Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II was visited by Nezahualpilli , who had a reputation as a great seer , as well as being the tlatoani of Texcoco . Nezahualpilli warned Moctezuma that he must be on guard , for in a few years Aztec cities would be destroyed . Before leaving , he said that there would be omens for Moctezuma to know that what he has been told is true . Over the years , and especially after Nezhualpilli 's death in 1515 , several supernatural omens appeared .",
"12": "The eight bad omens or wonders : Aztec empire on the eve of the Spanish Invasion A column of fire that appeared from midnight until dawn , and seemed to rain fire in the year 1517 ( 12 - House ) Fire consuming the temple of Huitzilopochtli A lightning bolt destroying the straw temple of Xiuhtecuhtli The appearance of fire , or comets , streaming across the sky in threes during the day The `` boiling deep , '' and water flooding , of a lake nearby Tenochtitlan A woman , Cihuatcoatl , weeping in the middle of the night for them ( the Aztecs ) to `` flee far away from this city '' A two headed man , tlacantzolli , running through the streets Montezuma II saw the stars of mamalhuatztli , and images of fighting men riding `` on the backs of animals resembling deer '' , in a mirror on the crown of a bird caught by fishermen Additionally , the Tlaxcala saw a `` radiance that shone in the east every morning three hours before sunrise '' , and a `` whirlwind of dust '' from the volcano Matlalcueye . According to Diaz , `` These Caciques also told us of a tradition they had heard from their ancestors , that one of the idols which they particularly worshipped had prophesied the coming of men from distant lands in the direction of the sunrise , who would conquer them and rule them . '' Some accounts would claim that this idol , or deity was Quetzalcoatl , and that the Aztecs were defeated because they believed the Spanish were supernatural and did n't know how to react , although whether or not the Aztecs really believed that is debatable . Omens were extremely important to the Aztecs , who believed that history repeated itself . A number of modern scholars cast doubt on whether such omens occurred or whether they were ex post facto ( retrospective ) creations to help the Mexica explain their defeat . Many sources depicting omens and the return of old Aztec gods , including those supervised by Spanish priests , were written after the fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521 . Some ethnohistorians say that when the Spanish arrived native peoples and their leaders did not view them as supernatural in any sense but rather as simply another group of powerful outsiders .",
"13": "According to some historians , Moctezuma responded rationally to the Spanish invasion . These historians believe this means that Moctezuma did not think the Spanish were supernatural . Many Spanish accounts incorporated omens to emphasize what they saw as the preordained nature of the conquest and their success as Spanish destiny . This means that native emphasis on omens and bewilderment in the face of invasion `` may be a postconquest interpretation by informants who wished to please the Spaniards or who resented the failure of Montezuma and of the warriors of Tenochtitlan to provide leadership . '' Hugh Thomas concludes that Moctezuma was confused and ambivalent about whether Cortés was a god or the ambassador of a great king in another land . Because the Spaniards arrived in 1519 , Moctezuma knew this was the year of Ce Acatl , which is the year Quetzalcoatl was promised to return . Previously , during Juan de Grijalva 's expedition , Moctezuma believed that those men were heralds of Quetzalcoatl , as Moctezuma , as well as everyone else in the Aztec Empire , were to believe that eventually Quetzalcoatl will return . Moctezuma even had glass beads that were left behind by Grijalva brought to Tenochtitlan and they were regarded as sacred religious relics . Spanish arrival in Yucatán In 1517 , Cuban governor Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar commissioned a fleet of three ships under the command of Hernández de Córdoba to sail west and explore the Yucatán peninsula . Córdoba reached the coast of Yucatán . The Mayans at Cape Catoche invited the Spanish to land , and the conquistadors read the Requirement of 1513 to them , which offered the natives the protection of the King of Spain , if they would submit to him . Córdoba took two prisoners , who adopted the baptized names of Melchor and Julián and became interpreters . Later , the two prisoners , being misled or misinterpreting the language with information given to the Spanish conquistadors that there was plenty of gold up for grabs .",
"14": "On the western side of the Yucatán Peninsula , the Spanish were attacked at night by Maya chief Mochcouoh ( Mochh Couoh ) , a battle in which fifty men were killed . Córdoba was mortally wounded and only a remnant of his crew returned to Cuba . At that time , Yucatán was briefly explored by the conquistadors , but the Spanish conquest of Yucatán with its many independent city - state polities of the Late Postclassic Maya civilization came many years after the Spaniards ' rapid conquest of Central Mexico , from 1519 to 1521 . With the help of tens of thousands of Xiu Mayan warriors , it would take more than 170 years for the Spanish to establish full control of the Maya homelands , which extended from northern Yucatán to the central lowlands region of El Petén and the southern Guatemalan highlands . The end of this latter campaign is generally marked by the downfall of the Maya state based at Tayasal in the Petén region , in 1697 . Cortés ' expedition Commissioning the expedition Map depicting Cortés ' conquest route Even before Juan de Grijalva returned to Spain , Velázquez decided to send a third and even larger expedition to explore the Mexican coast . Hernán Cortés , then one of Velázquez 's favorites and brother - in - law , was named as the commander , which created envy and resentment among the Spanish contingent in the Spanish colony . Licenses for expeditions allowed the Crown to retain sovereignty over newly conquered lands while not risking its own assets in the enterprise . Anyone willing to make a financial contribution could potentially gain even more wealth and power . Men who brought horses , caballeros , received two shares of the spoils , one for military service , another because of the horse . Cortés invested a considerable part of his personal fortune and probably went into debt to borrow additional funds . Velázquez may have personally contributed nearly half the cost of the expedition . In an agreement signed on 23 October 1518 , Governor Velázquez restricted the expedition led by Cortés to exploration and trade , so that conquest and settlement of the mainland might occur under his own command , once he had received the permission necessary to do so which he had already requested from the Crown .",
"15": "In this way , Velázquez sought to ensure title to the riches and laborers discovered . However , armed with the knowledge of Castilian law that he had likely gained as a notary in Valladolid , Cortés managed to free himself of Velázquez 's authority by presenting Velázquez as a tyrant acting in his own self - interest , and not in the interest of the Crown . Cortés also contrived to have his men name him military leader and chief magistrate ( judge ) of the expedition . Revoking the commission Velázquez himself must have been keenly aware that whoever conquered the mainland for Spain would gain fame , glory and fortune to eclipse anything that could be achieved in Cuba . Thus , as the preparations for departure drew to a close , the governor became suspicious that Cortés would be disloyal to him and try to commandeer the expedition for his own purposes , namely to establish himself as governor of the colony , independent of Velázquez 's control . Therefore , Velázquez sent Luis de Medina with orders to replace Cortés . However , Cortés ' brother - in - law allegedly had Medina intercepted and killed . The papers that Medina had been carrying were sent to Cortés . Thus warned , Cortés accelerated the organization and preparation of his expedition . Velázquez arrived at the dock in Santiago de Cuba in person , `` he and Cortes again embraced , with a great exchange of compliments '' , before Cortes set sail for Trinidad , Cuba . Velázquez then sent orders for the fleet to be held and Cortés taken prisoner . Nevertheless , Cortes set sail , beginning his conquest of New Spain with the legal status of a mutineer . Cortés 's contingent consisted of 11 ships carrying about 630 men ( including 30 crossbowmen and 12 arquebusiers , an early form of firearm ) , a doctor , several carpenters , at least eight women , a few hundred Cuban Arawaks and some Africans , both freedmen and slaves . Although modern usage often calls the European participants `` soldiers '' , the term was never used by these men themselves in any context , something that James Lockhart realized when analyzing sixteenth - century legal records from conquest - era Peru .",
"16": "Cortés lands at Cozumel Cortés spent some time at the island of Cozumel , on the east coast of Yucatán , trying to convert the locals to Christianity , something that provided mixed results . While at Cozumel , Cortés heard reports of other white men living in the Yucatán . Cortés sent messengers to these reported castilianos , who turned out to be the survivors of a Spanish shipwreck that had occurred in 1511 , Gerónimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero . Aguilar petitioned his Maya chieftain to be allowed to join his former countrymen , and he was released and made his way to Cortés 's ships . According to Bernal Díaz , Aguilar relayed that before coming , he had attempted to convince Guerrero to leave as well . Guerrero declined on the basis that he was by now well - assimilated with the Maya culture , had a Maya wife and three children , and he was looked upon as a figure of rank within the Maya settlement of Chetumal , where he lived . Although Guerrero 's later fate is somewhat uncertain , it appears that for some years he continued to fight alongside the Maya forces against Spanish incursions , providing military counsel and encouraging resistance ; it is speculated that he may have been killed in a later battle . Aguilar , now quite fluent in Maya , as well as some other indigenous languages , proved to be a valuable asset for Cortés as a translator -- a skill of particular significance to the later conquest of the Aztec Empire that was to be the end result of Cortés ' expedition . Cortés lands on the Yucatán Peninsula After leaving Cozumel , Hernán Cortés continued round the tip of the Yucatán Peninsula and landed at Potonchán , where there was little gold . The ships were still seen by Moctezuma 's spies , though this area is outside the Aztec Empire , and the information was carried to Tenochtitlan . Though he was still wary of their presence , Moctezuma assumed that this was the arrival of Quetzalcoatl returning from the east .",
"17": "This was the year of Ce Acatl , the year of Quetzalcoatl 's birth as well as his departure across the sea in the Mesoamerican calendar , in the repeating 52 - year cycle . Moctezuma , though frightened by previous omens and the arrival of the Spaniards , still saw this arrival as sacred , as he was raised believing that Quetzalcoatl will eventually return . He sent a delegation to observe the Spaniards . Meanwhile , Cortés , after defeating the local natives in two battles , discovered a far more valuable asset in the form of a woman whom Cortés would have christened Marina . She is often known as La Malinche and also sometimes called `` Malintzin '' or Malinalli , her native birth names . Later , the Aztecs would come to call Cortés `` Malintzin '' or La Malinche by dint of his close association with her . Bernal Díaz del Castillo wrote in his account The True History of the Conquest of New Spain that Marina was `` truly a great princess . '' Later , the honorific Spanish title of Doña would be added to her baptized name . Her lineage notwithstanding , Cortés had stumbled upon one of the keys to realizing his ambitions . He would speak to Gerónimo de Aguilar in Spanish who would then translate into Mayan for Marina . She would then translate from Mayan to Nahuatl . With this pair of translators , Cortés could now communicate to the Aztecs . How effectively is still a matter of speculation , since Marina did not speak the dialect of the Aztecs , nor was she familiar with the protocols of the Aztec nobility , who were renowned for their flowery , flattering talk . Doña Marina quickly learned Spanish , and became Cortés 's primary interpreter , confidant , consort , cultural translator , and the mother of his son , Martin . Until Cortes 's marriage to his second wife , a union which produced a legitimate son whom he also named Martin , Cortés 's natural son with Marina was the heir of his envisaged fortunes . Native speakers of Nahuatl would call her `` Malintzin . '' This name is the closest phonetic approximation possible in Nahuatl to the sound of ' Marina ' in Spanish .",
"18": "Over time , `` La Malinche '' ( the modern Spanish cognate of ' Malintzin ' ) became a term that describes a traitor to one 's people . To this day , the word malinchista is used by Mexicans to denote one who apes the language and customs of another country . It would not be until the late 20th century that a few feminist writers and academics would attempt to rehabilitate La Malinche as a woman who made the best of her situation and became , in most respects , the most powerful woman in the Western Hemisphere , as well as the founder of the modern Mexican nation . Foundation of the Spanish town of Veracruz Coat of arms of Villa Rica , Veracruz ; the first town council founded by the Spanish . The tile mosaic is located in Mexico City . Cortés landed his expedition force on the coast of the modern day state of Veracruz in April 1519 . During this same period , soon after he arrived , Cortés was welcomed by representatives of the Aztec Emperor , Moctezuma II . Gifts were exchanged , and Cortés attempted to frighten the Aztec delegation with a display of his firepower . Faced with imprisonment or death for defying the governor , Cortés ' only alternative was to continue his enterprise in the hope of redeeming himself with the Spanish Crown . To do this , he directed his men to establish a settlement called La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz , or `` True Cross '' , since they arrived on Maundy Thursday and landed on Good Friday . The legally constituted `` town council of Villa Rica '' then promptly offered him the position of adelantado , or Chief Justice and Captain - General . This strategy was not unique . Velásquez had used this same legal mechanism to free himself from Diego Columbus ' authority in Cuba . In being named adelantado by a duly constituted cabildo , Cortés was able to free himself from Velásquez 's authority and continue his expedition . To ensure the legality of this action , several members of his expedition , including Francisco Montejo and Alonso Hernandez Puertocarrero , returned to Spain to seek acceptance of the cabildo 's declaration with King Charles . Cortés learned of an indigenous settlement called Cempoala and marched his forces there .",
"19": "On their arrival in Cempoala , they were greeted by 20 dignitaries and cheering townsfolk . Cortés quickly persuaded the Totonac chiefs to rebel against the Aztecs , taking prisoner five of Moctezuma 's tax collectors . The Totonacs also helped Cortés build the town of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz , which was the starting point for his attempt to conquer the Aztec Empire . Hearing of the rebellion , more ambassadors from the Aztec Emperor returned to see Cortés , bearing gifts of `` gold and cloth '' , in thankfulness for Cortés freeing his tax collectors . Montezuma also told Cortés , he was certain the Spanish were of `` his own race '' , and had arrived as `` his ancestors had foretold '' . As Cortés told his men , the natives `` think of us as gods , or godlike beings . '' Although they attempted to dissuade Cortés from visiting Tenochtitlan , the lavish gifts and the polite , welcoming remarks only encouraged El Caudillo to continue his march towards the capital of the empire . Scuttling the fleet and aftermath Cortés scuttling fleet off Veracruz coast Those of his men still loyal to the Governor of Cuba conspired to seize a ship and escape to Cuba , but Cortés moved swiftly to squash their plans . Two ringleaders were condemned to be hanged ; two were lashed , and one had his foot mutilated . To make sure such a mutiny did not happen again , he decided to scuttle his ships . There is a popular misconception that the ships were burned rather than sunk . This misconception has been attributed to the reference made by Cervantes de Salazár in 1546 , as to Cortés burning his ships . This may have also come from a mis - translation of the version of the story written in Latin . With all of his ships scuttled , Cortés effectively stranded the expedition in central Mexico . However , it did not completely end the aspirations of those members of his company who remained loyal to the Governor of Cuba . Cortés then led his band inland towards the fabled Tenochtitlan . In addition to the Spaniards , Cortés force now included 40 Cempoalan warrior chiefs and at least 200 other natives whose task was to drag the cannon and carry supplies .",
"20": "The Cempoalans were accustomed to the hot climate of the coast , but they suffered immensely from the cold of the mountains , the rain , and the hail as they marched towards Tenochtitlan . Alliance with Tlaxcala Palacio de Gobierno , Tlaxcala city : Murals -- Discussions between Tlaxcalans and Hernán Cortés Cortés soon arrived at Tlaxcala , a confederacy of about 200 towns and different tribes , but without central government . The Otomi initially , and then the Tlaxcalans fought the Spanish in a series of three battles from 2 to 5 September 1519 , and at one point Diaz remarked , `` they surrounded us on every side '' . After Cortés continued to release prisoners with messages of peace , and realizing the Spanish were enemies of Montezuma , Xicotencatl the Elder , and Maxixcatzin , persuaded the Tlaxcalan warleader , Xicotencatl the Younger , that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them . The Tlaxcalans main city was Tlaxcala . After almost a century of fighting the Flower Wars , a great deal of hatred and bitterness had developed between the Tlaxcalans and the Aztecs . The Aztecs had already conquered most of the territory around Tlaxcala , and waged war on them every year . It has been suggested that the Aztecs left Tlaxcala independent so that they would have a constant supply of war captives to sacrifice to their gods . On 23 September 1519 , Cortés arrived in Tlaxcala and was greeted with joy by the rulers , who saw the Spanish as an ally against the Aztecs . Due to a commercial blockade by the Aztecs , Tlaxcala was poor , lacking , among other things , salt and cotton cloths , so they could only offer Cortés and his men food and slaves . Cortés stayed twenty days in Tlaxcala , giving his men time to recover from their wounds from the battles . Cortés seems to have won the true friendship and loyalty of the senior leaders of Tlaxcala , among them Maxixcatzin and Xicotencatl the Elder , although he could not win the heart of Xicotencatl the Younger .",
"21": "The Spaniards agreed to respect parts of the city , like the temples , and reportedly took only the things that were offered to them freely . As before with other native groups , Cortés preached to the Tlaxcalan leaders about the benefits of Christianity . The Caciques gave Cortes `` the most beautiful of their daughters and nieces '' . Xicotencatl the Elder 's daughter was baptized as Doña Luisa , and Maxixcatzin 's daughter as Doña Elvira . They were given by Cortés to Pedro de Alvarado and Juan Velázquez de León respectively . Legends say that he convinced the four leaders of Tlaxcala to become baptized . Maxixcatzin , Xicotencatl the Elder , Citalpopocatzin and Temiloltecutl received the names of Don Lorenzo , Don Vicente , Don Bartolomé and Don Gonzalo . It is impossible to know if these leaders understood the Catholic faith . In any case , they apparently had no problems in adding the Christian `` Dios '' ( God in Spanish ) , the lord of the heavens , to their already complex pantheon of gods . An exchange of gifts was made and thus began the highly significant and effective alliance between Cortés and Tlaxcala . Cortés marches to Cholula Meanwhile , Moctezuma 's ambassadors , who had been in the Spanish camp after the battles with the Tlaxcalans , continued to press Cortés to take the road to Mexico via Cholula , which was under Aztec control , rather than over Huexotzinco . They were surprised Cortés had stayed in Tlaxcala so long `` among a poor and ill - bred people '' . Cholula was one of the most important cities of Mesoamerica , the second largest , and probably the most sacred . Its huge pyramid ( larger in volume than the great pyramids of Egypt ) made it one of the most prestigious places of the Aztec religion . However , it appears that Cortés perceived Cholula more as a military threat to his rear guard than a religious center , as he marched to Tenochtitlan . He sent emissaries ahead to try a diplomatic solution to enter the city .",
"22": "Cortés , who had not yet decided to start a war with the Aztec Empire , decided to offer a compromise . He accepted the gifts of the Aztec ambassadors , and at the same time accepted the offer of the Tlaxcalans to provide porters and 1000 warriors on his journey to Cholula . He also sent two men , Pedro de Alvarado , and Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia , directly to Tenochtitlan , as ambassadors and to scout for an appropriate route . Massacre of Cholula The massacre depicted in the 1885 Cyclopaedia of Universal History There are contradictory reports about what happened at Cholula . Moctezuma had apparently decided to resist with force the advance of Cortés and his troops , and it seems that Moctezuma ordered the leaders of Cholula to try to stop the Spanish . Cholula had a very small army , because as a sacred city they put their confidence in their prestige and their gods . According to the chronicles of the Tlaxcalteca , the priests of Cholula expected to use the power of Quetzalcoatl , their primary god , against the invaders . Cortés and his men entered Cholula without active resistance . However , they were not met by the city leaders and were not given food and drink on the third day . Cempoalans reported that fortifications were being constructed around the city and the Tlaxcalans were warning the Spaniards . Finally , La Malinche informed Cortés , after talking to the wife of one of the lords of Cholula , that the locals planned to murder the Spanish in their sleep . Although he did not know if the rumor was true or not , Cortés ordered a pre-emptive strike , urged by the Tlaxcalans , the enemies of the Cholulans . Cortés confronted the city leaders in the main temple alleging that they were planning to attack his men . They admitted that they had been ordered to resist by Moctezuma , but they claimed they had not followed his orders . Regardless , on command , the Spaniards seized and killed many of the local nobles to serve as a lesson .",
"23": "They captured the Cholulan leaders Tlaquiach and Tlalchiac and then ordered the city to be set on fire . The troops started in the palace of Xacayatzin , and then on to Chialinco and Yetzcoloc . In letters to his King , Cortés claimed that in three hours time his troops ( helped by the Tlaxcalans ) killed 3,000 people and had burned the city . Another witness , Vázquez de Tapia , claimed the death toll was as high as 30,000 . However , since the women and children , and many men , had already fled the city , it is unlikely that so many were killed . Regardless , the massacre of the nobility of Cholula was a notorious chapter in the conquest of Mexico . The Azteca and Tlaxcalteca histories of the events leading up to the massacre vary ; the Tlaxcalteca claimed that their ambassador Patlahuatzin was sent to Cholula and had been tortured by the Cholula . Thus , Cortés was avenging him by attacking Cholula. ( Historia de Tlaxcala , por Diego Muñoz Camargo , lib. II cap . V. 1550 ) . The Azteca version put the blame on the Tlaxcalteca , claiming that they resented Cortés going to Cholula instead of Huexotzingo . The massacre had a chilling effect on the other city states and groups affiliated with the Aztecs , as well as the Aztecs themselves . Tales of the massacre convinced the other cities in the Aztec Empire to entertain seriously Cortés ' proposals rather than risk the same fate . Cortés then sent emissaries to Moctezuma with the message that the people of Cholula had treated him with trickery and had therefore been punished . In one of his responses to Cortés , Moctezuma blamed the commanders of the local Aztec garrison for the resistance in Cholula , and recognizing that his long - standing attempts to dissuade Cortés from coming to Tenochtitlan with gifts of gold and silver had failed , Moctezuma finally invited the conquistadors to visit his capital city , according to Spanish sources , after feeling as though nothing else could be done .",
"24": "Tenochtitlan Map of the Valley of Mexico on the eve of the Spanish conquest On 8 November 1519 , after the fall of Cholula , Cortés and his forces entered Tenochtitlan , the island capital of the Mexica - Aztecs . It is believed that the city was one of the largest in the world at that time , and the largest in the Americas up to that point . The most common estimates put the population at around 60,000 to over 300,000 people . If the population of Tenochtitlan was 250,000 in 1519 , then Tenochtitlan would have been larger than every city in Europe except perhaps Naples and Constantinople , and four times the size of Seville . To the Aztecs , Tenochtitlan was the `` altar '' for the Empire , as well as being the city that Quetzalcoatl would eventually return to . Cortés welcomed by Moctezuma Cortés and his counselor , the Nahua woman La Malinche , meet Moctezuma in Tenochtitlan , 8 November 1519 Upon meeting , Hernan Cortés claimed to be the representative of the queen , Doña Juana of Castile , and her son , King Carlos I of Castile and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , all Spanish royalty , had then made an appearance . Sahagún reports that Moctezuma welcomed Cortés to Tenochtitlan on the Great Causeway , Xolac . `` The chiefs who accompanied Moctcuhzoma were : Cacama , king of Texcoco ( altepetl ) ; Tetlepanquetzaltin , king of Tlacopan , Itzcuauhtzin the Tlacochcalcatl , lord of Tlatelolco ( altepetl ) ; and Topantemoc , Motechzoma 's treasurer in Tlatelolco . '' Moctezuma and his chiefs were adorned with blazing gold on their shoulders with feathers and jewels . On the causeway where the two groups met , enormous numbers of people from Tenochtitlan watched the exchange . Moctezuma went to greet Cortés with his brother , Cuitlahuac , and his nephew , Cacamatzin .",
"25": "Cortes strode ahead of his commanders and attempted to embrace Moctezuma , but was restrained by Cuitlahuac and Cacamatzin . Cortés was not permitted to touch the emperor ; no one was allowed . After greetings , Moctezuma personally dressed only Cortés in a priceless feather - work flower , a golden jewelry studded necklace and a garland of flowers . Moctezuma then brought Cortes to the shrine of the goddess Toci , where he gave him a more private greeting , in which he practically gave the Aztec Empire to Cortés , as he reportedly said that it was his `` desire to serve . '' A fragment of the greetings of Moctezuma says : `` My lord , you have become fatigued , you have become tired : to the land you have arrived . You have come to your city : Mexico , here you have come to sit on your place , on your throne . Oh , it has been reserved to you for a small time , it was conserved by those who have gone , your substitutes ... This is what has been told by our rulers , those of whom governed this city , ruled this city . That you would come to ask for your throne , your place , that you would come here . Come to the land , come and rest : take possession of your royal houses , give food to your body . '' Moctezuma had the royal palace of Axayácatl , Moctezuma 's father , prepared for Cortés . On the same day that the Spanish expedition and their allies entered Tenochtitlan , Moctezuma came to visit Cortés and his men . What happened in this second meeting remains controversial . According to several Spanish versions , some written years or decades later , Moctezuma first repeated his earlier , flowery welcome to Cortés on the Great Causeway , but then went on to explain his view of what the Spanish expedition represented in terms of Aztec tradition and lore , including the idea that Cortés and his men ( pale , bearded men from the east ) were the return of characters from Aztec legend . At the end of this explanation , the Emperor pledged his loyalty to the King of Spain and accepted Cortés as the King 's representative .",
"26": "According to Diaz , Moctezuma said to Cortes , `` As for your great King , I am in his debt and will give him of what I possess . '' While in the Axayacatl palace , the conquistadors discovered the secret room where Moctezuma kept the treasure he had inherited from his father . The treasure consisted of a `` quantity of golden objects -- jewels and plates and ingots '' . Diaz noted , `` The sight of all that wealth dumbfounded me . '' Cortés later asked Moctezuma to allow him to erect a cross and an image of Virgin Mary next to the two large idols of Huichilobos and Tezcatlipoca , after climbing the one hundred and fourteen steps to the top of the main temple pyramid , a central place for religious authority . Moctezuma and his papas were furious at the suggestion , with Moctezuma claiming his idols , `` give us health and rain and crops and weather , and all the victories we desire . '' Conquistadors and their Tlaxcalan allies enter Tenochtitlan After Cortés ' request surrounding the questioning of raising the cross and the image of the Virgin Mary , the Mexica then killed seven Spanish soldiers Cortés had left on the coast , including Cortes ' Villa Rica Constable Juan de Escalante , and many Totonacs . Cortés along with five of his captains and Doña Marina and Aguilar , convinced Moctezuma to `` come quietly with us to our quarters , and make no protest ... if you cry out , or raise any commotion , you will immediately be killed . '' Moctezuma was later implicated by Qualpopoca and his captains , who had killed the Spanish soldiers . Though these captains of Moctezuma were sentenced to be `` burned to death '' , Moctezuma continued to remain a prisoner , fearing a `` rebellion in his city '' or that the Spanish may `` try to set up another prince in his place . '' This , despite Moctezuma 's chieftains , nephews and relations suggesting they should attack the Spanish .",
"27": "As of 14 November 1519 , Moctezuma was Cortés ' prisoner as insurance against any further resistance , until the end of May 1520 , Moctezuma lived with Cortés in the palace of Axayácatl . However , Moctezuma continued to act as Emperor , subject to Cortés ' overall control . During the period of his imprisonment , Moctezuma stated `` he was glad to be a prisoner , since either our gods gave us power to confine him or Huichilobos permitted it . '' He would even play the game of totoloque with Cortés . After the treason of Cacamatzin , Moctezuma and his caciques , were forced to take a more formal oath of allegiance to the King of Spain , though Moctezuma `` could not restrain his tears '' . Moctezuma told his caciques that `` their ancestral tradition , set down in their books of records , that men would come from the direction of the sunrise to rule these lands '' and that `` He believed ... we were these men . '' Cortés sent expeditions to investigate the Aztec sources of gold in the provinces of Zacatula , Tuxtepec , and the land of the Chinantec . Moctezuma was then made to pay a tribute to the Spanish King , which included his father 's treasure . These treasures , the Spaniards melted down to form gold bars stamped with an iron die . Finally , Moctezuma let the Catholic conquistadors build an altar on their temple , next to the Aztec idols . Finally , the Aztec gods allegedly told the Mexican papas , or priests , they would not stay unless the Spaniards were killed and driven back across the sea . Moctezuma warned Cortés to leave at once , as their lives were at risk . Many of the nobility rallied around Cuitláhuac , the brother of Moctezuma and his heir - apparent ; however , most of them could take no overt action against the Spanish unless the order was given by the Emperor .",
"28": "Defeat of de Narváez In April 1520 , Cortés was told by Moctezuma , that a much larger party of Spanish troops , consisting of nineteen ships and fourteen hundred soldiers under the command of Pánfilo de Narváez , had arrived . Pánfilo de Narváez had been sent by Governor Velázquez from Cuba to kill or capture Cortés . Leaving his `` least reliable soldiers '' under the command of Pedro de Alvarado to guard Moctezuma , Cortés set out against De Narváez who had advanced onto Cempoala . Cortés surprised his antagonist with a night attack , during which his men wounded De Narváez in the eye and took him prisoner . After Cortés permitted the defeated soldiers to settle in the country , they `` passed with more or less willingness to Cortés ' side . '' Hernán Cortés gained their support when he `` promised to make them rich and give them commands . '' The Caudillo then made a rapid return to Tenochtitlan , to relieve the besieged Alvarado and his men . Cortés led his combined forces on an arduous trek back over the Sierra Madre Oriental , returning to Mexico on St. John 's Day June 1520 , with 1300 soldiers and 96 horses , plus 2000 Tlaxcalan warriors . The Aztec response See also : Massacre in the Great Temple When Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan in late May , he found that Alvarado and his men had attacked and killed many of the Aztec nobility in the Massacre in the Great Temple , that happened during a religious festival organized by the Aztec . The Great Temple was central to the Aztec 's cosmological views ; the temple served as a burial ground for the offerings made to different gods , such as the gods of fertility , mountains , rain , and earth . Considering the centrality and the importance of the Great Temple as a religious and cultural monument could potentially have influenced the decision to attack a location such as this . Alvarado 's explanation to Cortés was that the Spaniards had learned that the Aztecs planned to attack the Spanish garrison in the city once the festival was complete , so he had launched a pre-emptive attack .",
"29": "Considerable doubt has been cast by different commentators on this explanation , which may have been self - serving rationalization on the part of Alvarado , who may have attacked out of fear ( or greed ) where no immediate threat existed . The Spanish retreat from Tenochtitlan Main article : La Noche Triste In any event , the population of the city rose en masse after the Spanish attack , which the Spanish did not expect . Fierce fighting ensued , and the Aztec troops besieged the palace housing the Spaniards and Moctezuma . Alvarado and the rest of the Spanish were held hostage by the Aztecs for a month . The nobility of Tenochtitlan chose Cuitláhuac as Huey Tlatoani ( Emperor ) . Cortés ordered Moctezuma to speak to his people from a palace balcony and persuade them to let the Spanish return to the coast in peace . Moctezuma was jeered and stones were thrown at him , mortally wounding Moctezuma . Aztec sources state the Spaniards killed him . Cortés had formed an alliance with Tlaxcala . This alliance had many victories , including the overtaking of the Aztec Capital Tenochtitlan . Their capital was used as a cosmic center , where they fed sacrifices to the gods through both human bodies and bloodletting . The capital was also used for central and imperialistic governmental control . Preparations for war began in their capital . The Spanish and their allies , including the Tlaxcala , had to flee the central city , as the people of Tenochtitlan had risen against them . The Spanish 's situation could only deteriorate . Because the Aztecs had removed the bridges over the gaps in the causeways that linked the city to the surrounding lands , Cortés ' men constructed a portable bridge to cross the water of the lake . On the rainy night of 10 July 1520 , the Spaniards and their allies set out for the mainland via the causeway to Tlacopan . They placed the portable bridge in the first gap , but at that moment their movement was detected and Aztec forces attacked , both along the causeway and by means of canoes on the lake . The Spanish were thus caught on a narrow road with water or buildings on both sides .",
"30": "The retreat quickly turned into a rout . The Spanish discovered that they could not remove their portable bridge unit from the first gap , and so had no choice but to leave it behind . The bulk of the Spanish infantry , left behind by Cortés and the other horsemen , had to cut their way through the masses of Aztec warriors opposing them . Many of the Spaniards , weighed down by their armor and booty , drowned in the causeway gaps or were killed by the Aztecs . Much of the wealth the Spaniards had acquired in Tenochtitlan was lost . The bridge was later called `` Alvarado 's Leap '' . The channel is now a street in Mexico City , called `` Puente de Alvarado '' ( Alvarado 's Bridge ) , because it seemed Alvarado escaped across an invisible bridge . ( He may have been walking on the bodies of those soldiers and attackers who had preceded him , given the shallowness of the lake . ) It is said that Cortés , upon reaching the mainland at Tlacopan , wept over their losses . This episode is called `` La Noche Triste '' ( The Night of Sorrows ) , and the old tree ( `` El árbol de la noche triste '' ) where Cortés allegedly cried , is still a monument in Mexico City . The Aztecs pursued and harassed the Spanish , who , guided by their Tlaxcalan allies , moved around Lake Zumpango towards a sanctuary in Tlaxcala . On July 14 , 1520 , the Aztecs attempted to destroy the Spanish for good at the Battle of Otumba . Although hard - pressed , the Spanish infantry was able to hold off the overwhelming numbers of enemy warriors , while the Spanish cavalry under the leadership of Cortés charged through the enemy ranks again and again . When Cortés and his men killed one of the Aztec leaders , the Aztecs broke off the battle and left the field . In this retreat , the Spaniards suffered heavy casualties , losing 860 soldiers , 72 other Spanish members of Cortes ' group , including five women , and a thousand Tlaxcalan warriors . Several Aztec noblemen loyal to Cortés , including Cacamatzin , and their families also perished , including Moctezuma 's son and two daughters .",
"31": "Spaniards find refuge in Tlaxcala A page from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala , showing a battle of Otumba . The Spanish were able to complete their escape to Tlaxcala . There , they were given assistance and comfort , since all 440 of them were wounded , with only 20 horses left . Maxixcatzin , Xicotencatl the Elder and Chichimecatecle told Cortés ' men : `` Consider yourselves at home . Rest ... do not think it a small thing that you have escaped with your lives from that strong city ... if we thought of you as brave men before , we consider you much braver now . '' Cortés then received reinforcements when the Panuco River settlement was abandoned , and supply ships arrived from Cuba and Spain . Cortés also built 13 sloops to cross Lake Texcoco . Xicotencatl the Younger , however , sought an alliance with the Mexicans , but was opposed . Cortés sent Diego de Ordaz , and the remnants of De Narvaez ' men , on a ship to Spain , and Alonso de Ávila on a ship to Santo Domingo to represent his case in the Royal Courts . Cortés was able to pacify the country , after the natives realized the Spaniards put `` an end to the rape and robbery that the Mexicans practised . '' Finally , Xicotencatl the Elder , baptized as Don Lorenzo de Vargas , agreed to support Cortés ' expedition against Texcoco . He sent more than ten thousand warriors under the command of Chichimecatecle as Cortés marched on the day after Christmas 1520 . Siege of Tenochtitlan Main article : Fall of Tenochtitlan § Siege of Tenochtitlan Model depicting the first lake battle between Spanish and Aztecs The Aztecs were struck by a smallpox plague starting in September 1520 , which lasted seventy days . Many were killed , including their new leader , the Emperor Cuitlahuac . The joint forces of Tlaxcala and Cortés proved to be formidable . One by one they took over most of the cities under Aztec control , some in battle , others by diplomacy .",
"32": "In the end , only Tenochtitlan and the neighboring city of Tlatelolco remained unconquered or not allied with the Spaniards . Cortés then approached Tenochtitlan and mounted a siege of the city that involved cutting the causeways from the mainland and controlling the lake with armed brigantines constructed by the Spanish and transported overland to the lake . The Siege of Tenochtitlan lasted eight months . The besiegers cut off the supply of food and destroyed the aqueduct carrying water to the city . Despite the stubborn Aztec resistance organized by their new emperor , Cuauhtémoc , the cousin of Moctezuma II , Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco fell on 13 August 1521 , during which the Emperor was captured trying to escape the city in a canoe . The siege of the city and its defense had both been brutal . Largely because he wanted to present the city to his king and emperor , Cortés had made several attempts to end the siege through diplomacy , but all offers were rejected . During the battle , the defenders cut the beating hearts from seventy Spanish prisoners - of - war at the altar to Huitzilopochtli , an act that infuriated the Spaniards . Cortés then ordered the idols of the Aztec gods in the temples to be taken down and replaced with icons of Christianity . He also announced that the temple would never again be used for human sacrifice . Human sacrifice and reports of cannibalism , common among the natives of the Aztec Empire , had been a major reason motivating Cortés and encouraging his soldiers to avoid surrender while fighting to the death . Tenochtitlan had been almost totally destroyed using the manpower of the Tlaxcalans plus fire and cannon fire during the siege , and once it finally fell , the Spanish continued its destruction , as they soon began to establish the foundations of what would become Mexico City on the site . The surviving Aztec people were forbidden to live in Tenochtitlan and the surrounding isles , and were banished to live in Tlatelolco .",
"33": "After the fall of Aztec Empire Main articles : Tarascan state and Tangaxuan II After hearing about the fall of the Aztec Empire , tarascan ruler ( Cazonci ) Tangaxuan II sent emissaries to the Spanish victors ( the Tarascan state was contemporary with and an enemy of the Aztec Empire ) . A few Spaniards went with them to Tzintzuntzan where they were presented to the ruler and gifts were exchanged . They returned with samples of gold and Cortés ' interest in the Tarascan state was awakened . Subjugation of the tarascans In 1522 a Spanish force under the leadership of Cristobal de Olid was sent into Tarascan territory and arrived at Tzintzuntzan within days . The Tarascan army numbered many thousands , perhaps as many as 100,000 , but at the crucial moment they chose not to fight . Tangáxuan submitted to the Spanish administration , but for his cooperation was allowed a large degree of autonomy . This resulted in a strange arrangement where both Cortés and Tangáxuan considered themselves rulers of Michoacán for the following years : the population of the area paid tribute to them both . Conquest of Michoacán Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán , then president of the first Audiencia decided , to march on northwestern Mexico with a force of 5,000 -- 8,000 men in search for new populations to subdue , and when he arrived in Michoacán and found out that Tangaxuan was still de facto ruler of his empire he allied himself with a Tarascan noble Don Pedro Panza Cuinierángari against the Cazonci . The Cazonci was tried with plotting a rebellion , withholding tribute , sodomy and heresy , and he was tortured and executed . His ashes were thrown into the Lerma river . A period of violence and turbulence began . During the next decades , Tarascan puppet rulers were installed by the Spanish government . Integration into the Spanish Empire Main article : History of New Spain The Council of the Indies was constituted in 1524 and the first Audiencia in 1527 .",
"34": "In 1535 , Charles V the Holy Roman Emperor ( who was as the King of Spain known as Charles I ) , named the Spanish nobleman Don Antonio de Mendoza the first Viceroy of New Spain . Mendoza was entirely loyal to the Spanish crown , unlike the conqueror of Mexico Hernán Cortés , who had demonstrated that he was independent - minded and defied official orders when he threw off the authority of Governor Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar in Cuba . The name `` New Spain '' had been suggested by Cortés and was later confirmed officially by Mendoza . Later wars of conquest `` The Last Days of Tenochtitlan , Conquest of Mexico by Cortez '' , a 19th - century painting by William de Leftwich Dodge . The fall of Tenochtitlan usually is referred to as the main episode in the process of the conquest of Mesoamerica . However , this process was much more complex and took longer than the three years that it took Cortés to conquer Tenochtitlan . It took almost 60 years of wars for the Spaniards to suppress the resistance of the Indian population of Mesoamerica . Chichimec wars Main articles : Chichimeca War and Mixton War After the Spanish conquest of central Mexico , expeditions were sent further northward in Mesoamerica , to the region known as La Gran Chichimeca . The expeditions under Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán were particularly harsh on the Chichimeca population , causing them to rebel under the leadership of Tenamaxtli and thus launch the Mixton War . In 1540 , the Chichimecas fortified Mixtón , Nochistlán , and other mountain towns then besieged the Spanish settlement in Guadalajara . The famous conquistador Pedro de Alvarado , coming to the aid of acting governor Cristóbal de Oñate , led an attack on Nochistlán . However , the Chichimecas counter-attacked and Alvarado 's forces were routed . Under the leadership of Viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza , the Spanish forces and their Indian allies ultimately succeeded in recapturing the towns and suppressing resistance . However , fighting did not completely come to a halt in the ensuing years .",
"35": "In 1546 , Spanish authorities discovered silver in the Zacatecas region and established mining settlements in Chichimeca territory which altered the terrain and the Chichimeca traditional way of life . The Chichimeca resisted the intrusions on their ancestral lands by attacking travelers and merchants along the `` silver roads . '' The ensuing Chichimeca War ( 1550 -- 1590 ) would become the longest and costliest conflict between Spanish forces and indigenous peoples in the Americas . The attacks intensified with each passing year . In 1554 , the Chichimecas inflicted a great loss upon the Spanish when they attacked a train of sixty wagons and captured more than 30,000 pesos worth of valuables . By the 1580s , thousands had died and Spanish mining settlements in Chichimeca territory were continually under threat . In 1585 , Don Alvaro Manrique de Zúñiga , Marquis of Villamanrique , was appointed viceroy . The viceroy was infuriated when he learned that some Spanish soldiers had begun supplementing their incomes by raiding the villages of peaceful Indians in order to sell them into slavery . With no military end to the conflict in sight , he was determined to restore peace to that region and launched a full - scale peace offensive by negotiating with Chichimeca leaders and providing them with lands , agricultural supplies , and other goods . This policy of `` peace by purchase '' finally brought an end to the Chichimeca War . Conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula Main article : Spanish Conquest of Yucatan The Spanish conquest of Yucatán took almost 170 years . The whole process could have taken longer were it not for three separate epidemics that took a heavy toll on the Native Americans , causing the population to fall in half and weakening the traditional social structure . The Aztecs under Spanish rule Cristóbal de Olid led Spanish soldiers with Tlaxcalan allies in the conquests of Jalisco and Colima of West Mexico . The Aztec Empire ceased to exist with the Spanish final conquest of Tenochtitlan in August 1521 . The empire had been composed of separate city - states that had either allied with or been conquered by the Mexica of Tenochtitlan , and rendered tribute to the Mexica while maintaining their internal ruling structures .",
"36": "Those polities now came under Spanish rule , also retaining their internal structures of ruling elites , tribute paying commoners , and land holding and other economic structures largely intact . Two key works by historian Charles Gibson , Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century ( 1952 ) and his monograph The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule : A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico , 1519 -- 1810 ( 1964 ) were central in reshaping the historiography of the indigenous and their communities from the Spanish Conquest to the 1810 Mexican independence era . Scholars who were part of a branch of Mesoamerican ethnohistory , more recently called the New Philology have , using indigenous texts in the indigenous languages , been able to examine in considerable detail how the indigenous lived during the era of Spanish colonial rule . A major work that utilizes colonial - era indigenous texts as its main source is James Lockhart 's The Nahuas After the Conquest : Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology . The key to understanding how considerable continuity of pre-Conquest indigenous structures was possible was the Spanish colonial utilization of the indigenous nobility . In the colonial era , the indigenous nobility were largely recognized as nobles by the Spanish colonial regime , with privileges including the noble Spanish title don for noblemen and doña for noblewomen . To this day , the title of Duke of Moctezuma is held by a Spanish noble family . A few of the indigenous nobility learned Spanish . Spanish friars taught indigenous tribes to write their own languages in Latin letters , which soon became a self - perpetuating tradition at the local level . Their surviving writings are crucial in our knowledge of colonial era Nahuas . The first mendicants in central Mexico , particularly the Franciscans and Dominicans learned the indigenous language of Nahuatl , in order to evangelize to the indigenous people in their native tongue . Early mendicants created texts in order to forward the project of Christianization . Particularly important were the 1571 Spanish - Nahuatl dictionary compiled by the Franciscan Fray Alonso de Molina , and his 1569 bilingual Nahuatl - Spanish confessional manual for priests .",
"37": "A major project by the Franciscans in Mexico was the compilation of knowledge on Nahua religious beliefs and culture that friar Bernardino de Sahagún oversaw using indigenous informants , resulting in a number of important texts and culminating in a 12 volume text , The General History of the Things of New Spain published in English as the Florentine Codex . The Spanish crown via the Council of the Indies and the Franciscan order in the late sixteenth century became increasingly hostile to works in the indigenous languages written by priests and clerics , concerned that they were heretical and an impediment to the Indians ' true conversion . To reward Spaniards who participated in the conquest of what is now contemporary Mexico , the Spanish crown authorized grants of native labor , in particular the assignment of entire indigenous communities to labor via the Encomienda system . The indigenous were not slaves under this system , chattel bought and sold or removed from their home community , but the system was still one of forced labor . The indigenous people of Central Mexico had practices rendering labor and tribute products to their polity 's elites and those elites to the Mexica overlords in Tenochtitlan , so the Spanish system of encomienda was built on pre-existing patterns of labor service . The Spanish conquerors in Mexico during the early colonial era lived off the labor of the indigenous peoples . Due to some horrifying instances of abuse against the native peoples , Bishop Bartolomé de las Casas suggested importing black slaves to replace them . Las Casas later repented when he saw the even worse treatment given to the black slaves . Evangelization of Mexico The other discovery that perpetuated this system of indigenous forced labor were the extensive silver mines discovered at Potosi , in Higher Peru ( now Bolivia ) and other places in the Spanish empire in the New World that were worked for hundreds of years by forced native labor and contributed most of the wealth that flowed to Spain . According to West , `` slavery was a well - established institution among the Aztecs and their neighbors . '' `` During the Conquest , Spaniards legally enslaved large numbers of natives -- men , women and children -- as booty of warfare , branding each individual on the cheek . '' In fact , `` Cortes owned several hundred , used mainly in gold placering . '' Indian slavery was abolished in 1542 but persisted until the 1550s .",
"38": "Spain spent enormous amounts of this wealth hiring mercenaries to fight the Protestant Reformation and to halt the Turkish invasions of Europe . The silver was used to purchase commercial goods abroad , as European manufactured goods were not in demand in Asia and the Middle East . The Manila Galleon brought in far more silver direct from South American mines to China than the overland Silk Road , or even European trade routes in the Indian Ocean could . The Aztec education system was abolished and replaced by a very limited church education . Even some foods associated with Mesoamerican religious practice , such as amaranth , were forbidden . In the 16th century , perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports . They were joined by 450,000 in the next century . Unlike the English - speaking colonists of North America , the majority of the Spanish colonists were single men who married or made concubines of the natives , and were even encouraged to do so by Queen Isabella during the earliest days of colonization . As a result of these unions , as well as concubinage and secret mistresses , mixed race individuals known as mestizos became the majority of the Mexican population in the centuries following the Spanish conquest . Cultural depictions Scene from the opera La Conquista , 2005 The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire is the subject of an opera , La Conquista ( 2005 ) and of a set of six symphonic poems , La Nueva España ( 1992 -- 99 ) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero . Cortés 's conquest has been depicted in numerous television documentaries . These include in an episode of Engineering an Empire as well as in the BBC series Heroes and Villains , with Cortés being portrayed by Brian McCardie . Captain from Castile ( 1947 ) is about early Cortés and the Aztec . The expedition was also partially included in the animated film The Road to El Dorado as the main characters Tulio and Miguel end up as stowaways on Hernán Cortés ' fleet to Mexico . Here , Cortés is represented as a merciless and ambitious villain , leading a quest to find El Dorado , the legendary city of gold in the New World . Hernán Cortés is voiced by Jim Cummings .",
"39": "The aftermath of the Spanish conquest , including the Aztecs ' struggle to preserve their cultural identity , is the subject of the acclaimed Mexican feature film , The Other Conquest , directed by Salvador Carrasco . Historian Daniele Bolelli did an in - depth coverage of the Spanish conquest over four episodes of his `` History on Fire '' podcast . See also Latin America portal Mexico portal Spain portal New Spain portal Aztec influence in Spain Historiography of Colonial Spanish America History of Mexico City History of smallpox in Mexico New Spain Spanish conquest of Chiapas Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish conquest of Honduras Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish conquest of the Muisca Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Spanish Empire Heroes and Villains : `` Cortes '' Notes Jump up ^ `` Indigeniso e hispanismo '' . Arqueología mexicana . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . ( Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` Conquest of the Aztec Empire Part I '' . www.spanishwars.net . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz , Early Latin America : A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil New York : Cambridge University Press , 1983 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Francisco López de Gómara , Cortés : The Life of the Conqueror by His Secretary , translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson . Berkeley : University of California Press 1964 , pp. 207 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Stuart B. ( 2000 ) . Victors and Vanquished : Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico . Boston : Bedford / St Martin 's . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 39355 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ida Altman , et al . The Early History of Greater Mexico , Pearson , 2003 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Stuart B. ( 2000 ) . Victors and Vanquished : Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico .",
"40": "Boston : Bedford / St. Martins . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 39355 - 7 . Jump up ^ Egerton , , Douglas R. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . The Atlantic World . Wheeling , Illinois : Harlan Davidson , Inc. p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88295 - 245 - 1 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz , Early Latin America : A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . See especially chapter 3 , `` From islands to mainland : the Caribbean phase and subsequent conquests . '' Jump up ^ Sarah Cline , `` Conquest Narratives , '' in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerica , David Carrasco , ed . New York : Oxford University Press 2001 , vol. 1 , p. 248 Jump up ^ Townsend , Camilla . `` Chapter 5 : Water - Pourng Song . '' Malintzin 's Choices : An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico , Univ. of New Mexico Press , 2006 , pp. 115 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Ida Altman , Sarah Cline , and Javier Pescador , The Early History of Greater Mexico , chapter 4 , `` Narratives of the Conquest . '' Pearson , 2003 , pp. 73 -- 96 Jump up ^ Patricia de Fuentes , ed . The Conquistadors : First - Person Accounts the Conquest of Mexico , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press 1993 . Previously published by Orion Press 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Two Letters of Pedro de Alvarado '' in The Conquistadors , Patricia de Fuente , editor and translator . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press 1993 , pp. 182 -- 96 Jump up ^ `` The Cronicle of the Anonymous Conquistador '' in The Conquistadors : First - person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico Patricia de Fuente , ( editor and trans ) . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press 1993 , pp.",
"41": "165 -- 81 Jump up ^ James Lockhart , We People Here , University of California Press 1991 , pp. 289 -- 97 Jump up ^ Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitil , Ally of Cortés : Account 13 of the Coming of the Spaniards and the Beginning of the Evangelical Law . Douglass K. Ballentine , translator . El Paso : Texas Western Press 1969 Jump up ^ Fray Bernardino de Sahagún , The Conquest of New Spain , 1585 Revision translated by Howard F. Cline , with an introduction by S.L. Cline . University of Utah Press 1989 . Jump up ^ Fray Diego Durán , The History of the Indies of New Spain ( 1581 ) , Trans. , annotated , and with an introduction by Doris Heyden . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1994 . Jump up ^ James Lockhart , We People Here : Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico , University of California Press 1991 , pp. 256 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : León - Portilla , M. 1992 , ' The Broken Spears : The Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico . Boston : Beacon Press , ISBN 978 - 0807055014 Jump up ^ William Hickling Prescott , History of the Conquest of Mexico , introduction by James Lockhart . New York : The Modern Library , 2001 Jump up ^ S.L. Cline `` Introduction , '' History of the Conquest of New Spain , 1585 Revision by Bernardino de Sahagún , Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press 1989 . Jump up ^ Fray Bernardino de Sahagún , General History of the Things of New Spain ( The Florentine Codex ) . Book 12 . Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble , translators . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . ^ Jump up to : Tsouras , Peter ( 2005 ) . Moctezuma : Warlord of the Aztecs . Washington , DC : University of Nebraska Press .",
"42": "^ Jump up to : Diaz , B. , 1963 , The Conquest of New Spain , London : Penguin Books , ISBN 0140441239 ^ Jump up to : Egerton , Douglas R. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . The Atlantic World . Wheeling , Illinois : Harlan Davidson , Inc. p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88295 - 245 - 1 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Camilla Townsend , `` Burying the White Gods : New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico '' The American Historical Review Vol. 108 , No. 3 ( June 2003 ) , pp. 659 -- 87 Jump up ^ Restall , Matthew . Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest . Oxford University Press ( 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 516077 - 0 Jump up ^ Schwartz , Stuart B. , ed . Victors and Vanquished : Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico . Boston : Bedforf , 2000 . Jump up ^ ( p. 192 ) ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Sara E. ( March 1972 ) . `` How the Aztecs Appraised Montezuma '' . The History Teacher. 5 : 21 -- 30 . doi : 10.2307 / 491417 -- via JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Hassig , Ross , Mexico and the Spanish Conquest . Longman : London and New York , 1994 . p. 45 Jump up ^ Ida Altman , S.L. ( Sarah ) Cline , The Early History of Greater Mexico , Pearson , 2003 , p. 54 Jump up ^ David A. Boruchoff , `` Hernán Cortés , '' International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , 2nd ed . ( Detroit : Macmillan , 2008 ) , vol. 2 , pp. 146 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Boruchoff , `` Hernán Cortés . '' Jump up ^ Hassig , Ross , Mexico and the Spanish Conquest . Longman : London and New York , 1994 .",
"43": "p. 46 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Hugh . Conquest : Montezuma , Cortés , and the fall of Old Mexico p. 141 Jump up ^ James Lockhart , Spanish Peru , 1532 -- 1560. , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press 1968 . Jump up ^ Guerrero is reported to have responded , `` Brother Aguilar , I am married and have three children , and they look at me as a Cacique here , and a captain in time of war ( ... ) But my face is tattooed and my ears are pierced . What would the Spaniards say if they saw me like this ? And look how handsome these children of mine are ! '' ( p. 60 ) Jump up ^ Later in the voyage a young woman , La Malinche , would be given to Cortés as a slave by the Chontal Maya inhabitants of the Tabasco coast . La Malinche spoke Nahuatl , the language of the Aztec and a regional lingua franca , as well as Chontal Maya , which was also understood by Aguilar . Cortés would be able to use the two of them to communicate with the central Mexican peoples and the Aztec court . See The Conquest of New Spain , pp. 85 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` Conquistadors -- Cortés '' . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Tuck , Jim ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Affirmative action and Hernán Cortés ( 1485 -- 1547 ) : Mexico History '' . Mexconnect.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ See : Restall , Matthew . Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest . Oxford University Press : Oxford and New York , 2003 . Jump up ^ Matthew Restall , `` Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest '' , 2003 Jump up ^ Cortés Burns His Boats pbs.org Jump up ^ `` Conquistadors -- Cortés '' . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hugh Tomas , The conquest of Mexico , 1994 Jump up ^ Evans , Susan Toby ( 2001 ) .",
"44": "Archaeology of ancient Mexico and Central America , an Encyclopedia . New York & London : Garland Publishing , Inc . pp. 139 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Empires Past : Aztecs : Conquest '' . Library.thinkquest.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Informantes de Sahagún : Códice Florentino , lib . XII , cap . X. ; Spanish version by Angel Ma . Garibay K . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Philip L. ( 2010 ) . The history of Mexico from pre-conquest to present . New York : Routledge . p. 12 . ISBN 9781136968280 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Denevan , William M. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Native population of the Americas in 1492 ( 2nd ed . ) . Madison , Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 148 -- 49 . ISBN 9780299134334 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Carrasco , David ( 2000 ) . The Return of Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire : Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition . University Press of Colorado . p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Francis J. ( May 1995 ) . `` Motecuzoma Xocoyotl , Hernán Cortés , and Bernal Díaz del Castillo : The Construction of an Arrest '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . 75 . No. 2 : 149 -- 83 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Prescott , William H. The History of the Conquest of Mexico . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott . pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Egerton , Douglas R. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . The Atlantic World . Wheeling , Illinois : Harlan Davidson , Inc. p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88295 - 245 - 1 .",
"45": "CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Anonymous informants of Sahagún , Florentine Codex , book XII , chapter XVI , translation from Nahuatl by Angel Ma . Garibay Jump up ^ Brumfiel , Elizabeth M. ( 1990 ) . `` Review : Aztec Religion and Warfare : Past and Present Perspectives '' . Latin American Research Review . 25 N. 2 : 248 -- 59 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Nagao , Debra ( Winter 1990 ) . `` Reviewed Work : The Great Temple of Tenochtitlan : Center and Periphery in the Aztec World by Johanna Broda , David Carrasco , Eduardo Matos Moctezuma '' . Ethnohistory. 37 : 97 -- 99 . doi : 10.2307 / 481953 -- via JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Egerton , Douglas R. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . The Atlantic World . Wheeling , Illinois : Harlan Davidson , Inc. p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88295 - 245 - 1 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Matthew , Laura E. ( 2012 ) . Memories of Conquest : Becoming Mexicano in Colonial Guatemala . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4696 - 0179 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gorenstein ( 1993 , xiv ) . Jump up ^ Gorenstein ( 1993 , xv ) . According to some other sources Tangaxuan II was dragged behind a horse and then burned . Jump up ^ `` John P. Schmal '' . Somosprimos.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Nancy Marguerite Farriss ( 1984 ) . Maya Society Under Colonial Rule : The Collective Enterprise of Survival . Princeton UP . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 0691101582 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ Charles Gibson , Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century , New Haven : Yale University Press 1952 Jump up ^ Charles Gibson , The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule : A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico , 1519 -- 1810 , Stanford : Stanford University Press 1964 . Jump up ^ Review by Benjamin Keen in Hispanic American Historical Review Vol. 45 , No. 3 ( Aug. 1965 ) , pp. 477 -- 80 Jump up ^ James Lockhart , The Nahuas After the Conquest : Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology , Stanford : Stanford University Press 1992 . Jump up ^ Frances Karttunen , `` Aztec Literacy , '' in George A. Coller et al. , eds . The Inca and Aztec States , pp. 395 -- 417 . New York : Academic Press 1982 . Jump up ^ Fray Alonso de Molina , Vocabulario en lengua cstellana y mexicana y mexcana y castellana ( 1571 ) , Mexico : Editorial Porrúa , 1970 Jump up ^ Fray Alonso de Molina , Confessionario mayor en la lengua castellana y mexicana ( 1569 ) , With an introduction by Roberto Moreno . Mexico : Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicos , Instituto de Investigaciones Históricos , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . Jump up ^ Howard F. Cline , `` Evolution of the Historia General '' in Handbook of Middle American Indians , Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources , vol. 13 , part 2 , Howard F. Cline , volume editor , Austin : University of Texas Pres , 1973 p. 196 . Jump up ^ Blackburn 1997 : 136 ; Friede 1971 : 165 -- 66 Jump up ^ West , Robert . Early Silver Mining in New Spain , 1531 -- 1555 ( 1997 ) . Bakewell , Peter , ed . Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas . Aldershot : Variorum , Ashgate Publishing Limited . pp. 65 -- 66 .",
"47": "CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Axtell , James ( September -- October 1991 ) . `` The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America '' . Humanities. 12 ( 5 ) : 12 -- 18 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Conquest of Mexico '' . Further reading Primary sources Alva Ixtlilxochitil , Fernando . Ally of Cortés : Account 13 of the Coming of the Spaniards and the Beginning of the Evangelical Law . Douglass K. Ballentine , translator . El Paso : Texas Western Press 1969 Anonymous Conqueror , the ( 1917 ) ( 1550 ) . Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan . Marshall Saville ( trans ) . New York : The Cortés Society . Cortés , Hernán . Letters -- available as Letters from Mexico translated by Anthony Pagden ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 09094 - 3 de Fuentes , Patricia , ed . The Conquistadors : First - Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press 1993 . Previously published by Orion Press 1963 . Francisco López de Gómara , Hispania Victrix ; First and Second Parts of the General History of the Indies , with the whole discovery and notable things that have happened since they were acquired until the year 1551 , with the conquest of Mexico and New Spain Bernal Díaz del Castillo , The Conquest of New Spain -- available as The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico : 1517 -- 1521 ISBN 0 - 306 - 81319 - X León - Portilla , Miguel ( Ed . ) ( 1992 ) ( 1959 ) . The Broken Spears : The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico . Ángel María Garibay K. ( Nahuatl - Spanish trans . ) , Lysander Kemp ( Spanish - English trans . ) , Alberto Beltran ( illus . ) ( Expanded and updated ed . ) .",
"48": "Boston : Beacon Press . ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5501 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Lockhart , James . We People Here : Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press 1991 . Sahagún , Fray Bernardino . General History of the Things of New Spain ( The Florentine Codex ) . Book 12 . Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble , translators . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . Sahagún , Fray Bernardino de . The Conquest of New Spain , 1585 Revision . Trans . by Howard F. Cline , introduction and notes by S.L. Cline . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press 1989 . Schwartz , Stuart B. , ed . Victors and Vanquished : Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico . Boston : Bedford , 2000 . Solis , Antonio de . The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards ( 1753 ) . Trans . Thomas Townsend. 2 vols . New York : AMS Press 1973 . Vázquez de Tapia , Bernardino . Relación de méritos y servicios del conquistador . ( c. 1545 ) . Mexico : UNAM 1972 .",
"49": "Secondary sources History of the Conquest of Mexico , with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization , and the Life of the Conqueror , Hernando Cortes By William H. Prescott ISBN 0 - 375 - 75803 - 8 Conquest : Cortés , Montezuma , and the Fall of Old Mexico by Hugh Thomas ( 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 671 - 51104 - 1 Cortés and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire by Jon Manchip White ( 1971 ) ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0271 - 0 The Rain God cries over Mexico by László Passuth Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest by Matthew Restall , Oxford University Press ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 516077 - 0 The Conquest of America by Tzvetan Todorov ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 132095 - 1 Time , History , and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico by Ross Hassig , Texas University Press ( 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 292 - 73139 - 6 The Aztecs of Central Mexico : An Imperial Society by Frances F. Berdan , Holt , Rinehart and Winston , ( 1982 ) ISBN 0 - 03 - 055736 - 4 Mexico and the Spanish Conquest by Ross Hassig , Longman : London and New York , ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 582 - 06828 - 2 Leibsohn , Dana , and Barbara E. Mundy , `` The Political Force of Images , '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 -- 1820 ( 2015 ) . http://www.fordham.edu/vistas . Additional bibliography Brandt , Anthony . `` Perfect storm at Tenochtitlan 1521 : How Cortes 's band of hidalgos destroyed the Mexica Empire . '' MHQ : The Quarterly Journal of Military History ( 2014 ) : 58 . Chasteen , John Charles . Born in Blood and Fire : A Concise History of Latin America . New York : W.W. Norton , 2011 . Daniel , Douglas A.",
"50": "`` Tactical Factors in the Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs . '' Anthropological Quarterly ( 1992 ) : 187 -- 94 . Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascunan . `` Happy Captivity . '' In Born in Blood and Fire : Latin American Voices , edited by John Charles Chasteen. 42 -- 48 . New York : W.W. Norton , 2011 . Garofalo , Leo J. , and Erin E. O'Connor . Documenting Latin America : Gender , Race , and Empire , vol. 1 . Boston : Prentice Hall , 2011 . O'Connor , Erin , and Leo Garofalo . Mothers Making Latin America . Raudzens , George . `` So Why Were the Aztecs Conquered , and What Were the Wider Implications ? Testing Military Superiority as a Cause of Europe 's Pre-Industrial Colonial Conquests . '' War in History ( 1995 ) : 87 -- 104 . Townsend , Camilla . Malintzin 's Choices : An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 2006 . White , John Manchip . `` Cortes and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire : A Study in a Conflict of Cultures . '' The Hispanic American Historical Review ( 1972 ) : 467 -- 68 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 -- 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 -- 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire . Hernán Cortés on the Web -- web directory with thumbnail galleries Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1911 ) Conquistadors ,",
"51": "with Michael Wood -- website for 2001 PBS documentary Ibero - American Electronic Text Series presented online by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center La Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España ( in Spanish ) Spanish colonization of the Americas History Inter caetera Pacific Northwest California Inca Empire Chile Colombia Chibcha Muisca Florida Texas Aztec Empire Maya Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua People Christopher Columbus Alonso de Ojeda Diego de Almagro Pedro de Alvarado Bernal Díaz del Castillo Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Sebastián de Belalcázar Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Hernán Cortés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Bartolomé de las Casas Hernán Pérez de Quesada Juan Ponce de León Francisco de Montejo Pánfilo de Narváez Juan de Oñate Francisco de Orellana Pedro de Portocarrero Francisco Pizarro Hernando de Soto Pedro de Valdivia Inés de Suárez Pedro de Candia Juan Pardo Tristán de Luna y Arellano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Related Encomienda Indian auxiliaries Spanish missions in the Americas Spanish Empire Timeline Catholic Monarchs Habsburgs Golden Age Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Ottoman -- Habsburg wars French Wars of Religion Eighty Years ' War Portuguese Restoration War Piracy in the Caribbean Bourbons Napoleonic invasion Independence of Spanish continental Americas Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish -- American War German -- Spanish Treaty ( 1899 ) Spanish Civil War Independence of Morocco ( Western Sahara conflict ) Territories Kingdoms of Naples , Sicily and Sardinia Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg ,",
"52": "northernmost France Franche - Comté Union with Portugal Philippines East Pacific ( Guam , Mariana , Caroline , Palau , Marshall , Micronesia , Moluccas ) Northern Taiwan Tidore Florida New Spain ( Western United States , Mexico , Central America , Spanish Caribbean ) Spanish Louisiana ( Central United States ) Coastal Alaska Haiti Belize Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela , Western Guyana New Granada ( Panama , Colombia , Ecuador , a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon ) Peru ( Peru , Acre ) Río de la Plata ( Argentina , Paraguay , Charcas ( Bolivia ) , Banda Oriental ( Uruguay ) , Falkland Islands ) Chile Equatorial Guinea North Africa ( Oran , Tunis , Béjaïa , Peñón of Algiers , Western Sahara , Spanish Morocco , Ifni and Cape Juby ) Administration Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Trial of residence Laws of the Indies Royal Decree of Graces School of Salamanca Exequatur Papal bull Administrative subdivisions Viceroyalties New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Provincias Internas Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba Luisiana New Andalusia ( 1501 -- 1513 ) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata",
"53": "Economy Currencies Dollar Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Military Armies Tercio Army of Flanders Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Indian auxiliaries Spanish Armada Legión Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Bernardo de Gálvez Sailors Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de",
"54": "Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor Battles Old World Won Bicocca Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St.",
"55": "Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Trafalgar Somosierra Annual New World Won Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Reynogüelén Penco Guadalupe Island San Juan Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Pensacola Lost La Noche Triste Tucapel Chacabuco Carabobo Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Manila Bay Asomante Spanish colonizations Canary Islands Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Peru Chile Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire British and American slaves granted their freedom by Spain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"56": "php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire&oldid=835739933 '' Categories : Aztec history Colonial Mexico Spanish conquests in the Americas 1510s in the Aztec civilization 1520s in the Aztec civilization 1520s in Mexico 1520s in New Spain 1510s conflicts 1520s conflicts Battles involving the Aztec Empire Battles involving Spain 1519 in Mexico 1520 in Mexico 1521 in Mexico 1519 in New Spain 1520 in New Spain 1521 in New Spain History of Mesoamerica History of New Spain New Spain 16th - century conflicts Religion - based wars 1520 in North America 1521 in North America Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al .",
"57": "CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Spanish - language external links Use dmy dates from August 2010 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays nikko in the wizard of oz
|
[
"Patrick Walshe",
"Patrick Walshe",
"Patrick Walshe",
"Patrick Walshe"
] |
{
"0": "Pat Walshe - wikipedia Pat Walshe Jump to : navigation , search Pat Walshe Walshe in Panic in the Streets ( 1950 ) Patrick Walshe ( 1900 - 07 - 26 ) July 26 , 1900 New York City , New York , U.S. December 11 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 11 ) ( aged 91 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Heart attack Resting place Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery Occupation Actor , Circus Performer Years active 1910 -- 1979 Height 3 ft 10 in ( 117 cm ) Signature Patrick Walshe ( July 26 , 1900 -- December 11 , 1991 ) was an American dwarf character actor and circus performer who specialized portraying animals ( animal impersonating ) . He is best known for playing Nikko , the head of the Winged Monkeys in The Wizard of Oz . He appeared in only a few films , as most of his work was in theater , vaudeville and circus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Wizard of Oz 3 Death 4 Early theater appearances 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Life and career ( edit ) A triptych of Walshe , from The Boston Post , 1920 . From left to right : Walshe outside his monkey costume , getting into his costume , and in full costume with makeup . Walshe was born as Patrick Walshe , on July 26 , 1900 , in New York City . Living his early years in Brooklyn , Walshe suffered from a form of restricted growth , and as a result never grew to be taller than 3'10 `` . Performing came to him young , appearing in various vaudeville shows and circuses . In 1910 , Walshe appeared in the Ringling Brothers Circus , a circus run by the famed five Ringling Brothers siblings . In the following years , Walshe appeared in the Broadway shows ; Hell and Lew Fields ' Bunty , Bulls and Strings , in which he played `` Mr MacGregor '' , a Scottish farmer .",
"1": "In 1913 , Walshe heard that the American Play Company where producing a performance of Within the Law , consisting entirely of a cast of dwarf actors , and he wrote to them hoping for a part . The same year , Walshe appeared in the Broadway production A Good Little Devil , starring Mary Pickford . In this production Walshe played the roles of a gnome called `` Huggermunk '' , and also squirrel . During 1914 , Walshe spent time with the Frank A. Robbins Circus . Many of Walshe 's performances included playing animals , particularly monkeys or apes . Eventually Walshe began to specialize in performing monkeys , which gained him popularity on the vaudeville circuit , appearing in such events as Lew Fields 's and Joe Weber 's Reunion show . Appearing in many variety shows , Walshe earned prominence for his performances and received him the nickname ; ' the monkey man ' . Of particular note was the meticulous attention to detail that Walshe gave to his performances . Walshe would spend time visiting the zoo , and studying the movement of the apes . Walshe had much fascination with the creatures putting significant effort into successfully mimicking not only the monkey 's physicality but also impersonating the sounds that they made . Walshe was even allowed by the zookeeper ( who he was friends with ) to enter the cages of the apes , to spend time close up with them . Walshe 's performances were perfected to such a degree of accuracy that , when wearing his costume , he allegedly was able to convince a particular chimp , that he was in fact an ape , scaring the creature . Rather than gluing fur to his body , Walshe had a costumer make a special fur suit for him . However , Walshe dealt with the makeup himself . With grey paint , he used highlights and shadows , as well as protruding false teeth and a wig to transform himself into a monkey . Walshe often worked directly with apes , which was dangerous work due to the unpredictable nature of the creatures . Though Walshe was well acquainted with them , having an in - depth knowledge of ape psychology as well as being naturally comfortable around them . In addition to working with live apes , simply to mimic their movements , Walshe also performed with them .",
"2": "One of his best - known performances was alongside the trained chimp , Baldy , of which he was the custodian of for several years . Walshe and Baldy appeared together in many shows , with a particular act , amongst other stunts , including the two of them riding a two - seated bicycle . Working with Baldy 's trainer , the two of them spent weeks inside Baldy 's cage , to help prepare her for the performance , as well as simply studying her behavior . He had a close bond with Baldy , and was known to carry around a picture of her in his pocket . Walshe , admitted his admiration for Baldy , who he described as `` the most intelligent of all performers of the animal kingdom '' . Throughout the 1920s , Walshe had earned a reputation for his act . At one point , Walshe did work as a businessman , though he found be a little person and having to do business with average sized people , considerably difficult . His business was unsuccessful and after a period of illness Walshe 's career as a businessman ceased , so he stuck with performing , In 1928 , Walshe was enlisted to appear in Rain or Shine , at the George M. Cohan Theatre , starring Joe Cook . The Broadway musical , centered on a circus , and Walshe was cast in the production due to his prior knowledge of circus performing . In the show , Walshe appeared alongside fellow circus performers , Fred Gregory ( a noted acrobat for Barnum and Bailey ) and Dave Chasen ( later famous for Chasen 's ) . All three had extensive experience appearing in circus and carnivals , unlike many of the principal cast . The three of them performed a circus act during the show that consisted of various acrobatics and stunts . Walshe portrayed the role of marmoset , and one part of the act included him being propelled from end of a pole . Despite their prominence in the show , neither Gregory nor Walshe were credited in the show 's program , but did receive billing on the posters and were mentioned in press releases . Walshe continued to perform on the stage in vaudeville , variety shows , circuses as well as Broadway productions , for the rest of his career .",
"3": "From 1930 to 1931 , Walshe appeared in a production of Fine and Dandy ( featuring the song Fine and Dandy ) , once again with Joe Cook with whom he worked previously with in 1928 for Rain or Shine . Walshe appeared alongside another dwarf actor named Hermon Ergotti , a German standing 3'8 `` . Ergotti and Walshe portrayed `` The Colt '' , with Walshe also doubling as `` J. Newton Wheer '' . In 1936 he appeared in a performance , known as the ' midget Tarzan ' , with Joe Cook again . Wizard of Oz ( edit ) On October 4 , 1938 , Walshe was cast in the most prominent role of his career . He was to make his feature film debut in The Wizard of Oz . Due to Walshe 's recognition for novelty performances dressed as animals and his expressive movement , Walshe was awarded the role of Nikko , the head of the Winged Monkeys . Unlike the other monkeys , Nikko was a featured role , serving as the Wicked Witch 's ( played by Margaret Hamilton ) second in command and minion . Though Walshe had no spoken lines , performing his character through physical performance , he did receive an on - screen credit ( which was rare for bit players at the time ) . Instead of the simple stage makeup that Walshe used in his shows , he had to wear complex prosthetics designed by Jack Dawn . While the other monkeys wore simple rubber masks , Walshe 's needed to appear in close - ups , so instead a multi-piece prosthetic makeup was produced . The prosthetics were moulded to Walshe 's features and then glued to his face , with some appliances protruding out . Walshe also wore a full fur body suit , with a short open tunic as well as a tail and wings . Walshe is listed in the end credits as playing Nikko , and despite being featured frequently in the movie , the name Nikko is never mentioned in the film . In the book , the character is simply called `` the Monkey King '' , so many viewers were unsure as to who the character was .",
"4": "Some confused Nikko with the Captain of the Winkie Guards ( played by Mitchell Lewis ) , though it is evident that he was in fact the monkey , since Walshe was 3'10 '' ( like the monkey ) and was well known for his animal impersonations . From 1945 to 1946 he performed with both the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus and Al Dean 's Circus . Some of Walshe 's other performances include at the Court Square Theater , and the Cole Bros. Circus . In addition to the extensive circus and theater work , he did also make a few other film appearances throughout his career with minor roles in Pinky , Roseanna McCoy , and 1941 , in addition to serving as a stunt double . He also made played a featured role in Panic in the Streets , in one of his only on screen speaking roles . Walshe played a newspaper peddler , named Pat after himself . Through his long career in theater and his film appearances , Walshe rose to significance as both veteran of vaudeville and circus , famous for his monkey performances . In his old age Walshe ceased to perform due to the physical demands of his work , but was still well remembered for his appearance in the classic The Wizard of Oz . Death ( edit ) On December 11 , 1991 , in Los Angeles , Walshe died of a heart attack at the age of 91 . At this time he was the last surviving credited cast member of The Wizard of Oz . His resting place is Westwood Memorial Park .",
"5": "Early theater appearances ( edit ) Ringling Brothers Circus ( 1910 ) Hell ( 1911 ) Bunty Bull and Strings ( 1912 ) A Good Little Devil ( 1913 ) Frank A. Robbins Circus ( 1914 ) Weber and Fields Reunion ( 1915 ) Good - Bye , Bill ( 1918 ) As You Were ( 1920 ) The Merchant of Venice ( 1922 ) The Jeweled Tree ( 1926 ) Rain or Shine ( 1928 ) Fine and Dandy ( 1930 -- 31 ) Filmography ( edit ) Walshe as Nikko in The Wizard of Oz The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) - Nikko Pinky ( 1949 ) - Minor Role ( uncredited ) Roseanna McCoy ( 1949 ) - A Hatfield ( uncredited ) Panic in the Streets ( 1950 ) - Pat - Newspaper Peddler ( uncredited ) ( final film role ) 1941 ( 1979 , double - uncredited ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Theatre Topics : Charles Frohmans List of New plays promises much that is interesting '' . Brooklyn Eagle . July 9 , 1931 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Circus to `` Rain or Shine '' `` . Brooklyn Eagle . May 27 , 1928 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monkey Shines as `` Man '' , While Man Apes `` Monkey '' `` . The Boston Post . December 12 , 1920 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Private Lives ' Reopens and Jed Harris Bobs Up Again '' . Brooklyn Eagle . April 5 , 1931 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News of the Stage and Screen '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . January 31 , 1936 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogan , David J. ( 2014 ) .",
"6": "The Wizard of Oz FAQ : All That 's Left to Know About Life , According to Oz . New York : Applause Theatre and Cinema Books . ISBN 1480397199 . Jump up ^ `` The Nikko Controversy '' . Reelclassics.com . November 8 , 1998 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Steven ( 1989 ) . The Munchkins Remember : `` The Wizard of Oz '' and Beyond . New York : E.P. Dutton . ISBN 9780525484868 . External links ( edit ) Pat Walshe on IMDb Pat Walshe at the Internet Broadway Database VIAF : 103522981 LCCN : no2009191713 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pat_Walshe&oldid=819091671 '' Categories : 1900 births 1991 deaths Actors with dwarfism American circus performers American male stage actors American male film actors Animal impersonators 20th - century American male actors Vaudeville performers Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery Hidden categories : Biography with signature Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Use mdy dates from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 10 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the role of the us attorney general
|
[
"the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U.S.C. § 503, concerned with all legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government",
"to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his or her advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments",
"the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U.S.C. § 503, concerned with all legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government"
] |
{
"0": "United States Attorney General - wikipedia United States Attorney General Jump to : navigation , search Attorney General of the United States of America Seal of the Department of Justice Flag of the Attorney General Incumbent Jeff Sessions since February 9 , 2017 United States Department of Justice Style The Honorable ( formal ) Mr. Attorney General ( informal ) Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with Senate confirmation Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument Judiciary Act of 1789 Formation September 26 , 1789 First holder Edmund Randolph Succession Seventh Deputy Deputy Attorney General Salary $205,700 annually ( Executive Schedule I , Level 1 ) The United States Attorney General ( A.G. ) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U.S.C. § 503 , concerned with all legal affairs , and is the chief lawyer of the United States government . In cases of the federal death penalty , the power to seek the death penalty rests with the Attorney General . Under Article II Sec. 2 of the Constitution the Attorney General is nominated by the President and appointed with the advice and consent of Congress . The Constitution is clear that the Attorney General may be impeached by Congress . As to whether the Attorney General may be summarily removed by the President , no provision of the Constitution grants this power . The decisional law suggests that the President has the power to remove an official engaged in purely executive functions or an official whose duties immediately affect the President 's ability to fulfill his constitutional responsibilities , ( Bowsher v. Synar , 1986 ) , but provides little or no guidance as to whether the office of Attorney General falls within these general guidelines . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Presidential transition 3 List of Attorneys General 4 Living former U.S. Attorneys General 5 Line of succession 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) See also : United States Department of Justice § History Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which , besides other things , established the Office of the Attorney General .",
"1": "The original duties of this officer were `` to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned , and to give his or her advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States , or when requested by the heads of any of the departments . '' The Department of Justice was established in 1870 to support the Attorney General in the discharge of their responsibilities . The Attorney General , the Secretary of State , the Secretary of the Treasury , and the Secretary of Defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials in the United States because of the importance and age of their respective departments . Presidential transition ( edit ) It is the practice for the Attorney General , along with many other public officials , to give resignation with effect on the Inauguration Day ( January 20 ) of a new President . The Deputy Attorney General , who is also required to tender their resignation , is commonly requested to stay on and act as Attorney General pending the confirmation by the Senate of the new Attorney General . For example , on the inauguration of President Donald Trump on January , 20 , 2017 , the tenure of the then Attorney General Loretta Lynch was brought to an end , and the Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates , who had also tendered her resignation , was asked to stay on and be Acting Attorney General until the confirmation of the new Attorney General Jeff Sessions , who had been nominated for the office in November 2016 by then - President - elect Donald Trump . However , Yates was dismissed by Trump on January 30 , 2017 before Sessions had been confirmed . Dana Boente automatically succeeded Yates as Acting Attorney General as the next available successor in the line of succession . Boente , who was the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia , was the most senior Justice Department official whose resignation had not been accepted by Trump . When Sessions was confirmed and sworn in as Attorney General on February 9 , 2017 , Boente became Acting Deputy Attorney General . On March 10 , 2017 , Sessions oversaw the firing of 46 United States Attorneys , leaving only his acting Deputy Dana Boente and nominated Deputy Rod Rosenstein in place . Rosenstein 's appointment was subject to Senate confirmation .",
"2": "Rosenstein was confirmed on April 25 , 2017 and became Deputy Attorney General on April 26 , 2017 , and Boente reverted to his permanent position . As of May 12 , 2017 , 205 of the 207 senior Justice Department positions subject to presidential appointment were still awaiting nomination and then confirmation . Hearings by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary of four presidential nominees are still to take place . Deputy United States Attorneys , who are career officials , were left in an acting capacity for the Attorneys . List of Attorneys General ( edit ) Parties No party ( 1 ) Federalist ( 3 ) Democratic - Republican ( 5 ) Democratic ( 34 ) Whig ( 4 ) Republican ( 38 ) Status Denotes service as acting Attorneys General prior to appointment or after resignation No . Portrait Name State of Residence Took office Left office President ( s ) Edmund Randolph Virginia September 26 , 1789 January 26 , 1794 George Washington William Bradford Pennsylvania January 27 , 1794 August 23 , 1795 Charles Lee Virginia December 10 , 1795 February 19 , 1801 John Adams Levi Lincoln Sr . Massachusetts March 5 , 1801 March 2 , 1805 Thomas Jefferson 5 John Breckinridge Kentucky August 7 , 1805 December 14 , 1806 6 Caesar A. Rodney Delaware January 20 , 1807 December 10 , 1811 James Madison 7 William Pinkney Maryland December 11 , 1811 February 9 , 1814 8 Richard Rush Pennsylvania February 10 , 1814 November 12 , 1817 9 William Wirt Virginia November 13 , 1817 March 4 , 1829 James Monroe John Quincy Adams 10 John M. Berrien Georgia March 9 , 1829 July 19 , 1831 Andrew Jackson 11 Roger B. Taney Maryland July 20 , 1831 November 14 ,",
"3": "1833 12 Benjamin Franklin Butler New York November 15 , 1833 July 4 , 1838 Martin Van Buren 13 Felix Grundy Tennessee July 5 , 1838 January 10 , 1840 14 Henry D. Gilpin Pennsylvania January 11 , 1840 March 4 , 1841 15 John J. Crittenden Kentucky March 5 , 1841 September 12 , 1841 William Henry Harrison John Tyler 16 Hugh S. Legaré South Carolina September 13 , 1841 June 20 , 1843 17 John Nelson Maryland July 1 , 1843 March 4 , 1845 18 John Y. Mason Virginia March 5 , 1845 October 16 , 1846 James K. Polk 19 Nathan Clifford Maine October 17 , 1846 March 17 , 1848 20 Isaac Toucey Connecticut June 21 , 1848 March 4 , 1849 21 Reverdy Johnson Maryland March 8 , 1849 July 21 , 1850 Zachary Taylor 22 John J. Crittenden Kentucky July 22 , 1850 March 4 , 1853 Millard Fillmore 23 Caleb Cushing Massachusetts March 7 , 1853 March 4 , 1857 Franklin Pierce 24 Jeremiah S. Black Pennsylvania March 6 , 1857 December 16 , 1860 James Buchanan 25 Edwin M. Stanton Pennsylvania December 20 , 1860 March 4 , 1861 26 Edward Bates Missouri March 5 , 1861 November 24 , 1864 Abraham Lincoln 27 James Speed Kentucky December 2 , 1864 July 22 , 1866 Andrew Johnson 28 Henry Stanbery Ohio July 23 , 1866 July 16 , 1868 29 William M. Evarts New York July 17 ,",
"4": "1868 March 4 , 1869 30 Ebenezer R. Hoar Massachusetts March 5 , 1869 November 22 , 1870 Ulysses S. Grant 31 Amos T. Akerman Georgia November 23 , 1870 December 13 , 1871 32 George Henry Williams Oregon December 14 , 1871 April 25 , 1875 33 Edwards Pierrepont New York April 26 , 1875 May 21 , 1876 34 Alphonso Taft Vermont May 22 , 1876 March 4 , 1877 35 Charles Devens Massachusetts March 12 , 1877 March 4 , 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes 36 Wayne MacVeagh Pennsylvania March 5 , 1881 December 15 , 1881 James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur 37 Benjamin H. Brewster Pennsylvania December 16 , 1881 March 4 , 1885 38 Augustus H. Garland Arkansas March 6 , 1885 March 4 , 1889 Grover Cleveland 39 William H.H. Miller Indiana March 7 , 1889 March 4 , 1893 Benjamin Harrison 40 Richard Olney Massachusetts March 6 , 1893 April 7 , 1895 Grover Cleveland 41 Judson Harmon Ohio April 8 , 1895 March 4 , 1897 42 Joseph McKenna California March 5 , 1897 January 25 , 1898 William McKinley 43 John W. Griggs New Jersey January 25 , 1898 March 29 , 1901 44 Philander C. Knox Pennsylvania April 5 , 1901 June 30 , 1904 Theodore Roosevelt 45 William H. Moody Massachusetts July 1 , 1904 December 17 , 1906 46 Charles J. Bonaparte Maryland December 17 ,",
"5": "1906 March 4 , 1909 47 George W. Wickersham New York March 4 , 1909 March 4 , 1913 William Howard Taft 48 James C. McReynolds Tennessee March 5 , 1913 August 29 , 1914 Woodrow Wilson 49 Thomas Watt Gregory Texas August 29 , 1914 March 4 , 1919 50 Alexander Mitchell Palmer Pennsylvania March 5 , 1919 March 4 , 1921 51 Harry M. Daugherty Ohio March 4 , 1921 April 6 , 1924 Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge 52 Harlan F. Stone New York April 7 , 1924 March 1 , 1925 53 John G. Sargent Vermont March 7 , 1925 March 4 , 1929 54 William D. Mitchell Minnesota March 4 , 1929 March 4 , 1933 Herbert Hoover 55 Homer Stille Cummings Connecticut March 4 , 1933 January 1 , 1939 Franklin D. Roosevelt 56 Frank Murphy Michigan January 2 , 1939 January 18 , 1940 57 Robert H. Jackson New York January 18 , 1940 August 25 , 1941 58 Francis Biddle Pennsylvania August 26 , 1941 June 26 , 1945 Harry S. Truman 59 Tom C. Clark Texas June 27 , 1945 July 26 , 1949 60 J. Howard McGrath Rhode Island July 27 , 1949 April 3 , 1952 61 James P. McGranery Pennsylvania April 4 , 1952 January 20 , 1953 62 Herbert Brownell Jr .",
"6": "New York January 21 , 1953 October 23 , 1957 Dwight D. Eisenhower 63 William P. Rogers Maryland October 23 , 1957 January 20 , 1961 64 Robert F. Kennedy Massachusetts January 20 , 1961 September 3 , 1964 John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson 65 Nicholas Katzenbach Illinois September 4 , 1964 January 28 , 1965 January 28 , 1965 November 28 , 1966 66 Ramsey Clark Texas November 28 , 1966 March 10 , 1967 March 10 , 1967 January 20 , 1969 67 John N. Mitchell New York January 20 , 1969 February 15 , 1972 Richard Nixon 68 Richard Kleindienst Arizona February 15 , 1972 May 25 , 1973 69 Elliot Richardson Massachusetts May 25 , 1973 October 20 , 1973 -- Robert Bork Acting Pennsylvania October 20 , 1973 January 4 , 1974 70 William B. Saxbe Ohio January 4 , 1974 January 14 , 1975 Gerald Ford 71 Edward H. Levi Illinois January 14 , 1975 January 20 , 1977 -- Dick Thornburgh Acting Pennsylvania January 20 , 1977 January 26 , 1977 Jimmy Carter 72 Griffin Bell Georgia January 26 , 1977 August 16 , 1979 73 Benjamin Civiletti Maryland August 16 , 1979 January 19 , 1981 74 William French Smith California January 23 , 1981 February 25 , 1985 Ronald Reagan 75 Edwin Meese California February 25 , 1985 August 12 , 1988 76 Dick Thornburgh Pennsylvania August 12 , 1988 August 15 , 1991 George H.W.",
"7": "Bush 77 William P. Barr New York August 16 , 1991 November 26 , 1991 November 26 , 1991 January 20 , 1993 -- Stuart M. Gerson Acting Washington , D.C. January 20 , 1993 March 12 , 1993 Bill Clinton 78 Janet Reno Florida March 12 , 1993 January 20 , 2001 -- Eric Holder Acting Washington , D.C. January 20 , 2001 February 2 , 2001 George W. Bush 79 John Ashcroft Missouri February 2 , 2001 February 3 , 2005 80 Alberto Gonzales Texas February 3 , 2005 September 17 , 2007 -- Paul Clement Acting Washington , D.C. September 17 , 2007 September 18 , 2007 -- Peter Keisler Acting Washington , D.C. September 18 , 2007 November 9 , 2007 81 Michael Mukasey New York November 9 , 2007 January 20 , 2009 -- Mark Filip Acting Illinois January 20 , 2009 February 3 , 2009 Barack Obama 82 Eric Holder Washington , D.C. February 3 , 2009 April 27 , 2015 83 Loretta Lynch New York April 27 , 2015 January 20 , 2017 -- Sally Yates Acting Georgia January 20 , 2017 January 30 , 2017 Donald Trump -- Dana Boente Acting Virginia January 30 , 2017 February 9 , 2017 84 Jeff Sessions Alabama February 9 , 2017 Incumbent Living former U.S. Attorneys General ( edit ) As of April 2018 , there are eleven , living former US Attorneys General , the oldest being Ramsey Clark ( served 1967 -- 1969 , born 1927 ) .",
"8": "The most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno ( served 1993 -- 2001 , born 1938 ) on November 7 , 2016 . Name Term of office Date of birth ( and age ) Ramsey Clark 1967 -- 1969 ( 1927 - 12 - 18 ) December 18 , 1927 ( age 90 ) Benjamin Civiletti 1979 -- 1981 ( 1935 - 07 - 17 ) July 17 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Edwin Meese 1985 -- 1988 ( 1931 - 12 - 02 ) December 2 , 1931 ( age 86 ) Dick Thornburgh 1988 -- 1991 ( 1932 - 07 - 16 ) July 16 , 1932 ( age 85 ) William P. Barr 1991 -- 1993 ( 1950 - 05 - 23 ) May 23 , 1950 ( age 67 ) John Ashcroft 2001 -- 2005 ( 1942 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Alberto Gonzales 2005 -- 2007 ( 1955 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Michael Mukasey 2007 -- 2009 ( 1941 - 07 - 28 ) July 28 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Eric Holder 2009 -- 2015 ( 1951 - 01 - 21 ) January 21 , 1951 ( age 67 ) Loretta Lynch 2015 -- 2017 ( 1959 - 05 - 21 ) May 21 , 1959 ( age 58 ) Line of succession ( edit ) On February 9 , 2017 , President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order which modified the line of succession for the Attorney General .",
"9": "Under Executive Order 13762 signed by President Obama on January 13 , 2017 , before leaving office , the line of succession was : United States Deputy Attorney General United States Associate Attorney General Other Officers potentially designated by the Attorney General ( in no particular order ) : Solicitor General of the United States Assistant Attorney General , Antitrust Division Assistant Attorney General , Civil Division Assistant Attorney General , Civil Rights Division Assistant Attorney General , Criminal Division Assistant Attorney General , National Security Division Assistant Attorney General , Environment and Natural Resources Division Assistant Attorney General , Justice Management Division Assistant Attorney General , Tax Division Assistant Attorney General , Office of Justice Programs Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legal Counsel Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legal Policy Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legislative Affairs United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal Subpoena duces tecum Subpoena ad testificandum United States Deputy Attorney General United States Associate Attorney General United States Assistant Attorney General United States Solicitor General List of living former members of the United States Cabinet Executive Order 13557 for `` Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice '' Notes ( edit ) Nicholas Katzenbach ( 1964 -- 1965 ) , Ramsey Clark ( 1966 -- 1967 ) and William P. Barr ( 1991 ) served as acting attorney general in their capacity as deputy attorney general , until their own appointment as attorney general . Richard L. Thornburgh ( 1977 ) and Eric Holder ( 2001 ) served as acting attorney general in their capacity as deputy attorney general , until the appointment of a new attorney general . Both subsequently served as attorney general , Thornburgh 1988 -- 1991 and Holder 2009 -- 2015 . On October 20 , 1973 , Solicitor General Robert Bork became acting attorney general following the `` Saturday Night Massacre '' , in which U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus both resigned . Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Stuart M. Gerson was acting attorney general from January 20 , 1993 , to March 12 , 1993 .",
"10": "Gerson was fourth in the line of succession at the Justice Department ( other senior DOJ officials had already resigned ) . During his time as Acting AG , Gerson supported the Brady bill and was in office in the beginnings of the Waco siege . Janet Reno , President Clinton 's nominee for attorney general , was confirmed on March 12 , and he resigned the same day . Acting Attorney General Gerson 's last day at the Justice Department was March 19 . On August 27 , 2007 , President Bush named Solicitor General Paul Clement as the future acting attorney general , to take office upon the resignation of Alberto Gonzales , effective September 17 , 2007 . According to administration officials , Clement took that office at 12 : 01 am September 17 , 2007 , and left office 24 hours later . On September 17 , President Bush announced that Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Peter Keisler would become acting attorney general , pending a permanent appointment of a presidential nominee . Keisler served as acting attorney general until the nomination of Michael Mukasey on November 9 , 2007 . Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip was asked to assume the position of acting attorney general by then President - elect Obama . Filip led the Department while President Obama 's nominee , then Attorney - General Designate Eric Holder , awaited confirmation by the United States Senate . Holder was confirmed on February 2 , 2009 , and sworn in the next day , thus ending Filip 's tenure as the acting attorney general . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 5312 . Jump up ^ Judiciary Act of 1789 , section 35 . Jump up ^ Cabinets and Counselors : The President and the Executive Branch ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ; Apuzzo , Matt ; Landler , Mark ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Fires Acting Attorney General '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Acting Attorney General Sally Yates Refuses to Enforce Trump Refugee EO '' . Lawfare Blog .",
"11": "January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the U.S. Attorney : Dana J. Boente '' . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ; Apuzzo , Matt ; Landler , Mark ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Fires Acting Attorney General '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Acting Attorney General Sally Yates Refuses to Enforce Trump Refugee EO '' . Lawfare Blog . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Sessions Confirmed as Attorney General , Capping Bitter Battle '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Acting Deputy Attorney General DAG Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Charlie Savage ; Maggie Haberman ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Abruptly Orders 46 Obama - Era Prosecutors to Resign '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal , May 12 , 2017 , The 205 Open Jobs at Justice Jump up ^ `` Without fanfare , Trump reverses Obama order on Justice Department succession '' . USA Today . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice '' . Federal Register . January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13787 , Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register / Vol. 82 , No. 64 / Presidential Documents. April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cahoon , Ben ( 2000 ) .",
"12": "`` United States Government '' . World Statesmen . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . January 20 , 1993 -- March 12 , 1993 Stuart M. Gerson ( acting ) ( b . 1944 ) ^ Jump up to : Staff reporter ( February 21 , 1993 ) . `` Stuart Gerson 's Parting Shot '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . As supporters of the Brady gun - control bill prepare to introduce it in Congress yet again this week , they find a welcome , if unlikely , ally in Stuart Gerson , the Acting Attorney General . Because President Clinton has had so many problems finding a new Attorney General , Mr. Gerson remains in office ... Jump up ^ Labaton , Stephen ( January 25 , 1993 ) . `` Notes on Justice ; Who 's in Charge ? Bush Holdover Says He Is , but Two Clinton Men Differ '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Scruggs , Richard ; Steven Zipperstein ; Robert Lyon ; Victor Gonzalez ; Herbert Cousins ; Roderick Beverly ( October 8 , 1993 ) . `` Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco , Texas February 28 to April 19 , 1993 '' . Department of Justice . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ifill , Gwen ( March 12 , 1993 ) . `` Reno Confirmed in Top Justice Job '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . She will replace Acting Attorney General Stuart M. Gerson , a holdover appointee from the Bush Administration . Ms. Reno said he resigned today . Jump up ^ Meyers , Steven Lee ( August 27 , 2007 ) . `` Embattled Attorney General Resigns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eggen , Dan ; Elizabeth Williamson ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Democrats May Tie Confirmation to Gonzales Papers '' . Washington Post . pp. A10 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` President Bush Announces Judge Michael Mukasey as Nominee for Attorney General '' , White House press release , September 17 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Bush Text on Attorney General Nomination '' . NewsOK.com . The Oklahoman . The Associated Press . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Obama asks U.S. Attorneys to stay ' for the time being ' '' . CNN Political Ticker . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . In addition , Obama 's transition team has asked current Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip , also a Bush appointee , to serve as Acting Attorney General replacing outgoing Attorney General Michael Mukasey. ) Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Bush Appointees Holding Down the Fort While Obama Nominees Await Confirmation '' . FOX News . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . While Holder waits for his confirmation , Bush appointee Mark Filip is acting attorney general . A former U.S. District Court judge in Illinois , the native Chicagoan holds a law degree from Harvard and was a lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School . Holder was supposed to have faced a confirmation vote on Wednesday , but scheduling conflicts necessitated a delay in the Senate . Jump up ^ `` Acting Attorney General Mark Filip . '' United States Department of Justice . January 20 , 2009 . ( Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5eJ6TAbgg ) Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Obama attorney - general confirmed '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . President Barack Obama 's choice for attorney - general , Eric Holder , has been confirmed in the post by the US Senate . Jump up ^ Staff ( n.d. ) . `` USDOJ : Office of the Attorney General '' . US Department of Justice . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Alberto Gonzales .",
"14": "was sworn in as the 83rd Attorney General of the United States on March 22 , 2013 by Vice-President Joe Biden . President Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Mr. Gonzales on December 1 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by James Mattis as Secretary of Defense Order of Precedence of the United States as Attorney General Succeeded by Ryan Zinke as Secretary of the Interior Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Secretary of Defense James Mattis 7th in line Succeeded by Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke United States Attorneys General 18th century Randolph Bradford Lee 19th century Lincoln Breckinridge Rodney Pinkney Rush Wirt Berrien Taney Butler Grundy Gilpin Crittenden Legaré Nelson Mason Clifford Toucey Johnson Crittenden Cushing Black Stanton Bates Speed Stanbery Evarts Hoar Akerman Williams Pierrepont Taft Devens MacVeagh Brewster Garland Miller Olney Harmon McKenna Griggs 20th century Knox Moody Bonaparte Wickersham McReynolds Gregory Palmer Daugherty Stone Sargent W.D. Mitchell Cummings Murphy Jackson Biddle T.C. Clark McGrath McGranery Brownell Rogers Kennedy Katzenbach R. Clark J.N.",
"15": "Mitchell Kleindienst Richardson Saxbe Levi Bell Civiletti Smith Meese Thornburgh Barr Reno 21st century Ashcroft Gonzales Mukasey Holder Lynch Sessions Agencies under the United States Department of Justice Headquarters : Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building Jeff Sessions , Attorney General Rod Rosenstein , Deputy Attorney General Deputy Attorney General Justice Management Division Criminal Division National Security Division Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Bureau of Prisons National Institute of Corrections United States Marshals Service Executive Office for Immigration Review Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management Office of the Federal Detention Trustee Office of the Pardon Attorney Office of Privacy and Civil Liberties Office of Professional Responsibility Office on Sexual Violence and Crimes against Children Office of Tribal Justice Professional Responsibility Advisory Office United States Attorneys INTERPOL , U.S.",
"16": "National Central Bureau United States Parole Commission Office of Legal Counsel Associate Attorney General Office of Justice Programs Office of Dispute Resolution Office on Violence Against Women Community Oriented Policing Services Office of Information Policy Foreign Claims Settlement Commission Antitrust Division Civil Division Civil Rights Division Environment and Natural Resources Division Tax Division United States Trustee Program Community Relations Service Office of Legal Policy Assistant Attorneys General Antitrust Division Civil Division Civil Rights Division Criminal Division National Security Division Environmental and Natural Resources Division Justice Management Division Tax Division Office of Legal Counsel Office of Legal Policy Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Justice Programs Solicitor General Leaders of the United States federal executive departments Current Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Past Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Mike Pompeo ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Robert Wilkie ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency .",
"17": "Attorneys General of the Individual States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S.",
"18": "Virgin Islands Attorneys General of the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Attorney_General&oldid=838004939 '' Categories : United States Attorneys General 1789 establishments in the United States Cabinet of the United States Lists of members of the Cabinet of the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 10 : 31 .",
"19": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is union station in washington dc located
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[
"50 Massachusetts Avenue NE"
] |
{
"0": "Washington Union Station - wikipedia Washington Union Station Jump to : navigation , search For the Washington Metro station , see Union Station ( Washington Metro ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Washington Union Station Amtrak , MARC , and VRE railway station Location 50 Massachusetts Avenue NE Washington , DC United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 50 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 38.89731 ° N 77.00626 ° W / 38.89731 ; - 77.00626 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 50 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 38.89731 ° N 77.00626 ° W / 38.89731 ; - 77.00626 Owned by Amtrak and USDOT . Union Station Redevelopment Corp.",
"1": "leased to Ashkenazy Acquisition Corporation Operated by Jones Lang LaSalle Platforms 18 Tracks 22 Train operators Amtrak , MARC , VRE Bus stands located on the mezzanine level Bus operators WMATA Metrobus DC Circulator Maryland MTA Commuter Bus Loudoun County Commuter Bus PRTC Buses BoltBus Greyhound Lines Megabus Peter Pan Bus Lines Washington Deluxe BestBus Connections Washington Metro at Union Station DC Streetcar Construction Parking 2,448 Bicycle facilities 180 Disabled access Yes Other information Station code Amtrak code : WAS IATA code : ZWU Fare zone 1 ( VREX ) History Opened 1908 Rebuilt 1981 -- 1989 Traffic Passengers ( 2017 ) 5,225,460 annually 2.49 % ( Amtrak ) Passengers ( 2016 ) 28,864 daily 7.45 % ( Metro ) Northeast Corridor ▶ Preceding station Amtrak Following station Terminus Acela Express BWI Airport toward Boston South Station Vermonter New Carrollton toward St.",
"2": "Albans Rockville toward Chicago Capitol Limited Terminus Alexandria toward Chicago Cardinal Baltimore toward New York City Alexandria toward Charlotte Carolinian Alexandria toward New Orleans Crescent Alexandria toward Miami Silver Meteor Silver Star Alexandria toward Norfolk , Newport News , or Roanoke Northeast Regional New Carrollton toward Boston South Station or Springfield Alexandria toward Savannah Palmetto New Carrollton toward New York City MARC Silver Spring toward Martinsburg or Frederick Brunswick Line Terminus Terminus Camden Line Riverdale toward Camden Station Penn Line New Carrollton toward Perryville Virginia Railway Express L'Enfant toward Broad Run Manassas Line Terminus L'Enfant toward Spotsylvania Fredericksburg Line Out - of - system interchange DC Streetcar Terminus H Street / Benning Road Line 3rd Street toward Oklahoma Avenue Former services Baltimore and Ohio Silver Spring ( Metropolitan Branch ) toward Chicago Grand Central Station Main Line Hyattsville ( Washington Branch ) toward Baltimore Mount Royal Station Pennsylvania Railroad Terminus Federal Express Landover toward New York City Amtrak Alexandria toward Tri-State Station Hilltopper New Carrollton toward Boston South Station Silver Spring toward Cincinnati Shenandoah Terminus Washington D.C. Union Station U.S. National Register of Historic Places Built 1908 Architect D.H. Burnham & Company ( William Pierce Anderson , Daniel Burnham ) Architectural style Classical , Beaux - Arts , among others NRHP reference # 69000302 Designated March 24 , 1969 Washington Union Station is a major train station , transportation hub , and leisure destination in Washington , D.C. Opened in 1907 , it is Amtrak 's headquarters and the railroad 's second - busiest station with annual ridership of just under 5 million . The station also serves MARC and VRE commuter rail services , the Washington Metro , intercity bus lines , and local Metrobus buses . At the height of its traffic , during World War II , as many as 200,000 passengers passed through the station in a single day . In 1988 , a headhouse wing was added and the original station renovated for use as a shopping mall .",
"3": "Today , Union Station is one of the busiest rail facilities and shopping destinations in the United States , and is visited by over 40 million people a year . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Predecessor terminals 1.2 Construction , opening , and operation 1.3 Decline 1.4 Restoration 2 Architecture 3 Services 4 Owner 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Predecessor terminals ( edit ) Before Union Station opened , each of the major railroads operated their own stations : Baltimore and Ohio Railroad trains arrived and departed from the New Jersey Avenue Station , while the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad ( B&P ) ( a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad ) , the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway , and the Southern Railway operated from the B&P 's station at 6th and B Street , NW -- the current location of the National Gallery of Art . Construction , opening , and operation ( edit ) A 1902 drawing of a proposal for the design of Union Station Trains at the station shortly after its completion , circa 1908 Train concourse , circa 1915 When the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad announced in 1901 that they had agreed to build a new union station together , the city had two reasons to celebrate . The decision meant that both railroads would soon remove their trackwork and terminals from the National Mall . Though changes there appeared only gradually , the consolidation of the depots allowed the creation of the Mall as it appears today . Secondly , the plan to bring all the city 's railroads under one roof promised that Washington would finally have a station both large enough to handle large crowds and impressive enough to befit the city 's role as the federal capital . The station was to be designed under the guidance of Daniel Burnham , a famed Chicago architect and member of the U.S. Senate Park Commission , who in September 1901 wrote to the Commission 's chairman , Sen. James McMillan , of the proposed project : `` The station and its surroundings should be treated in a monumental manner , as they will become the vestibule of the city of Washington , and as they will be in close proximity to the Capitol itself . ''",
"4": "The Station and tracks would take the place of over 100 houses in the heart of an impoverished neighborhood called `` Swampoodle '' where crime was rampant . It was the end of a community but the beginning of a new era for Washington , DC . Tiber Creek which was prone to flooding was put in a tunnel underground . Delaware Avenue disappeared from the map between Massachusetts Avenue and Florida Avenue under the tracks . Only a small section remains next to the tracks between L and M Streets NE . After two years of complicated and sometimes contentious negotiations , Congress passed S. 4825 ( 58th - 1st session ) entitled `` An Act to provide a union railroad station in the District of Columbia '' which was signed into law by 26th President Theodore Roosevelt on February 28 , 1903 . The Act authorized the Washington Terminal Company ( which was to be jointly owned by the B&O and the PRR - controlled Philadelphia , Baltimore and Washington Railroad ) to construct a station `` monumental in character '' that would cost at least $4 million . ( The main station building 's actual cost eventually exceeded $5.9 million . ) Including additional outlays for new terminal grades , approaches , bridges , viaducts , coach and freight yards , tunnels , shops , support buildings and other infrastructure , the total cost to the Terminal Company for all the improvements associated with Union Station exceeded $16 million . This cost was financed by $12 million in first mortgage bonds as well as advances by the owners which were repaid by stock and cash . Each carrier also received $1.5 million in government funding to compensate them for the costs of eliminating grade crossings in the city . The site selected to build the station was a district referred to as `` Swampoodle '' located half a mile north of the Capitol which was then a particularly noxious combination of boggy ground interspersed with slum dwellings . The only railroad station in the nation specifically authorized by the U.S. Congress , the building was primarily designed by William Pierce Anderson of the Chicago architectural firm of D.H. Burnham & Company . The first B&O train to arrive with passengers was the Pittsburgh Express which did so at 6 : 50 a.m. on October 27 , 1907 while the first PRR train arrived three weeks later on November 17 . The main building itself was completed in 1908 .",
"5": "Of its 32 station tracks , 20 enter from the northeast and terminate at the station 's headhouse . The remaining 12 tracks enter below ground level from the south via a 4,033 - foot twin - tube tunnel passing under Capitol Hill and a 898 - foot long subway under Massachusetts Avenue which allow through traffic direct access to the rail networks both north and south of the city . U.S.O. Lounge ( former Presidential Suite ) Among the new station 's unique features was an opulent `` Presidential Suite '' ( aka `` State Reception Suite '' ) where the U.S. President , State Department , and Congressional leaders could receive distinguished visitors arriving in Washington . Provided with a separate entrance , the suite ( which was first used by 27th President William Howard Taft in 1909 ) was also meant to safeguard the Chief Executive during his travels in an effort to prevent a repeat of the July 1881 assassination of 20th President James A. Garfield in the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station . The suite was converted in December 1941 , during World War II to a U.S.O. ( United Services Organization ) canteen , which went on to serve 6.5 million military service members during World War II . Although closed on May 31 , 1946 , it was reopened in 1951 as a U.S.O. lounge and dedicated by President Harry Truman as a permanent `` home away from home '' for traveling U.S. Armed Services members . On the morning of January 15 , 1953 , the Pennsylvania Railroad 's Federal , the overnight train from Boston , crashed into the station . When the engineer tried to apply the trainline brakes two miles out of the platforms , he discovered that he only had engine brakes . A switchman on the approach to the station noticed the runaway train and telephoned a warning to the station , as the train coasted downhill into track 16 . The GG1 locomotive , No. 4876 , hit the bumper block at about 35 miles per hour ( 56 km / h ) , jumped onto the platform , destroyed the stationmaster 's office at the end of the track , took out a newsstand , and was on its way to crashing through the wall into the Great Hall .",
"6": "Just then , the floor of the terminal , having never been designed to carry the weight of a locomotive , gave way , dropping the engine into the basement . The 447,000 - pound ( 202,800 kg ) electric locomotive fell into about the center of what is now the food court . Remarkably , no one was killed , and passengers in the rear cars thought that they had only had a rough stop . An investigation revealed that an anglecock on the brakeline had been closed , probably by an icicle knocked from an overhead bridge . The accident inspired the finale of the 1976 film Silver Streak . The durable design of the GG1 made its damage repairable , and it was soon back in service after being hauled away in pieces to the PRR 's main shops in Altoona , Pennsylvania . Before the latter action was undertaken , however , the GG1 and the hole it made were temporarily planked over and hidden from view due to the imminent inauguration of General Dwight D. Eisenhower as the thirty - fourth President of the United States . Until intercity passenger rail service was taken over by Amtrak in 1971 , Union Station served as a hub for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , Pennsylvania Railroad , and Southern Railway . The Richmond , Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad provided a link to Richmond , Virginia , about 100 miles ( 161 km ) to the south , where major north - south lines of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Seaboard Air Line Railroad provided service to the Carolinas , Georgia , and Florida . World War II was the busiest period in the station 's history in terms of passenger traffic with up to 200,000 people passing through on a single day . Decline ( edit ) See also : National Visitor Center South entrance , 1974 In 1967 , the chairman of the Civil Service Commission expressed interest in using Union Station as a visitor center during the upcoming Bicentennial celebrations . Funding for this was collected over the next six years , and the reconstruction of the station included outfitting the Main Hall with a recessed pit to display a slide show presentation . This was officially the PAVE ( Primary Audio - Visual Experience ) , but was sarcastically referred to as `` the Pit '' . The entire project was completed , save for the parking garage , and opening ceremonies were held on Independence Day 1976 .",
"7": "Due to a lack of publicity and convenient parking , the National Visitor Center was never popular . Financial considerations caused the National Park Service to close the theaters , end the slideshow presentation in `` the Pit '' , and lay off almost three - quarters of the center 's staff on October 28 , 1978 . After the leaking roof caused the partial collapse of plaster from the ceiling in the eastern wing of the building , the National Park Service declared the entire structure unsafe on February 23 , 1981 , and sealed the structure to the public . Restoration ( edit ) The 1981 ceiling collapse deeply alarmed members of Congress and officials in the new Reagan administration . On April 3 , despite a budget austerity push , administration officials proposed a plan to appropriate $7 million to allow the Department of the Interior to finish its authorized $8 million roof repair program . In addition , the government of the District of Columbia would be permitted to reprogram up to $40 million in federal highway money to finish the parking garage at Union Station . On October 19 , administration officials and members of the United States Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation agreed on additional aspects of the plan . Up to $1 million would be authorized and appropriated to fund a study on needed repairs at the station and a second study on the feasibility of turning Union Station into a retail complex . The Department of Transportation ( DOT ) was authorized to sign contracts with any willing corporation to construct a retail complex in and around Union Station . DOT was also authorized to spend up to $29 million in already - appropriated money from its Northeast Corridor rail capital building program on Union Station repairs . The revised bill also required DOT to take control of Union Station from the Department of the Interior , and for DOT to buy out its lease with the station 's private - sector owners . The buy - out would be spread over six years , for which $275,000 a year was authorized and appropriated . The bill required DOT to operate Union Station as a train station once more , complete with ticketing , waiting areas , baggage areas , and boarding . Although no statement was made in the bill , Senate aides said the intent was to have Amtrak tear down its 1960s - era station at the rear of Union Station and move its operations back inside . The Senate passed the bill unanimously on November 23 . The House approved the bill on December 16 .",
"8": "President Ronald Reagan signed the Union Station Redevelopment Act into law on December 29 . As a result of the Redevelopment Act of 1981 , Union Station was closed for restoration and refurbishing . Mold was growing in the leaking ceiling of the Main Hall , and the carpet laid out for an Inauguration Day celebration was full of cigarette - burned holes . In 1988 , Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole awarded $70 million to the restoration effort . `` The Pit '' was transformed into a new basement level , and the Main Hall floor was refitted with marble . While installing new HVAC systems , crews discovered antique items in shafts that had not been opened since the building 's creation . The station reopened in its present form on September 29 , 1988 . The former `` Pit '' area was replaced with an AMC movie theater ( later Phoenix Theatres ) , which closed on October 12 , 2009 , and was replaced with an expanded food court and a Walgreens store . The food court still retains the original arches under which the trains were parked as well as the track numbers on those arches . A variety of shops opened along the Concourse and Main Hall , and a new Amtrak terminal at the back behind the original Concourse . Trains no longer enter the original Concourse but the original , decorative gates were relocated to the new passenger concourse . In 1994 , this new passenger concourse was renamed to honor W. Graham Claytor , Jr. , who served as Amtrak 's president from 1982 to 1993 . The decorative elements of the station were also restored . The skylights were preserved , but sunlight no longer illuminates the Concourse because it is blocked by the newer roof structure built directly overhead to support the aging , original structure . In June , 2015 , the Union Station Redevelopment Corporation released the first ever Historic Preservation Plan to guide future preservation and restoration efforts at the Washington Union Station complex . Architecture ( edit ) The central interior of Union Station in 2017 Architect Daniel H. Burnham , assisted by Pierce Anderson , was inspired by a number of architectural styles .",
"9": "Classical elements included the Arch of Constantine ( exterior , main façade ) and the great vaulted spaces of the Baths of Diocletian ( interior ) ; prominent siting at the intersection of two of Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant 's avenues , with an orientation that faced the United States Capitol just five blocks away ; a massive scale , including a façade stretching more than 600 ft ( 180 m ) and a waiting room ceiling 96 ft ( 29 m ) above the floor ; stone inscriptions and allegorical sculpture in the Beaux - Arts style ; expensive materials such as marble , gold leaf , and white granite from a previously unused quarry . In the Attic block , above the main cornice of the central block , stand six colossal statues ( modeled on the Dacian prisoners of the Arch of Constantine ) created by Louis St. Gaudens . These are entitled `` The Progress of Railroading '' and their iconography expresses the confident enthusiasm of the American Renaissance movement : Prometheus ( for Fire ) , Thales ( for Electricity ) , Themis ( for Freedom and Justice ) , Apollo ( for Imagination and Inspiration ) , Ceres ( for Agriculture ) and Archimedes ( for Mechanics ) . The substitution of Agriculture for Commerce in a railroad station iconography vividly conveys the power of a specifically American lobbying bloc . St. Gaudens also created the 26 centurions for the station 's main hall . Burnham drew upon a tradition , launched with the 1837 Euston railway station in London , of treating the entrance to a major terminal as a triumphal arch . He linked the monumental end pavilions with long arcades enclosing loggias in a long series of bays that were vaulted with the lightweight fireproof Guastavino tiles favored by American Beaux - Arts architects . The final aspect owed much to the Court of Heroes at the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago , where Burnham had been coordinating architect . The setting of Union Station 's façade at the focus of converging avenues in a park - like green setting is one of the few executed achievements of the City Beautiful movement : elite city planning that was based on the `` goosefoot '' ( patte d'oie ) of formal garden plans made by Baroque designers such as André Le Nôtre .",
"10": "The station held a full range of dining rooms and other services , including barber shops and a mortuary . Union Station was equipped with a presidential suite which is now occupied by a restaurant . Panoramic image of the great hall in 2016 Services ( edit ) A food court at Union Station in February 2006 . Today Union Station is again one of Washington 's busiest and best - known places , visited by 40 million people each year and has many shops , cafes , and restaurants . Passenger services include Amtrak 's high - speed Acela Express , Northeast Regional , and several of Amtrak 's long - distance sleeper trains ( including , among others , the Capitol Limited , Crescent , Palmetto , and Silver Service trains ) ; the MARC and VRE commuter railways , linking Washington to Maryland and West Virginia ( MARC ) and Virginia ( VRE ) ; and the Washington Metro Red Line . From Union Station , Amtrak also operates long - distance service to the Southeast and Midwest , including many intermediate stops to destinations such as Chicago , Atlanta , New Orleans , and Miami . In fiscal 2011 , an average of more than 13,000 passengers boarded or got off Amtrak trains each day . It is also Amtrak 's busiest train station that can handle the railroad 's Superliner railcars . The station is at the southern end of the Northeast Corridor , an electrified rail line extending north through major cities including Baltimore , Philadelphia , New York City , and Boston . The track area of the station is divided into upper and lower levels . The upper level contains tracks 7 -- 20 ( tracks 1 - 6 no longer exist ) , which are served by high - level bay platforms at the door level of most trains . These tracks are used by all MARC commuter rail services , all Amtrak Acela Express trains , and some Amtrak Northeast Regional trains that terminate at the station . All of the tracks on the upper level terminate at the station and are only used by trains arriving from and departing to the north . The lower level contains tracks 22 -- 29 , which are served by low - level platforms at the track level .",
"11": "These platforms are served by all VRE trains , all Amtrak long - distance trains that serve the station except for the Capitol Limited , and some Amtrak Northeast Regional trains that are continuing south to Virginia . Unlike the tracks on the upper level , the lower level tracks run through under the station building and Capitol Hill via the First Street tunnel . Electrification ends at the station , and all trains continuing south through the tunnel must have their electric engines swapped out for diesel locomotives . For example , when a southbound Northeast Regional train arrives on a lower level platform on its way to Newport News , Virginia , its Siemens ACS - 64 engine is removed and set aside . A GE Genesis engine that was earlier removed from a northbound train is coupled to the front of the southbound , and it continues through the tunnel toward Virginia . The electric engine is now placed on a northbound train , which then departs north towards Baltimore , Philadelphia , New York , and eventually Boston . The Red Line Metrorail station is underground beneath the western side of the building , and is the busiest station in the Metro system . The station exits to the street outside of the station and has direct access to the high - level Amtrak and MARC platforms . On August 1 , 2011 , John Porcari , the United States Deputy Secretary of Transportation , announced that Union Station would begin serving intercity buses operated by Greyhound Lines , BoltBus , Megabus , and Washington Deluxe later that year from a new bus facility in the station 's parking garage . By November 15 , 2011 , BoltBus , Megabus , Tripper Bus , and Washington Deluxe were operating from the new facility . On September 26 , 2012 , Greyhound and Peter Pan Bus Lines relocated all of their Washington , D.C. , operations to the facility . Buses of the Georgetown - Union Station route of the DC Circulator system stop within the facility every ten minutes during operating hours . As of 2017 , OurBus now services Union Station , providing routes to Maryland , New Jersey , and New York . The DC Streetcar 's H Street / Benning Road Line serves the station from a stop on the H Street Bridge ( a.k.a. the `` Hopscotch Bridge '' ) directly north of the station . The stop is accessible via the station 's parking garage .",
"12": "Columbus Circle has been rebuilt to address the severely deteriorated roadbed , realign the passenger pickup / dropoff locations , streamline the taxi stand , and to better accommodate the popular tour bus attractions . The Ivy City Yard , just north of Union Station , houses a large Amtrak maintenance facility . This includes the new maintenance facility for the Acela high - speed train sets . Amtrak also does contract work for MARC 's electric locomotives . Metro 's Brentwood maintenance facility is also in the southwest corner of the Ivy City Yard . Riders on the Metro Red Line between Union Station and Rhode Island Avenue Station get an aerial view of the south end of the Ivy City Yard . Owner ( edit ) Union Station is owned by Amtrak and the United States Department of Transportation . The non-profit Union Station Redevelopment Corporation managed the station on behalf of the owners , but an 84 - year lease of the property is held by New York - based Ashkenazy Acquisition Corporation and managed by Chicago - based Jones Lang LaSalle . It houses the headquarters of Amtrak and carries the IATA airport code of ZWU . In July 2012 , Amtrak announced a four - phase , $7 billion plan to revamp and renovate the station over 15 to 20 years . The proposed conversion would `` double the number of trains and triple the number of passengers in gleaming , glass - encased halls '' . Former Amtrak President and CEO Joseph H. Boardman hoped the federal government would finance `` 50 to 80 percent '' of the project . Gallery ( edit ) Interior , Waiting Room ca . 1915 Union Station 's interior waiting room . Interior of Union Station train concourse from West South Front Entrance , 1968 Detail of the west end of the main entrance pavilion , showing statuary and inscription See also ( edit ) Union Station ( Washington Metro ) Union Station ( disambiguation ) Columbus Fountain located in front of Union Station . Washington Terminal Company American Legion Freedom Bell located in front of Union Station . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Washington -- Union Station , DC ( WAS ) '' . the Great American Stations . Amtrak. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Union Station '' . Ashkenazy Acquisition Corporation .",
"13": "Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington , D.C. STATION '' . Peter Pan . Peter Pan Bus Lines . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak Fact Sheet , FY2017 , District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . November 2017 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metrorail Average Weekday Passenger Boardings '' ( PDF ) . WMATA . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amtrak National Fact Sheet : FY2015 '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . July 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Union Station '' . Washington , DC : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary . National Park Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . See Talk for more discussion of this daily traffic number . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most - visited Tourist Attractions '' . Travel + Leisure . Time Inc . Affluent Media Group . November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goode ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Official Guide of the Railways . New York : National Railway Publication Co . January 1905 . OCLC 6340864 . Jump up ^ Wright , William ( 2006 ) . Now Arriving Washington : Union Station and Life in the Nation 's Capital ( PDF ) . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Moore 1921 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Department of Transportation Headquarters : Environmental Impact Statement , GSA June 2000 Jump up ^ Churella 2013 , pp. 738 ; 741 -- 745 Jump up ^ Burgess & Kennedy ( 1949 ) , p. 499 - 500 . Jump up ^ Burgess & Kennedy ( 1949 ) , p. 500 . Jump up ^ Abbey , Wallace W. `` Where the Nation Comes to Washington '' ; track diagram . Trains & Travel Magazine , Vol XII , No , 12 ( Oct. , 1952 ) . p. 50 - 51 Jump up ^ S. Res.",
"14": "664 `` Celebrating the centennial of Union Station in Washington , District of Columbia '' , 110th Congress , 2nd Session September 17 , 2008 . U.S. Government Printing Office , GPO.gov ^ Jump up to : Churella 2013 , p. 744 Jump up ^ Moore 1921 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Abbey 1952 p. 51 Jump up ^ S. Res. 664 2008 Jump up ^ Cooper , Rachel . Union Station in Washington , D.C. Charleston , S.C. : Arcadia Publishing , 2011 . Page 61 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Center Staff and Space to Be Reduced '' . The Washington Post . October 27 , 1978 . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine ( February 24 , 1981 ) . `` Union Station , Leaking Badly , Closed as Unsafe '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Jack ( April 4 , 1981 ) . `` U.S. to Rescue Union Station With $48 Million '' . The Washington Post . p . C1 . ^ Jump up to : Burgess , John ( October 20 , 1981 ) . `` Rail Station Plan Gets Reagan Nod '' . The Washington Post . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : Burgess , John ( December 17 , 1981 ) . `` Union Station Repairs Voted '' . The Washington Post . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Burgess , John ( November 24 , 1981 ) . `` Senate Backs Plan for Union Station '' . The Washington Post . p . A7 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 97 -- 125 , S. 1192 , 95 Stat. 1667 , enacted December 29 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` Reagan Signs Measure To Aid Union Station '' . The Washington Post . December 30 , 1981 . p . C2 . Jump up ^ Amtrak History and Archives . Accessed March 8 , 2013 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` USRC COMPLETES HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN FOR WASHINGTON UNION STATION '' . Union Station Redevelopment Corporation . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Union Station : About '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Robert ( 2011 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Union Station to become intercity bus center '' . PostLocal . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Officials to inaugurate revamped bus departure zone at Washington 's Union Station '' . PostLocal . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Greyhound and Peter Pan Bus Lines Relocate all Washington , D.C. , Service to Union Station '' . News Release . Dallas , Texas : Greyhound Lines . 2012 - 09 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Georgetown - Union Station '' . Bus Routes and Schedules . Washington , D.C. : DC Circulator . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Laris , Michael ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` Want to ride the D.C. streetcar ? Here 's a handy FAQ '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of Union Station '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dana , Hedgpeth ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Union Station Is Leased to N.Y. Firm for $160 Million '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LastUpDate.com - Help - Three Letter Airport Codes '' . www.lastupdate.com .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : Here 's What a Revamped D.C. Union Station Would Look Like '' . WNYC . References ( edit ) Burgess , George H. ; Kennedy , Miles C. ( 1949 ) . Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company . Philadelphia : The Pennsylvania Railroad Company . Churella , Albert J. ( 2013 ) . The Pennsylvania Railroad : Volume I , Building an Empire , 1846 - 1917 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4348 - 2 . OCLC 759594295 . Goode , James W. ( 2003 ) . Capital Losses : A Cultural History of Washington 's Destroyed Buildings ( 2 ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58834 - 105 - 1 . OCLC 800333753 . Moore , Charles ( 1921 ) . Daniel H. Burnham : Architect , Planner of Cities . 1 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . Further reading ( edit ) Wright , Bill . `` Now Arriving Washington : Union Station and Life in the Nation 's Capital '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Union Station ( Washington , D.C. ) . Official Site Amtrak -- Stations -- Washington Union Station Geographic data related to Washington Union Station at OpenStreetMap Union Station Information - Virginia Railway Express Washington ( WAS ) -- Great American Stations ( Amtrak ) Union Station , a brief history - National Railway Historical Society Station building from Google Maps Street View Union Station , a documentary produced by WETA - TV ( 2008 ) Preceding station Amtrak Following station Terminus Northeast Corridor New Carrollton Maryland Transit Administration Bus CityLink Brown ( UMB to Overlea / White Marsh ) Red ( UMB to Towson / Lutherville ) Pink ( West Baltimore to Cedonia )",
"17": "Orange ( West Baltimore to Essex ) Gold ( Walbrook Junction to Berea / Canton Crossing ) Yellow ( Mondawmin to UMBC / Riverview ) Lime ( Northwest Hospital to Druid Hill Park / Harbor East ) Green ( West Baltimore to Towson ) Blue ( Johns Hopkins Bayview to CMS ) Navy ( Mondawmin to Dundalk / Watersedge ) Purple ( Hopkins Hospital to Paradise / Catonsville ) Silver ( Curtis Bay to Johns Hopkins / Morgan State Universities ) LocalLink 62 ( Old # 4 ) 5 7 8 93 ( Old # 9 ) 10 51 ( Old # 11 ) 52 ( Old # 12 ) 13 14 15 29 ( Old # 16 ) 75 ( Old # 17 ) 92 ( Old # 18 ) 19 20 21 22 23 59 ( Old # 24 ) 27 29 30 31 28 ( Old # 33 ) 35 36 38 44 qb40 qb46 qb47 qb48 57 ( Old # 50 ) 51 52 83 ( Old # 53 ) 54 36 ( Old # 55 ) 87 ( Old # 56 ) 57 58 89 ( Old # 59 ) 34 ( Old # 60 ) 95 ( Old # 61 ) 64 77 91 82 ( Old # 97 ) 98 99 Express 104 120 150 160 Commuter 201 202 203 204 205 210 215 310",
"18": "320 410 411 420 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 909 915 922 929 950 991 995 Metro Subway Owings Mills Old Court Milford Mill Reisterstown Plaza Rogers Avenue West Coldspring Mondawmin Penn - North Upton State Center / Cultural Center Lexington Market Charles Center Shot Tower / Market Place Johns Hopkins Hospital Light Rail Hunt Valley Pepper Road McCormick Road Gilroy Road Warren Road Timonium Fairgrounds Timonium Business Park Lutherville Falls Road Mount Washington Cold Spring Lane Woodberry North Avenue Penn Station Mt . Royal ( University of Baltimore / MICA ) Cultural Center / State Center Centre Street Lexington Market Baltimore Arena ( University Center ) Convention Center Camden Station Hamburg Street Westport Cherry Hill Patapsco Baltimore Highlands Nursery Road North Linthicum Linthicum Cromwell Ferndale Cromwell / Glen Burnie BWI Airport BWI Business District BWI Marshall Airport MARC Penn Perryville Aberdeen Edgewood Martin Airport Penn Station West Baltimore Halethorpe BWI Odenton Bowie State Seabrook New Carrollton Union Station Camden Camden Station St.",
"19": "Denis Dorsey Jessup Savage Laurel Race Track Laurel Muirkirk Greenbelt College Park -- U of Md Riverdale Union Station Brunswick Martinsburg Duffields Harpers Ferry Brunswick Point of Rocks Frederick Monocacy Dickerson Barnesville Boyds Germantown Metropolitan Grove Gaithersburg Washington Grove Rockville Garrett Park Kensington Silver Spring Union Station Facilities and stations Bus routes Bus yards Light Rail stations MARC stations William Donald Schaefer Building Proposed services Baltimore Area Red Line Green Line Extension Port Covington Extension Yellow Line Charles Street Trolley Washington Area Washington Purple Line Corridor Cities Transitway Southern Maryland Rapid Transit Nearby transit agencies Annapolis Transit BWI Marshall Airport Shuttle BWI Business Partnership LINK Shuttle Central Maryland Regional Transit Charm City Circulator Harford Transit Rabbit Transit RTA Central Maryland Ride On Shuttle - UM TransIT UMBC Transit WMATA Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr .",
"20": "Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. Taft Titanic United States Air Force United States Navy Victims of Communism Vietnam Veterans Vietnam Women 's Washington Monument Daniel Webster World War II Rainbow Pool Other Capitol Reflecting Pool Immaculate Conception Basilica Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Healy Hall Islamic Center Jefferson Pier John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Library of Congress National Arboretum National Building Museum National Gallery of Art Lincoln 's Cottage at Soldiers ' Home Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool National Archives Newseum National Cathedral National Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Old Stone House Smithsonian Institution The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace Tidal Basin Treasury Building Tudor Place Union Station United States Capitol United States Supreme Court Building White House Willard Hotel Parks and plazas Constitution Gardens Dupont Circle East Potomac Park Freedom Plaza Lafayette Square L'Enfant Plaza Meridian Hill Park National Arboretum Pershing Park Rock Creek Park The Ellipse United States Botanic Garden West Potomac Park Boundaries Anacostia River Arlington Memorial Bridge Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Constitution Avenue Francis Scott Key Bridge Pennsylvania Avenue Potomac River Zero Milestone Planned Adams Memorial Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial General Francis Marion Memorial Gold Star Mothers Monument National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial National Liberty Memorial Peace Corps Monument World War I Related National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission National Mall and Memorial Parks List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Public art in Washington , D.C.",
"21": "( Outdoor sculpture , American Revolution Statuary , Civil War Monuments , commemorating African - Americans ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Shopping malls in the Washington , D.C. metropolitan area Washington , D.C. Georgetown Park Mazza Gallerie The Shops at National Place Union Station Suburban Maryland Beltway Plaza Bethesda Row The Boulevard at the Capital Centre The Centre at Forestville The Collection at Chevy Chase Ellsworth Place Lakeforest Mall Langley Park Laurel Shopping Center The Mall at Prince Georges Marlow Heights Shopping Center St.",
"22": "Charles Towne Center The Shops at Iverson The Shops at Wisconsin Place Towne Centre at Laurel Westfield Montgomery Westfield Wheaton Northern Virginia Ballston Common Mall Crystal City Shops Dulles Town Center Fair Oaks Mall Fairfax Square The Fashion Centre at Pentagon City Manassas Mall Market Common Clarendon Pentagon Row Potomac Mills Reston Town Center Seven Corners Shopping Center Springfield Town Center Tysons Corner Center Tysons Galleria The Village at Shirlington Defunct centers Capital Plaza Mall Landmark Mall Landover Mall Laurel Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Rockville Mall Skyline Mall Virginia Square Shopping Center White Flint Mall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Union_Station&oldid=817699174 '' Categories : Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Amtrak stations in Washington , D.C. Beaux - Arts architecture in Washington , D.C. Stations along Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines Stations along Philadelphia , Baltimore and Washington Railroad lines Stations along Richmond , Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad lines Union stations in the United States Shopping malls in Washington , D.C. Railway stations opened in 1907 Transit centers in the United States Virginia Railway Express stations MARC Train stations Jones Lang LaSalle Tourist attractions in Washington , D.C. Shopping arcades in the United States Capitol Hill Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox station with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Slovenčina Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 01 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"23": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where did the methodist church get its name
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[
"because of the way they used \"rule\" and \"method\" to go about their religious affairs"
] |
{
"0": "Methodism - wikipedia Methodism Jump to : navigation , search `` Methodist '' redirects here . For other uses , see Methodism ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Methodism John Wesley Background ( show ) History ( in the United States ) Anglicanism Arminianism First Great Awakening Nonconformism Pietism Wesleyanism Theology ( show ) Articles of Religion Assurance of salvation Conditional preservation of the saints Four sources of theological authority Covenant theology Substitutionary atonement Imparted righteousness New birth Prevenient grace Plain dress Real presence Sanctification Sunday Sabbatarianism Temperance Christian perfection Works of Piety Works of Mercy People ( show ) John Wesley Charles Wesley George Whitefield Richard Allen Francis Asbury Thomas Coke William Law William Williams Pantycelyn Howell Harris Albert Outler James Varick Countess of Huntingdon Bishops Theologians Groups Churches ( show ) Methodist Church of Great Britain Free Methodist Church United Methodist Church World Methodist Council Other Methodist denominations Organization ( show ) Connexionalism Methodist Circuit Related groups ( show ) Holiness movement Conservative holiness movement Pentecostalism Evangelicalism Other topics ( show ) Circuit rider Saints in Methodism Christian views on alcohol Methodist local preacher Homosexuality and Methodism Ordination of women in Methodism Methodism portal Methodism or the Methodist movement is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . Wesley 's theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation , imparted righteousness , the possibility of perfection in love , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture .",
"1": "Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinistic position . Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the gospel and serve all people . The movement has a wide variety of forms of worship , ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage . Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic , while American Methodism is more so , the United Methodist Church in particular . Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition , and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church . Early Methodists were drawn from all levels of society , including the aristocracy , but the Methodist preachers took the message to labourers and criminals who tended to be left outside organised religion at that time . In Britain , the Methodist Church had a major effect in the early decades of the developing working class ( 1760 -- 1820 ) . In the United States , it became the religion of many slaves who later formed `` black churches '' in the Methodist tradition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Separation from the Anglican Church 2 Theology 2.1 Salvation 2.2 Sacraments 2.3 Sources of teaching 3 Worship and liturgy 4 Lifestyle 5 Contemporary Methodism 5.1 Europe 5.1. 1 Great Britain 5.1. 2 Ireland 5.1. 3 Italy 5.1. 4 Nordic and Baltic countries 5.1. 5 France 5.1. 6 Germany 5.1. 7 Hungary 5.1. 8 Russia 5.2 Caribbean 5.2. 1 Antigua 5.2.",
"2": "2 St. Bart 's 5.2. 3 Jamaica 5.2. 4 Barbados 5.3 Africa 5.3. 1 Nigeria 5.3. 2 Ghana 5.3. 3 Southern Africa 5.4 Asia 5.4. 1 China 5.4. 2 India 5.4. 3 Malaysia and Singapore 5.4. 4 Philippines 5.4. 5 South Korea 5.5 Americas 5.5. 1 Brazil 5.5. 2 Canada 5.5. 3 Mexico 5.5. 4 United States 5.6 Oceania 5.6. 1 Australia 5.6. 2 Fiji 5.6. 3 New Zealand 5.6. 4 Samoan Islands 5.6. 5 Tonga 6 Ecumenical relations 6.1 Great Britain 6.2 United States 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links Origins ( edit ) For a detailed history of Methodism in Britain , see Methodist Church of Great Britain . John Wesley Charles Wesley The Methodist revival began with a group of men , including John Wesley ( 1703 -- 1791 ) and his younger brother Charles ( 1707 -- 1788 ) , as a movement within the Church of England in the 18th century . The Wesley brothers founded the `` Holy Club '' at the University of Oxford , where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College . The club met weekly and they systematically set about living a holy life . They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week , fasting regularly , abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick and the poor , as well as prisoners . The fellowship were branded as `` Methodist '' by their fellow students because of the way they used `` rule '' and `` method '' to go about their religious affairs . John , who was leader of the club , took the attempted mockery and turned it into a title of honour .",
"3": "In 1735 , at the invitation of the founder of the Georgia Colony , General James Oglethorpe , both John and Charles Wesley set out for America to be ministers to the colonists and missionaries to the Native Americans . Unsuccessful in their work , the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith . They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church . At a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738 , John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion , when he felt his `` heart strangely warmed '' . He records in his journal : `` I felt I did trust in Christ , Christ alone , for salvation ; and an assurance was given me that He had taken away my sins , even mine , and saved me from the law of sin and death . '' Charles had reported a similar experience a few days previously . Considered a pivotal moment , Daniel L. Burnett writes : `` The significance of ( John ) Wesley 's Aldersgate Experience is monumental ... Without it the names of Wesley and Methodism would likely be nothing more than obscure footnotes in the pages of church history . '' The Wesley brothers immediately began to preach salvation by faith to individuals and groups , in houses , in religious societies , and in the few churches which had not closed their doors to evangelical preachers . John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius ( 1560 -- 1609 ) . Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally . Conversely , George Whitefield ( 1714 -- 1770 ) , Howell Harris ( 1714 -- 1773 ) , and Selina Hastings , Countess of Huntingdon ( 1707 -- 1791 ) were notable for being Calvinistic Methodists . George Whitefield George Whitefield , returning from his own mission in Georgia , joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade . Whitefield , who had been a fellow student of the Wesleys at Oxford , became well known for his unorthodox , itinerant ministry , in which he was dedicated to open - air preaching -- reaching crowds of thousands .",
"4": "A key step in the development of John Wesley 's ministry was , like Whitefield , to preach in fields , collieries and churchyards to those who did not regularly attend parish church services . Accordingly , many Methodist converts were those disconnected from the Church of England ; Wesley remained a cleric of the Established Church and insisted that Methodists attend their local parish church as well as Methodist meetings . Faced with growing evangelistic and pastoral responsibilities , Wesley and Whitefield appointed lay preachers and leaders . Methodist preachers focused particularly on evangelising people who had been `` neglected '' by the established Church of England . Wesley and his assistant preachers organised the new converts into Methodist societies . These societies were divided into groups called classes -- intimate meetings where individuals were encouraged to confess their sins to one another and to build each other up . They also took part in love feasts which allowed for the sharing of testimony , a key feature of early Methodism . Growth in numbers and increasing hostility impressed upon the revival converts a deep sense of their corporate identity . Three teachings that Methodists saw as the foundation of Christian faith were : People are all , by nature , `` dead in sin '' , and , consequently , `` children of wrath '' . They are `` justified by faith alone '' Faith produces inward and outward holiness . Wesley 's organisational skills soon established him as the primary leader of the movement . Whitefield was a Calvinist , whereas Wesley was an outspoken opponent of the doctrine of predestination . Wesley argued ( against Calvinist doctrine ) that Christians could enjoy entire sanctification ( Christian perfection ) in this life : loving God and their neighbours , meekness and lowliness of heart and abstaining from all appearance of evil . These differences put strains on the alliance between Whitefield and Wesley , with Wesley becoming quite hostile toward Whitefield in what had been previously very close relations . Whitefield consistently begged Wesley not to let theological differences sever their friendship and , in time their friendship was restored , though this was seen by many of Whitefield 's followers to be a doctrinal compromise . Many clergy in the established church feared that new doctrines promulgated by the Methodists , such as the necessity of a new birth for salvation , of justification by faith and of the constant and sustained action of the Holy Spirit upon the believer 's soul , would produce ill effects upon weak minds .",
"5": "Theophilus Evans , an early critic of the movement , even wrote that it was `` the natural Tendency of their Behaviour , in Voice and Gesture and horrid Expressions , to make People mad . '' In one of his prints , William Hogarth likewise attacked Methodists as `` enthusiasts '' full of `` Credulity , Superstition and Fanaticism . '' Other attacks against the Methodists were physically violent -- Wesley was nearly murdered by a mob at Wednesbury in 1743 . The Methodists responded vigorously to their critics and thrived despite the attacks against them . Separation from the Anglican Church ( edit ) See also : History of Methodism in the United States and John Wesley § Persecutions and lay preaching The first Methodist chapel , `` The Foundery '' , London . Initially , the Methodists merely sought reform within the Church of England ( Anglicanism ) , but the movement gradually departed from that Church . George Whitefield 's preference for extemporaneous prayer rather than the fixed forms of prayer in the BCP , in addition to his insistence on the necessity of the New Birth , set him at odds with Anglican clergy . As Methodist societies multiplied , and elements of an ecclesiastical system were , one after another , adopted , the breach between John Wesley and the Church of England gradually widened . In 1784 , Wesley responded to the shortage of priests in the American colonies due to the American Revolutionary War by ordaining preachers for America with power to administer the sacraments . This was a major reason for Methodism 's final split from the Church of England after Wesley 's death . This split created a separate , eventually worldwide , group of church denominations . With regard to the position of Methodism within Christendom , `` John Wesley once noted that what God had achieved in the development of Methodism was no mere human endeavor but the work of God . As such it would be preserved by God so long as history remained . '' The influence of Whitefield and Lady Huntingdon on the Church of England was a factor in the founding of the Free Church of England in 1844 . At the time of Wesley 's death there were over 500 Methodist preachers in British colonies and the United States .",
"6": "Total membership of the Methodist societies in Britain was recorded as 56,000 in 1791 , rising to 360,000 in 1836 and 1,463,000 by the national census of 1851 . Early Methodism experienced a radical and spiritual phase that allowed women authority in church leadership . The role of the woman preacher emerged from the sense that the home should be a place of community care and should foster personal growth . Methodist women formed a community that cared for the vulnerable , extending the role of mothering beyond physical care . Women were encouraged to testify their faith . However the centrality of women 's role sharply diminished after 1790 as Methodist churches became more structured and more male dominated . The Wesleyan Education Committee , which existed from 1838 to 1902 , has documented the Methodist Church 's involvement in the education of children . At first most effort was placed in creating Sunday Schools but in 1836 the British Methodist Conference gave its blessing to the creation of `` Weekday schools '' . Methodism spread throughout the British Empire and , mostly through Whitefield 's preaching during what historians call the First Great Awakening , in colonial America . After Whitefield 's death in 1770 , however , American Methodism entered a more lasting Wesleyan and Arminian phase of development . Theology ( edit ) A traditional summary of Methodist teaching All need to be saved . All may be saved . All may know themselves saved . All may be saved to the uttermost . Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists . Methodist churches do not adhere to a single definitive statement or `` confession '' of belief , unlike the Westminster Confession used by Reformed churches or the Augsburg Confession used by Lutheran churches . Many Methodist bodies , such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the United Methodist Church , base their doctrinal standards on Wesley 's Articles of Religion , an abridgment of the Thirty - nine Articles of the Church of England that excised its Calvinist features . Some Methodist denominations also publish catechisms , which concisely summarise Christian doctrine . Methodists generally accept the Apostles ' Creed and the Nicene Creed as declarations of shared Christian faith .",
"7": "Methodism also affirms the traditional Christian belief in the triune Godhead : Father , Son and Holy Spirit , as well as the orthodox understanding of the consubstantial humanity and divinity of Jesus Christ . Methodism is evangelical in doctrine and is characterized by Wesleyan - Arminian theology . John Wesley is studied by Methodists for his interpretation of church practice and doctrine . At its heart , the theology of John Wesley stressed the life of Christian holiness : to love God with all one 's heart , mind , soul and strength and to love one 's neighbour as oneself . One popular expression of Methodist doctrine is in the hymns of Charles Wesley . Since enthusiastic congregational singing was a part of the early evangelical movement , Wesleyan theology took root and spread through this channel . Salvation ( edit ) Methodists believe Jesus Christ died for all humanity , not a limited few : the doctrine of unlimited atonement . Wesleyan Methodists identify with the Arminian conception of free will , as opposed to the theological determinism of absolute predestination . Methodism teaches that salvation is entirely a work of God alone with no work by which it can be earned ( monergism ) , and that one can not either turn to God nor believe unless God has first drawn a person and implanted the desire in their heart ( the Wesleyan doctrine of prevenient grace ) . Methodists interpret Scripture as teaching that the saving work of Jesus Christ is for all people ( unlimited atonement ) but effective only to those who respond and believe , in accordance with the Reformation principles of sola gratia ( grace alone ) and sola fide ( faith alone ) . John Wesley taught four key points fundamental to Methodism : A person is free not only to reject salvation but also to accept it by an act of free will . All people who are obedient to the gospel according to the measure of knowledge given them will be saved . The Holy Spirit assures a Christian of their salvation directly , through an inner `` experience '' ( assurance of salvation ) . Christians in this life are capable of Christian perfection and are commanded by God to pursue it . Sacraments ( edit ) Methodists hold that sacraments are sacred acts of divine institution .",
"8": "Methodism has inherited its liturgy from Anglicanism , although American Methodist theology tends to have a stronger `` sacramental emphasis '' than that held by Evangelical Anglicans . In common with most Protestants , Methodists recognise two sacraments as being instituted by Christ : Baptism and Holy Communion ( also called the `` Lord 's Supper '' , rarely the `` Eucharist '' ) . Most Methodist churches practise infant baptism , in anticipation of a response to be made later ( confirmation ) , as well as believer 's baptism . The Catechism for the use of the people called Methodists states that , `` ( in the Eucharist ) Jesus Christ is present with his worshipping people and gives himself to them as their Lord and Saviour '' . The explanation of how Christ 's presence is made manifest in the Eucharistic elements is a `` Holy Mystery '' . Methodist churches generally recognise sacraments to be a means of grace . John Wesley held that God also imparted grace by other established means such as public and private prayer , Scripture reading , study and preaching , public worship , and fasting . These constitute the Works of Piety . Wesley considered means of grace to be `` outward signs , words , or actions ... to be the ordinary channels whereby ( God ) might convey to men , preventing , justifying or sanctifying grace '' . Specifically Methodist means , such as the class meetings , provided his chief examples for these prudential means of grace . Sources of teaching ( edit ) Further information : Wesleyan Quadrilateral and Prima scriptura Traditionally , Methodists declare the Bible ( Old and New Testaments ) to be the only divinely inspired Scripture and the primary source of authority for Christians . The historic Methodist understanding of Scripture is based on the superstructure of Wesleyan covenant theology . Methodists , stemming from John Wesley 's own practices of theological reflection , also make use of tradition , drawing primarily from the teachings of the Church Fathers , as a source of authority . Though not infallible like holy Scripture , tradition may serve as a lens through which Scripture is interpreted . Theological discourse for Methodists almost always makes use of Scripture read inside the wider theological tradition of Christianity . It is a historical position of the church that any disciplined theological work calls for the careful use of reason .",
"9": "By reason , it is said , one reads and is able to interpret the Bible coherently and consistently . By reason one asks questions of faith and seeks to understand God 's action and will . Methodism insists that personal salvation always implies Christian mission and service to the world . Scriptural holiness entails more than personal piety ; love of God is always linked with love of neighbours and a passion for justice and renewal in the life of the world . Worship and liturgy ( edit ) Methodism was endowed by the Wesley brothers with worship characterised by a twofold practice : the ritual liturgy of the Book of Common Prayer on the one hand and the informal preaching service on the other . This twofold practice became distinctive of Methodism because worship in the Church of England was based , by law , solely on the Book of Common Prayer and worship in the Non-conformist churches was almost exclusively that of `` services of the word '' , i.e. preaching services , with Holy Communion being observed infrequently . John Wesley 's influence meant that , in Methodism , the two practices were combined , a situation which remains characteristic of the movement . United Methodist minister consecrating communion In America , United Methodism has a wide variety of forms of worship , ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage . When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England because of the American Revolution , John Wesley himself provided a revised version of the Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America ( 1784 ) . Today , the primary liturgical books of the United Methodist Church are The United Methodist Hymnal and The United Methodist Book of Worship . Congregations employ its liturgy and rituals as optional resources , but their use is not mandatory . These books contain the liturgies of the church that are generally derived from Wesley 's Sunday Service and from the 20th century liturgical renewal movement . The British Methodist Church is less ordered or liturgical in worship , but makes use of the Methodist Worship Book ( similar to the Church of England 's Common Worship ) , containing worship services ( liturgies ) and rubrics for the celebration of other rites , such as marriage . The Worship Book is also ultimately derived from Wesley 's Sunday Service .",
"10": "A unique feature of American Methodism has been the observance of the season of Kingdomtide , encompassing the last 13 weeks before Advent , thus dividing the long season after Pentecost into two distinct segments . During Kingdomtide , Methodist liturgy has traditionally emphasised charitable work and alleviating the suffering of the poor . A second distinctive liturgical feature of Methodism is the use of Covenant services . Although practice varies between different national churches , most Methodist churches annually follow the call of John Wesley for a renewal of their covenant with God . It is common , at least in British Methodism , for each congregation to normally hold an annual Covenant Service on the first convenient Sunday of the year , and Wesley 's Covenant Prayer is still used , with minor modification , in the order of service : Christ has many services to be done . Some are easy , others are difficult . Some bring honour , others bring reproach . Some are suitable to our natural inclinations and temporal interests , others are contrary to both ... Yet the power to do all these things is given to us in Christ , who strengthens us . ... I am no longer my own but yours . Put me to what you will , rank me with whom you will ; put me to doing , put me to suffering ; let me be employed for you or laid aside for you , exalted for you or brought low for you ; let me be full , let me be empty , let me have all things , let me have nothing ; I freely and wholeheartedly yield all things to your pleasure and disposal . Lifestyle ( edit ) Early Methodists wore plain dress , with Methodist clergy condemning `` high headdresses , ruffles , laces , gold , and ' costly apparel ' in general '' . John Wesley recommended that Methodists annually read his thoughts On Dress ; in that sermon , John Wesley expressed his desire for Methodists : `` Let me see , before I die , a Methodist congregation , full as plain dressed as a Quaker congregation '' . The 1858 Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection thus stated that `` we would ... ejoin on all who fear God plain dress '' . Peter Cartwright , a Methodist revivalist , stated that in addition to wearing plain dress , the early Methodists distinguished themselves from other members of society by fasting once a week , abstaining from alcohol , and devoutly observing the Sabbath .",
"11": "The early Methodists did not participate in , and condemned , `` wordly habits '' including `` playing cards , racing horses , gambling , attending the theater , dancing ( both in frolics and balls ) , and cockfighting '' . Over time , many of these practices were gradually relaxed in mainline Methodism , although practices such teetotalism and fasting are still very much encouraged , in addition to the current prohibition of gambling ; denominations of the conservative holiness movement , such as the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches , continue to reflect the spirit of the historic Methodist practice of wearing plain dress , encouraging members in `` abstaining from the wearing of extravagant hairstyles , jewelry -- to include rings , and expensive clothing for any reason '' . The General Rules of the Methodist Church in America , which are among the doctrinal standards of many Methodist Churches , promote first - day Sabbatarianism as they require `` attending upon all the ordinances of God '' including `` the public worship of God '' and prohibit `` profaning the day of the Lord , either by doing ordinary work therein or by buying or selling '' . Contemporary Methodism ( edit ) See also : List of Methodist denominations This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Rewrite and copy - edit needed , as are additional references Please help improve this section if you can . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World Methodist Council at Lake Junaluska , North Carolina -- a consultative body linking most Methodist groups of the world . The headquarters contains a museum of Methodism and a small park -- the Susannah Wesley Herb Garden Today , millions belong to Methodist churches , which are present on all populated continents . Although Methodism is declining in Great Britain and North America , it is growing in other places ; at a rapid pace in , for example , South Korea . There is no single Methodist Church with universal juridical authority ; Methodists belong to multiple independent denominations or `` connexions '' . The great majority of Methodists are members of denominations which are part of the international World Methodist Council , an association of 80 Methodist , Wesleyan and related united and uniting churches , representing over 80 million people . In 1956 , the World Methodist Council established a permanent headquarters in the United States at Lake Junaluska , North Carolina .",
"12": "I look on all the world as my parish ; thus far I mean , that , in whatever part of it I am , I judge it meet , right , and my bounden duty , to declare unto all that are willing to hear , the glad tidings of salvation . -- John Wesley , Journal ( 11 June 1739 ) Europe ( edit ) Methodism is prevalent in the English - speaking world but it is also organised in mainland Europe , largely due to missionary activity of British and American Methodists . British missionaries were primarily responsible for establishing Methodism across Ireland and Italy . Today the United Methodist Church ( UMC ) -- a large denomination based in the United States -- has a presence in Albania , Austria , Belarus , Belgium , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic , Croatia , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Macedonia , Moldova , Norway , Poland , Romania , Sweden , Switzerland , Serbia , Slovakia and Ukraine . Collectively the European or Eurasian regions of the UMC constitute over 100,000 Methodists . Other smaller Methodist denominations exist in Europe . Great Britain ( edit ) The original body founded as a result of Wesley 's work was later known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church . Schisms within the original Church , and independent revivals , led to the formation of a number of separate denominations calling themselves `` Methodist '' . The largest of these were the Primitive Methodist church , deriving from a revival at Mow Cop in Staffordshire , the Bible Christians and the Methodist New Connexion . The original church became known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church to distinguish it from these bodies . In 1907 , a union of smaller groups with the Methodist New Connexion and Bible Christian Church brought about the United Methodist Church ( Great Britain ) , then the three major streams of British Methodism united in 1932 to form the current Methodist Church of Great Britain . The fourth - largest denomination in the country , the Methodist Church of Great Britain has about 202,000 members in 4,650 congregations . Wesley 's Chapel in London was established by John Wesley , whose statue stands in the courtyard . Early Methodism was particularly prominent in Devon and Cornwall , which were key centers of activity by the Bible Christian faction of Methodists . The Bible Christians produced many preachers , and sent many missionaries to Australia .",
"13": "Methodism also grew rapidly in the old mill towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire , where the preachers stressed that the working classes were equal to the upper classes in the eyes of God . In Wales , three elements separately welcomed Methodism : Welsh - speaking , English - speaking , and Calvinistic . British Methodists , in particular the Primitive Methodists , took a leading role in the temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries . Methodists saw alcoholic beverages , and alcoholism , as the root of many social ills and tried to persuade people to abstain from these . Temperance appealed strongly to the Methodist doctrines of sanctification and perfection . To this day , alcohol remains banned in Methodist premises , however this restriction no longer applies to domestic occasions in private homes ( i.e. the minister may have a drink at home in the manse ) . The choice to consume alcohol is now a personal decision for any member . British Methodism does not have bishops ; however , it has always been characterised by a strong central organisation , the Connexion , which holds an annual Conference ( note that the Church retains the 18th century spelling `` connexion '' for many purposes ) . The Connexion is divided into Districts in the charge of the Chair ( who may be male or female ) . Methodist districts often correspond approximately , in geographical terms , to counties -- as do Church of England dioceses . The districts are divided into circuits governed by the Circuit Meeting and led and administrated principally by a superintendent minister . Ministers are appointed to Circuits rather than to individual churches , although some large inner - city churches , known as `` Central Halls '' , are designated as circuits in themselves -- of these Westminster Central Hall , opposite Westminster Abbey in central London , is the best known . Most circuits have fewer ministers than churches , and the majority of services are led by lay local preachers , or by supernumerary ministers ( ministers who have retired , called supernumerary because they are not counted for official purposes in the numbers of ministers for the circuit in which they are listed ) . The superintendent and other ministers are assisted in the leadership and administration of the Circuit by Circuit Stewards , lay people who may have particular skills who collectively with the ministers form what is normally known as the Circuit Leadership Team .",
"14": "The Methodist Council also helps to run a number of schools , including two leading public schools in East Anglia : Culford School and the Leys School . It helps to promote an all round education with a strong Christian ethos . Other Methodist denominations in Britain include : The Salvation Army , founded by Methodist minister William Booth in 1865 ; the Free Methodist Church , a holiness church ; the Church of the Nazarene ; the Wesleyan Reform Union , an early secession from the Wesleyan Methodist Church ; and the Independent Methodist Connexion . Ireland ( edit ) A Methodist chapel in Athlone , opened in 1865 . John Wesley visited Ireland on at least twenty - four occasions and established classes and societies . The Methodist Church in Ireland ( Irish : Eaglais Mheitidisteach in Éirinn ) today operates across both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland on an all - Ireland basis . As of 2013 there are around 50,000 Methodists across Ireland . The biggest concentration -- 13,171 -- is in Belfast , with 2,614 in Dublin . As of 2011 it is the fourth - largest denomination in Northern Ireland , with Methodists accounting for 3 percent of the population . Eric Gallagher was the President of the Church in the 1970s , becoming a well - known figure in Irish politics . He was one of the group of Protestant churchmen who met with Provisional IRA officers in Feakle , County Clare to try to broker peace . The meeting was unsuccessful due to a Garda raid on the hotel . Italy ( edit ) The Methodist chapel in Rome houses Italian and English - speaking congregations . The Italian Methodist Church ( Italian : Chiese Metodista Italiana ) is a small Protestant community in Italy , with around 7,000 members . Since 1975 it is in a formal covenant of partnership with the Waldensian Church , with a total of 45,000 members . Waldensians are a Protestant movement which started in Lyon , France , in the late 1170s . Italian Methodism has its origins in the Italian Free Church , British Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society , and the American Methodist Episcopal Mission .",
"15": "These movements flowered in the second half of the 19th century in the new climate of political and religious freedom that was established with the end of the Papal States and unification of Italy in 1870 . Bertrand M. Tipple , minister of the American Methodist Church in Rome , founded a college there in 1914 . In April 2016 the World Methodist Council opened an Ecumenical Office in Rome . Methodist leaders and the leader of the Roman Catholic Church , Pope Francis , jointly dedicated the new office . It helps facilitate Methodist relationships with the wider Church , especially the Roman Catholic Church . Nordic and Baltic countries ( edit ) Hammerfest Methodist Church in Norway was the world 's most northerly Methodist congregation when established in 1890 . The `` Nordic and Baltic Area '' of the United Methodist Church covers the Nordic countries ( Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Finland ) and the Baltic countries ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania ) . Methodism was introduced to the Nordic countries in the late 19th century . Today the United Methodist Church in Norway ( Norwegian : Metodistkirken ) is the largest church in the region with 10,684 members in total ( as of 2013 ) . France ( edit ) In France , the Methodist movement was founded in the 1820s by Charles Cook near Nîmes and Montpellier , for example in the village of Congénies in Languedoc with the most important chapel of department built in 1869 , where there had been a Quaker community since the 18th century . Sixteen Methodist congregations voted to join the Reformed Church of France in 1938 . In the 1980s , missionary work of a Methodist church in Agen led to new initiatives in Fleurance and Mont de Marsan . Methodism exists today in France under various names . The best - known is the Union of Evangelical Methodist Churches ( French : l'Union de l'Eglise Evangélique Méthodiste ) or UEEM . It is an autonomous regional conference of the United Methodist Church and is the fruit of a fusion in 2005 between the `` Methodist Church of France '' and the `` Union of Methodist Churches '' . As of 2014 , the UEEM has around 1,200 members and 30 ministers .",
"16": "Germany ( edit ) Evangelisch - methodistische chapel at the foot of the Achalm mountain , Baden - Württemberg . The Protestant - Methodist Church ( German : Evangelisch - methodistische Kirche ) is the name of the United Methodist Church in Germany and Austria . The German church had about 52,031 members in 2015 . Members are organised into three conferences : north , east and south . Methodism is most prevalent in southern Saxony and around Stuttgart . British Methodist missionaries introduced Methodism to Germany in 1830 , initially in the region of Württemberg . In 1859 , the first Methodist minister arrived in Württemberg . Methodism was also spread in Germany through the missionary work of the American Methodist Episcopal Church , which began in 1849 in Bremen , soon spreading to Saxony . Early opposition towards Methodism was partly rooted in theological differences -- northern and eastern regions of Germany were predominantly Lutheran and Reformed , and Methodists were dismissed as fanatics . Methodism was also hindered by its unfamiliar church structure ( Connectionalism or Konnexionalismus ) , which was more centralised than the hierarchical polity in the Lutheran and Reformed churches . After World War I , the 1919 Weimar Constitution allowed Methodists to worship freely and many new chapels were established . In 1936 , German Methodists elected their first bishop . Hungary ( edit ) The first Methodist mission in Hungary was established in 1898 in Bácska , in a then mostly German - speaking town of Verbász ( since 1918 part of the Serbian province of Vojvodina ) . In 1905 a Methodist mission was established also in Budapest . In 1974 , a group later known as the Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship seceded from the Hungarian Methodist Church over the question of interference by the communist state . Today , the United Methodist Church in Hungary , known locally as the Hungarian Methodist Church ( Hungarian : Magyarországi Metodista Egyház ) , has 453 professing members in 30 congregations . It runs two student homes , two homes for the elderly , the Forray Methodist High School , the Wesley Scouts and the Methodist Library and Archives . The church has a special ministry among the Roma .",
"17": "The seceding Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship ( Magyarországi Evangéliumi Testvérközösség ) also remains Methodist in its organisation and theology . It has eight full congregations and several mission groups , and runs a range of charitable organisations : hostels and soup kitchens for the homeless , a non-denominational theological college , a dozen schools of various kinds , and four old people 's homes . Today there are a dozen Methodist / Wesleyan churches and mission organisations in Hungary , but all Methodist churches lost official church status under new legislation passed in 2011 , when the number of officially recognised churches in the country fell to 14 . However , the list of recognised churches was lengthened to 32 at the end of February 2012 . This gave recognition to Hungarian Methodist Church and the Salvation Army , which was banned in Hungary in 1949 but had returned in 1990 , but not to the Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship . The legislation has been strongly criticised by the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe as discriminatory . The Hungarian Methodist Church , the Salvation Army and the Church of the Nazarene and other Wesleyan groups formed the Wesley Theological Alliance for theological and publishing purposes in 1998 . Today the Alliance has 10 Wesleyan member churches and organisations . The Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship does not belong to it and has its own publishing arm . Russia ( edit ) The Methodist Church established several strongholds in Russia -- Saint Petersburg in the west and the Vladivostok region in the east , with big Methodist centres right in the middle , in Moscow and Ekaterinburg ( former Sverdlovsk ) . Methodists began their work in the west among Swedish immigrants in 1881 and started their work in the east in 1910 . On 26 June 2009 , Methodists celebrated the 120th year since Methodism arrived in Czarist Russia by erecting a new Methodist centre in Saint Petersburg . A Methodist presence was continued in Russia for 14 years after the Russian Revolution of 1917 through the efforts of Deaconess Anna Eklund . In 1939 , political antagonism stymied the work of the Church and Deaconess Anna Eklund was coerced to return to her native Finland .",
"18": "After 1989 , the Soviet Union allowed greatly increased religious freedoms and this continued after the USSR 's collapse in 1991 . During the 1990s , Methodism experienced a powerful wave of revival in the nation . Three sites in particular carried the torch -- Samara , Moscow and Ekaterinburg . Today , The United Methodist Church in Eurasia has 116 congregations , each with a native pastor . There are currently 48 students enrolled in residential and extension degree programs at the United Methodist Seminary in Moscow . Caribbean ( edit ) Methodism came to the Caribbean in 1760 when the planter , lawyer and Speaker of the Antiguan House of Assembly , Nathaniel Gilbert ( c. 1719 -- 1774 ) , returned to his sugar estate home in Antigua . A Methodist revival spread in the British West Indies due to the work of British missionaries . Missionaries established societies which would later become the Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas ( MCCA ) . The MCCA has about 62,000 members in over 700 congregations , ministered by 168 pastors . There are smaller Methodist denominations that have seceded from the parent church . Antigua ( edit ) The story is often told that in 1755 , Nathaniel Gilbert , while convalescing , read a treatise of John Wesley , An Appeal to Men of Reason and Religion sent to him by his brother Francis . As a result of having read this book Gilbert , two years later , journeyed to England with three of his slaves and there in a drawing room meeting arranged in Wandsworth on 15 January 1759 , met the preacher John Wesley . He returned to the Caribbean that same year and on his subsequent return began to preach to his slaves in Antigua . When Nathaniel Gilbert died in 1774 his work in Antigua was continued by his brother Francis Gilbert to approximately 200 Methodists . However , within a year Francis took ill and had to return to Britain and the work was carried on by Sophia Campbell ( `` a Negress '' ) and Mary Alley ( `` a Mulatto '' ) , two devoted women who kept the flock together with class and prayer meetings as best as they could . Baxter Memorial Church in English Harbour , Antigua .",
"19": "On 2 April 1778 , John Baxter , a local preacher and skilled shipwright from Chatham in Kent , England , landed at English harbour in Antigua ( now called Nelson 's Dockyard ) where he was offered a post at the naval dockyard . Baxter was a Methodist and had heard of the work of the Gilberts and their need for a new preacher . He began preaching and meeting with the Methodist leaders , and within a year the Methodist community had grown to 600 persons . By 1783 , the first Methodist chapel was built in Antigua , with John Baxter as the local preacher , its wooden structure seating some 2,000 people . St. bart 's ( edit ) It was at this time , in 1785 , that William Turton ( 1761 -- 1817 ) a Barbadian son of a planter , met John Baxter in Antigua , and later as layman assisted in the Methodist work in the Swedish colony of St. Bartholomew from 1796 . In 1786 the missionary endeavour in the Caribbean was officially recognised by the Conference in England , and that same year Rev. Dr. Thomas Coke , having been made Superintendent of the Church two years previously in America by Wesley , was travelling to Nova Scotia , but providence forced his ship to Antigua . Jamaica ( edit ) In 1818 Edward Fraser ( 1798 -- Aft. 1850 ) , a privileged Barbadian slave , moved to Bermuda and subsequently met the new minister James Dunbar . The Nova Scotia Methodist Minister noted young Fraser 's sincerity and commitment to his congregation and encouraged him by appointing him as assistant . By 1827 Fraser assisted in building a new chapel . He was later freed and admitted to the Methodist Ministry to serve in Antigua and Jamaica . Barbados ( edit ) Following William J. Shrewsbury 's preaching in the 1820s , Sarah Ann Gill ( 1779 -- 1866 ) , a free - born black woman , used civil disobedience in an attempt to thwart magistrate rulings that prevented parishioners holding prayer meetings . In hopes of building a new chapel , she paid an extraordinary £ 1,700 - 0s - 0d and ended up having militia appointed by the Governor to protect her home from demolition .",
"20": "In 1884 an attempt was made at autonomy with the formation of two West Indian Conferences , however by 1903 the venture had failed . It was not until the 1960s that another attempt was made at autonomy . This second attempt resulted in the emergence of the Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas in May 1967 . Francis Godson ( 1864 -- 1953 ) , a Methodist minister , who having served briefly in several of the Caribbean islands , eventually immersed himself in helping those in hardship of the First World War in Barbados . He was later appointed to the Legislative Council of Barbados , and fought for the rights of pensioners . He was later followed by renowned Barbadian Augustus Rawle Parkinson ( 1864 -- 1932 ) , who also was the first principal of the Wesley Hall School , Bridgetown in Barbados ( which celebrated its 125th anniversary in September 2009 ) . In more recent times in Barbados , Victor Alphonso Cooke ( born 1930 ) and Lawrence Vernon Harcourt Lewis ( born 1932 ) are strong influences on the Methodist Church on the island . Their contemporary and late member of the Dalkeith Methodist Church , was the former secretary of the University of the West Indies , consultant of the Canadian Training Aid Programme and a man of letters -- Francis Woodbine Blackman ( 1922 -- 2010 ) . It was his research and published works that enlightened much of this information on Caribbean Methodism . Africa ( edit ) Most Methodist denominations in Africa follow the British Methodist tradition and see the Methodist Church of Great Britain as their mother church . Originally modelled on the British structure , since independence most of these churches have adopted an episcopal model . Nigeria ( edit ) The Nigerian Methodist Church is one of the largest Methodist denominations in the world and one of the largest Christian churches in Nigeria , with around two million members in 2000 congregations . It has seen exponential growth since the turn of the millennium . Christianity was established in Nigeria with the arrival in 1842 of a Wesleyan Methodist missionary . He had come in response to the request for missionaries by the ex-slaves who returned to Nigeria from Sierra Leone .",
"21": "From the mission stations established in Badagry and Abeokuta , the Methodist church spread to various parts of the country west of the River Niger and part of the north . In 1893 missionaries of the Primitive Methodist Church arrived from Fernando Po , an island off the southern coast of Nigeria . From there the Methodist Church spread to other parts of the country , east of the River Niger and also to parts of the north . The church west of the River Niger and part of the north was known as the Western Nigeria District and east of the Niger and another part of the north as the Eastern Nigeria District . Both existed independently of each other until 1962 when they constituted the Conference of Methodist Church Nigeria . The conference is composed of seven districts . The church has continued to spread into new areas and has established a department for evangelism and appointed a director of evangelism . An episcopal system adopted in 1976 was not fully accepted by all sections of the church until the two sides came together and resolved to end the disagreement . A new constitution was ratified in 1990 . The system is still episcopal but the points which caused discontent were amended to be acceptable to both sides . Today , the Nigerian Methodist Church has a prelate , eight archbishops and 44 bishops . Ghana ( edit ) Main article : Methodist Church Ghana Methodist Church Ghana is one of the largest Methodist denominations , with around 800,000 members in 2,905 congregations , ministered by 700 pastors . It has fraternal links with the British Methodist and United Methodist churches worldwide . Methodism in Ghana came into existence as a result of the missionary activities of the Wesleyan Methodist Church , inaugurated with the arrival of Joseph Rhodes Dunwell to the Gold Coast in 1835 . Like the mother church , the Methodist Church in Ghana was established by people of Protestant background . Roman Catholic and Anglican missionaries came to the Gold Coast from the 15th century . A school was established in Cape Coast by the Anglicans during the time of Philip Quaque , a Ghanaian priest . Those who came out of this school had Bible copies and study supplied by the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge . A member of the resulting Bible study groups , William De-Graft , requested Bibles through Captain Potter of the ship Congo . Not only were Bibles sent , but also a Methodist missionary .",
"22": "In the first eight years of the Church 's life , 11 out of 21 missionaries who worked in the Gold Coast died . Thomas Birch Freeman , who arrived at the Gold Coast in 1838 was a pioneer of missionary expansion . Between 1838 and 1857 he carried Methodism from the coastal areas to Kumasi in the Asante hinterland of the Gold Coast . He also established Methodist Societies in Badagry and AbeoKuta in Nigeria with the assistance of William De-Graft . By 1854 , the church was organized into circuits constituting a district with T.B. Freeman as chairman . Freeman was replaced in 1856 by William West . The district was divided and extended to include areas in the then Gold Coast and Nigeria by the synod in 1878 , a move confirmed at the British Conference . The district were Gold Coast District , with T.R. Picot as chairman and Yoruba and Popo District , with John Milum as chairman . Methodist evangelisation of northern Gold Coast began in 1910 . After a long period of conflict with the colonial government , missionary work was established in 1955 . Paul Adu was the first indigenous missionary to northern Gold Coast . In July 1961 , the Methodist Church in Ghana became autonomous , and was called the Methodist Church Ghana , based on a deed of foundation , part of the church 's Constitution and Standing Orders . Southern Africa ( edit ) Main article : Methodist Church of Southern Africa Methodist chapel in Leliefontein , Northern Cape , South Africa . The Methodist Church operates across South Africa , Namibia , Botswana , Lesotho and Swaziland , with a limited presence in Zimbabwe and Mozambique . It is a member church of the World Methodist Council . Methodism in Southern Africa began as a result of lay Christian work by an Irish soldier of the English Regiment , John Irwin , who was stationed at the Cape and began to hold prayer meetings as early as 1795 . The first Methodist lay preacher at the Cape , George Middlemiss , was a soldier of the 72nd regiment of the British Army stationed at the Cape in 1805 . This foundation paved the way for missionary work by Methodist missionary societies from Great Britain , many of whom sent missionaries with the 1820 English settlers to the Western and Eastern Cape .",
"23": "Among the most notable of the early missionaries were Barnabas Shaw and William Shaw . The largest group was the Wesleyan Methodist Church , but there were a number of others that joined together to form the Methodist Church of South Africa , later known as the Methodist Church of Southern Africa . The Methodist Church of Southern Africa is the largest mainline Protestant denomination in South Africa -- 7.3 percent of the South African population recorded their religious affiliation as ' Methodist ' in the last national census . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) Flower Lane Church is the first Methodist church erected in downtown Fuzhou Methodism was brought to China in the autumn of 1847 by the Methodist Episcopal Church . The first missionaries sent out were Judson Dwight Collins and Moses Clark White , who sailed from Boston 15 April 1847 , and reached Foochow 6 September . They were followed by Henry Hickok and Robert Samuel Maclay , who arrived 15 April 1848 . In 1857 it baptised the first convert in connection with its labours . In August 1856 , a brick built church , called the `` Church of the True God '' ( 真神 堂 ) , the first substantial church building erected at Foochow by Protestant Missions , was dedicated to the worship of God . In the winter of the same year another brick built church , located on the hill in the suburbs on the south bank of the Min , was finished and dedicated , called the `` Church of Heavenly Peace '' ( 天 安堂 ) . In 1862 , the number of members was 87 . The Foochow Conference was organised by Isaac W. Wiley on 6 December 1867 , by which time the number of members and probationers had reached 2,011 . Rev. Hok Chau 周 學 ( also known as Lai - Tong Chau , 周勵堂 ) was the first Chinese ordained minister of the South China District of the Methodist Church ( incumbent 1877 -- 1916 ) .",
"24": "Benjamin Hobson ( 1816 -- 1873 ) , a medical missionary sent by the London Missionary Society in 1839 , set up a highly successful Wai Ai Clinic ( 惠 愛 醫 館 ) Liang Fa ( Leung Fat in Cantonese , 梁 發 , 1789 -- 1855 , ordained by the London Missionary Society ) , Hok Chau and others worked there . Rev. Liang ( age 63 ) baptized Chau ( quite young ) in 1852 . The Methodist Church based in Britain sent missionary George Piercy to China . In 1851 , Piercy went to Guangzhou ( Canton ) , where he worked in a trading company . In 1853 , he started a church in Guangzhou . In 1877 , Chau was ordained by the Methodist Church , where he pastored for 39 years . Former Methodist school in Wuhan ( founded 1885 ) In 1867 , the mission sent out the first missionaries to Central China , who began work at Kiukiang . In 1869 missionaries were also sent to the capital city Peking , where they laid the foundations of the work of the North China Mission . In November 1880 , the West China Mission was established in Sichuan Province . In 1896 the work in the Hinghua prefecture ( modern - day Putian ) and surrounding regions was also organized as a Mission Conference . In 1947 , the Methodist Church in the Republic of China celebrated its centenary . In 1949 , however , the Methodist Church moved to Taiwan with the Kuomintang government . On 21 June 1953 , Taipei Methodist Church was erected , then local churches and chapels with a baptized membership numbering over 2,500 . Various types of educational , medical and social services are provided ( including Tunghai University ) . In 1972 the Methodist Church in the Republic of China became autonomous and the first bishop was installed in 1986 . India ( edit ) See also : Church of South India and Methodist Church in India The CSI English Wesley Church in Broadway , Chennai , India , is one of the oldest Methodist chapels in India .",
"25": "Methodism came to India twice , in 1817 and in 1856 , according to P. Dayanandan who has done extensive research on the subject . Thomas Coke and six other missionaries set sail for India on New Year 's Day in 1814 . Coke , then 66 , died en route . Rev. James Lynch was the one who finally arrived in Madras in 1817 at a place called Black Town ( Broadway ) , later known as George Town . Lynch conducted the first Methodist missionary service on 2 March 1817 , in a stable . The first Methodist church was dedicated in 1819 at Royapettah . A chapel at Broadway ( Black Town ) was later built and dedicated on 25 April 1822 . This church was rebuilt in 1844 since the earlier structure was collapsing . At this time there were about 100 Methodist members in all of Madras , and they were either Europeans or Eurasians ( European and Indian descent ) . Among names associated with the founding period of Methodism in India are Elijah Hoole and Thomas Cryer , who came as missionaries to Madras . In 1857 , the Methodist Episcopal Church started its work in India , and with prominent evangelists like William Taylor the Emmanuel Methodist Church , Vepery , was born in 1874 . The evangelist James Mills Thoburn established the Thoburn Memorial Church in Calcutta in 1873 and the Calcutta Boys ' School in 1877 . In 1947 the Wesleyan Methodist Church in India merged with Presbyterians , Anglicans and other Protestant churches to form the Church of South India while the American Methodist Church remained affiliated as the Methodist Church in Southern Asia ( MCSA ) to the mother church in USA - the United Methodist Church until 1981 , when by an enabling act the Methodist Church in India ( MCI ) became an autonomous church in India . Today , the Methodist Church in India is governed by the General Conference of the Methodist Church of India headed by six Bishops , with headquarters at Methodist Centre , 21 YMCA Road , Mumbai , India . Malaysia and Singapore ( edit ) Main articles : Methodist Church in Malaysia and Methodist Church in Singapore Missionaries from Britain , North America , and Australia founded Methodist churches in many Commonwealth countries .",
"26": "These are now independent and many of them are stronger than the former `` mother '' churches . In addition to the churches , these missionaries often also founded schools to serve the local community . A good example of such schools are the Methodist Boys ' School in Kuala Lumpur , Methodist Boys ' School in George Town , and Anglo - Chinese School , Methodist Girls ' School , Paya Lebar Methodist Girls School and Fairfield Methodist Schools in Singapore . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : United Methodist Church in the Philippines See also : Protestantism in the Philippines Methodism in the Philippines began shortly after the United States acquired the Philippines in 1898 as a result the Spanish -- American War . On 21 June 1898 , after the Battle of Manila Bay but before the Treaty of Paris , executives of the American Mission Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church expressed their desire to join other Protestant denominations in starting mission work in the islands and to enter into a Comity Agreement that would facilitate the establishment of such missions . The first Protestant worship service was conducted on 28 August 1898 by an American military chaplain named Rev. George C. Stull. Rev. Stull was an ordained Methodist minister from the Montana Annual Conference of The Methodist Episcopal Church ( later part of the United Methodist Church after 1968 ) . Consecration of the first Presiding Bishop of Ang Iglesia Metodista sa Pilipinas held at Luacan Church in Bataan , Philippines Methodist and Wesleyan traditions in the Philippines are shared by three of the largest mainline Protestant churches in the country : The United Methodist Church , Iglesia Evangelica Metodista En Las Islas Filipinas ( `` Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands '' , abbreviated IEMELIF ) , and The United Church of Christ in the Philippines . There are also evangelical Protestant churches in the country of the Methodist tradition like the Wesleyan Church of the Philippines , Inc. the Free Methodist Church of the Philippines , and the Church of the Nazarene . There are also the IEMELIF Reform Movement ( IRM ) , The Wesleyan ( Pilgrim Holiness ) Church of the Philippines , the Philippine Bible Methodist Church , Inc. , the Pentecostal Free Methodist Church , Inc. , the Fundamental Christian Methodist Church , The Reformed Methodist Church , Inc. , The Methodist Church of the Living Bread , Inc.",
"27": ", and the Wesley Evangelical Methodist Church & Mission , Inc . There are three Episcopal Areas of the United Methodist Church in the Philippines : the Baguio Episcopal Area , Davao Episcopal Area and Manila Episcopal Area . A call for autonomy from groups within the United Methodist Church in the Philippines was discussed at several conferences led mostly by episcopal candidates . This led to the establishment of the Ang Iglesia Metodista sa Pilipinas ( `` The Methodist Church in the Philippines '' ) in 2010 , led by Bishop Lito C. Tangonan , Rev. George Buenaventura , Chita Milan and Atty . Joe Frank E. Zuñiga . The group finally declared full autonomy and legal incorporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission was approved on 7 December 2011 with papers held by present procurators . It now has 126 local churches in Metro Manila , Palawan , Bataan , Zambales , Pangasinan , Bulacan , Aurora , Nueva Ecija , as well as parts of Pampanga and Cavite . Tangonan was consecrated as the denomination 's first Presiding Bishop on 17 March 2012 . South Korea ( edit ) Main article : Korean Methodist Church The Korean Methodist Church ( KMC ) is one of the largest churches in South Korea with around 1.5 million members and 8,306 ministers . Methodism in Korea grew out of British and American mission work which began in the late 19th century . The first missionary sent out was Robert Samuel Maclay of the Methodist Episcopal Church , who sailed from Japan in 1884 and was given the authority of medical and schooling permission from emperor Gojong . The Korean church became fully autonomous in 1930 , retaining affiliation with Methodist churches in America and later the United Methodist Church . The church experienced rapid growth in membership throughout most of the 20th century -- in spite of the Korean War -- before stabilizing in the 1990s . The KMC is a member of the World Methodist Council and hosted the first Asia Methodist Convention in 2001 . There are many Korean - language Methodist churches in North America catering to Korean - speaking immigrants , not all of which are named as Methodist .",
"28": "Americas ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) The Methodist Church in Brazil was founded by American missionaries in 1867 after an initial unsuccessful founding in 1835 . It has grown steadily since , becoming autonomous in 1930 . In the 1970s it ordained its first woman minister . As of 2011 , the Brazilian Methodist Church is divided into eight annual conferences with 162,000 members . Canada ( edit ) Further information : Methodist Church , Canada and United Church of Canada Metropolitan Methodist Church , Toronto , played an important role in the city that was nicknamed the `` Methodist Rome '' . The father of Methodism in Canada was William Black ( 1760 -- 1834 ) who began preaching in settlements along the Petitcodiac River of New Brunswick in 1781 . A few years afterwards , Methodist Episcopal circuit riders from the US state of New York began to arrive in Canada West at Niagara , and the north shore of Lake Erie in 1786 , and at the Kingston region on the northeast shore of Lake Ontario in the early 1790s . At the time the region was part of British North America and became part of Upper Canada after the Constitutional Act of 1791 . Upper and Lower Canada were both part of the New York Episcopal Methodist Conference until 1810 when they were transferred to the newly formed Genesee Conference . Reverend Major George Neal began to preach in Niagara in October 1786 , and was ordained in 1810 by Bishop Philip Asbury , at the Lyons , New York Methodist Conference . He was Canada 's first saddlebag preacher , and travelled from Lake Ontario to Detroit for 50 years preaching the gospel . The spread of Methodism in the Canadas was seriously disrupted by the War of 1812 but quickly gained lost ground after the Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1815 . In 1817 the British Wesleyans arrived in the Canadas from the Maritimes but by 1820 had agreed , with the Episcopal Methodists , to confine their work to Lower Canada ( present - day Quebec ) while the latter would confine themselves to Upper Canada ( present - day Ontario ) . In the summer of 1818 the first place of public worship was erected for the Wesleyan Methodists in York , later Toronto .",
"29": "The chapel for the First Methodist Church was built on the corner of King Street and Jordan Street , the entire cost of the building was $250 , an amount that took the congregation three years to raise . In 1828 Upper Canadian Methodists were permitted by the General Conference in the United States to form an independent Canadian Conference and , in 1833 , the Canadian Conference merged with the British Wesleyans to form the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada . In 1884 , most Canadian Methodists were brought under the umbrella of the Methodist Church , Canada . During the nineteenth century Methodism played a large role in the culture and political affairs of Toronto . The city became known for being very puritanical with strict limits on the sale of alcohol and a rigorous enforcement of the Lord 's Day Act . It was occasionally nicknamed the `` Methodist Rome '' , the implication being that Toronto was as central to Canadian Methodism as Rome is to Catholicism . In 1925 , the Methodist Church , Canada and most Presbyterian congregations , then by far the largest Protestant communion in Canada , most Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec congregations , Union Churches in Western Canada , and the American Presbyterian Church in Montreal merged to form the United Church of Canada . In 1968 , the Evangelical United Brethren Church 's Canadian congregations joined after their American counterparts joined the United Methodist Church . Mexico ( edit ) The Methodist Church came to Mexico in 1872 , with the arrival of two Methodist commissioners from the United States to observe the possibilities of evangelistic work in México . In December 1872 , Bishop Gilbert Haven arrived to Mexico City , and he was ordered by M.D. William Butler to go to México . Bishop John C. Keener arrived from the Methodist Episcopal Church , South in January 1873 . In 1874 , M.D. William Butler established the first Protestant Methodist school of México , in Puebla . The school was founded under the name `` Instituto Metodista Mexicano . '' Today the school is called `` Instituto Mexicano Madero . '' It is still a Methodist school , and it is one of the most elite , selective , expensive and prestigious private schools in the country , with two campuses in Puebla State , and one in Oaxaca .",
"30": "A few years later the principal of the school created a Methodist university , the first and only Protestant university in Mexico . On 18 January 1885 , the first Annual Conference of the United Episcopal Church of México was established . United States ( edit ) Main article : History of Methodism in the United States Barratt 's Chapel , built in 1780 , is the oldest Methodist Church in the United States built for that purpose . The church was a meeting place of Asbury and Coke . Wesley came to believe that the New Testament evidence did not leave the power of ordination to the priesthood in the hands of bishops but that other priests could ordain . In 1784 , he ordained preachers for Scotland , England , and America , with power to administer the sacraments ( this was a major reason for Methodism 's final split from the Church of England after Wesley 's death ) . At that time , Wesley sent Thomas Coke to America . Francis Asbury founded the Methodist Episcopal Church at the Baltimore Christmas Conference in 1784 , Coke ( already ordained in the Church of England ) ordained Asbury deacon , elder , and bishop each on three successive days . Circuit riders , many of whom were laymen , travelled by horseback to preach the gospel and establish churches in many places . One of the most famous circuit riders was Robert Strawbridge who lived in the vicinity of Carroll County , Maryland soon after arriving in the Colonies around 1760 . The First Great Awakening was a religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s , beginning in New Jersey , then spreading to New England , and eventually south into Virginia and North Carolina . The English Methodist preacher George Whitefield played a major role , traveling across the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style , accepting everyone as his audience . The new style of sermons and the way people practiced their faith breathed new life into religion in America . People became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion , rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner . People began to study the Bible at home . The effect was akin to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the Protestant Reformation . the number of local Methodist churches ( blue ) grew steadily ; it was the largest denomination in the US by 1820 .",
"31": "The Second Great Awakening was a nationwide wave of revivals , from 1790 to 1840 . In New England , the renewed interest in religion inspired a wave of social activism among Yankees ; Methodism grew and established several colleges , notably Boston University . In the `` burned over district '' of western New York , the spirit of revival burned brightly . Methodism saw the emergence of a Holiness movement . In the west , especially at Cane Ridge , Kentucky and in Tennessee , the revival strengthened the Methodists and the Baptists . Methodism grew rapidly in the Second Great Awakening , becoming the nation 's largest denomination by 1820 . From 58,000 members in 1790 , it reached 258,000 in 1820 and 1,661,000 in 1860 , growing by a factor of 28.6 in 70 years , while the total American population grew by a factor of eight . Other denominations also used revivals , but the Methodists grew fastest of all because `` they combined popular appeal with efficient organization under the command of missionary bishops . '' Disputes over slavery placed the church in difficulty in the first half of the 19th century , with the northern church leaders fearful of a split with the South , and reluctant to take a stand . The Wesleyan Methodist Connexion ( later renamed the Wesleyan Methodist Church ) and the Free Methodist Churches were formed by staunch abolitionists , and the Free Methodists were especially active in the Underground Railroad , which helped to free the slaves . In 1968 the Wesleyan Methodist Church and Pilgrim Holiness Church merged to form the Wesleyan Church ; those who dissented from this decision formed , in 1970 , the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches , which falls within the conservative holiness movement . In a much larger split , in 1845 at Louisville , the churches of the slaveholding states left the Methodist Episcopal Church and formed The Methodist Episcopal Church , South . The northern and southern branches were reunited in 1939 , when slavery was no longer an issue . In this merger also joined the Methodist Protestant Church . Some southerners , conservative in theology , opposed the merger , and formed the Southern Methodist Church in 1940 The Third Great Awakening from 1858 to 1908 saw enormous growth in Methodist membership , and a proliferation of institutions such as colleges ( e.g.",
"32": ", Morningside College ) . Methodists were often involved in the Missionary Awakening and the Social Gospel Movement . The awakening in so many cities in 1858 started the movement , but in the North it was interrupted by the Civil War . In the South , on the other hand , the Civil War stimulated revivals , especially in Lee 's army . In 1914 -- 1917 many Methodist ministers made strong pleas for world peace . President Woodrow Wilson ( a Presbyterian ) , promised `` a war to end all wars , '' using language of a future peace that had been a watchword for the postmillennial movement . In the 1930s many Methodists favored isolationist policies . Thus in 1936 , Methodist Bishop James Baker , of the San Francisco Conference , released a poll of ministers showing 56 % opposed warfare . However , the Methodist Federation did call for a boycott of Japan , which had invaded China and was disrupting missionary activity there . In Chicago , 62 local African Methodist Episcopal churches voted their support for the Roosevelt administration 's policy , while opposing any plan to send American troops overseas to fight . When war came in 1941 , the vast majority of Methodists strongly supported the national war effort , but there were also a few ( 673 ) conscientious objectors . The `` cross and flame '' logo of the United Methodist Church . The United Methodist Church ( UMC ) was formed in 1968 as a result of a merger between the Evangelical United Brethren Church ( EUB ) and The Methodist Church . The former church had resulted from mergers of several groups of German Methodist heritage , however there was no longer any need or desire to worship in the German language . The latter church was a result of union between the Methodist Protestant Church and the northern and southern factions of the Methodist Episcopal Church . The merged church had approximately nine million members as of the late 1990s . While United Methodist Church in America membership has been declining , associated groups in developing countries are growing rapidly . Prior to the merge that led to the formation of the United Methodist Church , the Evangelical Methodist Church entered into a schism with the Methodist Church , citing modernism in its parent body as the reason for the departure in 1946 . The United Methodist Glide Memorial Church has served as a counter-culture rallying point and has been identified as a liberal church .",
"33": "American Methodist churches are generally organized on a connectional model , related , but not identical to that used in Britain . Pastors are assigned to congregations by bishops , distinguishing it from presbyterian government . Methodist denominations typically give lay members representation at regional and national Conferences at which the business of the church is conducted , making it different from most episcopal government . This connectional organizational model differs further from the congregational model , for example of Baptist , and Congregationalist Churches , among others . In addition to the United Methodist Church , there are over 40 other denominations that descend from John Wesley 's Methodist movement . Some , such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church , the Free Methodists and the Wesleyan Church ( formerly Wesleyan Methodist ) , are explicitly Methodist . There are also independent Methodist churches , many of which are affiliated with the Association of Independent Methodists . Others do not call themselves Methodist , but grew out of the Methodist movement : for example , The Salvation Army and the Church of the Nazarene . Some of the charismatic or Pentecostal churches such as the Pentecostal Holiness Church and the Assemblies of God also have roots in or draw from Wesleyan thought . The Holiness Revival was primarily among people of Methodist persuasion , who felt that the church had once again become apathetic , losing the Wesleyan zeal . Some important events of this revival were the writings of Phoebe Palmer during the mid-1800s , the establishment of the first of many holiness camp meetings at Vineland , New Jersey in 1867 , and the founding of Asbury College , ( 1890 ) , and other similar institutions in the U.S. around the turn of the twentieth century . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) An Australasian General Conference , meeting triennially , for Australasia was established in 1875 , with Annual Conferences in each colony ( including New Zealand ) . Various branches of Methodism in Australia merged during the 20 years from 1881 . The Methodist Church of Australasia was formed on 1 January 1902 when five Methodist denominations in Australia -- the Wesleyan Methodist Church , the Primitive Methodists , the Bible Christian Church , the United Methodist Free and the Methodist New Connexion Churches came together . In polity it largely followed the Wesleyan Methodist Church .",
"34": "The only sizable Methodist group outside this new structure were the Lay Methodists . In 1945 the Rev. Dr. Kingsley Ridgway offered himself as a Melbourne - based `` field representative '' for a possible Australian branch of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America , after meeting an American serviceman who was a member of that denomination . The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia was founded on his work . The Methodist Church of Australasia merged with the majority of the Presbyterian Church of Australia and the Congregational Union of Australia in 1977 , becoming the Uniting Church . The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia and some independent congregations chose not to join the union . From the mid-1980s a number of independent Methodist churches were founded by missionaries and other members from the Methodist Churches of Malaysia and Singapore . Some of these came together to form what is now known as the Chinese Methodist Church in Australia in 1994 , electing it 's first bishop in 2002 . Since the 2000s many independent Methodist churches have been established or grown by Tongan immigrants . Many Pacific Islander immigrants of a Methodist background have also joined Uniting Church congregations . Wesley Mission in Pitt Street , Sydney , the largest parish in the Uniting Church , remains strongly in the Wesleyan tradition . Fiji ( edit ) As a result of the early efforts of missionaries , most of the natives of the Fiji Islands were converted to Methodism in the 1840s and 1850s . Most ethnic Fijians are Methodists today ( the others are largely Roman Catholic and further divided into minor denominations such as Baptist , All Nations , Assemblies of God , Christian Mission Fellowship , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Church of Latter Day Saints , Souls to Jesus and a few others ) , and the Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma is an important social force . New Zealand ( edit ) The Methodist Church of New Zealand was the fourth most frequent religious affiliation chosen by those who declared one in the 2006 national census . Samoan Islands ( edit ) In 1868 , Piula Theological College was established in Lufilufi on the north coast of Upolu island in Samoa and serves as the main headquarters of the Methodist church in the country .",
"35": "The college includes the historic Piula Monastery as well as Piula Cave Pool , a natural spring situated beneath the church by the sea . The Methodist Church is the third largest denomination throughout the Samoan Islands , in both Samoa and American Samoa . Tonga ( edit ) Methodism had a particular resonance with the inhabitants of Tonga . As of 2006 somewhat more than a third of Tongans adhered to the Methodist tradition . Methodism is represented on the island by a number of churches including the Free Church of Tonga and the Free Wesleyan Church , which is the largest church in Tonga . The royal family of the country are prominent members , and the late king was a lay preacher . Ecumenical relations ( edit ) Part of a series on Protestantism Topics ( show ) Reformation Great Awakenings History Culture Demographics Persecution Criticism Major branches ( show ) Adventism Anabaptism Anglicanism Baptist churches Calvinism Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Minor branches ( show ) Hussitism Waldensianism Plymouth Brethren Holiness movement Quakerism Multiple others Interdenominational movements ( show ) Evangelicalism Charismatic movement Neo-charismatic movement Other developments ( show ) Arminianism Pietism Puritanism Neo-orthodoxy Paleo - orthodoxy Christian fundamentalism Modernism and liberalism Related movements ( show ) Nondenominational churches House churches Many Methodists have been involved in the ecumenical movement , which has sought to unite the fractured denominations of Christianity . Because Methodism grew out of the Church of England , a denomination from which neither of the Wesley brothers seceded , some Methodist scholars and historians , such as Rupert E. Davies have regarded their ' movement ' more as a preaching order within wider Christian life than as a church , comparing them with the Franciscans , who formed a religious order within the medieval European church and not a separate denomination . Certainly , Methodists have been deeply involved in early examples of church union , especially the United Church of Canada and the Church of South India . Also , a disproportionate number of Methodists take part in inter-faith dialogue .",
"36": "For example , Wesley Ariarajah , a long - serving director of the World Council of Churches ' sub-unit on `` Dialogue with People of Living Faiths and Ideologies '' is a Methodist . In October 1999 , an executive committee of the World Methodist Council resolved to explore the possibility of its Member Churches becoming associated with the doctrinal agreement which had been reached by the Catholic Church and Lutheran World Federation ( LWF ) . In May 2006 , the International Methodist -- Catholic Dialogue Commission completed its most recent report , entitled `` The Grace Given You in Christ : Catholics and Methodists Reflect Further on the Church , '' and submitted the text to Methodist and Catholic authorities . In July of the same year , in Seoul , South Korea , the Member Churches of the World Methodist Council ( WMC ) voted to approve and sign a `` Methodist Statement of Association '' with the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification ( JDDJ ) , the agreement which was reached and officially accepted in 1999 by the Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation and which proclaimed that : `` Together we confess : By grace alone , in faith in Christ 's saving work and not because of any merit on our part , we are accepted by God and receive the Holy Spirit , who renews our hearts while equipping and calling us to good works ... as sinners our new life is solely due to the forgiving and renewing mercy that God imparts as a gift and we receive in faith , and never can merit in any way , '' affirming `` fundamental doctrinal agreement '' concerning justification between the Catholic Church , the LWF , and the World Methodist Council . This is not to say there is perfect agreement between the three denominational traditions ; while Catholics and Methodists believe that salvation involves cooperation between God and man , Lutherans believe that God brings about the salvation of individuals without any cooperation on their part . Commenting on the ongoing dialogues with Catholic Church leaders , Rev. Ken Howcroft , Methodist minister and the Ecumenical Officer for the Methodist Church of Great Britain , noted that `` these conversations have been immensely fruitful . '' Methodists are increasingly recognizing that the 15 centuries prior to the Reformation constitute a shared history with Catholics , and are gaining new appreciation for neglected aspects of the Catholic tradition .",
"37": "There are , however , important unresolved doctrinal differences separating Roman Catholicism and Methodism , which include `` the nature and validity of the ministry of those who preside at the Eucharist , the precise meaning of the Eucharist as the sacramental ' memorial ' of Christ 's saving death and resurrection , the particular way in which Christ is present in Holy Communion , and the link between eucharistic communion and ecclesial communion . Great Britain ( edit ) In the 1960s , the Methodist Church of Great Britain made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England , aimed at denominational union . Formally , these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England 's General Synod in 1972 ; conversations and co-operation continued , however , leading in 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches . From the 1970s onward , the Methodist Church also started several Local Ecumenical Projects ( LEPs , later renamed Local Ecumenical Partnerships ) with local neighbouring denominations , which involved sharing churches , schools and in some cases ministers . In many towns and villages there are United Churches which are sometimes with Anglican or Baptist churches , but most commonly are Methodist and URC , simply because in terms of belief , practice and churchmanship , many Methodists see themselves as closer to the United Reformed Church than to other denominations such as the Church of England . In the 1990s and early 21st century , the British Methodist Church was involved in the Scottish Church Initiative for Union , seeking greater unity with the established and Presbyterian Church of Scotland , the Scottish Episcopal Church and the United Reformed Church in Scotland . The Methodist Church in Great Britain is a member of several ecumenical organisations , including the World Council of Churches , the Conference of European Churches , the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe , Churches Together in Britain and Ireland , Churches Together in England , Action of Churches Together in Scotland and Cytûn ( Wales ) . United States ( edit ) A United Methodist chapel in Kent , Ohio There are seven World Methodist Council denominations in the United States : the African Methodist Episcopal Church ; the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church ; the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church ; the Church of the Nazarene ; the Free Methodist Church ; the Wesleyan Church ; and the United Methodist Church .",
"38": "The AME , AMEZ and CME are historically African Methodist denominations . The Church of the Nazarene , Free Methodists and Wesleyans are Wesleyan Holiness churches . Methodist churches in the United States have also strengthened ties with other Christian traditions . In April 2005 , bishops in the United Methodist Church approved A Proposal for Interim Eucharistic Sharing . This document was the first step toward full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) . The ELCA approved this same document in August 2005 . At the 2008 General Conference , the United Methodist Church approved full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . The UMC is also in dialogue with the Episcopal Church for full communion by 2012 . The two denominations are working on a document called `` Confessing Our Faith Together . '' See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Methodism portal Arminianism portal List of Methodists List of Methodist theologians Saints in Methodism List of Methodist churches List of Methodist denominations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term Methodist was originally a pejorative expression used to deride the strict religious regularity of those students belonging to the `` Holy Club '' at the University of Oxford ; it was adopted by John Wesley in his later ministry . Jump up ^ This figure is an estimate by the World Methodist Council and includes members of united and uniting churches with Methodist participation . It represents approximately 60 million committed members and a further 20 million adherents . ^ Jump up to : Arminianism is named after Jacobus Arminius , a Dutch theologian who was trained to preach Calvinism but concluded that some aspects of Calvinism had to be modified in the light of Scripture . His opposition to some of the teachings of the Belgic Confession was formalized into Five Articles of Remonstrance , published posthumously by his followers in 1610 . Arminians as well as Calvinists appeal to various Scriptures and the early Church Fathers to support their respective views , however the differences remain -- Arminianism holds to the role free will in salvation and rejects the doctrines of predestination and election . John Wesley was perhaps the clearest English proponent of Arminian theology .",
"39": "Jump up ^ This social analysis is a summary of a wide variety of books on Methodist history , articles in The Methodist Magazine , etc . Most of the Methodist aristocracy were associated with Selina Hastings , Countess of Huntingdon , who invited Methodist preachers to gatherings which she hosted . Methodists were leaders among Christians at that time in reaching out to the poorest of the working classes . A number of soldiers were also Methodists . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fairchild , Mary . `` Methodist Church History : A Brief History of the Methodist Denomination '' . About.com : Christianity . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Holy Club '' . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ American Methodism . S.S. Scranton & Co . Retrieved 18 October 2007 . But the most - noticeable feature of British Methodism is its missionary spirit , and its organized , effective missionary work . It takes the lead of all other denominations in missionary movements . From its origin , Methodism has been characterised for its zeal in propagandism . It has always been missionary . Jump up ^ `` Member Churches '' . World Methodist Council . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : A Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists . Peterborough ( England ) : Methodist Publishing House . 2000 . ISBN 9781858521824 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wesley on Social Holiness '' ( PDF ) . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Models for Christian Higher Education : Strategies for Survival and Success in the Twenty - First Century . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . Retrieved 18 October 2007 . Wesleyan institutions , whether hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens or schools , historically were begun with the spirit to serve all people and to transform society . Jump up ^ Tucker , Karen B. Westerfield ( 2001 ) . American Methodist Worship . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198029267 . Jump up ^ A Collection of Hymns , for the use of the people called Methodists .",
"40": "T. Blanshard . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ JA Clapperton , `` Romance and Heroism in Early Methodism '' , ( 1901 ) Jump up ^ `` What We Believe -- Founder of the United Methodist Church '' . United Methodist Church of Whitefish Bay . Archived from the original on 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 August 2007 . Jump up ^ An introduction to world Methodism . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln College , Oxford , Famous Alumni , John Wesley ( 1703 -- 1791 ) '' . Lincoln College , Oxford University . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Kathy W. ; Stacey , Rosemary . `` John Wesley and Savannah '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ John Wesley 's Heart Strangely Warmed , www.christianity.com Jump up ^ Dreyer , Frederick A. ( 1999 ) . The Genesis of Methodism . Lehigh University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 934223 - 56 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Daniel L. ( 2006 ) . In the Shadow of Aldersgate : An Introduction to the Heritage and Faith of the Wesleyan Tradition . Wipf and Stock . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59752 - 573 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Hylson - Smith , Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Evangelicals in the Church of England 1734 - 1984 . Bloomsbury . pp. 17 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Richard Bennett , `` Howell Harris and the Dawn of Revival '' , ( 1909 , Eng . tr. 1962 ) , ISBN 1 - 85049 - 035 - X Jump up ^ `` Methodist Church '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutzman , Paul Fike . Recovering the Love Feast : Broadening Our Eucharistic Celebrations . Wipf and Stock Publishers . p. 159 .",
"41": "ISBN 9781498273176 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ John Wesley , The Works of the Reverend John Wesley , A.M. ( 1831 ) `` A short history of Methodism , '' II. 1 . Retrieved on 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Wesley : Methodical pietist '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wesley Center Online : A Plain Account of Christian Perfection '' . wesley.nnu.edu . Northwest Nazarene University . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dallimore . George Whitefield . ^ Jump up to : Robert Glen , `` Methodism , Religious Dissent and Revolution in the English Satiric Prints , 1780 -- 1815 , '' Consortium on Revolutionary Europe , 1750 -- 1850 : Proceedings 19 ( 1989 ) , 173 -- 88 Jump up ^ Charles H. Goodwin , `` Vile or reviled ? The causes of the anti-Methodist riots at Wednesbury between May , 1743 and April , 1744 in the light of New England revivalism . '' Methodist history 35.1 ( 1996 ) : 14 -- 28 . Jump up ^ On anti-Methodist literary attacks see Brett C. McInelly , `` Writing the Revival : The Intersections of Methodism and Literature in the Long 18th Century . '' Literature Compass 12.1 ( 2015 ) : 12 -- 21 ; McInelly , Textual Warfare and the Making of Methodism ( Oxford , UP , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Prichard , Robert ; Prichard , Robert . History of The Episcopal Church ( Third Revised Edition ) . Jump up ^ Indiana Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church `` The Christmas Gift : A New Church '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ William J. Abraham ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` The Birth Pangs of United Methodism as a Unique , Global , Orthodox Denomination '' . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ John Cannon and Robert Crowcroft , eds. ( 2015 ) .",
"42": "The Oxford Companion to British History . Oxford UP . p. 1040 . ISBN 9780191044816 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kathryn A. Broyles , `` Mothering , catechesis , and ecclesial leadership : The women of early Methodism and their call to witness to the gospel of Christ . '' Methodist History 46.3 ( 2008 ) : 141 - 156 . Jump up ^ `` A historical perspective on Methodist involvement in school education after Wesley '' ( PDF ) . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Frank Cyril ( 1949 ) Methodist Secondary Education : A History of the Contribution of Methodism to Secondary Education in the United Kingdom . Epworth . Jump up ^ Vickers , Jason ( 1 November 2016 ) . A Wesleyan Theology of the Eucharist : The Presence of God for Christian Life and Ministry . BookBaby . p. 350 . ISBN 9780938162513 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Melton , J. Gordon ( 1 January 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing . p. 48 . ISBN 9780816069835 . Among the items deleted by Wesley as unnecessary for Methodists were articles on Of Works Before Justification , which in Calvinism are largely discounted , but in Methodism lauded ; Of Predestination and Election , which Wesley felt would be understood in a Calvinist manner that the Methodists rejected ; and Of the Traditions of the Church , which Wesley felt to be no longer at issue . Jump up ^ `` Why do we say creeds ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Communications , United Methodist . `` The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church '' . United Methodist Communications . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillett , Wilbur Fisk ( 1907 ) . A Statement of the Faith of World - wide Methodism . Publishing House of the M.E. Church , South . p. 12 .",
"43": "Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ See Mark 12 : 31 Jump up ^ Communications , United Methodist . `` Our Wesleyan Heritage '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Preface to The Methodist Hymn Book , December 1933 Jump up ^ John Wesley 's `` Preface to A collection of Hymns for use of the People called Methodists , 20 October 1779 Jump up ^ Roger E. Olson ( 2009 ) . Arminian Theology : Myths and Realities . InterVarsity Press . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Edgar Parkyns , `` His Waiting Bride '' , ( 1996 ) , pp 169 -- 170 , ISBN 0 - 9526800 - 0 - 9 Jump up ^ Ashby , Stephen `` Reformed Arminianism '' Four Views on Eternal Security ( Grand Rapids : Zondervan , 2002 ) , 137 Jump up ^ John Wesley , Sermons on Several Occasions for further detail . ^ Jump up to : J. Steven Harper , `` The Way to Heaven : The Gospel According to John Wesley '' , ( 1983 ) , ISBN 0 - 310 - 25260 - 1 Jump up ^ Gwyn Davies , `` A Light in the Land '' , ( 2002 ) , p. 46 , ISBN 1 - 85049 - 181 - X Jump up ^ Kennedy , David J. ( 22 April 2016 ) . Eucharistic Sacramentality in an Ecumenical Context : The Anglican Epiclesis . Routledge . p. 75 . ISBN 9781317140115 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Evangelical Anglicans in the main did not follow the sacramental emphasis of the Wesleys but tended to be Cranmerian in their eucharistic theology , rejecting any notion of an objective presence of Christ in the elements . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Methodism '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ A Catechism for the use of people called Methodists .",
"44": "Peterborough , England : Methodist Publishing House . 2000 . p. 26 . ISBN 9781858521824 . Jump up ^ `` This Holy Mystery '' . The United Methodist Church . 2004 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Means of Grace '' ( PDF ) . Methodist Church in Ireland . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ John Wesley , Standard Sermons ( 1871 ) `` Sermon 16 - The Means of Grace , '' II. 1 . Retrieved on 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , L. Edward ( 2014 ) . `` The Holy Communion as a Means of Grace and the Question of On - line Communion '' ( PDF ) . UMC General Board of Higher Education and Ministry . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodes , Stanley J. ( 25 September 2014 ) . From Faith to Faith : John Wesley 's Covenant Theology and the Way of Salvation . James Clarke & Co . ISBN 9780227902202 . Jump up ^ `` Wesleyan Quadrilateral , the '' . Glossary . United Methodist Church . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Dawes , Stephen B . `` The Spirituality of ' Scriptural Holiness ' '' ( PDF ) . The European Methodist Theological Commission . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Firth , Richard . `` Methodist Worship '' ( PDF ) . University of Birmingham . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ White , with an introduction by James F. ( 1984 ) . John Wesley 's Sunday service of the Methodists in North America . Nashville : Quarterly Review . ISBN 978 - 0687406326 . Jump up ^ `` Methodist Publishing : Resources Catalogue '' ( PDF ) . Methodist Publishing . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lyerly , Cynthia Lynn ( 24 September 1998 ) . Methodism and the Southern Mind , 1770 - 1810 . Oxford University Press . p. 39 .",
"45": "ISBN 9780195354249 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Journals of Wesley , Nehemiah Curnock , ed. , London : Epworth Press 1938 , p. 468 . Jump up ^ Wesley , John ( 1999 ) . `` The Wesley Center Online : Sermon 88 - On Dress '' . Wesley Center for Applied Theology . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection , of America . Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America . 1858 . p. 85 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cartwright , Peter ( 1857 ) . Autobiography of Peter Cartwright : The Backwoods Preacher . Carlton & Porter . p. 74 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones , Scott J. ( 2002 ) . United Methodist Doctrine : The Extreme Center . Abingdon Press . p. 235 . ISBN 9780687034857 . Jump up ^ `` Discipline of the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches '' ( PDF ) . 2014 . pp. 33 -- 34 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Karen B. Westerfield ( 27 April 2011 ) . American Methodist Worship . Oxford University Press . p. 46 . ISBN 9780199774159 . Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 24 September 2009 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . p. 253 . ISBN 9780191607431 . Jump up ^ Cracknell and White ( 2005 ) , p. ' i ' ( frontmatter ) Jump up ^ `` Korean Methodist Church '' . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . worldmethodistcouncil.org . World Methodist Council . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central and Southern Europe '' . www.umc-europe.org .",
"46": "United Methodist Church Europe UMC / Evangelisch - Methodistische Kirche Europa . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . The United Methodist Church in Central and Southern Europe consists of about 33'500 members and friends living in 16 countries . ^ Jump up to : `` 3.7. 1 Statistical Reports , details '' ( Word doc . ) . The United Methodist Church - Northern Europe & Eurasia . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistische Zahlen '' . Evangelisch - methodistische Kirche ( in German ) . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deed of Union '' ( PDF ) . The Constitutional Practice and Discipline of the Methodist Church . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Methodism in Numbers -- Statistics at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . methodist.org.uk . The Methodist Conference . July 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ H.B. Workman ( 2012 ) . Methodism . Cambridge UP . p. 97 . Jump up ^ Glen O'Brien ; Hilary M. Carey ( 2016 ) . Methodism in Australia : A History . Routledge . p. 62 . Jump up ^ S.J.D. Green , Religion in the Age of Decline : Organisation and Experience in Industrial Yorkshire , 1870 - 1920 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Charles Yrigoyen Jr ( 2010 ) . T&T Clark Companion to Methodism . A&C Black . p. 502 . Jump up ^ Phil Carradice . `` The temperance movement in Wales '' . BBC . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol '' . Views of the Church . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wesleyan Reform Union of Churches '' . Thewru.com . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to IMCGB - Home page '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 .",
"47": "Jump up ^ `` John Wesley in Ireland '' . Irish History Links . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Going beyond the church buildings and into the community '' . The Irish Times . 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2011 : Key Statistics for Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . nisra.gov.uk . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Taggart , Norman W. ( 2004 ) . `` Conflict , controversy and co-operation '' . Columba Press . p. 133 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Opera per le Chiese Metodiste in Italia '' . Evangelical Methodist Church in Italy . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` La diaspora Valdese '' ( in Italian ) . Chiesa Evangelica Valdese . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian fact sheet '' ( Microsoft Word document ) . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` METHODISTS BUY ROME SITE ; Will Build a College in Connection with Mission Work '' . The New York Times . 26 January 1914 . Jump up ^ `` World Methodist Council opens new ecumenical office in Rome '' . en.radiovaticana.va . Vatican Radio . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the Methodist Ecumenical Office Rome '' . Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hassing , Arne ( 1991 ) . Religion og makt : metodismen i norsk historie ( in Norwegian ) . Trondheim : Tapir . pp. 35 , 56 . ISBN 82 - 519 - 0954 - 6 . ISSN 0333 - 029X . ^ Jump up to : `` France '' . www.umc-europe.org . United Methodist Church Europe UMC / Evangelisch - Methodistische Kirche Europa . Retrieved 20 January 2017 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ `` France - General Board of Global Ministries '' . www.umcmission.org . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of The United Methodist Church in Europe - The United Methodist Church '' . United Methodist Communications . Jump up ^ `` The EMF in Hungary '' ( in German ) . United Methodist Church Europe UMC / Evangelisch - Methodistische Kirche Europa . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Church site in Hungarian : Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ John Wesley Theological College site : Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Fellowship site : ( 2 ) . College site : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 ... Both in Hungarian . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Die Welt , 21 March 2012 : Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Opinion on Act CCVI / 2011 : Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hungarian Salvation Army site : Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wesley Kiadó site in Hungarian : Retrieved 26 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Centennial of Methodism in Russia observed '' . United Methodist Church . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Develop United Methodist Center in St. Petersburg '' . United Methodist Church . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Soviets OK New Religious Freedoms '' . deseretnews . Retrieved 11 May 2011 .",
"49": "^ Jump up to : Blackman , Francis ' Woodie ' John Wesley 300 : Pioneers , Preachers and Practitioners ( Barbados : Dalkeith Methodist Church , 2003 , 89 pp , ISBN 976 - 8080 - 61 - 2 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas '' . oikoumene.org . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baxter Memorial '' . methodistchurchantigua.org . Methodist Church of Antigua & Barbuda . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackman , Francis , National heroine of Barbados : Sarah Ann Gill ( Barbados : Methodist Church , 1998 , 27 pp ) Jump up ^ Clarke , S. , Black History Month : Augustus Rawle Parkinson , Nation News ( Barbados ) , 24 February 2014 , accessed 17 June 2016 Jump up ^ Blackman , Francis , Methodism : 200 Years in British Virgin Islands ( British Virgin Islands : Methodist Church , 1989 , 151 pp , ISBN 976 - 8001 - 36 - 4 ) Jump up ^ Blackman , Francis , Methodism , 200 years in Barbados ( Barbados : Caribbean Contact , 1988 , 160 pp ) ^ Jump up to : `` Methodist Church Nigeria '' . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Life Coalition International - Jesus Is The Standard '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methodist Church Ghana '' . oikoumene.org . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ F.L. Bartels . The Roots of Ghana Methodism . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1965 , pp. 12 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Millard - Jackson , J `` Who called the tune ? Methodist Missionary policy in South Africa during the 19th century '' in Forster , D and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 31 ) .",
"50": "Jump up ^ Forster , D. `` God 's mission in our context , healing and transforming responses '' in Forster , D and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 79 -- 80 ) Jump up ^ Millard - Jackson , J `` Who called the tune ? Methodist Missionary policy in South Africa during the 19th century '' in Forster , D and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 34 -- 37 ) Jump up ^ Forster , D. `` God 's mission in our context , healing and transforming responses '' in Forster , D and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 80 ) Jump up ^ Grassow , P. `` William Shaw '' in Forster , D and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 13 -- 25 ) Jump up ^ `` Official website of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa '' . Methodist.org.za . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ For a discussion of Church membership statistics in South Africa please refer to Forster , D. `` God 's mission in our context , healing and transforming responses '' in Forster , D. and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 97 -- 98 ) Jump up ^ `` 回眸 : 当年 传教 士 进 羊城 - MW 悦 读 室 之 岭南 话 廊 - 凤凰 网 博客 '' . Blog.ifeng.com . Retrieved 19 April 2013 .",
"51": "Jump up ^ `` 合 信 的 《 全体 新 论 》 与 广东 士 林 - 《 广东 史 志 》 1999 年 01 期 - 中国 知 网 '' . Mall.cnki.net. 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Chan Chung , Deborah Chung and Cecilia Ng Wong , `` Piloted to Serve '' , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Piloted to Serve '' . Facebook . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephen Livingstone Baldwin , Foreign Missions of the Protestant Churches , 1900 Jump up ^ `` In commemoration of John Wesley '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 29 October 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Methodist Church in India : Bangalore Episcopal Area '' . Gbgm-umc.org . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` uccp.ph '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 11 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Philippines Church of the Nazarene - Mabuhay ! '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Manila Episcopal Area '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AIM Pilipinas Website '' . AIM Pilipinas . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Methodist '' . AIM Pilipinas . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AIM Pilipinas Blogsite '' . AIM Pilipinas . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Korean Methodist Church '' . oikoumene.org . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Sebastian C.H.",
"52": "; Kim , Kirsteen . A History of Korean Christianity . Cambridge University Press . p. 100 . ISBN 9781316123140 . Jump up ^ Yrigoyen , Charles ; Warrick , Susan E. ( 2013 ) . Historical Dictionary of Methodism . Scarecrow Press . p. 219 . ISBN 9780810878945 . ^ Jump up to : `` The way we were in Toronto in 1892 '' Trish Worron . Toronto Star . 1 November 2002 . p . A. 29 Jump up ^ G.S. French , `` William black '' Dictionary of Canadian Biography Jump up ^ Peppiatt , Liam . `` Chapter 48 : The First Methodist Church '' . Robertson 's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited . Jump up ^ John Wesley Butler , History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Mexico ( Theclassics Us , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Karl M. Schmitt , `` American Protestant Missionaries and the Diaz Regime in Mexico : 1876 - 1911 . '' Journal of Church & State 25 ( 1983 ) : 253 . Jump up ^ `` Instituto Mexicano Madero Plantel Centro '' . Imm.edu.mx . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Universidad Madero de Puebla '' . Umad.edu.mx . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Data from Edwin Scott Gaustad , Historical Atlas of Religion in America ( 2nd ed. 1976 ) pp 4 , 4 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States : From : the Colonial Times to the Present ( 1976 ) pp 8 , 392 Jump up ^ Bratt , James D. ( 2006 ) . Antirevivalism in Antebellum America : A Collection of Religious Voices . Rutgers UP . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Lewis , James R. ( 2002 ) . The Encyclopedia of Cults , Sects , and New Religions . Prometheus Books , Publishers . p. 356 . ISBN 9781615927388 .",
"53": "The Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee , the Bible Holiness Church , and the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches were formed as a result of the opposition to the merger of the Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Pilgrim Holiness Church into the Wesleyan Church ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Jewett , Robert ; Wangerin , Ole ( 2008 ) . Mission and menace : four centuries of American religious zeal . Fortress Press . p. 213 . Jump up ^ ( Meyer 200 , 354 ) Jump up ^ Methodist World Peace Commission administered Civilian Public Service units at Duke University Hospital in Durham , North Carolina and Cherokee State ( Psychiatric ) Hospital in Cherokee , Iowa ( list of CPS Camps ) . Jump up ^ `` World Growth of the United Methodist Church in Comparative Perspective : A Brief Statistical Analysis - Robert '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Garrett , James Leo ; Hinson , E. Glenn ; Tull , James E. ( 1983 ) . Are Southern Baptists `` Evangelicals '' ? . Mercer University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 9780865540330 . Jump up ^ Crespino , Joseph ( 2007 ) . In Search of Another Country : Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution . Princeton University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 9780691122090 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` METHODIST CHURCH OF AUSTRALASIA '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . National Library of Australia . 1 January 1902 . p. 5 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , Robert ; Rowland Ward ( 1986 ) . Religious Bodies in Australia . Melbourne : Robert Humphreys and Rowland Ward . p. 45 . ISBN 1 - 86252 - 709 - 1 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Glen ( 1996 ) . Kingsley Ridgway : Pioneer with a Passion . Melbourne : Wesleyan Methodist Church . Jump up ^ Humphreys , Robert ; Rowland Ward ( 1986 ) . Religious Bodies in Australia . Melbourne : Robert Humphreys and Rowland Ward .",
"54": "p. 47 . ISBN 1 - 86252 - 709 - 1 . Jump up ^ World Council of Churches , Methodist Church in Fiji and Rotuma . Archived 8 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Table 25 in 2006 Census Data > QuickStats About Culture and Identity - Tables '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Fairbairn - Dunlop , Peggy ( 2003 ) . Samoan women : widening choices . University of the South Pacific . p. 127 . ISBN 982 - 02 - 0360 - 0 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ ( cf . Ernst , Manfred / Winds of Change . Suva : PCC , 1994 , p. 146 ) Jump up ^ `` government census of 2006 SPC - Tonga religion facts '' . Spc.int . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 2009 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . p. 394 . ISBN 9780191607431 . Jump up ^ Davies , Rupert E. ( 1985 ) . Methodism ( 2nd rev . ed . ) . London : Epworth Press . ISBN 0 - 7162 - 0280 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wesley Ariarajah . `` S. Wesley Ariarajah '' . Drew University . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Methodist Association with the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican Radio , 2012 , Methodist Viewpoint on Ecumenical Dialogue '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Rev. Donald Bolan , Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity , ' Catholic - Methodist relations : Working for a `` joint living out of the Gospel Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ''",
"55": "' 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission for Dialogue Between the Roman Catholic Church and the World Methodist Council , 2006 , `` The Grace Given You in Christ : Catholics and Methodists Reflect Further on the Church '' . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anglican - Methodist Covenant '' . Anglican-methodist.org.uk. 1 November 2003 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ The Methodist Church in Britain The Scottish Church Initiative For Union ( SCIFU ) . Methodist.org.uk . Retrieved on 11 December 2011 . Archived 18 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lutheran -- United Methodist Dialogue '' . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Methodists yes to full communion with Lutherans ; no on gay change '' . Ecumenical News International . Archived from the original on 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Council approves interim pacts with Episcopalians , Lutherans '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 8 June 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , William J. and James E. Kirby , eds . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies ( 2009 ) . 780pp ; historiography ; excerpt World Copplestone , J. Tremayne . History of Methodist Missions , vol. 4 : Twentieth - Century Perspectives ( 1973 ) , 1288 pp ; comprehensive world coverage for US Methodist missions -- online Cracknell , Kenneth and White , Susan J. ( 2005 ) An Introduction to World Methodism , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 81849 - 4 . Forster , DA and Bentley , W ( eds . ) ( 2008 ) What are we thinking ? Reflections on Church and Society from Southern African Methodists . Methodist Publishing House , Cape Town . ISBN 978 - 1 - 919883 - 52 - 6 Forster , DA and Bentley , W ( eds . )",
"56": "( 2008 ) Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission AcadSA Publishers , Kempton Park . ISBN 978 - 1 - 920212 - 29 - 2 Harmon , Nolan B. ( ed . ) ( 2 vol. 1974 ) The Encyclopedia of World Methodism , Nashville : Abingdon Press , ISBN 0 - 687 - 11784 - 4 . 2640pp Heitzenrater , Richard P. ( 1994 ) Wesley and the People Called Methodists , Nashville : Abingdon Press , ISBN 0 - 687 - 01682 - 7 Hempton , David ( 2005 ) Methodism : Empire of the Spirit , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 10614 - 9 Wilson , Kenneth . Methodist Theology . London , T & T Clark International , 2011 ( Doing Theology ) . Yrigoyen Jr , Charles , and Susan E. Warrick . Historical dictionary of Methodism ( 2nd ed . Scarecrow Press , 2013 ) Great Britain Borgen , Ole E. John Wesley on the Sacraments : a Theological Study . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Francis Asbury Press , 1985 , cop . 1972 . 307 p . ISBN 0 - 310 - 75191 - 8 Brooks , Alan ( 2010 ) West End Methodism : The Story of Hinde Street , London : Northway Publications , 400pp . Dowson , Jean and Hutchinson , John ( 2003 ) John Wesley : His Life , Times and Legacy ( CD - ROM ) , Methodist Publishing House , TB214 Edwards , Maldwyn . Methodism and England : A study of Methodism in its social and political aspects during the period 1850 -- 1932 ( 1944 ) Halevy , Elie , and Bernard Semmel . The Birth of Methodism in England ( 1971 ) Hempton , David ( 1984 ) Methodism and Politics in British Society , 1750 -- 1850 , Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1269 - 7 Jones , David Ceri et al .",
"57": "The Elect Methodists : Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales , 1735 - 1811 ( 2012 ) Kent , John ( 2002 ) Wesley and the Wesleyans , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 45532 - 4 Madden , Lionel . Methodism in Wales : A Short History of the Wesley Tradition ( 2003 ) Stigant , P. `` Wesleyan Methodism and working - class radicalism in the north , 1792 -- 1821 . '' Northern History ( 1971 ) 6 # 1 pp : 98 - 116 . Thompson , Edward Palmer . The making of the English working class ( 1963 ) a famous classic stressing the role of Methodism . Turner , John Munsey . John Wesley : The Evangelical Revival and the Rise of Methodism in England ( 2003 ) Turner , John M. Modern Methodism in England , 1932 - 1996 ( 1997 ) Warner , Wellman J. ( 1930 ) The Wesleyan Movement in the Industrial Revolution , London : Longmans , Green . African Americans Campbell , James T. ( 1995 ) Songs of Zion : The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 507892 - 6 George , Carol V.R. ( 1973 ) Segregated Sabbaths : Richard Allen and the Rise of Independent Black Churches , 1760 -- 1840 , New York : Oxford University Press , LCCN 73076908 Montgomery , William G. ( 1993 ) Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree : The African - American Church in the South , 1865 -- 1900 , Louisiana State University Press , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1745 - 5 Walker , Clarence E. ( 1982 ) A Rock in a Weary Land : The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction , Louisiana State University Press , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0883 - 9 Wills , David W. and Newman , Richard ( eds . )",
"58": "( 1982 ) Black Apostles at Home and Abroad : Afro - American and the Christian Mission from the Revolution to Reconstruction , Boston , MA : G.K. Hall , ISBN 0 - 8161 - 8482 - 8 US and Canada Cameron , Richard M. ( ed . ) ( 1961 ) Methodism and Society in Historical Perspective , 4 vol. , New York : Abingdon Press Lyerly , Cynthia Lynn ( 1998 ) Methodism and the Southern Mind , 1770 -- 1810 , Religion in America Series , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 511429 - 9 Meyer , Donald ( 1988 ) The Protestant Search for Political Realism , 1919 -- 1941 , Wesleyan University Press , ISBN 0 - 8195 - 5203 - 8 Rawlyk , G.A. ( 1994 ) The Canada Fire : Radical Evangelicalism in British North America , 1775 -- 1812 , Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press , ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1221 - 7 Schmidt , Jean Miller ( 1999 ) Grace Sufficient : A History of Women in American Methodism , 1760 -- 1939 , Nashville , TN : Abingdon Press ISBN 0 - 687 - 15675 - 0 Semple , Neil ( 1996 ) The Lord 's Dominion : The History of Canadian Methodism , Buffalo : McGill - Queen 's University Press , ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1367 - 1 Sweet , William Warren ( 1954 ) Methodism in American History , Revision of 1953 , Nashville : Abingdon Press , 472 p . Wigger , John H. ( 1998 ) Taking Heaven by Storm : Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 510452 - 8 -- pp. ix & 269 focus on 1770 -- 1910 Primary sources ( edit ) Richey , Russell E. , Rowe , Kenneth E. and Schmidt , Jean Miller ( eds . )",
"59": "( 2000 ) The Methodist Experience in America : a sourcebook , Nashville : Abingdon Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 24673 - 1 . 756 p. of original documents Sweet , William Warren ( ed . ) ( 1946 ) Religion on the American Frontier : Vol. 4 , The Methodists , 1783 -- 1840 : A Collection of Source Materials , New York : H. Holt & Co. , -- 800 p. of documents regarding the American frontier The Archive of the Methodist Missionary Society is held at the School of Oriental and African Studies , London . http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methodism . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Methodism Methodist History Bookmarks World Methodist Council ( Official Website ) List of Member Churches World Methodist Evangelical Institute ( Official Website ) ( hide ) Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History and tradition Mary Joseph Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran",
"60": "Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Related topics Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Christianity portal History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism",
"61": "Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I and II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth",
"62": "1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism NDL : 00567619 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&oldid=817978680 '' Categories : Methodism Christian movements Christian terminology Reclaimed words Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles needing cleanup from January 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2017 Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated",
"63": "statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing German - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本",
"64": "語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 19 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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4478004096965535989
|
who founded mission nuestra senora de la soledad
|
[
"the Franciscan order",
"the Franciscan order",
"the Franciscan order",
"Fermín Francisco de Lasuén"
] |
{
"0": "Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad - wikipedia Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad Jump to : navigation , search image = Mission Soledad , 36641 Fort Romie , Rd Soledad , CA USA - panoramio ( 2 ). jpg imagesize = 260 caption = Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad name = Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad location = 36641 Fort Romie Road Soledad , California 93960 originalname = La Misión de María Santísima , Nuestra Señora Dolorosísima de la Soledad translation = The Mission of Mary -- 0 - 0 - o Most Holy , Our Most Sorrowful Lady of Solitude namesake = Our Lady of Solitude , Our Most Sorrowful Lady of Solitude nickname = `` The holy Mission '' founded = October 9 , 1791 foundedby = Fermín Francisco de Lasuén foundingorder = Thirteenth militarydistrict = Third nativetribe = Chalon , Esselen , Yokuts , Salinan placename = Chuttusqelis baptisms = 2,131 marriages = 648 burials = 1,705 secularized = 1835 returned = 1859 owner = Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey currentuse = Chapel / Museum coordinates = 36 ° 24 ′ 16.6278 '' N 121 ° 21 ′ 20.9046 '' W / 36.404618833 ° N 121.355806833 ° W / 36.404618833 ; - 121.355806833 Coordinates : 36 ° 24 ′ 16.6278 '' N 121 ° 21 ′ 20.9046 '' W / 36.404618833 ° N 121.355806833 ° W / 36.404618833 ; - 121.355806833 locmapin = California designation1 = California designation1_number = # 233 ) ) Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad , known colloquially as the Soledad Mission or Mission Soledad , is a Spanish mission located near the present - day town of Soledad , California .",
"1": "The mission was founded by the Franciscan order on October 9 , 1791 to convert the Native Americans living in the area to Catholicism . It was the thirteenth of California 's Spanish missions , and is named for Mary , Our Lady of Solitude . The town of Soledad is named for the mission . After the 1835 secularization of the mission and the later sale of building materials , the mission fell into a state of disrepair and soon after was left in ruins . A restoration project began in 1954 and a new chapel was dedicated in 1955 . The chapel now functions as a chapel of Our Lady of Solitude , a parish church of the Diocese of Monterey . The priests ' residence was later recreated , and functions as a museum . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Mission era 2 Restoration and reconstruction 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Mission era ( edit ) Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad , La Misión de María Santísima , Nuestra Señora Dolorosísima de la Soledad , was founded October 9 , 1791 by Fermín Francisco de Lasuén , the 13th of 21 missions in California . The Chalon , a subgroup of the Ohlone were converted and made to work and live there , followed by Esselen and Yokut people . By 1803 , there were 627 Mission Indians at Mission Soledad . At the Mission many Chalon married local Esselen speakers , while others married Yokuts were brought into the mission between 1806 and 1834 . The mission 's herds numbered 1,150 cattle , about 5,000 sheep , 30 swine , 670 horses and 40 mules . Spanish Governor José Joaquín de Arrillaga was buried in the chapel after he died on July 24 , 1814 during a visit to the Mission . The mission was inundated by floods in 1824 , 1828 , and 1832 , and following secularization ( when Pio Pico sold the mission for a reported $800 ) , the remaining buildings were looted for supplies .",
"2": "The ruins of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad circa 1900 . Restoration and reconstruction ( edit ) In 1954 , when the Mission Soledad restoration was begun , only piles of adobe dirt and a few wall sections from the cuadrángulo ( quadrangle ) remained . The chapel was reconstructed and dedicated under the auspices of the Native Daughters of the Golden West on October 9 , 1955 . The ruins of the quadrangle , cemetery , and some of the outer rooms , while not restored , can still be seen . Governor Arrillaga 's grave was identified and given a new marker . The Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad is now a functioning Catholic chapel and public museum . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leffingwell , p. 109 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 224 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 111 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 120 Jump up ^ Forbes , p. 202 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 315 : as of December 31 , 1832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California . Jump up ^ City of Soledad , California . `` Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad '' . Jump up ^ Misión de María Santísima Nuestra Señora de la Soledad . `` Mission Soledad '' . See also ( edit ) Spanish missions in California USNS Mission Soledad ( AO - 136 ) -- a Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II . References ( edit ) Forbes , Alexander ( 1839 ) . California : A History of Upper and Lower California . Smith , Elder and Co. , Cornhill , London . Jones , Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar ( eds . ) ( 2007 ) . California Prehistory : Colonization , Culture , and Complexity . Altimira Press , Landham , MD . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Krell , Dorothy ( ed . )",
"3": "( 1979 ) . The California Missions : A Pictorial History . Sunset Publishing Corporation , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) . California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions . Voyageur Press , Inc. , Stillwater , MN . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5 . Levy , Richard . ( 1978 ) . William C. Sturtevant , and Robert F. Heizer , ed . Handbook of North American Indians . 8 ( California ) . Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC . p. 486 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 004578 - 9 . Milliken , Randall ( 1987 ) . Ethnohistory of the Rumsen ; Papers in Northern California Anthropology No. 2 . Coyote Press , Salina , CA . Paddison , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) . A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush . Heyday Books , Berkeley , CA . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Ruscin , Terry ( 1999 ) . Mission Memoirs . Sunbelt Publications , San Diego , CA . ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8 . Tapis , Estevan , OFM , State of the Missions of New California ... December 1803 . Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Missions of California . Thunder Bay Press , San Diego , CA . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission Soledad . Official Mission Soledad website Mission Nuestra Senora de la Soledad : Early photographs and sketches archives - via Calisphere California Digital Library Howser , Huell ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` California Missions ( 105 ) '' . California Missions .",
"4": "Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . ( hide ) Franciscan Missions in California San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo ( 1770 ) San Antonio de Padua ( 1771 ) San Gabriel Arcángel ( 1771 ) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa ( 1772 ) San Francisco de Asís ( 1776 ) San Juan Capistrano ( 1776 ) Santa Clara de Asís ( 1777 ) San Buenaventura ( 1782 ) Santa Barbara ( 1786 ) La Purísima Concepción ( 1787 ) Santa Cruz ( 1791 ) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ( 1791 ) San José ( 1797 ) San Juan Bautista ( 1797 ) San Miguel Arcángel ( 1797 ) San Fernando Rey de España ( 1797 ) San Luis Rey de Francia ( 1798 ) Santa Inés ( 1804 ) San Rafael Arcángel ( 1817 ) San Francisco Solano ( 1823 ) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles ( 1784 ) San Pedro y San Pablo ( 1786 ) Santa Margarita de Cortona ( 1787 ) San Antonio de Pala ( 1816 ) Santa Ysabel ( 1818 ) Estancias San Francisco Xavier ( Castaic ) ( 1804 ) San Bernardino de Sena ( 1819 ) Santa Ana ( 1820 ) Las Flores ( 1823 ) See also Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival Style architecture California mission clash of cultures Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mission_Nuestra_Señora_de_la_Soledad&oldid = 822333893 '' Categories : Spanish missions in California 1791 in Alta California Churches in Monterey County , California Museums in Monterey County , California History museums in California Religious museums in California 1791 establishments in California Religious organizations established in 1791 California Historical Landmarks History of Monterey County ,",
"5": "California Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California Salinas Valley Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 19 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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4,
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-1608173516669914422
|
where did the punch brothers get their name
|
[
"from the critical line of an earworm jingle that is the centerpiece of Mark Twain's short story \"A Literary Nightmare\""
] |
{
"0": "Punch Brothers - wikipedia Punch Brothers Jump to : navigation , search Punch Brothers Background information Origin Brooklyn , New York , New York , United States Genres Progressive bluegrass , classical music , acoustic music Years active 2006 -- present Labels Nonesuch Website Punchbrothers.com Members Chris Thile Gabe Witcher Noam Pikelny Chris Eldridge Paul Kowert Past members Bryan Sutton Greg Garrison Punch Brothers is an American band consisting of Chris Thile ( mandolin ) , Gabe Witcher ( fiddle / violin ) , Noam Pikelny ( banjo ) , Chris Eldridge ( guitar ) , and Paul Kowert ( bass ) . Their style has been described as `` bluegrass instrumentation and spontaneity in the structures of modern classical '' as well as `` American country - classical chamber music . '' Punch Brothers , NC Museum of Art , July 16 , 2015 . Photo by Julianne G. Macie Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2006 -- 2007 : Beginnings and Grow 1.2 2007 -- 2009 : `` The Blind Leaving the Blind '' and Punch 1.3 2010 : Antifogmatic 1.4 2011 : Documentary How to Grow A Band 1.5 2012 : Who 's Feeling Young Now ? 1.6 2015 : The Phosphorescent Blues 1.7 2015 : The Wireless 2 Band members 2.1 Current members 2.2 Former members 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.2 Music videos 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) 2006 -- 2007 : beginnings and Grow ( edit ) Main article : How to Grow a Woman from the Ground Thile formed the band in 2006 to record the album How to Grow a Woman from the Ground . In an interview with the Nashville City Paper , Thile described the formation of the band : We got together one night just to drop a ton of money , drink too much wine , eat steaks , and commiserate about our failed relationships .",
"1": "We had gotten to play together a few days before and we had said that we needed to do something musical together . With our hearts smashed to pieces , it became more urgent -- our lives had gone the same way for so long . I knew I wanted to have a band with Gabe ( Witcher ) , but I did n't know if it would be a rock ensemble , an ambitious acoustic classical thing or a bluegrass group . We played , and there was a serious , instantaneous connection . Then I knew I wanted to put together a bluegrass band -- one with a lot of range , but aesthetically a bluegrass band . Initially the band was known as The How to Grow a Band . In 2007 , the band officially changed its name first to The Tensions Mountain Boys and then settled on Punch Brothers . The band 's name comes from the critical line of an earworm jingle that is the centerpiece of Mark Twain 's short story `` A Literary Nightmare '' . The chorus of the jingle consists of two lines , `` Punch , brothers ! punch with care ! Punch in the presence of the passenjare '' , that are said to be the mantra of railroad conductors . What they formed was a type of group that American Songwriter magazine calls `` A 21st century version of the Bluegrass Boys . '' 2007 -- 2009 : `` the Blind Leaving the Blind '' and Punch ( edit ) Main article : Punch ( album ) Chris Thile and Punch Brothers at Wintergrass , 2008 On March 17 , 2007 , this group debuted Chris Thile 's most ambitious work to date at Carnegie Hall : `` The Blind Leaving the Blind '' , a forty - minute suite in four movements . Thile says the piece was written in part to deal with his divorce of 2003 . On February 13 , 2008 , the band set off on their first national tour as Punch Brothers . On February 26 , 2008 , Punch Brothers released the album , Punch , on Nonesuch Records . The album features Thile 's suite `` The Blind Leaving the Blind '' , as well as other original songs .",
"2": "In March 2008 , when Chris Thile was asked in an interview if there would be another album by Punch Brothers , Thile said that `` there will definitely be another album . '' On November 8 , 2008 , the band announced on their website that they parted ways with bass player Greg Garrison . Paul Kowert , who studied under Edgar Meyer at the Curtis Institute of Music , took Garrison 's place on the bass . 2010 : Antifogmatic ( edit ) Main article : Antifogmatic ( album ) Antifogmatic , the second album by Punch Brothers , was released on June 15 , 2010 and features both traditional bluegrass and newgrass styles on the ten - track listing . Though bassist Kowert toured extensively with the band in support of Punch over the last two years , Antifogmatic is the first Punch Brothers album on which he appears . 2011 : documentary How to Grow a band ( edit ) The band is also the focus of the documentary `` How to Grow A Band '' directed by Mark Meatto . It was filmed over a two - year period and , according to the website , `` explores the tensions between individual talents and group identity , art and commerce , youth and wisdom . '' The film premiered at the 42nd Nashville Film Festival in Nashville , Tennessee on April 15 , 2011 . The film also screened as part of the 38th Annual Telluride Bluegrass Festival in June 2011 . 2012 : Who 's Feeling Young Now ? ( edit ) The band released its third album , Who 's Feeling Young Now ? , in February 2012 . Shortly afterwards , they contributed the song ' Dark Days ' to the soundtrack for 2012 blockbuster The Hunger Games . In November 2012 they released Ahoy ! , the 5 - track EP companion to Who 's Feeling Young Now ? 2015 : the Phosphorescent Blues ( edit ) In November 2014 , the band released the first single , entitled `` I Blew It Off , '' from their then - untitled fourth album . In December 2014 , the band announced that the new album , The Phosphorescent Blues , would be released on January 27 , 2015 , along with the immediate release of another new single , `` Julep . ''",
"3": "Julep was nominated for Best American Roots Song at the 2016 Grammy Awards . 2015 : the Wireless ( edit ) On November 20th , 2015 , the Punch Brothers released an EP , The Wireless , consisting of 5 tracks . Band members ( edit ) Noam Pikelny ( banjo ) , Chris Thile ( mandolin ) , Greg Garrison ( bass ) , and Chris Eldridge ( guitar ) at Wintergrass , 2008 Current members ( edit ) Chris Thile -- mandolin , vocals , mandola , bouzouki Gabe Witcher -- fiddle , vocals , drums Noam Pikelny -- banjo , vocals , National steel - bodied guitar Chris Eldridge -- guitar , vocals Paul Kowert -- bass , vocals Former members ( edit ) Bryan Sutton -- guitar , vocals ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Greg Garrison -- bass , vocals ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions US Grass US US Heat US Rock US Folk Punch Release date : February 26 , 2008 Label : Nonesuch Records -- 10 -- -- Antifogmatic Release date : June 15 , 2010 Label : Nonesuch Records 128 39 Who 's Feeling Young Now ? Release date : February 14 , 2012 Label : Nonesuch Records 76 -- 19 5 Ahoy ! EP Release date : November 13 , 2012 Label : Nonesuch Records 144 -- 42 7 The Phosphorescent Blues Release date : January 27 , 2015 Label : Nonesuch Records 37 -- 9 The Wireless EP Release date : November 20 , 2015 Label : Nonesuch Records -- -- 34 9 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Music videos ( edit ) Year Video Director 2013 `` Movement and Location '' Danny Clinch References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paphides , Pete ( January 25 , 2008 ) .",
"4": "`` Chris Thile and his mandolin '' . The Times . London . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Covers and Classical Moves From a Bluegrass Virtuoso '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Nickel Creek 's Thile ' grows ' a new band '' . Nashville City Paper . 2006 - 08 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Punch Brothers : Punch '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Punch Brothers : American Pickers '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nonesuch Records Signs Singer / Composer / Mandolinist Chris Thile and His New Band , Punch Brothers '' . All About Jazz . 2007 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Now out of the Creek , Thile 's packing Punch - The Boston Globe '' . Boston.com. 2008 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Punch Brothers '' . Punchbrothers.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Phosphorescent Blues -- Pre-Order Now '' . Punchbrothers.com. 2014 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Grammy Awards Nominees Announced '' . The Boot . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Punch Brothers : Movement and Location '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 .",
"5": "External links ( edit ) Official website Punch Brothers on YouTube Official Movie Website Bluegrass Modernists Punch Their Own Ticket , Jim Fusilli , The Wall Street Journal , 21 June 2010 ( hide ) Punch Brothers Chris Thile Gabe Witcher Noam Pikelny Chris Eldridge Paul Kowert Bryan Sutton Greg Garrison Albums : How to Grow a Woman from the Ground Punch Antifogmatic Who 's Feeling Young Now ? The Phosphorescent Blues Singles : `` Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground '' Related articles Nickel Creek Leftover Salmon VIAF : 266045977 LCCN : no2008049817 GND : 1021755036 BNF : cb16623772z ( data ) MusicBrainz : 5508509b - 5481 - 4341 - 94ae - 209eb371afe7 NKC : xx0089770 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punch_Brothers&oldid=818256097 '' Categories : Musical groups established in 2006 American bluegrass music groups American country music groups American buskers Nonesuch Records artists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Italiano 日本 語 Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 14 : 32 . About Wikipedia",
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5,
3,
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0,
4
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[
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give two reasons neisseria gonorrhoeae is able to re-infect individuals after treatment
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[
"infected persons do not develop immunity to future infections",
"N. gonorrhoeae's ability to evade the immune system by varying its surface proteins"
] |
{
"0": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae - wikipedia Neisseria gonorrhoeae Jump to : navigation , search Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gram - stain of gonococcal urethritis . Note distribution in neutrophils and presence of both intracellular and extracellular bacteria . ( CDC ) Scientific classification Domain : Bacteria Phylum : Proteobacteria Class : Betaproteobacteria Order : Neisseriales Family : Neisseriaceae Genus : Neisseria Species : N. gonorrhoeae Binomial name Neisseria gonorrhoeae ( Zopf 1885 ) Trevisan 1885 Synonyms Micrococcus der Gonorrhoe Neisser 1879 Gonococcus neisseri Lindau 1898 Neisseria gonorrhoeae , also known as gonococcus ( singular ) , or gonococci ( plural ) is a species of gram - negative diplococci bacteria isolated by Albert Neisser in 1879 . It causes the sexually transmitted genitourinary infection gonorrhea as well as other forms of gonococcal disease including disseminated gonococcemia , septic arthritis , and gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum . It is oxidase positive , aerobic , and it survives within neutrophils . To culture , it requires carbon dioxide supplementation and enriched agar ( chocolate agar ) with various antimicrobials ( Thayer - Martin ) . It exhibits antigenic variation through recombination of its pili and surface proteins that interact with the immune system . Sexual transmission is possible through vaginal , anal , or oral sex . Sexual transmission may be prevented through the use of barrier protection . Perinatal transmission may occur during childbirth , and may be prevented by antibiotic treatment of the mother before birth and the application of antibiotic eye gel on the eyes of the newborn . After an episode of gonococcal infection , infected persons do not develop immunity to future infections . Reinfection is possible due to N. gonorrhoeae 's ability to evade the immune system by varying its surface proteins . N. gonorrhoeae can cause infection of the genitals , throat , and eyes . Asymptomatic infection is common in males and females .",
"1": "Untreated infection may spread to the rest of the body ( disseminated gonorrhea infection ) , especially the joints ( septic arthritis ) . Untreated infection in women may cause pelvic inflammatory disease and possible infertility due to the resulting scarring . Diagnosis is through culture , gram stain , or PCR of a urine sample , urethral swab , or cervical swab . Chlamydia co-testing and testing for other STI 's is recommended due to high rates of coinfection . Due to resistance to penicillins , standard treatment is with the third generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone . Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem due to N. gonnorhoeae 's recombinant abilities . There is currently no vaccine available for N. gonorrhoeae although efforts are underway to develop one . Because it is possible to contract gonorrhea multiple times from the same partner ( who may or may not be symptomatic ) notification and treatment of sexual partners is recommended . Contents ( hide ) 1 Microbiology 1.1 Culture and identification 1.2 Surface proteins 1.3 Antigenic variation 1.4 Survival of gonococci 2 Genome 2.1 Horizontal gene transfer 3 Transmission 4 Disease 4.1 Diagnosis 4.2 Prevention 4.3 Treatment 4.4 Antibiotic resistance 4.5 Vaccine 5 History 5.1 Name origin 5.2 Discovery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Microbiology. ( edit ) Neisseria species are fastidious Gram - negative cocci that require nutrient supplementation to grow in laboratory cultures . Neisseria are facultatively intracellular and typically appear in pairs ( diplococci ) , resembling the shape of coffee beans . Nesseria is non-spore forming , non-motile and an obligate aerobe ( requires oxygen to grow ) . Of the 11 species of Neisseria that colonize humans , only two are pathogens . N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea ( also called `` the clap '' ) and N. meningitidis is the causative agent of meningitis .",
"2": "Culture and identification ( edit ) Thayer - Martin Agar is selective for growth of Neisseria species . Further testing ( oxidase , gram stain , carbohydrate utilization ) is needed to differentiate N. gonorrhoeae from meningitidis Carbohydrate utilization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae . N. gonorrhoeae will oxidise glucose , not maltose , sucrose , or lactose ; N. meningitidis ferments glucose and maltose . Neisseria gonorrhoeae is usually isolated on Thayer - Martin agar ( or VPN ) agar in an environment enriched with 3 - 7 % carbon dioxide . Thayer - Martin agar is a chocolate agar plate ( heated blood agar ) containing nutrients and antimicrobials ( vancomycin , colistin , nystatin , and trimethoprim ) . This agar preparation facilitates the growth of Neisseria species while inhibiting the growth of contaminating bacteria and fungi . Martin Lewis and New York City are other types of selective chocolate agar commonly used for neisseria growth . N. gonorrhoeae is oxidase positive ( possessing cytochrome c oxidase ) and catalase positive ( able to convert hydrogen peroxide to oxygen ) . When incubated with the carbohydrates lactose , maltose , sucrose , and glucose , N. gonorrhoeae will oxidize only the glucose . Surface proteins ( edit ) On its surface , N. gonorrhoeae bears hair - like pili , surface proteins with various functions , and sugars called lipooligosaccharides . The pili mediate adherence , movement , and DNA exchange . The Opa proteins interact with the immune system , as do the Porins . Lipooligosaccharide ( LOS ) is an endotoxin that provokes an immune response . All are antigenic and all exhibit antigenic variation ( see below ) . The pili exhibit the most variation . The pili , Opa proteins , porins , and even the LOS have mechanisms to inhibit the immune response , making asymptomatic infection possible . Dynamic polymeric protein filaments called type IV pili allow N. gonorrhoeae to adhere to and move along surfaces . To enter the host the bacteria uses the pili to adhere to and penetrate mucosal surfaces .",
"3": "The pili are a necessary virulence factor for N. gonorrhoeae ; without them , the bacteria is unable to cause infection . To move , the bacteria uses the type IV pili like a grappling hook , extending and retracting it for movement . Pili extend and attach to a substrate that signals the pilus to retract , dragging the cell forward . The resulting movement is referred to as t witching motility . N. gonorrhoeae is able to pull 100,000 times its own weight , and it has been claimed that the pili used to do so are the strongest biological motor known to date , exerting one nanonewton . A set of ATPase proteins power the pulling actions of the type IV pilus : Pil F ( extension ) and Pil T ( retraction ) . The adhesive functions of the gonococcal pilus plays a role in microcolony aggregation and biofilm formation . This illustration depicts a Gram - stain of a urethral exudate showing typical intracellular gram - negative diplococci , and pleomorphic extracellular gram - negative organisms , which is diagnostic for gonococcal urethritis . Surface proteins called Opa proteins can be used to bind to receptors on immune cells and prevent an immune response . There are at least 12 Opa proteins and the many permutations of surface proteins make it more difficult for immune cells to recognize N. gonorrhoeae and mount a defense . Lipooligosaccharide ( LOS ) is a low - weight version of lipopolysaccharide present on the surfaces of most other gram negative bacteria . It is a sugar ( saccharide ) side chain attached to lipid A ( thus `` lipo - '' ) in the outer membrane coating the cell wall of the bacteria . The root `` oligo '' refers to the fact that it is a few sugars shorter than the typical lipopolysaccharide . As an endotoxin LOS provokes inflammation . The shedding of LOS by the bacteria is responsible for local injury in , for example , pelvic inflammatory disease . Although its main function is as an endotoxin , LOS may disguise itself with host sialic acid and block initiation of the complement cascade .",
"4": "Antigenic variation ( edit ) N. gonorrhoeae evades the immune system through a process called antigenic variation , in which the N. gonorrhoeae bacterium is able to recombine its genes and alter the antigenic determinants ( sites where antibodies bind ) such as the Opa proteins and Type IV pili that adorn its surface . It is able to vary the composition of its pili , Opa proteins , and lipooligosaccharides ( LOS ) ; of these , the pili exhibit the most antigenic variation due to chromosomal rearrangement . Every time the bacteria replicate they may switch multiple Opa proteins on or off through slipped - strand mispairing . That is , the bacteria introduces frameshift mutations that bring genes in or out of frame . The result is that different Opa genes are translated every time . In addition to the ability to rearrange the genes it already has , it is also naturally competent to acquire new DNA , via its type IV pilus , specifically proteins Pil Q and Pil T. These processes allow N. gonorrhoeae to acquire / spread new genes , disguise itself with different surface proteins , and prevent the development of immunological memory -- an ability which has led to antibiotic resistance and has made vaccine development difficult . Survival of gonococci ( edit ) After gonococci invade and transcytose the host epithelial cells they land in the submucosa , where neutrophils promptly consume them . The pili and Opa proteins on the surface may interfere with phagocytosis , but most gonococci end up in neutrophils . The exudates from infected individuals contain many neutrophils with ingested gonococci . Neutrophils release an oxidative burst of reactive oxygen species in their phagosomes in order to kill the gonococci . However , a significant fraction of the gonococci can resist killing through the action of their catalase which breaks down reactive oxygen species and are able to reproduce within the neutrophil phagosomes . Stohl and Seifert showed that the bacterial RecA protein , which mediates repair of DNA damage , plays an important role in gonococcal survival . Michod et al.",
"5": "have suggested that N. gonorrhoeae may replace DNA damaged in neutrophil phagosomes with DNA from neighboring gonococci . The process in which recipient gonococci integrate DNA from neighboring gonococci into their genome is called transformation . The growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonies on New York City medium agar , a specialised and selective media for Gonococci Genome ( edit ) The genomes of several strains of N. gonorrhoeae have been sequenced . Most of them are about 2.1 Mb in size and encode 2,100 to 2,600 proteins ( although most seem to be in the lower range ) . For instance , strain NCCP11945 consists of one circular chromosome ( 2,232,025 bp ) encoding 2,662 predicted ORFs and one plasmid ( 4,153 bp ) encoding 12 predicted ORFs . The estimated coding density over the entire genome is 87 % , and the average G + C content is 52.4 % , values that are similar to those of strain FA1090 . The NCCP11945 genome encodes 54 tRNAs and four copies of 16S - 23S - 5S rRNA operons . Horizontal gene transfer ( edit ) In 2011 , researchers at Northwestern University found evidence of a human DNA fragment in a Neisseria gonorrhoeae genome , the first example of horizontal gene transfer from humans to a bacterial pathogen . Transmission ( edit ) N. gonorrhoeae may be transmitted through vaginal , oral , or anal sex ; nonsexual transmission is unlikely in adult infection . It can also be transmitted to the newborn during passage through the birth canal if the mother has untreated genitourinary infection . Given the high rate of asymptomatic infection , all pregnant women should be tested for gonorrhea infection . Traditionally , the bacteria was thought to move attached to spermatozoon , but this hypothesis did not explain female to male transmission of the disease . A recent study suggests that rather than `` surf '' on wiggling sperm , N. gonorrhoeae bacteria uses hairlike structures called pili to anchor onto proteins in the sperm and move through coital liquid .",
"6": "Disease ( edit ) Main article : Gonorrhoea Symptoms of infection with N. gonorrhoeae differ , depending on the site of infection . Note also that many infected men are asymptomatic and most infected females ( 50 - 80 % ) are asymptomatic . In symptomatic men , the primary symptom of genitourinary infection is urethritis -- burning with urination ( dysuria ) , increased urge to urinate , and a pus - like ( purulent ) discharge from the penis . The discharge may be foul smelling . If untreated , scarring of the urethra may result in difficulty urinating . Infection may spread from the urethra in the penis to nearby structures including the testicles ( epididymitis / orchitis ) , or to the prostate ( prostatitis ) . Men who have had a gonorrhea infection have a significantly increased risk of having prostate cancer . In symptomatic women , the primary symptoms of genitourinary infection are increased vaginal discharge , burning with urination ( dysuria ) , increased urge to urinate , pain with intercourse , or menstrual abnormalities . Pelvic inflammatory disease results if N. gonorrhoeae ascends into the pelvic peritoneum ( via the cervix , endometrium and fallopian tubes ) . The resulting inflammation and scarring of the fallopian tubes can lead to infertility and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy . Pelvic inflammatory disease develops in 10 to 20 % of the females infected with N. gonorrhoeae . N. gonorrhoeae may cause infection of the throat ( pharyngitis ) through oral sex . Infected persons may experience sore throat and swollen lymph nodes , or may be asymptomatic . N. gonorrhoeae may cause infection of the anus / rectum ( proctitis ) through anal sex . Infected persons may experience blood or a pus - like discharge , or may be asymptomatic . In perinatal infection , the primary manifestation is infection of the eye ( neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum ) when the newborn is exposed to N. gonorrhoeae in the birth canal . The eye infection can lead to corneal scarring or perforation , ultimately resulting in blindness .",
"7": "If the newborn is exposed during birth , conjunctivitis occurs within 2 -- 5 days after birth and is severe . Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum , once common in newborns , is prevented by the application of erythromycin ( antibiotic ) gel to the eyes of babies at birth as a public health measure . Silver nitrate is no longer used in the United States . Disseminated N. gonorrhoeae infections can occur in which gonococci enter the bloodstream , often spreading to the joints and causing a rash ( dermatitis - arthritis syndrome ) . Dermatitis - arthritis syndrome presents with joint pain ( arthritis ) , tendon inflammation ( tenosynovitis ) , and painless non-pruritic ( non-itchy ) dermatitis . Disseminated infection and PID tend to begin after menses due to reflux during menses , facilitating spread . Rarely , disseminated infection may cause infection of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord ( meningitis ) or infection of the heart valves ( endocarditis ) . Diagnosis ( edit ) Tests that use polymerase chain reaction ( PCR , aka nucleic acid amplification ) to identify genes unique to N. gonorrhoeae are recommended for screening and diagnosis of gonorrhea infection . These PCR - based tests require a sample of urine , urethral swabs , or cervical / vaginal swabs . Culture ( growing colonies of bacteria in order to isolate and identify them ) and gram - stain ( staining of bacterial cell walls to reveal morphology ) can also be used to detect the presence of N. gonorrhoeae in all specimen types except urine . If gram - negative , oxidase - positive diplococci are visualized on direct gram stain of urethral pus ( male genital infection ) , no further testing is needed to establish the diagnosis of gonorrhea infection . However , in the case of female infection direct gram stain of cervical swabs is not useful because the N. gonorrhoeae organisms are less concentrated in these samples . The chances of false positives are increased as gram - negative diplococci native to the normal vaginal flora can not be distinguished from N. gonorrhoeae . Thus , cervical swabs must be cultured under the conditions described above .",
"8": "If oxidase positive , gram - negative diplococci are isolated from a culture of a cervical / vaginal swab specimen , then the diagnosis is made . Culture is especially useful for diagnosis of infections of the throat , recutum , eyes , blood , or joints -- areas where PCR - based tests are not well established in all labs . Culture is also useful for antimicrobial sensitivity testing , treatment failure , and epidemiological purposes ( outbreaks , surveillance ) . In patients who may have disseminated gonococcal infection ( DGI ) , all possible mucosal sites should be cultured ( e.g. , pharynx , cervix , urethra , rectum ) . Three sets of blood cultures should also be obtained . Synovial fluid should be collected in cases of septic arthritis . Patients should also be tested for other sexually transmitted infections including chlamydia , syphilis , and HIV . Studies have found co-infection with chlamydia ranging from 46 to 54 % in young people with gonorrhea . For this reason , gonorrhea and chlamydia testing are often combined . Patients diagnosed with gonorrhea infection have a fivefold increase risk of HIV transmission . Additionally , infected persons who are HIV positive are more likely to shed and transmit HIV to uninfected partners during an episode of gonorrhea . Prevention ( edit ) Transmission can be reduced by using latex barriers ( e.g. condoms or dental dams ) during sex and by limiting sexual partners . Condoms and dental dams should be used during oral and anal sex as well . Spermicides , vaginal foams , and douches are not effective for prevention of transmission . Treatment ( edit ) Ceftriaxone ( a third - generation cephalosporin ) is the first line treatment . Because co-infection with chlamydia is so common , people are often treated for both by combining ceftriaxone with azithromycin or doxycycline . Azithromycin is preferred for additional coverage of resistant gonorrhea . Sexual partners ( defined by the CDC as sexual contact within the past 60 days ) should also be notified , tested , and treated . Antibiotic resistance ( edit ) Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea has been noted beginning in the 1940s .",
"9": "Gonorrhea was treated with penicillin , but doses had to be progressively increased in order to remain effective . By the 1970s , penicillin - and tetracycline - resistant gonorrhea emerged in the Pacific Basin . These resistant strains then spread to Hawaii , California , the rest of the United States , and Europe . Fluoroquinolones were the next line of defense , but soon resistance to this antibiotic emerged as well . Since 2007 , standard treatment has been third - generation cephalosporins , such as ceftriaxone , which are considered to be our `` last line of defense '' . Recently , a high - level ceftriaxone - resistant strain of gonorrhea called H041 was discovered in Japan . Lab tests found it to be resistant to high concentrations of ceftriaxone , as well as most of the other antibiotics tested . Within N. gonorrhoeae , there are genes that confer resistance to every single antibiotic used to cure gonorrhea , but thus far they do not coexist within a single gonococcus . However , because of N. gonorrhoeae 's high affinity for horizontal gene transfer , antibiotic - resistant gonorrhea is seen as an emerging public health threat . Vaccine ( edit ) Due to the relative frequency of infection and the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance in strains of N. gonorrhoeae , vaccines are thought to be an important goal in the prevention of infection . Development of a vaccine has been complicated by the ongoing evolution of resistant strains and antigenic variation ( the ability of N. gonorrhoeae to disguise itself with different surface markers to evade the immune system ) . History ( edit ) Name origin ( edit ) Neisseria gonnorhoeae is named for Albert Neisser who isolated it as the causative agent of the disease gonorrhea in 1978 . Galen ( 130 AD ) coined the term `` gonorrhea '' from the Greek gonos which means `` seed '' and rhoe which means `` flow '' . Thus gonorrhea means `` flow of seed '' , a description referring to the white penile discharge , assumed to be semen , seen in male infection .",
"10": "Discovery ( edit ) In 1878 Albert Neisser isolated and visualized N. gonorrhoeae diplococci in samples of pus from 35 men and women with the classic symptoms of genitourinary infection with gonorrhea -- two of whom also had infections of the eyes . In 1882 , Leistikow and Loeffler were able to grow the organism in culture . Then in 1883 Max Bockhart proved conclusively that the bacterium isolated by Albert Neisser was the causative agent of the disease known as gonorrhea by inoculating the penis of a healthy man with the bacteria . The man developed the classic symptoms of gonorrhea days after -- satisfying the last of Koch 's postulates . Until this point researchers debated whether syphilis and gonorrhea were manifestations of the same disease or two distinct entities . One such 18th century researcher , John Hunter , tried to settle the debate in 1767 by inoculating a man with pus from a patient with gonorrhea . He erroneously concluded that both disease were indeed the same when the man developed the copper - colored rash classic syphilis , respectively . Although many sources repeat that Hunter inoculated himself , others have argued that it was in fact another man . After Hunter 's experiment other scientists sought to disprove his conclusions by inoculating other male physicians , medical students , and incarcerated men with gonorrheal pus , who all developed the burning and discharge of gonorrhea . One researcher , Ricord , took the initiative to perform 667 inoculations of gonorrheal pus on patients of a mental hospital , with zero cases of syphilis . Notably , it was not until the advent of penicillin in the 1940s when effective treatments for gonorrhea were available . See also ( edit ) Neisseria meningitidis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Neisseria '' . In : List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ) . Created by J.P. Euzéby in 1997 . Curated by A.C. Parte since 2013 . Available on : http://www.bacterio.net . Retrieved 7 July 2017 .",
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"14": "Jump up ^ Cahoon , Laty A. ; Seifert , H. Steven ( 2011 ) . `` Focusing homologous recombination : Pilin antigenic variation in the pathogenic Neisseria '' . Molecular Microbiology. 81 ( 5 ) : 1136 -- 43 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.2011. 07773. x . PMC 3181079 . PMID 21812841 . Jump up ^ Obergfell , KP ; Seifert , HS ( February 2015 ) . `` Mobile DNA in the Pathogenic Neisseria '' . Microbiology spectrum . 3 ( 1 ) : MDNA3 -- 0015 -- 2014 . doi : 10.1128 / microbiolspec. MDNA3 - 0015 - 2014 . PMID 26104562 . Jump up ^ Aas , Finn Erik ; Wolfgang , Matthew ; Frye , Stephan ; Dunham , Steven ; Løvold , Cecilia ; Koomey , Michael ( 2002 ) . `` Competence for natural transformation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae : Components of DNA binding and uptake linked to type IV pilus expression '' . Molecular Microbiology. 46 ( 3 ) : 749 -- 60 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.2002. 03193. x . PMID 12410832 . Jump up ^ Simons , M.P. ; Nauseef , W.M. ; Apicella , M.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Interactions of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with Adherent Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes '' . Infection and Immunity. 73 ( 4 ) : 1971 -- 7 . doi : 10.1128 / iai. 73.4. 1971 - 1977.2005 . PMC 1087443 . PMID 15784537 . Jump up ^ Stohl , E.A. ; Seifert , H.S. ( 2006 ) .",
"15": "`` Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA Recombination and Repair Enzymes Protect against Oxidative Damage Caused by Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 188 ( 21 ) : 7645 -- 51 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 00801 - 06 . PMC 1636252 . PMID 16936020 . Jump up ^ Michod , Richard E. ; Bernstein , Harris ; Nedelcu , Aurora M. ( 2008 ) . `` Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens '' . Infection , Genetics and Evolution. 8 ( 3 ) : 267 -- 85 . doi : 10.1016 / j. meegid. 2008.01. 002 . PMID 18295550 . Jump up ^ `` Neisseria gonorrhoeae genome statistics '' . Broad Institute . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chung , G.T. ; Yoo , J.S. ; Oh , H.B. ; Lee , Y.S. ; Cha , S.H. ; Kim , S.J. ; Yoo , C.K. ( 2008 ) . `` Complete genome sequence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae NCCP11945 '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 190 ( 17 ) : 6035 -- 6 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 00566 - 08 . PMC 2519540 . PMID 18586945 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Mark T. ; Seifert , H. Steven ( 2014 ) . `` Neisseria gonorrhoeae and humans perform an evolutionary LINE dance '' . Mobile Genetic Elements. 1 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 87 . doi : 10.4161 / mge. 1.1. 15868 . PMC 3190277 . PMID 22016852 . Lay summary -- ScienceDaily ( February 14 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Anderson , M.T. ; Seifert , H.S. ( 2011 ) .",
"16": "`` Opportunity and Means : Horizontal Gene Transfer from the Human Host to a Bacterial Pathogen '' . MBio. 2 ( 1 ) : e00005 -- 11 . doi : 10.1128 / mBio. 00005 - 11 . PMC 3042738 . PMID 21325040 . Jump up ^ Anderson , M.T. ; Dewenter , L. ; Maier , B. ; Seifert , H.S. ( 2014 ) . `` Seminal Plasma Initiates a Neisseria gonorrhoeae Transmission State '' . MBio. 5 ( 2 ) : e01004 -- 13 . doi : 10.1128 / mBio. 01004 - 13 . PMC 3958800 . PMID 24595372 . Jump up ^ `` Gonorrhea ( the clap ) Symptoms '' . www.std-gov.org . Jump up ^ Caini , Saverio ; Gandini , Sara ; Dudas , Maria ; Bremer , Viviane ; Severi , Ettore ; Gherasim , Alin ( 2014 ) . `` Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk : A systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Cancer Epidemiology. 38 ( 4 ) : 329 -- 338 . doi : 10.1016 / j. canep. 2014.06. 002 . ISSN 1877 - 7821 . PMID 24986642 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gonococcal Infections - 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gonorrhea ~ overview at eMedicine Jump up ^ Kahn , Richard H. ; Mosure , Debra J. ; Blank , Susan ; Kent , Charlotte K. ; Chow , Joan M. ; Boudov , Melina R. ; Brock , Jeffrey ; Tulloch , Scott ; Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Project ( April 2005 ) . `` Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae prevalence and coinfection in adolescents entering selected US juvenile detention centers , 1997 - 2002 '' . Sexually Transmitted Diseases .",
"17": "32 ( 4 ) : 255 -- 259 . ISSN 0148 - 5717 . PMID 15788927 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Linda W. ; Mosure , Debra J. ; Berman , Stuart M. ; Levine , William C. ( May 2003 ) . `` Gonorrhea prevalence and coinfection with chlamydia in women in the United States , 2000 '' . Sexually Transmitted Diseases . 30 ( 5 ) : 472 -- 476 . ISSN 0148 - 5717 . PMID 12916141 . Jump up ^ Department of Reproductive Health and Research ( 2011 ) . `` Emergence of multi-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae -- Threat of global rise in untreatable sexually transmitted infections '' ( PDF ) . FactSheet WHO / RHR / 11.14 . World Health Organization . Jump up ^ `` Gonorrhea - STD information from CDC '' . www.cdc.gov. 2017 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` CDC - Gonorrhea Treatment '' . www.cdc.gov. 2017 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nwokolo , Nneka C ; Dragovic , Bojana ; Patel , Sheel ; Tong , CY William ; Barker , Gary ; Radcliffe , Keith ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` 2015 UK national guideline for the management of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis '' . International Journal of STD & AIDS . 27 ( 4 ) : 251 -- 267 . doi : 10.1177 / 0956462415615443 . ISSN 0956 - 4624 . Jump up ^ `` UK doctors advised gonorrhoea has turned drug resistant '' . BBC News . 10 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : STI Awareness : Antibiotic - Resistant Gonorrhea . Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona . 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Baarda , Benjamin I. ; Sikora , Aleksandra E. ( 2015 ) . `` Proteomics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae : the treasure hunt for countermeasures against an old disease '' . Frontiers in Microbiology. 6 . doi : 10.3389 / fmicb. 2015.01190 . ISSN 1664 - 302X ; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh . ^ Jump up to : Spence , M.R. ( March 1983 ) . `` Gonorrhea '' . Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 26 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 124 . ISSN 0009 - 9201 . PMID 6404578 . Jump up ^ `` gonorrhea Origin and meaning of gonorrhea by Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Norris , Charles Camblos ( 1913 ) . Gonorrhea in women . W. B Saunders Co . ^ Jump up to : Ligon , B. Lee ( October 2005 ) . `` Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser : discoverer of the cause of gonorrhea '' . Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases . 16 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 341 . doi : 10.1053 / j. spid. 2005.07. 001 . ISSN 1045 - 1870 . PMID 16210113 . ^ Jump up to : Singal , Archana ; Grover , Chander ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) . Comprehensive Approach to Infections in Dermatology . JP Medical Ltd . ISBN 9789351527480 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , John J. ( 2005 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Book Review '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 353 ( 22 ) : 2412 -- 2413 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM200512013532221 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . Jump up ^ Gladstein , J.",
"19": "( 2005 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Hunter 's Chancre : Did the Surgeon Give Himself Syphilis ? '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 41 ( 1 ) : 128 -- 128 . doi : 10.1086 / 430834 . ISSN 1058 - 4838 . External links ( edit ) Todar , Kenneth . `` Pathogenic Neisseriae : Gonorrhea , Neonatal Ophthalmia and Meningococcal Meningitis '' . Todar 's Online Textbook of Bacteriology . Gonorrhea at eMedicine `` Neisseria gonorrhoeae '' . NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 485 . Type strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae at BacDive -- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal wart callus seborrheic keratosis acrochordon molluscum contagiosum actinic keratosis squamous - cell carcinoma basal - cell carcinoma Merkel - cell carcinoma nevus sebaceous trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles lentigo melasma nevus melanoma Dermal and subcutaneous epidermal inclusion cyst hemangioma dermatofibroma ( benign fibrous histiocytoma ) keloid lipoma neurofibroma xanthoma Kaposi 's sarcoma infantile digital fibromatosis granular cell tumor leiomyoma lymphangioma circumscriptum myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous contact dermatitis atopic dermatitis seborrheic dermatitis stasis dermatitis lichen simplex chronicus Darier 's disease",
"20": "glucagonoma syndrome langerhans cell histiocytosis lichen sclerosus pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott -- Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling psoriasis tinea ( corporis cruris pedis manuum faciei ) pityriasis rosea secondary syphilis mycosis fungoides systemic lupus erythematosus pityriasis rubra pilaris parapsoriasis ichthyosis Blistering herpes simplex herpes zoster varicella bullous impetigo acute contact dermatitis pemphigus vulgaris bullous pemphigoid dermatitis herpetiformis porphyria cutanea tarda epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular scabies insect bite reactions lichen planus miliaria keratosis pilaris lichen spinulosus transient acantholytic dermatosis lichen nitidus pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular acne vulgaris acne rosacea folliculitis impetigo candidiasis gonococcemia dermatophyte coccidioidomycosis subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented tinea versicolor vitiligo pityriasis alba postinflammatory hyperpigmentation tuberous sclerosis idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis leprosy hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized drug eruptions viral exanthems toxic erythema systemic lupus erythematosus",
"21": "Localized cellulitis abscess boil erythema nodosum carcinoid syndrome fixed drug eruption Specialized urticaria erythema ( multiforme migrans gyratum repens annulare centrifugum ab igne ) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular thrombocytopenic purpura actinic / solar purpura Papular disseminated intravascular coagulation vasculitis Indurated scleroderma / morphea granuloma annulare lichen sclerosis et atrophicus necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair telogen effluvium androgenic alopecia alopecia areata systemic lupus erythematosus tinea capitis loose anagen syndrome lichen planopilaris folliculitis decalvans acne keloidalis nuchae Nail onychomycosis psoriasis paronychia ingrown nail Mucous membrane Aphthous stomatitis oral candidiasis lichen planus leukoplakia pemphigus vulgaris mucous membrane pemphigoid cicatricial pemphigoid herpesvirus coxsackievirus syphilis systemic histoplasmosis squamous - cell carcinoma Infectious diseases Bacterial disease : Proteobacterial G − primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 ,",
"22": "080 -- 109 α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill -- Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick - borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite - borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea - borne Rickettsia felis Flea - borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat - scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion 's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis / meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse -- Friderichsen syndrome ,",
"23": "Meningococcal septicaemia M − Neisseria gonorrhoeae / gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped : Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX − ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Klebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157 : H7 O104 : H4 Hemolytic - uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow / weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac − H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S − Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet - like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H.",
"24": "parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires ' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain -- Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"25": "php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&oldid=821925529 '' Categories : Bacterium - related cutaneous conditions Gram - negative bacteria Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission Pathogenic bacteria Neisseriales Infectious causes of cancer Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2015 Articles with ' species ' microformats Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 12 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-9217530809637354083
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i can't go for that lyrics meaning
|
[
"about not being pushed around by big labels, managers, and agents and being told what to do, and being true to yourself creatively"
] |
{
"0": "I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) - wikipedia I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' Cover art for British vinyl releases Single by Daryl Hall and John Oates from the album Private Eyes B - side `` Unguarded Minute '' Released December 14 , 1981 Format 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded March 1981 Genre R&B , pop Length 5 : 09 ( album version ) 4 : 14 ( video edit ) 3 : 45 ( single edit ) 6 : 05 ( extended club mix ) Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Sara Allen Daryl Hall John Oates Producer ( s ) Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates singles chronology `` Private Eyes '' ( 1981 ) `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Did It in a Minute '' ( 1981 ) `` Private Eyes '' ( 1981 ) `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Did It in a Minute '' ( 1981 ) `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' is a song by the American duo Daryl Hall and John Oates . Written by Daryl Hall and John Oates , and co-written by Sara Allen , the song was released as the second single from their tenth studio album , Private Eyes ( 1981 ) . The song became the fourth number - one hit single of their career on the Billboard Hot 100 and the second hit single from Private Eyes . It features Charles DeChant on saxophone . `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' is one of fourteen Hall & Oates songs that have been played on the radio over one million times , according to BMI .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Awards and accolades 4.1 Influence on `` Billie Jean '' 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Daryl Hall sketched out the basic song one evening at a music studio in New York City , in 1981 , after a recording session for the Private Eyes album . Hall began to play a bass line on a Korg organ , and sound engineer Neil Kernon recorded the result . Hall then came up with a guitar riff , which he and Oates worked on together . The next day , Hall , Oates and Sara Allen worked on the lyrics . Speaking about the meaning of the lyrics , John Oates has stated that while many listeners may assume the lyrics are about a relationship , in reality , the song , `` is about the music business . That song is really about not being pushed around by big labels , managers , and agents and being told what to do , and being true to yourself creatively . '' This was done intentionally , he explained , to universalize the topic of the song into something everyone could relate to and ascribe personal meaning to in their own way . Naming `` Maneater '' as another example , he revealed that this was a common theme for the group 's songs . Personnel ( edit ) Daryl Hall : lead vocals and backing vocals , synthesizer , Programation , Roland CR - 78 drum machine John Oates : electric guitar , backing vocals Charles DeChant : saxophone , backing vocals John Siegler : bass Chart performance ( edit ) The single debuted at number 59 on the Hot 100 the week of November 14 , 1981 as the highest debut of the week and after eleven weeks , on January 30 , 1982 it reached the top of the chart , staying there for a week . `` I Ca n't Go for That '' ended a 10 - week run at the top of the Hot 100 by Olivia Newton - John 's song , `` Physical '' ( which had knocked out Hall & Oates ' `` Private Eyes '' from the top spot ) .",
"2": "The song also went to number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart for one week in January 1982 . Thanks to heavy airplay on urban contemporary radio stations , `` I Ca n't Go for That '' also topped the US R&B chart , a rare feat for a white act . It was the only record by a white act to hit No. 1 on both the Hot 100 and R&B / Hip - Hop Songs charts during all of 1982 . The single was certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of 500,000 units on January 7 , 1982 . According to the Hall & Oates biography , Hall , upon learning that `` I Ca n't Go For That '' had gone to number one on the R&B chart , wrote in his diary , `` I 'm the head soul brother in the U.S. Where to now ? '' It also peaked at # 1 on the Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay chart on December 18 , 1981 staying at the top of the chart for six weeks and remaining on it for fifteen weeks , making it their biggest hit on the R&R airplay chart . This single was also the first top 10 hit for the duo in the UK peaking at number 8 in the UK Singles Chart . It was certified silver by the BPI on March 1 , 1982 for shipments of 200,000 units .",
"3": "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 -- 82 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 13 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 72 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 28 US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 96 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 15 Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` I Ca n't Go for That '' was voted number six on VH1 's list of `` The 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 80s . '' Influence on `` Billie Jean '' ( edit ) According to Daryl Hall , during the recording of `` We Are the World '' , Michael Jackson approached him and admitted to lifting the bass line for `` Billie Jean '' from a Hall and Oates song , apparently referring to `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) . '' Hall says that he told Jackson that he had lifted the bass line from another song himself , and that it was `` something we all do . '' Van Halen would also do something similar by lifting the synthesizer used in Kiss On My List for their hit Jump . Legacy ( edit ) Sunrise by Simply Red extensively samples `` I Ca n't Go for That '' Say No Go by De La Soul samples `` I Ca n't Go for That '' On Hold by The xx samples `` I Ca n't Go for That '' See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance hits ( United States ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1982 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 09 .",
"4": "Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Something Else ! ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Hall and Oates ' ' I Ca n't Go For That ' is n't about what you think it 's about ; neither is ' Maneater ' '' . Something Else ! . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kauffman , Leah ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` John Oates on his new album , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction , and what ' I Ca n't Go For That ' is really about '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . Billboard : 108 . November 14 , 1981 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daryl Hall John Oates Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disco Top 80 '' . Billboard. 94 ( 3 ) : 42 . January 23 , 1982 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Steve ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' at 30 : How One Album Changed the World '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . In fact , the only record to hit No. 1 on both the pop and black charts during all of 1982 was by a white act : `` I Ca n't Go For That '' by Hall & Oates . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Hall & Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daryl Hall & John Oates -- Chart history ( CHR / Pop Airplay ) '' . wweb.uta.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 .",
"5": "^ Jump up to : `` Daryl Hall & John Oates : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Daryl Hall & John Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0460 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Daryl Hall & John Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Daryl Hall & John Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Daryl Hall & John Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Daryl Hall & John Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall John Oates Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall John Oates Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall John Oates Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca .",
"6": "Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1982 / Top 100 Songs of 1982 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Eskow , Gary ( April 1 , 2006 ) . `` Classic Tracks : Hall & Oates `` I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' `` . Mix Online . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Daryl ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson Remembered : Daryl Hall on the Ultimate Video Star '' . The Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Video on VH1 Classic website Preceded by `` Physical '' by Olivia Newton - John Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Centerfold '' by The J. Geils Band Preceded by `` Turn Your Love Around '' by George Benson Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single January 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Call Me '' by Skyy Preceded by `` Wordy Rappinghood '' / `` Genius of Love '' by Tom Tom Club Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single January 23 , 1982 Succeeded by `` You 're the One for Me '' by D. Train ( hide ) Daryl Hall & John Oates Daryl Hall John Oates Studio albums Whole Oats ( 1972 ) Abandoned Luncheonette ( 1973 ) War Babies ( 1974 ) Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 1975 ) Bigger Than Both of Us ( 1976 ) Beauty on a Back Street ( 1977 ) Along the Red Ledge ( 1978 ) X-Static ( 1979 ) Voices ( 1980 ) Private Eyes ( 1981 ) H O ( 1982 ) Big Bam Boom ( 1984 ) Ooh Yeah !",
"7": "( 1988 ) Change of Season ( 1990 ) Marigold Sky ( 1997 ) Do It for Love ( 2003 ) Our Kind of Soul ( 2004 ) Home for Christmas ( 2006 ) Live albums Livetime ( 1978 ) Live at the Apollo ( 1985 ) Greatest Hits Live ( 2001 ) Compilation albums No Goodbyes ( 1977 ) Rock ' n Soul Part 1 ( 1983 ) The Atlantic Collection ( 1996 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 1998 ) The Very Best of Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 2001 ) VH1 Behind the Music : The Daryl Hall and John Oates Collection ( 2002 ) Ultimate Daryl Hall + John Oates ( 2004 ) The Singles ( 2008 ) Singles `` She 's Gone '' ( 1974 ) `` Sara Smile '' ( 1976 ) `` Rich Girl '' ( 1977 ) `` Wait for Me '' ( 1979 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1980 ) `` Kiss on My List '' ( 1981 ) `` You Make My Dreams '' ( 1981 ) `` Private Eyes '' ( 1981 ) `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Did It in a Minute '' ( 1982 ) `` Maneater '' ( 1982 ) `` One on One '' ( 1983 ) `` Family Man '' ( 1983 ) `` Jingle Bell Rock '' ( 1983 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1983 ) `` Adult Education '' ( 1984 ) `` Out of Touch '' ( 1984 ) `` Method of Modern Love '' ( 1985 ) `` A Nite at the Apollo Live !",
"8": "The Way You Do the Things You Do / My Girl '' ( live ) ( 1985 ) `` Everything Your Heart Desires '' ( 1988 ) `` Love Train '' ( 1989 ) `` So Close '' ( 1990 ) `` Do It for Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Someday We 'll Know '' ( 2003 ) `` Getaway Car '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'll Be Around '' ( 2004 ) `` Without You '' ( 2004 ) `` I Can Dream About You '' ( 2005 ) `` Ooh Child '' ( 2005 ) `` It Came Upon the Midnight Clear '' ( 2006 ) Hall solo albums Sacred Songs ( 1980 ) Three Hearts in the Happy Ending Machine ( 1986 ) Soul Alone ( 1993 ) Ca n't Stop Dreaming ( 1996 ) Laughing Down Crying ( 2011 ) Oates solo albums Phunk Shui ( 2002 ) John Oates : Live at the Historic Wheeler Opera House ( 2004 ) Related articles Discography Interpreting the Masters Volume 1 : A Tribute to Daryl Hall and John Oates Live from Daryl 's House Book Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=I_Can%27t_Go_for_That_(No_Can_Do)&oldid=837635144 '' Categories : 1981 singles 1981 songs Hall & Oates songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by John Oates Songs written by Daryl Hall Songs written by Sara Allen RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the lowest temperature at which a lubricant will flow is called the
|
[
"pour point",
"pour point"
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{
"0": "Pour point - wikipedia Pour point Jump to : navigation , search The pour point of a liquid is the temperature at which it becomes semi solid and loses its flow characteristics . In crude oil a high pour point is generally associated with a high paraffin content , typically found in crude deriving from a larger proportion of plant material . That type of crude oil is mainly derived from a kerogen Type III . Contents ( hide ) 1 Measuring the pour point of petroleum products 1.1 Manual method 1.2 Automatic method 2 Measuring the pour point of crude oils 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Measuring the pour point of Petroleum Products ( edit ) Manual method ( edit ) ASTM D97 , Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils . The specimen is cooled inside a cooling bath to allow the formation of paraffin wax crystals . At about 9 ° C above the expected pour point , and for every subsequent 3 ° C , the test jar is removed and tilted to check for surface movement . When the specimen does not flow when tilted , the jar is held horizontally for 5 sec . If it does not flow , 3 ° C is added to the corresponding temperature and the result is the pour point temperature . It is also useful to note that failure to flow at the pour point may also be due to the effect of viscosity or the previous thermal history of the specimen . Therefore , the pour point may give a misleading view of the handling properties of the oil . Additional fluidity tests may also be undertaken . An approximate range of pour point can be observed from the specimen 's upper and lower pour point . Automatic method ( edit ) ASTM D5949 , Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products ( Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method ) is an alternative to the manual test procedure . It uses automatic apparatus and yields pour point results in a format similar to the manual method ( ASTM D97 ) when reporting at a 3 ° C . The D5949 test method determines the pour point in a shorter period of time than manual method D97 . Less operator time is required to run the test using this automatic method . Additionally , no external chiller bath or refrigeration unit is needed .",
"1": "D5949 is capable of determining pour point within a temperature range of − 57 ° C to + 51 ° C. Results can be reported at 1 ° C or 3 ° C testing intervals . This test method has better repeatability and reproducibility than manual method D97 . Under ASTM D5949 , the test sample is heated and then cooled by a Peltier device at a rate of 1.5 ± 0.1 ° C / min . At either 1 ° C or 3 ° C intervals , a pressurized pulse of compressed gas is imparted onto the surface of the sample . Multiple optical detectors continuously monitor the sample for movement . The lowest temperature at which movement is detected on the sample surface is determined to be the pour point . Measuring the pour point of crude Oils ( edit ) Two pour points can be derived which can give an approximate temperature window depending on its thermal history . Within this temperature range , the sample may appear liquid or solid . This peculiarity happens because wax crystals form less readily when it has been heated within the past 24 hrs and contributes to the lower pour point . The upper pour point is measured by pouring the test sample directly into a test jar . The sample is then cooled and inspected for pour point as per the usual pour point method . The method usually gives higher pour point because the thermal history has not been cancelled by a prolonged thermal treatment . The lower pour point is measured by first pouring the sample into a stainless steel pressure vessel . The vessel is then screwed tight and heated to above 102 ° C in an oil bath . After a specified time , the vessel is removed and cooled for a short while . The sample is then poured into a test jar and immediately closed with a cork carrying the thermometer . The sample is then cooled and then inspected for pour point as per the usual pour point method .",
"2": "See also ( edit ) Cloud point Cold filter plugging point Crude oil assay Gel point ( petroleum ) Petroleum Viscosity Wax References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.astm.org/Standards/D5949.htm External links ( edit ) Some background knowledge about pour point and different measuring methods ( manufacturer of pour point tester ) USFS Pour Point and Product Fluidity of Various Class A Foams Phase Technology Manufacturer of ASTM D5949 automatic pour point analyzers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pour_point&oldid=803627360 '' Categories : Chemical properties Threshold temperatures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 17 : 37 . About Wikipedia",
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who are the judges on the fisa court
|
[
"Dennis Saylor",
"Thomas Russell",
"Michael Mosman",
"Robert Kugler",
"James Jones",
"Claire Eagan",
"Raymond Dearie",
"Anne Conway",
"Rudolph Contreras",
"Jeb Boasberg"
] |
{
"0": "United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance court - wikipedia United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance court Jump to : navigation , search `` FISC '' redirects here . For other uses , see Fisc ( disambiguation ) . United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) Location Washington , D.C. Appeals to Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Established 1978 Authorized by 50 U.S.C. § § 1803 -- 1805 Composition method Chief Justice appointment Judges assigned 11 Judge term length 7 years Chief Judge Rosemary M. Collyer Official court website The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC , also called the FISA Court ) is a U.S. federal court established and authorized under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 ( FISA ) to oversee requests for surveillance warrants against foreign spies inside the United States by federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies . Such requests are made most often by the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . Congress created FISA and its court as a result of the recommendations by the U.S. Senate 's Church Committee . In 2013 , The New York Times said `` it has quietly become almost a parallel Supreme Court . '' From its opening in 1978 until 2009 , the court was housed on the sixth floor of the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building . Since 2009 , the court has been relocated to the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse in Washington , D.C. In 2013 , a top - secret order issued by the court , which was later leaked to the media from documents culled by Edward Snowden , required a subsidiary of Verizon to provide a daily , on - going feed of all call detail records -- including those for domestic calls -- to the NSA .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 FISA warrants 2 Secrecy 3 Criticism 3.1 Allegations of bias 3.2 Appointment process 3.3 Judicial and public oversight 3.4 Secret law 4 Controversies 4.1 2013 NSA controversy 4.2 2016 presidential election controversy 5 Composition 5.1 Membership 5.2 Former members 6 See also 7 References FISA warrants ( edit ) Each application for one of these surveillance warrants ( called a FISA warrant ) is made before an individual judge of the court . The court may allow third parties to submit briefs as amici curiae . When the U.S. Attorney General determines that an emergency exists , the Attorney General may authorize the emergency employment of electronic surveillance before obtaining the necessary authorization from the FISC , if the Attorney General or their designee notifies a judge of the court at the time of authorization and applies for a warrant as soon as practicable but not more than seven days after authorization of such surveillance , as required by 50 U.S.C. § 1805 . If an application is denied by one judge of the court , the federal government is not allowed to make the same application to a different judge of the court , but may appeal to the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review . Such appeals are rare : the first appeal from the FISC to the Court of Review was made in 2002 ( In re Sealed Case No. 02 - 001 ) , 24 years after the founding of the court . Also rare is for FISA warrant requests to be turned down . During the 25 years from 1979 to 2004 , 18,742 warrants were granted , while only four were rejected . Fewer than 200 requests had to be modified before being accepted , almost all of them in 2003 and 2004 . The four rejected requests were all from 2003 , and all four were partially granted after being submitted for reconsideration by the government . Of the requests that had to be modified , few were before the year 2000 . During the next eight years , from 2004 to 2012 , there were over 15,100 additional warrants granted , and another seven being rejected .",
"2": "Over the entire 33 - year period , the FISA court granted 33,942 warrants , with only 12 denials -- a rejection rate of 0.03 percent of the total requests . This does not include the number of warrants that were modified by the FISA court . FISA warrant requests for electronic surveillance Year # Requests submitted # Requests approved # Requests modified # Requests denied 1979 199 207 0 0 1980 319 322 0 1981 431 433 0 0 1982 473 475 0 0 549 549 0 0 1984 635 635 0 0 1985 587 587 0 0 1986 573 573 0 0 512 512 0 0 534 534 0 0 546 546 0 0 595 595 0 0 1991 593 593 0 0 484 484 0 0 509 509 0 0 576 576 0 0 1995 697 697 0 0 839 839 0 0 749 748 0 0 1998 796 796 0 0 1999 886 880 0 0 2000 1,005 1,012 0 932 934 0 2002 1,228 1,228 2 0 0 2003 1,727 1,724 79 1,758 1,754 94 0 2005 2,074 2,072 61 0 2006 2,181 2,",
"3": "176 73 2007 2,371 2,370 86 2008 2,082 2,083 2009 1,329 1,320 14 1,511 1,506 14 0 2011 1,676 1,674 30 0 2012 1,789 1,788 40 0 2013 1,588 1,588 34 0 TOTALS 35,529 35,434 533 12 Notes : Jump up ^ Excludes physical searches Jump up ^ Two modifications that were later reversed by the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review , in a case entitled In re Sealed Case No. 02 - 001 . Jump up ^ All four were later partially granted , after being submitted for reconsideration by the government . On May 17 , 2002 , the court rebuffed Attorney General John Ashcroft , releasing an opinion that alleged that the FBI and Justice Department officials had `` supplied erroneous information to the court '' in more than 75 applications for search warrants and wiretaps , including one signed by FBI Director Louis J. Freeh . Whether this rejection was related to the court starting to require modification of significantly more requests in 2003 is unknown . On December 16 , 2005 , The New York Times reported that the Bush administration had been conducting surveillance against U.S. citizens without the knowledge of the court since 2002 . On December 20 , 2005 , Judge James Robertson resigned his position with the court , apparently in protest of the secret surveillance , and later , in the wake of the Snowden leaks of 2013 , criticized the court - sanctioned expansion of the scope of government surveillance and its being allowed to craft a secret body of law . The government 's apparent circumvention of the court started prior to the increase in court - ordered modifications to warrant requests . In 2011 , the Obama administration secretly won permission from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to reverse restrictions on the National Security Agency 's use of intercepted phone calls and e-mails , permitting the agency to search deliberately for Americans ' communications in its massive databases .",
"4": "The searches take place under a surveillance program Congress authorized in 2008 under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act . Under that law , the target must be a foreigner `` reasonably believed '' to be outside the United States , and the court must approve the targeting procedures in an order good for one year . But a warrant for each target would thus no longer be required . That means that communications with Americans could be picked up without a court first determining that there is probable cause that the people they were talking to were terrorists , spies or `` foreign powers '' . The FISC also extended the length of time that the NSA is allowed to retain intercepted U.S. communications from five years to six years with an extension possible for foreign intelligence or counterintelligence purposes . Both measures were done without public debate or any specific authority from Congress . Secrecy ( edit ) Because of the sensitive nature of its business , the court is a `` secret court '' -- its hearings are closed to the public . While records of the proceedings are kept , they also are unavailable to the public , although copies of some records with classified information redacted have been made public . Due to the classified nature of its proceedings , usually only attorneys licensed to practice in front of the US government are permitted to appear before the court . Because of the nature of the matters heard before it , court hearings may need to take place at any time of day or night , weekdays or weekends ; thus , at least one judge must be `` on call '' at all times to hear evidence and decide whether or not to issue a warrant . A heavily redacted version of a 2008 appeal by Yahoo ! of an order issued with respect to NSA 's PRISM program had been published for the edification of other potential appellants . The identity of the appellant was declassified in June 2013 . Criticism ( edit ) There has been growing criticism of the court since the September 11 , 2001 attacks . This is partly because the court sits ex parte -- in other words , in the absence of anyone but the judge and the government present at the hearings . This , combined with the minimal number of requests that are rejected by the court has led experts to characterize it as a rubber stamp ( former National Security Agency analyst Russ Tice called it a `` kangaroo court with a rubber stamp '' ) .",
"5": "The accusation of being a `` rubber stamp '' was rejected by FISA Court president Reggie B. Walton who wrote in a letter to Senator Patrick J. Leahy : `` The annual statistics provided to Congress by the Attorney General ... -- frequently cited to in press reports as a suggestion that the Court 's approval rate of application is over 99 % -- reflect only the number of final applications submitted to and acted on by the Court . These statistics do not reflect the fact that many applications are altered to prior or final submission or even withheld from final submission entirely , often after an indication that a judge would not approve them . '' He added : `` There is a rigorous review process of applications submitted by the executive branch , spearheaded initially by five judicial branch lawyers who are national security experts and then by the judges , to ensure that the court 's authorizations comport with what the applicable statutes authorize . '' In a following letter Walton stated that the government had revamped 24.4 % of its requests in the face of court questions and demands in time from July 1 , 2013 to September 30 , 2013 . This figure became available after Walton decided in the summer of 2013 that the FISC would begin keeping its own tally of how Justice Department warrant applications for electronic surveillance fared -- and would track for the first time when the government withdrew or resubmitted those applications with changes . Some requests are modified by the court but ultimately granted , while the percentage of denied requests is statistically negligible ( 11 denied requests out of around 34,000 granted in 35 years -- equivalent to 0.03 % ) . The accusation that the FISC is a `` rubber stamp '' court was also rejected by Robert S. Litt ( General Counsel of Office of the Director of National Intelligence ) : `` When ( the Government ) prepares an application for ( a section 215 order , it ) first submit ( s ) to the ( FISC ) what 's called a `` read copy '' , which the court staff will review and comment on . ( A ) nd they will almost invariably come back with questions , concerns , problems that they see . And there is an iterative process back and forth between the Government and the ( FISC ) to take care of those concerns so that at the end of the day , we 're confident that we 're presenting something that the ( FISC ) will approve .",
"6": "That is hardly a rubber stamp . It 's rather extensive and serious judicial oversight of this process . '' A 2003 Senate Judiciary Committee Interim Report on FBI Oversight in the 107th Congress by the Senate Judiciary Committee : FISA Implementation Failures cited the `` unnecessary secrecy '' of the court among its `` most important conclusions '' : The secrecy of individual FISA cases is certainly necessary , but this secrecy has been extended to the most basic legal and procedural aspects of the FISA , which should not be secret . This unnecessary secrecy contributed to the deficiencies that have hamstrung the implementation of the FISA . Much more information , including all unclassified opinions and operating rules of the FISA Court and Court of Review , should be made public and / or provided to the Congress . Allegations of bias ( edit ) In a July 2013 interview , Senator and privacy advocate Ron Wyden described the FISC warrant process as `` the most one - sided legal process in the United States '' . `` I do n't know of any other legal system or court that really does n't highlight anything except one point of view '' , he said . Later in the interview he said Congress should seek to `` diversify some of the thinking on the court '' . Elizabeth Gotein , a co-director of the Liberty and National Security Program of the Brennan Center for Justice at the New York University School of Law , has criticized the court as being too compromised to be an impartial tribunal that oversees the work of the NSA and other U.S. intelligence activities . Since the court meets in secret , hears only the arguments of the government prior to deciding a case , and its rulings can not be appealed or even reviewed by the public , she has argued that : `` Like any other group that meets in secret behind closed doors with only one constituency appearing before them , they 're subject to capture and bias . '' A related bias of the court results from what critics such as Julian Sanchez , a scholar at the Cato Institute , have described as the near certainty of the polarization or groupthink of the judges of the court .",
"7": "Since all of the judges are appointed by the same person ( the Chief Justice of the United States ) , as of 2013 nearly all currently serving judges are of the same political party ( the Republican Party ) , hear no opposing testimony and feel no pressure from colleagues or the public to moderate their rulings , group polarization is almost a certainty . `` There 's the real possibility that these judges become more extreme over time , even when they had only a mild bias to begin with '' , Sanchez said . Appointment process ( edit ) The court 's judges are appointed solely by the Chief Justice of the United States without confirmation or oversight by the U.S. Congress . This gives the chief justice the ability to appoint like - minded judges and create a court without diversity . `` The judges are hand - picked by someone who , through his votes on the Supreme Court , we have come to learn has a particular view on civil liberties and law enforcement '' , Theodore Ruger , a professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School , said with respect to Chief Justice John Roberts . `` The way the FISA is set up , it gives him unchecked authority to put judges on the court who feel the same way he does . '' And Stephen Vladeck , a law professor at the University of Texas School of Law , added , `` Since FISA was enacted in 1978 , we 've had three chief justices , and they have all been conservative Republicans , so I think one can worry that there is insufficient diversity . '' Since May 2014 , however , four of the five judges appointed by Chief Justice Roberts to the FISA Court were appointed to their prior federal court positions by Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama . There are some reform proposals . Senator Richard Blumenthal from Connecticut proposed that each of the chief judges of the 12 major appeals courts select a district judge for the surveillance court ; the chief justice would still pick the review panel that hears rare appeals of the court 's decisions , but six other Supreme Court justices would have to sign off . Another proposal authored by Representative Adam Schiff of California would give the president the power to nominate judges for the court , subject to Senate approval , while Representative Steve Cohen proposed that Congressional leaders pick eight of the court 's members .",
"8": "Judicial and public oversight ( edit ) Stephen Vladeck , a professor at the University of Texas School of Law , has argued that , without having to seek the approval of the court ( which he has said merely reviews certifications to ensure that they -- and not the surveillance itself -- comply with the various statutory requirements ) , the U.S. Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence can engage in sweeping programmatic surveillance for one year at a time . There are procedures used by the NSA to target non-U.S. persons and procedures used by the NSA to minimize data collection from U.S. persons . These court - approved policies allow the NSA to do the following : keep data that could potentially contain details of U.S. persons for up to five years ; retain and make use of `` inadvertently acquired '' domestic communications if they contain usable intelligence , information on criminal activity , threat of harm to people or property , are encrypted , or are believed to contain any information relevant to cybersecurity ; preserve `` foreign intelligence information '' contained within attorney -- client communications ; and access the content of communications gathered from `` U.S. based machine ( s ) '' or phone numbers in order to establish if targets are located in the U.S. , for the purposes of ceasing further surveillance . Jameel Jaffer , the ACLU 's deputy legal director , said in light of revelations that the government secured telephone records from Verizon and Internet data from some of the largest providers that safeguards that are supposed to be protecting individual privacy are not working . Elizabeth Goitein , co-director of the Liberty and National Security Program at the Brennan Center for Justice in New York , wrote in the Wall Street Journal that when courts make mistakes , the losing party has the right to appeal and the erroneous decision is reversed . `` That process can not happen when a secret court considers a case with only one party before it . '' According to The Guardian , `` The broad scope of the court orders , and the nature of the procedures set out in the documents , appear to clash with assurances from President Obama and senior intelligence officials that the NSA could not access Americans ' call or email information without warrants '' . Glenn Greenwald , who published details of the PRISM surveillance program , explained : that this entire process is a fig leaf , `` oversight '' in name only . It offers no real safeguards .",
"9": "That 's because no court monitors what the NSA is actually doing when it claims to comply with the court - approved procedures . Once the Fisa court puts its approval stamp on the NSA 's procedures , there is no external judicial check on which targets end up being selected by the NSA analysts for eavesdropping . The only time individualized warrants are required is when the NSA is specifically targeting a US citizen or the communications are purely domestic . When it is time for the NSA to obtain Fisa court approval , the agency does not tell the court whose calls and emails it intends to intercept . It instead merely provides the general guidelines which it claims are used by its analysts to determine which individuals they can target , and the Fisa court judge then issues a simple order approving those guidelines . The court endorses a one - paragraph form order stating that the NSA 's process `` ' contains all the required elements ' and that the revised NSA , FBI and CIA minimization procedures submitted with the amendment ' are consistent with the requirements of ( 50 U.S.C. § 1881a ( e ) ) and with the fourth amendment to the Constitution of the United States ' '' . As but one typical example , The Guardian has obtained an August 19 , 2010 , Fisa court approval from Judge John D. Bates which does nothing more than recite the statutory language in approving the NSA 's guidelines . Once the NSA has this court approval , it can then target anyone chosen by their analysts , and can even order telecoms and internet companies to turn over to them the emails , chats and calls of those they target . The Fisa court plays no role whatsoever in reviewing whether the procedures it approved are actually complied with when the NSA starts eavesdropping on calls and reading people 's emails . The guidelines submitted by the NSA to the Fisa court demonstrate how much discretion the agency has in choosing who will be targeted ... The only oversight for monitoring whether there is abuse comes from the executive branch itself : from the DOJ and Director of National Intelligence , which conduct `` periodic reviews ... to evaluate the implementation of the procedure '' .",
"10": "At a hearing before the House Intelligence Committee Tuesday afternoon , deputy attorney general James Cole testified that every 30 days , the Fisa court is merely given an `` aggregate number '' of database searches on US domestic phone records ... The decisions about who has their emails and telephone calls intercepted by the NSA is made by the NSA itself , not by the Fisa court , except where the NSA itself concludes the person is a US citizen and / or the communication is exclusively domestic . But even in such cases , the NSA often ends up intercepting those communications of Americans without individualized warrants , and all of this is left to the discretion of the NSA analysts with no real judicial oversight . Deputy Attorney General James M. Cole and NSA Deputy Director John C. Inglis cited the court 's oversight in defending the constitutionality of the NSA 's surveillance activities before during a hearing before the House Judiciary Committee in July 2013 . Representative Jerrold Nadler , challenged Cole 's defense of the program 's constitutionality , and he said the secrecy in which the court functioned negated the validity of its review . `` The fact that a secret court unaccountable to public knowledge of what it 's doing ... may join you in misusing or abusing the statutes is of no comfort whatsoever '' , Nadler said . Orin Kerr , a law professor at George Washington University , said the secrecy that comes along with national security makes it difficult to evaluate how the administration carries out the wide authority Congress has given it . `` FISA court judges hear all of this and they think it 's legal , '' Kerr said . `` What we really do n't know , though , are what the FISA court 's opinions say . '' Secret law ( edit ) In July 2013 , The New York Times published disclosures from anonymous government whistleblowers of secret law written by the court holding that vast collections of data on all Americans ( even those not connected in any way to foreign enemies ) amassed by the NSA do not violate the warrant requirements of Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . It reported that anyone suspected of being involved in nuclear proliferation , espionage or cyber-attacks , according to the court , may be considered a legitimate target for warrantless surveillance . Acting like a parallel U.S. Supreme Court , the court greatly broadened the `` special - needs '' exception to do so .",
"11": "The newspaper reported that in `` more than a dozen classified rulings , the nation 's surveillance court has created a secret body of law giving the National Security Agency the power to amass vast collections of data on Americans '' . It also wrote , with respect to the court : In one of the court 's most important decisions , the judges have expanded the use in terrorism cases of a legal principle known as the ' special needs ' doctrine and carved out an exception to the Fourth Amendment 's requirement of a warrant for searches and seizures ... The special needs doctrine was originally established in 1989 by the Supreme Court in a ruling allowing the drug testing of railway workers , finding that a minimal intrusion on privacy was justified by the government 's need to combat an overriding public danger . Applying that concept more broadly , the FISA judges have ruled that the N.S.A. 's collection and examination of Americans ' communications data to track possible terrorists does not run afoul of the Fourth Amendment , the officials said . That legal interpretation is significant , several outside legal experts said , because it uses a relatively narrow area of the law -- used to justify airport screenings , for instance , or drunken - driving checkpoints -- and applies it much more broadly , in secret , to the wholesale collection of communications in pursuit of terrorism suspects . The `` special - needs '' doctrine is an exemption to the Fourth Amendment 's Warrants Clause which commands that `` no Warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause , supported by Oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be and seized '' . The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized an exemption to the Warrants Clause `` outside the foreign intelligence context , in so - called ' special - needs ' cases . In those cases , the Court excused compliance with the Warrant Clause when the purpose behind the governmental action went beyond routine law enforcement and insisting upon a warrant would materially interfere with the accomplishment of that purpose . See , Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton , 515 U.S. 646 , 653 ( 1995 ) ( upholding drug testing of highschool athletes and explaining that the exception to the warrant requirement applied `` when special needs , beyond the normal need for law enforcement , make the warrant and probable - cause requirement ( s ) impracticable ( quoting Griffin v. Wisconsin , 483 U.S.",
"12": "868 , 873 ( 1987 ) ) ) ; Skinner v. Ry . Labor Execs . Ass'n , 489 U.S. 602 , 620 ( 1989 ) ( upholding regulations instituting drug and alcohol testing of railroad workers for safety reasons ) ; cf . Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 , 23 - 24 ( 1968 ) ( upholding pat - frisk for weapons to protect officer safety during investigatory stop ) '' . The U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review concluded on August 22 , 2008 , in the case In re Directives ( redacted text ) Pursuant to Section 105B of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act , that the `` special - needs '' doctrine applied by analogy to justify a foreign intelligence exception to the warrant requirement for surveillance undertaken for national security purposes and directed at a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power reasonably believed to be located outside the U.S. James Robertson -- a former judge for the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia , who , in 2004 , ruled against the Bush administration in the Hamdan v. Rumsfeld case , and also served on the FISC for three years between 2002 and 2005 -- said he was `` frankly stunned '' by the newspaper 's report that court rulings had created a new body of law broadening the ability of the NSA to use its surveillance programs to target not only terrorists but suspects in cases involving espionage , cyberattacks and weapons of mass destruction . Geoffrey R. Stone , a professor of constitutional law at the University of Chicago , said he was troubled by the idea that the court is creating a significant body of law without hearing from anyone outside the government , forgoing the adversarial system that is a staple of the American justice system . He said , `` That whole notion is missing in this process '' . The court concluded that mass collection of telephone metadata ( including the time of phone calls and numbers dialed ) does not violate the Fourth Amendment as long as the government establishes a valid reason under national security regulations before taking the next step of actually examining the contents of an American 's communications . This concept is rooted partly in the special needs doctrine . `` The basic idea is that it 's O.K. to create this huge pond of data '' , an unnamed U.S.",
"13": "official said , `` but you have to establish a reason to stick your pole in the water and start fishing '' . Under the new procedures passed by the U.S. Congress in the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 , even the collection of metadata must be considered `` relevant '' to a terrorism investigation or other intelligence activities . The court has indicated that while individual pieces of data may not appear `` relevant '' to a terrorism investigation , the total picture that the bits of data create may in fact be relevant , according to U.S. officials with knowledge of the decisions . A secret ruling made by the court that redefined the single word `` relevant '' enabled the NSA to gather phone data on millions of Americans . In classified orders starting in the mid-2000s , the court accepted that `` relevant '' could be broadened to permit an entire database of records on millions of people , in contrast to a more conservative interpretation widely applied in criminal cases , in which only some of those records would likely be allowed . Under the Patriot Act , the Federal Bureau of Investigation can require businesses to hand over `` tangible things '' , including `` records '' , as long as the FBI shows it is reasonable to believe the things are `` relevant to an authorized investigation '' into international terrorism or foreign intelligence activities . The history of the word `` relevant '' is key to understanding that passage . The Supreme Court in 1991 said things are `` relevant '' if there is a `` reasonable possibility '' that they will produce information related to the subject of the investigation . In criminal cases , courts previously have found that very large sets of information did not meet the relevance standard because significant portions -- innocent people 's information -- would not be pertinent . But the court has developed separate precedents , centered on the idea that investigations to prevent national - security threats are different from ordinary criminal cases . The court 's rulings on such matters are classified and almost impossible to challenge because of the secret nature of the proceedings . According to the court , the special nature of national - security and terrorism - prevention cases means `` relevant '' can have a broader meaning for those investigations , say people familiar with the rulings . People familiar with the system that uses phone records in investigations have said that the court 's novel legal theories allow the system to include bulk phone records , as long as there are privacy safeguards to limit searches .",
"14": "NSA analysts may query the database only `` when there is a reasonable suspicion , based on specific facts , that the particular basis for the query is associated with a foreign terrorist organization '' , according to Director of National Intelligence James Clapper . The NSA database includes data about people 's phone calls -- numbers dialed , how long a call lasted -- but not the actual conversations . According to Supreme Court rulings , a phone call 's content is covered by the Constitution 's Fourth Amendment , which restricts unreasonable searches , but the other types of data are not . `` Relevant '' has long been a broad standard , but the way the court is interpreting it , to mean , in effect , `` everything '' , is new , said Mark Eckenwiler , a lawyer who until December 2012 was the Justice Department 's primary authority on federal criminal surveillance law . `` I think it 's a stretch '' of previous federal legal interpretations , said Eckenwiler . If a federal attorney `` served a grand - jury subpoena for such a broad class of records in a criminal investigation , he or she would be laughed out of court '' . Given the traditional legal definition of relevant , Timothy Edgar , a former top privacy lawyer at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and the National Security Council in the Bush and Obama administrations , noted it is `` a fair point '' to say that someone reading the law might believe it refers to `` individualized requests '' or `` requests in small batches , rather than in bulk database form '' . From that standpoint , Edgar said , the reinterpretation of relevant amounts to `` secret law '' . Controversies ( edit ) 2013 NSA controversy ( edit ) Main article : 2013 mass surveillance scandal In June 2013 , a copy of a top - secret warrant , issued by the court on April 25 , 2013 , was leaked to London 's The Guardian newspaper by NSA contractor Edward Snowden . That warrant orders Verizon Business Network Services to provide a daily feed to the NSA containing `` telephony metadata '' -- comprehensive call detail records , including location data -- about all calls in its system , including those that occur `` wholly within the United States , including local telephone calls '' .",
"15": "The Obama administration published on July 31 , 2013 a FISA Court ruling supporting an earlier order requiring a Verizon subsidiary to turn over all of its customers ' phone logs for a three - month period , with rules that must be followed when accessing the data . The document leaked to The Guardian acted as a `` smoking gun '' and sparked a public outcry of criticism and complaints that the court exceeded its authority and violated the Fourth Amendment by issuing general warrants . The Washington Post then reported that it knew of other orders , and that the court had been issuing such orders , to all telecommunication companies , every three months since May 24 , 2006 . Since the telephone metadata program was revealed , the intelligence community , some members of Congress , and the Obama administration have defended its legality and use . Most of these defenses involve the 1979 Supreme Court decision Smith v. Maryland which established that people do not have a `` reasonable expectation '' of privacy for electronic metadata held by third parties like a cellphone provider . That data is not considered `` content '' , theoretically giving law enforcement more flexibility in collecting it . On July 19 , 2013 , the court renewed the permission for the NSA to collect Verizon customer records en masse . The U.S. government was relying on a part of American case law known as the `` third - party doctrine '' . This notion said that when a person has voluntarily disclosed information to a third party -- in this case , the telephony metadata -- the customer no longer has a reasonable expectation of privacy over the numbers dialed nor their duration . Therefore , this doctrine argued , such metadata can be accessed by law enforcement with essentially no problem . The content of communications are , however , subject to the Fourth Amendment . The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court held in October 2011 , citing multiple Supreme Court precedents , that the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the contents of all communications , whatever the means , because `` a person 's private communications are akin to personal papers '' . Former FISC judge Colleen Kollar - Kotelly , who provided the legal foundation for the NSA amassing a database of all Americans ' phone records , told associates in the summer of 2013 that she wanted her legal argument out .",
"16": "Rulings for the plaintiff in cases brought by the ACLU on September 10 and 12 , 2013 , prompted James Clapper to concede that the government had overreached in its covert surveillance under part 215 of FISA and that the Act would likely be amended to reflect Congressional concern . The American Civil Liberties Union , a customer of Verizon , asked on November 22 , 2013 a federal district court in Lower Manhattan , New York to end the NSA phone call data collection program . The ACLU argued that the program violated the U.S. Constitution 's guarantees of privacy and information as well as exceeding the scope of its authorizing legislation , Section 215 of the Patriot Act . The U.S. government countered that the program is constitutional and that Congress was fully informed when it authorized and reauthorized Section 215 . Moreover , a government lawyer said , the ACLU has no standing to bring the case because it can not prove that its members have been harmed by the NSA 's use of the data . 2016 presidential election controversy ( edit ) Main article : Trump Tower wiretapping allegations In November 2016 , Louise Mensch reported on the news website Heat Street that , after an initial June 2016 FBI request was denied , the FISA court had granted a more narrowly - focused October request from the FBI `` to examine the activities of ' U.S. persons ' in Donald Trump 's campaign with ties to Russia '' . On 12 January 2017 , BBC journalist Paul Wood reported that , in response to an April 2016 tip from a foreign intelligence agency to the CIA about `` money from the Kremlin going into the US presidential campaign '' , a joint taskforce had been established including representatives of the FBI , the Department of the Treasury , the Department of Justice , the CIA , the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and the National Security Agency ; and in June 2016 lawyers from the Department of Justice had applied to the FISA court for `` permission to intercept the electronic records from two Russian banks '' . According to Wood , this application was rejected , as was a more narrowly focussed request in July , and the order was finally granted by a different FISA judge on 15 October , three weeks before the presidential election .",
"17": "On January 19 the New York Times reported that one of its sources had claimed `` intelligence reports based on some of the wiretapped communications had been provided to the White House '' . On 13 March , the Senate Intelligence Committee demanded that the Trump administration provide evidence to support the US president 's claim , and on 16 March the committee reported that they had seen no evidence to support Trump 's accusation that the Obama administration tapped his phones during the 2016 presidential campaign . On Fox News on March 14 , commentator Andrew Napolitano said , `` Three intelligence sources have informed Fox News that President Obama went outside the chain of command ... He used GCHQ . What is that ? It 's the initials for the British intelligence spying agency . Simply by saying to them , ' The president needs transcripts of conversations involving candidate Trump 's conversations ' he 's able to get it and there 's no American fingerprints on this . '' Two days later , on March 16 , White House press spokesperson , Sean Spicer , read this claim to the press . A GCHQ spokesman responded : `` Recent allegations made by media commentator Judge Andrew Napolitano about GCHQ being asked to conduct ' wiretapping ' against the then president elect are nonsense . They are utterly ridiculous and should be ignored . '' On March 17 , the US made a formal apology to Britain for the accusation . On April 11 , the Washington Post reported that the FBI had been granted a FISA warrant in the summer of 2016 to monitor then Trump adviser Carter Page . According to the report , `` The FBI and the Justice Department obtained the warrant targeting Carter Page 's communications after convincing a Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court judge that there was probable cause to believe Page was acting as an agent of a foreign power , in this case Russia , according to the officials . '' The report also states that the warrant has been renewed multiple times since its first issue . Composition ( edit ) When the court was founded , it was composed of seven federal district judges appointed by the Chief Justice of the United States , each serving a seven - year term , with one judge being appointed each year . In 2001 , the USA PATRIOT Act expanded the court from seven to eleven judges , and required that at least three of the Court 's judges live within twenty miles ( 32 km ) of the District of Columbia .",
"18": "No judge may be appointed to this court more than once , and no judge may be appointed to both the Court of Review and the FISA court . As of 2017 , Chief Justice John Roberts has appointed all of the current judges , four of whom were nominated to their District Court judgeships by a Democratic President . Membership ( edit ) ( as of 19 May 2017 ) Judge Judicial district Date appointed Term expiry Reference Collyer , Rosemary Rosemary Collyer District of Columbia 000000002013 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2013 000000002020 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2020 000000002016 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2016 Presiding Boasberg , Jeb Jeb Boasberg District of Columbia 000000002014 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2014 000000002021 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2021 Contreras , Rudolph Rudolph Contreras District of Columbia 000000002016 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2016 000000002023 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2023 Conway , Anne Anne Conway Middle District of Florida 000000002016 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2016 000000002023 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2023 Dearie , Raymond Raymond Dearie Eastern District of New York 000000002012 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2012 000000002023 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 2023 Eagan , Claire Claire Eagan Northern District of Oklahoma 000000002013 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2013 000000002019 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2019 Jones ,",
"19": "James James Jones Western District of Virginia 000000002015 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2015 000000002022 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2022 Kugler , Robert Robert Kugler District of New Jersey 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2017 000000002024 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2024 Mosman , Michael Michael Mosman District of Oregon 000000002013 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2013 000000002020 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2020 Russell , Thomas Thomas Russell Western District of Kentucky 000000002015 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2015 000000002022 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2022 Saylor , Dennis Dennis Saylor District of Massachusetts 000000002011 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2011 000000002018 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2018 Former members ( edit ) ( hide ) Judge Judicial district Date appointed Term expiry Ref Aronovitz , Sidney Sidney Aronovitz Southern District of Florida 000000001989 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1989 000000001992 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1992 Baker , Harold Harold Baker Central District of Illinois 000000001998 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1998 000000002005 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2005 Bates , John John Bates District of Columbia 000000002006 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2006 000000002013 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 ,",
"20": "2013 000000002009 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2009 Presiding Benson , Dee Dee Benson District of Utah 000000002004 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2004 000000002011 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2011 Bonsal , Dudley Dudley Bonsal Southern District of New York 000000001981 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 1981 000000001984 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1984 Broomfield , Robert Robert Broomfield District of Arizona 000000002002 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2002 000000002009 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2009 Brotman , Stanley Stanley Brotman District of New Jersey 000000001997 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 1997 000000002004 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2004 Bryan , Albert Albert Bryan Eastern District of Virginia 000000001979 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1979 000000001986 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1986 Cacheris , James James Cacheris Eastern District of Virginia 000000001993 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1993 000000002000 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2000 Carr , James James Carr Northern District of Ohio 000000002002 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2002 000000002008 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2008 Carroll , Earl Earl Carroll District of Arizona 000000001993 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1993 000000001999 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 ,",
"21": "1999 Coffman , Jennifer Jennifer Coffman Eastern District of Kentucky 000000002011 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2011 000000002013 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2013 Conway , John John Conway District of New Mexico 000000002002 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2002 000000002003 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2003 Cyr , Conrad Conrad Cyr District of Maine 000000001987 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1987 000000001989 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1989 Daugherty , Frederick Frederick Daugherty Northern District of Oklahoma 000000001981 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1981 000000001988 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1988 Davis , Michael Michael Davis District of Minnesota 000000001999 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1999 000000002006 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2006 Devitt , Edward Edward Devitt District of Minnesota 000000001985 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1985 000000001992 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1992 Feldman , Martin Martin Feldman Eastern District of Louisiana 000000002010 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2010 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Freedman , Frank Frank Freedman District of Massachusetts 000000001990 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 1990 000000001994 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1994 Gorton ,",
"22": "Nathaniel Nathaniel Gorton District of Massachusetts 000000002001 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2001 000000002008 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2008 Green , Joyce Joyce Green District of Columbia 000000001988 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1988 000000001995 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1995 000000001990 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1990 Presiding Hart , George George Hart District of Columbia 000000001979 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1979 Presiding 000000001982 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1982 Hilton , Claude Claude Hilton Eastern District of Virginia 000000002000 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2000 000000002007 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2007 Hogan , Thomas Thomas Hogan District of Columbia 000000002009 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2009 000000002016 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2016 000000002014 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2014 Presiding Howard , Malcolm Malcolm Howard Eastern District of North Carolina 000000002005 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2005 000000002012 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2012 Kazen , George George Kazen Southern District of Texas 000000002003 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 2003 000000002010 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2010 Keenan , John John Keenan Southern District of New York 000000001994 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 ,",
"23": "1994 000000002001 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2001 Kollar - Kotelly , Colleen Colleen Kollar - Kotelly District of Columbia 000000002002 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2002 Presiding 000000002009 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2009 Lacey , Frederick Frederick Lacey District of New Jersey 000000001979 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1979 000000001985 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1985 Lamberth , Royce Royce Lamberth District of Columbia 000000001995 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1995 Presiding 000000002002 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2002 MacBride , Thomas Thomas MacBride Eastern District of California 000000001979 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1979 000000001980 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1980 MacMahon , Lloyd Lloyd MacMahon Southern District of New York 000000001985 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1985 000000001989 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 1989 McGarr , Frank Frank McGarr Northern District of Illinois 000000001979 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1979 000000001983 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1983 McLaughlin , Mary Mary McLaughlin Eastern District of Pennsylvania 000000002008 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2008 000000002015 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2015 Meredith , James James Meredith Eastern District of Missouri 000000001979 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 ,",
"24": "1979 000000001981 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1981 Miles , Wendell Wendell Miles Western District of Michigan 000000001989 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1989 000000001996 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1996 Murray , Herbert Herbert Murray District of Maryland 000000001986 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1986 000000001993 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1993 Noland , James James Noland Southern District of Indiana 000000001983 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1983 000000001990 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1990 000000001988 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1988 Presiding O'Kelley , William William O'Kelley Northern District of Georgia 000000001980 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1980 000000001987 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1987 Pierce , Lawrence Lawrence Pierce District of Columbia 000000001979 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1979 000000001981 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1981 Robertson , James James Robertson District of Columbia 000000002002 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2002 000000002008 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 2008 Schwartz , Charles Charles Schwartz Eastern District of Louisiana 000000001992 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1992 000000001999 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1999 Scullin , Frederick Frederick Scullin Northern District of New York 000000002004 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 ,",
"25": "2004 000000002011 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2011 Smith , John John Smith District of Columbia 000000001982 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1982 Presiding 000000001988 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1988 Stafford , William William Stafford Northern District of Florida 000000001996 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1996 000000002003 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2003 Thompson , Ralph Ralph Thompson Western District of Oklahoma 000000001990 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 1990 000000001997 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1997 Vinson , Roger Roger Vinson Northern District of Florida 000000002006 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2006 000000002013 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2013 Walton , Reggie Reggie Walton District of Columbia 000000002007 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2007 000000002014 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2014 000000002013 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2013 Presiding Webber Wright , Susan Susan Webber Wright Eastern District of Arkansas 000000002009 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2009 000000002016 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2016 Zagel , James James Zagel Northern District of Illinois 000000002008 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2008 000000002015 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2015 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Intelligence portal Law portal Commission nationale de contrôle des interceptions de sécurité In re : Sealed Case No.",
"26": "02 - 001 NSA call database NSA warrantless surveillance ( 2001 -- 07 ) Operation CHAOS References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The phrase `` secret law written by the court '' is a little misleading , because the distinction between `` creating '' a body of law rather than `` writing '' is important , since courts do not have the authority to write law , even if the end result is very close to the same . References Jump up ^ Cohen , David B. ; Wells , John Wilson ( 2004 ) . American National Security and Civil Liberties in an Era of Terrorism . New York City : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 403 - 96200 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Lichtblau , Eric ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` In Secret , Court Vastly Broadens Powers of N.S.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Unlike the Supreme Court , the FISA court hears from only one side in the case -- the government -- and its findings are almost never made public . ^ Jump up to : Wilber , Del Quentin ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Surveillance Court Quietly Moving '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leonnig , Carol D. ; Nakashima , Ellen ; Gellman , Barton ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Secret - Court Judges Upset at Portrayal of ' Collaboration ' with Government '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) `` For about 30 years , the court was located on the sixth floor of the Justice Department 's headquarters , down the hall from the officials who would argue in front of it . ( The court moved to the District 's federal courthouse in 2009 . ) '' Jump up ^ ( subscription required ) Evan , Perez ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` Secret Court 's Oversight Gets Scrutiny '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harwood , Matthew .",
"27": "`` The Terrifying Surveillance Case of Brandon Mayfield Al Jazeera America . '' The Terrifying Surveillance Case of Brandon Mayfield Al Jazeera America . N.p. , February 8 , 2014 . Weborn December 2 , 2014 . http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/2/the-terrifying-surveillancecaseofbrandonmayfield.html ^ Jump up to : Staff ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court Orders 1979 -- 2014 '' . Electronic Privacy Information Center . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FISA Annual Reports to Congress -- 1979 '' . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip ( August 23 , 2002 ) . `` Secret Court Says F.B.I. Aides Misled Judges in 75 Cases '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Risen , James ; Lichtblau , Eric ( December 16 , 2005 ) . `` Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leonnig , Carol D. ; Linzer , Dafna ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Spy Court Judge Quits In Protest -- Jurist Concerned Bush Order Tainted Work of Secret Panel '' . The Washington Post ( via Information Clearing House ) . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` US Must Fix Secret Fisa Courts , Says Top Judge Who Granted Surveillance Orders -- James Robertson Breaks Ranks and Says He Was Shocked to Hear of Changes to Allow Broader Authorisation of NSA Programs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` Obama administration had restrictions on NSA reversed in 2011 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ https://fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/fiscr082208.pdf Jump up ^ Miller , Claire Cain ; Perlroth , Nicole ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Secret Court Declassifies Yahoo 's Role in Disclosure Fight '' . Bits ( blog of The New York Times ) . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ackerman , Spencer ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Fisa Chief Judge Defends Integrity of Court over Verizon Records Collection -- Reggie Walton Tells The Guardian Claims Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ' Is a Rubber Stamp ( Are ) Absolutely False ' -- Revealed : NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walton , Reggie B. ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 - 07 - 29 Letter of FISA Court president Reggie B. Walton to the Chairman of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Patrick J. Leahy about certain operations of the FISA Court '' . leahy.senate.gov . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` Secrecy of surveillance programs blunts challenges about legality '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Masnick , Mike ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` FISA Court Argues To Senate That It 's Not A Rubber Stamp '' . TechDirt . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 10 - 11 Letter of FISC president Reggie B. Walton to U.S. Senator Charles S. Grassley '' . Mike Masnick . Techdirt . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leonnig , Carol D. ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Secret court says it is no rubber stamp ; work led to changes in U.S. spying requests '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Bad Joke Called ' the FISA Court ' Shows How a ' Drone Court ' Would Work -- Newly Released Data Show That the Government Submitted 1,789 Eavesdropping Requests Last Year , and None Was Rejected '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` Toobin : Bush on ' Questionable Legal Footing ' '' . CNN . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pauley III , William H. ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` United States District Court Southern District of New York : American Civil Liberties Union v. James R. Clapper ( 13 Civ. 3994 ) ( WHP ) ) - Footnote 3 at page 8 : Testimony before the House Pennanent Select Committee on Intelligence , dated Jun. 18 , 2013 , Robert Litt , General Counsel , Office of the Director of National Intelligence at 17 - 18 ( ECF No. 33 - 13 ) '' ( PDF ) . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leahy , Patrick ; Grassley , Charles ; Specter , Arlen ( February 2003 ) . Interim Report on FBI Oversight in the 107th Congress by the Senate Judiciary Committee : FISA Implementation Failures . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Congress Senate Judiciary Committee ( via Federation of American Scientists ) . OCLC 51857861 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` With NSA Revelations , Sen. Ron Wyden 's Vague Warnings About Privacy Finally Become Clear '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Ezra ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Did You Know John Roberts Is Also Chief Justice of the NSA 's Surveillance State ? '' . The Washington Post . Wonkblog .",
"30": "Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Only one of the 11 members is a Democrat . Jump up ^ `` The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court '' . The Washington Post . June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Joan ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` John Roberts ' Scary Secret Powers -- Running the Shadowy FISA Court , Where 10 of 11 Judges He Appointed Are Republican , Could Even Trump His SCOTUS Role '' . Salon . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Roberts 's Picks Reshaping Secret Surveillance Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` N.S.A. Program Gathers Data on a Third of Nation 's Calls , Officials Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shiffman , John ; Cooke , Kristina ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Judges Who Preside over America 's Secret Court '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Savage , Charlie ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Roberts 's Picks Reshaping Secret Surveillance Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vladeck , Steve ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Why Clapper Matters : The Future of Programmatic Surveillance '' . lawfareblog.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Procedures Used by NSA to Target Non-US Persons : Exhibit A -- Full Document -- Top - Secret Documents Show Fisa Judges Have Signed Off on Broad Orders Allowing the NSA to Make Use of Information ' Inadvertently ' Collected from Domestic US Communications Without a Warrant -- Revealed : The Secret Rules That Allow NSA to Use US Data Without a Warrant '' . The Guardian .",
"31": "Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Procedures Used by NSA to Minimize Data Collection from US Persons : Exhibit B -- Full Document -- The Documents Detail the Procedures the NSA Is Required to Follow to Target ' Non-US Persons ' under Its Foreign Intelligence Powers -- And What the Agency Does to Minimize Data Collected on US Citizens and Residents -- Revealed : The Secret Rules That Allow NSA to Use US Data Without a Warrant '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Glenn ; Ball , James ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Top Secret Rules That Allow NSA to Use US Data Without a Warrant -- Fisa Court Submissions Show Broad Scope of Procedures Governing NSA 's Surveillance of Americans ' Communication -- Document One : Procedures Used by NSA to Target Non-US Persons -- Document Two : Procedures Used by NSA to Minimise Data Collected from US Persons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ellen Nakashima , Barton Gellman & Greg Miller ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` New documents reveal parameters of NSA 's secret surveillance programs '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Fisa Court Oversight : A Look Inside a Secret and Empty Process -- Obama and Other NSA Defenders Insist There Are Robust Limitations on Surveillance But the Documents Show Otherwise '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Aiy ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Skeptical Congress Turns Its Spycam on NSA Surveillance '' . McClatchy Washington Bureau . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Selya , Bruce M. ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Case No. 08 - 01 In Re Directives ( redacted text ) Pursuant to Section 105B of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act '' ( PDF ) . U.S.",
"32": "Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review ( via the Federation of American Scientists ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Risen , James ; Lichtblau , Eric ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Court Affirms Wiretapping Without Warrants '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( subscription required ) Perez , Evan ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Court Backs U.S. Wiretapping '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilber , Del Quentin ; Smith , R. Jeffrey ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Intelligence Court Releases Ruling in Favor of Warrantless Wiretapping '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Braun , Stephan ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Former Judge Admits Flaws in Secret Court '' . Associated Press ( via ABC News ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( subscription required ) Valentino - Devries , Jennifer ; Gorman , Siobhan ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Secret Court 's Redefinition of ' Relevant ' Empowered Vast NSA Data - Gathering '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Glenn ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily -- Exclusive : Top Secret Court Order Requiring Verizon to Hand Over All Call Data Shows Scale of Domestic Surveillance under Obama '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ; Ackerman , Spencer ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` NSA Collected US Email Records in Bulk for More Than Two Years under Obama -- Secret Program Launched by Bush Continued ' Until 2011 ' -- Fisa Court Renewed Collection Order Every 90 Days -- Current NSA Programs Still Mine US Internet Metadata '' . The Guardian .",
"33": "Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ; Ackerman , Spencer ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` How the NSA Is Still Harvesting Your Online Data -- Files Show Vast Scale of Current NSA Metadata Programs , with One Stream Alone Celebrating ' One Trillion Records Processed ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Savage , Charlie ; Wyatt , Edward ; Baker , Peter ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. Confirms That It Gathers Online Data Overseas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Verizon Providing All Call Records to U.S. under Court Order '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Secondary Order , July 19 , 2013 Jump up ^ Vinson , Roger ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` In Re Application of the Federal Bureau of Investigation for an Order Requiring the Production of Tangible Things from Verizon Business Network Services , Inc. on Behalf of MCI Communication Services , Inc. d / b / a Verizon Business Services '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( via the Electronic Privacy Information Center ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Newly Ceclassified Documents on Phone Records Program Released '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ; Sanger , David E. ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Senate Panel Presses N.S.A. on Phone Logs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Vinson , Roger ( April 25 , 2013 ) .",
"34": "`` FISA Court Primary Order Collection 215 '' . FISA Court ( via DocumentCloud ) . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Savage , Charlie ; Wyatt , Edward ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. Is Secretly Collecting Records of Verizon Calls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen ; Markon , Jerry ; O'Keefe , Ed ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Administration , Lawmakers Defend NSA Program to Collect Phone Records '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Goldenberg , Suzanne ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Al Gore : NSA 's Secret Surveillance Program ' Not Really the American Way ' -- Former Vice-President -- Not Persuaded by Argument That Program Was Legal -- Urges Congress and Obama to Amend the Laws '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gellman , Barton ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. Surveillance Architecture Includes Collection of Revealing Internet , Phone Metadata '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Priest , Dana ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Piercing the confusion around NSA 's phone surveillance program '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Andrea ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` The NSA says it ' obviously ' can track locations without a warrant . That 's not so obvious '' . The Washington Post 's The Switch . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sottek , T.C. ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Lawmakers Blast Phone Surveillance Dragnet : ' We Have a Very Serious Violation of the Law ' -- Can Congress Rein in Its Own Demons ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ Whittaker , Zack ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Verizon 's Secret Data Order Timed to Expire , but NSA Spying to Carry On '' . Zero Day ( blog of ZDNet ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Rachel ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Asserts Authority over Phone Records '' . Between the Lines ( blog of ZDNet ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farivar , Cyrus ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Snowden Be Damned : Government Renews US Call Record Order -- Again , Feds Argue There 's No ' Legitimate Expectation of Privacy ' over Metadata '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John D Bates ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` ( redacted ) '' ( PDF ) . pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ellen Nakashima & Carol D. Leonnig ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` Effort underway to declassify document that is legal foundation for NSA phone program '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fisa judge : Snowden 's NSA disclosures triggered important spying debate , Ackerman , Spencer . The Guardian . September 13 , 2013 . Accessed September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` ACLU asks court to end NSA surveillance program that collects phone call data '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : FBI ' Granted FISA Warrant ' Covering Trump Camp 's Ties To Russia '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Wood ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Trump ' compromising ' claims : How and why did we get here ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 March 2017 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/us/politics/trump-russia-associates-investigation.html?_r=1 Jump up ^ `` Intelligence committee demands evidence from Trump administration over ' wire - tap ' claim '' . News.com.au. 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Source : AAP ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Senate Intelligence Committee sees no evidence the Obama administration tapped Donald Trump 's phones during the presidential campaign '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barney Henderson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GCHQ issues rare public statement to dismiss Trump Tower wiretapping claims as ' utterly ridiculous ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steven Swinford ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` US makes formal apology to Britain after White House accuses GCHQ of wiretapping Trump Tower '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Nakashima , Devlin Barrett and Adam Entous ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` FBI obtained FISA warrant to monitor former Trump adviser Carter Page '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court -- 2014 Membership '' . Federation of American Scientists . n.d . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aftergood , Steven ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` FISA Court Appointments , Potential Reforms , and More from CRS '' . Secrecy News . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Federation of American Scientists -- The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court : 2016 Membership ^ Jump up to : `` Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 2015 Membership '' . Federation of American Scientists . n.d . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Posses , Shayna ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` New Jersey Federal Judge Named To Surveillance Court '' . Law360 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 .",
"37": "( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Savage , Charlie ( May 2013 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review : Current and Past Members '' . The New York Times ( via DocumentCloud ) . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Savage , Charlie ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Roberts 's Picks Reshaping Secret Surveillance Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ingram , David ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Thomas Hogan Named Presiding Judge of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( n.d. ) . `` The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court -- 2013 Membership '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Current active judges of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Collyer Boasberg Contreras Conway Dearie Eagan Jones Kugler Mosman Russell Saylor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court&oldid=821909285 '' Categories : United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 1978 establishments in Washington , D.C. Government agencies established in 1978 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with login required references or sources Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 09 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"38": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did martial law in the philippines end
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"0": "History of the Philippines ( 1965 -- 86 ) - wikipedia History of the Philippines ( 1965 -- 86 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Republic of the Philippines Republika ng Pilipinas República de Filipinas 1973 -- 1986 Flag ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Coat of arms Anthem Lupang Hinirang ( official ) `` Chosen Land '' Martsa ng Bagong Lipunan ( secondary ) `` Hymn of the New Society '' Location of the Philippines in Southeast Asia . Capital Manila Languages Filipino English Spanish Government Unitary dominant - party parliamentary republic under totalitarian civic - military rule President 1965 -- 1986 Ferdinand Marcos 1986 Corazon Aquino Vice President 1965 - 1972 Fernando Lopez 1986 Arturo Tolentino 1986 Salvador Laurel Prime Minister 1978 -- 1981 Ferdinand Marcos 1981 - 1986 Cesar Virata 1986 Salvador Laurel Legislature President exercises legislative powers in conjunction to the Batasang Pambansa History 1973 Constitution January 17 , 1973 EDSA Revolution February 22 , 1986 Area 343,448 km ( 132,606 sq mi ) Currency Philippine peso Preceded by Succeeded by Third Philippine Republic Philippines Fifth Philippine Republic The history of the Philippines , from 1965 -- 1986 , covers the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos , also known as Ferdinand Marcos Administration . The Marcos era includes the final years of the Third Republic ( 1965 -- 72 ) , the Philippines under martial law ( 1972 -- 81 ) , and the majority of the Fourth Republic ( 1981 -- 86 ) .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 The Marcos administration ( 1965 -- 72 ) 1.1 First term 1.2 Second term 1.3 Plaza Miranda bombing 2 Martial law ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 2.1 Economy 2.2 Parliamentary elections 3 The Fourth Republic ( 1981 -- 1986 ) 4 End of the Marcos regime 5 References 6 External links The Marcos administration ( 1965 -- 72 ) ( edit ) First term ( edit ) In 1965 , Ferdinand Marcos won the presidential election and became the 10th President of the Philippines . His first term was marked with increased industrialization and the creation of solid infrastructure nationwide , such as the North Luzon Expressway and the Maharlika Highway . Marcos did this by appointing a cabinet composed mostly of technocrats and intellectuals , by increasing funding to the Armed Forces , and mobilizing them to help in construction . Marcos also established schools and learning institutions nationwide , more than the combined total of those established by his predecessors . In 1968 , Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. warned that Marcos was on the road to establishing `` a garrison state '' by `` ballooning the armed forces budget '' , saddling the defense establishment with `` overstaying generals '' and `` militarizing our civilian government offices '' . These were prescient comments in the light of events that would happen in the following decade . Marcos also sent 10,450 Filipino soldiers to Vietnam during his term , under the PHILCAG ( Philippine Civic Action Group ) . Fidel Ramos , who was later to become the 12th President of the Philippines in 1992 , was a part of this expeditionary force . Second term ( edit ) In 1969 , Marcos ran for a second term ( allowable under the 1935 constitution then in effect ) , and won against 11 other candidates . Marcos ' second term was marked by economic turmoil brought about by factors both external and internal , a restless student body who demanded educational reforms , a rising crime rate , and a growing Communist insurgency , among other things . Ferdinand Marcos , president from 1965 -- 1986 .",
"2": "At one point , student activists took over the Diliman campus of the University of the Philippines and declared it a free commune , which lasted for a while before the government dissolved it . Violent protesting continued over the next few years until the declaration of martial law in 1972 . The event was popularly known as the First Quarter Storm . During the First Quarter Storm in 1970 the line between leftist activists and communists became increasingly blurred , as a significant number of Kabataang Makabayan ( ' KM ' ) advanced activists joined the party of the Communist Party also founded by Jose Maria Sison . KM members protested in front of Congress , throwing a coffin , a stuffed alligator , and stones at Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos after his State of the Nation Address . On the presidential palace , activists rammed the gate with a fire truck and once the gate broke and gave way , the activists charged into the Palace grounds tossing rocks , pillboxes , Molotov cocktails . In front of the US embassy , protesters vandalized , arsoned and damaged the embassy lobby resulting to a strong protest from the U.S. Ambassador . The KM protests ranged from 50,000 to 100,000 in number per weekly mass action . In the aftermath of the January 1970 riots , at least two activists were confirmed dead and several were injured by the police . The mayor of Manila at the time , Antonio Villegas , commended the Manila Police District for their `` exemplary behavior and courage '' and protecting the First Couple long after they have left . The death of the activists was seized by the Lopez controlled Manila Times and Manila Chronicle , blaming Marcos and added fire to the weekly protests . Students declared a week - long boycott of classes and instead met to organize protest rallies . Rumors of coup d'etat were also brewing . A report of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee said that shortly after the Philippine presidential election , 1969 , a group composed mostly of retired colonels and generals organized a revolutionary junta with the aim of first discrediting President Marcos and then killing him . As described in a document given to the committee by Philippine Government official , key figures in the plot were Vice President Fernando Lopez and Sergio Osmena Jr. , whom Marcos defeated in the 1969 election . Marcos even went to the U.S.",
"3": "embassy to dispel rumors that the U.S. embassy is supporting a coup d'etat which the opposition liberal party was spreading . While the report obtained by the NY Times speculated saying that story could be used by Marcos to justify Martial Law , as early as December 1969 in a message from the U.S. Ambassador to the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State , the U.S. Ambassador said that most of the talk about revolution and even assassination has been coming from the defeated opposition , of which Adevoso ( of the Liberal Party ) is a leading activist . He also said that the information he has on the assassination plans are ' hard ' or well - sourced and he has to make sure that it reached President Marcos . In light of the crisis , Marcos wrote an entry in his diary in January 1970 : `` I have several options . One of them is to abort the subversive plan now by the sudden arrest of the plotters . But this would not be accepted by the people . Nor could we get the Huks ( Communists ) , their legal cadres and support . Nor the MIM ( Maoist International Movement ) and other subversive ( or front ) organizations , nor those underground . We could allow the situation to develop naturally then after massive terrorism , wanton killings and an attempt at my assassination and a coup d'etat , then declare martial law or suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus -- and arrest all including the legal cadres . Right now I am inclined towards the latter . '' Plaza Miranda BOMBING ( edit ) Main article : Plaza Miranda bombing On August 21 , 1971 , the Liberal Party held a campaign rally at the Plaza Miranda to proclaim their Senatorial bets and their candidate for the Mayoralty of Manila . Two grenades were reportedly tossed on stage , injuring almost everybody present . As a result , Marcos suspended the writ of habeas corpus in order to arrest those behind the attack . He rounded up a list of supposed suspects , Escabas , and other undesirables in an effort to eliminate rivals in the Liberal Party .",
"4": "Based on interviews of The Washington Post with former Communist Party of the Philippines Officials , it was revealed that `` the ( Communist ) party leadership planned -- and three operatives carried out -- the attack in an attempt to provoke government repression and push the country to the brink of revolution ... ( Communist Party Leader ) Sison had calculated that Marcos could be provoked into cracking down on his opponents , thereby driving thousands of political activists into the underground , the former party officials said . Recruits were urgently needed , they said , to make use of a large influx of weapons and financial aid that China had already agreed to provide . '' Martial law ( 1972 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) Main article : Martial law in the Philippines In September 23 , 1972 , then Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile was ambushed while en route home . This assassination attempt ( which was widely believed to have been staged but denied by Enrile himself ) together with the general citizen disquiet , were used by Marcos as reasons to issue Presidential Proclamation No. 1081 , proclaiming a State of martial law in the Philippines on September 21 . Rigoberto Tiglao , former press secretary and a former communist incarcerated during the martial law , argued that the liberal and communist parties provoked martial law imposition . Enrile said that `` The most significant event that made President Marcos decide to declare martial law was the MV Karagatan incident in July 1972 . It was the turning point . The MV Karagatan involved the infiltration of high powered rifles , ammunition , 40 - millimeter rocket launchers , rocket projectiles , communications equipment , and other assorted war materials by the CPP - NPA - NDF on the Pacific side of Isabela in Cagayan Valley . '' The weapons were shipped from Communist China which at that time was exporting the communist revolution and supported the NPA 's goal to overthrow the government . Marcos , who thereafter ruled by decree , curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties , abolished Congress , controlled media establishments , and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists , including his staunchest critics Senators Benigno Aquino Jr. and Jose W. Diokno , virtually turning the Philippines into a Totalitarian Dictatorship with Marcos as its Supreme Leader . Initially , the declaration of martial law was well received , given the social turmoil of the period .",
"5": "Crime rates decreased significantly after a curfew was implemented . Political opponents were given the opportunity to go into exile . As martial law went on for the next nine years , the excesses committed by the military increased . In total , there were 3,257 extrajudicial killings , 35,000 individual tortures , and 70,000 were incarcerated . It is also reported that 737 Filipinos disappeared between 1975 and 1985 . I am president . I am the most powerful man in the Philippines . All that I have dreamt of I have . More accurately , I have all the material things I want of life -- a wife who is loving and is a partner in the things I do , bright children who will carry my name , a life well lived -- all . But I feel a discontent . -- Ferdinand Marcos Though it was made clear that Martial law was no military take - over of the government , the immediate reaction of some sectors of the nation was of astonishment and dismay , for even if everyone knew that the gravity of the disorder , lawlessness , social injustice , youth and student activism and other disturbing movements had reached a point of peril , they felt that martial law over the whole country was not yet warranted . Worse , political motivations were ascribed to be behind the proclamation , since the then constitutionally non-extendable term of President Marcos was about to expire . This suspicion became more credible when opposition leaders and outspoken anti-administration media people were immediately placed under indefinite detention in military camps and other unusual restrictions were imposed on travel , communication , freedom of speech and of the press , etc . In a word , the martial law regime was anathema to no small portion of the populace . It was in the light of the above circumstances and as a means of solving the dilemma aforementioned that the concept embodied in Amendment No. 6 was born in the Constitution of 1973 . In brief , the central idea that emerged was that martial law might be earlier lifted , but to safeguard the Philippines and its people against any abrupt dangerous situation which would warrant the exercise of some authoritarian powers , the latter must be constitutionally allowed , thereby eliminating the need to proclaim martial law and its concomitants , principally the assertion by the military of prerogatives that made them appear superior to the civilian authorities below the President .",
"6": "In other words , the problem was what may be needed for national survival or the restoration of normalcy in the face of a crisis or an emergency should be reconciled with the popular mentality and attitude of the people against martial law . In a speech before his fellow alumni of the University of the Philippines College of Law , President Marcos declared his intention to lift martial law by the end of January 1981 . The reassuring words for the skeptic came on the occasion of the University of the Philippines law alumni reunion on December 12 , 1980 when the President declared : `` We must erase once and for all from the public mind any doubts as to our resolve to bring martial law to an end and to minister to an orderly transition to parliamentary government . '' The apparent forthright irrevocable commitment was cast at the 45th anniversary celebration of the Armed Forces of the Philippines on December 22 , 1980 when the President proclaimed : `` A few days ago , following extensive consultations with a broad representation of various sectors of the nation and in keeping with the pledge made a year ago during the seventh anniversary of the New Society , I came to the firm decision that martial law should be lifted before the end of January , 1981 , and that only in a few areas where grave problems of public order and national security continue to exist will martial law continue to remain in force . '' Economy ( edit ) According to World Bank Data , the Philippine 's Gross Domestic Product quadrupled from $8 billion in 1972 to $32.45 billion in 1980 . Indeed , according to the U.S. based Heritage Foundation , the Philippines enjoyed its best economic development since 1945 between 1972 . The economy grew amidst the two severe global oil shocks following the 1973 oil crisis and 1979 energy crisis - oil price was $3 / barrel in 1973 and $39.5 in 1979 , or a growth of 1200 % which drove inflation . All in all despite the 1984 - 1985 recession and despite criticisms of growth not benefiting the masses , GDP on a per capita basis more than tripled from $175.9 in 1965 to $565.8 in 1985 at the end of Marcos ' term .",
"7": "The Heritage Foundation pointed that when economy began to weaken 1979 , the government did not adopt anti-recessionist policies and instead launched risky and costly industrial projects . The government had a cautious borrowing policy in the 1970s . Amidst high oil prices , high interest rates , capital flight , and falling export prices of sugar and coconut , the Philippine government borrowed a significant amount of foreign debt in the early 1980s . The country 's total external debt rose from US $2.3 billion in 1970 to US $26.2 billion in 1985 . Marcos ' critics charged that policies have become debt - driven , along with corruption and plunder of public funds by Marcos and his cronies . This held the country under a debt - servicing crisis which is expected to be fixed by only 2025 . Critics have pointed out an elusive state of the country 's development as the period is marred by a sharp devaluing of the Philippine Peso from 3.9 to 20.53 . The overall economy experienced a slower growth GDP per capita , lower wage conditions and higher unemployment especially towards the end of Marcos ' term after the 1983 - 1984 recession . The recession was triggered largely by political instability following Ninoy 's assassination , high global interest rates , Severe global economic recession , and significant increase in global oil price , the latter three of which affected all indebted countries in Latin America , Europe , and the Philippines was not exempted . Critics claimed that poverty incidence grew from 41 % in the 1960s at the time Marcos took the Presidency to 59 % when he was removed from power . Parliamentary elections ( edit ) The first formal elections since 1969 for an interim Batasang Pambansa ( National Assembly ) were held on April 7 , 1978 . Sen. Aquino , then in jail , decided to run as leader of his party , the Lakas ng Bayan party , but they did not win any seats in the Batasan , despite public support and their apparent victory . The night before the elections , supporters of the LABAN party showed their solidarity by setting up a `` noise barrage '' in Manila , creating noise the whole night until dawn .",
"8": "The Fourth Republic ( 1981 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) The opposition boycotted the June 16 , 1981 presidential elections , which pitted Marcos and his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan party against retired Gen. Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party . Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes , which constitutionally allowed him to have another six - year term . Finance Minister Cesar Virata was elected as Prime Minister by the Batasang Pambansa . In 1983 , opposition leader Benigno `` Ninoy '' Aquino Jr. was assassinated at Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile in the United States . This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a series of events , including pressure from the United States , that culminated in a snap presidential election on February 7 , 1986 . The opposition united under Aquino 's widow , Corazon Aquino , and Salvador Laurel , head of the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations ( UNIDO ) . The election was marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering with results by both sides . The official election canvasser , the Commission on Elections ( COMELEC ) , declared Marcos the winner , despite a walk - out staged by disenfranchised computer technicians on February 9 . According to the COMELEC 's final tally , Marcos won with 10,807,197 votes to Aquino 's 9,291,761 votes . By contrast , the partial 70 % tally of NAMFREL , an accredited poll watcher , said Aquino won with 7,835,070 votes to Marcos 's 7,053,068 . End of the Marcos regime ( edit ) See also : Philippine presidential election , 1986 The fraudulent result was not accepted by Aquino and her supporters . International observers , including a U.S. delegation led by Senator Richard Lugar , denounced the official results . General Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile then withdrew their support for the administration , defecting and barricading themselves within Camp Crame . This resulted in that peaceful 1986 EDSA Revolution that forced Marcos into exile in Hawaii while Corazon Aquino became the 11th President of the Philippines on February 25 , 1986 .",
"9": "Under Aquino , the Philippines would adopt a new constitution , ending the Fourth Republic and ushering in the beginning of the Fifth Republic . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PHL marks 29th anniversary of Aquino 's assassination on Tuesday '' . Office of the President of the Philippines . August 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 Constitution , as amended '' . Official Gazette . Philippine government . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic role and contributions of Kabataang Makabayan - '' . 29 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lacaba , Jose F. ( 1982 ) . Days of Disquiet , Nights of Rage : The First Quarter Storm & Related Events . Manila : Salinlahi Pub . House . pp. 11 -- 45 , 157 -- 178 . Jump up ^ `` February - 1970 - The Philippine Diary Project '' . philippinediaryproject.wordpress.com . ^ Jump up to : `` January - 1970 - The Philippine Diary Project '' . philippinediaryproject.wordpress.com . Jump up ^ Finney , John W. ( 18 February 1973 ) . `` U.S. Killer Reported Hired In a Plot Against Marcos '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Foreign relations of the United States , 1969 - 1976 , V. 20 : Southeast Asia . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1969 -- 1976 , Volume XX , Southeast Asia , 1969 -- 1972 - Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Jump up ^ `` EX-COMMUNISTS PARTY BEHIND MANILA BOMBING '' . The Washington Post . August 4 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Celoza , Albert F. ( 1997 ) . Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines : The Political Economy of Authoritarianism . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 94137 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` True or false : Was 1972 Enrile ambush faked ? ''",
"10": ". The Philippine Inquirer. 8 October 2012 . `` Enrile on fake ambush : ' For real ' '' . The Philippine Inquirer. 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Struggle Between Truth and Falsehood '' . Law and Behold ! . ( reproducing news article reprints ) Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 1081 Archived 2012 - 08 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , September 21 , 1972 , Proclaiming a State of Martial Law in the Philippines , The LawPhil Project . Jump up ^ Inquirer ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Demystifying Marcos ' Martial Law Regime '' . Jump up ^ Manila Times ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Liberal and Communist parties provoked martial law imposition '' . Jump up ^ `` Enrile : CPP - NPA -- and China -- provoked Martial Law imposition - The Manila Times Online '' . www.manilatimes.net . Jump up ^ `` Alfred McCoy , Dark Legacy : Human rights under the Marcos regime '' . www.hartford-hwp.com . Jump up ^ William C. Rempel . Delusions of a Dictator : The Mind of Marcos As Revealed in His Secret Diaries . Little Brown & Co , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` G.R. No . L - 58289 July 24 , 1982 '' . Jump up ^ Legaspoi , Valentino . `` G.R. No . L - 58289 July 24 , 1982 '' . ( note 29 ) Jump up ^ Tan , Silverio Benny . `` THE PHILIPPINES AFTER THE LIFTING OF MARTIAL LAW : A LINGERING AUTHORITARIANISM '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Carag , Carlo . `` THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE LIFTING OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` GDP ( current US $ ) - Data '' . ^ Jump up to : `` GDP per capita ( current US $ ) - Data '' . data.worldbank.org .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` GDP ( current US $ ) - Data '' . data.worldbank.org . Jump up ^ https://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Roots of the Philippines ' Economic Troubles '' . ^ Jump up to : Introduction to `` The Marcos Legacy : Economic Policy and Foreign Debt in the Philippines '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . 1989 . Jump up ^ L. , Edward . `` The Roots of the Philippines ' Economic Troubles '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` United States Prime Rate History '' . www.fedprimerate.com . Jump up ^ James K. Galbraith . `` ' The Predator State : How Conservatives Abandoned the Free Market and Why Liberals Should Too ' '' . Jump up ^ Michael Mussa. `` ' C. Fred Bergsten and the World Economy , Volume 978 , Issues 397 - 399 ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Ferdinand Marcos ' economic disaster '' . Jump up ^ Mahar Manghas . `` ' Monitoring Philippine Poverty By Operational and Sociatal Indicators ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Marcos Economy Golden Age of PH ? Look at the Data '' . Rappler . Jump up ^ `` The dismal record of the Marcos regime '' . Philippine Star . Jump up ^ `` Martial Law and It 's Aftermath '' . US Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` The Marcos legacy of fraudulent and illegitimate debts '' . Freedom from debt coalition . Jump up ^ Peter Ackerman ; Jack DuVall ( 2001 ) , A force more powerful : a century of nonviolent conflict , Macmillan , p. 384 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24050 - 9 ; ^ Isabelo T. Crisostomo ( 1987 ) , Cory -- profile of a president , Branden Books , p. 193 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8283 - 1913 - 3 ( showing a reproduction of NAMFREL 's announcement of the results ) . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Peter ; DuVall , Jack ( 1 January 2000 ) . `` A Force More Powerful : A Century of Non-Violent Conflict '' . Palgrave Macmillan -- via Google Books . External",
"12": "links ( edit ) Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections",
"13": "Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Book Category Philippines portal Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis",
"14": "Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War",
"15": "South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement",
"16": "1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine",
"17": "Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"18": "php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1965 -- 86 ) &oldid = 838151619 '' Categories : Former countries in Southeast Asia States and territories established in 1973 States and territories disestablished in 1986 History of the Philippines ( 1965 -- 86 ) History of the Philippines by period Former polities of the Cold War Totalitarian states Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 07 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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name the four major layers of the earth in order
|
[
"an outer silicate solid crust",
"a highly viscous mantle",
"a liquid outer core",
"a solid inner core",
"an outer silicate solid crust",
"a highly viscous mantle",
"a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle",
"a solid inner core"
] |
{
"0": "Structure of the Earth - wikipedia Structure of the Earth Jump to : navigation , search Structure of the Earth The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells : an outer silicate solid crust , a highly viscous mantle , a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle , and a solid inner core . Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry , observations of rock in outcrop , samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity , analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth , measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth , and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth 's deep interior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mass 2 Structure 2.1 Crust 2.2 Mantle 2.3 Core 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Mass ( edit ) The force exerted by Earth 's gravity can be used to calculate its mass . Astronomers can also calculate Earth 's mass by observing the motion of orbiting satellites . Earth 's average density can be determined through gravitometric experiments , which have historically involved pendulums . The mass of Earth is about 7024600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 kg . Structure ( edit ) Earth 's radial density distribution according to the preliminary reference earth model ( PREM ) . Earth 's gravity according to the preliminary reference earth model ( PREM ) . Comparison to approximations using constant and linear density for Earth 's interior . Mapping the interior of Earth with earthquake waves . Schematic view of the interior of Earth . 1 . continental crust -- 2 . oceanic crust -- 3 . upper mantle -- 4 . lower mantle -- 5 . outer core -- 6 . inner core -- A : Mohorovičić discontinuity -- B : Gutenberg Discontinuity -- C : Lehmann -- Bullen discontinuity . The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways : by mechanical properties such as rheology , or chemically .",
"1": "Mechanically , it can be divided into lithosphere , asthenosphere , mesospheric mantle , outer core , and the inner core . Chemically , Earth can be divided into the crust , upper mantle , lower mantle , outer core , and inner core . The geologic component layers of Earth are at the following depths below the surface : Depth Layer Kilometres Miles 0 -- 60 0 -- 37 Lithosphere ( locally varies between 5 and 200 km ) 0 -- 35 0 -- 22 ... Crust ( locally varies between 5 and 70 km ) 35 -- 60 22 -- 37 ... Uppermost part of mantle 35 -- 2,890 22 -- 1,790 Mantle 210 - 270 130 - 168 ... Upper mesosphere ( upper mantle ) 660 -- 2,890 410 -- 1,790 ... Lower mesosphere ( lower mantle ) 2,890 -- 5,150 1,790 -- 3,160 Outer core 5,150 -- 6,360 3,160 -- 3,954 Inner core The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes . The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it , while the speed of travel ( seismic velocity ) is different in other layers . The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell 's law , like light bending as it passes through a prism . Likewise , reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror . Crust ( edit ) Main article : Crust ( geology ) The crust ranges from 5 -- 70 kilometres ( 3.1 -- 43.5 mi ) in depth and is the outermost layer . The thin parts are the oceanic crust , which underlie the ocean basins ( 5 -- 10 km ) and are composed of dense ( mafic ) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks , like basalt . The thicker crust is continental crust , which is less dense and composed of ( felsic ) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks , like granite .",
"2": "The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories -- sial and sima ( Suess , 1831 -- 1914 ) . It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity ( a second order discontinuity ) . The uppermost mantle together with the crust constitutes the lithosphere . The crust - mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events . First , there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity , which is most commonly known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho . The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar ( above ) to rocks that contain no feldspars ( below ) . Second , in oceanic crust , there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites , which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences . Many rocks now making up Earth 's crust formed less than 100 million ( 1 × 10 ) years ago ; however , the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion ( 4.4 × 10 ) years old , indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years . Mantle ( edit ) World map showing the position of the Moho . Main article : Mantle ( geology ) Earth 's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km , making it the thickest layer of Earth . The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle . The upper and lower mantle are separated by the transition zone . The lowest part of the mantle next to the core - mantle boundary is known as the D '' ( pronounced dee - double - prime ) layer . The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ≈ 140 G Pa ( 1.4 M atm ) . The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium relative to the overlying crust . Although solid , the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile that it can flow on very long timescales . Convection of the mantle is expressed at the surface through the motions of tectonic plates .",
"3": "As there is intense and increasing pressure as one travels deeper into the mantle , the lower part of the mantle flows less easily than does the upper mantle ( chemical changes within the mantle may also be important ) . The viscosity of the mantle ranges between 10 and 10 Pa s , depending on depth . In comparison , the viscosity of water is approximately 10 Pa s and that of pitch is 10 Pa s . The source of heat that drives plate tectonics is the primordial heat left over from the planet 's formation as well as the radioactive decay of uranium , thorium , and potassium in Earth 's crust and mantle . Core ( edit ) Main articles : inner core and outer core The average density of Earth is 5,515 kg / m . Because the average density of surface material is only around 3,000 kg / m , we must conclude that denser materials exist within Earth 's core . Seismic measurements show that the core is divided into two parts , a `` solid '' inner core with a radius of ≈ 1,220 km and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ≈ 3,400 km . The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg / m in the outer core and 12,600 -- 13,000 kg / m in the inner core . The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel . Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves ( transverse seismic waves ) , it must be solid . Experimental evidence has at times been critical of crystal models of the core . Other experimental studies show a discrepancy under high pressure : diamond anvil ( static ) studies at core pressures yield melting temperatures that are approximately 2000 K below those from shock laser ( dynamic ) studies . The laser studies create plasma , and the results are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions will depend on whether the inner core is a solid or is a plasma with the density of a solid . This is an area of active research .",
"4": "In early stages of Earth 's formation about four and a half billion ( 4.5 × 10 ) years ago , melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center in a process called planetary differentiation ( see also the iron catastrophe ) , while less - dense materials would have migrated to the crust . The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron ( 80 % ) , along with nickel and one or more light elements , whereas other dense elements , such as lead and uranium , either are too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust ( see felsic materials ) . Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron crystal . Under laboratory conditions a sample of iron -- nickel alloy was subjected to the corelike pressures by gripping it in a vise between 2 diamond tips ( diamond anvil cell ) , and then heating to approximately 4000 K . The sample was observed with x-rays , and strongly supported the theory that Earth 's inner core was made of giant crystals running north to south . The liquid outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of iron mixed with nickel and trace amounts of lighter elements . Recent speculation suggests that the innermost part of the core is enriched in gold , platinum and other siderophile elements . The matter that comprises Earth is connected in fundamental ways to matter of certain chondrite meteorites , and to matter of outer portion of the Sun . There is good reason to believe that Earth is , in the main , like a chondrite meteorite . Beginning as early as 1940 , scientists , including Francis Birch , built geophysics upon the premise that Earth is like ordinary chondrites , the most common type of meteorite observed impacting Earth , while totally ignoring another , albeit less abundant type , called enstatite chondrites . The principal difference between the two meteorite types is that enstatite chondrites formed under circumstances of extremely limited available oxygen , leading to certain normally oxyphile elements existing either partially or wholly in the alloy portion that corresponds to the core of Earth . Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core , combined with the Coriolis effect , gives rise to Earth 's magnetic field .",
"5": "The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field ( see Curie temperature ) but probably acts to stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core . The average magnetic field strength in Earth 's outer core is estimated to be 25 Gauss ( 2.5 mT ) , 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface . Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet ; however , more recent studies in 2011 found this hypothesis to be inconclusive . Options remain for the core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system . In August 2005 a team of geophysicists announced in the journal Science that , according to their estimates , Earth 's inner core rotates approximately 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year faster relative to the rotation of the surface . The current scientific explanation for Earth 's temperature gradient is a combination of heat left over from the planet 's initial formation , decay of radioactive elements , and freezing of the inner core . See also ( edit ) Earth sciences portal Geological history of Earth Lehmann discontinuity Rain - out model Travel to the Earth 's center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 Selected Astronomical Constants '' in The Astronomical Almanac Online , USNO -- UKHO , M = 5 9722 × 10 kg ± 6 × 10 kg ^ Jump up to : A.M. Dziewonski , D.L. Anderson ( 1981 ) . `` Preliminary reference Earth model '' ( PDF ) . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 356 . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9201 ( 81 ) 90046 - 7 . ISSN 0031 - 9201 . Jump up ^ T.H. Jordan ( 1979 ) . `` Structural Geology of the Earth 's Interior '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 76 ( 9 ) : 4192 -- 4200 . Bibcode : 1979PNAS ... 76.4192 J . doi : 10.1073 / pnas.",
"6": "76.9. 4192 . PMC 411539 . PMID 16592703 . Jump up ^ Breaking News Oldest rock shows Earth was a hospitable young planet . Spaceflight Now ( 2001 - 01 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Krieger , Kim ( 24 March 2004 ) . `` D Layer Demystified '' . Science News . American Association for the Advancement of Science . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Uwe Walzer , Roland Hendel , John Baumgardner Mantle Viscosity and the Thickness of the Convective Downwellings . Jump up ^ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( Berkeley Lab ) is a Department of Energy ( DOE ) Office of Science lab managed by University of California. , What Keeps the Earth Cooking ? News Release by Paul Preuss , July 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ Monnereau , Marc ; Calvet , Marie ; Margerin , Ludovic ; Souriau , Annie ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lopsided Growth of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 328 ( 5981 ) : 1014 -- 1017 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 328.1014 M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1186212 . PMID 20395477 . Jump up ^ Hazlett , James S. ; Monroe , Reed ; Wicander , Richard ( 2006 ) . Physical geology : exploring the earth ( 6 . ed . ) . Belmont : Thomson . p. 346 . ISBN 9780495011484 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , Lars ; Cohen , R.E. ( January 15 , 1995 ) . `` Constraints on the crystalline structure of the inner core : Mechanical instability of BCC iron at high pressure '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 22 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 128 . Bibcode : 1995GeoRL ... 22 ... 125S . doi : 10.1029 / 94GL02742 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Benuzzi - Mounaix , A. ; Koenig , M. ; Ravasio , A. ; Vinci , T. ( 2006 ) . `` Laser - driven shock waves for the study of extreme matter states '' . Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 48 ( 12B ) . Bibcode : 2006PPCF ... 48B. 347B . doi : 10.1088 / 0741 - 3335 / 48 / 12B / S32 . Jump up ^ Remington , Bruce A. ; Drake , R. Paul ; Ryutov , Dmitri D. ( 2006 ) . `` Experimental astrophysics with high power lasers and Z pinches '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 . Bibcode : 2006RvMP ... 78 ... 755R . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 78.755 . Jump up ^ Benuzzi - Mounaix , A. ; Koenig , M. ; Husar , G. ; Faral , B. ( June 2002 ) . `` Absolute equation of state measurements of iron using laser driven shocks '' . Physics of Plasmas. 9 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 2002PhPl ... 9.2466 B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1478557 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ronald ; Stixrude , Lars . `` Crystal at the Center of the Earth '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , L. ; Cohen , R.E. ( 1995 ) . `` High - Pressure Elasticity of Iron and Anisotropy of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 267 ( 5206 ) : 1972 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267.1972 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 267.5206. 1972 . PMID 17770110 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ BBC News , `` What is at the centre of the Earth ? . Bbc.co.uk ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ozawa , H. ; al. , et ( 2011 ) . `` Phase Transition of FeO and Stratification in Earth 's Outer Core '' . Science . 334 ( 6057 ) : 792 -- 794 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 334 ... 792O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1208265 . Jump up ^ Wootton , Anne ( 2006 ) . `` Earth 's Inner Fort Knox '' . Discover . 27 ( 9 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Herndon , J.M. ( 1980 ) . `` The chemical composition of the interior shells of the Earth '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond . A372 ( 1748 ) : 149 -- 154 . JSTOR 2398362 . Jump up ^ Herndon , J.M. ( 2005 ) . `` Scientific basis of knowledge on Earth 's composition '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 88 ( 7 ) : 1034 -- 1037 . Jump up ^ First Measurement Of Magnetic Field Inside Earth 's Core . Science20.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Buffett , Bruce A. ( 2010 ) . `` Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth 's internal magnetic field '' . Nature . 468 ( 7326 ) : 952 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 468 ... 952B . doi : 10.1038 / nature09643 . PMID 21164483 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Earth 's Core Spins Faster Than the Rest of the Planet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kerr , R.A. ( 2005 ) .",
"9": "`` Earth 's Inner Core Is Running a Tad Faster Than the Rest of the Planet '' . Science . 309 ( 5739 ) : 1313a . doi : 10.1126 / science. 309.5739. 1313a . PMID 16123276 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 26 August 2005 ) `` Scientists Say Earth 's Center Rotates Faster Than Surface '' The New York Times Sec . A , Col. 1 , p. 13 . Further reading ( edit ) Drollette , Daniel ( October 1996 ) . `` A Spinning Crystal Ball '' . Scientific American . 275 ( 4 ) : 28 -- 33 . Kruglinski , Susan ( June 2007 ) . `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . Discover . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Lehmann , I ( 1936 ) . `` Inner Earth '' . Bur . Cent . Seismol . Int. 14 : 3 -- 31 . Wegener , Alfred ( 1966 ) . The origin of continents and oceans . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486617084 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth Media related to Structure of the Earth at Wikimedia Commons Down To The Earth 's Core ( HD ) on YouTube The Earth 's Core on In Our Time at the BBC .",
"10": "Earth Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Oceans Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Earth Geography Geology Future of Earth Geological history of Earth History of Earth Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Environment Biome Ecology Ecosystem Nature Wilderness Related Earth Day Earth science Geologic record Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in Universe Solar System World Portal Earth sciences Links to related articles Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) Gutenberg ( mantle -- core ) Lehmann ( core ) Arguments Plate tectonics Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo !",
"11": "Maps Yandex Maps Arts Culture Society Earth in culture Earth in science fiction Etymology of the word `` Earth '' History of the world International law Landscape painting List of countries World economy Other topics Biosphere Earth 's orbit Earth trojan The ecliptic Flag of Earth Gravity Magnetic field The Moon Claimed moons of Earth 2006 RH120 Kordylewski cloud Solar System Earth 's location in the Universe Theia Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Category : Nature Portal : Science Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Structure_of_the_Earth&oldid=821776138 '' Categories : Structure of the Earth Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Lëtzebuergesch Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Patois Plattdüütsch Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 15 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-2734262516760716451
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who won the marathon in new york city
|
[
"Geoffrey Kamworor"
] |
{
"0": "List of winners of the New York City Marathon - wikipedia List of winners of the New York City Marathon Jump to : navigation , search The New York City Marathon is a 42,195 - meter ( 26.2 mile ) race through all five boroughs of New York City , and ranks as the largest marathon in the world , with a record 51,392 finishers ( 29,927 men / 21,465 women ) in 2016 . Since its inaugural race in 1970 , 34 men and 25 women have won the open division of the New York City Marathon , representing 22 different countries . From 1970 through 1975 , the race was held entirely in Central Park . It has started in Staten Island and gone through New York City 's other four boroughs since 1976 . Grete Waitz of Norway has won the race more than any other athlete , having completed her 9th victory in 1988 , setting three course records in the process . Current course records were set by Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya in 2011 in the men 's division , and by Margaret Okayo of Kenya in 2003 in the women 's division . A wheelchair race has been held since 2000 . Among the wheelchair racers , Edith Hunkeler of Switzerland and Tatyana McFadden of USA has the most victories , with five each ( McFadden has four in a row ) . Tatyana McFadden also holds the women 's course record with a time of 1 : 43 : 04 set in 2015 , while Kurt Fearnley of Australia holds the men 's record with 1 : 29 : 22 set in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 's open division 2 Women 's open division 3 Men 's wheelchair division 4 Women 's wheelchair division 5 Victories by nationality 6 References 7 External links Men 's open division ( edit ) Rodgers Rop , winner of the 2002 New York City Marathon . He won the Boston Marathon that same year . Paul Tergat , winner of the 2005 New York City Marathon , participating in an event for the World Food Program .",
"1": "Marílson Gomes dos Santos , winner of the 2006 and 2008 New York City Marathons , and the first and only Brazilian to win it in either division . Year Winner Country Time Notes 1970 Gary Muhrcke United States 2 : 31 : 38 Course record 1971 Norman Higgins United States 2 : 22 : 54 Course record 1972 Sheldon Karlin United States 2 : 27 : 52 1973 Tom Fleming United States 2 : 21 : 54 Course record Norbert Sander United States 2 : 26 : 30 Tom Fleming United States 2 : 19 : 27 Course record , 2nd victory 1976 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 10 : 10 Course record 1977 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 11 : 28 2nd victory 1978 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 12 : 12 3rd victory 1979 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 11 : 42 4th victory 1980 Alberto Salazar United States 2 : 09 : 41 Course record 1981 Alberto Salazar United States 2 : 08 : 13 World record , 2nd victory 1982 Alberto Salazar United States 2 : 09 : 29 3rd victory Rod Dixon New Zealand 2 : 08 : 59 1984 Orlando Pizzolato Italy 2 : 14 : 53 1985 Orlando Pizzolato Italy 2 : 11 : 34 2nd victory 1986 Gianni Poli Italy 2 : 11 : 06 Ibrahim Hussein Kenya 2 : 11 : 01 1988",
"2": "Steve Jones United Kingdom 2 : 08 : 20 1989 Juma Ikangaa Tanzania 2 : 08 : 01 Course record 1990 Douglas Wakiihuri Kenya 2 : 12 : 39 1991 Salvador García Mexico 2 : 09 : 28 1992 Willie Mtolo South Africa 2 : 09 : 29 1993 Andrés Espinosa Mexico 2 : 10 : 04 1994 Germán Silva Mexico 2 : 11 : 21 1995 Germán Silva Mexico 2 : 11 : 00 2nd victory Giacomo Leone Italy 2 : 09 : 54 1997 John Kagwe Kenya 2 : 08 : 12 1998 John Kagwe Kenya 2 : 08 : 45 2nd victory 1999 Joseph Chebet Kenya 2 : 09 : 14 2000 Abdelkader El Mouaziz Morocco 2 : 10 : 09 2001 Tesfaye Jifar Ethiopia 2 : 07 : 43 Course record 2002 Rodgers Rop Kenya 2 : 08 : 07 2003 Martin Lel Kenya 2 : 10 : 30 Hendrick Ramaala South Africa 2 : 09 : 28 2005 Paul Tergat Kenya 2 : 09 : 30",
"3": "2006 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2 : 09 : 58 2007 Martin Lel Kenya 2 : 09 : 04 2nd victory 2008 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2 : 08 : 43 2nd victory 2009 Meb Keflezighi United States 2 : 09 : 15 Gebregziabher Gebremariam Ethiopia 2 : 08 : 14 2011 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 2 : 05 : 06 Course record 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 2 : 08 : 24 2nd victory 2014 Wilson Kipsang Kenya 2 : 10 : 59 2015 Stanley Biwott Kenya 2 : 10 : 34 2016 Ghirmay Ghebreslassie Eritrea 2 : 07 : 51 2017 Geoffrey Kamworor Kenya 2 : 10 : 53 Women 's open division ( edit ) Paula Radcliffe , winner of the 2004 , 2007 & 2008 New York City Marathons . Jeļena Prokopčuka , winner of the 2005 and 2006 New York City Marathons , the first and only Latvian runner to win in either division . Year Winner Country Time Notes 1972 Nina Kuscsik United States 3 : 08 : 41 Course record 1973 Nina Kuscsik United States 2 : 57 : 07 Course record ,",
"4": "2nd victory Kathrine Switzer United States 3 : 07 : 29 Kim Merritt United States 2 : 46 : 14 Course record 1976 Miki Gorman United States 2 : 39 : 11 Course record 1977 Miki Gorman United States 2 : 43 : 10 2nd victory 1978 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 32 : 30 Course record 1979 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 27 : 33 Course record , 2nd victory 1980 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 25 : 42 Course record , 3rd victory 1981 Allison Roe New Zealand 2 : 25 : 29 Course record 1982 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 27 : 14 4th victory Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 27 : 00 5th victory 1984 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 29 : 30 6th victory 1985 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 28 : 34 7th victory 1986 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 28 : 06 8th victory Priscilla Welch United Kingdom 2 : 30 : 17 1988 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 28 : 07 9th victory 1989 Ingrid Kristiansen Norway 2 : 25 : 30 1990 Wanda Panfil Poland 2 : 30 : 45 1991 Liz McColgan United Kingdom 2 : 27 : 32",
"5": "1992 Lisa Ondieki Australia 2 : 24 : 40 Course record 1993 Uta Pippig Germany 2 : 26 : 24 1994 Tegla Loroupe Kenya 2 : 27 : 37 1995 Tegla Loroupe Kenya 2 : 28 : 06 2nd victory Anuţa Cătună Romania 2 : 28 : 18 1997 Franziska Rochat - Moser Switzerland 2 : 28 : 43 1998 Franca Fiacconi Italy 2 : 25 : 17 1999 Adriana Fernandez Mexico 2 : 25 : 06 2000 Lyudmila Petrova Russia 2 : 25 : 45 2001 Margaret Okayo Kenya 2 : 24 : 21 Course record 2002 Joyce Chepchumba Kenya 2 : 25 : 56 2003 Margaret Okayo Kenya 2 : 22 : 31 Course record ,",
"6": "2nd victory Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 2 : 23 : 10 2005 Jeļena Prokopčuka Latvia 2 : 24 : 41 2006 Jeļena Prokopčuka Latvia 2 : 25 : 05 2nd victory 2007 Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 2 : 23 : 09 2nd victory 2008 Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 2 : 23 : 56 3rd victory 2009 Derartu Tulu Ethiopia 2 : 28 : 52 Edna Kiplagat Kenya 2 : 28 : 20 2011 Firehiwot Dado Ethiopia 2 : 23 : 15 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Priscah Jeptoo Kenya 2 : 25 : 07 2014 Mary Keitany Kenya 2 : 25 : 07 2015 Mary Keitany Kenya 2 : 24 : 25 2nd victory 2016 Mary Keitany Kenya 2 : 24 : 26 3rd victory 2017 Shalane Flanagan United States 2 : 26 : 53 Fifth US woman to win ; first since 1977 Men 's wheelchair division ( edit ) David Weir , winner of the 2010 race Masazumi Soejima , winner of the 2011 race Year Winner Country Time Notes 2000 Ayari , Kamel Kamel Ayari Tunisia 1 : 53 : 50 2001 Mendoza , Saúl Saúl Mendoza Mexico 1 : 39 : 29 Course record 2002 Schabort , Krige Krige Schabort South Africa 1 : 38 : 27 Course record 2003 Schabort , Krige Krige Schabort South Africa 1 : 32 : 19 Course record , 2nd victory Mendoza ,",
"7": "Saúl Saúl Mendoza Mexico 1 : 33 : 16 2nd victory 2005 van Dyk , Ernst Ernst van Dyk South Africa 1 : 31 : 11 Course record 2006 Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 29 : 22 Course record 2007 Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 33 : 58 2nd victory 2008 Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 44 : 51 3rd victory 2009 Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 35 : 58 4th victory Weir , David David Weir United Kingdom 1 : 37 : 29 2011 Soejima , Masazumi Masazumi Soejima Japan 1 : 31 : 41 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Hug , Marcel Marcel Hug Switzerland 1 : 40 : 14 2014 Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 30 : 55 5th victory ( Note that the course was shortened by 3 miles at the start ) 2015 van Dyk , Ernst Ernst van Dyk South Africa 1 : 30 : 54 2nd victory 2016 Hug , Marcel Marcel Hug Switzerland 1 : 35 : 44 2nd victory 2017 Hug , Marcel Marcel Hug Switzerland 1 : 37.17 3rd victory Women 's wheelchair division ( edit ) Year Winner Country Time Notes 2000 Xuan , Anh Nguyen Thi Anh Nguyen Thi Xuan Vietnam 2 : 46 : 47 2001 Porcellato , Francesca Francesca Porcellato Italy 2 : 08 : 51 Course record 2002 Blauwet ,",
"8": "Cheri Cheri Blauwet United States 2 : 14 : 39 2003 Blauwet , Cheri Cheri Blauwet United States 1 : 59 : 30 Course record , 2nd victory Hunkeler , Edith Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 53 : 27 Course record 2005 Hunkeler , Edith Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 54 : 52 2nd victory 2006 McGrory , Amanda Amanda McGrory United States 1 : 54 : 19 2 seconds ahead of 2nd - place finisher 2007 Hunkeler , Edith Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 52 : 38 Course record , 3rd victory 2008 Hunkeler , Edith Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 2 : 06 : 42 4th victory 2009 Hunkeler , Edith Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 58 : 15 5th victory McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden United States 2 : 02 : 22 2011 McGrory , Amanda Amanda McGrory United States 1 : 50 : 25 Course record 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 59 : 13 2nd victory 2014 McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 42 : 16 3rd victory ( Note that their course was shortened by 3 miles at the start ) 2015 McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 43 : 04 4th victory ; course record 2016 McFadden ,",
"9": "Tatyana Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 47 : 43 5th victory Victories by nationality ( edit ) Country Men 's Open Women 's Open Men 's Wheelchair Women 's Wheelchair Total United States 14 7 0 9 30 Kenya 14 10 0 0 24 Norway 0 10 0 0 10 Mexico 0 7 United Kingdom 5 0 7 Switzerland 0 5 9 Italy 0 6 Australia 0 5 0 6 South Africa 0 0 6 Ethiopia 0 0 Brazil 0 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 Latvia 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 Tanzania 0 0 0 Germany 0 0 0 Poland 0 0 0 Romania 0 0 0 Russia 0 0 0 Tunisia 0 0 0 Vietnam 0 0 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dicker , Ron ( November 6 , 2000 ) . `` NEW YORK CITY MARATHON : WHEELCHAIRS ; In First Official Race , the Winner Stays Clear of Controversy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rose , Derek ; Bill Hutchinson ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` PATRIOTIC STRUT TO MARATHON '' . Daily News . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Lichtenstein , Grace ( November 4 , 2002 ) . `` THE MARATHON : WHEELCHAIR COMPETITION ; Swiss Legislator Wins Without Vote '' . The New York Times .",
"10": "Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Lena ( November 3 , 2003 ) . `` Glue and Cable Wire Aid Tenacious Winner '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Lena ( November 8 , 2004 ) . `` MARATHON 2004 : NOTEBOOK ; Strategy Pays Off in Men 's Wheelchair Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Litsky , Frank ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` After a Bumpy Challenge , a Road Record and Sore Arms '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Litsky , Frank ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` Potholes Fail to Stop Winner of Wheelchair Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Litsky , Frank ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` Racecar Driver Is Fourth in Handcycle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defending Champions at New York Marathon '' . International Paralympic Committee . November 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lilly , Brandon ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` MARATHON 2001 : WHEELCHAIR DIVISION ; Israeli Sets Mark in Men 's Hand - Cycle Competition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . External links ( edit ) `` TCS New York City Marathon Results Archive '' , New York Road Runners . `` RRIC Annual Marathon Report 2006 '' , Running USA Wire , May 20 , 2006 . `` New York City Marathon Winners '' . Encarta . MSN . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 .",
"11": "Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . New York City Marathon . 1987 . . 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 List of winners New York City Marathon -- men 's winners 1970 : Gary Muhrcke ( USA ) 1971 : Norman Higgins ( USA ) 1972 : Sheldon Karlin ( USA ) 1973 : Tom Fleming ( USA ) 1974 : Norbert Sander ( USA ) 1975 : Tom Fleming ( USA ) 1976 - 79 : Bill Rodgers ( USA ) 1980 - 82 : Alberto Salazar ( USA ) 1983 : Rod Dixon ( NZL ) 1984 - 85 : Orlando Pizzolato ( ITA ) 1986 : Gianni Poli ( ITA ) 1987 : Ibrahim Hussein ( KEN ) 1988 : Steve Jones ( GBR ) 1989 : Juma Ikangaa ( TAN ) 1990 : Douglas Wakiihuri ( KEN ) 1991 : Salvador García ( MEX ) 1992 : Willie Mtolo ( RSA ) 1993 : Andrés Espinosa ( MEX ) 1994 - 95 : Germán Silva ( MEX ) 1996 : Giacomo Leone ( ITA ) 1997 - 98 : John Kagwe ( KEN ) 1999 : Joseph Chebet ( KEN ) 2000 : Abdelkader El Mouaziz ( MAR ) 2001 : Tesfaye Jifar ( ETH ) 2002 : Rodgers Rop ( KEN ) 2003 : Martin Lel ( KEN ) 2004 : Hendrick Ramaala ( RSA ) 2005 : Paul Tergat ( KEN ) 2006 : Marílson Gomes dos Santos ( BRA )",
"12": "2007 : Martin Lel ( KEN ) 2008 : Marílson Gomes dos Santos ( BRA ) 2009 : Meb Keflezighi ( USA ) 2010 : Gebregziabher Gebremariam ( ETH ) 2011 : Geoffrey Mutai ( KEN ) 2012 : Marathon canceled 2013 : Geoffrey Mutai ( KEN ) 2014 : Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich ( KEN ) 2015 : Stanley Biwott ( KEN ) 2016 : Ghirmay Ghebreslassie ( ERI ) 2017 : Geoffrey Kamworor ( KEN ) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Boston Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Chicago Marathon -- List ( M / W ) London Marathon -- List ( M / W ) New York City Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Tokyo Marathon -- List ( M / W ) New York City Marathon -- women 's winners 1971 : Beth Bonner ( USA ) 1972 -- 1973 : Nina Kuscsik ( USA ) 1974 : Kathrine Switzer ( USA ) 1975 : Kim Merritt ( USA ) 1976 -- 1977 : Miki Gorman ( USA ) 1978 -- 1980 : Grete Waitz ( NOR ) 1981 : Allison Roe ( NZL ) 1982 -- 1986 : Grete Waitz ( NOR ) 1987 : Priscilla Welch ( GBR ) 1988 : Grete Waitz ( NOR ) 1989 : Ingrid Kristiansen ( NOR ) 1990 : Wanda Panfil ( POL ) 1991 : Liz McColgan ( GBR ) 1992 : Lisa Ondieki ( AUS ) 1993 : Uta Pippig ( GER ) 1994 -- 1995 : Tegla",
"13": "Loroupe ( KEN ) 1996 : Anuța Cătună ( ROM ) 1997 : Franziska Rochat - Moser ( SUI ) 1998 : Franca Fiacconi ( ITA ) 1999 : Adriana Fernández ( MEX ) 2000 : Lyudmila Petrova ( RUS ) 2001 : Margaret Okayo ( KEN ) 2002 : Joyce Chepchumba ( KEN ) 2003 : Margaret Okayo ( KEN ) 2004 : Paula Radcliffe ( GBR ) 2005 -- 2006 : Jeļena Prokopčuka ( LAT ) 2007 -- 2008 : Paula Radcliffe ( GBR ) 2009 : Derartu Tulu ( ETH ) 2010 : Edna Kiplagat ( KEN ) 2011 : Firehiwot Dado ( ETH ) 2012 : Marathon canceled 2013 : Priscah Jeptoo ( KEN ) 2014 -- 2016 : Mary Keitany ( KEN ) 2017 : Shalane Flanagan ( USA ) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Boston Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Chicago Marathon -- List ( M / W ) London Marathon -- List ( M / W ) New York City Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Tokyo Marathon -- List ( M / W ) World Marathon Majors Marathons Tokyo winners Boston winners London winners Berlin winners Chicago winners New York City winners Results Final standings IAAF World Championships Marathon World Marathon Cup Olympic Games Marathon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"14": "php?title=List_of_winners_of_the_New_York_City_Marathon&oldid=808935333 '' Categories : Lists of marathon winners New York City Marathon winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 03 : 35 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Protein structure - wikipedia Protein structure Jump to : navigation , search Interactive diagram of protein structure , using PCNA as an example . ( PDB : 1AXC ) Protein structure is the three - dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid - chain molecule . Proteins are polymers -- specifically polypeptides -- formed from sequences of amino acids , the monomers of the polymer . A single amino acid monomer may also be called a residue indicating a repeating unit of a polymer . Proteins form by amino acids undergoing condensation reactions , in which the amino acids lose one water molecule per reaction in order to attach to one another with a peptide bond . By convention , a chain under 30 amino acids is often identified as a peptide , rather than a protein . To be able to perform their biological function , proteins fold into one or more specific spatial conformations driven by a number of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding , ionic interactions , Van der Waals forces , and hydrophobic packing . To understand the functions of proteins at a molecular level , it is often necessary to determine their three - dimensional structure . This is the topic of the scientific field of structural biology , which employs techniques such as X-ray crystallography , NMR spectroscopy , and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins . Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids . By physical size , proteins are classified as nanoparticles , between 1 -- 100 nm . Very large aggregates can be formed from protein subunits . For example , many thousands of actin molecules assemble into a microfilament . A protein generally undergo reversible structural changes in performing its biological function . The alternative structures of the same protein are referred to as different conformational isomers , or simply , conformations , and transitions between them are called conformational changes .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Levels of protein structure 1.1 Primary structure 1.2 Secondary structure 1.3 Tertiary structure 1.4 Quaternary structure 2 Domains , motifs , and folds in protein structure 2.1 Structural domain 2.2 Structural and sequence motif 2.3 Supersecondary structure 2.4 Protein fold 2.5 Superdomain 3 Protein folding 4 Protein structure determination 4.1 Protein Sequence Analysis : Ensembles 5 Protein structure databases 6 Structure classification 7 Computational prediction of protein structure 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Levels of protein structure ( edit ) There are four distinct levels of protein structure . Primary structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein primary structure The primary structure of a protein refers to the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain . The primary structure is held together by peptide bonds that are made during the process of protein biosynthesis . The two ends of the polypeptide chain are referred to as the carboxyl terminus ( C - terminus ) and the amino terminus ( N - terminus ) based on the nature of the free group on each extremity . Counting of residues always starts at the N - terminal end ( NH - group ) , which is the end where the amino group is not involved in a peptide bond . The primary structure of a protein is determined by the gene corresponding to the protein . A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA is transcribed into mRNA , which is read by the ribosome in a process called translation . The sequence of amino acids in insulin was discovered by Frederick Sanger , establishing that proteins have defining amino acid sequences . The sequence of a protein is unique to that protein , and defines the structure and function of the protein . The sequence of a protein can be determined by methods such as Edman degradation or tandem mass spectrometry . Often , however , it is read directly from the sequence of the gene using the genetic code . It is strictly recommended to use the words `` amino acid residues '' when discussing proteins because when a peptide bond is formed , a water molecule is lost , and therefore proteins are made up of amino acid residues .",
"2": "Post-translational modification such as disulfide bond formation , phosphorylations and glycosylations are usually also considered a part of the primary structure , and can not be read from the gene . For example , insulin is composed of 51 amino acids in 2 chains . One chain has 31 amino acids , and the other has 20 amino acids . Secondary structure ( edit ) An α - helix with hydrogen bonds ( yellow dots ) Main article : Protein secondary structure Secondary structure refers to highly regular local sub-structures on the actual polypeptide backbone chain . Two main types of secondary structure , the α - helix and the β - strand or β - sheets , were suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers . These secondary structures are defined by patterns of hydrogen bonds between the main - chain peptide groups . They have a regular geometry , being constrained to specific values of the dihedral angles ψ and φ on the Ramachandran plot . Both the α - helix and the β - sheet represent a way of saturating all the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors in the peptide backbone . Some parts of the protein are ordered but do not form any regular structures . They should not be confused with random coil , an unfolded polypeptide chain lacking any fixed three - dimensional structure . Several sequential secondary structures may form a `` supersecondary unit '' . Tertiary structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein tertiary structure Tertiary structure refers to the three - dimensional structure of monomeric and multimeric protein molecules . The α - helixes and β - pleated - sheets are folded into a compact globular structure . The folding is driven by the non-specific hydrophobic interactions , the burial of hydrophobic residues from water , but the structure is stable only when the parts of a protein domain are locked into place by specific tertiary interactions , such as salt bridges , hydrogen bonds , and the tight packing of side chains and disulfide bonds . The disulfide bonds are extremely rare in cytosolic proteins , since the cytosol ( intracellular fluid ) is generally a reducing environment .",
"3": "Quaternary structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein quaternary structure Quaternary structure is the three - dimensional structure consisting of the aggregation of two or more individual polypeptide chains ( subunits ) that operate as a single functional unit . In this context , the quaternary structure is stabilized by the same non-covalent interactions and disulfide bonds as the tertiary structure . Complexes of two or more polypeptides ( i.e. multiple subunits ) are called multimers . Specifically it would be called a dimer if it contains two subunits , a trimer if it contains three subunits , a tetramer if it contains four subunits , and a pentamer if it contains five subunits . The subunits are frequently related to one another by symmetry operations , such as a 2-fold axis in a dimer . Multimers made up of identical subunits are referred to with a prefix of `` homo - '' ( e.g. a homotetramer ) and those made up of different subunits are referred to with a prefix of `` hetero - '' , for example , a heterotetramer , such as the two alpha and two beta chains of hemoglobin . Domains , motifs , and folds in protein structure ( edit ) Protein domains . The two shown protein structures share a common domain ( maroon ) , the PH domain , which is involved in phosphatidylinositol ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) - trisphosphate binding Proteins are frequently described as consisting of several structural units . These units include domains , motifs , and folds . Despite the fact that there are about 100,000 different proteins expressed in eukaryotic systems , there are many fewer different domains , structural motifs and folds . Structural domain ( edit ) A structural domain is an element of the protein 's overall structure that is self - stabilizing and often folds independently of the rest of the protein chain . Many domains are not unique to the protein products of one gene or one gene family but instead appear in a variety of proteins . Domains often are named and singled out because they figure prominently in the biological function of the protein they belong to ; for example , the `` calcium - binding domain of calmodulin '' .",
"4": "Because they are independently stable , domains can be `` swapped '' by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimera proteins . Structural and sequence motif ( edit ) The structural and sequence motifs refer to short segments of protein three - dimensional structure or amino acid sequence that were found in a large number of different proteins . Supersecondary structure ( edit ) The supersecondary structure refers to a specific combination of secondary structure elements , such as β - α - β units or a helix - turn - helix motif . Some of them may be also referred to as structural motifs . Protein fold ( edit ) A protein fold refers to the general protein architecture , like a helix bundle , β - barrel , Rossman fold or different `` folds '' provided in the Structural Classification of Proteins database . A related concept is protein topology that refers to the arrangement of contacts within the protein . Superdomain ( edit ) A superdomain consists of two or more nominally unrelated structural domains that are inherited as a single unit and occur in different proteins . An example is provided by the protein tyrosine phosphatase domain and C2 domain pair in PTEN , several tensin proteins , auxilin and proteins in plants and fungi . The PTP - C2 superdomain evidently came into existence prior to the divergence of fungi , plants and animals is therefore likely to be about 1.5 billion years old . Protein folding ( edit ) Main article : Protein folding Once translated by a ribosome , each polypeptide folds into its characteristic three - dimensional structure from a random coil . Since the fold is maintained by a network of interactions between amino acids in the polypeptide , the native state of the protein chain is determined by the amino acid sequence ( Anfinsen 's dogma ) . Protein structure determination ( edit ) Examples of protein structures from the PDB Rate of Protein Structure Determination by Method and Year Around 90 % of the protein structures available in the Protein Data Bank have been determined by X-ray crystallography . This method allows one to measure the three - dimensional ( 3 - D ) density distribution of electrons in the protein , in the crystallized state , and thereby infer the 3 - D coordinates of all the atoms to be determined to a certain resolution .",
"5": "Roughly 9 % of the known protein structures have been obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) techniques . For larger protein complexes , cryo - electron microscopy can determine protein structures . The resolution is typically lower than that of X-ray crystallography , or NMR , but the maximum resolution is steadily increasing . This technique is still a particularly valuable for very large protein complexes such as virus coat proteins and amyloid fibers . General secondary structure composition can be determined via circular dichroism . Vibrational spectroscopy can also be used to characterize the conformation of peptides , polypeptides , and proteins . Two - dimensional infrared spectroscopy has become a valuable method to investigate the structures of flexible peptides and proteins that can not be studied with other methods . A more qualitative picture of protein structure is often obtained by proteolysis , which is also useful to screen for more crystallizable protein samples . Novel implementations of this approach , including fast parallel proteolysis ( FASTpp ) , can probe the structured fraction and its stability without the need for purification . Once a protein 's structure has been experimentally determined , further detailed studies can be done computationally , using molecular dynamic simulations of that structure . Protein sequence Analysis : ensembles ( edit ) Schematic view of the two main ensemble modeling approaches . Proteins are often thought of as relatively stable structures that have a set tertiary structure and experience conformational changes as a result of being modified by other proteins or as part of enzymatic activity . However proteins have varying degrees of stability and some of the less stable variants are intrinsically disordered proteins . These proteins exist and function in a relatively ' disordered ' state lacking a stable tertiary structure . As a result , they are difficult to describe in a standard protein structure model that was designed for proteins with a fixed tertiary structure . Conformational ensembles have been devised as a way to provide a more accurate and ' dynamic ' representation of the conformational state of intrinsically disordered proteins . Conformational ensembles function by attempting to represent the various conformations of intrinsically disordered proteins within an ensemble file ( the type found at the Protein Ensemble Database ) . Protein ensemble files are a representation of a protein that can be considered to have a flexible structure . Creating these files requires determining which of the various theoretically possible protein conformations actually exist .",
"6": "One approach is to apply computational algorithms to the protein data in order to try to determine the most likely set of conformations for an ensemble file . There are multiple methods for preparing data for the Protein Ensemble Database that fall into two general methodologies -- pool and molecular dynamics ( MD ) approaches ( diagrammed in the figure ) . The pool based approach uses the protein 's amino acid sequence to create a massive pool of random conformations . This pool is then subjected to more computational processing that creates a set of theoretical parameters for each conformation based on the structure . Conformational subsets from this pool whose average theoretical parameters closely match known experimental data for this protein are selected . The molecular dynamics approach takes multiple random conformations at a time and subjects all of them to experimental data . Here the experimental data is serving as limitations to be placed on the conformations ( e.g. known distances between atoms ) . Only conformations that manage to remain within the limits set by the experimental data are accepted . This approach often applies large amounts of experimental data to the conformations which is a very computationally demanding task . Protein Data Type Protocol PED ID References Sic1 / Cdc4 NMR and SAXS Pool - based PED9AAA p15 PAF NMR and SAXS Pool - based PED6AAA MKK7 NMR Pool - based PED5AAB Beta - synuclein NMR MD - based PED1AAD P27 KID NMR MD - based PED2AAA ( adapted from image in `` Computational approaches for inferring the functions of intrinsically disordered proteins '' ) Protein structure databases ( edit ) Protein structure database is a database that is modeled around the various experimentally determined protein structures . The aim of most protein structure databases is to organize and annotate the protein structures , providing the biological community access to the experimental data in a useful way . Data included in protein structure databases often includes 3D coordinates as well as experimental information , such as unit cell dimensions and angles for x-ray crystallography determined structures .",
"7": "Though most instances , in this case either proteins or a specific structure determinations of a protein , also contain sequence information and some databases even provide means for performing sequence based queries , the primary attribute of a structure database is structural information , whereas sequence databases focus on sequence information , and contain no structural information for the majority of entries . Protein structure databases are critical for many efforts in computational biology such as structure based drug design , both in developing the computational methods used and in providing a large experimental dataset used by some methods to provide insights about the function of a protein . Structure classification ( edit ) Protein structures can be grouped based on their similarity or a common evolutionary origin . The Structural Classification of Proteins database and CATH database provide two different structural classifications of proteins . Shared structure between proteins is considered evidence of evolutionary relatedness between proteins and is used group proteins together into protein superfamilies . Computational prediction of protein structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein structure prediction The generation of a protein sequence is much easier than the determination of a protein structure . However , the structure of a protein gives much more insight in the function of the protein than its sequence . Therefore , a number of methods for the computational prediction of protein structure from its sequence have been developed . Ab initio prediction methods use just the sequence of the protein . Threading and homology modeling methods can build a 3 - D model for a protein of unknown structure from experimental structures of evolutionarily - related proteins , called a protein family . See also ( edit ) 3did Biomolecular structure Gene structure Nucleic acid structure Z - matrix conversion from Torsion angles to Cartesian coordinates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ H. Stephen Stoker ( 1 January 2015 ) . Organic and Biological Chemistry . Cengage Learning . p. 371 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 68645 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brocchieri L , Karlin S ( 2005 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Protein length in eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteomes '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 33 ( 10 ) : 3390 -- 3400 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gki615 . PMC 1150220 .",
"8": "PMID 15951512 . Jump up ^ Sanger , F. ; Tuppy , H. ( 1951 - 09 - 01 ) . `` The amino - acid sequence in the phenylalanyl chain of insulin . I . The identification of lower peptides from partial hydrolysates '' . The Biochemical Journal . 49 ( 4 ) : 463 -- 481 . doi : 10.1042 / bj0490463 . ISSN 0264 - 6021 . PMC 1197535 . PMID 14886310 . Jump up ^ Sanger , F. ( 1959 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Chemistry of Insulin '' . Science . 129 ( 3359 ) : 1340 -- 1344 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 129.3359. 1340 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 13658959 . Jump up ^ Pauling L , Corey RB , Branson HR ( 1951 ) . `` The structure of proteins ; two hydrogen - bonded helical configurations of the polypeptide chain '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 37 ( 4 ) : 205 -- 211 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 37.4. 205 . PMC 1063337 . PMID 14816373 . Jump up ^ Chiang YS , Gelfand TI , Kister AE , Gelfand IM ( 2007 ) . `` New classification of supersecondary structures of sandwich - like proteins uncovers strict patterns of strand assemblage '' . Proteins. 68 ( 4 ) : 915 -- 921 . doi : 10.1002 / prot. 21473 . PMID 17557333 . Jump up ^ Govindarajan S , Recabarren R , Goldstein RA ( 17 September 1999 ) . `` Estimating the total number of protein folds '' . Proteins. 35 ( 4 ) : 408 -- 414 .",
"9": "doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0134 ( 19990601 ) 35 : 4 < 408 : : AID - PROT4 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - A. PMID 10382668 . Jump up ^ Haynie DT , Xue B ( 2015 ) . `` Superdomain in the protein structure hierarchy : the case of PTP - C2 '' . Protein Science . 24 : 874 -- 82 . doi : 10.1002 / pro. 2664 . PMC 4420535 . PMID 25694109 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Alexander Johnson ; Julian Lewis ; Martin Raff ; Keith Roberts ; Peter Walters ( 2002 ) . `` The Shape and Structure of Proteins '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell ; Fourth Edition . New York and London : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Anfinsen , C. ( 1972 ) . `` The formation and stabilization of protein structure '' . Biochem. J. 128 ( 4 ) : 737 -- 49 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1280737 . PMC 1173893 . PMID 4565129 . Jump up ^ Kendrew , J.C. ; Bodo , G. ; Dintzis , H.M. ; Parrish , R.G. ; Wyckoff , H. ; Phillips , D.C. ( 1958 ) . `` A Three - Dimensional Model of the Myoglobin Molecule Obtained by X-Ray Analysis '' . Nature . 181 : 662 -- 666 . doi : 10.1038 / 181662a0 . PMID 13517261 . Jump up ^ Krimm , Samuel ; Bandekar , J. ( 1986 ) . `` Vibrational Spectroscopy and Conformation of Peptides , Polypeptides , and Proteins '' . Advances in Protein Chemistry . Advances in Protein Chemistry . 38 ( C ) : 181 -- 364 .",
"10": "doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 3233 ( 08 ) 60528 - 8 . ISBN 9780120342389 . Jump up ^ Lessing , J. ; Roy , S. ; Reppert , M. ; Baer , M. ; Marx , D. ; Jansen , T.L.C. ; Knoester , J. ; Tokmakoff , A. ( 2012 ) . `` Identifying Residual Structure in Intrinsically Disordered Systems : A 2D IR Spectroscopic Study of the GVGXPGVG Peptide '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 : 5032 -- 5035 . doi : 10.1021 / ja2114135 . PMID 22356513 . Jump up ^ Jansen , T.L.C. ; Knoester , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Two - dimensional infrared population transfer spectroscopy for enhancing structural markers of proteins '' . Biophys . J. 94 : 1818 -- 1825 . doi : 10.1529 / biophysj. 107.118851 . PMC 2242754 . PMID 17981904 . Jump up ^ Minde DP , Maurice MM , Rüdiger SG ( 2012 ) . Uversky , Vladimir N , ed . `` Determining biophysical protein stability in lysates by a fast proteolysis assay , FASTpp '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 10 ) : e46147 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0046147 . PMC 3463568 . PMID 23056252 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kumari I , Sandhu P , Ahmed M , Akhter Y. Molecular Dynamics Simulations , Challenges and Opportunities : A Biologist 's Prospective . Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2017 Aug 30 ; 18 ( 11 ) : 1163 - 1179 . doi : 10.2174 / 1389203718666170622074741 . Link for preprint .",
"11": "^ Jump up to : Varadi , Mihaly ; Vranken , Wim ; Guharoy , Mainak ; Tompa , Peter ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Computational approaches for inferring the functions of intrinsically disordered proteins '' . Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 2 : 45 . doi : 10.3389 / fmolb. 2015.00045 . PMC 4525029 . PMID 26301226 . Jump up ^ Mittag , Tanja ; Marsh , Joseph ; Grishaev , Alexander ; Orlicky , Stephen ; Lin , Hong ; Sicheri , Frank ; Tyers , Mike ; Forman - Kay , Julie D. ( 2010 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Structure / function implications in a dynamic complex of the intrinsically disordered Sic1 with the Cdc4 subunit of an SCF ubiquitin ligase '' . Structure . 18 ( 4 ) : 494 -- 506 . doi : 10.1016 / j. str. 2010.01. 020 . ISSN 1878 - 4186 . PMC 2924144 . PMID 20399186 . Jump up ^ De Biasio , Alfredo ; Ibáñez de Opakua , Alain ; Cordeiro , Tiago N. ; Villate , Maider ; Merino , Nekane ; Sibille , Nathalie ; Lelli , Moreno ; Diercks , Tammo ; Bernadó , Pau ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) . `` p15PAF is an intrinsically disordered protein with nonrandom structural preferences at sites of interaction with other proteins '' . Biophysical Journal . 106 ( 4 ) : 865 -- 874 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpj. 2013.12. 046 . ISSN 1542 - 0086 . PMC 3944474 . PMID 24559989 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Kragelj , Jaka ; Palencia , Andrés ; Nanao , Max H. ; Maurin , Damien ; Bouvignies , Guillaume ; Blackledge , Martin ; Jensen , Malene Ringkjøbing ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Structure and dynamics of the MKK7 - JNK signaling complex '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 112 ( 11 ) : 3409 -- 3414 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1419528112 . ISSN 1091 - 6490 . PMC 4371970 . PMID 25737554 . Jump up ^ Allison , Jane R. ; Rivers , Robert C. ; Christodoulou , John C. ; Vendruscolo , Michele ; Dobson , Christopher M. ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) . `` A relationship between the transient structure in the monomeric state and the aggregation propensities of α - synuclein and β - synuclein '' . Biochemistry . 53 ( 46 ) : 7170 -- 7183 . doi : 10.1021 / bi5009326 . ISSN 1520 - 4995 . PMC 4245978 . PMID 25389903 . Jump up ^ Sivakolundu , Sivashankar G. ; Bashford , Donald ; Kriwacki , Richard W. ( 2005 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Disordered p27Kip1 exhibits intrinsic structure resembling the Cdk2 / cyclin A-bound conformation '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 353 ( 5 ) : 1118 -- 1128 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2005.08. 074 . ISSN 0022 - 2836 . PMID 16214166 . Jump up ^ Laskowski , RA . `` Protein structure databases '' . Mol Biotechnol . PMID 21225378 . Jump up ^ Murzin , A.G. ; Brenner , S. ; Hubbard , T. ; Chothia , C.",
"13": "( 1995 ) . `` SCOP : A structural classification of proteins database for the investigation of sequences and structures '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Molecular Biology . 247 ( 4 ) : 536 -- 540 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 05 ) 80134 - 2 . PMID 7723011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Orengo , C.A. ; Michie , A.D. ; Jones , S. ; Jones , D.T. ; Swindells , M.B. ; Thornton , J.M. ( 1997 ) . `` CATH -- a hierarchic classification of protein domain structures '' . Structure . 5 ( 8 ) : 1093 -- 1108 . doi : 10.1016 / S0969 - 2126 ( 97 ) 00260 - 8 . PMID 9309224 . Jump up ^ Holm , L ; Rosenström , P ( July 2010 ) . `` Dali server : conservation mapping in 3D '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 38 ( Web Server issue ) : W545 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkq366 . PMC 2896194 . PMID 20457744 . Jump up ^ Zhang Y ( 2008 ) . `` Progress and challenges in protein structure prediction '' . Curr Opin Struct Biol. 18 ( 3 ) : 342 -- 348 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2008.02. 004 . PMC 2680823 . PMID 18436442 . Further reading ( edit ) 50 Years of Protein Structure Determination Timeline - HTML Version - National Institute of General Medical Sciences at NIH Proteins Processes Protein biosynthesis Post-translational modification Protein folding Protein targeting Proteome Protein methods Structures Protein structure Protein structural domains Proteasome",
"14": "Types List of types of proteins List of proteins Membrane protein Globular protein Globulin Edestin Albumin Fibrous protein Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI Protein domains BAR BIR BZIP CARD C1 C2 DED ENTH FYVE HEAT Kringle LIM LRR NACHT PAS PDZ Pyrin PH PX SH2 SH3 SUN TRIO WD40 zinc finger Protein structural analysis High resolution Cryo - electron microscopy X-ray crystallography NMR Electron crystallography EPR",
"15": "Medium resolution Fiber diffraction Mass spectrometry SAXS Spectroscopic NMR Circular dichroism Dual - polarization interferometry Absorbance Fluorescence Fluorescence anisotropy Translational Diffusion Analytical ultracentrifugation Size exclusion chromatography Light scattering NMR Rotational Diffusion Fluorescence anisotropy Flow birefringence Dielectric relaxation NMR Chemical Hydrogen - deuterium exchange Site - directed mutagenesis Chemical modification Thermodynamic Equilibrium unfolding Computational Protein structure prediction Molecular docking ← Tertiary structure Quaternary structure → Biomolecular structure Protein structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Determination Prediction Design Thermodynamics Nucleic acid structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Determination Prediction Design Thermodynamics See also Protein Protein domain Protein engineering Nucleic acid DNA RNA Nucleic acid double helix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"16": "php?title=Protein_structure&oldid=835457988 '' Categories : Protein structure Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles prone to spam from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Italiano Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 20 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "List of NFL franchise postseason droughts - wikipedia List of NFL franchise postseason droughts Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of current National Football League ( NFL ) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts ( multiple consecutive seasons of not winning ) . Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system . As of the 2017 NFL season , every active NFL team has qualified for , and won a game in , the playoffs at least once . Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play . Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl , four ( 4 ) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself ( Bengals , Panthers , Jaguars , and the Texans ) . The Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played . The seven ( 7 ) other clubs ( Cardinals , Lions , Oilers / Titans , Chargers , Browns , Bills , and Vikings ) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL -- NFL merger ; in the case of the Vikings , however , the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title , leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl that have never secured the highest championship available to them . The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals , at 69 seasons . Note that for continuity purposes , the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 seasons , Since returning 19 years ago they have only made playoffs once . While Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996 . The Ravens , as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , absorbed the Browns ' personnel upon their suspension , but not their history .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Active team droughts 1.1 Post-season droughts 1.2 Playoff game victory droughts 1.3 AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts 1.4 Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts 1.5 Super Bowl win droughts 1.6 Super Bowl crown droughts by division 1.7 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown 1.8 Division title droughts 2 Historical team droughts 2.1 Closest approaches without winning the Super Bowl 2.2 NFL Title Game in which neither team had previously won a championship 2.3 Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons 2.4 Most consecutive post-season losses in team history 2.5 Longest post-season droughts in team history 3 See also 4 References Active team droughts ( edit ) Postseason droughts ( edit ) Updated through the end of the 2017 NFL season .",
"2": "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last appearance in post-season Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 10 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 7 Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game 2017 Playoff Teams Buffalo Bills 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Carolina Panthers 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Los Angeles Rams 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Championship Game -- Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Championship Game -- Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII -- New England Patriots Super Bowl LII -- Playoff game victory droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2017 NFL season . Sortable table , click on header arrows . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 0 Most consecutive losses in team history",
"3": "0 ¤ 0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history Current Playoff Loss Streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 27 8 1990 Divisional - Los Angeles Raiders 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 26 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 22 5 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee 2017 Wild Card - Jacksonville Cleveland Browns 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 20 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 15 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 15 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York",
"4": "Giants Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 2004 Divisional - Atlanta 2017 Wild Card - Atlanta Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 7 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay New York Giants 2011 ! Super Bowl XLVI 6 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2017 Wild Card - Tennessee Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver 2017 Wild Card - New Orleans Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 - game win streak Houston Texans",
"5": "2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - New England Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - Atlanta Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 AFC Championship - New England 2017 Divisional - Jacksonville Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta 2017 Playoff 0 Winners Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - New England Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Philadelphia New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Minnesota Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs 0 2017 AFC Championship - New England Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 0 2017 NFC Championship - Philadelphia New England Patriots 2017 AFC Championship * 0 Super Bowl LII - Philadelphia Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII * 0 0 3 - game win streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams ( * ) : Franchise earned a bye in the Wild Card round . Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning team is 0 - 1 in playoffs . AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts ( edit ) This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game .",
"6": "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history Drought Reference Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Championship Game Result 29 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1988 AFC Won vs. Buffalo 26 Washington Redskins ^ 1991 NFC Won vs. Detroit 26 Detroit Lions ^ 1991 NFC Lost vs. Washington 25 Miami Dolphins ^ 1992 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 25 Cleveland Browns ^ 1989 AFC Lost vs. Denver 24 Buffalo Bills ^ 1993 AFC Won vs. Kansas City 24 Kansas City Chiefs 1993 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 22 Dallas Cowboys ^ 1995 NFC Won vs. Green Bay 16 Houston Texans ^ 1985 Never y -- 16 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2001 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Won vs. Tennessee 15 Tennessee Titans 2002 AFC Lost vs. Oakland 10 Los Angeles Chargers 2007 AFC Lost vs. New England 8 New Orleans Saints 2009 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 7 New York Jets 2010 AFC Lost vs. Pittsburgh 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 2011 NFC Won vs. San Francisco 5 Baltimore Ravens 2012 AFC Won vs. New England San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Lost vs. Seattle Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Lost vs. New England Seattle Seahawks 2014 NFC Won vs. Green Bay Denver Broncos 2015 AFC Won vs. New England Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Lost vs. Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Won vs. Arizona Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Lost vs.",
"7": "New England Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Lost vs. Atlanta Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Won vs. Green Bay . 75 Z2017 Conference Finalists 2016.5 z 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Lost vs. New England 0 Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 Philadelphia Eagles 2017 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 0 New England Patriots 2017 AFC Won vs. Jacksonville The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the NFC Championship game as the St. Louis Rams . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the AFC Championship game as the San Diego Chargers . The Texans first played in the 2002 season . The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 years ago , the Browns have never played in an AFC Championship Game . Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts ( edit ) Last appearance in Super Bowl or NFL Championship Seasons Team Last appearance in Super Bowl NFL Season Result 60 Detroit Lions 7003195700000000000 ♠ 1957 NFL Championship Game 1957 Won vs. Cleveland 49 New York Jets 7003196800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl III 1968 Won vs. Baltimore Colts 48 Kansas City Chiefs 7003196900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl IV 1969 Won vs. Minnesota 45 Cleveland Browns 7003196910000000000 ♠ 1969.1 1969 NFL Championship Game 1969 Lost vs. Minnesota 41 Minnesota Vikings 7003197700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XI 1976 Lost vs. Oakland 33 Miami Dolphins 7003198400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XIX 1984 Lost vs. San Francisco 29 Cincinnati Bengals 7003198800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIII 1988 Lost vs.",
"8": "San Francisco 26 Washington Redskins 7003199100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVI 1991 Won vs. Buffalo 24 Buffalo Bills 7003199300000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVIII 1993 Lost vs. Dallas 23 Jacksonville Jaguars 7000100000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) z -- 23 Los Angeles Chargers 7003199400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIX 1994 Lost vs. San Francisco 22 Dallas Cowboys 7003199500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXX 1995 Won vs. Pittsburgh 18 Tennessee Titans 7003199900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 Lost vs. St. Louis Rams 16 Houston Texans 7000200000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) z -- 16 Los Angeles Rams 7003200100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVI 2001 Lost vs. New England 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7003200200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Won vs. Oakland 15 Oakland Raiders 7003200210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Lost vs. Tampa Bay 11 Chicago Bears 7003200600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLI 2006 Lost vs. Indianapolis 9 Arizona Cardinals 7003200800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIII 2008 Lost vs. Pittsburgh 8 New Orleans Saints 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Won vs. Indianapolis 8 Indianapolis Colts 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Lost vs. New Orleans 7 Green Bay Packers 7003201000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Won vs.",
"9": "Pittsburgh 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 7003201010000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 7003201100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Won vs. New England 5 Baltimore Ravens 7003201200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Won vs. San Francisco 5 San Francisco 49ers 7003201210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Lost vs. Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks 7003201420000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIX 2014 Lost vs. New England Carolina Panthers 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Lost vs. Denver Denver Broncos 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Won vs. Carolina Atlanta Falcons 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Lost vs. New England . 75 ZSuper Bowl LII teams 7003201600000000000 ♠ a 2016a zz 0 New England Patriots 7003201700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LII 2017 Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7003201700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LII 2017 Won vs. New England The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 seasons ago , Cleveland has never appeared in a Super Bowl or NFL championship game . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the Super Bowl as the San Diego Chargers . The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the Super Bowl as the St. Louis Rams . Super Bowl win droughts ( edit ) This list also counts all seasons since a team last won the league championship . Drought References Seasons Team Last Super Bowl crown ( 1966 -- present ) NFL Season Last League Championship crown Before 1970 Merger ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Seasons 52 Arizona Cardinals",
"10": "Never -- 1947 NFL Championship 70 52 Detroit Lions Never -- 1957 NFL Championship 60 52 Tennessee Titans Never -- 1961 AFL Championship 56 52 Los Angeles Chargers Never -- 1963 AFL Championship 54 52 Buffalo Bills Never -- 1965 AFL Championship 52 49 Cleveland Browns Never -- 1964 NFL Championship 50 52 Minnesota Vikings Never -- 1969 NFL Championship 48 52 Atlanta Falcons Never ( enfranchised 1966 ) -- 50 Cincinnati Bengals Never ( enfranchised 1968 ) -- 49 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968 48 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969 44 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VIII 1973 34 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XVIII 32 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX 1985 26 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991 23 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 Carolina Panthers Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX 1994 22 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995 18 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 16 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) -- 15 Tampa",
"11": "Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 11 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLI 2006 9 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLIII 2008 8 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009 7 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV 6 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011 5 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLVIII 2013 Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015 New England Patriots Super Bowl LI 2016 . 75 ZDefending champion 2015 z 0 Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII 2017 Team won as the Chicago Cardinals in 1947 . Team won as the Houston Oilers in 1961 . AFL and NFL league champions met in Super Bowls I thru IV before the 1970 merger ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . They are not generally counted in the overall league championship list . Browns suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning to the league , they have never appeared in or won a Super Bowl . Super Bowl winner was not the NFL league champion till after 1970 merger ( Super Bowl V ) . Team was based in Los Angeles when it won Super Bowl XVIII . Team was based in St. Louis when it won Super Bowl XXXIV .",
"12": "Super Bowl crown droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last Super Bowl crown Seasons AFC South XLI -- Colts 11 NFC South XLIV -- Saints 8 NFC North XLV -- Packers 7 AFC North XLVII -- Ravens 5 NFC West XLVIII -- Seahawks AFC West 50 -- Broncos AFC East LI -- Patriots NFC East LII -- Eagles 0 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Current NFL cities / regions only . Last city to leave list : Philadelphia , 2017 season City / region Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) Team ( s ) Notes Detroit 52 None Detroit Lions ( 1966 -- present ) Played in the 1991 NFC Championship Game . Last NFL Championship won in 1957 . Buffalo 52 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Buffalo Bills ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Last AFL Championship won in 1965 ( pre-merger ) . Buffalo 's previous NFL franchise , the Buffalo All - Americans , claimed an unrecognized 1921 championship . Atlanta 52 1998 , 2016 Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . Minneapolis -- St. Paul 52 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Minnesota Vikings ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . NFL Championship won in 1969 was last title before formal AFL -- NFL merger later in 1970 . Previous NFL team , the Minneapolis Marines / Red Jackets , also never won an NFL title . Cincinnati 50 1981 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . Previous NFL team , the Cincinnati Celts , never won an NFL title .",
"13": "Cleveland 49 None Cleveland Browns ( 1966 -- 1995 , 1999 -- present ) Played in the 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 AFC Championship Games . Last NFL Championship won in 1964 ( pre-merger ) . Houston 47 None 31 Oilers seasons ( 1966 -- 1996 ) and 16 Texans seasons ( 2002 -- present ) Played in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games . The Oilers franchise in Houston won the AFL Championship in 1960 and 1961 ( pre-merger ) . Phoenix 30 2008 Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals ( 1988 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XLIII . Jacksonville 23 None Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- present ) Played in the 1996 , 1999 and 2017 AFC Championship Games . Charlotte 23 2003 , 2015 Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . Nashville 21 1999 Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XXXIV . Division title droughts ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Updated through the 2017 season .",
"14": "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history Franchise 0 0 Most recent 0 0 division title 0Year0 Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ AFC Central 1989 25 * * Detroit Lions ^ NFC Central 1993 24 Buffalo Bills ^ AFC East 1995 22 Oakland Raiders ^ AFC West 2002 15 New York Jets AFC East 2002 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC South 2007 10 Miami Dolphins ^ AFC East 2008 9 Tennessee Titans AFC South 2008 9 Los Angeles Chargers AFC West 2009 8 Chicago Bears NFC North 7 New York Giants NFC East 2011 6 Baltimore Ravens AFC North 2012 5 San Francisco 49ers NFC West 2012 5 Indianapolis Colts AFC South 2014 Cincinnati Bengals AFC North 2015 Denver Broncos AFC West 2015 Washington Redskins NFC East 2015 Carolina Panthers NFC South 2015 Arizona Cardinals NFC West 2015 Houston Texans AFC South 2016 Dallas Cowboys NFC East 2016 Green Bay Packers NFC North 2016 Atlanta Falcons NFC South 2016 Seattle Seahawks NFC West 2016 2017 Division Champions New England Patriots AFC East 2017 -- Pittsburgh Steelers AFC North 2017 -- Jacksonville Jaguars AFC South 2017 -- Kansas City Chiefs AFC West 2017 -- Philadelphia Eagles NFC East 2017 -- Minnesota Vikings NFC North 2017 -- New Orleans Saints NFC South 2017 -- Los Angeles Rams NFC West 2017 -- * * Does not include the three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) during which the franchise suspended operations . Historical team droughts ( edit ) Closest approaches without winning the Super Bowl ( edit ) Counted from the first Super Bowl season , 1966 , to present .",
"15": "Updated through the Super Bowl LII . Last team to leave this list - 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Team Wild Card appearances Divisional Round appearances Conference Final appearances Super Bowl appearances Fewest wins short of Super Bowl Title Minnesota Vikings 12 21 9 1 win short : 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 7 10 5 1 win short : 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Cincinnati Bengals 8 6 1 win short : 1982 , 1988 Atlanta Falcons 7 10 1 win short : 1998 , 2016 Carolina Panthers 7 1 win short : 2003 , 2015 Los Angeles Chargers 6 10 1 win short : 1994 Tennessee Titans 13 13 1 win short : 1999 Arizona Cardinals 6 1 win short : 2008 Cleveland Browns 8 6 2 wins short : 1968 , 1969 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 5 2 wins short : 1996 , 1999 , 2017 Detroit Lions 8 2 wins short : 1991 Houston Texans 3 wins short : 2011 , 2012 , 2016 NFL title game in which neither team had previously won a Championship ( edit ) In these instances , the matchup ensured that one team would win the first NFL or AFL playoff championship in it 's history .",
"16": "0 0 Drought Continues Thru 2017 0 ^ 0 Both Teams in 1st Title game Beginning at Playoff Era - 1933 Season - Super Bowl # Won Lost Number of years till drought ended 1981 - XVI ^ San Francisco 49ers Cincinnati Bengals 36 1971 - VI Dallas Cowboys Miami Dolphins 1963 AFL San Diego Chargers Boston Patriots 38 1960 AFL ^ Houston Oilers Los Angeles Chargers 1947 ^ Chicago Cardinals Philadelphia Eagles 1936 ^ Green Bay Packers Boston Redskins 1933 ^ Chicago Bears New York Giants Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons ( edit ) Updated through the 2017 season . Sort by clicking on desired column heading . When sorting , Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts are grouped together , Arizona , Phoenix , St. Louis and Chicago Cardinals are grouped together , Tennessee Titans , Houston Oilers and Tennessee Oilers are grouped together , Los Angeles , St. Louis and Cleveland Rams are grouped together , Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders are grouped together . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak Last place NFL finishes Last place AFL finishes ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 7003197800000000000 ♠ List of Droughts Seasons Team Drought Duration Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought League Worst win - loss record during drought Last Place Seasons 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 1950 , 1952 , 1960 -- 1961 1961 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Arizona Cardinals A ! Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 5 1951 , 1953 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1959 1953 , 1954 , 1957 tie , 1959 1959 tie 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Pittsburgh Steelers A !",
"17": "Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 5 1955 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 1965 , 1969 tie 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Orleans Saints A ! New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 9 1967 , 1970 -- 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1981 , 1986 1975 1975 tie , 1980 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 8 1960 , 1963 -- 1967 , 1970 -- 1971 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 tie , 1967 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Philadelphia Eagles A ! Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 7 1962 -- 1963 , 1968 -- 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1968 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 9 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1978 , 1980 1964 , 1966 , 1974 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Buffalo Bills A ! Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 8 2001 -- 2002 , 2008 -- 2013 -- 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Detroit Lions A ! Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 1942 , 1946 -- 1948 1942 , 1946 , 1948 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals B !",
"18": "Chicago Cardinals 1932 -- 1946 10 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , 1938 -- 1940 , 1943 -- 1946 1933 , 1938 tie , 1939 , 1943 , 1944 tie , 1945 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 1957 tie , 1958 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals C ! St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 1983 -- 1997 7 1985 -- 1986 , 1990 -- 1992 , 1995 , 1997 -- 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 ^ Cleveland Browns A ! Cleveland Browns 2003 -- 2017 13 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2017 2015 tie , 2016 , 2017 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Pittsburgh Steelers B ! Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers 1933 -- 1946 7 1933 -- 1934 , 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 -- 1945 1938 tie , 1941 , 1944 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Philadelphia Eagles B ! Philadelphia Eagles 1933 -- 1946 5 1935 -- 1937 , 1940 , 1942 1935 , 1936 , 1940 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kansas City Chiefs A ! Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 5 1977 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1985 1977 1977 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers A !",
"19": "Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 8 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 1983 1983 tie , 1985 tie , 1986 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Cincinnati Bengals A ! Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 6 1991 -- 1993 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 1993 , 1998 tie , 2002 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Bears A ! Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 5 1969 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 1969 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Diego Chargers A ! San Diego Chargers 1966 -- 1978 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 1975 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 6 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 -- 2014 2003 tie , 2006 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Detroit Lions B ! Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1969 1966 , 1968 -- 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 San Francisco 49ers A ! San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 1963 -- 1964 , 1969 1963 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 New England Patriots A ! Boston / New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1970 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Atlanta Falcons A ! Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 1967 , 1968 tie 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Los Angeles Rams A !",
"20": "St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 6 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 2009 , 2011 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Los Angeles Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 1956 -- 1966 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1965 1959 1959 tie , 1962 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Jets A ! New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 1980 -- 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions C ! Detroit Lions 1971 -- 1981 1979 1979 1979 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions D ! Detroit Lions 2000 -- 2010 6 2001 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 2008 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Philadelphia Eagles C ! Philadelphia Eagles 1950 -- 1959 1956 , 1958 1956 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Green Bay Packers B ! Green Bay Packers 1983 -- 1992 1988 -- 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 1992 -- 1994 , 1996 1992 tie 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers B ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2008 -- 2017 7 2009 , 2011 -- 2015 , 2017 2014 2014 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Green Bay Packers C ! Green Bay Packers 1973 -- 1981 1976 , 1980 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Indianapolis Colts A !",
"21": "Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 1978 - 1979 , 1982 , 1986 1981 tie , 1982 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 San Diego Chargers B ! San Diego Chargers 1983 -- 1991 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Los Angeles Rams C ! Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 1990 -- 1998 6 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Arizona Cardinals E ! Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2007 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 2003 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Houston Texans A ! Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 5 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 2005 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Jacksonville Jaguars A ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2016 2012 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 New York Jets B ! New York Titans / Jets 1960 -- 1967 1962 -- 1963 -- 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans A ! Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1977 1970 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 1972 , 1973 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers B ! San Francisco 49ers 1973 -- 1980 1978 -- 1979 1978 , 1979 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Atlanta Falcons B !",
"22": "Atlanta Falcons 1983 -- 1990 7 1983 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1990 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Diego Chargers C ! San Diego Chargers 1996 -- 2003 5 1997 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 2000 , 2003 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers C ! San Francisco 49ers 2003 -- 2010 2004 -- 2005 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans B ! Tennessee Titans 2009 -- 2016 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie , 2015 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Los Angeles Rams D ! Cleveland Rams 1937 -- 1944 1937 , 1941 1937 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1956 0 -- -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oakland Raiders B ! Oakland Raiders 1960 -- 1966 1961 -- 1962 1961 , 1962 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Minnesota Vikings A ! Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 1961 , 1966 -- 1967 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Buffalo Bills B ! Buffalo Bills 1967 -- 1973 1968 , 1971 1968 1971 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cleveland Browns B ! Cleveland Browns 1973 -- 1979 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Seattle Seahawks B !",
"23": "Seattle Seahawks 1976 -- 1982 1976 , 1980 -- 1981 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Detroit Lions E ! Detroit Lions 1984 -- 1990 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots 1987 -- 1993 1990 , 1992 1990 , 1992 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1994 1991 , 1993 1991 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Orleans Saints B ! New Orleans Saints 1993 -- 1999 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 2015 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ Chicago Bears B ! Chicago Bears 2011 -- 2017 2014 -- 2017 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ New York Jets C ! New York Jets 2011 -- 2017 2014 , 2016 -- 2017 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears C ! Chicago Bears 1957 -- 1962 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 1960 1960 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Arizona Cardinals E ! St. Louis Cardinals 1976 -- 1981 1979 , 1981 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tennessee Titans C ! Houston Oilers 1981 -- 1986 1983 -- 1986 1983 1983 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Buffalo Bills C !",
"24": "Buffalo Bills 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 1985 1984 , 1985 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Philadelphia Eagles D ! Philadelphia Eagles 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 New York Jets D ! New York Jets 1992 -- 1997 1994 -- 1996 1995 , 1996 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins 1993 -- 1998 1993 -- 1994 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Oakland Raiders C ! Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 1994 -- 1999 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears D ! Chicago Bears 1995 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Carolina Panthers A ! Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 2001 -- 2002 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins 2002 -- 2007 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 2007 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Chicago Bears E ! Chicago Bears 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Indianapolis Colts C ! Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1957 1954 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cleveland Browns C ! Cleveland Browns 1959 -- 1963 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Buffalo Bills D !",
"25": "Buffalo Bills 1975 -- 1979 1976 -- 1977 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals B ! Cincinnati Bengals 1976 -- 1980 1978 -- 1980 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins C ! Washington Redskins 1977 -- 1981 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals C ! Cincinnati Bengals 1983 -- 1987 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys 1986 -- 1990 1988 , 1989 1988 , 1989 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Tennessee Titans D ! Houston / Tennessee Oilers 1994 -- 1998 1994 1994 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kansas City Chiefs B ! Kansas City Chiefs 1998 -- 2002 2002 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins D ! Washington Redskins 2000 -- 2004 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Jacksonville Jaguars B ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2000 -- 2004 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Orleans Saints C ! New Orleans Saints 2001 -- 2005 2005 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos 2006 -- 2010 -- Seasons Team Drought Duration Last Place Seasons League Worst win - loss record during drought Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought In 1944 , during World War II , Pittsburgh and the Chicago Cardinals were a combined team called Card - Pitt . The Cleveland Rams suspended operations in the 1943 season due to World War II . Most consecutive postseason losses in team history ( edit ) This is a sortable table of all 32 current NFL teams .",
"26": "Ten teams have multiple losing streaks where they lost an equal number of post season games before breaking the drought . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win Arizona Cardinals 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 years 1947 Championship 4.1 ! 4 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round - 1 ! 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card Atlanta Falcons 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2004 Divisional 4.2 ! 4 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years 2001 Wild Card 3.1 ! 3 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card Buffalo Bills ^ 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1995 Div ! 1995 Wild Card 5.3 ! 5 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2017 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 3 -- 10 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans Jaguars TBD Carolina Panthers 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Div !",
"27": "2014 Wild Card Chicago Bears 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1994 AF ! 1994 Wild Card 3.2 ! 3 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional Cincinnati Bengals ^ 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 years 1990 Div ! 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD Cleveland Browns 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional Dallas Cowboys 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years Div ! 1996 Wild Card 6.2 ! 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card Denver Broncos 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5.1 ! 5 1977 ! Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div .",
"28": "10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional Detroit Lions ^ 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991.2 ! 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1997 Conference Championship 2.2 ! 2 1997.2 ! Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2.3 ! 2 2001.1 ! 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2.4 ! 2 2003.1 ! 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 2007 Divisional 2.5 ! 2 2007.2 ! 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2.6 ! 2 2012 Div .",
"29": "2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional Houston Texans 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012.1 ! 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 years 1971 Divisional 5.2 ! 5 1971.1 ! 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1995 Divisional 5.3 ! 5 1995.3 ! 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 2.6 ! 2 1996.2 ! 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1999 Divisional 2.7 ! 2 1999.2 ! 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Kansas City Chiefs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993.2 ! 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div .",
"30": "2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card Los Angeles Chargers 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 1994 AFC Championship 4.8 ! 4 1994.2 ! Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Los Angeles Rams 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 years 1951 Championship 5.5 ! 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional Miami Dolphins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 4.5 ! 4 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 2000 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD Minnesota Vikings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6.3 ! 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div .",
"31": "1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card New England Patriots 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1963 Divisional 4.6 ! 4 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card New Orleans Saints 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 4.7 ! 4 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card New York Giants 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1938 Championship 6.4 ! 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 2.8 ! 2 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1982 2nd Round 2.9 ! 2 1982.1 ! 1982 AFC Champ .",
"32": "1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1986 Wild Card 2.91 ! 2 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 World ! 1998 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1998 Divisional 2.92 ! 2 1998.1 ! 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Div ! 2002 Wild Card 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Wild Card 2.93 ! 2 2004.1 ! 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card Oakland Raiders ^ 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1970 Divisional 2.94 ! 2 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 2.95 ! 2 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1990 Divisional 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 years 2002 AFC Championship 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 !",
"33": "Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD Philadelphia Eagles 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5.4 ! 5 1980.1 ! Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years 1989 Wild Card 3.3 ! 3 1989.1 ! 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2010 AFC Championship 2010.1 ! Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card San Francisco 49ers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 3.4 ! 3 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional Seattle Seahawks 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1984 Su ! 1984 Wild Card 6.5 ! 6 1984.2 ! 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div .",
"34": "1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1979 Divisional 3.5 ! 3 1979.2 ! 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1999 Divisional 3.6 ! 3 1999.3 ! 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional Tennessee Titans 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 3.7 ! 3 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Chief ! Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1988 Wild Card 3.8 ! 3 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1991 Div ! 1991 Wild Card 3.9 ! 3 1991.1 !",
"35": "1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 2003 Wild Card 3.91 ! 3 2003.3 ! 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens 2017 Wild Card Washington Redskins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 years 1972 NFC Championship 4.9 ! 4 1972.2 ! Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 2005 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win Longest postseason droughts in team history ( edit ) Note that the NFL did not institute a permanent playoff tournament until 1967 and that the NFL Championship Game and any impromptu one - game playoffs ( played only in the event of a tie atop the division standings ) were the only postseason matchups in this era ( the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl is considered an exhibition game for the purpose of this list ) . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971",
"36": "24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 2009 -- 2016 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7",
"37": "Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2017 ^ 27 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2017 ^ 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 ,",
"38": "1999 -- 2017 ^ 20 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2017 ^ 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons See also ( edit ) List of NFL franchise post-season streaks List of current National Football League consecutive playoff appearances List of last undefeated NFL teams by season List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) List of Super Bowl Champions List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of MLS club post-season droughts List of NBA franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season droughts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Season Index '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Picture '' . National Football League . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl List '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . NFL playoffs Conference tiebreakers 1941 1943",
"39": "1947 1950 1952 1957 1958 1965 NFL playoff system 1967 1968 1969 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 American Football League playoffs",
"40": "Post-season streaks Post-season droughts AFC Championship Game broadcasters AFL Championship Game broadcasters NFC Championship Game broadcasters NFL Championship Game broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl broadcasters NFL playoff results NFL playoff games NFL starting quarterback playoff records Head coaches by playoff record National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S.",
"41": "Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts&oldid=838357081 '' Categories : National Football League lists National Football League playoffs Playoff streaks American football records and statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 14 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is ranked 1 in women's tennis
|
[
"Simona Halep"
] |
{
"0": "List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players - wikipedia List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players Jump to : navigation , search This article is about number - one ranked players since 1975 . For the all - time list , see World number 1 women tennis players . Simona Halep , currently ranked no . 1 in women 's singles Latisha Chan , currently ranked no . 1 in women 's doubles . The list of WTA number 1 ranked players shows the professional women 's tennis players who have been or currently are ranked world No. 1 by the Women 's Tennis Association , along with the dates of first reaching and losing that spot . Since the WTA began producing computerized rankings on November 3 , 1975 , 25 women have reached the highest singles ranking and 36 women the highest doubles ranking . The WTA Rankings are a merit - based method for determining the rankings in women 's tennis and the WTA releases ranking points weekly based on how players fared during the previous 52 weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Singles 1.1 World No. 1 ranked players 1.2 Weeks at No. 1 1.2. 1 Total 1.2. 2 Consecutive 1.3 Weeks at No. 1 by country 1.4 Year - end No. 1 players 1.4. 1 Per player 1.4. 2 Per year 1.5 Players who were ranked world No. 1 without having won a Grand Slam tournament 2 Doubles 2.1 World No. 1 ranked players 2.2 Weeks at No. 1 2.2. 1 Total 2.2. 2 Consecutive 2.3 Weeks at number 1 by country 2.4 Year - end No. 1 players 2.4. 1 Per player 2.4. 2 Per year 2.5 Players who were ranked world No. 1 without having won a Grand Slam tournament 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Singles ( edit ) World No.",
"1": "1 ranked players ( edit ) The rankings are sourced by the WTA Media Guide and the WTA website ( which usually revises its rankings every Sunday night or Monday morning , except when tournament finals are postponed ) . On 11 September 2017 , Garbiñe Muguruza and Rafael Nadal made Spain the first country since the United States 14 years ago to simultaneously top both the ATP and the WTA rankings , with Muguruza making her debut in the No. 1 spot . The most recent previous such pair were Serena Williams and Andre Agassi , 28 April to 11 May , 2003 . Steffi Graf spent 377 weeks at the top of the WTA , the most of any player . New no . 1 Country Player Start date End date Weeks series total USA Chris Evert Nov 3 , 1975 Apr 25 , 1976 25 25 AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley Apr 26 , 1976 May 9 , 1976 USA Chris Evert ( 2 ) May 10 , 1976 Jul 9 , 1978 113 138 USA Martina Navratilova Jul 10 , 1978 Jan 13 , 1979 26 26 USA Chris Evert ( 3 ) Jan 14 , 1979 Jan 27 , 1979 140 USA Martina Navratilova ( 2 ) Jan 28 , 1979 Feb 24 , 1979 30 USA Chris Evert ( 4 ) Feb 25 , 1979 Apr 15 , 1979 7 147 USA Martina Navratilova ( 3 ) Apr 16 , 1979 Jun 24 , 1979 10 40 USA Chris Evert ( 5 ) Jun 25 , 1979 Sep 9 , 1979 11 158 USA Martina Navratilova ( 4 ) Sep 10 , 1979 Apr 6 ,",
"2": "1980 31 71 USA Tracy Austin Apr 7 , 1980 Apr 20 , 1980 USA Martina Navratilova ( 5 ) Apr 21 , 1980 Jul 6 , 1980 11 82 USA Tracy Austin ( 2 ) Jul 7 , 1980 Nov 17 , 1980 19 21 USA Chris Evert ( 6 ) Nov 18 , 1980 May 2 , 1982 76 234 USA Martina Navratilova ( 6 ) May 3 , 1982 May 16 , 1982 84 USA Chris Evert ( 7 ) May 17 , 1982 Jun 13 , 1982 238 USA Martina Navratilova ( 7 ) Jun 14 , 1982 Jun 9 , 1985 156 240 USA Chris Evert ( 8 ) Jun 10 , 1985 Oct 13 , 1985 18 256 USA Martina Navratilova ( 8 ) Oct 14 , 1985 Oct 27 , 1985 242 USA Chris Evert ( 9 ) Oct 28 , 1985 Nov 24 , 1985 260 USA Martina Navratilova ( 9 ) Nov 25 , 1985 Aug 16 , 1987 90 332 5 GER Steffi Graf Aug 17 , 1987 Mar 10 , 1991 186 186 6 YUG Monica Seles Mar 11 , 1991 Aug 4 , 1991 21 21 GER Steffi Graf ( 2 ) Aug 5 , 1991 Aug 11 , 1991 187 YUG Monica Seles ( 2 ) Aug 12 , 1991 Aug 18 , 1991 22 GER Steffi Graf ( 3 ) Aug 19 , 1991 Sep 8 ,",
"3": "1991 190 / YUG Monica Seles ( 3 ) Sep 9 , 1991 Jun 6 , 1993 91 113 GER Steffi Graf ( 4 ) Jun 7 , 1993 Feb 5 , 1995 87 277 7 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Feb 6 , 1995 Feb 19 , 1995 GER Steffi Graf ( 5 ) Feb 20 , 1995 Feb 26 , 1995 278 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 2 ) Feb 27 , 1995 Apr 9 , 1995 6 8 GER Steffi Graf ( 6 ) Apr 10 , 1995 May 14 , 1995 5 283 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 3 ) May 15 , 1995 Jun 11 , 1995 12 GER Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Jun 12 , 1995 Aug 14 , 1995 9 292 GER USA Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Monica Seles ( 4 ) Aug 15 , 1995 Nov 3 , 1996 64 356 177 GER Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Nov 4 , 1996 Nov 17 , 1996 358 GER USA Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Monica Seles ( 5 ) Nov 18 , 1996 Nov 24 , 1996 359 178 GER Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Nov 25 , 1996 Mar 30 , 1997 18 377 8 SUI Martina Hingis Mar 31 , 1997 Oct 11 , 1998 80 80 9 USA Lindsay Davenport Oct 12 , 1998 Feb 7 , 1999 17 17 SUI Martina Hingis ( 2 ) Feb 8 , 1999 Jul 4 ,",
"4": "1999 21 101 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 2 ) Jul 5 , 1999 Aug 8 , 1999 5 22 SUI Martina Hingis ( 3 ) Aug 9 , 1999 Apr 2 , 2000 34 135 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 3 ) Apr 3 , 2000 May 7 , 2000 5 27 SUI Martina Hingis ( 4 ) May 8 , 2000 May 14 , 2000 136 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 4 ) May 15 , 2000 May 21 , 2000 28 SUI Martina Hingis ( 5 ) May 22 , 2000 Oct 14 , 2001 73 209 10 USA Jennifer Capriati Oct 15 , 2001 Nov 4 , 2001 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 5 ) Nov 5 , 2001 Jan 13 , 2002 10 38 USA Jennifer Capriati ( 2 ) Jan 14 , 2002 Feb 24 , 2002 6 9 11 USA Venus Williams Feb 25 , 2002 Mar 17 , 2002 USA Jennifer Capriati ( 3 ) Mar 18 , 2002 Apr 21 , 2002 5 14 USA Venus Williams ( 2 ) Apr 22 , 2002 May 19 , 2002 7 USA Jennifer Capriati ( 4 ) May 20 , 2002 Jun 9 , 2002 17 USA Venus Williams ( 3 ) Jun 10 , 2002 Jul 7 , 2002 11 12 USA Serena Williams Jul 8 , 2002 Aug 10 , 2003 57 57 13 BEL Kim Clijsters Aug 11 , 2003 Oct 19 ,",
"5": "2003 10 10 14 BEL Justine Henin Oct 20 , 2003 Oct 26 , 2003 BEL Kim Clijsters ( 2 ) Oct 27 , 2003 Nov 9 , 2003 12 BEL Justine Henin ( 2 ) Nov 10 , 2003 Sep 12 , 2004 44 45 15 FRA Amélie Mauresmo Sep 13 , 2004 Oct 17 , 2004 5 5 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 6 ) Oct 18 , 2004 Aug 21 , 2005 44 82 16 RUS Maria Sharapova Aug 22 , 2005 Aug 28 , 2005 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 7 ) Aug 29 , 2005 Sep 11 , 2005 84 RUS Maria Sharapova ( 2 ) Sep 12 , 2005 Oct 23 , 2005 6 7 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 8 ) Oct 24 , 2005 Jan 29 , 2006 14 98 BEL Kim Clijsters ( 3 ) Jan 30 , 2006 Mar 19 , 2006 7 19 FRA Amélie Mauresmo ( 2 ) Mar 20 , 2006 Nov 12 , 2006 34 39 BEL Justine Henin ( 3 ) Nov 13 , 2006 Jan 28 , 2007 11 56 RUS Maria Sharapova ( 3 ) Jan 29 , 2007 Mar 18 , 2007 7 14 BEL Justine Henin ( 4 ) Mar 19 , 2007 May 18 , 2008 61 117 RUS Maria Sharapova ( 4 ) May 19 , 2008 Jun 8 ,",
"6": "2008 17 17 SRB Ana Ivanovic Jun 9 , 2008 Aug 10 , 2008 9 9 18 SRB Jelena Janković Aug 11 , 2008 Aug 17 , 2008 SRB Ana Ivanovic ( 2 ) Aug 18 , 2008 Sep 7 , 2008 12 USA Serena Williams ( 2 ) Sep 8 , 2008 Oct 5 , 2008 61 SRB Jelena Janković ( 2 ) Oct 6 , 2008 Feb 1 , 2009 17 18 USA Serena Williams ( 3 ) Feb 2 , 2009 Apr 19 , 2009 11 72 19 RUS Dinara Safina Apr 20 , 2009 Oct 11 , 2009 25 25 USA Serena Williams ( 4 ) Oct 12 , 2009 Oct 25 , 2009 74 RUS Dinara Safina ( 2 ) Oct 26 , 2009 Nov 1 , 2009 26 USA Serena Williams ( 5 ) Nov 2 , 2009 Oct 10 , 2010 49 123 20 DEN Caroline Wozniacki Oct 11 , 2010 Feb 13 , 2011 18 18 BEL Kim Clijsters ( 4 ) Feb 14 , 2011 Feb 20 , 2011 20 DEN Caroline Wozniacki ( 2 ) Feb 21 , 2011 Jan 29 , 2012 49 67 21 BLR Victoria Azarenka Jan 30 , 2012 Jun 10 , 2012 19 19 RUS Maria Sharapova ( 5 ) Jun 11 , 2012 Jul 8 , 2012 21 BLR Victoria Azarenka ( 2 ) Jul 9 ,",
"7": "2012 Feb 17 , 2013 32 51 USA Serena Williams ( 6 ) Feb 18 , 2013 Sep 11 , 2016 186 309 22 GER Angelique Kerber Sep 12 , 2016 Jan 29 , 2017 20 20 USA Serena Williams ( 7 ) Jan 30 , 2017 Mar 19 , 2017 7 316 GER Angelique Kerber ( 2 ) Mar 20 , 2017 Apr 23 , 2017 5 25 USA Serena Williams ( 8 ) Apr 24 , 2017 May 14 , 2017 319 GER Angelique Kerber ( 3 ) May 15 , 2017 Jul 16 , 2017 9 34 23 CZE Karolína Plíšková Jul 17 , 2017 Sep 10 , 2017 8 8 24 ESP Garbiñe Muguruza Sep 11 , 2017 Oct 8 , 2017 25 ROU Simona Halep Oct 9 , 2017 Jan 28 , 2018 16 16 DEN Caroline Wozniacki ( 3 ) Jan 29 , 2018 Feb 25 , 2018 71 ROU Simona Halep ( 2 ) Feb 26 , 2018 Present 9 25 Key Open - era record Current No. 1 player as of April 23 , 2018 Note ^ Jump up to : Monica Seles was stabbed by a spectator during a WTA tournament match on 30 April 1993 ; while ranked number 1 . When she returned to competition in 1995 , the WTA decided to reinstate her alongside Graf as number one , with her ranking protected for a year until she had a full season of ranking points accrued . Weeks at No. 1 ( edit ) Total ( edit ) Rank Nat . Player Weeks 1 .",
"8": "Steffi Graf 377 2 . Martina Navratilova 332 3 . Serena Williams 319 4 . Chris Evert 260 5 . Martina Hingis 209 6 . / / Monica Seles 178 7 . Justine Henin 117 8 . Lindsay Davenport 98 9 . Caroline Wozniacki 71 10 . Victoria Azarenka 51 11 . Amélie Mauresmo 39 12 . Angelique Kerber 34 13 . Dinara Safina 26 14 . Simona Halep 25 15 . Tracy Austin 21 Maria Sharapova 17 . Kim Clijsters 20 18 . Jelena Janković 18 19 . Jennifer Capriati 17 20 . Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 12 Ana Ivanovic 22 . Venus Williams 11 23 . Karolína Plíšková 8 24 . Garbiñe Muguruza 25 . Evonne Goolagong Cawley active players - current No. 1 in bold Consecutive ( edit ) Rank Nat . Player Weeks 1 . Steffi Graf 186 Serena Williams 3 . Martina Navratilova 156 4 . Chris Evert 113 5 . Steffi Graf ( 2 ) 94 6 . Monica Seles 91 7 . Martina Navratilova ( 2 ) 90 8 . Steffi Graf ( 3 ) 87 9 . Martina Hingis 80 10 . Chris Evert ( 2 ) 76 11 . Martina Hingis ( 2 ) 73 12 Monica Seles ( 2 ) 64 13 .",
"9": "Justine Henin 61 14 . Serena Williams ( 2 ) 57 15 . Serena Williams ( 3 ) 49 Caroline Wozniacki 17 . Justine Henin ( 2 ) 44 Lindsay Davenport 19 . Martina Hingis ( 3 ) 34 Amélie Mauresmo current streak in bold as of April 23 , 2018 The source for this through the week of January 2 , 2012 , is the 2012 WTA Tour Official Guide , page 177 . Weeks at No. 1 by country ( edit ) Rank Country Number of Players players weeks 1 . United States 8 1,123 Chris Evert , Martina Navratilova , Tracy Austin , Monica Seles * , Lindsay Davenport , Jennifer Capriati , Venus Williams , Serena Williams 2 . Germany 411 Steffi Graf , Angelique Kerber 3 . Switzerland 209 Martina Hingis 4 . / Yugoslavia , Serbia 143 Monica Seles * , Ana Ivanovic , Jelena Janković 5 . Belgium 137 Kim Clijsters , Justine Henin 6 . Denmark 71 Caroline Wozniacki 7 . Belarus 51 Victoria Azarenka 8 . Russia 47 Maria Sharapova , Dinara Safina 9 . France 39 Amélie Mauresmo 10 . Romania 25 Simona Halep 11 . Spain 16 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario , Garbiñe Muguruza 12 . Czech Republic 8 Karolína Plíšková 13 . Australia Evonne Goolagong Cawley as of April 23 , 2018 - current No. 1 player in bold * Note that Monica Seles is included twice due to change of citizenship . Year - End No.",
"10": "1 players ( edit ) The source for this through to 2012 is the 2012 WTA Tour Official Guide , page 178 . Per player ( edit ) Country Player Fq . GER Steffi Graf 8 USA Martina Navratilova 7 USA Chris Evert 5 USA Serena Williams USA Lindsay Davenport / YUG / USA Monica Seles SUI Martina Hingis BEL Justine Henin DEN Caroline Wozniacki SRB Jelena Janković BLR Victoria Azarenka GER Angelique Kerber ROU Simona Halep Per year ( edit ) Year Country Player USA ( 1 ) Chris Evert 1976 USA Chris Evert ( 2 ) 1977 USA Chris Evert ( 3 ) 1978 USA ( 2 ) Martina Navratilova 1979 USA Martina Navratilova ( 2 ) 1980 USA Chris Evert ( 4 ) 1981 USA Chris Evert ( 5 ) 1982 USA Martina Navratilova ( 3 ) USA Martina Navratilova ( 4 ) 1984 USA Martina Navratilova ( 5 ) 1985 USA Martina Navratilova ( 6 ) 1986 USA Martina Navratilova ( 7 ) GER ( 3 ) Steffi Graf",
"11": "1988 GER Steffi Graf ( 2 ) 1989 GER Steffi Graf ( 3 ) 1990 GER Steffi Graf ( 4 ) 1991 YUG ( 4 ) Monica Seles 1992 YUG Monica Seles ( 2 ) 1993 GER Steffi Graf ( 5 ) 1994 GER Steffi Graf ( 6 ) 1995 GER USA Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Monica Seles ( 3 ) GER Steffi Graf ( 8 ) 1997 SUI ( 5 ) Martina Hingis 1998 USA ( 6 ) Lindsay Davenport 1999 SUI Martina Hingis ( 2 ) 2000 SUI Martina Hingis ( 3 ) 2001 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 2 ) 2002 USA ( 7 ) Serena Williams 2003 BEL ( 8 ) Justine Henin USA Lindsay Davenport ( 3 ) 2005 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 4 ) 2006 BEL Justine Henin ( 2 ) 2007 BEL Justine Henin ( 3 ) 2008 SRB ( 9 ) Jelena Janković 2009 USA Serena Williams ( 2 ) DEN ( 10 ) Caroline Wozniacki 2011 DEN Caroline Wozniacki ( 2 ) 2012 BLR ( 11 ) Victoria",
"12": "Azarenka 2013 USA Serena Williams ( 3 ) 2014 USA Serena Williams ( 4 ) 2015 USA Serena Williams ( 5 ) 2016 GER ( 12 ) Angelique Kerber 2017 ROU ( 13 ) Simona Halep No. 1 every week of the year Players who were ranked world No. 1 without having won a Grand Slam tournament ( edit ) Player Date of first No. 1 position First Grand Slam final reached First Grand Slam title Kim Clijsters August 11 , 2003 2001 French Open ( June 2001 ) ( 1st of 8 ) 2005 US Open ( 1st of 4 ) Amélie Mauresmo September 13 , 2004 1999 Australian Open ( January 1999 ) ( 1st of 3 ) 2006 Australian Open ( 1st of 2 ) Jelena Janković August 11 , 2008 2008 US Open ( September 2008 ) ( only final ) none ( still active ) Dinara Safina April 20 , 2009 2008 French Open ( June 2008 ) ( 1st of 3 ) none ( retired in 2014 ) Caroline Wozniacki October 11 , 2010 2009 US Open ( September 2009 ) ( 1st of 3 ) 2018 Australian Open ( only title , still active ) Karolína Plíšková July 17 , 2017 2016 US Open ( September 2016 ) ( only final ) none ( still active ) Simona Halep October 9 , 2017 2014 French Open ( June 2014 ) ( 1st of 3 ) none ( still active ) Doubles ( edit ) World No.",
"13": "1 ranked players ( edit ) The source for the following table through the week of January 6 , 2012 , is the 2012 WTA Tour Official Guide , page 172 . Martina Navratilova was world No. 1 in doubles for a record 237 weeks New nr. 1 Country Player Start date End date Weeks series total USA Martina Navratilova ( 1 ) September 4 , 1984 Mar 17 , 1985 27 27 USA Pam Shriver ( 1 ) Mar 18 , 1985 Jan 19 , 1986 44 44 USA Martina Navratilova ( 2 ) Jan 20 , 1986 Jul 20 , 1986 26 53 USA Pam Shriver ( 2 ) Jul 21 , 1986 Aug 17 , 1986 48 USA Martina Navratilova ( 3 ) Aug 18 , 1986 Feb 4 , 1990 181 234 TCH Helena Suková ( 1 ) Feb 5 , 1990 Feb 18 , 1990 USA Martina Navratilova ( 4 ) Feb 19 , 1990 Mar 4 , 1990 236 TCH Helena Suková ( 2 ) Mar 5 , 1990 May 6 , 1990 9 11 USA Martina Navratilova ( 5 ) May 7 , 1990 May 13 , 1990 237 TCH Helena Suková ( 3 ) May 14 , 1990 Aug 26 , 1990 15 26 TCH Jana Novotná ( 1 ) Aug 27 , 1990 Oct 14 , 1990 7 7 TCH Helena Suková ( 4 ) Oct 15 , 1990 Feb 17 , 1991 18 44 TCH Jana Novotná ( 2 ) Feb 18 ,",
"14": "1991 March 3 , 1991 9 5 USA Gigi Fernández ( 1 ) March 4 , 1991 March 10 , 1991 TCH Jana Novotná ( 3 ) March 11 , 1991 March 31 , 1991 12 USA Gigi Fernández ( 2 ) Apr 1 , 1991 Apr 7 , 1991 TCH Helena Suková ( 5 ) Apr 8 , 1991 Jun 9 , 1991 9 53 USA Gigi Fernández ( 3 ) Jun 10 , 1991 Sept 8 , 1991 13 15 CZE Jana Novotná ( 4 ) Sept 9 , 1991 Oct 6 , 1991 16 6 URS Natasha Zvereva ( 1 ) Oct 7 , 1991 Oct 13 , 1991 CZE Jana Novotná ( 5 ) Oct 14 , 1991 Jan 26 , 1992 15 31 7 LAT Larisa Neiland ( 1 ) Jan 27 , 1992 Feb 2 , 1992 CZE Jana Novotná ( 6 ) Feb 3 , 1992 Feb 16 , 1992 33 LAT Larisa Neiland ( 2 ) Feb 17 , 1992 Feb 23 , 1992 CZE Jana Novotná ( 7 ) Feb 24 , 1992 Mar 22 , 1992 37 LAT Larisa Neiland ( 3 ) Mar 23 , 1992 Apr 5 , 1992 CZE Jana Novotná ( 8 ) Apr 6 , 1992 Jun 14 , 1992 11 48 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 2 ) Jun 15 , 1992 Jun 21 ,",
"15": "1992 CZE Jana Novotná ( 9 ) Jun 22 , 1992 Oct 11 , 1992 15 63 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 3 ) Oct 12 , 1992 Oct 18 , 1992 8 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1 ) Oct 19 , 1992 Nov 15 , 1992 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 4 ) Nov 16 , 1992 Nov 22 , 1992 CZE Helena Suková ( 6 ) Nov 23 , 1992 Jan 10 , 1993 7 60 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 5 ) Jan 11 , 1993 Apr 4 , 1993 12 16 USA Gigi Fernández ( 4 ) Apr 5 , 1993 Sep 12 , 1993 23 38 CZE Helena Suková ( 7 ) Sep 13 , 1993 Oct 31 , 1993 7 67 USA Gigi Fernández ( 5 ) Nov 1 , 1993 Nov 14 , 1993 40 CZE Helena Suková ( 8 ) Nov 15 , 1993 Nov 21 , 1993 68 USA Gigi Fernández ( 6 ) Nov 22 , 1993 Aug 14 , 1994 38 78 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 6 ) Aug 15 , 1994 Feb 12 , 1995 26 42 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 2 ) Feb 13 , 1995 Feb 26 , 1995 6 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 7 ) Feb 27 , 1995 Mar 5 , 1995 43 USA Gigi Fernández ( 7 ) Mar 6 , 1995 Mar 12 ,",
"16": "1995 79 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 8 ) Mar 13 , 1995 Mar 26 , 1995 45 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 3 ) Mar 27 , 1995 Nov 5 , 1995 32 38 USA Gigi Fernández ( 8 ) Nov 6 , 1995 Nov 12 , 1995 80 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 4 ) Nov 13 , 1995 Apr 6 , 1997 73 111 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 9 ) Apr 7 , 1997 Oct 19 , 1997 29 74 9 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 1 ) Oct 20 , 1997 Nov 2 , 1997 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 10 ) Nov 3 , 1997 Jan 25 , 1998 12 86 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 2 ) Jan 26 , 1998 Apr 12 , 1998 11 13 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 11 ) Apr 13 , 1998 Jun 7 , 1998 8 94 10 SUI Martina Hingis ( 1 ) Jun 8 , 1998 Aug 2 , 1998 8 8 CZE Jana Novotná ( 10 ) Aug 3 , 1998 Aug 9 , 1998 64 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 3 ) Aug 10 , 1998 Aug 16 , 1998 14 SUI Martina Hingis ( 2 ) Aug 17 , 1998 Oct 25 , 1998 10 18 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 12 ) Oct 26 , 1998 Nov 1 , 1998 95 SUI Martina Hingis ( 3 ) Nov 2 , 1998 Nov 22 ,",
"17": "1998 21 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 13 ) Nov 23 , 1998 May 16 , 1999 25 120 CZE Jana Novotná ( 11 ) May 17 , 1999 Jun 6 , 1999 67 SUI Martina Hingis ( 4 ) Jun 7 , 1999 Jul 4 , 1999 25 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 14 ) Jul 5 , 1999 Aug 1 , 1999 124 SUI Martina Hingis ( 5 ) Aug 2 , 1999 Aug 22 , 1999 28 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 4 ) Aug 23 , 1999 Nov 21 , 1999 13 27 11 RUS Anna Kournikova ( 1 ) Nov 22 , 1999 Jan 30 , 2000 10 10 SUI Martina Hingis ( 6 ) Jan 31 , 2000 Mar 19 , 2000 7 35 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 5 ) Mar 20 , 2000 Apr 2 , 2000 29 12 USA Corina Morariu ( 1 ) Apr 3 , 2000 Apr 16 , 2000 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 6 ) Apr 17 , 2000 May 7 , 2000 32 USA Corina Morariu ( 2 ) May 8 , 2000 Jun 11 , 2000 5 7 13 USA Lisa Raymond ( 1 ) Jun 12 , 2000 Aug 20 , 2000 10 10 14 USA AUS Lisa Raymond ( 1 ) Rennae Stubbs ( 1 ) Aug 21 , 2000 Sep 10 , 2000 13 15 FRA Julie Halard - Decugis ( 1 ) Sep 11 ,",
"18": "2000 Oct 22 , 2000 6 6 16 JPN Ai Sugiyama ( 1 ) Oct 23 , 2000 Oct 29 , 2000 FRA Julie Halard - Decugis ( 2 ) Oct 30 , 2000 Dec 24 , 2000 8 14 JPN Ai Sugiyama ( 2 ) Dec 25 , 2000 Aug 26 , 2001 35 36 USA Lisa Raymond ( 2 ) Aug 27 , 2001 Sep 8 , 2002 54 67 17 ARG Paola Suárez ( 1 ) Sep 9 , 2002 Aug 3 , 2003 47 47 18 BEL Kim Clijsters ( 1 ) Aug 4 , 2003 Aug 10 , 2003 JPN Ai Sugiyama ( 3 ) Aug 11 , 2003 Aug 17 , 2003 37 BEL Kim Clijsters ( 2 ) Aug 18 , 2003 Sep 7 , 2003 19 ESP Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 1 ) Sep 8 , 2003 Sep 14 , 2003 JPN Ai Sugiyama ( 4 ) Sep 15 , 2003 Nov 9 , 2003 8 45 ARG Paola Suárez ( 2 ) Nov 10 , 2003 Jul 25 , 2004 37 84 ESP Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 2 ) Jul 26 , 2004 Aug 1 , 2004 ESP ARG Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 2 ) Paola Suárez ( 3 ) Aug 2 , 2004 Aug 22 , 2004 5 87 ESP Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 2 ) Aug 23 , 2004 Oct 16 ,",
"19": "2005 60 65 20 ZIM Cara Black ( 1 ) Oct 17 , 2005 Feb 5 , 2006 16 16 21 AUS Samantha Stosur ( 1 ) Feb 6 , 2006 Jul 6 , 2006 22 22 USA AUS Lisa Raymond ( 3 ) Samantha Stosur ( 1 ) Jul 7 , 2006 Apr 8 , 2007 39 106 61 USA Lisa Raymond ( 3 ) Apr 9 , 2007 Jun 10 , 2007 9 115 ZIM Cara Black ( 2 ) Jun 11 , 2007 Jun 24 , 2007 18 USA Lisa Raymond ( 4 ) Jun 25 , 2007 Jul 8 , 2007 117 ZIM Cara Black ( 3 ) Jul 9 , 2007 Nov 11 , 2007 18 36 22 ZIM USA Cara Black ( 3 ) Liezel Huber ( 1 ) Nov 12 , 2007 April 18 , 2010 127 163 127 USA Liezel Huber ( 1 ) April 19 , 2010 June 6 , 2010 7 134 23 24 USA USA Serena Williams ( 1 ) Venus Williams ( 1 ) June 7 , 2010 August 1 , 2010 8 8 8 USA Liezel Huber ( 2 ) August 2 , 2010 October 31 , 2010 13 147 25 ARG Gisela Dulko ( 1 ) November 1 , 2010 February 27 , 2011 17 17 26 ARG ITA Gisela Dulko ( 1 ) Flavia Pennetta ( 1 ) February 28 , 2011 April 17 ,",
"20": "2011 7 24 7 ITA Flavia Pennetta ( 1 ) April 18 , 2011 July 4 , 2011 11 18 27 28 CZE SLO Květa Peschke ( 1 ) Katarina Srebotnik ( 1 ) July 4 , 2011 September 11 , 2011 10 10 10 USA Liezel Huber ( 3 ) September 12 , 2011 April 22 , 2012 32 179 USA USA Liezel Huber ( 3 ) Lisa Raymond ( 5 ) April 23 , 2012 September 9 , 2012 20 199 137 29 ITA Sara Errani ( 1 ) September 10 , 2012 October 14 , 2012 5 5 30 ITA Roberta Vinci ( 1 ) October 15 , 2012 April 28 , 2013 28 28 ITA ITA Roberta Vinci ( 1 ) Sara Errani ( 2 ) April 29 , 2013 February 16 , 2014 42 70 47 31 CHN Peng Shuai ( 1 ) February 17 , 2014 May 11 , 2014 12 12 32 CHN TPE Peng Shuai ( 1 ) Hsieh Su - wei ( 1 ) May 12 , 2014 May 18 , 2014 13 CHN Peng Shuai ( 1 ) May 19 , 2014 June 8 , 2014 16 CHN TPE Peng Shuai ( 1 ) Hsieh Su - wei ( 2 ) June 9 , 2014 July 6 , 2014 20 5 ITA ITA Roberta Vinci ( 2 ) Sara Errani ( 3 ) July 7 , 2014 April 12 ,",
"21": "2015 40 110 87 33 IND Sania Mirza ( 1 ) April 13 , 2015 January 17 , 2016 40 40 IND SUI Sania Mirza ( 1 ) Martina Hingis ( 7 ) January 18 , 2016 August 21 , 2016 31 71 66 IND Sania Mirza ( 1 ) August 22 , 2016 January 8 , 2017 20 91 34 USA Bethanie Mattek - Sands ( 1 ) January 9 , 2017 August 20 , 2017 32 32 35 CZE Lucie Šafářová ( 1 ) August 21 , 2017 October 1 , 2017 6 6 SUI Martina Hingis ( 8 ) October 2 , 2017 October 22 , 2017 69 36 SUI TPE Martina Hingis ( 8 ) Latisha Chan ( 1 ) October 23 , 2017 March 18 , 2018 21 90 21 TPE Latisha Chan ( 1 ) March 19 , 2018 Present 6 27 Key Open - era record Current No. 1 player ( s ) as of April 23 , 2018 Weeks at No. 1 ( edit ) Total ( edit ) Rank Nat . Player weeks 1 . Martina Navratilova 237 2 . Liezel Huber 199 3 . Cara Black 163 4 . Lisa Raymond 137 5 . Natasha Zvereva 124 6 . Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 111 7 . Roberta Vinci 110 8 . Sania Mirza 91 9 . Martina Hingis 90 10 . Sara Errani 87 Paola Suárez 12 .",
"22": "Gigi Fernández 80 13 . Helena Suková 68 14 . Jana Novotná 67 15 . Virginia Ruano Pascual 65 16 . Samantha Stosur 61 17 . Pam Shriver 48 18 . Ai Sugiyama 45 19 . Lindsay Davenport 32 Bethanie Mattek - Sands 21 . Latisha Chan 27 22 . Gisela Dulko 24 23 . Peng Shuai 20 24 . Flavia Pennetta 18 25 . Julie Halard - Decugis 14 26 . Anna Kournikova 10 Květa Peschke Katarina Srebotnik 29 . Serena Williams 8 Venus Williams 31 . Corina Morariu 7 32 . Lucie Šafářová 6 33 . Hsieh Su - wei 5 34 . Kim Clijsters Larisa Neiland 36 . Rennae Stubbs active players - current No. 1 ( s ) in bold Consecutive ( edit ) Rank Nat . Player weeks 1 . Martina Navratilova 181 2 . Cara Black 145 3 . Liezel Huber 134 4 . Sania Mirza 91 5 . Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 73 6 Roberta Vinci 70 7 . Virginia Ruano Pascual 64 8 . Samantha Stosur 61 9 . Lisa Raymond 54 10 . Liezel Huber ( 2 ) 52 11 . Lisa Raymond ( 2 ) 48 12 . Paola Suárez 47 13 . Pam Shriver 44 14 . Sara Errani 42 15 .",
"23": "Roberta Vinci ( 2 ) 40 Sara Errani ( 2 ) 17 . Gigi Fernández 38 18 . Paola Suárez ( 2 ) 37 19 . Ai Sugiyama 35 20 . Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 2 ) 32 Bethanie Mattek - Sands current streak in bold as of April 23 , 2018 Weeks at number 1 by country ( edit ) Rank Country Number of Players players weeks 1 . United States 10 788 Martina Navratilova , Pam Shriver , Gigi Fernández , Lindsay Davenport , Corina Morariu , Lisa Raymond , Liezel Huber , Venus Williams , Serena Williams , Bethanie Mattek - Sands 2 . Italy 215 Flavia Pennetta , Sara Errani , Roberta Vinci 3 . Spain 176 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario , Virginia Ruano Pascual 4 . Zimbabwe 163 Cara Black 5 . Czechoslovakia Czech Republic 151 Helena Suková , Jana Novotná , Květa Peschke , Lucie Šafářová 6 . Belarus 123 Natasha Zvereva * 7 . Argentina 111 Paola Suárez , Gisela Dulko 8 . India 91 Sania Mirza 9 . Switzerland 90 Martina Hingis 10 . Australia 64 Rennae Stubbs , Samantha Stosur 11 . Japan 45 Ai Sugiyama 12 . Chinese Taipei 32 Hsieh Su - wei , Latisha Chan 13 . China 20 Peng Shuai 14 . France 14 Julie Halard - Decugis 15 . Russia 10 Anna Kournikova Slovenia Katarina Srebotnik 17 . Latvia Larisa Neiland Belgium Kim Clijsters 19 .",
"24": "Soviet Union Natasha Zvereva * as of April 23 , 2018 - current No. 1 player ( s ) in bold * Belarusian Natasha Zvereva spent one week at number 1 while playing for the Soviet Union Year - end No. 1 players ( edit ) Per player ( edit ) Country Player Fq . USA Martina Navratilova 5 ZIM Cara Black USA Liezel Huber BLR Natasha Zvereva ITA Roberta Vinci CZE Helena Suková ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ARG Paola Suárez USA Lisa Raymond ITA Sara Errani IND Sania Mirza USA Pam Shriver TCH Jana Novotná USA Gigi Fernández RUS Anna Kournikova JPN Ai Sugiyama ESP Virginia Ruano Pascual AUS Samantha Stosur ARG Gisela Dulko TPE Latisha Chan SUI Martina Hingis Per year ( edit ) Year Country Player Team 1984 USA Martina Navratilova ( 1 ) Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1985 USA Pam Shriver ( 2 ) Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1986 USA Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver USA Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1988 USA Martina",
"25": "Navratilova Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1989 USA Martina Navratilova Helena Suková / Jana Novotná 1990 TCH Helena Suková ( 3 ) Helena Suková / Jana Novotná 1991 TCH Jana Novotná ( 4 ) Gigi Fernández / Jana Novotná 1992 CZE Helena Suková Larisa Neiland / Natasha Zvereva 1993 USA Gigi Fernández ( 5 ) Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1994 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 6 ) Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1995 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 7 ) Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Jana Novotná / Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1997 BLR Natasha Zvereva Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1998 BLR Natasha Zvereva Martina Hingis / Jana Novotná 1999 RUS Anna Kournikova ( 8 ) Martina Hingis / Anna Kournikova 2000 JPN Ai Sugiyama ( 9 ) Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2001 USA Lisa Raymond ( 10 ) Lisa Raymond / Rennae Stubbs 2002 ARG Paola Suárez ( 11 ) Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 2003 ARG Paola Suárez Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez ESP Virginia",
"26": "Ruano Pascual ( 12 ) Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 2005 ZIM Cara Black ( 13 ) Lisa Raymond / Samantha Stosur 2006 USA AUS Lisa Raymond Samantha Stosur ( 14 ) Lisa Raymond / Samantha Stosur 2007 ZIM USA Cara Black Liezel Huber ( 15 ) Cara Black / Liezel Huber 2008 ZIM USA Cara Black Liezel Huber Cara Black / Liezel Huber 2009 ZIM USA Cara Black Liezel Huber Cara Black / Liezel Huber ARG Gisela Dulko ( 16 ) Gisela Dulko / Flavia Pennetta 2011 USA Liezel Huber Květa Peschke / Katarina Srebotnik 2012 ITA Roberta Vinci ( 17 ) Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci 2013 ITA Roberta Vinci Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci ITA Sara Errani ( 18 ) 2014 ITA ITA Roberta Vinci Sara Errani Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci 2015 IND Sania Mirza ( 19 ) Martina Hingis / Sania Mirza 2016 IND Sania Mirza Caroline Garcia / Kristina Mladenovic 2017 TPE SUI Latisha Chan ( 20 ) Martina Hingis ( 21 ) Latisha Chan / Martina Hingis No. 1 every week of the year Players who were ranked world No. 1 without having won a Grand Slam tournament ( edit ) Player Date of first No.",
"27": "1 position First Grand Slam final reached First Grand Slam title Gisela Dulko November 1 , 2010 2011 Australian Open ( January 2011 ) 2011 Australian Open ( only title ) Sania Mirza April 13 , 2015 2011 French Open ( June 2011 ) 2015 Wimbledon ( 1st of 3 ) See also ( edit ) World number one women tennis players ( includes rankings before 1975 ) List of WTA players who were ranked number 5 or higher but never number 1 Current WTA Rankings List of highest ranked tennis players per nation List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 WTA Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WTA Singles Rankings '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Garbine Muguruza joins Rafael Nadal as World No 1 '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Seles is back in the limelight '' . The Irish Times . 26 June 1996 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` WTA Press Center - Weeks at No. 1 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` WTA Notes & Netcords '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Azarenka Makes SFs , Clinches Year - End No. 1 '' . wtatennis.com . WTA Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Serena 's WTA Finals Withdrawal Announcement '' . wtatennis.com . WTA Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 .",
"28": "Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) world No. 1 singles players Chris Evert ( 1975 / 1985 -- 260 w ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1976 -- 2 w ) Martina Navratilova ( 1978 / 1987 -- 331 w ) Tracy Austin ( 1980 -- 22 w ) Steffi Graf ( 1987 / 1997 -- 377 w ) / / Monica Seles ( 1991 / 1996 -- 178 w ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1995 -- 12 w ) Martina Hingis ( 1997 / 2001 -- 209 w ) Lindsay Davenport ( 1998 / 2006 -- 98 w ) Jennifer Capriati ( 2001 / 2002 -- 17 w ) Venus Williams ( 2002 -- 11 w ) Serena Williams ( 2002 / 2017 -- 319 w ) Kim Clijsters ( 2003 / 2011 -- 20 w ) Justine Henin ( 2003 / 2008 -- 117 w ) Amélie Mauresmo ( 2004 / 2006 -- 39 w ) Maria Sharapova ( 2005 / 2012 -- 21 w ) Ana Ivanovic ( 2008 -- 12 w ) Jelena Janković ( 2008 / 2009 -- 18 w ) Dinara Safina ( 2009 -- 26 w ) Caroline Wozniacki ( 2010 / 2018 -- 71 w ) Victoria Azarenka ( 2012 / 2013 -- 51 w ) Angelique Kerber ( 2016 / 2017 -- 34 w ) Karolína Plíšková ( 2017 -- 8 w ) Garbiñe Muguruza ( 2017 -- 4 w ) Simona Halep ( 2017 / 2018 -- 25 w ) WTA rankings incepted on November 3 , 1975 ( year first held / year last held -- number of weeks ( w ) ) current No.",
"29": "1 in bold , as of week of April 16 , 2018 Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) world No. 1 doubles players Martina Navratilova ( 1984 / 1990 -- 237 w ) Pam Shriver ( 1985 / 1986 -- 48 w ) Helena Suková ( 1990 / 1993 -- 68 w ) Jana Novotná ( 1990 / 1999 -- 67 w ) Gigi Fernández ( 1991 / 1995 -- 80 w ) Natasha Zvereva ( 1991 / 1999 -- 124 w ) Larisa Neiland ( 1992 -- 4 w ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1992 / 1997 -- 111 w ) Lindsay Davenport ( 1997 / 2000 -- 32 w ) Martina Hingis ( 1998 / 2018 -- 90 w ) Anna Kournikova ( 1999 / 2000 -- 10 w ) Corina Morariu ( 2000 -- 7 w ) Lisa Raymond ( 2000 / 2012 -- 137 w ) Rennae Stubbs ( 2000 -- 3 w ) Julie Halard - Decugis ( 2000 -- 14 w ) Ai Sugiyama ( 2000 / 2003 -- 45 w ) Paola Suárez ( 2002 / 2004 -- 87 w ) Kim Clijsters ( 2003 -- 4 w ) Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 2003 / 2005 -- 65 w ) Cara Black ( 2005 / 2010 -- 163 w ) Samantha Stosur ( 2006 / 2007 -- 61 w ) Liezel Huber ( 2007 / 2012 -- 199 w ) Serena Williams ( 2010 -- 8 w ) Venus Williams ( 2010 -- 8 w ) Gisela Dulko ( 2010 / 2011 -- 24 w ) Flavia Pennetta (",
"30": "2011 -- 18 w ) Květa Peschke ( 2011 -- 10 w ) Katarina Srebotnik ( 2011 -- 10 w ) Sara Errani ( 2012 / 2015 -- 87 w ) Roberta Vinci ( 2012 / 2015 -- 110 w ) Peng Shuai ( 2014 -- 20 w ) Hsieh Su - wei ( 2014 -- 5 w ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 / 2017 -- 91 w ) Bethanie Mattek - Sands ( 2017 -- 32 w ) Lucie Šafářová ( 2017 -- 6 w ) Latisha Chan ( 2017 / 2018 -- 26 w ) WTA rankings incepted on September 4 , 1984 ( year first held / year last held -- number of weeks ( w ) ) current No. 1 in bold , as of week of April 16 , 2018 Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No.",
"31": "1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Ranking per country Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_tennis_players&oldid=837771997 '' Categories : Tennis rankings Lists of female tennis players Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 23 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the definition of the word hosanna
|
[
"save",
"rescue",
"savior",
"\"save, rescue, savior\"",
"save",
"rescue",
"savior",
"save, rescue, savior"
] |
{
"0": "Hosanna - wikipedia Hosanna Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hosanna ( disambiguation ) . Hosanna ( / hoʊˈzænə / ) is a liturgical word in Judaism and Christianity . In Judaism , it is always used in its original Hebrew form , הושענה Hoshana . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Liturgical use in different traditions 2.1 Judaism 2.2 Christianity 3 Other examples of modern usage 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word hosanna ( Latin osanna , Greek ὡσαννά , hōsanná ) is from Hebrew הושיעה ־ נא , הושיעה נא hôšîʿâ - nā and related to Aramaic אושענא ( ʾōshaʿnā ) meaning `` save , rescue , savior '' . In the Hebrew Bible it is used only in verses such as `` help '' or `` save , I pray '' ( Psalms 118 : 25 ) . It is applied in numerous verses of the New Testament including `` Hosanna ; blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord '' ( Mark 11.9 ) , `` hosanna in the highest '' ( Mark 11.10 ) ; `` hosanna to the Son of David '' ( Matt 21 : 9 ) . The old interpretation `` Save , now ! '' , based on Psalm 118 : 25 , does not fully explain the occurrence of the word in the Gospels as a shout of jubilation , and this has given rise to complex discussions . Liturgical use in different traditions ( edit ) In a liturgical context , it refers to a cry expressing an appeal for divine help . Judaism ( edit ) In Jewish liturgy , the word is applied specifically to the Hoshana Service , a cycle of prayers from which a selection is sung each morning during Sukkot , the Feast of Booths or Tabernacles .",
"1": "The complete cycle is sung on the seventh day of the festival , which is called Hoshana Rabbah ( הושענא רבא , `` Great Hosanna '' ) . Christianity ( edit ) `` Hosanna '' was the shout of praise or adoration made in recognition of the Messiahship of Jesus on his triumphal entry into Jerusalem , `` Hosanna ! Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord ! '' It is used in the same way in Christian praise . Other examples of modern usage ( edit ) The `` Hosanna Anthem '' , based on the phrase Hosanna , is a traditional Moravian Church anthem written by Bishop Christian Gregor of Herrnhut sung on Palm Sunday and the first Sunday of Advent . It is antiphonal , i.e. a call - and - response song ; traditionally , it is sung between the children and adult congregation , though it is not unheard of for it to be done in other ways , such as between choir and congregation , or played between trombone choirs . Architect Frank Lloyd Wright famously used the word in his exclamation `` Hosanna ! A client ! '' after securing a commission , breaking a long , dry spell . `` Hosanna '' is also the name of one of the songs featured in the 1971 rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar . The song covers the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem , as in the above Biblical passages . Jesus is briefly harassed by the high priest Caiaphas but the people celebrate him as the Messiah . There is also a reprise of the chorus when Jesus is sent to King Herod . Many songs for church use bear the title `` Hosanna '' , including songs written by New Zealand singer Brooke Fraser Ligertwood ( released on the 2007 Hillsong United albums All of the Above and live on Saviour King and covered by the Canadian group Starfield on their album I Will Go ) ; another song by Paul Baloche on his 2006 album A Greater Song ; another by gospel artist Kirk Franklin , and another by Andrew Peterson on his 2008 album Resurrection Letters II . Sidney Mohede 's `` Hosanna ( Be Lifted High ) '' was included on Israel Houghton 's 2011 Grammy Award - winning album Love God , Love People .",
"2": "In the 1969 Broadway musical 1776 the word is used repeatedly as part of the chorus of the song `` Cool , Cool , Considerate Men . '' A.R. Rahman composed the song `` Hosanna '' for the 2010 Tamil movie Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa . Here the word is used as an exclamation of joy when a man sees his beloved . The Catholic Christian Secular Forum ( CSF ) objected to this song and asked film - makers Fox Star Studios to remove it from the final cut of the Hindi remake of the film , Ekk Deewana Tha . Paul McCartney 's most recent release , the album New , features a song titled Hosanna . Contextually , he uses the phrase as a cry for help in light of the world 's current state of affairs . American comedians Tim and Eric use the phrase `` blessed Hosanna '' freely in their piece `` Morning Prayer with Skott and Behr . '' See also ( edit ) Language of Jesus Hallelujah Hosanna Shout ( The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary and Bauer lexicon Jump up ^ See ArtScroll Siddur , p. 727 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Hosanna '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 783 . Jump up ^ See the articles Thayer , J.H. ( 1902 ) . `` Hosanna '' . In James Hastings . A Dictionary of the Bible . and more especially Cheyne , T.K. `` Hosanna '' . In Cheyne and Black . Encyclopedia Biblica . Jump up ^ Friberg Lexicon Jump up ^ See ArtScroll Siddur , p. 726 ; so also in Syrian usage . Jump up ^ Matthew 21 : 9 , 15 ; Mark 11 : 9 - 10 ; John 12 : 13 . Jump up ^ The Moravian Hymn Book with Services ( authorized for use in the British Province of the Moravian Church ) , 1960 Jump up ^ Frank Lloyd Wright : The Fellowship .",
"3": "Event occurs at 17 : 20 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Prashant Singh ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` AR Rahman reacts to Hosanna controversy '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Vimeo clip Sources ( edit ) Yohannan Aharoni & Michael Avi - Yonah , The MacMillan Bible Atlas , Revised Edition , pp. 157 -- 165 ( 1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd ) . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Aherne , Cornelius ( 1910 ) . `` Hosanna '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 7 . New York : Robert Appleton .",
"4": "External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of hosanna at Wiktionary Tridentine Mass of the Catholic Church Including the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite ( 1962 ) Types Chapter and conventual Dialogue Mass Low ( Missa Cantata ) and High Mass ( Solemn ) Missa Sicca Pontifical Papal Ritual Masses Coronation ( Papal ) Missa pro Defunctis Nuptial sine populo Votive Red Order Pre-Mass Vesting prayers Asperges me Vidi aquam in Eastertide Processional hymn Mass of the Catechumens Iudica me Confiteor mea culpa Introit Kyrie Gloria in excelsis Deo Collect Lection Gradual Alleluia or Tract Sequentia Gospel Homily Mass of the Faithful Credo Niceno - Constantinopolitan Creed Offertory Lavabo Orate fratres Secret Preface Sursum corda Sanctus Hosanna Roman Canon oblation epiclesis Words of Institution anamnesis elevation doxology Pater Noster embolism doxology Pax Agnus Dei Dona nobis pacem Fraction Holy Communion Communion antiphon Ablutions Postcommunio Dismissal Ite , missa est or Benedicamus Domino Last Gospel Post-Mass Leonine prayers Recessional hymn For funeral Mass Dies irae Pie Iesu Libera Me Requiescant in pace Absolution of the dead In paradisum De profundis Participants Acolyte altar server Bishop Boat boy Cantor or schola Crucifer Deacon Laity Lector Master of ceremonies Porter Priest Subdeacon Altar Altar cards Altar crucifix Altar rails",
"5": "Ambo Antependium Credence table Kneeler Lavabo Misericord Piscina Sacristy Tabernacle Altar cloths Altar linens Antependium Burse Chalice veil Corporal Pall Purificator Illumination Altar candle Altar candlestick Paschal candle Sanctuary lamp Triple candlestick Liturgical objects Altar bell Aspergillum Chalice Ciborium Collection basket Cruet Flabellum Funghellino Holy water Incense use Manuterge Paten Processional cross Pyx Sacramental bread wafer Sacramental wine ( or must ) Thurible Water Literature Cæremoniale Episcoporum Missale Romanum Pontificale Romanum Rituale Romanum Vestments ( Pontifical / Papal ) Alb Amice Chasuble Cincture Cope Crosier Dalmatic Episcopal gloves Ecclesiastical ring Episcopal sandals Falda Humeral veil Liturgical colours Mitre Pallium Papal fanon Papal tiara Pectoral cross Stole Sub-cinctorium Superhumerale Surplice Tunicle Vimpa Music Antiphon Graduale Romanum Gregorian chant Hymn Kyriale Romanum Liber Usualis Music for the Requiem Mass Organ voluntary Organum Polyphony Reciting tone Accentus Recto tono Tra le sollecitudini",
"6": "Tonary Gregorian Antiphonary Liturgical year Calendar ( 1954 / 1955 / 1960 ) Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Septuagesima Lent Passiontide Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Ascensiontide After Pentecost Calendar of saints Holy day of obligation Moveable feast Octaves Ranking of liturgical days : Solemnity Memorial Commemoration Feria Discipline Church etiquette Closed communion Communion and the developmentally disabled Communion under both kinds Denial of Communion Canon 915 Eucharistic fast First Communion Genuflection Headcover Host desecration Infant communion Reserved sacrament Sign of the Cross Thanksgiving after Communion Viaticum Theology Blessed Sacrament Body and Blood of Christ Corpus Christi ( feast ) Crucifixion of Jesus and substitutionary atonement Epiousios Eucharistic miracle Grace ex opere operato In persona Christi History of Catholic eucharistic theology Koinonia Last Supper Origin of the Eucharist Priesthood of Melchizedek Pro multis Real presence Transubstantiation Concepts Ad orientem Canon law Code of Rubrics Concelebration Dominus vobiscum Ecclesiastical Latin Good Friday prayer for the Jews Intercession of saints Ordinary & propers ( common ) Oremus Sunday Lord 's Day Text and rubrics of the Roman Canon Vulgate ( Sixto - Clementine ) Latin Psalters Related Agape feast Alternatim Anaphora",
"7": "Anima Christi Aspersion Catholic liturgy Coetus Internationalis Patrum Communities using the Tridentine Mass Indult Catholic traditionalist Catholic Congregation for Divine Worship Council of Trent Deutsche Singmesse Divine Office Canonical hours Choir dress Roman Breviary Eucharistic adoration & benediction Holy Hour Forty Hours ' Devotion Fourth Council of the Lateran French Organ Mass Gospel Book History of the Roman Canon Latin liturgical rites Latin Mass Lex orandi , lex credendi Litany Liturgical Movement Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII Mass of Paul VI Missal Plenary indulgence Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei Pope Pius V Preces Pre-Tridentine Mass Quattuor abhinc annos Quo primum Catholic theology Sacramentary Sacraments of the Catholic Church Spoon ( liturgy ) Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Western Rite Orthodoxy Catholicism portal Sukkot ( סֻכּוֹת ) Rituals Sukkah Four species Lulav Etrog Hadass Aravah Simchat Beit HaShoeivah S'chach Related days Chol HaMoed Hoshana Rabbah Shemini Atzeret Simchat Torah Isru Chag Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"8": "php?title=Hosanna&oldid=832332067 '' Categories : Christian worship and liturgy Christian terminology Jewish services New Testament Aramaic words and phrases New Testament Hebrew words and phrases Sukkot Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Aramaic - language text Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Lingála Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 09 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-2389103031737970954
|
who has the best nba record this season
|
[
"Houston Rockets"
] |
{
"0": "List of NBA teams by single season win percentage - wikipedia List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the all - time best regular season winning percentages in the NBA . NBA Champions Conference Champions Active season Contents ( hide ) 1 Above . 750 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Above . 750 ( edit ) PCT Diff Team Season Results Notes Coach Regular season Postseason . 890 73 9 39 -- 2 34 -- 7 0 -- 0 10.8 Golden State Warriors 2015 -- 16 Lost in NBA Finals 15 9 11 -- 3 4 -- 6 List ( show ) Most wins in NBA history ( 73 ) Best start in NBA history ( 24 -- 0 ) Best start in NBA history for every number of losses from 1 - 2 and 4 - 9 : ( 29 -- 1 , . 967 ) , ( 36 -- 2 , . 947 ) , ( 48 -- 4 , . 923 ) , ( 55 -- 5 , . 917 ) , ( 62 -- 6 , . 912 ) , ( 68 -- 7 , . 907 ) , ( 69 -- 8 , . 896 ) , ( 73 -- 9 , .",
"1": "890 ) Most wins in NBA history ( regular season and postseason combined ) ( 88 ) Started 36 -- 0 at home , part of an NBA record 54 - straight home wins dating back to 2014 -- 15 season 28 game winning streak dating back to 2014 -- 15 , second longest in NBA history Most road wins in NBA history ( 34 ) Best road start in NBA history and third longest road winning streak ( 14 -- 0 ) Undefeated November ( 16 -- 0 ) Best record heading into the All - Star Break in NBA history ( 48 -- 4 , 0.923 ) Winning streaks of 24 and 11 games Second earliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history ( the Warriors beat it by two days in the 2016 -- 17 season ) First team in NBA history to make over 1,000 three - pointers in regular - season Only team in NBA history not to have lost to same opponent twice in regular season Only team in NBA history not to lose back - to - back games in regular season The 10th team in NBA history to win a playoff series coming back from a 1 -- 3 playoff series deficit ( won 4 -- 3 against the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals ) The 11th team in NBA history to lose a playoff series after taking a 3 -- 1 playoff series lead ( lost 3 -- 4 against the Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA Finals ) , and the only team to do so in the NBA Finals . Only team in NBA history to finish with same number of regular season and postseason losses ( 9 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr . 878 72 10 39 -- 2 33 -- 8 0 -- 0 12.2 Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 0 5 -- 3 List ( show ) Best combined regular and postseason record in NBA history ( 87 -- 13 , . 870 ) Second most wins in NBA history ( 72 ) Most wins by a championship - winning team Best 3 - loss start in NBA history ( 41 -- 3 , .",
"2": "932 ) Second most road wins in NBA history ( 33 ) Started 37 -- 0 at home , part of 44 game home winning streak Winning streaks of 18 and 13 games Undefeated January ( 14 -- 0 ) One of five teams in NBA history to have three players selected to the NBA All - Defensive First Team Final three losses were by a margin of one point Defeated 64 -- 18 Seattle SuperSonics in NBA Finals Jackson , Phil Phil Jackson . 841 69 13 36 -- 5 31 -- 7 2 -- 1 12.3 Los Angeles Lakers 1971 -- 72 Won NBA Championship 12 6 -- 2 6 -- 1 List ( show ) 33 game winning streak , longest in NBA history 16 game road winning streak , longest in NBA history Started 39 -- 3 Undefeated November ( 14 -- 0 ) and December ( 16 -- 0 ) Second best road winning percentage Highest point - differential in NBA regular - season history ( + 12.3 ) Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman . 841 69 13 39 -- 2 30 -- 11 0 -- 0 10.8 Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 1 5 -- 3 List ( show ) Started 12 -- 0 ; started 17 -- 1 Second most home wins in NBA history Five eight - game winning streaks Lost three of final four games Defeated 64 -- 18 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals First team to win 30 road games in back - to - back seasons Jackson , Phil Phil Jackson . 840 68 13 28 -- 2 26 -- 8 14 -- 3 9.4 Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 Won NBA Championship 11 6 -- 2 5 -- 2 List ( show ) Started 26 -- 2 Best 50 - game start in NBA history ( 46 -- 4 , .",
"3": "920 ) Hannum , Alex Alex Hannum . 829 68 14 33 -- 6 32 -- 8 3 -- 0 8.2 Boston Celtics 1972 -- 73 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 7 6 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 List ( show ) Third most road wins in NBA history Highest winning percentage for a team that did not reach the NBA Finals (. 829 ) Heinsohn , Tom Tom Heinsohn . 817 67 15 40 -- 1 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 9.4 Boston Celtics 1985 -- 86 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 0 5 -- 3 List ( show ) Shares best home record in NBA history ( with 2015 -- 16 San Antonio Spurs ) Winning streaks of 14 and 13 games Jones , K.C. K.C. Jones . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 10.4 Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 Won NBA Championship 15 7 9 -- 3 6 -- 4 Winning streaks of 14 and 13 games Jackson , Phil Phil Jackson . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 8.5 Los Angeles Lakers 1999 -- 00 Won NBA Championship 15 8 11 -- 2 4 -- 6 Winning streaks of 19 , 16 , and 11 games Jackson , Phil Phil Jackson .",
"4": "817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 7.2 Dallas Mavericks 2006 -- 07 Lost Western Conference 1st Round 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 List ( show ) Started 0 -- 4 Only team in NBA history with three winning streaks of at least 12 games ( 17 , 13 , 12 ) Undefeated February ( 10 -- 0 ) Only team over . 800 to be eliminated in the first round Johnson , Avery Avery Johnson . 817 67 15 39 -- 2 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 10.1 Golden State Warriors 2014 -- 15 Won NBA Championship 16 5 9 -- 2 7 -- 3 List ( show ) Winning streaks of 16 and 11 games Second most home wins in NBA history Most wins by a rookie head coach Undefeated in the regular season when allowing under 100 points Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr . 817 67 15 40 -- 1 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 10.6 San Antonio Spurs 2015 -- 16 Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals 6 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 List ( show ) Shares best home record in NBA history ( with 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics ) , with only loss inflicted by the 73 -- 9 Warriors Best home start in NBA history ( 39 -- 0 ) , part of a 48 - game home winning streak dating back to 2014 -- 15 season Best season record that was not also league - best record Popovich , Gregg Gregg Popovich . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 11.6 Golden State Warriors 2016 -- 17 Won NBA Championship 16 9 -- 0 7 -- 1 List ( show ) Best playoff record in NBA history ( 16 -- 1 , .",
"5": "941 ) Longest winning streak in NBA playoff history ( 15 games ) First team in NBA playoff history to start 15 -- 0 First team in all four major professional sports in America to start 15 -- 0 in the postseason . Second highest point - differential in NBA playoffs history ( + 13.5 ) NBA record 146 regular - season games without back - to - back losses ( dating back to 2014 -- 15 season ) Winning streaks of 14 and 12 games Second team to win 30 road games in back - to - back seasons ( after 1995 -- 96 and 1996 -- 97 Chicago Bulls ) Most wins in NBA history over the course of three regular - seasons ( 207 ) , Chicago Bulls had 203 between 1995 -- 96 and 1997 -- 98 Earliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr . 817 49 11 29 -- 1 20 -- 10 0 -- 0 9.9 Washington Capitols 1946 -- 47 Lost Semi-Finals 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 List ( show ) Winning streaks of 17 and 15 games Undefeated December ( 10 -- 0 ) Auerbach , Red Red Auerbach . 805 66 16 34 -- 2 28 -- 13 4 -- 1 12.3 Milwaukee Bucks 1970 -- 71 Won NBA Championship 12 8 -- 0 4 -- 2 List ( show ) Started 17 -- 1 Winning streaks of 20 , 16 , and 10 games Lost five of final six games Highest point - differential in NBA playoffs history ( + 14.5 ) Costello , Larry Larry Costello .",
"6": "805 66 16 35 -- 6 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 10.3 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 08 Won NBA Championship 16 10 13 -- 1 3 -- 9 List ( show ) Best single - season improvement in NBA history ( 42 wins ) Started 29 -- 3 Won title 22 years after the last one in franchise history ( 1986 ) Played a record 26 games in the postseason Rivers , Doc Doc Rivers . 805 66 16 39 -- 2 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 8.9 Cleveland Cavaliers 2008 -- 09 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 10 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 List ( show ) 13 game winning streak Second most home wins in NBA history Brown , Mike Mike Brown . 805 66 16 37 -- 4 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 7.9 Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 Won NBA Championship 16 7 10 -- 3 6 -- 4 List ( show ) Started 29 -- 14 27 - game winning streak ( 2nd - longest in NBA history in a season ) First team in NBA history to win 17 games in one month Best second half of season in NBA history ( 38 -- 3 , . 927 ) Spoelstra , Erik Erik Spoelstra . 797 51 13 31 -- 1 15 -- 12 5 -- 0 8.2 Syracuse Nationals 1949 -- 50 Lost NBA Finals 6 5 5 -- 1 1 -- 4 List ( show ) Started 16 -- 1 12 game winning streak Cervi , Al Al Cervi .",
"7": "793 65 17 35 -- 6 30 -- 11 0 -- 0 7.7 Philadelphia 76ers 1982 -- 83 Won NBA Championship 12 7 -- 0 5 -- 1 List ( show ) Second highest postseason winning percentage in NBA history ( behind 2000 -- 01 Los Angeles Lakers 14 game winning streak Cunningham , Billy Billy Cunningham . 793 65 17 37 -- 4 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 9.3 Los Angeles Lakers 1986 -- 87 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 0 5 -- 3 Riley , Pat Pat Riley . 793 65 17 36 -- 5 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 7.7 Los Angeles Lakers 2008 -- 09 Won NBA Championship 16 7 10 -- 2 6 -- 5 Jackson , Phil Phil Jackson . 793 65 17 34 -- 7 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 8.5 Houston Rockets 2017 -- 18 In Western Conference First Round * 17 game winning streak Mike D'Antoni . 787 59 16 25 -- 2 23 -- 9 11 -- 5 8.3 Boston Celtics 1959 -- 60 Won NBA Championship 8 5 5 -- 2 3 -- 3 List ( show ) 17 game winning streak Undefeated December ( 15 -- 0 ) Auerbach , Red Red Auerbach . 780 64 18 38 -- 3 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 7.8 Seattle SuperSonics 1995 -- 96 Lost NBA Finals 13 8 8 -- 3 5 -- 5 List ( show ) 14 game winning streak Lost to 72 -- 10 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals Karl , George George Karl .",
"8": "780 64 18 38 -- 3 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 8.8 Utah Jazz 1996 -- 97 Lost NBA Finals 13 7 10 -- 1 3 -- 6 List ( show ) Two 15 game winning streaks Four game losing streak Lost to 69 -- 13 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals Sloan , Jerry Jerry Sloan . 780 64 18 37 -- 4 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 6.6 Detroit Pistons 2005 -- 06 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 10 8 8 -- 2 2 -- 6 Saunders , Flip Flip Saunders . 775 62 18 27 -- 3 27 -- 11 8 -- 4 8.4 Boston Celtics 1964 -- 65 Won NBA Championship 8 7 -- 0 1 -- 4 16 game winning streak Auerbach , Red Red Auerbach . 768 63 19 31 -- 5 27 -- 12 5 -- 2 11.2 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 -- 72 Lost Western Conference Finals 6 5 3 -- 3 3 - 2 Started 17 -- 1 Costello , Larry Larry Costello . 768 63 19 35 -- 6 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 6.4 Boston Celtics 1981 -- 82 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 7 5 4 -- 3 3 -- 2 18 game winning streak Fitch , Bill Bill Fitch . 768 63 19 35 -- 6 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 6.6 Boston Celtics 1984 -- 85 Lost NBA Finals 13 8 9 -- 2 4 -- 6 Lost to 62 -- 20 Los Angeles Lakers in NBA Finals Jones , K.C. K.C.",
"9": "Jones . 768 63 19 37 -- 4 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 5.8 Detroit Pistons 1988 -- 89 Won NBA Championship 15 8 -- 1 7 -- 1 Daly , Chuck Chuck Daly . 768 63 19 37 -- 4 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 6.8 Los Angeles Lakers 1989 -- 90 Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals 5 3 -- 2 1 -- 3 Riley , Pat Pat Riley . 768 63 19 36 -- 5 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 8.7 Portland Trail Blazers 1990 -- 91 Lost Western Conference Finals 9 7 8 -- 1 1 -- 6 List ( show ) Started 19 -- 1 16 game winning streak Adelman , Rick Rick Adelman . 768 63 19 37 -- 4 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 9.1 Seattle SuperSonics 1993 -- 94 Lost Western Conference 1st Round 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 List ( show ) Started 16 -- 1 First team to lose to an 8th seed Karl , George George Karl . 768 63 19 34 -- 7 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 6.8 San Antonio Spurs 2005 -- 06 Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals 7 6 5 -- 2 2 -- 4 Popovich , Gregg Gregg Popovich . 758 50 16 26 -- 7 24 -- 9 0 -- 0 8.2 Chicago Bulls 2011 -- 12 Lost Eastern Conference 1st Round 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 Held tie - breaker over San Antonio Spurs Thibodeau , Tom Tom Thibodeau .",
"10": "758 50 16 28 -- 5 22 -- 11 0 -- 0 7.2 San Antonio Spurs 2011 -- 12 Lost Western Conference Finals 10 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 Won last ten games of the regular season and first ten games of the playoffs Popovich , Gregg Gregg Popovich . 756 62 20 27 -- 8 25 -- 12 10 -- 0 8.6 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 -- 68 Lost Eastern Division Finals 7 6 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 Hannum , Alex Alex Hannum . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 5.9 Boston Celtics 1980 -- 81 Won NBA Championship 12 5 7 -- 2 5 -- 3 Winning streaks of 13 and 12 games Fitch , Bill Bill Fitch . 756 62 20 37 -- 4 25 -- 16 0 -- 0 7.9 Philadelphia 76ers 1980 -- 81 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 9 7 6 -- 2 3 -- 5 12 game winning streak and two additional streaks of 10 games Cunningham , Billy Billy Cunningham . 756 62 20 33 -- 8 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 6.6 Boston Celtics 1983 -- 84 Won NBA Championship 15 8 12 -- 1 3 -- 7 Jones , K.C. K.C. Jones .",
"11": "756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 7.4 Los Angeles Lakers 1984 -- 85 Won NBA Championship 15 8 -- 2 7 -- 2 Defeated 63 -- 19 Boston Celtics in NBA Finals NBA record 52 regular - season games with 30 + assists Riley , Pat Pat Riley . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 7.7 Los Angeles Lakers 1985 -- 86 Lost Western Conference Finals 8 6 6 -- 2 2 -- 4 Riley , Pat Pat Riley . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 5.8 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Won NBA Championship 15 9 12 -- 2 3 - 7 15 game winning streak Riley , Pat Pat Riley . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 6.7 Phoenix Suns 1992 -- 93 Lost NBA Finals 13 11 7 -- 6 6 -- 5 List ( show ) Undefeated December ( 14 -- 0 ) 14 game winning streak Westphal , Paul Paul Westphal . 756 62 20 33 -- 8 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 6.0 San Antonio Spurs 1994 -- 95 Lost Western Conference Finals 9 6 4 -- 4 5 -- 2 List ( show ) 15 game winning streak Started 7 -- 9 Hill , Bob Bob Hill .",
"12": "756 62 20 37 -- 4 25 -- 16 0 -- 0 7.1 Chicago Bulls 1997 -- 98 Won NBA Championship 15 6 10 -- 2 5 -- 4 List ( show ) 13 game winning streak Defeated 62 -- 20 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals Jackson , Phil Phil Jackson . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 6.5 Utah Jazz 1997 -- 98 Lost NBA Finals 13 7 8 -- 3 5 -- 4 Lost to 62 -- 20 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals Sloan , Jerry Jerry Sloan . 756 62 20 31 -- 10 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 7.1 Phoenix Suns 2004 -- 05 Lost Western Conference Finals 9 6 4 -- 4 5 -- 2 Followed a series of going 18 -- 1 with a 6 - game losing streak D'Antoni , Mike Mike D'Antoni . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 7.5 Boston Celtics 2008 -- 09 Lost Eastern Conference Semifinals 7 7 5 -- 3 2 -- 4 List ( show ) 2nd best two - loss start in NBA History ( 27 -- 2 , . 931 ) Lost seven of next nine games afterwards Winning streaks of 19 and 12 games Rivers , Doc Doc Rivers . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 7.3 Chicago Bulls 2010 -- 11 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 9 7 6 -- 3 3 -- 4 Won Central Division by 25 games over 2nd place Indiana Pacers Thibodeau , Tom Tom Thibodeau .",
"13": "756 62 20 32 -- 9 30 -- 11 0 -- 0 7.7 San Antonio Spurs 2013 -- 14 Won NBA Championship 16 7 11 -- 2 5 -- 5 List ( show ) 19 - game winning streak Undefeated March ( 16 -- 0 ) Popovich , Gregg Gregg Popovich See also ( edit ) NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks Notes ( edit ) Formula for average point differential : Average point differential = Total points for − Total points against Total games played ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mbox ( Average point differential ) ) = ( \\ frac ( ( \\ mbox ( Total points for ) ) - ( \\ mbox ( Total points against ) ) ) ( \\ mbox ( Total games played ) ) ) ) The Boston Celtics appear ten times on the list , followed by the Los Angeles Lakers with eight appearances and the Chicago Bulls with six . Phil Jackson appears six times on the list ; Pat Riley appears five times and Gregg Popovich four . Jackson ( coaching the Lakers and the Chicago Bulls ) and Red Auerbach ( coaching the Celtics and the Washington Capitols ) are the only coaches to appear leading different teams . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : NBA.com : Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous Jump up ^ `` 1971 -- 72 Los Angeles Lakers Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 Chicago Bulls Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ESPN -- Elias Says ... -- ESPN Jump up ^ `` 1966 - 67 Philadelphia 76ers Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ ESPN -- Atlanta vs.",
"14": "Dallas Recap , February 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ 2006 -- 07 Dallas Mavericks Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1946 -- 47 Washington Capitols Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Archived 2011 - 08 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1959 -- 60 Boston Celtics Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1996 -- 97 Utah Jazz Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1964 -- 65 Boston Celtics Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1981 -- 82 Boston Celtics Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1990 -- 91 Portland Trail Blazers Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1987 -- 88 Los Angeles Lakers Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1992 -- 93 Phoenix Suns Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1994 -- 95 San Antonio Spurs Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 2004 -- 05 Phoenix Suns Games -- Basketball-Reference.com ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_teams_by_single_season_win_percentage&oldid=836537280 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 11 : 29 . About Wikipedia",
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9,
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4,
1,
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3,
2,
0,
6,
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-2878146513822230753
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what areas of africa were involved in colonization
|
[
"almost 90 percent of the continent",
"90 percent of the continent",
"almost 90 percent of the continent, with only Ethiopia (Abyssinia), the Dervish state (a portion of present-day Somalia)[1] and Liberia still being independent"
] |
{
"0": "Scramble for Africa - wikipedia Scramble for Africa Jump to : navigation , search For information on the colonisation of Africa prior to the 1880s , including Carthaginian and early European colonisation , see Colonisation of Africa . For the book by Thomas Pakenham , see The Scramble for Africa .",
"1": "Areas of Africa controlled by European colonial powers in 1913 , shown along with current national boundaries Belgian Italian British Portuguese French Spanish German Independent Part of a series on the New Imperialism History Western imperialism in Asia `` The Great Game '' The `` Scramble for Africa '' Historiography of the British Empire Theory The Expansion of England Gentlemanly capitalism The Imperialism of Free Trade Imperialism : A Study Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism Porter -- MacKenzie debate See also Imperialism Colonialism Decolonization Scramble for Africa Boer War ( 1880 ) Tunisia ( 1881 ) Sudan ( 1881 ) Egypt ( 1882 ) Wassoulou ( 1883 ) Eritrea ( 1887 ) Dahomey ( 1890 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Dahomey ( 1892 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 ) Wassoulou ( 1894 ) Ashanti ( 1895 ) Ethiopia ( 1895 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 ) Zanzibar ( 1896 ) Benin ( 1897 ) Wassoulou ( 1898 ) Chad ( 1898 ) ( Kousséri ) Fashoda ( 1898 ) South Africa ( 1899 ) Namibia ( 1904 ) Tanganyika ( 1905 ) Morocco ( 1905 ) South Africa ( 1906 ) Ouaddai ( 1909 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Tripolitania ( 1911 ) South Africa ( 1914 ) Exploration of Africa Nero expedition Roman expeditions The search for the source of the Nile First Zambesi expedition Second Zambesi expedition First trans - Africa exploration Scramble for Africa Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913 The `` Scramble for Africa '' was the occupation , division , and colonisation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism , between 1881 and 1914 .",
"2": "It is also called the Partition of Africa and by some the Conquest of Africa . In 1870 , only 10 percent of Africa was under European control ; by 1914 it had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent , with only Ethiopia ( Abyssinia ) , the Dervish state ( a portion of present - day Somalia ) and Liberia still being independent . The Berlin Conference of 1884 , which regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa , is usually referred to as the starting point of the scramble for Africa . Consequent to the political and economic rivalries among the European empires in the last quarter of the 19th century , the partitioning , or splitting up of Africa was how the Europeans avoided warring amongst themselves over Africa . The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from `` informal imperialism '' ( hegemony ) , by military influence and economic dominance , to direct rule , bringing about colonial imperialism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Causes 2.1 Africa and global markets 2.2 Strategic rivalry 2.2. 1 Germany 's Weltpolitik 2.2. 2 Italy 's expansion 3 Crises prior to World War I 3.1 Colonisation of the Congo 3.2 Suez Canal 3.3 Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) 3.4 Britain 's administration of Egypt and South Africa 3.5 Moroccan Crisis 3.6 Dervish resistance 3.7 Herero Wars and the Maji - Maji Rebellion 4 Colonial encounter 4.1 Colonial consciousness and exhibitions 4.1. 1 Colonial lobby 4.1. 2 Colonial propaganda and jingoism 4.1.",
"3": "2.1 Colonial exhibitions 4.2 Countering disease 5 Colonialism leading to World War I 6 African colonies listed by colonising power 6.1 Belgium 6.2 France 6.3 Germany 6.4 Italy 6.5 Portugal 6.6 Spain 6.7 United Kingdom 6.8 Independent states 6.9 Modern Scramble for Africa 6.10 Petro - states 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) David Livingstone , early explorer of the interior of Africa and fighter against the slave trade The Portuguese established the first firm post-Middle Ages European settlements , trade posts , permanent fortifications and ports of call along the coast of the African continent , from the beginning of the Age of Discovery during the 15th century . But Europeans showed comparatively little interest in ( and less knowledge of ) the interior for some two centuries thereafter . European exploration of the African interior began in earnest at the end of the 18th century . By 1835 , Europeans had mapped most of northwestern Africa . In the middle decades of the 19th century , famous European explorers included David Livingstone and H.M. Stanley , each of whom mapped vast areas of Southern Africa and Central Africa . Arduous expeditions in the 1850s and 1860s by Richard Burton , John Speke and James Grant located the great central lakes and the source of the Nile . By the end of the 19th century Europeans had charted the Nile from its source , traced the courses of the Niger , Congo and Zambezi Rivers , and realised the vast resources of Africa . Even as late as the 1870s , European states still controlled only ten percent of the African continent , with all their territories located near the coast . The most important holdings were Angola and Mozambique , held by Portugal ; the Cape Colony , held by the United Kingdom ; and Algeria , held by France .",
"4": "By 1914 , only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control . Technological advances facilitated European expansion overseas . Industrialisation brought about rapid advancements in transportation and communication , especially in the forms of steam navigation , railways and telegraphs . Medical advances also played an important role , especially medicines for tropical diseases . The development of quinine , an effective treatment for malaria , made vast expanses of the tropics more accessible for Europeans . Causes ( edit ) Africa and global markets ( edit ) Sub-Saharan Africa , one of the last regions of the world largely untouched by `` informal imperialism '' , was also attractive to Europe 's ruling elites for economic , political and social reasons . During a time when Britain 's balance of trade showed a growing deficit , with shrinking and increasingly protectionist continental markets due to the Long Depression ( 1873 -- 96 ) , Africa offered Britain , Germany , France , and other countries an open market that would garner them a trade surplus : a market that bought more from the colonial power than it sold overall . In addition , surplus capital was often more profitably invested overseas , where cheap materials , limited competition , and abundant raw materials made a greater premium possible . Another inducement for imperialism arose from the demand for raw materials unavailable in Europe , especially copper , cotton , rubber , palm oil , cocoa , diamonds , tea , and tin , to which European consumers had grown accustomed and upon which European industry had grown dependent . Additionally , Britain wanted the southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India . However , in Africa -- excluding the area which became the Union of South Africa in 1910 -- the amount of capital investment by Europeans was relatively small , compared to other continents . Consequently , the companies involved in tropical African commerce were relatively small , apart from Cecil Rhodes 's De Beers Mining Company . Rhodes had carved out Rhodesia for himself ; Léopold II of Belgium later , and with considerable brutality , exploited the Congo Free State . These events might detract from the pro-imperialist arguments of colonial lobbyists such as the Alldeutscher Verband , Francesco Crispi and Jules Ferry , who argued that sheltered overseas markets in Africa would solve the problems of low prices and over-production caused by shrinking continental markets .",
"5": "John A. Hobson argued in Imperialism that this shrinking of continental markets was a key factor of the global `` New Imperialism '' period . William Easterly of New York University , however , disagrees with the link made between capitalism and imperialism , arguing that colonialism is used mostly to promote state - led development rather than `` corporate '' development . He has stated that `` imperialism is not so clearly linked to capitalism and the free markets ... historically there has been a closer link between colonialism / imperialism and state - led approaches to development . '' Strategic rivalry ( edit ) Contemporary illustration of Major Marchand 's trek across Africa in 1898 The rivalry between Britain , France , Germany , and the other European powers accounts for a large part of the colonization . While tropical Africa was not a large zone of investment , other overseas regions were . The vast interior between Egypt and the gold and diamond - rich southern Africa had strategic value in securing the flow of overseas trade . Britain was under political pressure to secure lucrative markets against encroaching rivals in China and its eastern colonies , most notably India , Malaya , Australia and New Zealand . Thus , it was crucial to secure the key waterway between East and West -- the Suez Canal . However , a theory that Britain sought to annex East Africa during the 1880 onwards , out of geostrategic concerns connected to Egypt ( especially the Suez Canal ) , has been challenged by historians such as John Darwin ( 1997 ) and Jonas F. Gjersø ( 2015 ) . The scramble for African territory also reflected concern for the acquisition of military and naval bases , for strategic purposes and the exercise of power . The growing navies , and new ships driven by steam power , required coaling stations and ports for maintenance . Defense bases were also needed for the protection of sea routes and communication lines , particularly of expensive and vital international waterways such as the Suez Canal . Colonies were also seen as assets in `` balance of power '' negotiations , useful as items of exchange at times of international bargaining . Colonies with large native populations were also a source of military power ; Britain and France used large numbers of British Indian and North African soldiers , respectively , in many of their colonial wars ( and would again be utilised in the coming World Wars ) .",
"6": "In the age of nationalism there was pressure for a nation to acquire an empire as a status symbol ; the idea of `` greatness '' became linked with the sense of duty underlying many nations ' strategies . In the early 1880s , Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza was exploring the Kingdom of Kongo for France , at the same time Henry Morton Stanley explored it on behalf of Léopold II of Belgium , who would have it as his personal Congo Free State ( see section below ) . France occupied Tunisia in May 1881 , which may have convinced Italy to join the German - Austrian Dual Alliance in 1882 , thus forming the Triple Alliance . The same year , Britain occupied Egypt ( hitherto an autonomous state owing nominal fealty to the Ottoman Empire ) , which ruled over Sudan and parts of Chad , Eritrea , and Somalia . In 1884 , Germany declared Togoland , the Cameroons and South West Africa to be under its protection ; and France occupied Guinea . French West Africa ( AOF ) was founded in 1895 , and French Equatorial Africa in 1910 . Germany 's weltpolitik ( edit ) The Askari colonial troops in German East Africa , circa 1906 Germany was hardly a colonial power before the New Imperialism period , but would eagerly participate in this race . Fragmented in various states , Germany was only unified under Prussia 's rule after the 1866 Battle of Königgrätz and the 1870 Franco - Prussian War . A rising industrial power close on the heels of Britain , Germany began its world expansion in the 1880s . After isolating France by the Dual Alliance with Austria - Hungary and then the 1882 Triple Alliance with Italy , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck proposed the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference , which set the rules of effective control of a foreign territory . Weltpolitik ( world policy ) was the foreign policy adopted by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890 , with the aim of transforming Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy , the acquisition of overseas colonies , and the development of a large navy . Some Germans , claiming themselves of Friedrich List 's thought , advocated expansion in the Philippines and Timor ; others proposed to set themselves up in Formosa ( modern Taiwan ) , etc .",
"7": "At the end of the 1870s , these isolated voices began to be relayed by a real imperialist policy , backed by mercantilist thesis . In 1881 , Hübbe - Schleiden , a lawyer , published Deutsche Kolonisation , according to which the `` development of national consciousness demanded an independent overseas policy '' . Pan-Germanism was thus linked to the young nation 's imperialist drives . In the beginning of the 1880s , the Deutscher Kolonialverein was created , and got its own magazine in 1884 , the Kolonialzeitung . This colonial lobby was also relayed by the nationalist Alldeutscher Verband . Generally , Bismarck was opposed to widespread German colonialism , but he had to resign at the insistence of the new German Emperor Wilhelm II on 18 March 1890 . Wilhelm II instead adopted a very aggressive policy of colonisation and colonial expansion . Germany 's expansionism would lead to the Tirpitz Plan , implemented by Admiral von Tirpitz , who would also champion the various Fleet Acts starting in 1898 , thus engaging in an arms race with Britain . By 1914 , they had given Germany the second - largest naval force in the world ( roughly three - fifths the size of the Royal Navy ) . According to von Tirpitz , this aggressive naval policy was supported by the National Liberal Party rather than by the conservatives , implying that imperialism was supported by the rising middle classes . Germany became the third - largest colonial power in Africa . Nearly all of its overall empire of 2.6 million square kilometres and 14 million colonial subjects in 1914 was found in its African possessions of Southwest Africa , Togoland , the Cameroons , and Tanganyika . Following the 1904 Entente cordiale between France and the British Empire , Germany tried to isolate France in 1905 with the First Moroccan Crisis . This led to the 1905 Algeciras Conference , in which France 's influence on Morocco was compensated by the exchange of other territories , and then to the Agadir Crisis in 1911 . Along with the 1898 Fashoda Incident between France and Britain , this succession of international crises reveals the bitterness of the struggle between the various imperialist nations , which ultimately led to World War I .",
"8": "Italy 's expansion ( edit ) This scene from an Ethiopian painting depicts the Ethiopian triumph against Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa . The Italo - Ethiopian War of 1895 -- 96 distinguished Ethiopia as the only African state to maintain independence in the 19th century with a decisive show of force . The conquest of Ethiopia , which had remained the last African independent territory , occurred in the Second Italo - Ethiopian War in 1935 -- 36 Italy took possession of parts of Eritrea in 1870 and 1882 . Following its defeat in the First Italo -- Ethiopian War ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , it acquired Italian Somaliland in 1889 -- 90 and the whole of Eritrea ( 1899 ) . In 1911 , it engaged in a war with the Ottoman Empire , in which it acquired Tripolitania and Cyrenaica ( modern Libya ) . In 1919 Enrico Corradini -- who fully supported the war , and later merged his group in the early fascist party ( PNF ) -- developed the concept of Proletarian Nationalism , supposed to legitimise Italy 's imperialism by a mixture of socialism with nationalism : We must start by recognizing the fact that there are proletarian nations as well as proletarian classes ; that is to say , there are nations whose living conditions are subject ... to the way of life of other nations , just as classes are . Once this is realised , nationalism must insist firmly on this truth : Italy is , materially and morally , a proletarian nation . The Second Italo - Abyssinian War ( 1935 -- 36 ) , ordered by the Fascist Benito Mussolini , would actually be one of the last colonial wars ( that is , intended to colonise a foreign country , as opposed to wars of national liberation ) , occupying Ethiopia -- which had remained the last independent African territory , apart from Liberia .",
"9": "Crises prior to World War I ( edit ) Colonisation of the Congo ( edit ) Henry Morton Stanley David Livingstone 's explorations , carried on by Henry Morton Stanley , excited imaginations with Stanley 's grandiose ideas for colonisation ; but these found little support owing to the problems and scale of action required , except from Léopold II of Belgium , who in 1876 had organised the International African Association ( the Congo Society ) . From 1869 to 1874 , Stanley was secretly sent by Léopold II to the Congo region , where he made treaties with several African chiefs along the Congo River and by 1882 had sufficient territory to form the basis of the Congo Free State . Léopold II personally owned the colony from 1885 and used it as a source of ivory and rubber . Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in his version of `` native '' dress , photographed by Félix Nadar While Stanley was exploring Congo on behalf of Léopold II of Belgium , the Franco - Italian marine officer Pierre de Brazza travelled into the western Congo basin and raised the French flag over the newly founded Brazzaville in 1881 , thus occupying today 's Republic of the Congo . Portugal , which also claimed the area due to old treaties with the native Kongo Empire , made a treaty with Britain on 26 February 1884 to block off the Congo Society 's access to the Atlantic . By 1890 the Congo Free State had consolidated its control of its territory between Leopoldville and Stanleyville , and was looking to push south down the Lualaba River from Stanleyville . At the same time , the British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes was expanding north from the Limpopo River , sending the Pioneer Column ( guided by Frederick Selous ) through Matabeleland , and starting a colony in Mashonaland . To the west , in the land where their expansions would meet , was Katanga , site of the Yeke Kingdom of Msiri . Msiri was the most militarily powerful ruler in the area , and traded large quantities of copper , ivory and slaves -- and rumors of gold reached European ears . The scramble for Katanga was a prime example of the period .",
"10": "Rhodes and the BSAC sent two expeditions to Msiri in 1890 led by Alfred Sharpe , who was rebuffed , and Joseph Thomson , who failed to reach Katanga . Leopold sent four CFS expeditions . First , the Le Marinel Expedition could only extract a vaguely worded letter . The Delcommune Expedition was rebuffed . The well - armed Stairs Expedition was given orders to take Katanga with or without Msiri 's consent . Msiri refused , was shot , and the expedition cut off his head and stuck it on a pole as a `` barbaric lesson '' to the people . The Bia Expedition finished the job of establishing an administration of sorts and a `` police presence '' in Katanga . Native Congo Free State laborers who failed to meet rubber collection quotas were often punished by having their hands cut off Thus , the half million square kilometers of Katanga came into Leopold 's possession and brought his African realm up to 2,300,000 square kilometres ( 890,000 sq mi ) , about 75 times larger than Belgium . The Congo Free State imposed such a terror regime on the colonised people , including mass killings and forced labour , that Belgium , under pressure from the Congo Reform Association , ended Leopold II 's rule and annexed it in 1908 as a colony of Belgium , known as the Belgian Congo . The brutality of King Leopold II of Belgium in his former colony of the Congo Free State , now the Democratic Republic of the Congo , was well documented ; up to 8 million of the estimated 16 million native inhabitants died between 1885 and 1908 . According to the former British diplomat Roger Casement , this depopulation had four main causes : `` indiscriminate war '' , starvation , reduction of births and diseases . Sleeping sickness ravaged the country and must also be taken into account for the dramatic decrease in population ; it has been estimated that sleeping sickness and smallpox killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower Congo River . Estimates of the total death toll vary considerably . As the first census did not take place until 1924 , it is difficult to quantify the population loss of the period . Casement 's report set it at three million .",
"11": "William Rubinstein wrote : `` More basically , it appears almost certain that the population figures given by Hochschild are inaccurate . There is , of course , no way of ascertaining the population of the Congo before the twentieth century , and estimates like 20 million are purely guesses . Most of the interior of the Congo was literally unexplored if not inaccessible . '' See Congo Free State for further details including numbers of victims . A similar situation occurred in the neighbouring French Congo . Most of the resource extraction was run by concession companies , whose brutal methods , along with the introduction of disease , resulted in the loss of up to 50 percent of the indigenous population . The French government appointed a commission , headed by de Brazza , in 1905 to investigate the rumoured abuses in the colony . However , de Brazza died on the return trip , and his `` searingly critical '' report was neither acted upon nor released to the public . In the 1920s , about 20,000 forced labourers died building a railroad through the French territory . Suez Canal ( edit ) Main article : Suez Canal Port Said entrance to Suez Canal , showing De Lesseps ' statue French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , in 1854 -- 56 , to build the Suez Canal . Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000 , but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition , fatigue and disease , especially cholera . Shortly before its completion in 1869 , Khedive Isma'il borrowed enormous sums from British and French bankers at high rates of interest . By 1875 , he was facing financial difficulties and was forced to sell his block of shares in the Suez Canal . The shares were snapped up by Britain , under its Prime Minister , Benjamin Disraeli , who sought to give his country practical control in the management of this strategic waterway . When Isma'il repudiated Egypt 's foreign debt in 1879 , Britain and France seized joint financial control over the country , forcing the Egyptian ruler to abdicate , and installing his eldest son Tewfik Pasha in his place . The Egyptian and Sudanese ruling classes did not relish foreign intervention .",
"12": "During the 1870s , European initiatives against the slave trade caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan , precipitating the rise of Mahdist forces . In 1881 , the Mahdist revolt erupted in Sudan under Muhammad Ahmad , severing Tewfik 's authority in Sudan . The same year , Tewfik suffered an even more perilous rebellion by his own Egyptian army in the form of the Urabi Revolt . In 1882 , Tewfik appealed for direct British military assistance , commencing Britain 's administration of Egypt . A joint British - Egyptian military force ultimately defeated the Mahdist forces in Sudan in 1898 . Thereafter , Britain ( rather than Egypt ) seized effective control of Sudan . Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Berlin Conference Otto von Bismarck at the Berlin Conference , 1884 The occupation of Egypt , and the acquisition of the Congo were the first major moves in what came to be a precipitous scramble for African territory . In 1884 , Otto von Bismarck convened the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference to discuss the African problem . The diplomats put on a humanitarian façade by condemning the slave trade , prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages and firearms in certain regions , and by expressing concern for missionary activities . More importantly , the diplomats in Berlin laid down the rules of competition by which the great powers were to be guided in seeking colonies . They also agreed that the area along the Congo River was to be administered by Léopold II of Belgium as a neutral area , known as the Congo Free State , in which trade and navigation were to be free . No nation was to stake claims in Africa without notifying other powers of its intentions . No territory could be formally claimed prior to being effectively occupied . However , the competitors ignored the rules when convenient and on several occasions war was only narrowly avoided . Britain 's administration of Egypt and South Africa ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"13": "( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Boer child in a British concentration camp during the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Britain 's administration of Egypt and the Cape Colony contributed to a preoccupation over securing the source of the Nile River . Egypt was overrun by British forces in 1882 ( although not formally declared a protectorate until 1914 , and never an actual colony ) ; Sudan , Nigeria , Kenya and Uganda were subjugated in the 1890s and early 20th century ; and in the south , the Cape Colony ( first acquired in 1795 ) provided a base for the subjugation of neighboring African states and the Dutch Afrikaner settlers who had left the Cape to avoid the British and then founded their own republics . Theophilus Shepstone annexed the South African Republic ( or Transvaal ) in 1877 for the British Empire , after it had been independent for twenty years . In 1879 , after the Anglo - Zulu War , Britain consolidated its control of most of the territories of South Africa . The Boers protested , and in December 1880 they revolted , leading to the First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) . British Prime Minister William Gladstone signed a peace treaty on 23 March 1881 , giving self - government to the Boers in the Transvaal . The Jameson Raid of 1895 was a failed attempt by the British South Africa Company and the Johannesburg Reform Committee to overthrow the Boer government in the Transvaal . The Second Boer War , fought between 1899 and 1902 , was about control of the gold and diamond industries ; the independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic ( or Transvaal ) were this time defeated and absorbed into the British Empire . The French thrust into the African interior was mainly from the coasts of West Africa ( modern day Senegal ) eastward , through the Sahel along the southern border of the Sahara , a huge desert covering most of present - day Senegal , Mali , Niger , and Chad .",
"14": "Their ultimate aim was to have an uninterrupted colonial empire from the Niger River to the Nile , thus controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region , by virtue of their existing control over the Caravan routes through the Sahara . The British , on the other hand , wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa ( modern South Africa , Botswana , Zimbabwe , Lesotho , Swaziland , and Zambia ) , with their territories in East Africa ( modern Kenya ) , and these two areas with the Nile basin . The Sudan ( which in those days included most of present - day Uganda ) was the key to the fulfillment of these ambitions , especially since Egypt was already under British control . This `` red line '' through Africa is made most famous by Cecil Rhodes . Along with Lord Milner , the British colonial minister in South Africa , Rhodes advocated such a `` Cape to Cairo '' empire , linking the Suez Canal to the mineral - rich Southern part of the continent by rail . Though hampered by German occupation of Tanganyika until the end of World War I , Rhodes successfully lobbied on behalf of such a sprawling African empire . If one draws a line from Cape Town to Cairo ( Rhodes 's dream ) , and one from Dakar to the Horn of Africa ( now Ethiopia , Eritrea , Djibouti and Somalia ) , ( the French ambition ) , these two lines intersect somewhere in eastern Sudan near Fashoda , explaining its strategic importance . In short , Britain had sought to extend its East African empire contiguously from Cairo to the Cape of Good Hope , while France had sought to extend its own holdings from Dakar to the Sudan , which would enable its empire to span the entire continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea . A French force under Jean - Baptiste Marchand arrived first at the strategically located fort at Fashoda , soon followed by a British force under Lord Kitchener , commander in chief of the British Army since 1892 . The French withdrew after a standoff and continued to press claims to other posts in the region . In March 1899 , the French and British agreed that the source of the Nile and Congo Rivers should mark the frontier between their spheres of influence .",
"15": "Moroccan Crisis ( edit ) Main articles : First Moroccan Crisis and Second Moroccan Crisis The Moroccan Sultan Abdelhafid , who led the resistance to French expansionism during the Agadir Crisis Although the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference had set the rules for the Scramble for Africa , it had not weakened the rival imperialists . The 1898 Fashoda Incident , which had seen France and the British Empire on the brink of war , ultimately led to the signature of the Entente Cordiale of 1904 , which countered the influence of the European powers of the Triple Alliance . As a result , the new German Empire decided to test the solidity of such influence , using the contested territory of Morocco as a battlefield . Thus , Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Tangiers on 31 March 1905 and made a speech in favor of Moroccan independence , challenging French influence in Morocco . France 's influence in Morocco had been reaffirmed by Britain and Spain in 1904 . The Kaiser 's speech bolstered French nationalism , and with British support the French foreign minister , Théophile Delcassé , took a defiant line . The crisis peaked in mid-June 1905 , when Delcassé was forced out of the ministry by the more conciliation - minded premier Maurice Rouvier . But by July 1905 Germany was becoming isolated and the French agreed to a conference to solve the crisis . Both France and Germany continued to posture up until the conference , with Germany mobilizing reserve army units in late December and France actually moving troops to the border in January 1906 . The 1906 Algeciras Conference was called to settle the dispute . Of the thirteen nations present , the German representatives found their only supporter was Austria - Hungary . France had firm support from Britain , the US , Russia , Italy and Spain . The Germans eventually accepted an agreement , signed on 31 May 1906 , whereby France yielded certain domestic changes in Morocco but retained control of key areas . However , five years later the Second Moroccan Crisis ( or Agadir Crisis ) was sparked by the deployment of the German gunboat Panther to the port of Agadir on 1 July 1911 . Germany had started to attempt to surpass Britain 's naval supremacy -- the British navy had a policy of remaining larger than the next two naval fleets in the world combined .",
"16": "When the British heard of the Panther 's arrival in Morocco , they wrongly believed that the Germans meant to turn Agadir into a naval base on the Atlantic . The German move was aimed at reinforcing claims for compensation for acceptance of effective French control of the North African kingdom , where France 's pre-eminence had been upheld by the 1906 Algeciras Conference . In November 1911 a convention was signed under which Germany accepted France 's position in Morocco in return for territory in the French Equatorial African colony of Middle Congo ( now the Republic of the Congo ) . France and Spain subsequently established a full protectorate over Morocco ( 30 March 1912 ) , ending what remained of the country 's formal independence . Furthermore , British backing for France during the two Moroccan crises reinforced the Entente between the two countries and added to Anglo - German estrangement , deepening the divisions that would culminate in the First World War . Statue of Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , the `` Mad Mullah '' , who led a twenty - year - long anti-imperial resistance war . Dervish resistance ( edit ) The Mahdist War was fought between a radical group of Muslim dervishes , called Mahdists , who had over-run much of Sudan , and the British forces Following the Berlin Conference at the end of the 19th century , the British , Italians , and Ethiopians sought to claim lands owned by the Somalis such as the Warsangali Sultanate , the Ajuran Sultanate and the Gobroon Dynasty . The Dervish State was a state established by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , a Somali religious leader who gathered Muslim soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and united them into a loyal army known as the Dervishes . This Dervish army enabled Hassan to carve out a powerful state through conquest of lands sought after by the Ethiopians and the European powers . The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region . Due to these successful expeditions , the Dervish State was recognised as an ally by the Ottoman and German empires . The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation , and the Germans promised to officially recognise any territories the Dervishes were to acquire .",
"17": "After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay , the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain 's use of aircraft . Herero wars and the Maji - Maji rebellion ( edit ) Main articles : Herero Wars and Maji - Maji Rebellion Between 1904 and 1908 , Germany 's colonies in German South - West Africa and German East Africa were rocked by separate , contemporaneous native revolts against their rule . In both territories the threat to German rule was quickly defeated once large - scale reinforcements from Germany arrived , with the Herero rebels in German South - West Africa being defeated at the Battle of Waterberg and the Maji - Maji rebels in German East Africa being steadily crushed by German forces slowly advancing through the countryside , with the natives resorting to guerrilla warfare . German efforts to clear the bush of civilians in German South - West Africa then resulted in a genocide of the population . Surviving Herero , emaciated , after their escape through the Omaheke desert . In total , as many as 65,000 Herero ( 80 % of the total Herero population ) , and 10,000 Namaqua ( 50 % of the total Namaqua population ) either starved , died of thirst , or were worked to death in camps such as Shark Island Concentration Camp between 1904 and 1908 . Characteristic of this genocide was death by starvation and the poisoning of the population 's wells whilst they were trapped in the Namib Desert . Colonial encounter ( edit ) Colonial consciousness and exhibitions ( edit ) Pygmies and a European . Some pygmies would be exposed in human zoos , such as Ota Benga displayed by eugenicist Madison Grant in the Bronx Zoo . Colonial lobby ( edit ) In its earlier stages , imperialism was generally the act of individual explorers as well as some adventurous merchantmen . The colonial powers were a long way from approving without any dissent the expensive adventures carried out abroad . Various important political leaders , such as Gladstone , opposed colonisation in its first years . However , during his second premiership between 1880 and 1885 he could not resist the colonial lobby in his cabinet , and thus did not execute his electoral promise to disengage from Egypt .",
"18": "Although Gladstone was personally opposed to imperialism , the social tensions caused by the Long Depression pushed him to favor jingoism : the imperialists had become the `` parasites of patriotism '' ( John A. Hobson ) . In France , then Radical politician Georges Clemenceau also adamantly opposed himself to it : he thought colonisation was a diversion from the `` blue line of the Vosges '' mountains , that is revanchism and the patriotic urge to reclaim the Alsace - Lorraine region which had been annexed by the German Empire with the 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt . Clemenceau actually made Jules Ferry 's cabinet fall after the 1885 Tonkin disaster . According to Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism ( 1951 ) , this expansion of national sovereignty on overseas territories contradicted the unity of the nation state which provided citizenship to its population . Thus , a tension between the universalist will to respect human rights of the colonised people , as they may be considered as `` citizens '' of the nation state , and the imperialist drive to cynically exploit populations deemed inferior began to surface . Some , in colonising countries , opposed what they saw as unnecessary evils of the colonial administration when left to itself ; as described in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness ( 1899 ) -- published around the same time as Kipling 's The White Man 's Burden -- or in Louis - Ferdinand Céline 's Journey to the End of the Night ( 1932 ) . Colonial lobbies emerged to legitimise the Scramble for Africa and other expensive overseas adventures . In Germany , France , and Britain , the middle class often sought strong overseas policies to ensure the market 's growth . Even in lesser powers , voices like Enrico Corradini claimed a `` place in the sun '' for so - called `` proletarian nations '' , bolstering nationalism and militarism in an early prototype of fascism . Colonial propaganda and jingoism ( edit ) Colonial exhibitions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"19": "( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Poster for the 1906 Colonial Exhibition in Marseilles ( France ) However , by the end of World War I the colonial empires had become very popular almost everywhere in Europe : public opinion had been convinced of the needs of a colonial empire , although most of the metropolitans would never see a piece of it . Colonial exhibitions had been instrumental in this change of popular mentalities brought about by the colonial propaganda , supported by the colonial lobby and by various scientists . Thus , the conquest of territories were inevitably followed by public displays of the indigenous people for scientific and leisure purposes . Karl Hagenbeck , a German merchant in wild animals and a future entrepreneur of most Europeans zoos , thus decided in 1874 to exhibit Samoa and Sami people as `` purely natural '' populations . In 1876 , he sent one of his collaborators to the newly conquered Egyptian Sudan to bring back some wild beasts and Nubians . Presented in Paris , London , and Berlin these Nubians were very successful . Such `` human zoos '' could be found in Hamburg , Antwerp , Barcelona , London , Milan , New York City , Paris , etc. , with 200,000 to 300,000 visitors attending each exhibition . Tuaregs were exhibited after the French conquest of Timbuktu ( visited by René Caillié , disguised as a Muslim , in 1828 , thereby winning the prize offered by the French Société de Géographie ) ; Malagasy after the occupation of Madagascar ; Amazons of Abomey after Behanzin 's mediatic defeat against the French in 1894 . Not used to the climatic conditions , some of the indigenous exposed died , such as some Galibis in Paris in 1892 . Geoffroy de Saint - Hilaire , director of the Parisian Jardin d'acclimatation , decided in 1877 to organise two `` ethnological spectacles '' , presenting Nubians and Inuit . The public of the Jardin d'acclimatation doubled , with a million paying entrances that year , a huge success for these times .",
"20": "Between 1877 and 1912 , approximately thirty `` ethnological exhibitions '' were presented at the Jardin zoologique d'acclimatation . `` Negro villages '' would be presented in Paris ' 1878 and 1879 World 's Fair ; the 1900 World 's Fair presented the famous diorama `` living '' in Madagascar , while the Colonial Exhibitions in Marseilles ( 1906 and 1922 ) and in Paris ( 1907 and 1931 ) would also display human beings in cages , often nudes or quasi-nudes . Nomadic `` Senegalese villages '' were also created , thus displaying the power of the colonial empire to all the population . In the US , Madison Grant , head of the New York Zoological Society , exposed Pygmy Ota Benga in the Bronx Zoo alongside the apes and others in 1906 . At the behest of Grant , a prominent scientific racist and eugenicist , zoo director Hornaday placed Ota Benga in a cage with an orangutan and labeled him `` The Missing Link '' in an attempt to illustrate Darwinism , and in particular that Africans like Ota Benga are closer to apes than were Europeans . Other colonial exhibitions included the 1924 British Empire Exhibition and the successful 1931 Paris `` Exposition coloniale '' . Countering disease ( edit ) From the beginning of the 20th century onward , the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all colonial powers . The sleeping sickness epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically screening millions of people at risk . In the 20th century , Africa saw the biggest increase in its population due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to peace , famine relief , medicine , and above all , the end or decline of the slave trade . Africa 's population has grown from 120 million in 1900 to over 1 billion today . Colonialism leading to World War I ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"21": "( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) German Cameroon , painting by R. Hellgrewe , 1908 During the New Imperialism period , by the end of the 19th century , Europe added almost 9,000,000 square miles ( 23,000,000 km ) -- one - fifth of the land area of the globe -- to its overseas colonial possessions . Europe 's formal holdings now included the entire African continent except Ethiopia , Liberia , and Saguia el - Hamra , the latter of which would be integrated into Spanish Sahara . Between 1885 and 1914 , Britain took nearly 30 % of Africa 's population under its control ; 15 % for France , 11 % for Portugal , 9 % for Germany , 7 % for Belgium and 1 % for Italy . Nigeria alone contributed 15 million subjects , more than in the whole of French West Africa or the entire German colonial empire . It was paradoxical that Britain , the staunch advocate of free trade , emerged in 1914 with not only the largest overseas empire thanks to its long - standing presence in India , but also the greatest gains in the `` scramble for Africa '' , reflecting its advantageous position at its inception . In terms of surface area occupied , the French were the marginal victors but much of their territory consisted of the sparsely populated Sahara . The political imperialism followed the economic expansion , with the `` colonial lobbies '' bolstering chauvinism and jingoism at each crisis in order to legitimise the colonial enterprise . The tensions between the imperial powers led to a succession of crises , which finally exploded in August 1914 , when previous rivalries and alliances created a domino situation that drew the major European nations into World War I. Austria - Hungary attacked Serbia to avenge the murder by Serbian agents of Austrian crown prince Francis Ferdinand , Russia would mobilise to assist allied Serbia , Germany would intervene to support Austria - Hungary against Russia . Since Russia had a military alliance with France against Germany , the German General Staff , led by General von Moltke decided to realise the well prepared Schlieffen Plan to invade and quickly knock France out of the war before turning against Russia in what was expected to be a long campaign . This required an invasion of Belgium which brought Britain into the war against Germany , Austria - Hungary and their allies .",
"22": "German U-Boat campaigns against ships bound for Britain eventually drew the United States into what had become World War I . Moreover , using the Anglo - Japanese Alliance as an excuse , Japan leaped onto this opportunity to conquer German interests in China and the Pacific to become the dominating power in the Western Pacific , setting the stage for the Second Sino - Japanese War ( starting in 1937 ) and eventually World War II . African colonies listed by colonising power ( edit ) Belgium ( edit ) Congo Free State and Belgian Congo ( today 's Democratic Republic of the Congo ) Ruanda - Urundi ( comprising modern Rwanda and Burundi , 1922 -- 62 ) France ( edit ) Further information : List of French possessions and colonies § In Africa French West Africa : Mauritania Senegal Albreda ( 1681 -- 1857 , now part of Gambia ) French Sudan ( now Mali ) French Guinea ( now Guinea ) Ivory Coast Niger French Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) French Dahomey ( now Benin ) French Togoland ( 1916 -- 60 , now Togo ) Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo ( in modern Nigeria ) French Equatorial Africa : Gabon French Cameroun ( 1922 -- 60 ) French Congo ( now Republic of the Congo ) Oubangui - Chari ( now Central African Republic ) Chad French North Africa : French Algeria French Protectorate of Tunisia French Morocco Fezzan - Ghadames ( 1943 -- 1951 ) ( administration given by the UNO after its conquest by Charles de Gaulle ) Egypt ( ownership ( 1798 -- 1801 ) ) ( Condominium of France and the United Kingdom ) ( 1876 -- 1882 ) French East Africa : French Madagascar Comoros Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean French Somaliland ( now Djibouti ) Isle de France ( 1715 - 1810 ) ( now Mauritius ) Germany ( edit ) German Kamerun ( now Cameroon and part of Nigeria , 1884 -- 1916 ) German East Africa ( now Rwanda , Burundi and most of Tanzania ,",
"23": "1885 -- 1919 ) German South - West Africa ( now Namibia , 1884 -- 1915 ) German Togoland ( now Togo and eastern part of Ghana , 1884 -- 1914 ) After the First World War , Germany 's possessions were partitioned among Britain ( which took a sliver of western Cameroon , Tanzania , western Togo , and Namibia ) , France ( which took most of Cameroon and eastern Togo ) and Belgium ( which took Rwanda and Burundi ) . Italy ( edit ) Italian Libya Italian Eritrea Italian Somaliland Later , during the Interwar period , with the Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italy would annex Ethiopia , which formed together with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland the Italian East Africa ( A.O.I. , `` Africa Orientale Italiana '' , also defined by the fascist government as L'Impero ) . Portugal ( edit ) Portuguese West Africa ( now Angola ) Mainland Angola Portuguese Congo ( now Cabinda Province of Angola ) Portuguese East Africa ( now Mozambique ) Portuguese Guinea ( now Guinea - Bissau ) Portuguese Cape Verde Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Island Príncipe Island Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá ( now Ouidah , in Benin ) Spain ( edit ) Spanish North Africa Northern Spanish Morocco Chefchaouen ( Chauen ) Jebala ( Yebala ) Kert Loukkos ( Lucus ) Rif Spanish West Africa Southern Spanish Morocco Cape Juby Ifni Spanish Sahara ( now Western Sahara ) Río de Oro Saguia el - Hamra Spanish Guinea ( now Equatorial Guinea ) Fernando Pó Río Muni Annobón United Kingdom ( edit ) Opening of the railway in Rhodesia , 1899 Following the Fourth Anglo - Ashanti War in 1896 , the British proclaimed a protectorate over the Ashanti Kingdom . The British were primarily interested in maintaining secure communication lines to India , which led to initial interest in Egypt and South Africa . Once these two areas were secure , it was the intent of British colonialists such as Cecil Rhodes to establish a Cape - Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources .",
"24": "Control of the Nile was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage . Egypt Anglo - Egyptian Sudan ( 1899 -- 1956 ) British Somaliland ( now part of Somalia ) British East Africa : Kenya Colony Uganda Protectorate Tanzania : Tanganyika Territory ( 1919 -- 61 ) Zanzibar British Mauritius Bechuanaland ( now Botswana ) Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) British Seychelles British South Africa South Africa : Transvaal Colony Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony South - West Africa ( from 1915 , now Namibia ) British West Africa Gambia Colony and Protectorate Sierra Leone Nigeria British Togoland ( 1916 -- 56 , today part of Ghana ) Cameroons ( 1922 -- 61 , now parts of Cameroon and Nigeria ) Gold Coast ( British colony ) ( now Ghana ) Nyasaland ( now Malawi ) Basutoland ( now Lesotho ) Swaziland Independent states ( edit ) Liberia was the only nation in Africa that was a colony and a protectorate of the United States . Liberia was founded , colonised , established and controlled by the American Colonization Society , a private organisation established in order to relocate freed African - American and Caribbean slaves from the United States and the Caribbean islands in 1821 . Liberia declared its independence from the American Colonization Society on July 26 , 1847 . Liberia is Africa 's oldest democratic republic , and the second - oldest black republic in the world ( after Haiti ) . Ethiopia maintained its independence from Italy after the Battle of Adwa which resulted in the Treaty of Addis Ababa . With the exception of the occupation between 1936 and 1941 by Benito Mussolini 's military forces , Ethiopia is Africa 's oldest independent nation . Modern Scramble for Africa ( edit ) Oil and gas concessions in Sudan -- 2004 The new scramble for Africa began with the emergence of the Afro - Neo-Liberal capitalist movement in Post-Colonial Africa . When African nations began to gain independence during the Post World War II Era , their post colonial economic structures remained undiversified and linear .",
"25": "In most cases , the bulk of a nation 's economy relied on cash crops or natural resources . The decolonisation process kept independent African nations at the mercy of colonial powers due to structurally - dependent economic relations . Structural Adjustment Programs lead to the privatization and liberalization of many African political and economic systems , forcefully pushing Africa into the global capitalist market . The economic decline in the 1990s fostered democratization by the World Bank intervening in the political and economic affairs of Africa once again . All of these factors led to Africa 's forced development under Western ideological systems of economics and politics . Petro - states ( edit ) In the era of globalization , many African countries have emerged as petro - states ( for example Sudan , Cameroon , Nigeria , Angola ) . These are nations with an economic and political partnership between transnational oil companies and the ruling elite class in oil - rich African nations . Numerous countries have entered into a neo-imperial relationship with Africa during this time period . Mary Gilmartin notes that `` material and symbolic appropriation of space ( is ) central to imperial expansion and control '' ; nations in the globalization era who invest in controlling land internationally are engaging in neo-imperialism . Chinese ( and other Asian countries ) state oil companies have entered Africa 's highly competitive oil sector . China National Petroleum Corporation purchased 40 % of Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company . Furthermore , Sudan exports 50 -- 60 % of its domestically produced oil to China , making up 7 % of China 's imports . China has also been purchasing equity shares in African oil fields , invested in industry related infrastructure development and acquired continental oil concessions throughout Africa . See also ( edit ) Chronology of colonialism Civilizing mission Decolonisation of Africa Economic history of Africa French colonial empire Historiography of the British Empire Impact and evaluation of colonialism and colonisation International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) List of French possessions and colonies List of former sovereign states # Pre-colonial Africa Scientific racism White African References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jihad in the Arabian Sea 2011 , Camille Pecastaing , In the land of the Mad Mullah : Somalia Jump up ^ Brantlinger , Patrick ( 1985 ) .",
"26": "`` Victorians and Africans : The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent '' . Critical Inquiry. 12 ( 1 ) : 166 -- 203 . doi : 10.1086 / 448326 . JSTOR 1343467 . Jump up ^ R. Robinson , J. Gallagher and A. Denny , Africa and the Victorians , London , 1965 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Shillington , History of Africa . Revised second edition ( New York : Macmillian Publishers Limited , 2005 ) , 301 . Jump up ^ Compare : Killingray , David ( 1998 ) . `` 7 : The War in Africa '' . In Strachan , Hew . The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War : New Edition ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxfors University Press ( published 2014 ) . p. 101 . ISBN 9780191640407 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia . Jump up ^ Lynn Hunt , The Making of the West : volume C , Bedford : St. Martin , 2009 . Jump up ^ Easterly , William ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` The Imperial Origins of State - Led Development '' . New York University Blogs . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Langer , William A ; Bureau of International Research of Harvard University and Radcliffe College ( 1935 ) . The Diplomacy of Imperialism , 1890 - 1902 . 1 . New York and London : Alfred A Knopf . Jump up ^ Robinson , Ronald ; Gallagher , John ; Denny , Alice ( 1961 ) . Africa and the Victorians : The Official Mind of Imperialism . The University of California : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Darwin , John . `` Imperialism and the Victorians : The dynamics of territorial expansion . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) 112 # 447 pp : 614 -- 642 .",
"27": "http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html Jump up ^ Gjersø , Jonas Fossli ( 2015 ) . `` The Scramble for East Africa : British Motives Reconsidered , 1884 - 95 '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . Taylor & Francis . 43 ( 5 ) : 831 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086534.2015. 1026131 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : H.R. Cowie , Imperialism and Race Relations . Revised edition , Nelson Publishing , Vol. 5 , 1982 . Jump up ^ Thomas Pakenham , The Scramble for Africa : White Man 's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Aldrich , Greater France : A history of French overseas expansion ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ German colonial imperialism : a late and short - term phenomenon ( PDF ) by Bernard Poloni , in `` Imperialism , hegemony , leadership '' , 26 March 2004 Conference in the Sorbonne University , Paris ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Alfred von Tirpitz , Erinnerungen ( 1919 ) , quoted by Hannah Arendt , The Origins of Totalitarianism , section on Imperialism , chapter I , part 3 . Jump up ^ Ullendorff , Edward . The Ethiopians : An Introduction to Country and People 2nd ed. , p. 90 . Oxford University Press ( London ) , 1965 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285061 - X . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Eritrea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 747 . Jump up ^ Enrico Corradini , Report to the First Nationalist Congress , Florence , 3 December 1919 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Henry Richard Fox ( 1903 ) .",
"28": "Civilisation in Congoland : A Story of International Wrong - doing . London : P.S. King & Son . p. 253 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Forbath , Peter ( 1977 ) . The River Congo : The Discovery , Exploration and Exploitation of the World 's Most Dramatic Rivers. ( Harper & Row ) . p. 374 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 122490 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michiko Kakutani ( 30 August 1998 ) . `` '' King Leopold 's Ghost `` : Genocide With Spin Control '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2006 , pp. 226 -- 32 . Jump up ^ John D. Fage , The Cambridge History of Africa : From the earliest times to c. 500 BC , Cambridge University Press , 1982 , p. 748 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22803 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Report of the British Consul , Roger Casement , on the Administration of the Congo Free State '' . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , W.D. ( 2004 ) . Genocide : a history . Pearson Education . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 50601 - 8 Jump up ^ Vansina , Jan ( 1966 ) . Paths in the Rainforest . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2006 , pp. 280 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Coquéry - Vidrovitch , Catherine ( 1971 ) . Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionaires 1898 -- 1930 . Paris : Mouton . p. 195 . Jump up ^ L'Aventure Humaine : Le canal de Suez , Article de l'historien Uwe Oster Archived 2011 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ BBC News website : The Suez Crisis -- Key maps .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Domke , D. Michelle ( November 1997 ) . `` ICE Case Studies ; Case Number : 3 ; Case Identifier : Sudan ; Case Name : Civil War in the Sudan : Resources or Religion ? '' . Inventory of Conflict and Environment ( via the School of International Service at the American University ) . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ch. 18 : Colonial Encounters , Indian Responses & the Scramble for Africa '' . Reflections on World History . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kevin Shillington , Encyclopedia of African History ( CRC Press , 2005 ) , p. 1406 . Jump up ^ I.M. Lewis , The Modern History of Somaliland : from nation to state ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson : 1965 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Thomas P. Ofcansky , Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia ( The Scarecrow Press , Inc. : 2004 ) , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Samatar , Said Sheikh ( 1982 ) . Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism . Cambridge University Press . pp. 131 & 135 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23833 - 1 . Jump up ^ John A. Hobson , Imperialism , 1902 , p. 61 ( quoted by Arendt ) . Jump up ^ Pascal Blanchard , Nicolas Bancel , and Sandrine Lemaire , `` From human zoos to colonial apotheoses : the era of exhibiting the Other '' . Jump up ^ `` These human zoos of the Colonial Republic '' , Le Monde diplomatique , August 2000 ( in French ) . ( Translation ( in English ) ) Jump up ^ `` February 2003 , the end of an era '' . Discoverparis.net . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Conquest and Disease or Colonialism and Health ? Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Gresham College Lectures and Events . Jump up ^ WHO Media centre ( 2001 ) .",
"30": "`` Fact sheet N ° 259 : African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness '' . Jump up ^ John Iliffe , `` The Origins of African Population Growth '' , The Journal of African History , Vol. 30 , No. 1 ( 1989 ) , pp. 165 -- 169 . Jump up ^ R. Cameron , Concise Economic History of the World ( New York : OUP , 1993 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` Africa 's population now 1 billion '' Archived 2011 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... AfricaNews . August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 40 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 41 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 42 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 43 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 45 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ?",
"31": ": Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 46 / 47 Jump up ^ Gallaher , Carolyn et al. `` Key Concepts in Political Geography , '' London : Sage Printing Press , 2009 : 123 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 192 Further reading ( edit ) Aldrich , Robert . Greater France : A History of French Overseas Expansion ( 1996 ) Atkinson , David . `` Constructing Italian Africa : Geography and Geopolitics . '' Italian colonialism ( 2005 ) : 15 -- 26 . Axelson , Eric . Portugal and the Scramble for Africa : 1875 -- 1891 ( Johannesburg , Witwatersrand UP , 1967 ) Boddy - Evans , Alistair . `` What Caused the Scramble for Africa ? '' African History ( 2012 ) . online Brantlinger , Patrick . `` Victorians and Africans : The genealogy of the myth of the dark continent . '' Critical Inquiry ( 1985 ) : 166 -- 203 . online Chamberlain , Muriel Evelyn . The scramble for Africa ( 4th ed . Routledge , 2014 ) excerpt and text search Curtin , Philip D. Disease and empire : The health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Darwin , John . `` Imperialism and the Victorians : The dynamics of territorial expansion . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) 112 # 447 pp : 614 -- 642 . Finaldi , Giuseppe . Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa : Italy 's African Wars in the Era of Nation - building , 1870 -- 1900 ( Peter Lang , 2009 ) Gjersø , Jonas Fossli ( 2015 ) . `` The Scramble for East Africa : British Motives Reconsidered , 1884 - 95 '' .",
"32": "Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . Taylor & Francis . 43 ( 5 ) : 831 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086534.2015. 1026131 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Hammond , Richard James . Portugal and Africa , 1815 -- 1910 : a study in uneconomic imperialism ( Stanford University Press , 1966 ) Henderson , W.O. The German Colonial Empire , 1884 -- 1919 ( London : Frank Cass , 1993 ) Hinsley , F.H. ed . The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 11 : Material Progress and World - Wide Problems , 1870 - 98 ( 1962 ) contents pp 593 - 40 . Hochschild , Adam ( 2006 ) ( 1998 ) . King Leopold 's Ghost : A Story of Greed , Terror , and Heroism in Colonial Africa . London : Pan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 44198 - 8 . Klein , Martin A. Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Lovejoy , Paul E. Transformations in slavery : a history of slavery in Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) Lloyd , Trevor Owen . Empire : the history of the British Empire ( 2001 ) . Mackenzie J.M. The Partition of Africa , 1880 -- 1900 , and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century ( London 1983 ) . Oliver , Roland , Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa ( 1959 ) online Pakenham , Thomas ( 1992 ) ( 1991 ) . The Scramble for Africa . London : Abacus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 10449 - 2 . Penrose E.F. , ed . European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa ( London 1975 ) . Perraudin , Michael , and Jürgen Zimmerer , eds . German colonialism and national identity ( London : Taylor & Francis , 2010 ) Robinson R ,.",
"33": "and J. Gallagher , `` The partition of Africa '' , in The New Cambridge Modern History vol XI , pp 593 -- 640 ( Cambridge , 1962 ) . Rotberg , Robert I . The Founder : Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search ; online Sanderson G.N. , `` The European partition of Africa : Coincidence or conjuncture ? '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ( 1974 ) 3 # 1 pp 1 -- 54 . Sparrow - Niang , J. , Bath and the Nile Explorers : In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Burton and Speke 's encounter in Bath , September 1864 , and their ' Nile Duel ' which never happened ( Bath : Bath Royal Literary & Scientific Institution , 2014 ) Stoecker , Helmut . German imperialism in Africa : From the beginnings until the Second World War ( Hurst & Co. , 1986 . ) Thomas , Antony . Rhodes : The Race for Africa ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Thompson , Virginia , and Richard Adloff . French West Africa ( Stanford University Press , 1958 ) Wesseling , H.L. and Arnold J. Pomerans . Divide and rule : The partition of Africa , 1880 -- 1914 ( Praeger , 1996 . ) online External links ( edit ) `` Belgium exhumes its colonial demons '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2002 . Gülstorff , Torben ( 2016 ) . `` Trade follows Hallstein ? Deutsche Aktivitäten im zentralafrikanischen Raum des Second Scramble '' . Berlin . Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economy Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region",
"34": "Central East North South West Geography Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Etiquette Health Circumcision Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - Asian Games Australian - rules football Confederation of African Football Africa Cup of Nations FIBA Africa Rugby Africa Africa Cup Stadiums by capacity Tour d'Afrique Demographics Countries by population density Emigration Ethnic groups HIV / AIDS Urbanization cities metropolitan areas By year",
"35": "2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Outline Index Book Category Portal Diplomacy of the Great Powers 1871 -- 1913 Great powers Austria -- Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Alliances Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco - Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo - Russian Entente Anglo - Japanese Alliance Trends Ottoman Decline Eastern Question Revanchism New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Pan-Slavism The Great Game The Great Rapprochement Treaties and agreements Treaty of Frankfurt League of the Three Emperors Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft -- Katsura Agreement Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement Events Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Weltpolitik German Naval Laws Anglo - German naval arms race Dreadnought Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Bosnian crisis Wars Russo - Turkish First Sino - Japanese Spanish -- American Banana Wars Philippine -- American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo - Japanese Italo - Turkish Balkan Wars",
"36": "World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914",
"37": "Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 --",
"38": "20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922",
"39": "-- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scramble_for_Africa&oldid=822300338 '' Categories : 19th century in Africa 19th century in international relations 20th century in international relations European colonisation in Africa Geopolitical rivalry Partition ( politics )",
"40": "Political geography History of Africa History of international relations New Imperialism David Livingstone 20th century in Africa Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Ladino Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu",
"41": "Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Xitsonga Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 16 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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5772208829254500871
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don mclean's popular 1971 song american pie was inspired by what event
|
[
"the plane crash in 1959 which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens",
"the plane crash in 1959 which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens",
"the plane crash in 1959 which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens",
"the plane crash in 1959 which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens",
"the plane crash in 1959 which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens"
] |
{
"0": "American Pie ( song ) - wikipedia American Pie ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` American Pie '' Picture sleeve for U.S. vinyl single . Artwork is also used as the front cover for the album of the same name and many other international releases of the single . Single by Don McLean from the album American Pie B - side `` Empty Chairs '' ( promo ) `` American Pie part 2 '' ( first release ) Released November 1971 ( original ) November 1991 ( re-release ) Format Vinyl ( original ) CD , cassette , vinyl ( reissue ) Recorded May 26 , 1971 Genre Folk rock Length 8 : 33 ( LP ) 4 : 11 ( single part 1 ) 4 : 31 ( single part 2 ) Label United Artists Songwriter ( s ) Don McLean Producer ( s ) Ed Freeman for The Rainbow Collection , Ltd . Don McLean singles chronology `` Castles in the Air '' ( 1971 ) `` American Pie '' ( 1971 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1972 ) `` Castles in the Air '' ( 1971 ) `` American Pie '' ( 1971 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1972 ) Audio sample file help `` American Pie '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Don McLean . Recorded and released on the American Pie album in 1971 , the single was a number - one US hit for four weeks in 1972 and also topped the charts in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand . In the UK , the single reached No. 2 on its original 1972 release while a reissue in 1991 reached No. 12 . The song was listed as the No. 5 song on the RIAA project Songs of the Century . A truncated version of the song was covered by Madonna in 2000 and reached No. 1 in several countries , including the United Kingdom , Canada and Australia . The repeatedly mentioned phrase `` the day the music died '' refers to the plane crash in 1959 which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly , The Big Bopper , and Ritchie Valens .",
"1": "( The crash was not known by that name until after McLean 's song became a hit . ) The meaning of the other lyrics has long been debated , and for decades , McLean declined to explain the symbolism behind the many characters and events mentioned . However , the overall theme of the song is the loss of innocence of the early rock and roll generation as symbolized by the plane crash which claimed the lives of three of its heroes . In 2017 , McLean 's original recording was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Interpretations 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Parodies , revisions , and uses 5 Madonna version 5.1 Background 5.2 Reception 5.3 Music video 5.4 Credits and personnel 5.5 Charts 5.5. 1 Weekly charts 5.5. 2 Year - end charts 5.6 Certifications 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) While it has been claimed that Don McLean began writing the song in upstate Saratoga Springs , New York , at Caffe Lena , a 2011 New York Times article quotes Don McLean as disputing this claim . Some employees at Caffe Lena claim that he started writing the song there , and then continued to write the song in both Cold Spring , New York , and Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . McLean claims that the song was only written in Cold Spring and Philadelphia . Tin & Lint , a bar on Caroline Street in Saratoga Springs , claims the song was written there , and a plaque marks the table . While some have said that other places , such as Saint Joseph 's University , as where the song was first performed , McLean insists that the song made its debut in Philadelphia at Temple University when he opened for Laura Nyro on March 14 , 1971 .",
"2": "Interpretations ( edit ) Except to acknowledge that he first learned about Buddy Holly 's death on February 3 , 1959 -- McLean was age 13 -- when he was folding newspapers for his paper route on the morning of February 4 , 1959 ( the line `` February made me shiver / with every paper I 'd deliver '' ) , McLean has generally avoided responding to direct questions about the song 's lyrics ; he has said : `` They 're beyond analysis . They 're poetry . '' He also stated in an editorial published in 2009 , on the 50th anniversary of the crash that killed Holly , Ritchie Valens , and J.P. `` The Big Bopper '' Richardson , that writing the first verse of the song exorcised his long - running grief over Holly 's death and that he considers the song to be `` a big song ... that summed up the world known as America '' . McLean dedicated the American Pie album to Holly . It was also speculated that the song contains numerous references to post-World War II American events ( such as the murders of civil rights workers Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner ) , and elements of culture , including 1960s culture ( e.g. sock hops , cruising , Bob Dylan , The Beatles , Charles Manson , and much more ) . When asked what `` American Pie '' meant , McLean jokingly replied , `` It means I do n't ever have to work again if I do n't want to . '' Later , he stated , `` You will find many interpretations of my lyrics but none of them by me ... Sorry to leave you all on your own like this but long ago I realized that songwriters should make their statements and move on , maintaining a dignified silence . '' He also commented on the popularity of his music , `` I did n't write songs that were just catchy , but with a point of view , or songs about the environment . '' In February 2015 , McLean announced he would reveal the meaning of the lyrics to the song when the original manuscript went for auction in New York City , in April 2015 . The lyrics and notes were auctioned on April 7 , and sold for $1.2 million .",
"3": "In the sale catalogue notes , McLean revealed the meaning in the song 's lyrics : `` Basically in American Pie things are heading in the wrong direction ... It ( life ) is becoming less idyllic . I do n't know whether you consider that wrong or right but it is a morality song in a sense . '' The catalogue confirmed some of the better known references in the song 's lyrics , including mentions of Elvis Presley ( `` the king '' ) and Bob Dylan ( `` the jester '' ) , and confirmed that the song culminates with a near - verbatim description of the death of Meredith Hunter at the Altamont Free Concert , ten years after the plane crash that killed Holly , Valens , and Richardson . Mike Mills of R.E.M. reflected : `` American Pie just made perfect sense to me as a song and that 's what impressed me the most . I could say to people this is how to write songs . When you 've written at least three songs that can be considered classic that is a very high batting average and if one of those songs happens to be something that a great many people think is one of the greatest songs ever written you 've not only hit the top of the mountain but you 've stayed high on the mountain for a long time . '' In 2017 , Bob Dylan was asked about how he was referenced in the song . `` A jester ? Sure , the jester writes songs like ' Masters of War , ' ' A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall , ' ' It 's Alright , Ma ' -- some jester . I have to think he 's talking about somebody else . Ask him . ''",
"4": "Personnel ( edit ) Don McLean -- vocals , acoustic guitar Paul Griffin -- piano David Spinozza -- electric guitar Bob Rothstein -- bass Roy Markowitz -- drums , tambourine West Forty Fourth Street Rhythm and Noise Choir -- chorus Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 26 Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 New Zealand Singles Chart Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 Parodies , revisions , and uses ( edit ) In 1999 , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic wrote and recorded a parody of `` American Pie '' . Titled `` The Saga Begins '' , the song recounts the plot of Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace from Obi - Wan Kenobi 's point of view . While McLean gave permission for the parody , he did not make a cameo appearance in its video , despite popular rumor . McLean himself praised the parody , even admitting to almost singing Yankovic 's lyrics during his own live performances because his children played the song so often . The City of Grand Rapids , Michigan created a lip dub video to `` American Pie '' in response to a Newsweek article that stated the city was `` dying '' . The video was hailed as a fantastic performance by many including Roger Ebert , who said it was `` the greatest music video ever made . '' On March 21 , 2013 , Harmonix announced that `` American Pie '' would be the final downloadable track made available for the Rock Band series of music video games . On March 14 , 2015 , the National Museum of Mathematics announced that one of two winners of its songwriting contest was `` American Pi '' by mathematics education professor Dr. Lawrence M. Lesser .",
"5": "The contest was in honor of `` Pi Day of the Century '' because `` 3 / 14 / 15 '' would be the only day in the 21st - century showing the first five digits of π ( pi ) . Madonna version ( edit ) `` American Pie '' Single by Madonna from the album The Next Best Thing ( Music from the Motion Picture ) Released March 3 , 2000 Format CD single Recorded September 1999 ( New York City , New York ) Genre Dance - pop Length 4 : 33 Label Maverick Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Don McLean Producer ( s ) Madonna William Orbit Madonna singles chronology `` Beautiful Stranger '' ( 1999 ) `` American Pie '' ( 2000 ) `` Music '' ( 2000 ) `` Beautiful Stranger '' ( 1999 ) `` American Pie '' ( 2000 ) `` Music '' ( 2000 ) Music video `` American Pie '' on YouTube Background ( edit ) American singer Madonna released a cover version of the song in March 2000 to promote the soundtrack of her film The Next Best Thing ( 2000 ) , with the song being serviced to radio on February 2 . Her cover is much shorter than the original ( it contains only the beginning of the first verse and all of the second and sixth verses ) and was recorded as a dance - pop song . It was co-produced by Madonna and William Orbit and released on the singer 's Maverick label , after Rupert Everett ( Madonna 's co-star in The Next Best Thing ) had convinced her to cover the song for the film 's soundtrack . Reception ( edit ) Released in March 2000 , the song was a worldwide hit , reaching No. 1 in many countries , including the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , Italy , Germany ( her first since `` La Isla Bonita '' , in 1987 ) , Switzerland , Austria , and Finland . The song was the 19th best selling of 2000 in the UK and the 9th best selling of 2000 in Italy . The single was not released commercially in the United States , but it reached No. 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 due to strong radio airplay .",
"6": "NME gave it a negative review , saying that it was `` sub-karaoke fluff '' and that `` it 's a blessing she did n't bother recording the whole thing . '' Chuck Taylor from Billboard , on the other hand , was impressed by the recording and commented , `` Applause to Madonna for not pandering to today 's temporary trends and for challenging programmers to broaden their playlists ... In all , a fine preview of the forthcoming soundtrack to The Next Best Thing . '' Don McLean himself praised the cover , saying it was `` a gift from a goddess '' , and that her version is `` mystical and sensual . '' He also jokingly said , `` It means that if I do n't want to , I do n't have to work again . '' In 2017 , the Official Charts Company stated the song had sold 385,000 copies in the United Kingdom and was her 16th best selling single to date in the nation . Music video ( edit ) Madonna in the `` American Pie '' music video . The music video , filmed in the Southern USA and in London and directed by Philipp Stölzl , depicts a diverse array of ordinary Americans , including scenes showing same - sex couples kissing . Throughout the music video Madonna , who is wearing a tiara on her head , dances and sings in front of a large American flag . Two official versions of the video were produced , the first of which now appears on Madonna 's greatest - hits DVD compilation , Celebration , and was released as the official video worldwide . The second version was issued along with the `` Humpty Remix '' , a more upbeat and dance - friendly version of the song . This video was aired on MTV 's dance channel in the United States to promote the film The Next Best Thing , starring Madonna and Rupert Everett ; it contains totally different footage and new outtakes of the original and omits the lesbian kiss . Everett , who provides backing vocals in the song , is also featured in the video .",
"7": "Credits and personnel ( edit ) Madonna -- vocals , producer William Orbit -- producer , guitars , drums and keyboards Don McLean -- writer Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- mixing Rupert Everett -- backup vocals Mark Endert -- engineering Sean Spuehler -- engineering , programming Jake Davies -- engineering Rico Conning -- sequencer programming Dah Len -- photography Credits and personnel adapted from American Pie single liner notes .",
"8": "Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canadian Singles ( Nielsen ) European Hot 100 Singles Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 21 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 66 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 32 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 44 France ( SNEP ) 44 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 16 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 50 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,",
"9": "000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 385,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Understanding American Pie -- Interpretation of Don Mclean 's epic anthem to the passing of an era '' . UnderstandingAmericanPie.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Recording Registry Picks Are `` Over the Rainbow '' `` . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Don McLean 's ' American Pie ' fetches $1.2 M Telegram & Gazette ( Worcester , Mass ) 8 April 2015 : A. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Pie ' Still Homemade , but With a New Twist '' . The New York Times . November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Release : Don Mclean 's Original Manuscript For `` American Pie '' To Be Sold At Christie 's New York , 7 April 2015 `` . Christie's.com . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memory Bank 's a Little Off , But Sentiment Still Holds '' . August 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Shannon ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Don McLean : ' American Pie ' was written in Philly and first performed at Saint Joseph 's University '' . Newsworks.org . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Pie '' . Don McLean.com . p. 68 . Jump up ^ McLean , Don ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` Commentary : Buddy Holly , rock music genius '' . CNN . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , P. ( March 3 , 1999 ) .",
"10": "`` Understanding the lyrics of American Pie : The analysis and interpretation of Don McLean 's song lyrics '' . The Octopus 's Garden . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` American Pie '' . Edlis.org . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A2267173 Jump up ^ McLean , Don ( January 2005 ) . Recording Notes : Classic Tracks : Don McLean 's ' American Pie ' . Jackson , Blair , Mix29. 1 . pp. 126 , 128 , 130 . Jump up ^ `` Don McLean explains why he wo n't reveal the meaning of `` American Pie '' -- CBS News `` . CBSNews.com . CBS Interactive Inc . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . `` But the quartet practicing in the park , that 's not the Beatles ? '' Axelrod asked . `` No , '' McLean replied . Jump up ^ Howard , Dr. Alan . `` The Don McLean Story : 1970 -- 1976 '' . Don-McLean.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` What is Don McLean 's song `` American Pie '' all about ? `` . The Straight Dope . May 14 , 1993 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Howell , Dave ( Special to The Morning Call -- Freelance ) ( May 24 , 2001 ) . `` Singer Don McLean 's As American as Apple Pie * * Mayfair 2001 * * Popular '' . Morning Call ( First ed . ) . Allentown , Pa . Jump up ^ `` Don McLean to reveal meaning of American Pie lyrics '' . BBC News . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` American Pie lyrics sell for $1.2 m '' . BBC News . April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hawksley , Rupert ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` American Pie : 6 crazy conspiracy theories '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Don McLean : An American Troubadour ( Television production ) . UK : Sky Arts 1 . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan 's Surprise New Interview : 9 Things We Learned '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hasted , Nick . `` The Making Of ... Don McLean 's `` American Pie '' `` . uncut.co.uk . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hepworth , Paul ( 2016 ) . 1971 - Never a Dull Moment : Rock 's Best Year . Bantam Press . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 059307486 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Don McLean -- American Pie '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Don McLean -- American Pie '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- American Pie '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Don McLean -- American Pie '' . VG - lista . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Don McLean : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Don McLean Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ `` Don McLean Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles for 1972 '' . Sounds . London , England : Spotlight Publications . January 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1972 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` '' Ask Al '' Q&As for September , 1999 `` . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved October 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Jedi Council -- Interviews Weird Al Yankovic '' . TheForce.Net . September 14 , 1980 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Rapids Lip Dub '' . NPR . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The greatest music video ever made '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band 's final song will be Don McLean 's ' American Pie ' '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Pi Day Contest Winners '' . National Museum of Mathematics . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( September 24 , 1999 ) . `` Madonna and William Orbit take another spin in studio '' . MTV News . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Pie Hits Radio '' . Madonna.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna 's piece of American Pie '' . BBC News . 3 February 2000 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` NME Track Reviews -- American Pie '' . NME . February 26 , 2000 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Taylor , Chuck ( February 12 , 2000 ) . `` Spotlight : Madonna `` American Pie '' `` . Billboard . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Don McLean Praises Madonna 's ' American Pie ' '' . MTV . February 2 , 2000 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ What do you think of Madonna 's version of your song American Pie will never ever have to work again -- Don McLean : ( Final 1 Edition ) Spanton , Tim . The Sun ( London ( UK ) ) 27 Dec 2000 : 8 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Open your chart to me ... Madonna 's Official 40 Biggest Selling Singles '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ciccone , Christopher ( 2008 ) Life with my Sister Madonna , Simon & Schuster : New York , p. 278 . Jump up ^ American Pie ( Liner notes ) . Madonna . Maverick Records . 2000 . 9362448372 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic '' . AllMusic . August 16 , 1958 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Craig David Storms U.K. Singles Chart '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : American Pie '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- American Pie '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Madonna '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . VG - lista . ^ Jump up to : `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 2000 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2000 '' .",
"15": "ARIA Charts . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Austria Top 40 -- Hitparade Österreich '' . austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2000 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2000 '' ( in French ) . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- année 2000 '' ( in French ) . Disque en France . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 2000 '' ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2000 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2000 '' ( in Swedish ) . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2000 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2000 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Enter Madonna in the field Interpret . Enter American Pie in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc .",
"16": "Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Select MADONNA and click OK Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2000 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Madonna ; ' American Pie ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Enter American Pie in the search field and then press Enter . Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Cecil ( May 15 , 1993 ) . `` What is Don McLean 's song `` American Pie '' all about ? `` . The Straight Dope . Chicago Reader , Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . An interpretation of the lyrics based on a supposed interview of McLean by DJ Casey Kasem . McLean later confirmed the Buddy Holly reference in a letter to Adams but denied ever speaking to Kasem . Roteman , Jeff ( August 10 , 2002 ) . `` Bob Dearborn 's Original Analysis of Don McLean 's 1971 Classic ' American Pie ' '' . This article correlates McLean 's biography with the historic events in the song . McLean pointed to WCFL ( Chicago , Illinois ) radio disc jockey Bob Dearborn as the partial basis for most mainstream interpretations of `` American Pie '' . Dearborn 's analysis , mailed to listeners on request , bears the date January 7 , 1972 . Roteman 's reprinting added photos but replaced the date January 7 , 1972 , by an audio link bearing the date February 28 , 1972 , the date Dearborn aired his interpretation on WCFL ( http://user.pa.net/~ejjeff/bobpie.ram ( Bob Dearborn 's American Pie Analysis original broadcast February 28 , 1972 ) ) Fann , Jim . `` Understanding American Pie '' . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2003 .",
"17": "Historically oriented interpretation of `` American Pie '' . The interpretation was specifically noted on in an archived version of McLean 's website page on `` American Pie '' . The material , dated November 2002 , includes a recording of Dinah Shore singing `` See The USA In Your Chevrolet '' and a photograph of Mick Jagger in costume at the Altamont Free Concert with a Hells Angel member in the background . Full `` See the USA in Your Chevrolet '' lyrics for Dinah Shore on `` The Dinah Shore Chevy Show '' ( 1956 -- 1961 ) Kulawiec , Rich ( August 26 , 2001 ) . `` FAQ : The Annotated ' American Pie ' '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2003 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . FAQ maintained by Rich Kulawiec , started in 1992 and essentially completed in 1997 . `` American Pie -- A Rock Epic '' A multi-media presentation of Rich Kulawiec 's The Annotated `` American Pie '' . Levitt , Saul ( May 26 , 1971 ) . `` Interpretation of American Pie -- analysis , news , Don McLean , Buddy Holly , Ritchie Valens , Rock & Roll '' . Missamericanpie.co.uk . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) The Official Website of Don McLean and American Pie provides the songwriter 's own biography , lyrics and clues to the song 's meaning .",
"18": "Preceded by `` Brand New Key '' by Melanie US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Don McLean version ) January 15 , 1972 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Let 's Stay Together '' by Al Green Preceded by `` Cherish '' by David Cassidy Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single ( Don McLean version ) January 15 , 1972 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hurting Each Other '' by The Carpenters Preceded by `` Brand New Key '' by Melanie Australian Kent Music Report number - one single ( Don McLean version ) March 6 , 1972 ( five weeks ) Succeeded by `` Without You '' by Nilsson Preceded by `` Pure Shores '' by All Saints UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Madonna version ) March 5 , 2000 -- March 11 , 2000 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Do n't Give Up '' by Chicane featuring Bryan Adams Preceded by `` My Heart Goes Boom ( La Di Da Da ) '' by French Affair German Singles Chart number - one single ( Madonna version ) March 10 , 2000 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Maria Maria '' by Santana featuring The Product G&B Preceded by `` Freestyler '' by Bomfunk MC 's Swedish Singles Chart number - one single ( Madonna version ) March 23 , 2000 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Never Be the Same Again '' by Melanie C featuring Lisa `` Left Eye '' Lopes Preceded by `` Chase '' by Giorgio Moroder vs.",
"19": "Jam & Spoon Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single ( Madonna version ) April 1 , 2000 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Think It Over '' by Jennifer Holliday Don McLean Studio albums Tapestry American Pie Don McLean Playin ' Favorites Homeless Brother Prime Time Chain Lightning Believers Love Tracks For the Memories Vols I & II And I Love You So Headroom Christmas The River of Love Christmas Dreams Sings Marty Robbins You 've Got to Share Songs for Children The Western Album Rearview Mirror : An American Musical Journey Addicted to Black Live albums Solo Dominion Starry , Starry Night Compilation albums The Very Best of Don McLean Favorites and Rarities Legendary Songs of Don McLean Christmastime ! Singles `` Castles in the Air '' `` American Pie '' `` Vincent '' `` Wonderful Baby '' `` Crying '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` He 's Got You '' `` You Ca n't Blame the Train '' Related articles Discography `` The Saga Begins '' Carol Sauvion Madonna songs Singles Covers Unreleased songs 1980s singles `` Everybody '' `` Burning Up '' `` Holiday '' `` Lucky Star '' `` Borderline '' `` Like a Virgin '' `` Material Girl '' `` Crazy for You '' `` Angel '' `` Into the Groove '' `` Dress You Up '' `` Gambler '' `` Live to Tell '' `` Papa Do n't Preach '' `` True Blue '' `` Open Your Heart '' `` La Isla Bonita '' `` Who 's That Girl '' `` Causing a Commotion '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Spotlight '' `` Like a Prayer '' `` Express Yourself '' `` Cherish '' `` Oh Father '' `` Dear Jessie",
"20": "'' 1990s singles `` Keep It Together '' `` Vogue '' `` Hanky Panky '' `` Justify My Love '' `` Rescue Me '' `` This Used to Be My Playground '' `` Erotica '' `` Deeper and Deeper '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Fever '' `` Rain '' `` Bye Bye Baby '' `` I 'll Remember '' `` Secret '' `` Take a Bow '' `` Bedtime Story '' `` Human Nature '' `` You 'll See '' `` One More Chance '' `` Love Do n't Live Here Anymore '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Frozen '' `` Ray of Light '' `` Drowned World ( Substitute for Love ) '' `` The Power of Good - Bye '' `` Nothing Really Matters '' `` Beautiful Stranger '' 2000s singles `` American Pie '' `` Music '' `` Do n't Tell Me '' `` What It Feels Like for a Girl '' `` Die Another Day '' `` American Life '' `` Hollywood '' `` Me Against the Music '' `` Nothing Fails '' `` Love Profusion '' `` Hung Up '' `` Sorry '' `` Get Together '' `` Jump '' `` Hey You '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Give It 2 Me '' `` Miles Away '' `` Celebration '' `` Revolver '' 2010s singles `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' `` Girl Gone Wild '' `` Masterpiece '' `` Turn Up the Radio '' `` Living for Love '' `` Ghosttown '' `` Bitch I 'm Madonna '' `` Hold Tight '' Promotional singles `` You Can Dance ( LP Cuts ) '' `` Erotic '' `` I Want You '' `` Sky Fits Heaven '' `` Impressive",
"21": "Instant '' `` GHV2 Megamix '' `` Into the Hollywood Groove '' `` Nobody Knows Me '' `` Imagine '' ( Live ) `` Superstar '' Other songs recorded `` Santa Baby '' `` I Surrender Dear '' `` Sooner or Later '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Sing '' `` Candy Shop '' `` Beat Goes On '' `` Gang Bang '' `` I Do n't Give A '' `` Devil Pray '' `` Unapologetic Bitch '' `` Illuminati '' `` Joan of Arc '' `` Iconic '' `` Holy Water '' `` Wash All Over Me '' `` Rebel Heart '' Other songs written `` Sidewalk Talk '' `` Each Time You Break My Heart '' `` Just a Dream '' `` Love Wo n't Wait '' `` The Greatest Hit '' `` Do n't Wanna Lose This Feeling '' `` Who 's That Chick ? ''",
"22": "Book Portal Template Jump up ^ archived version of McLean 's website page on `` American Pie '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Pie_(song)&oldid=838450768 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1971 singles 1971 songs 2000 singles Don McLean songs Madonna ( entertainer ) songs Song recordings produced by Madonna ( entertainer ) Song recordings produced by William Orbit Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Maverick Records singles Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Rock ballads RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs about death Songs about music Songs based on actual events Songs in memory of deceased persons Cultural depictions of Buddy Holly Songs written by Don McLean UK Singles Chart number - one singles United Artists Records singles United States National Recording Registry recordings Warner Bros. Records singles Debut singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from December 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary",
"23": "Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 02 : 46 .",
"24": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did the isle of wight become an island
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"During the last Ice Age"
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{
"0": "Isle of Wight - wikipedia Isle of Wight Jump to : navigation , search For other places with the same name , see Isle of Wight ( disambiguation ) . `` IoW '' redirects here . For other uses , see IOW ( disambiguation ) . Isle of Wight County An image of the Isle of Wight from the ISS Flag Motto : `` All this beauty is of God '' Isle of Wight in England Coordinates : 50 ° 40 ′ N 1 ° 16 ′ W / 50.667 ° N 1.267 ° W / 50.667 ; - 1.267 Coordinates : 50 ° 40 ′ N 1 ° 16 ′ W / 50.667 ° N 1.267 ° W / 50.667 ; - 1.267 Sovereign state United Kingdom Country England Region South East Established 1890 Preceded by Hampshire Ceremonial county Lord Lieutenant Martin White High Sheriff Ben M.A.S. Rouse ( 2017 / 18 ) Area 384 km ( 148 sq mi ) Ranked 46th of 48 Population ( mid-2016 est . )",
"1": "139,800 Ranked 46th of 48 Density 367 / km ( 950 / sq mi ) Ethnicity 97.3 % White , 1.1 % Asian , 0.2 % Black , 0.1 % Other , 1.2 % Mixed Unitary authority Council Isle of Wight Council Executive Conservative / Independent / UKIP Admin HQ Newport Area 380.2 km ( 146.8 sq mi ) Ranked 106th of 326 Population 139,800 Ranked 151st of 326 Density 367 / km ( 950 / sq mi ) ISO 3166 - 2 GB - IOW ONS code 00MW GSS code E06000046 NUTS UKJ34 Website www.iwight.com Member of Parliament Bob Seely Police Hampshire Constabulary Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) The Isle of Wight ( / waɪt / ; also referred to informally as IoW or The Island ) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England . It is in the English Channel , about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) off the coast of Hampshire , separated by the Solent . The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times , and is known for its mild climate , coastal scenery , and verdant landscape of fields , downland and chines . The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria , who built her much - loved summer residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes . It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat - building , sail - making , the manufacture of flying boats , the hovercraft , and Britain 's space rockets . The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival , which in 1970 was the largest rock music event ever held . It has well - conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe . The Isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right .",
"2": "The island has played an important part in the defence of the ports of Southampton and Portsmouth , and been near the front - line of conflicts through the ages , including the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Britain . Rural for most of its history , its Victorian fashionability and the growing affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Historically part of Hampshire , the island became a separate administrative county in 1890 . It continued to share the Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire until 1974 , when it was made its own ceremonial county . Apart from a shared police force , there is now no administrative link with Hampshire , although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered , this is now unlikely to proceed . Until 1995 the island had a governor . The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea ; three ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton , Lymington and Portsmouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and early history 1.2 Middle Ages 1.3 Early modern period 1.4 Modern history 2 Geography 3 Geology 4 Climate 5 Wildlife 6 Politics 7 Main towns 8 Culture 8.1 Language and dialect 8.2 Identity 8.3 `` Hauntings '' 9 Sport 9.1 Cycling 9.2 Rowing 9.3 Sailing 9.4 Trampolining 9.5 Marathon 9.6 Speedway 9.7 Field hockey 9.8 Football 9.9 Cricket 9.10 Island Games 9.11 Motor scooter 10 Music 11 Economy 11.1 Socio - economic data 11.2 Industry and agriculture 11.2. 1 Breweries 11.3 Services 11.3. 1 Tourism and heritage 11.3. 2 Transport 11.3.",
"3": "3 Media 12 Prisons 13 Education 14 Notable residents 14.1 17th century and earlier 14.2 18th century 14.3 19th century 14.4 20th century onwards 15 Places of interest 16 Overseas names 17 Media references 17.1 Film 17.2 Games 17.3 Literature 17.4 Music 17.5 Radio 17.6 Television 18 See also 19 Notes 20 References 21 External links 21.1 Photos History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Isle of Wight Formation and early History ( edit ) During the last Ice Age , sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel . As sea levels rose , the river valley became flooded , and the chalk ridge line west of the Needles breached to form the island . The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter - gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age period , as the ice began to recede . From the Neolithic era onwards , there are indications that the island had wide trading links , with a port at Bouldnor , evidence of Bronze Age tin trading , and finds of Late Iron Age coins . Julius Caesar reported that the Belgae took the Isle of Wight in about 85 BC , and gave its name as Vectis . The Roman historian Suetonius mentions that the island was captured by the commander Vespasian . The Romans built no towns or roads on the island , but the remains of at least seven Roman villas have been found , indicating the prosperity of local agriculture . During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald . In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla , who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers . In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity , added to Wessex and then becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great , included within the shire of Hampshire .",
"4": "It suffered especially from Viking raids , and was often used as a winter base by Viking raiders when they were unable to reach Normandy . Later , both Earl Tostig and his brother Harold Godwinson ( who became King Harold II ) held manors on the island . Carisbrooke Castle just outside Carisbrooke Middle ages ( edit ) The Norman Conquest of 1066 created the position of Lord of the Isle of Wight , the island being given by William the Conqueror to his kinsman William FitzOsbern . Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were then founded . Allegiance was sworn to FitzOsbern rather than the king ; the Lordship was subsequently granted to the de Redvers family by Henry I , after his succession in 1100 . For nearly 200 years the island was a semi-independent feudal fiefdom , with the de Redvers family ruling from Carisbrooke . The final private owner was the Countess Isabella de Fortibus , who , on her deathbed in 1293 , was persuaded to sell it to Edward I. Thereafter the island was under control of the English crown and its Lordship a royal appointment . The island continued to be attacked from the continent , raided in 1374 by the fleet of Castile , and in 1377 by French raiders who burned several towns , including Newtown , and laid siege to Carisbrooke Castle before they were defeated . Early modern period ( edit ) Under Henry VIII , who developed the Royal Navy and its Portsmouth base , the island was fortified at Yarmouth , Cowes , East Cowes , and Sandown . The French invasion on 21 July 1545 ( famous for the sinking of the Mary Rose on the 19th ) was repulsed by local militia . During the English Civil War , King Charles fled to the Isle of Wight , believing he would receive sympathy from the governor Robert Hammond , but Hammond imprisoned the king in Carisbrooke Castle . Osborne House and its grounds are now open to the public .",
"5": "Eugene Manet on the Isle of Wight , 1875 painting by Berthe Morisot During the Seven Years ' War , the island was used as a staging post for British troops departing on expeditions against the French coast , such as the Raid on Rochefort . During 1759 , with a planned French invasion imminent , a large force of soldiers was stationed there . The French called off their invasion following the Battle of Quiberon Bay . Modern History ( edit ) In the 1860s , what remains in real terms the most expensive ever government spending project saw fortifications built on the island and in the Solent , as well as elsewhere along the south coast , including the Palmerston Forts , The Needles Battery and Fort Victoria , because of fears about possible French invasion . The future Queen Victoria spent childhood holidays on the island and became fond of it . When queen she made Osborne House her winter home , and so the island became a fashionable holiday resort , including for Alfred , Lord Tennyson , Julia Margaret Cameron , and Charles Dickens ( who wrote much of David Copperfield there ) , as well as the French painter Berthe Morisot and members of European royalty . Until then , the island had been rural , with most people employed in farming , fishing or boat - building . The boom in tourism , spurred by growing wealth and leisure time , and by Victoria 's example , led to significant urban development of the island 's coastal resorts . The world 's first radio station was set up by Marconi in 1897 , during her reign , at the Needles Battery , at the western tip of the island . In 1898 the first paid wireless telegram ( called a `` Marconigram '' ) was sent from this station , and the island is now the home of the National Wireless Museum , near Ryde . Queen Victoria died at Osborne House on 22 January 1901 , aged 81 . During the Second World War the island was frequently bombed . With its proximity to German - occupied France , the island hosted observation stations and transmitters , as well as the RAF radar station at Ventnor . It was the starting - point for one of the earlier Operation Pluto pipelines to feed fuel to Europe after the Normandy landings .",
"6": "The Needles Battery was used to develop and test the Black Arrow and Black Knight space rockets , which were subsequently launched from Woomera , Australia . Statue of Jimi Hendrix outside Dimbola Lodge The Isle of Wight Festival was a very large rock festival that took place near Afton Down , West Wight in 1970 , following two smaller concerts in 1968 and 1969 . The 1970 show was notable both as one of the last public performances by Jimi Hendrix and for the number of attendees , reaching by some estimates 600,000 . The festival was revived in 2002 in a different format , and is now an annual event . Geography ( edit ) The Isle of Wight is situated between the Solent and the English Channel , is roughly rhomboid in shape , and covers an area of 150 sq mi ( 380 km ) . Slightly more than half , mainly in the west , is designated as the Isle of Wight Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The island has 100 sq mi ( 258 km ) of farmland , 20 sq mi ( 52 km ) of developed areas , and 57 miles ( 92 km ) of coastline . Its landscapes are diverse , leading to its oft - quoted description as `` England in miniature '' . West Wight is predominantly rural , with dramatic coastlines dominated by the chalk downland ridge , running across the whole island and ending in the Needles stacks . The southwestern quarter is commonly referred to as the Back of the Wight , and has a unique character . The highest point on the island is St Boniface Down in the south east , which at 791 feet ( 241 m ) is a marilyn . The most notable habitats on the rest of the island are probably the soft cliffs and sea ledges , which are scenic features , important for wildlife , and internationally protected . The island has three principal rivers . The River Medina flows north into the Solent , the Eastern Yar flows roughly northeast to Bembridge Harbour , and the Western Yar flows the short distance from Freshwater Bay to a relatively large estuary at Yarmouth .",
"7": "Without human intervention the sea might well have split the island into three : at the west end where a bank of pebbles separates Freshwater Bay from the marshy backwaters of the Western Yar east of Freshwater , and at the east end where a thin strip of land separates Sandown Bay from the marshy Eastern Yar basin . The Undercliff between St Catherine 's Point and Bonchurch is the largest area of landslip morphology in western Europe . The north coast is unusual in having four high tides each day , with a double high tide every twelve and a half hours . This arises because the western Solent is narrower than the eastern ; the initial tide of water flowing from the west starts to ebb before the stronger flow around the south of the island returns through the eastern Solent to create a second high water . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of the Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight is made up of a variety of rock types dating from early Cretaceous ( around 127 million years ago ) to the middle of the Palaeogene ( around 30 million years ago ) . The geological structure is dominated by a large monocline which causes a marked change in age of strata from the northern younger Tertiary beds to the older Cretaceous beds of the south . This gives rise to a dip of almost 90 degrees in the chalk beds , seen best at the Needles . The northern half of the island is mainly composed of clays , with the southern half formed of the chalk of the central east -- west downs , as well as Upper and Lower Greensands and Wealden strata . These strata continue west from the island across the Solent into Dorset , forming the basin of Poole Harbour ( Tertiary ) and the Isle of Purbeck ( Cretaceous ) respectively . The chalky ridges of Wight and Purbeck were a single formation before they were breached by waters from the River Frome during the last ice age , forming the Solent and turning Wight into an island . The Needles , along with Old Harry Rocks on Purbeck , represent the edges of this breach . All the rocks found on the island are sedimentary , such as limestones , mudstones and sandstones . They are rich in fossils ; many can be seen exposed on beaches as the cliffs erode .",
"8": "Lignitic coal is present in small quantities within seams , and can be seen on the cliffs and shore at Whitecliff Bay . Fossilised molluscs have been found there , and also on the northern coast along with fossilised crocodiles , turtles and mammal bones ; the youngest date back to around 30 million years ago . The island is one of the most important areas in Europe for dinosaur fossils . The eroding cliffs often reveal previously hidden remains , particularly along the Back of the Wight . Dinosaur bones and fossilised footprints can be seen in and on the rocks exposed around the island 's beaches , especially at Yaverland and Compton Bay . As a result , the island has been nicknamed `` Dinosaur Island '' . The area was affected by sea level changes during the repeated Quaternary glaciations . The island probably became separated from the mainland about 125,000 years ago , during the Ipswichian interglacial . Ordnance Survey map of the island Geological map of the island Blackgang Chine , circa 1910 A view of the Needles and Alum Bay Climate ( edit ) Like the rest of the UK , the island has an oceanic climate , but is somewhat milder and sunnier , which makes it a holiday destination . It also has a longer growing season . Lower Ventnor and the neighbouring Undercliff have a particular microclimate , because of their sheltered position south of the downs . The island enjoys 1,800 -- 2,100 hours of sunshine a year . Some years have almost no snow in winter , and only a few days of hard frost . The island is in Hardiness zone 9 . ( hide ) Climate data for Shanklin Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.1 ( 46.6 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 18.",
"9": "3 ( 64.9 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 13.87 ( 56.95 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 7.83 ( 46.09 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 90.8 ( 3.575 ) 65.5 ( 2.579 ) 66.0 ( 2.598 ) 53.4 ( 2.102 ) 52.1 ( 2.051 ) 46.3 ( 1.823 ) 47.1 ( 1.854 ) 54.6 ( 2.15 ) 70.5 ( 2.776 ) 115.0 ( 4.528 ) 108.6 ( 4.276 ) 101.0 ( 3.976 ) 870.9 ( 34.288 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 ) 13.1 9.8 10.4 9.1 8.2 7.6 6.9 7.4 8.9 12.7 12.7 12.9 119.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.2 89.8 132.9 201.4 241.1 247.7 262.3 240.9 173.1 122.3 82.6 60.7 1,",
"10": "923 Source : Met Office Climate Averages , Shanklin , 1981 - 2010 Wildlife ( edit ) The Isle of Wight is one of the few places in England where the red squirrel is still flourishing ; no grey squirrels are to be found . There are occasional sightings of wild deer , and there is a colony of wild goats on Ventnor 's downs . Protected species such as the dormouse and rare bats can be found . The Glanville fritillary butterfly 's distribution in the United Kingdom is largely restricted to the edges of the island 's crumbling cliffs . A competition in 2002 named the pyramidal orchid as the Isle of Wight 's county flower . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the Isle of Wight Member of Parliament for the Isle of Wight Andrew Turner at Downing Street in 2010 The island has a single Member of Parliament and 138,300 permanent residents in 2011 , being one of the most populated constituencies in the United Kingdom ( more than 50 % above the English average ) . However , in 2011 the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act was to have changed this , as part of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies , but this was deferred to no earlier than October 2018 by the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 . Thus the single constituency remained for the 2015 general election . However , two separate East and West constituencies are proposed for the island under the 2018 review now underway . The Isle of Wight is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county . Since the abolition of its two borough councils and restructuring of the county council as Isle of Wight Council in 1995 , it has been a unitary authority . Elections in the constituency have traditionally been a battle between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats . Andrew Turner of the Conservative Party gained the seat from Peter Brand of the Lib Dems at the 2001 general election . Since 2009 , Turner has been embroiled in controversy over his expenses , health , and relationships with colleagues , with local Conservatives having tried but failed to remove him in the runup to the 2015 general election .",
"11": "He stood down prior to the 2017 snap general election , and the new Conservative Party candidate Bob Seely was elected with a majority of 21,069 votes . At the Isle of Wight Council election of 2013 , the Conservatives lost the majority which they had held since 2005 to the Island Independents , with Island Independent councillors holding 16 of the 40 seats , and a further five councillors sitting as independents outside the group . The Conservatives regained control , winning 25 seats at the 2017 local election . There have been small regionalist movements : the Vectis National Party and the Isle of Wight Party ; but they have attracted little support at elections . Main towns ( edit ) High Street in Newport , the county town Main article : List of places on the Isle of Wight Newport is the centrally located county town , with a population of about 25,000 and the island 's main shopping area . Located next to the River Medina , Newport Quay was a busy port until the mid-19th century . Ryde , the largest town with a population of about 30,000 , is in the northeast . It is Victorian with the oldest seaside pier in England and miles of sandy and pebble beaches . Cowes hosts the annual Cowes Week and is an international sailing centre . East Cowes is famous for Osborne House , Norris Castle and as the home from 1929 to 1964 of Saunders - Roe , the historic aircraft , flying boat , rocket and hovercraft company . Sandown is a popular seaside resort . It is home to the Isle of Wight Zoo , the Dinosaur Isle geological museum and one of the island 's two 18 - hole golf courses . Shanklin , just south of Sandown , attracts tourists with its high summer sunshine levels , sandy beaches , Shanklin Chine and the old village . Ventnor , built on the steep slopes of St Boniface Down on the south coast of the island , leads down to a picturesque bay that attracts many tourists . Ventnor Haven is a small harbour .",
"12": "Graveyard on the grounds of the church in the town of Brading Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Isle of Wight Language and dialect ( edit ) The local accent is similar to the traditional dialect of Hampshire , featuring the dropping of some consonants and an emphasis on longer vowels . It is similar to the West Country dialects heard in South West England , but less pronounced . The island has its own local and regional words . Some , such as nipper / nips ( a young male person ) , are still commonly used and are shared with neighbouring areas of the mainland . A few are unique to the island , for example overner and caulkhead ( see below ) . Others are more obscure and now used mainly for comic emphasis , such as mallishag ( meaning `` caterpillar '' ) , gurt meaning `` large '' , nammit ( a mid-morning snack ) and gallybagger ( `` scarecrow '' , and now the name of a local cheese ) . Identity ( edit ) There remains occasional confusion between the Isle of Wight as a county and its former position within Hampshire . The island was regarded and administered as a part of Hampshire until 1890 , when its distinct identity was recognised with the formation of Isle of Wight County Council ( see also Politics of the Isle of Wight ) . However , it remained a part of Hampshire until the local government reforms of 1974 when it became a full ceremonial county with its own Lord Lieutenant . In January 2009 , the first general flag for the county was accepted by the Flag Institute . Island residents are sometimes referred to as `` Vectensians '' , `` Vectians '' or , if born on the island , `` caulkheads '' . One theory is that this last comes from the once prevalent local industry of caulking or sealing wooden boats ; the term became attached to islanders either because they were so employed , or as a derisory term for perceived unintelligent labourers from elsewhere . The term `` overner '' is used for island residents originating from the mainland ( an abbreviated form of `` overlander '' , which is an archaic term for `` outsider '' still found in parts of Australia ) . Residents refer to the island as `` The Island '' , as did Jane Austen in Mansfield Park , and sometimes to the UK mainland as `` North Island '' .",
"13": "To promote the island 's identity and culture , the High Sheriff Robin Courage founded an Isle of Wight Day ; the first was held on Saturday 24 September 2016 . `` Hauntings '' ( edit ) The island is said to be the most haunted in the world , sometimes referred to as `` Ghost Island '' . Notable claimed hauntings include God 's Providence House in Newport ( now a tea room ) , Appuldurcombe House , and the remains of Knighton Gorges . Sport ( edit ) Cycling ( edit ) The island is well known for its cycling , and it was included within Lonely Planet 's Best in Travel Guide ( 2010 ) top ten cycling locations . The island also hosts events such as the Isle of Wight Randonnée and the Isle of Wight Cycling Festival each year . Rowing ( edit ) There are rowing clubs at Newport , Ryde and Shanklin , all members of the Hants and Dorset rowing association . There is a long tradition of rowing around the island dating back to the 1880s . In May 1999 a group of local women made history by becoming the first ladies crew to row around the island , in ten hours and twenty minutes . Rowers from Ryde Rowing Club have rowed around the island several times since 1880 . The fours record was set 16 August 1995 at 7 hours 54 minutes . Two rowers from Southampton ARC ( Chris Bennett and Roger Slaymaker ) set the two - man record in July 2003 at 8 hours 34 minutes , and in 2005 Gus McKechnie of Coalporters Rowing Club became the first adaptive rower to row around , completing a clockwise row . The route around the island is about 60 miles ( 97 km ) and usually rowed anticlockwise . Even in good conditions , it includes a number of significant obstacles such as the Needles and the overfalls at St Catherine 's Point . The traditional start and finish were at Ryde Rowing Club ; however other starts have been chosen in recent years to give a tidal advantage . Sailing ( edit ) Boats in the marina during Cowes Week Cowes is a centre for sailing , hosting several racing regattas .",
"14": "Cowes Week is the longest - running regular regatta in the world , with over 1,000 yachts and 8,500 competitors taking part in over 50 classes of racing . In 1851 the first America 's Cup race was around the island . Other major sailing events hosted in Cowes include the Fastnet race , the Round the Island Race , the Admiral 's Cup , and the Commodore 's Cup . Trampolining ( edit ) There are two main trampoline clubs on the island , in Freshwater and Newport , competing at regional , national and international grades . Marathon ( edit ) The Isle of Wight Marathon is the United Kingdom 's oldest continuously held marathon , having been run every year since 1957 . Since 2013 the course has started and finished in Cowes , heading out to the west of the island and passing through Gurnard , Rew Street , Porchfield , Shalfleet , Yarmouth , Afton , Willmingham , Thorley , Wellow , Shalfleet , Porchfield , and Northwood . It is an undulating course with a total climb of 1,043 feet ( 318 m ) . Speedway ( edit ) The island is home to the Wightlink Warriors speedway team , who compete in the sport 's third division , the National League . Field Hockey ( edit ) Following an amalgamation of local hockey clubs in 2011 , the Isle of Wight Hockey Club now runs two men 's senior and two ladies ' senior teams . These compete at a range of levels in the Hampshire open leagues . Football ( edit ) The now - disbanded Ryde Sports F.C. , founded in 1888 , was one of the eight founder members of the Hampshire League in 1896 . There are several non-league clubs such as Newport ( IW ) F.C. There is an Isle of Wight Saturday Football League with two divisions and two reserve team leagues , and a rugby union club . Cricket ( edit ) Newclose County Cricket Ground The Isle of Wight is the 39th official county in English cricket , and the Isle of Wight Cricket Board organises a league of local clubs . Ventnor Cricket Club competes in the Southern Premier League , and has won the Second Division several times .",
"15": "Newclose County Cricket Ground near Newport opened officially in 2009 but with its first match held on 6 September 2008 . The island has produced some notable cricketers , such as Danny Briggs , who plays county cricket for Hampshire . Island Games ( edit ) The Isle of Wight competes in the biennial Island Games , which it hosted in 1993 and again in 2011 . Motor Scooter ( edit ) Scooterists waiting for the ferry after the Isle of Wight scooter rally in August 1983 The annual Isle of Wight International Scooter Rally has since 1980 met on the August Bank Holiday . This is now one of the biggest scooter rallies in the world , attracting between four and seven thousand participants . Music ( edit ) The crowd at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 is believed to have been 600,000 . The island is home to the Isle of Wight Festival and until 2016 , Bestival before it was relocated to Lulworth Estate in Dorset . In 1970 , the festival was headlined by Jimi Hendrix attracting an audience of 600,000 , some six times the local population at the time . It is the home of the band The Bees , Trixie 's Big Red Motorbike , as well as three of the founding members of Level 42 ( Mark King , Boon Gould and Phil Gould ) . It has also hosted a one - day festival called `` Summer Madness '' , which started in 2009 , headlined by Madness . In January 2011 it was reported that the promoter of Summer Madness was insolvent . Economy ( edit ) Socio - economic data ( edit ) The table below shows the regional gross value ( in millions of pounds ) added by the Isle of Wight economy , at current prices , compiled by the Office for National Statistics .",
"16": "Regional gross value in millions of pounds sterling Year Regional gross value added Agriculture Industry Services 1995 831 28 218 585 2000 1,369 27 375 800 2003 1,521 42 288 1,161 2008 2,023 2012 2,175 According to the 2011 census , the island 's population of 138,625 lives in 61,085 households , giving an average household size of 2.27 people . 41 % of households own their home outright and a further 29 % own with a mortgage , so in total 70 % of households are owned ( compared to 68 % for South East England ) . Compared to South East England , the island has fewer children ( 19 % aged 0 -- 17 against 22 % for the South East ) and more elderly ( 24 % aged 65 + against 16 % ) , giving an average age of 44 years for an island resident compared to 40 in South East England . Industry and agriculture ( edit ) The largest industry is tourism , but the island also has a strong agricultural heritage , including sheep and dairy farming and arable crops . Traditional agricultural commodities are more difficult to market off the island because of transport costs , but local farmers have managed successfully to exploit some specialist markets , with the higher price of such products being able to absorb the transport costs . One of the most successful agricultural sectors is now the growing of crops under cover , particularly salad crops including tomatoes and cucumbers . The island has a warmer climate and longer growing season than much of the United Kingdom . Garlic has been successfully grown in Newchurch for many years , and is even exported to France . This has led to the establishment of an annual Garlic Festival at Newchurch , which is one of the largest events of the local calendar . A favourable climate supports two vineyards , including one of the oldest in the British Isles at Adgestone . Lavender is grown for its oil .",
"17": "The largest agricultural sector has been dairying , but due to low milk prices and strict legislation for UK milk producers , the dairy industry has been in decline : there were nearly 150 producers in the mid-1980s , but now just 24 . Maritime industries , especially the making of sailcloth and boat building , has long been associated with the island , although this has diminished somewhat in recent years . GKN operates what began as the British Hovercraft Corporation , a subsidiary of ( and known latterly as ) Westland Aircraft , although they have reduced the extent of plant and workforce and sold the main site . Previously it had been the independent company Saunders - Roe , one of the island 's most notable historic firms that produced many flying boats and the world 's first hovercraft . Another manufacturing activity is in composite materials , used by boat - builders and the wind turbine manufacturer Vestas , which has a wind turbine blade factory and testing facilities in West Medina Mills and East Cowes . Bembridge Airfield is the home of Britten - Norman , manufacturers of the Islander and Trislander aircraft . This is shortly to become the site of the European assembly line for Cirrus light aircraft . The Norman Aeroplane Company is a smaller aircraft manufacturing company operating in Sandown . There have been three other firms that built planes on the island . In 2005 , Northern Petroleum began exploratory drilling for oil at its Sandhills - 2 borehole at Porchfield , but ceased operations in October that year after failing to find significant reserves . Breweries ( edit ) There are three breweries on the island . Goddards Brewery in Ryde opened in 1993 . David Yates , who was head brewer of the Island Brewery , started brewing as Yates Brewery at the Inn at St Lawrence in 2000 . Ventnor Brewery , which closed in 2009 , was the last incarnation of Burt 's Brewery , brewing since the 1840s in Ventnor . Until the 1960s most pubs were owned by Mews Brewery , situated in Newport near the old railway station , but it closed and the pubs were taken over by Strong 's , and then by Whitbread . By some accounts Mews beer was apt to be rather cloudy and dark .",
"18": "In the 19th century they pioneered the use of screw top cans for export to British India . Services ( edit ) Tourism and heritage ( edit ) See also : List of tourist attractions in the Isle of Wight Its heritage is a major asset that has for many years supported the island 's tourist economy . Holidays focused on natural heritage , including wildlife and geology , are becoming an alternative to the traditional British seaside holiday , which went into decline in the second half of the 20th century due to the increased affordability of foreign holidays . The island is still an important destination for coach tours from other parts of the United Kingdom . Compton Chine , looking east towards Blackgang Tourism is still the largest industry , and most island towns and villages offer hotels , hostels and camping sites . In 1999 , it hosted 2.7 million visitors , with 1.5 million staying overnight , and 1.2 million visits day visits ; only 150,000 of these were from abroad . Between 1993 and 2000 , visits increased at an average rate of 3 % per year . At the turn of the 19th century the island had ten pleasure piers including two at Ryde and a `` chain pier '' at Seaview . The Victoria Pier in Cowes succeeded the earlier Royal Pier but was itself removed in 1960 . The piers at Ryde , Seaview , Sandown , Shanklin and Ventnor originally served a coastal steamer service that operated from Southsea on the mainland . The piers at Seaview , Shanklin , Ventnor and Alum Bay were all destroyed by various storms during the 20th century ; only the railway pier at Ryde and the piers at Sandown , Totland Bay ( currently closed to the public ) and Yarmouth survive . Blackgang Chine is the oldest theme park in Britain , opened in 1843 . The skeleton of a dead whale that its founder Alexander Dabell found in 1844 is still on display . As well as its more traditional attractions , the island is often host to walking or cycling holidays through the attractive scenery . An annual walking festival has attracted considerable interest .",
"19": "The 70 miles ( 113 km ) Isle of Wight Coastal Path follows the coastline as far as possible , deviating onto roads where the route along the coast is impassable . A major contributor to the local economy is sailing and marine - related tourism . Summer Camp at Camp Beaumont is an attraction at the old Bembridge School site . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport on the Isle of Wight One of the Wightlink FastCats which provide a high - speed ferry service between Portsmouth and Ryde A Southern Vectis bus at Newport bus station The Isle of Wight has 489 miles ( 787 km ) of roadway . It does not have a motorway , although there is a short stretch of dual carriageway towards the north of Newport near the hospital and prison . A comprehensive bus network operated by Southern Vectis links most settlements , with Newport as its central hub . Journeys away from the island involve a ferry journey . Car ferry and passenger catamaran services are run by Wightlink and Red Funnel , and a hovercraft passenger service ( the only such remaining in the world ) by Hovertravel . The island formerly had its own railway network of over 55 miles ( 89 km ) , but only one line remains in regular use . The Island Line is part of the United Kingdom 's National Rail network , running a little under 9 miles ( 14 km ) from Shanklin to Ryde Pier Head , where there is a connecting ferry service to Portsmouth Harbour station on the mainland network . The line was opened by the Isle of Wight Railway in 1864 , and from 1996 to 2007 was run by the smallest train operating company on the network , Island Line Trains . It is notable for utilising old ex-London Underground rolling stock , due to the small size of its tunnels and unmodernised signalling . Branching off the Island Line at Smallbrook Junction is the heritage Isle of Wight Steam Railway , which runs for 5 ⁄ miles ( 8.9 km ) to the outskirts of Wootton on the former line to Newport . There are two airfields for general aviation , Isle of Wight Airport at Sandown and Bembridge Airport . The island has over 200 miles ( 322 km ) of cycleways , many of which can be enjoyed off - road .",
"20": "The principal trails are : The Sunshine Trail , which is a circular route linking Sandown , Shanklin , Godshill , and Wroxall of 12 miles ( 19 km ) ; The Troll Trail between Cowes and Sandown of 13 miles ( 21 km ) , 90 % off - road ; The Round the Island Cycle Route of 62 miles ( 100 km ) . Media ( edit ) The main local newspaper is the Isle of Wight County Press , published most Fridays . The island has one local commercial radio station : Isle of Wight Radio has broadcast in the medium - wave band since 1990 and on 107.0 MHz ( with three smaller transmitters on 102.0 MHz ) FM since 1998 , as well as streaming on the Internet . The island is also covered by a number of local stations on the mainland , including the BBC station BBC Radio Solent broadcast from Southampton . The island 's not - for - profit community radio station Angel Radio opened in 2007 . Angel Radio began broadcasting on 91.5 MHz from studios in Cowes and a transmitter near Newport . Local online radio station Vectis Radio has broadcast since 2010 , broadcasting from the Riverside Centre in Newport . Online news sources for the Isle of Wight include On the Wight and The Isle of Wight Chronicle . The Chronicle was originally an island local paper during the later 19th and early 20th century . The island has an online 24 / 7 breaking news source Island Echo , which was founded in May 2012 . The island has had community television stations in the past , first TV12 and then Solent TV from 2002 until its closure on 24 May 2007 . iWight.tv is a local internet video news channel . The Isle of Wight is part of the BBC South region and the ITV Meridian region . Important broadcasting infrastructure includes Chillerton Down transmitting station with a mast that is the tallest structure on the island , and Rowridge transmitting station , which broadcasts the main television signal both locally and for most of Hampshire and parts of Dorset and West Sussex . Prisons ( edit ) Its separation from the mainland yet being near the densely populated south of England led to it hosting three prisons : Albany , Camp Hill and Parkhurst , all located outside Newport near the main road to Cowes .",
"21": "Albany and Parkhurst were among the few Category A prisons in the UK until they were downgraded in the 1990s . The downgrading of Parkhurst was precipitated by a major escape : three prisoners ( two murderers and a blackmailer ) escaped from the prison on 3 January 1995 for four days , before being recaptured . Parkhurst enjoyed notoriety as one of the toughest jails in the United Kingdom , and housed many notable inmates including the Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe , New Zealand drug lord Terry Clark and the Kray twins . Camp Hill is located adjacent but to the west of Albany and Parkhurst , on the very edge of Parkhurst Forest , having been converted first to a borstal and later to a Category C prison . It was built on the site of an army camp ( both Albany and Parkhurst were barracks ) ; there is a small estate of tree - lined roads with the former officers ' quarters ( now privately owned ) to the south and east . Camp Hill closed as a prison in March 2013 . The management of all three prisons was merged into a single administration , under HMP Isle of Wight in April 2009 . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education on the Isle of Wight There are sixty - nine Local Education Authority - maintained schools on the Isle of Wight , and two independent schools . As a rural community , many of these are small and with fewer pupils than in urban areas . The Isle of Wight College is located on the outskirts of Newport . From September 2010 , there was a transition period from the three - tier system of primary , middle and high schools to the two - tier system that is usual in England . Some schools have now closed , such as Chale C.E. Primary . Others have become `` federated '' , such as Brading C.E. Primary and St Helen 's Primary . Christ the King College started as a `` middle school '' but has now been converted into a secondary school and sixth form . Since September 2011 five new secondary schools , with an age range of 11 to 18 years , replaced the island 's high schools ( as a part of the previous three - tier system ) .",
"22": "Notable residents ( edit ) Main article : List of people from the Isle of Wight Notable residents have included : 17th century and earlier ( edit ) King Arwald , last pagan king in England King Charles I of England , who was imprisoned at Carisbrooke Castle Viking Earl Tostig Godwinson actor , highwayman and conspirator Cardell `` Scum '' Goodman soldier and regicide of Charles I Thomas Harrison , imprisoned at Carisbrooke with John Rogers & Christopher Feake soldier Peter de Heyno philosopher and polymath Robert Hooke murderer Michal Morey 18th century ( edit ) explorer Anthony Henday radical journalist John Wilkes 19th century ( edit ) Queen Victoria and Prince Albert ( monarch and consort ) , who built and lived at Osborne House photographer Julia Margaret Cameron , who lived at Dimbola Lodge Irish Republican Thomas Clarke naval captain Jeremiah Coghlan CBG , who retired to Ryde writer Charles Dickens poet John Keats inventor and radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi poet and hymnwriter Albert Midlane geologist and engineer John Milne regency architect John Nash novelist Miss Harriet Parr early Hong Kong Government administrator William Pedder New Zealand PM Henry Sewell poet Algernon Charles Swinburne poet Alfred Tennyson philosopher Karl Marx , who stayed at 1 , St.",
"23": "Boniface Gardens , Ventnor surgeon James Mann Williamson , at the Royal National Hospital , Ventnor 20th century onwards ( edit ) scriptwriter Raymond Allen Indie rock group The Bees concert organist E. Power Biggs darts player Keegan Brown singer Sarah Close inventor of the hovercraft Sir Christopher Cockerell presenter and actor Ray Cokes yachtsman Uffa Fox actor Marius Goring survival expert and Chief Scout Bear Grylls actress Sheila Hancock folk - rock musician Robyn Hitchcock actor Geoffrey Hughes author and conspiracy theorist David Icke actor Jeremy Irons comedian Phill Jupitus actor Laura Michelle Kelly composer Albert Ketèlbey Iranian poet Mimi Khalvati musician Mark King radio presenter Allan Lake writer James Leavey musician Jack Green yachtswoman Ellen MacArthur BBC ' Tonight ' presenter Cliff Michelmore film director Anthony Minghella actor David Niven cyclist Kieran Page TV personality Anneka Rice heptathlete Kelly Sotherton gardener and presenter Alan Titchmarsh novelist Edward Upward Places of interest ( edit ) Key Abbey / Priory / Cathedral Accessible open space Amusement / Theme Park Castle Country Park English Heritage Forestry Commission Heritage railway Historic House Museum ( free / not free ) National Trust Theatre Zoo Alum Bay Appuldurcombe House Amazon World Zoo Bembridge Lifeboat Station Blackgang Chine Brading Roman Villa Carisbrooke Castle Classic Boat Museum , East Cowes Dimbola Lodge Dinosaur Isle Fort Victoria Godshill village and model village Isle of Wight Bus & Coach Museum Isle of Wight Steam Railway Isle of Wight Zoo , Yaverland Medina Theatre The Needles Newport Roman Villa . Osborne House Quarr Abbey Robin Hill Botanic Gardens , Ventnor Yarmouth Castle Overseas names ( edit ) The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies , most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century . Its county seat is a town named Isle of Wight .",
"24": "Other notable examples include : Isle of Wight - an island off Maryland , United States Dunnose Head , West Falkland Ventnor , Cowes on Philip Island , Victoria , Australia Carisbrook , Victoria , Australia Carisbrook , a former stadium in Dunedin , New Zealand Ryde , New South Wales , Australia Shanklin , Sandown , New Hampshire , United States Ventnor City , New Jersey , United States Gardiners Island , New York , United States shown as `` Isle of Wight '' on some of the older maps . Media references ( edit ) Film ( edit ) The film Something to Hide ( 1972 ; US title Shattered ) , starring Peter Finch , was filmed near Cowes , including a scene on the Red Funnel ferry ; The British film That 'll Be the Day ( 1973 ) , starring David Essex and Ringo Starr , included scenes shot in Ryde ( notably Cross Street ) , Sandown ( school ) , Shanklin ( beach ) and Wootton Bridge ( fairground ) ; Mrs. Brown ( 1997 ) , with Dame Judi Dench and Billy Connolly , was filmed at Osborne and Chale ; The film Fragile ( 2005 ) , starring Calista Flockhart , is based on the Isle of Wight . Victoria and Abdul ( 2017 ) starring Dame Judi Dench and Ali Fazal began shooting principal photography at Osborne House in September 2016 . Games ( edit ) John Worsley 's Commodore 64 game Spirit of the Stones was set on the Isle of Wight . Literature ( edit ) The Isle of Wight was : the setting of Julian Barnes 's novel England , England ; called The Island in some editions of Thomas Hardy 's novels in his fictional Wessex ; selected for the development of a new base by the supercomputer `` Colossus '' , in D.F. Jones ' novel Colossus ( 1966 ) ; the setting for D.H. Lawrence 's book The Trespasser , filmed for TV on location in 1981 ; the setting of Graham Masterton 's book Prey ; mentioned in J.K.",
"25": "Rowling 's first Harry Potter book , which refers to Uncle Vernon 's sister Marge on holiday on the island , who got sick after eating a whelk ; a major element in Daniel O'Malley's series The Rook ( 2012 ) & its sequel Stiletto ( 2016 ) . The antagonists try to invade in the 1600s , the effects of which continue to colour perceptions of the Crown 's secret supernatural agency , the `` Checquy Group '' ; the refuge of the British monarchy & government in S.M. Stirling 's alternative history novel The Protector 's War ( 2005 ) , in which high energy technology ceased to function . After an ensuing holocaust , the island was the base for re-population of Europe , whose populations had mostly perished ; one of the destinations to which the British government evacuates in Frank Tayell 's post-apocalyptic novel Surviving the Evacuation Book One : London ( 2013 ) , guided by the mistaken impression that it would be defensible against the zombie hordes ; featured in John Wyndham 's novel The Day of the Triffids and Simon Clark 's sequel The Night of the Triffids . Music ( edit ) The Beatles ' song `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' ( 1967 ) , credited to Lennon - McCartney and sung by Paul McCartney , refers to renting a cottage on the island ; Bob Dylan recorded `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( 1965 ) , `` Minstrel Boy '' , `` Quinn the Eskimo ( The Mighty Quinn ) '' ( 1967 ) , and `` She Belongs to Me '' ( 1965 ) for the album Self Portrait ( 1970 ) live on the island ; `` Wight Is Wight '' ( 1969 ) , a song by French artist Michel Delpech , also spawned an Italian cover by Dik Dik , titled `` L'isola di Wight '' ( 1970 ) . Radio ( edit ) There was a running joke in radio sitcom The Navy Lark involving Sub-Lieutenant Phillips 's inability to navigate and subsequently tail the Isle of Wight ferry .",
"26": "Television ( edit ) ITV 's dramatisation of Dennis Potter 's work Blade on the Feather ( 19 October 1980 ) was filmed on the island ; A 2002 Top Gear feature showed an Aston Martin being driven around Cowes , East Cowes , and along the Military Road and seawall at Freshwater Bay . The setting for Free Rein was based on the Isle of Wight . See also ( edit ) Isle of Wight portal List of civil parishes on the Isle of Wight List of places on the Isle of Wight List of current places of worship on the Isle of Wight List of High Sheriffs of the Isle of Wight List of Lord Lieutenants of the Isle of Wight List of Governors of the Isle of Wight List of hills of the Isle of Wight Isle of Wight gasification facility Isle of Wight NHS Trust Isle of Wight Rifles Yaverland Battery Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As well as the former Princess Beatrice during World War II , most otherwise notable was Lord Mountbatten in 1969 -- 1974 , after which he became Lord Lieutenant until his assassination in 1979 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chris Hadfield on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight 2017 / 2018 '' . High Sheriffs Association . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census , Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales '' . Office for National Statistics . 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hampshire & IoW election results : Conservatives take control '' . BBC News . 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Festival history '' . Redfunnel.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Isabella de Fortibus , `` Queen of the Wight '' - English Heritage `` . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth agrees to launch Solent Combined Authority bid '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 December 2016 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ `` Solent Combined Authority bid ' almost certainly dead ' '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lagarde et al. 2003. , J.L. `` The structural evolution of the English Channel area '' . Journal of Quaternary Science . Special Issue : The Quaternary History of the English Channel March - May 2003 . 18 ( 3.4 ) : 201 -- 213 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ; et al. ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Sedimentary DNA from a submerged site reveals wheat in the British Isles 8000 years ago '' . Science . 347 ( 6225 ) : 998 -- 1001 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1261278 . PMID 25722413 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunliffe , Barry ( 2008 ) . `` A Companion to Roman Britain : Britain and the continent : networks of interaction '' . John Wiley & Sons : 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Balter , Michael . `` DNA recovered from underwater British site may rewrite history of farming in Europe '' . Science . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , C. F. C. ( July 1984 ) . `` Ictis disentangled , and the British tin trade '' . Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 3 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 233 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0092.1984. tb00327. x . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Isle of Wight Ingot Hoard '' . The Art Fund . Jump up ^ Adams , William Henry Davenport ( 1877 ) . Nelson 's Hand - book to the Isle of Wight . Oxford . Jump up ^ The Journal of the British Archaeological Association ( PDF ) . December 1866 . Jump up ^ `` Saxon Graves at Shalfleet '' . Isle of Wight History Centre .",
"28": "August 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Williams , Peter N. `` England , A Narrative History '' . Britannia.com . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Harding , Samuel B . `` The English Accept Christianity '' . The Story of England . Jump up ^ The Anglo Saxon Chronicle. 1116 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo - Saxon Isle of Wight : 900 - 1066 AD '' . 2012 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria County History '' . British History Online , University of London & History of Parliament Trust . 1912 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria County History '' . British History Online , University of London & History of Parliament Trust . 1912 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ English Heritage . `` Isabella de Fortibus , `` Queen of the Wight '' `` . English Heritage Story of England . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fernández Duro , Cesáreo ( 1995 ) . La Marina de Castilla . Madrid . ISBN 978 - 84 - 86228 - 04 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopædia Britannica . p. 627 . Jump up ^ English Heritage . `` English Heritage Story of England '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Longmate , Norman ( 2001 ) . Island Fortress : The Defence of Great Britain , 1603 -- 1945 . London . pp. 186 -- 188 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Nelson History '' . Royal Armouries . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ visitisleofwight.co.uk : The Island 's Official Tourism website . `` Isle of Wight history and heritage '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Eric ( 2005 ) .",
"29": "How internet radio can change the world : an activist 's handbook . New York : iUniversr , Inc . ISBN 9780595349654 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Connected Earth '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Julia Skinner ( 2012 ) . Isle of Wight : A Miscellany . www.francisfrith.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84589 - 683 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` PLUTO pumping station , Sandown , Isle of Wight '' . D - Day Museum and Overlord Embroidery . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Britain 's secret Cape Canaveral ( ... on the Isle of Wight ) '' . London Evening Standard . 31 March 2007 . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movies '' . Movies.msn.com . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Festival History 1968 to Today '' . isleofwightguru.com . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( s ) ; no by - line ( 1987 -- 2012 ) . `` St Boniface Down , England '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Julia Skinner ( 2012 ) . Isle of Wight : A Miscellany . www.francisfrith.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84589 - 683 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hopson P. ( 2011 ) . `` The geological history of the Isle of Wight : an overview of the ' diamond in Britain 's geological crown ' '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Geologists ' Association . 122 ( 5 ) : 745 -- 763 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pgeola. 2011.09. 007 . Jump up ^ `` Fossil and Dinosaur Hunting '' . redfunnel.co.uk .",
"30": "Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Booth K.A. & Brayson J. ( 2011 ) . `` Geology , landscape and human interactions : examples from the Isle of Wight '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Geologists ' Association . 122 ( 5 ) : 938 -- 948 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pgeola. 2011.01. 004 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Climate Statistics '' . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ weatheronline.co.uk . `` Frost Days data 2000 - 2008 St Catherine 's Point '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zone Map for Europe '' . GardenWeb. 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Squirrel '' . Iwight.com . Archived from the original on 28 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deer could damage Island warning '' . Iwcp.co.uk. 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Natural History of Red Deer '' . Wildlife Online . 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.bds.org.uk/index.php/documents/deer-species/12-muntjac-deer-poster/file Jump up ^ http://www.fingerprintdigitalmedia.com/mammal-society/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SE-Mammal-Atlas-8-Hoofed-mammals.pdf Jump up ^ `` Glanville Fritillary '' . UK Butterflies . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pyramidal orchid '' . Plantlife . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turner Will Fight On For ' Unique ' Island Status '' . Isle of Wight Chronicle. 6 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Set To Have Two MPs in 2015 '' . Isle of Wight Chronicle.",
"31": "15 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Isle Of Wight MP Andrew Turner survives no confidence vote '' . BBC . 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight council results '' . BBC News . 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam Grydehøj and Philip Hayward ( 2011 ) . Autonomy Initiatives and Quintessential Englishness on the Isle of Wight ( PDF ) . Island Studies Journal . p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` Newport Parish Council , Isle of Wight , Official Website '' . Newport Parish Council - Isle of Wight . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ University of Leeds ( 1959 ) . `` Survey of English Dialects : Whitwell , Isle of Wight '' . British Library . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ W Long ( 1886 ) . A dictionary of the Isle of Wight dialect ( PDF ) . Reeves & Turner , London . Jump up ^ Lavers , Jack ( 1988 ) . The Dictionary of the Isle of Wight Dialect . Dovecote Press . ISBN 0 - 946159 - 63 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Oiled birds may be linked to Ice Prince sinking '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ UK Government ( 1972 ) . `` Local Government Act 1972 '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flag institute '' . Flag institute . 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as ' caulkheads ' ? - Notes and Queries '' . www.theguardian.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ overlander Archived 31 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Celebrate all things Island on Isle of Wight Day '' . www.redfunnel.co.uk . Retrieved 27 November 2016 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Ryde Rowing Club ( 1999 ) . `` Record round the Isle of Wight row '' . University of Oxford . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ redfunnel.co.uk . `` About Gus McKechnie - Fundraising Legend ! '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skandia Cowes Week 2008 -- Welcome '' . Skandiacowesweek.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JPMorgan Asset Management Round the Island Race '' . Roundtheisland.org.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rolex Commodores ' Cup -- Home '' . Rorc.org . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Club directory '' . Isle of Wight Council . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wight Flyers Trampoline & Gymnastics Club '' . Wight Flyers . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle Of Wight Marathon Race '' . Rydeharriers.co.uk . Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Hockey Club '' . Isle of Wight Hockey Club . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Isle has produced several high profile players including Kevin `` The Hitman '' Broderick , now playing for a local Sunday side . Isle Of Wight Rugby Football Club `` . Iwrfc.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Sport '' . Archived from the original on 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 15 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight County Cricket Ground '' . Isle of Wight Cricket Board . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Southern Premier Cricket League -- Construction work underway on new island county ground Jump up ^ `` Newclose : Cricket Scoreboard Arrives Isle of Wight News '' . Ventnor Blog. 10 July 2008 .",
"33": "Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newclose County Cricket Ground Open Days '' . Isle of Wight Cricket Board . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scooter rally takes place on Isle of Wight '' . bbc.co.uk. 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Concerts with Record Attendance '' . Noiseaddicts.com . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trixie 's Big Red Motorbike -- Discover music , concerts , stats , & pictures at '' . Last.fm. 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ published ( pp. 240 -- 253 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Annual estimates of NUTS3 regional Gross Value Added ( GVA ) '' . Office for National Statistics . 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding Jump up ^ includes hunting and forestry Jump up ^ includes energy and construction Jump up ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured Jump up ^ `` Key census statistics , Isle of Wight Authority area '' . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wine for Sale -- Vineyard Tours , Isle of Wight '' . English Wine . Archived from the original on 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight lavender farm , lavender products , lavender plants , teas '' . Lavender.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Antony Barton . `` Saunders - Roe / Westland Aircraft / British Hovercraft Corporation '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight wind turbine firm Vestas creates 200 jobs '' . BBC News . 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A list of aircraft and airplane manufacturers as well as airfields on the Isle of Wight '' . Daveg4otu.tripod.com .",
"34": "Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Ian West ( 2016 ) . `` Petroleum Geology - South of England : The Portland - Isle of Wight Offshore Basin '' . Southampton University . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` about us '' . Goddards-brewery.co.uk . Archived from the original on 9 March 2001 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yates ' Brewery '' . Yates-brewery.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Ventnor Brewery : : Since 1840 Archived 5 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Nostalgia '' . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A POTTED HISTORY OF ISLE OF WIGHT HOLIDAYS '' . redfunnel.co.uk. 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A website with Isle of Wight statistics for investors '' . Investwight.com . Archived from the original on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Oldest Amusement Parks '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight walking holidays '' . Wight Walks . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the official website of the Isle of Wight Walking Festival 2013 '' . Isleofwightwalkingfestival.co.uk . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Coastal Path '' . Long Distance Walkers Association . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Tourism Development Plan '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Wight Council . 2005 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal Adventure : Isle of Wight '' . Kingswood Camps . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Vectis bus route map '' . Southern Vectis .",
"35": "Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Southsea - Sandown hovercraft route plans dropped '' . 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Steam Railway '' . Isle of Wight Steam Railway . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Cycle Hire & Cycling Guide - Isle Cycle - Cowes & Sandown '' . Jump up ^ `` Isle of White Radio 107.0 Newport '' . internetradiouk.com . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' History of Our Station '' and `` Gallery '' `` . Angel Radio Isle of Wight Website . Retrieved 28 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Record Library '' . Angel Radio Isle of Wight Website . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vectis Radio '' . www.vectisradio.com . Jump up ^ `` On The Wight '' . On The Wight . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Isle of Wight Chronicle '' . Iwchronicle.co.uk. 5 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Island Echo '' . island Echo . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Tower : Chillerton Down '' . thebigtower.com . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Prison information '' . UK Justice Department . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ James Cusick ( 10 January 1995 ) . `` The Parkhirst ( sic ) Breakout : Fugitives were trapped by the sea '' . The Independent Newspaper . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schools and Learning '' . Isle of Wight Council . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ David Newbie ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` It 's all change in schools ' shake up '' . Isle of Wight County Press .",
"36": "Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Palaces for the People - Panoramic Views '' . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Titles With Filming Locations Matching `` wight '' `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Talismans of Spirit of the Stones '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Isle of Wight 's Literary Connections '' . h2g2.com. 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Tayell , Frank ( 2013 ) . Surviving the Evacuation Book One London . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club band '' . Lib.ru. 16 May 1996 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Navy Lark Volume 24 : You 're A Rotten ! '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blade on the Feather ( 1980 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear on the Isle of Wight , starring Red Funnel and the Military Road '' . Isle of Wight Guru . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.yoppul.co.uk/yoppulv1/2017/07/watch-isle-of-wight-writers-netflix-series-free-rein/ Hansard , Wednesday 14 November 2001 column 850 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isle of Wight . Look up Isle of Wight in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Isle of Wight . Isle of Wight at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) External video `` The Isle of Wight Film '' Photos ( edit ) Images of the Isle of Wight at the English Heritage Archive Neighbouring counties Dorset Hampshire Solent West Sussex English Channel Isle of Wight English Channel",
"37": "English Channel English Channel English Channel Ceremonial county of Isle of Wight Isle of Wight Portal Unitary authorities Isle of Wight Council Major settlements Brading Cowes East Cowes Newport Ryde Sandown Shanklin Ventnor Yarmouth See also : List of civil parishes in Isle of Wight Rivers Buddle Brook Caul Bourne Medina Newtown Solent Wootton Creek Eastern Yar Western Yar Topics Flag People Parliamentary constituencies Politics Culture Education Schools Places Places of worship Country houses Grade I listed buildings SSSIs History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums Transport Dinosaurs 1974 -- 1996 ← Ceremonial counties of England → current Bedfordshire Berkshire Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire",
"38": "Districts of South East England Berkshire Bracknell Forest Reading Slough West Berkshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham Buckinghamshire Aylesbury Vale Chiltern Milton Keynes South Bucks Wycombe East Sussex Brighton and Hove Eastbourne Hastings Lewes Rother Wealden Hampshire Basingstoke and Deane East Hampshire Eastleigh Fareham Gosport Hart Havant New Forest Portsmouth Rushmoor Southampton Test Valley Winchester Isle of Wight Isle of Wight Kent Ashford Canterbury Dartford Dover Gravesham Maidstone Medway Sevenoaks Shepway Swale Thanet Tonbridge and Malling Tunbridge Wells Oxfordshire Cherwell Oxford South Oxfordshire Vale of White Horse West Oxfordshire Surrey Elmbridge Epsom and Ewell Guildford Mole Valley Reigate and Banstead Runnymede Spelthorne Surrey Heath Tandridge Waverley Woking West Sussex Adur Arun Chichester Crawley Horsham Mid Sussex Worthing Unitary authorities of England Districts Bath and North East Somerset Bedford Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bournemouth Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Bristol Central Bedfordshire Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Cornwall County Durham Darlington Derby",
"39": "East Riding of Yorkshire Halton Hartlepool Herefordshire Isle of Wight Kingston upon Hull Leicester Luton Medway Middlesbrough Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Somerset Northumberland Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Redcar and Cleveland Rutland Shropshire Slough Southampton Southend - on - Sea South Gloucestershire Stockton - on - Tees Stoke - on - Trent Swindon Telford and Wrekin Thurrock Torbay Warrington West Berkshire Wiltshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham York Councils Bath and North East Somerset Bedford Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bournemouth Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Bristol Central Bedfordshire Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Cornwall Derby Durham Darlington East Riding of Yorkshire Halton Hartlepool Herefordshire Isle of Wight Kingston upon Hull Leicester Luton Medway Middlesbrough Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Somerset Northumberland Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Redcar and Cleveland Rutland Shropshire Slough Southampton Southend - on - Sea South Gloucestershire Stockton - on - Tees Stoke - on - Trent Swindon Telford and Wrekin Thurrock Torbay Warrington West Berkshire Wiltshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham York Local elections Bath and North East Somerset Bedford Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool",
"40": "Bournemouth Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Bristol Central Bedfordshire Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Cornwall County Durham Darlington Derby East Riding of Yorkshire Halton Hartlepool Herefordshire Isle of Wight Kingston upon Hull Leicester Luton Medway Middlesbrough Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Somerset Northumberland Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Redcar and Cleveland Rutland Shropshire Slough Southampton Southend - on - Sea South Gloucestershire Stockton - on - Tees Stoke - on - Trent Swindon Telford and Wrekin Thurrock Torbay Warrington West Berkshire Wiltshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham York Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isle_of_Wight&oldid=817746501 '' Categories : Isle of Wight Local government districts of South East England Natural regions of England NUTS 2 statistical regions of the United Kingdom South East England Unitary authority districts of England British Isles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with missing ISBNs Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use British English from August 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with DMOZ links Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia",
"41": "Wikivoyage Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray",
"42": "ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 09 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when do the different phases of the moon occur
|
[
"when the Moon's ecliptic longitude and the Sun's ecliptic longitude differ by 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively"
] |
{
"0": "Lunar phase - wikipedia Lunar phase This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media The lunar phases and librations in 2013 at hourly intervals , with music , titles , and supplemental graphics . Animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases , as seen from the Northern Hemisphere in 2007 . The apparent wobbling of the Moon is known as libration . The gradual change in apparent size is due to the eccentricity of the lunar orbit . ( North is up . ) Another animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases , as seen from the Southern Hemisphere in 2007 . ( North is down . ) The lunar phase or phase of the Moon is the shape of the directly sunlit portion of the Moon as viewed from Earth . The lunar phases gradually and cyclically change over the period of a synodic month ( about 29.53 days ) , as the orbital positions of the Moon around Earth and of Earth around the Sun shift . The Moon 's rotation is tidally locked by Earth 's gravity ; therefore , most of the same lunar side always faces Earth . This near side is variously sunlit , depending on the position of the Moon in its orbit . Thus , the sunlit portion of this face can vary from 0 % ( at new moon ) to 100 % ( at full moon ) . The lunar terminator is the boundary between the illuminated and darkened hemispheres . Each of the four `` intermediate '' lunar phases ( see below ) is around 7.4 days , but this varies slightly due to the elliptical shape of the Moon 's orbit . Aside from some craters near the lunar poles , such as Shoemaker , all parts of the Moon see around 14.77 days of daylight , followed by 14.77 days of `` night '' . ( The side of the Moon facing away from Earth is sometimes called the `` dark side of the Moon '' , although that is a misnomer . )",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Phases of the Moon 1.1 Waxing and waning 1.2 Orientation by latitude 1.3 Earthshine 2 Calendar 3 Calculating phase 4 Effect of parallax 5 Misconceptions 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links 9.1 General 9.2 Educational aids Phases of the Moon ( edit ) In Western culture , the four principal phases of the Moon are new moon , first quarter , full moon , and third quarter ( also known as last quarter ) . These are the instances when the Moon 's ecliptic longitude and the Sun 's ecliptic longitude differ by 0 ° , 90 ° , 180 ° , and 270 ° , respectively . Each of these phases occur at slightly different times when viewed from different points on Earth . During the intervals between principal phases , the Moon 's apparent shape is either crescent or gibbous . These shapes , and the periods when the Moon shows them , are called the intermediate phases and last one - quarter of a synodic month , or 7.38 days , on average . However , their durations vary slightly because the Moon 's orbit is rather elliptical , so the satellite 's orbital speed is not constant . The descriptor waxing is used for an intermediate phase when the Moon 's apparent shape is thickening , from new to full moon , and waning when the shape is thinning .",
"2": "The eight principal and intermediate phases are given the following names , in sequential order : Principal and intermediate phases of the Moon Phase Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Visibility Mid-phase standard time Average moonrise time Average moonset time Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Photograph ( view from Northern Hemisphere ) New moon Disc completely in Sun 's shadow ( lit by earthshine only ) Invisible ( too close to Sun ) Midday 6 am 6 pm Not visible Waxing crescent Right side , 1 -- 49 % lit disc Left side , 1 -- 49 % lit disc Late morning to post-dusk 3 pm 9 am 9 pm First quarter Right side , 50 % lit disc Left side , 50 % lit disc Afternoon and early evening 6 pm Midday Midnight Waxing gibbous Right side , 51 -- 99 % lit disc Left side , 51 -- 99 % lit disc Late afternoon and most of night 9 pm 3 pm 3 am Full moon Completely illuminated disc Sunset to sunrise ( all night ) Midnight 6 pm 6 am Waning gibbous Left side , 99 -- 51 % lit disc Right side , 99 -- 51 % lit disc Most of night and early morning 3 am 9 pm 9 am Third quarter ( or last quarter ) Left side , 50 % lit disc Right side , 50 % lit disc Late night and morning 6 am Midnight Midday Waning crescent Left side , 49 -- 1 % lit disc Right side , 49 -- 1 % lit disc Pre-dawn to early afternoon 9 am 3 am 3 pm The phases of the Moon as viewed looking southward from the Northern Hemisphere . Each phase would be rotated 180 ° if seen looking northward from the Southern Hemisphere . The upper part of the diagram is not to scale , as the Moon is much farther from Earth than shown here . A crescent Moon above Earth 's horizon is featured in this 2010 photograph by an Expedition 24 crew member .",
"3": "Play media This video provides an illustration of how the Moon passes through its phases -- a product of its orbit , which allows different parts of its surface to be illuminated by the Sun over the course of a month . The camera is locked to the Moon as Earth rapidly rotates in the foreground . Non-Western cultures may use a different number of lunar phases ; for example , traditional Hawaiian culture has a total of 30 different phases ( one per day ) . Waxing and waning ( edit ) When the Sun and Moon are aligned on the same side of the Earth , the Moon is `` new '' , and the side of the Moon facing Earth is not illuminated by the Sun . As the Moon waxes ( the amount of illuminated surface as seen from Earth is increasing ) , the lunar phases progress through new moon , crescent moon , first - quarter moon , gibbous moon , and full moon . The Moon is then said to wane as it passes through the gibbous moon , third - quarter moon , crescent moon , and back to new moon . The terms old moon and new moon are not interchangeable . The `` old moon '' is a waning sliver ( which eventually becomes undetectable to the naked eye ) until the moment it aligns with the Sun and begins to wax , at which point it becomes new again . Half moon is often used to mean the first - and third - quarter moons , while the term quarter refers to the extent of the Moon 's cycle around the Earth , not its shape . When an illuminated hemisphere is viewed from a certain angle , the portion of the illuminated area that is visible will have a two - dimensional shape as defined by the intersection of an ellipse and circle ( in which the ellipse 's major axis coincides with the circle 's diameter ) . If the half - ellipse is convex with respect to the half - circle , then the shape will be gibbous ( bulging outwards ) , whereas if the half - ellipse is concave with respect to the half - circle , then the shape will be a crescent . When a crescent moon occurs , the phenomenon of earthshine may be apparent , where the night side of the Moon dimly reflects indirect sunlight reflected from Earth .",
"4": "Orientation by latitude ( edit ) In the Northern Hemisphere , if the left ( east ) side of the Moon is dark , then the bright part is thickening , and the Moon is described as waxing ( shifting toward full moon ) . If the right ( west ) side of the Moon is dark , then the bright part is thinning , and the Moon is described as waning ( past full and shifting toward new moon ) . Assuming that the viewer is in the Northern Hemisphere , the right side of the Moon is the part that is always waxing . ( That is , if the right side is dark , the Moon is becoming darker ; if the right side is lit , the Moon is getting brighter . ) In the Southern Hemisphere , the Moon is observed from a perspective inverted , or rotated 180 ° , to that of the Northern and to all of the images in this article , so that the opposite sides appear to wax or wane . Closer to the Equator , the lunar terminator will appear horizontal during the morning and evening . Since the above descriptions of the lunar phases only apply at middle or high latitudes , and observers moving towards the tropics from northern or southern latitudes will see the Moon rotated anti-clockwise or clockwise with respect to the images in this article . The lunar crescent can open upward or downward , with the `` horns '' of the crescent pointing up or down , respectively . When the Sun appears above the Moon in the sky , the crescent opens downward ; when the Moon is above the Sun , the crescent opens upward . The crescent Moon is most clearly and brightly visible when the Sun is below the horizon , which implies that the Moon must be above the Sun , and the crescent must open upward . This is therefore the orientation in which the crescent Moon is most often seen from the tropics . The waxing and waning crescents look very similar . The waxing crescent appears in the western sky in the evening , and the waning crescent in the eastern sky in the morning . Earthshine ( edit ) Main article : Earthlight ( astronomy ) When the Moon as seen from Earth is a narrow crescent , Earth as viewed from the Moon is almost fully lit by the Sun . Often , the dark side of the Moon is dimly illuminated by indirect sunlight reflected from Earth , but is bright enough to be easily visible from Earth .",
"5": "This phenomenon is called earthshine and sometimes picturesquely described as `` the old moon in the new moon 's arms '' or , as pictured here , `` the new moon in the old moon 's arms '' . Calendar ( edit ) Main article : Lunar calendar May -- June 2005 calendar of lunar phases The Gregorian calendar month , which is ⁄ of a tropical year , is about 30.44 days , while the cycle of lunar phases ( the Moon 's synodic period ) repeats every 29.53 days on average . Therefore , the timing of the lunar phases shifts by an average of almost one day for each successive month . ( A lunar year lasts about 354 days . ) Photographing the Moon 's phase everyday for a month ( starting in the evening after sunset , and repeating roughly 24 hours and 50 minutes later , and ending in the morning before sunrise ) and arranging the series of photos on a calendar would create a composite image like the example calendar ( May 8 -- June 6 , 2005 ) shown on the left . May 20 is blank because a picture would be taken before midnight on May 19 and the next after midnight on May 21 . Similarly , on a calendar listing moonrise or moonset times , some days will appear to be skipped . When moonrise precedes midnight one night , the next moonrise will follow midnight on the next night ( so too with moonset ) . The `` skipped day '' is just a feature of the Moon 's eastward movement in relation to the Sun , which at most latitudes , causes the Moon to rise later each day . The Moon follows a predictable orbit every month . Calculating phase ( edit ) A Crescent Moon over the VLT . Each of the 4 lunar phases lasts approximately 7 days ( ~ 7.4 days ) , but varies slightly due to lunar apogee and perigee . The approximate age of the moon , and hence the approximate phase , can be calculated for any date by calculating the number of days since a known new moon ( such as January 1 , 1900 or August 11 , 1999 ) and reducing this modulo 29.530588853 ( the length of a synodic month ) .",
"6": "The difference between two dates can be calculated by subtracting the Julian Day Number of one from that of the other , or there are simpler formulae giving ( for instance ) the number of days since December 31 , 1899 . However , this calculation assumes a perfectly circular orbit and makes no allowance for the time of day at which the new moon happened , therefore may be incorrect by several hours ( it also becomes less accurate the larger the difference between the required date and the reference date ) ; it is accurate enough to use in a novelty clock application showing moon phase , but specialist usage taking account of lunar apogee and perigee requires a more elaborate calculation . Effect of parallax ( edit ) The Earth subtends an angle of about two degrees , when seen from the Moon . This means that an observer on Earth who sees the Moon when it is close to the eastern horizon sees it from an angle that is about two degrees different from the line of sight of an observer who sees the Moon on the western horizon . The Moon moves about 12 degrees around its orbit per day , so , if these observers were stationary , they would see the phases of the Moon at times that differ by about one - sixth of a day , or four hours . But in reality the observers are on the surface of the rotating Earth , so someone who sees the Moon on the eastern horizon at one moment sees it on the western horizon about 12 hours later . This adds an oscillation to the apparent progression of the lunar phases . They appear to occur more slowly when the Moon is high in the sky than when it is below the horizon . The Moon appears to move jerkily , and the phases do the same . The amplitude of this oscillation is never more than about four hours , which is a small fraction of a month . It does not have any obvious effect on the appearance of the Moon . However , it does affect accurate calculations of the times of lunar phases . Misconceptions ( edit ) Play media The lunar phase depends on the Moon 's position in orbit around the Earth and the Earth 's position in orbit around the sun . This animation ( not to scale ) looks down on Earth from the north pole of the ecliptic .",
"7": "It might be expected that once every month , when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun during a new moon , its shadow would fall on Earth causing a solar eclipse , but this does not happen every month . Nor is it true that during every full moon , the Earth 's shadow falls on the Moon , causing a lunar eclipse . Solar and lunar eclipses are not observed every month because the plane of the Moon 's orbit around the Earth is tilted by about 5 ° with respect to the plane of Earth 's orbit around the Sun ( the plane of the ecliptic ) . Thus , when new and full moons occur , the Moon usually lies to the north or south of a direct line through the Earth and Sun . Although an eclipse can only occur when the Moon is either new ( solar ) or full ( lunar ) , it must also be positioned very near the intersection of Earth 's orbital plane about the Sun and the Moon 's orbital plane about the Earth ( that is , at one of its nodes ) . This happens about twice per year , and so there are between four and seven eclipses in a calendar year . Most of these eclipses are partial ; total eclipses of the Moon or Sun are less frequent . See also ( edit ) Moon portal Blue moon Lunar effect Lunation Observing the Moon Planetary phase Planetshine Tides Week Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strictly , the quarter phases happen when the observer -- Moon -- Sun angle is 90 ° , also known as quadrature . This is not exactly the same as having the Sun -- observer -- Moon angle a right - angle , but the difference is very slight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Moon Names '' . Imiloa , Hilo Attractions . Jump up ^ `` Free Astronomy Lesson 7 - The Phases of the Moon '' . Synapses.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Origin : 1350 -- 1400 ; Middle English < Latin gibbōsus humped , equivalent to gibb `` ( a ) hump '' + - ōsus `` - ous '' ; `` Gibbous '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` A Crescent Moon over the VLTI '' . Retrieved 29 February 2016 .",
"8": "External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lunar phases . General ( edit ) Six Millennium Catalog of Phases of the Moon ( 1 ) Virtual Reality Moon Phase US Naval Service on Moon Phase / What the Moon Looks Like Today ( United States Naval Observatory ) Full Moon Names Current Moon Phase The Length of the Lunar Cycle ( numerical integration analysis ) Lunar Phase Calculator For Years 1600 to 2200 Lunar Phase Calendar Lunar Phase , Moonrise and Moonset Calendar Educational aids ( edit ) Open Source Physics Lunar Phase Model Lunar phase simulator ( animation ) Starchild : Moonlight Madness Lunar Phases Game Names and Images of the 8 moon phases Astrophysics Science Project Integrating Research & Education : Lunar Phases Quiz Lunar Phase Image Sets In High - Resolution ( 1200x1200 pixels ) at 1 - Degree Intervals - Views of the Moon From 4 Sides at Any Relative Phase Front / Back / East / West Lunar Phase Explorers Mnemonic devices for the Lunar phases ( hide ) The Moon Physical features Face on the Moon Internal structure Gravity field Topography Magnetic field Atmosphere Ion tail Moonlight Lunar swirls Orbit Orbit of the Moon Phases Lunation Lunar libration Full Moon Lunar terminator Full moon cycle Earthshine Lunar eclipse Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Tide Surface Selenography Near side Far side North pole South pole Lunar mare List Craters List Calderas Mountains Valleys Volcanic features South Pole -- Aitken basin",
"9": "Shackleton crater Water Soil Ray systems Peak of eternal light Crater of eternal darkness Space weathering Transient lunar phenomenon Lunar basalt 70017 Science Geology timescale Giant - impact hypothesis Hill sphere Moon rocks Lunar meteorites KREEP Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Observation Origin Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 lunar sample display Apollo 17 lunar sample display Exploration Apollo program Exploration of the Moon Colonization of the Moon List of lunar probes List of missions to the Moon Moon landing conspiracy theories Related topics Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Craters named after people Double planet Lunar effect Man in the Moon Memorials on the Moon Month Lunar month Moon illusion Harvest moon Hunter 's moon Moon in art and literature Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil ( Norse legends ) Moon is made of green cheese Natural satellite Solar System Supermoon Theia Tourism Phases / Occurrence Black moon Blue moon Lunar phase New moon Dark moon Wet moon Lilith ( hypothetical moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal GND : 4273225 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"10": "php?title=Lunar_phase&oldid=822324964 '' Categories : Phases of the Moon Observational astronomy Technical factors of astrology Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia external links cleanup from April 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 ,",
"11": "at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"Washington metropolitan area",
"Calvert County",
"Charles County",
"Frederick County",
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{
"0": "Washington metropolitan area - wikipedia Washington metropolitan area Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the metropolitan area encompassing the capital of the United States . For other uses , see Washington metropolitan area ( disambiguation ) . Washington metropolitan area ( Washington -- Arlington -- Alexandria ) Metropolitan statistical area Old Town in Alexandria , Virginia ; Rosslyn in Arlington , Virginia ; National Mall in Washington , D.C. Nickname ( s ) : DMV ( D.C. , Maryland , Virginia ) Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery Prince George 's Alexandria Arlington Clarke Fairfax Fairfax County Falls Church Fauquier Loudoun Manassas Manassas Park Prince William Spotsylvania Stafford Fredericksburg Warren Washington Jefferson Country United States of America U.S. state / federal district District of Columbia Virginia Maryland West Virginia Principal municipalities Washington , Arlington , Alexandria Area ( 2010 ) Urban 1,407.0 sq mi ( 3,644.2 km ) Metro 5,564.6 sq mi ( 14,412 km ) Elevation 0 -- 2,350 ft ( 0 -- 716 m ) Population ( 2014 ) Metropolitan statistical area 6,131,977 ( 6th ) Density 1,084 / sq mi ( 418.7 / km ) Urban 4,586,770 ( 8th ) CSA 9,546,579 ( 4th ) MSA = 2014 , CSA = 2014 , Urban & Densities = 2010 Time zone ET ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EST ( UTC - 4 ) The Washington metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on Washington , D.C. , the capital of the United States . The area includes all of the federal district and parts of the U.S. states of Maryland and Virginia , along with a small portion of West Virginia . While not a part of the Washington metropolitan area , St. Mary 's County is part of the Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area . The Washington metropolitan area is one of the most educated and most affluent metropolitan areas in the United States .",
"1": "The metro area anchors the southern end of the densely populated Northeast megalopolis , with an estimated total population of 6,131,977 as of the 2016 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , making it the sixth - largest metropolitan area in the country and largest metropolitan area in the Census Bureau 's Southeast region . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Composition 2.1 Political subdivisions 2.1. 1 District of Columbia 2.1. 2 Maryland 2.1. 3 Virginia 2.1. 4 West Virginia 3 Regional organizations 3.1 Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments 4 Principal cities 5 Demographics 5.1 Politics 5.2 Racial composition 5.3 Social indicators 6 Economy 6.1 Real estate and housing market 6.2 Net worth , wealth disparities , and business ownership 6.3 Primary industries 6.4 Largest companies 6.5 History 7 Transportation 7.1 Major airports 7.2 Rail transit systems 7.3 Bus transit systems 7.4 Major roads 7.5 Bicycle sharing 8 Culture 8.1 Sports teams 8.2 Media 9 Area codes 10 Sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defines the area as the Washington -- Arlington -- Alexandria , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV metropolitan statistical area , a metropolitan statistical area used for statistical purposes by the United States Census Bureau and other agencies . The region 's three largest cities are the federal territory of Washington , D.C. , the county ( and census - designated place ) of Arlington , and the independent city of Alexandria . The Office of Management and Budget also includes the metropolitan statistical area as part of the larger Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area , which has a population of 9,546,579 as of the 2014 Census Estimate . The area is also sometimes referred to as the National Capital Region , particularly by federal agencies such as the military Department of Homeland Security . Another term used to describe the region is the D.C. Area .",
"2": "The area in the region that is surrounded by Interstate 495 is also referred to as being `` inside the Beltway '' . The city of Washington , which is at the center of the area , is referred to as `` the District '' because it is the federal District of Columbia , and is not part of any state . The Virginian portion of the region is known as Northern Virginia . Composition ( edit ) Satellite photo of the Washington metropolitan area Map highlighting labor patterns of regional counties Washington , D.C. metropolitan area map The U.S. Census Bureau divides the Washington statistical metropolitan area into two metropolitan divisions : Washington -- Arlington -- Alexandria , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV Metropolitan Division , comprising the majority of the metropolitan area Silver Spring -- Frederick -- Rockville , MD Metropolitan Division , consisting of Montgomery and Frederick counties Political subdivisions ( edit ) The area includes the following counties , districts , and independent cities : District of Columbia ( edit ) Washington Maryland ( edit ) Calvert County Charles County Frederick County Montgomery County Prince George 's County Virginia ( edit ) Alexandria Arlington County Clarke County Culpeper County Fairfax County Fairfax Falls Church Fauquier County Fredericksburg Loudoun County Manassas Manassas Park Prince William County Rappahannock County Spotsylvania County Stafford County Warren County West Virginia ( edit ) Jefferson County Historical populations - Washington Metropolitan Area Census Pop . % ± 1950 1,464,089 -- 1960 2,001,897 36.7 % 1970 2,861,123 42.9 % 1980 3,060,922 7.0 % 3,923,574 28.2 % 2000 4,923,153 25.5 % 5,636,232 14.5 % U.S.",
"3": "Decennial Census 2011 estimate Regional organizations ( edit ) Metropolitan Washington Council of governments ( edit ) Founded in 1957 , the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments ( MWCOG ) is a regional organization of 21 Washington - area local governments , as well as area members of the Maryland and Virginia state legislatures , the U.S. Senate , and the U.S. House of Representatives . MWCOG provides a forum for discussion and the development of regional responses to issues regarding the environment , transportation , public safety , homeland security , affordable housing , community planning , and economic development . The National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board , a component of MWCOG , is the federally designated metropolitan planning organization for the metropolitan Washington area . Principal cities ( edit ) View of downtown Washington , with the skylines of Arlington and Tysons Corner in the distance . The metropolitan area includes the following principal cities ( not all of which are incorporated as cities ; one , Arlington , is actually a county , and another , Bethesda , is not a city , simply a census - designated unincorporated area . Washington , D.C. Arlington , Virginia Alexandria , Virginia Bethesda , Maryland Frederick , Maryland Gaithersburg , Maryland Reston , Virginia Rockville , Maryland Silver Spring , Maryland Demographics ( edit ) Presidential election results Year DEM GOP Others 2016 69.0 % 1,860,678 25.7 % 692,743 5.4 % 145,269 2012 67.5 % 1,813,963 30.9 % 829,567 1.7 % 44,708 2008 68.0 % 1,603,902 31.0 % 728,916 1.0 % 25,288 61.0 % 1,258,743 38.0 % 785,144 1.4 % 19,735 2000 58.5 % 1,023,089 37.9 % 663,590 3.6 % 62,437 57.0 % 861,881 37.0 % 558,830 6.0 % 89,",
"4": "259 53.0 % 859,889 34.1 % 553.369 12.9 % 209,651 50.4 % 684,453 48.6 % 659,344 1.0 % 14,219 1984 51.0 % 653,568 48.5 % 621,377 0.4 % 5,656 1980 44.7 % 484,590 44.6 % 482,506 11.1 % 115,797 1976 54.2 % 590,481 44.9 % 488,995 1.0 % 10,654 1972 44.2 % 431,257 54.8 % 534,235 1.1 % 10,825 1968 49.4 % 414,345 39.1 % 327,662 11.5 % 96,701 1964 69.8 % 495,490 30.2 % 214,293 0.1 % 462 1960 52.5 % 204,614 47.3 % 184,499 0.1 % 593 The southern portion of the Capital Beltway along the Potomac River , featuring portions of Washington , D.C. , Maryland , and Virginia . Old Town Alexandria , Joint Base Anacostia - Bolling , and National Harbor , Maryland are visible . Politics ( edit ) The relative strength of the major political parties within the region is shown by the presidential election results since 1960 , as presented in the adjacent table . Racial composition ( edit ) The area has been a magnet for international immigration since the late 1960s . It is also a magnet for internal migration ( persons moving from one region of the U.S. to another ) . Racial composition of the Washington , D.C.",
"5": "area : 2011 American Community Survey Non-Hispanic White : 48.2 % Black or African American : 25.3 % Hispanic or Latino : 14.1 % Asian : 9.3 % Mixed and Other : 3.1 % 2010 U.S. Census White : 54.8 % Black : 25.8 % Asian : 9.3 % Hispanic : 13.8 % ( 4.1 % Salvadoran , 2.1 % Mexican , 1.1 % Colombian , 0.9 % Guatemalan , 0.9 % Puerto Rican , 0.8 % Peruvian , 0.7 % Honduran , 0.7 % Bolivian ) Mixed and Other : 3.7 % 2006 White : 51.7 % Black : 26.3 % Asian : 8.4 % Hispanic : 11.6 % Mixed and Other : 2.0 % 1980 White : 67.8 % Black : 26.0 % Asian : 2.5 % Hispanic : 2.8 % Mixed and Other : 0.9 % Social indicators ( edit ) The Washington metropolitan area has ranked as the highest - educated metropolitan area in the nation for four decades . As of the 2006 -- 2008 American Community Survey , the three most educated places with 200,000 people or more in Washington -- Arlington -- Alexandria by bachelor 's degree attainment ( population 25 and over ) are Arlington , Virginia ( 68.0 % ) , Fairfax County , Virginia ( 58.8 % ) , and Montgomery County , Maryland ( 56.4 % ) . Forbes magazine stated in its 2008 `` America 's Best - And Worst - Educated Cities '' report : `` The D.C. area is less than half the size of L.A. , but both cities have around 100,000 Ph. D. 's . '' The Washington , D.C. metro area has held the top spot in the American College of Sports Medicine 's annual American Fitness Index ranking of the United States ' 50 most populous metropolitan areas for two years running .",
"6": "The report cites , among other things , the high average fitness level and healthy eating habits of residents , the widespread availability of health care and facilities such as swimming pools , tennis courts , and parks , low rates of obesity and tobacco use relative to the national average , and the high median household income as contributors to the city 's community health . The average household income within a 5 - mile ( 8 km ) radius of Tysons Corner Center is $174,809 . In the 21st century , the Washington metropolitan area has overtaken the San Francisco Bay Area as the highest - income metropolitan area in the nation . The median household income of the region is US $72,800 . The two highest median household income counties in the nation -- Loudoun and Fairfax County , Virginia -- are components of the MSA ( and # 3 is Howard County , officially in Baltimore 's sphere but strongly connected with Washington 's ) ; measured in this way , Alexandria ranks 10th among municipalities in the region -- 11th if Howard is included -- and 23rd in the entire United States . 12.2 % of Northern Virginia 's 881,136 households , 8.5 % of suburban Maryland 's 799,300 households , and 8.2 % of Washington 's 249,805 households have an annual income in excess of $200,000 , compared to 3.7 % nationally . According to a report by the American Human Development Project , women in the Washington metropolitan area are ranked as having the highest income and educational attainment among the 25 most populous metropolitan areas in the nation , while Asian American women in the region had the highest life expectancy , at 92.3 years . Economy ( edit ) Rosslyn is home to the tallest high - rises in the region , partly due to the District 's height restrictions . As a result , many of the region 's tallest buildings are outside the city proper . The Washington , D.C. area has the largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation in 2006 according to the Greater Washington Initiative at 324,530 , ahead of the combined San Francisco Bay Area work force of 214,500 , and Chicago metropolitan area at 203,090 , citing data from U.S. Census Bureau , the Bureau of Labor Statistics , Claritas Inc. , and other sources .",
"7": "The Washington , D.C. area was ranked as the second best High - Tech Center in a statistical analysis of the top 100 Metropolitan areas in the United States by American City Business Journals in May 2009 , behind the Silicon Valley and ahead of the Boston metropolitan area . Fueling the metropolitan area 's ranking was the reported 241,264 tech jobs in the region , a total eclipsed only by New York , Los Angeles , and the San Francisco Bay Area , as well as the highest master 's or doctoral degree attainment among the 100 ranked metropolitan areas . A Dice.com report showed that the Washington -- Baltimore area had the second - highest number of tech jobs listed : 8,289 , after the New York metro area with 9,195 jobs . Real estate and housing market ( edit ) Changes in house prices for the D.C. area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case -- Shiller index ; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor 's and is also a component of S&P 's 10 - city composite index of the value of the U.S. residential real estate market . McLean ZIP code 22102 had the highest median home prices among ZIP codes within the Washington metropolitan area as of 2013 . Net worth , wealth disparities , and Business ownership ( edit ) The economy of the Washington metropolitan region is characterized by significant wealth disparities , which were heightened by the Great Recession and the 2007 -- 09 housing crisis , which adversely affected black and Hispanic households more than other households . A 2016 Urban Institute report found that the median net worth ( i.e. , assets minus debt ) for white households in the D.C. region was $284,000 , while the median net worth for Hispanic / Latino households was $13,000 , and for African American households as $3,500 . Asian Americans had the highest median net worth in the Washington area ( $220,000 for Chinese American households , $430,000 for Vietnamese American households , $496,000 for Korean American households , and $573,000 for Indian American households ) . Although the median net worth for white D.C. - area households was 81 times that of black D.C. - area households , the two groups had comparable rates of business ownership ( about 9 % ) .",
"8": "The Urban Institute report suggests that this `` may be driven by the presence of a large federal government and a local district government whose membership and constituents have been largely Black , coupled with government policies designed to increase contracting opportunities for minority - owned businesses . '' Primary industries ( edit ) NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda . See also : List of federal installations in Maryland and List of federal agencies in Northern Virginia Biotechnology The Washington metropolitan area has a significant biotechnology industry ; companies with a major presence in the region as of 2011 include Merck , Pfizer , Human Genome Sciences , Martek Biosciences , MedImmune and Qiagen . Defense contracting Many defense contractors are based in the region to be close to the Pentagon in Arlington . Local defense contractors include Lockheed Martin , the largest , as well as Raytheon , General Dynamics , BAE Systems , Northrup Grumman , Computer Sciences Corporation ( CSC ) , Science Applications International Corporation ( SAIC ) , CACI , and Orbital Sciences Corporation . Tourism Tourism is a significant industry in the Washington metropolitan region . In 2015 , more than 74,000 tourism - sector jobs existed in the District of Columbia , a record - setting 19.3 million domestic tourists visited the city , and domestic and international tourists combined spent $7.1 billion . The convention industry is also significant ; in 2016 , D.C. hosted fifteen `` city - wide conventions '' with an estimated total economic impact of $277.9 million . Tourism is also significant outside the District of Columbia ; in 2015 , a record - setting $3.06 billion in tourism spending was reported in Arlington , Virginia , and $2.9 million in Fairfax County , Virginia . A 2016 National Park Service report estimated that there were 56 million visitors to national parks in the National Capital Region , sustaining 16,917 and generating close to $1.6 billion in economy impact . Largest companies ( edit ) See also : List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia 1812 N Moore in Arlington , currently the tallest office building in the region and home to the U.S. operations of Nestlé .",
"9": "Largest public companies ( Fortune 500 2016 ) Company Industry Headquarters National rank AES Corporation Energy Arlington , Virginia 190 Booz Allen Hamilton Defense McLean , Virginia 487 Capital One Finance McLean , Virginia 112 Computer Sciences Corporation Defense Falls Church , Virginia 233 Danaher Corporation Conglomerate Washington , D.C. 133 Discovery Communications Mass Media Silver Spring , Maryland 406 Fannie Mae Finance Washington , D.C. 16 Freddie Mac Finance McLean , Virginia 43 General Dynamics Defense Falls Church , Virginia 88 Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc . Hospitality McLean , Virginia 254 Host Hotels and Resorts Hospitality Bethesda , Maryland 472 Lockheed Martin Defense Bethesda , Maryland 60 Marriott International Hospitality Bethesda , Maryland 195 Northrop Grumman Defense Falls Church , Virginia 118 NVR , Inc . Construction Reston , Virginia 498 Largest private companies ( Forbes America 's Largest Private Companies 2016 ) Company Industry Headquarters National rank BrightView Landscaping Rockville , Maryland 220 Carahsoft Defense Reston , Virginia 161 Clark Construction Construction Bethesda , Maryland 102 Mars , Incorporated Food processing McLean , Virginia 7 History ( edit ) NGA headquarters in Fort Belvoir . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure resulted in a significant shuffling of military , civilian , and defense contractor employees in the Washington D.C. area . The largest individual site impacts of the time are as follows : Fort Belvoir gained 11,858 employees , primarily as a result of the relocation of the National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) into a massive new headquarters within the fort . Fort Meade gained 5,361 employees , primarily as a result of the expansion of the National Security Agency . Walter Reed Army Medical Center lost 5,630 employees as part of its realignment . It was later closed and consolidated into Walter Reed National Military Medical Center .",
"10": "BRAC 2005 was the largest infrastructure expansion by the Army Corps of Engineers since World War II , resulting in the Mark Center , tallest building they have ever constructed , as well as National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency Campus East , which at 2.4 million square feet is the largest building the Corps have constructed since the Pentagon . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Washington , D.C. Washington Dulles International Airport The Metro Center station on the Washington Metro ' WMATA ' - indicated systems are run by Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority and always accept Washington Metro fare cards , others may or may not . Major airports ( edit ) Washington Dulles International Airport ( IAD ) , located in Dulles , Virginia -- the busiest in the region Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport ( DCA ) , located in Arlington County , Virginia -- the closest to Washington Baltimore -- Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport ( BWI ) , located in Linthicum , Maryland -- in the Baltimore metropolitan area Rail transit systems ( edit ) Washington Metro -- DC , MD , VA ( rapid transit ) ( WMATA ) MARC Train -- DC , MD , WV ( commuter rail ) Virginia Railway Express -- DC , VA ( commuter rail ) Amtrak -- US ( commuter rail , inter-city rail ) Bus transit systems ( edit ) DC Circulator -- Washington , D.C. ( DDoT , WMATA ) Metrobus -- Washington metropolitan area ( WMATA ) Metroway -- Arlington County , Virginia and Alexandria , Virginia ( bus rapid transit ) ( WMATA ) Ride On -- Montgomery County , Maryland TheBus -- Prince George 's County , Maryland ART -- Arlington County , Virginia DASH -- Alexandria , Virginia Fairfax Connector -- Fairfax County , Virginia CUE Bus -- Fairfax , Virginia Loudoun County Transit -- Loudoun County , Virginia PRTC -- Prince William County , Manassas and Manassas Park TransIT -- Frederick County , Maryland Regional Transportation Agency of Central Maryland -- Howard County , Anne Arundel County , Prince George 's County , Laurel , Maryland Maryland Transit Administration -- Washington , D.C.",
"11": ", Montgomery County , Maryland , Prince George 's County , Frederick County , Maryland , Charles County , Maryland , Calvert County , Maryland , Howard County , Anne Arundel County , Saint Mary 's County , Maryland Eastern Panhandle Transit Authority -- Jefferson County , West Virginia , Berkeley County , West Virginia Virginia Regional Transit -- Loudoun County , Virginia , Fauquier County , Virginia , Warren County , Virginia Fredericksburg Regional Transit -- Fredericksburg , Spotsylvania County and Stafford County Major roads ( edit ) Capital Beltway -- Maryland and Virginia Bicycle sharing ( edit ) Capital Bikeshare -- Washington , D.C. , Arlington , Virginia , Alexandria , Virginia , Fairfax County , Virginia , and Montgomery County , Maryland Culture ( edit ) Sports teams ( edit ) Further information : Sports in Washington , D.C. Listing of the professional sports teams in the Washington metropolitan area : National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Washington Wizards Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Washington Nationals National Football League ( NFL ) Washington Redskins National Hockey League ( NHL ) Washington Capitals Major League Soccer ( MLS ) D.C. United Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Washington Mystics Atlantic League of Professional Baseball ( ALPB ) Southern Maryland Blue Crabs Arena Football League ( AFL ) Washington Valor National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) Washington Spirit Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in Washington , D.C. The Washington metropolitan area is home to USA Today , C - SPAN , PBS , NPR , POLITICO , BET , TV One and Discovery Communications . The two main newspapers are The Washington Post and The Washington Times . Local television channels include WRC - TV 4 ( NBC ) , WTTG 5 ( FOX ) , WJLA 7 ( ABC ) , WUSA 9 ( CBS ) , WDCA 20 ( MyNetworkTV ) , WETA - TV 26 ( PBS ) , WDCW 50 ( CW ) , and WPXW 66 ( Ion ) . NewsChannel 8 is a 24 / 7 local news provider available only to cable subscribers . Radio stations serving the area include : WETA - FM , WIHT , WMAL - AM , and WTOP . Area codes ( edit ) 202 -- Washington , D.C.",
"12": "571 / 703 -- Northern Virginia including the cities of Alexandria , Fairfax , and Falls Church as well as Arlington , Fairfax , and Loudoun counties ( 571 created 1 March 2000 ; 703 in October 1947 ) . 240 / 301 -- portions of Maryland in the Greater Washington , D.C. metro area , southern Maryland , and western Maryland 540 -- Fredericksburg / Spotsylvania / Warrenton 304 -- Jefferson County , West Virginia Sister cities ( edit ) City Country Year Washington , D.C. Bangkok Thailand 1962 , renewed 2002 Dakar Senegal 1980 , renewed 2006 Beijing China 1984 , renewed 2004 Brussels Belgium 1985 , renewed 2012 Athens Greece 2000 Paris France 2000 , renewed 2005 Pretoria South Africa 2002 , renewed 2008 Seoul South Korea 2006 Accra Ghana 2006 Sunderland United Kingdom 2006 Alexandria , Virginia Gyumri Armenia Helsingborg Sweden Dundee United Kingdom Caen France Arlington County , Virginia Aachen Germany Reims France San Miguel El Salvador Coyoacán Mexico Ivano - Frankivsk Ukraine Herndon , Virginia Runnymede United Kingdom Fairfax County , Virginia Harbin China 2009 Songpa - gu South Korea 2009 Falls Church , Virginia Kokolopori Congo District Heights , Maryland Mbuji - Mayi Congo Frederick , Maryland Aquiraz Brazil Moerzheim Germany Schifferstadt Germany La Plata , Maryland Jogeva County Estonia Walldorf Germany Rockville , Maryland Pinneberg Germany Jump up ^ Paris is a `` Partner City '' due to the one Sister City policy of that commune. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Historic Alexandria City of Alexandria , VA '' . Oha.alexandriava.gov . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Exploration phase Jump up ^ Town twin ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Rejected by Washington due to not being a national capital. ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Sisterhood Partnerships '' . Fairfaxcounty.gov . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Virginia portal Maryland portal West Virginia portal United States portal List of people from the Washington , D.C. metropolitan area List of U.S. metropolitan statistical areas in Virginia Potomac primary Northeast megalopolis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` After initial obscurity , ' The DMV ' nickname for Washington area picks up speed '' . Washington Post . July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yager , Jane ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Nation 's Capitol Now Known as ' the DMV ' '' . Newser . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas ) ^ Jump up to : `` Washington area richest , most educated in US : report '' . Washingtonpost.com . June 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Four Texas Metro Areas Collectively Add More Than 400,000 People in the Last Year , Census Bureau Reports '' . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` National Capital Region -- Office of National Capital Region Coordination '' . Department of Homeland Security . December 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas , Micropolitan Statistical Areas , and Combined Statistical Areas , and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas '' ( PDF ) . Office of Management and Budget .",
"14": "February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . MWCOG.org . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` -- Transportation -- TPB '' . Mwcog.org . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 : Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas , Micropolitan Statistical Areas , and Combined Statistical Areas , and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Office of Management and Budget . February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Magnets for Minorities and Whites : Melting Pots , the New Sunbelt , and the Heartland '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex , Race Alone and Hispanic or Latino Origin for Counties : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Vise , Daniel ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` Washington region ranks as the best - educated in the country '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 2008 American Community Survey 3 - Year Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zumbrun , Joshua ( November 24 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Best - And Worst - Educated Cities '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington , DC ( Washington -- Arlington -- Alexandria , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA ) 2010 AFI Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Macerich Tysons Corner Center Market Profile '' ( PDF ) .",
"15": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ACS 2005 -- 2007 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Women 'S Well - Being '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kirstin ( May 6 , 2007 ) . `` High - Rises Approved That Would Dwarf D.C '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of tallest buildings in DC , MD , VA , WV '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The top 100 tech centers '' . Bizjournals . May 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nathan Eddy ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Tech Jobs Flourish in Silicon Valley , but Other Regions Offer Opportunities : Dice Report '' . Eweek.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Morgan . `` America 's Most Expensive Zip Codes In 2013 : The Complete List '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry Stein , Net worth of white households in D.C. region is 81 times that of black households , Washington Post ( November 2 , 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kilolo Kijakazi et al. , The Color of Wealth in the Nation 's Capital , Urban Institute ( October 31 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Renee Winsky & Mark Herzog , Maryland , Virginia biotech industries take center stage in D.C. , Washington Business Journal ( June 28 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Censer , Marjorie ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Defense firm Northrop Grumman 's second - quarter profit rose nearly 81 percent '' . The Washington Post .",
"16": "^ Jump up to : Perry Stein , D.C. breaks tourist record in 2015 with visitors spending $7.1 billion , Washington Post ( May 3 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Ben Nuckols , DC sets record with more than 2 million foreign tourists , Associated Press ( August 24 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Arlington County Sets Tourism Spending Record with $3 Billion , CBS Washington ( September 19 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Tourism at national parks in the Greater Washington area generates almost $1.6 billion in economic benefit ( press release ) , National Park Service ( April 21 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 '' . Fortune.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Largest Private Companies '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Appendix C BRAC 2005 Closure and Realignment Impacts by State Jump up ^ Justin Matthew Ward ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` BRAC 2005 : on time , on budget in Northeast '' . army.mil . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Washington , D.C. area . OMB Bulletin No.",
"17": "05 - 02 Urban Areas of Virginia May 2006 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates ; Washington -- Arlington -- Alexandria , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV Metropolitan Division May 2005 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates ; Washington -- Arlington -- Alexandria , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV Metropolitan Division Washington -- Arlington -- Alexandria , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA Population and Components of Change Washington -- Arlington -- Alexandria , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV metropolitan area Principal cities Maryland Silver Spring Frederick Rockville Bethesda Gaithersburg Virginia Arlington County Alexandria Reston District of Columbia Washington Counties and county equivalents * Maryland Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery Prince George 's Virginia Arlington Alexandria city Clarke Culpeper Fairfax Fairfax city Falls Church city Fauquier Loudoun Prince William Manassas city Manassas Park city Rappahannock Spotsylvania Fredericksburg city Stafford Warren Other District of Columbia Jefferson County , West Virginia The District of Columbia itself , and Virginia 's incorporated cities , are county equivalents . Virginia 's incorporated cities are listed under their surrounding county . The incorporated cities bordering more than one county ( Alexandria , Falls Church and Fredericksburg ) are listed under the county they were part of before incorporation as a city . District of Columbia Capital of the United States Book Topics History Timeline Geography Media Music Sports Symbols Tourist attractions Emancipation Day Politics Elections Government Home rule Retrocession Statehood movement Voting rights Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Government Fire Libraries Mayors Police Public Schools Transportation Commonwealth of Virginia Richmond ( capital ) Topics Administrative divisions Climate Colleges and universities Colony",
"18": "Congressional Districts Delegations Environment Furniture Geography Government History Historic Landmarks Law Homes Music People Rights Rivers Scouting Slogan Sports teams State Fair State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Tribes Seal of Virginia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Media Newspapers Radio TV Politics Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Chesapeake Bay Cumberland Mountains Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Hampton Roads Middle Peninsula Northern Neck Northern Virginia Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley South Hampton Roads Southside Southwest Virginia Tennessee Valley Tidewater Tri-Cities Virginia Peninsula Metro areas Blacksburg - Christiansburg - Radford Bluefield Bristol Charlottesville Danville Harrisonburg Lynchburg Martinsville Richmond Roanoke Staunton - Waynesboro Norfolk - Virginia Beach Washington - Arlington - Alexandria Winchester Counties Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle",
"19": "of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Independent cities Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester State of Maryland Annapolis ( capital ) Topics Index Cities Government History Media Newspapers Radio TV People Congressional delegations Congressional maps Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic coastal plain Baltimore -- Washington metro area Blue Ridge",
"20": "Chesapeake Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Piedmont Ridge and Valley Southern Maryland Western Maryland Western Shore Cities Aberdeen Annapolis Baltimore Bowie Brunswick Cambridge College Park Cumberland Frederick Gaithersburg Greenbelt Hagerstown Havre de Grace Laurel Rockville Salisbury Takoma Park Westminster Towns Bel Air Denton Easton Elkton Ocean City Port Deposit CDPs Arbutus Arnold Aspen Hill Baltimore Highlands Bethesda Camp Springs Carney Catonsville Chillum Clinton Cockeysville - Hunt Valley Colesville Columbia Crofton Dundalk Edgewood Eldersburg Elkridge Ellicott City Essex Fairland Ferndale Fort Washington Germantown Glen Burnie Green Haven Hillcrest Heights Landover Langley Park Lanham Lansdowne Lochearn Lutherville Middle River Milford Mill Montgomery Village Odenton Olney Owings Mills Oxon Hill Parkville Perry Hall Pikesville Potomac Randallstown Redland Reisterstown Rosedale St. Charles Severn Severna Park Silver Spring South Gate Suitland Timonium Towson Urbana Waldorf Wheaton - Glenmont White Oak Woodlawn Counties Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince George 's Queen Anne 's St.",
"21": "Mary 's Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester State of West Virginia Charleston ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Villages Census - designated places History Environment People Government Governors Delegations Colleges and universities Tourist attractions Seal of West Virginia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Media Newspapers Radio TV Insignia Coat of arms Flag Motto Seal Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Plateau Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area Blue Ridge Charleston Metropolitan Area Cumberland Plateau Cumberland Mountains Eastern Panhandle Huntington Metropolitan Area North - Central West Virginia Northern Panhandle Potomac Highlands Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley Southern West Virginia Western West Virginia Metro areas Charleston Huntington Morgantown Martinsburg Parkersburg - Vienna Wheeling Winchester Weirton Largest cities Beckley Charleston Fairmont Huntington Martinsburg Morgantown Parkersburg Wheeling Weirton Counties Barbour Berkeley Boone Braxton Brooke Cabell Calhoun Clay Doddridge Fayette Gilmer Grant Greenbrier Hampshire Hancock Hardy Harrison Jackson Jefferson Kanawha Lewis Lincoln Logan Marion Marshall Mason McDowell Mercer Mineral Mingo Monongalia Monroe Morgan Nicholas Ohio Pendleton Pleasants Pocahontas Preston Putnam Raleigh Randolph Ritchie Roane Summers Taylor Tucker Tyler Upshur Wayne Webster Wetzel Wirt Wood Wyoming The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America New York , NY Los Angeles , CA Chicago , IL Dallas , TX Houston , TX Washington , DC Philadelphia , PA Miami , FL Atlanta , GA Boston , MA San Francisco , CA Phoenix , AZ Riverside - San Bernardino , CA Detroit , MI Seattle , WA Minneapolis , MN San Diego , CA Tampa , FL Denver , CO St. Louis , MO Baltimore , MD Charlotte ,",
"22": "NC San Juan , PR Orlando , FL San Antonio , TX Portland , OR Pittsburgh , PA Sacramento , CA Cincinnati , OH Las Vegas , NV Kansas City , MO Austin , TX Columbus , OH Cleveland , OH Indianapolis , IN San Jose , CA Nashville , TN Virginia Beach , VA Providence , RI Milwaukee , WI Jacksonville , FL Memphis , TN Oklahoma City , OK Louisville , KY Richmond , VA New Orleans , LA Hartford , CT Raleigh , NC Birmingham , AL Buffalo , NY Salt Lake City , UT Rochester , NY Grand Rapids , MI Tucson , AZ Honolulu , HI Tulsa , OK Fresno , CA Bridgeport , CT Worcester , MA Albuquerque , NM Omaha , NE Albany , NY New Haven , CT Bakersfield , CA Knoxville , TN Greenville , SC Oxnard , CA El Paso , TX Allentown , PA Baton Rouge , LA McAllen , TX Dayton , OH Columbia , SC Greensboro , NC Sarasota , FL Little Rock , AR Stockton , CA Akron , OH Charleston , SC Colorado Springs , CO Syracuse , NY Winston - Salem , NC Cape Coral , FL Boise , ID Wichita , KS Springfield , MA Madison , WI Lakeland , FL Ogden , UT Toledo , OH Deltona , FL Des Moines , IA Jackson , MS Augusta , GA Scranton , PA Youngstown , OH Harrisburg , PA Provo , UT Palm Bay , FL Chattanooga , TN United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1 , 2012 Northeast megalopolis Major metropolitan areas ( over 1,000,000 ) New York city Philadelphia city Washington city Boston city Baltimore city Providence city Hartford city Other cities ( over 100,000 ) Newark Jersey City Yonkers Worcester Springfield Alexandria Paterson Bridgeport Elizabeth New Haven Stamford Allentown Manchester Waterbury Cambridge Lowell Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 12.33 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 29.",
"23": "85 '' W / 38.8867583 ° N 77.0416250 ° W / 38.8867583 ; - 77.0416250 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_metropolitan_area&oldid=822055432 '' Categories : Washington , D.C. Washington metropolitan area Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area Metropolitan areas of Maryland Metropolitan areas of Virginia Metropolitan areas of West Virginia Regions of Maryland Regions of Virginia Regions of West Virginia Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2009 Articles to be expanded from January 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Русский Scots Svenska ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 03 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "New York Giants - wikipedia New York Giants Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current American football team . For the baseball team , see San Francisco Giants and History of the New York Giants ( baseball ) . For other uses , see New York Giants ( disambiguation ) . `` New Jersey Giants '' redirects here . For other uses , see Jersey Giant . New York Giants Current season Established August 1 , 1925 ; 92 years ago ( August 1 , 1925 ) First season : 1925 Play in MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in the Quest Diagnostics Training Center East Rutherford , New Jersey Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1925 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Century Division ( 1967 ; 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1968 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Dark Blue , Red , White Personnel Owner ( s ) John Mara , Steve Tisch Chairman Steve Tisch President John Mara General manager Dave Gettleman Head coach Pat Shurmur Team history New York Giants ( 1925 -- present ) Team nicknames Big Blue G - Men Jints Big Blue Wrecking Crew ( Linebackers , 1984 -- 1993 ) New York Football Giants Championships League championships ( 8 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 4 ) 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Super Bowl championships ( 4 ) 1986 ( XXI ) , 1990 ( XXV ) , 2007 ( XLII ) , 2011 ( XLVI ) Conference championships ( 11 ) NFL Eastern : 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 NFC : 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 Division championships ( 16 ) NFL East : 1933 ,",
"1": "1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1946 NFC East : 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1997 , 2000 , 2005 , 2008 , 2011 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1950 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1997 , 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2016 Home fields Polo Grounds ( 1925 -- 1955 ) Yankee Stadium ( 1956 -- 1973 ) Yale Bowl ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Shea Stadium ( 1975 ) Giants Stadium ( 1976 -- 2009 ) MetLife Stadium ( 2010 -- present ) The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . The Giants compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets in a unique arrangement . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and is the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest - established team in the Northeastern United States .",
"2": "The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre -- Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( Super Bowls XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y.A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the `` New York National League Football Company , Inc . '' in 1929 and changed to `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the `` New York Football Giants '' . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including `` Big Blue '' , the `` G - Men '' , and the `` Jints '' , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York . Additionally , the team as a whole is occasionally referred to as the `` Big Blue Wrecking Crew '' , even though this moniker primarily and originally refers to the Giants defensive unit during the 80s and early 90s ( and before that to the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball teams of the late 1970s and early 1980s ) . The team 's heated rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 , and has been called the best rivalry in the NFL in the 21st century .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Team history 1.1 1925 -- 1932 1.2 1933 -- 1946 1.3 Fourth NFL championship and `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) 1.4 Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) 1.5 Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) 1.5. 1 First Super Bowl championship ( 1986 season ) 1.5. 2 Second Super Bowl championship ( 1990 season ) 1.6 Post-Parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) 1.7 Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 1.7. 1 NFC Champions ( 2000 season ) 1.8 Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 1 Third Super Bowl championship ( 2007 season ) 1.8. 2 Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 1.8. 3 Fourth Super Bowl championship ( 2011 season ) 1.8. 4 Post-Super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 5 Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) 1.8. 6 Struggles ( 2017 ) 1.9 Timeline 2 Championships 2.1 League Championships 2.1. 1 Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships 2.1.",
"4": "2 Super Bowl Championships 2.2 NFC Championships 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Ownerships , financial history and fan base 5 Rivalries 5.1 Philadelphia Eagles 5.2 Washington Redskins 5.3 Dallas Cowboys 5.4 San Francisco 49ers 5.5 New York Jets 6 Players of note 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 NFL MVP award winners 6.6 Super Bowl MVP award winners 6.7 First - round draft picks 7 Coaches of note 7.1 Current staff 8 Media , radio and television 8.1 Past 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Team history Main article : History of the New York Giants 1925 -- 1932 The Giants played their first game as an away game against All New Britain in New Britain , Connecticut , on October 4 , 1925 . They defeated New Britain 26 -- 0 in front of a crowd of 10,000 . The Giants were successful in their first season , finishing with an 8 -- 4 record . In its third season , the team finished with the best record in the league at 11 -- 1 -- 1 and was awarded the NFL title . After a disappointing fourth season ( 1928 ) owner Mara bought the entire squad of the Detroit Wolverines , principally to acquire star quarterback Benny Friedman , and merged the two teams under the Giants name . In 1930 , there were still many who questioned the quality of the professional game , claiming the college `` amateurs '' played with more intensity than professionals . In December 1930 , the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City . It was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro game . Knute Rockne reassembled his Four Horsemen along with the stars of his 1924 Championship squad and told them to score early , then defend . Rockne , like much of the public , thought little of pro football and expected an easy win .",
"5": "But from the beginning it was a one - way contest , with Friedman running for two Giant touchdowns and Hap Moran passing for another . Notre Dame failed to score . When it was all over , Coach Rockne told his team , `` That was the greatest football machine I ever saw . I am glad none of you got hurt . '' The game raised $100,000 for the homeless , and is often credited with establishing the legitimacy of the professional game for those who were critical . It also was the last game the legendary Rockne ever coached ; he was killed in an airplane crash on March 31 , 1931 . 1933 -- 1946 Al Blozis , Giants tackle , died in World War II . According to Mel Hein , `` If he had n't been killed , he could have been the greatest tackle who ever played football . '' In a 14 - year span from 1933 to 1947 , the Giants qualified to play in the NFL championship game 8 times , winning twice . During this period the Giants were led by Hall of Fame coach Steve Owen , and Hall of Fame players Mel Hein , Red Badgro and Tuffy Leemans . The period also featured the 1944 Giants , which are ranked as the # 1 defensive team in NFL history , `` ... a truly awesome unit '' . They gave up only 7.5 points per game ( a record that still stands ) and shut out five of their 10 opponents , though they lost 14 - 7 to the Green Bay Packers in the 1944 NFL Championship Game . The famous `` Sneakers Game '' was played in this era where the Giants defeated the Chicago Bears on an icy field in the 1934 NFL Championship Game , while wearing sneakers for better traction . The Giants played the Detroit Lions to a scoreless tie on November 7 , 1943 . To this day , no NFL game played since then has ended in a scoreless tie . The Giants were particularly successful from the latter half of the 1930s until the United States entry into World War II . They added their third NFL championship in 1938 with a 23 -- 17 win over the Green Bay Packers .",
"6": "Fourth NFL Championship and `` the greatest game ever played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) They did not win another league title until 1956 , aided by a number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players such as running back Frank Gifford , linebacker Sam Huff , and offensive tackle Roosevelt Brown , as well as all - pro running back Alex Webster . The Giants ' 1956 championship team not only included players who would eventually find their way to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , but a Hall of Fame coaching staff , as well . Head coach Jim Lee Howell 's staff had Vince Lombardi coaching the offense and Tom Landry coaching the defense . From 1958 to 1963 , the Giants played in the NFL Championship Game five times , but failed to win . Most significantly , the Giants played the Colts in the 1958 NFL Championship Game , which is considered a watershed event in the history of the NFL . The game , which the Giants lost in overtime 23 -- 17 , is often called `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' and is considered one of the most important events in furthering the NFL 's popularity . The following year , they lost the championship to the Colts again , giving up a 9 - 7 4th quarter lead en route to a 31 -- 16 loss . Both the 1961 and 1962 championship game matched the Giants up against the Green Bay Packers , with the Giants losing both 37 - 0 and 16 - 7 respectively . In 1963 , led by league MVP quarterback Y.A. Tittle , who threw a then - NFL record 36 touchdown passes , the Giants advanced to the NFL Championship Game , where they lost to the Bears 14 -- 10 for their third consecutive championship loss , as well as their fifth loss in the title game in 6 years . Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) From 1964 to 1978 , the Giants registered only two winning seasons and no playoff appearances . With players , such as Tittle and Gifford approaching their mid 30s , the team declined rapidly , finishing 2 -- 10 -- 2 in 1964 .",
"7": "They rebounded with a 7 -- 7 record in 1965 , before compiling a league - worst 1 -- 12 -- 1 record , and allowing more than 500 points on defense in 1966 . During the 1969 preseason , the Giants lost their first meeting with the New York Jets , 37 -- 14 , in front of 70,874 fans at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut . Following the game , Wellington Mara fired coach Allie Sherman , and replaced him with former Giants fullback Alex Webster . In 1967 , the team acquired quarterback Fran Tarkenton from the Minnesota Vikings . Despite having several respectable seasons with Tarkenton at quarterback , including a 7 -- 7 finish in 1967 and 9 -- 5 in 1970 , the Giants traded him back to the Vikings after a 4 -- 10 finish in 1971 . Tarkenton would go on to lead the Vikings to three Super Bowls and earn a place in the Hall of Fame , while the Giants suffered through one of the worst stretches in their history , winning only 23 games from 1973 to 1979 . Before the 1976 season , the Giants tried to revive a weak offense by replacing retired RB Ron Johnson with future Hall of Fame fullback Larry Csonka , but Csonka was often injured and ineffective during his 3 years in New York . The 1977 season featured a roster that included three rookie quarterbacks . The Giants were allowed to play their home games at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut in 1973 and 1974 , and at Shea Stadium ( home of the Mets and Jets ) in 1975 , due to the renovation of Yankee Stadium . They finally moved into their own dedicated state - of - the - art stadium in 1976 , when they moved into Giants Stadium at the Meadowlands in East Rutherford , New Jersey . One of the low points during this period was the play known as the `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' , which occurred in 1978 . With the Giants trying to kill the clock and secure a win against the Philadelphia Eagles , offensive coordinator , Bob Gibson , chose to call a running play . This resulted in `` The Fumble '' by QB Joe Pisarcik that was returned for a game - winning touchdown by the Eagles ' Herman Edwards .",
"8": "The Giants ' front office operations were complicated by a long - standing feud between Wellington Mara and his nephew , Tim Mara . Jack Mara had died in 1965 , leaving his share of the club to his son Tim . Wellington and Tim 's personal styles and their visions for the club clashed , and eventually they stopped talking to each other . Commissioner Rozelle intervened and appointed a neutral general manager , George Young , allowing the club to operate more smoothly . The feud became moot on February 20 , 1991 , when Tim Mara sold his shares in the club to Preston Robert Tisch . Giants Stadium was home to the Giants from 1976 to 2009 . In 1979 , the Giants began the steps that would , in time , return them to the pinnacle of the NFL . These included the drafting of quarterback Phil Simms in 1979 , and linebacker Lawrence Taylor in 1981 . In 1981 , Taylor won the NFL 's Defensive Rookie of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year awards and the Giants made the playoffs for the first time since 1963 . One of the few bright spots during this time was the team 's excellent linebackers , who were known as the Crunch Bunch . After the strike - shortened 1982 season , in which they finished 4 -- 5 , head coach Ray Perkins resigned to take over the same position at the University of Alabama . In a change that would prove crucial in the coming years , he was replaced by the team 's defensive coordinator , Bill Parcells . Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) In 1983 , Bill Parcells was promoted to head coach from defensive coordinator . One of his first moves was to change his starting quarterback , sitting the injury - prone and struggling Phil Simms ( who had missed the entire 1982 season with an injury ) and electing instead to go with Scott Brunner , who had gone 4 - 5 as the starter in place of Simms in the strike - shortened previous season . Parcells went as far as to demote Simms to the third string position , promoting Jeff Rutledge over Simms to be Brunner 's backup .",
"9": "Parcells later said the move was a mistake and one he `` nearly paid for dearly '' as the team finished with a 3 -- 12 -- 1 record and his job security was called into question . In the offseason the Giants released Brunner and named Simms the starter . The move paid off as the team won nine games and returned to the playoffs . After beating the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card Round , the Giants prepared for a showdown against top - seeded San Francisco . The 49ers defeated the Giants 21 -- 10 in the Divisional Round . The 1985 Giants compiled a 10 -- 6 record and avenged their loss against San Francisco by beating them in the Wild Card round 17 -- 3 . However , they again lost in the Divisional Round , this time to the eventual Super Bowl champion Bears , by a score of 21 -- 0 . However , the following season would end with the Giants winning their first Super Bowl championship . First Super Bowl Championship ( 1986 season ) After 9 -- 7 and 10 -- 6 finishes in 1984 and 1985 respectively , the Giants compiled a 14 -- 2 record in 1986 led by league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor and the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense . As of 2017 , this is the Giants ' best regular season record since the NFL began playing 16 - game seasons in 1978 . After clinching the top seed in the NFC , the Giants defeated the 49ers 49 -- 3 in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs and the Redskins 17 -- 0 in the NFC championship game , advancing to their first Super Bowl , Super Bowl XXI , against the Denver Broncos at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena . Led by MVP Simms who completed 22 of 25 passes for a Super Bowl record 88 % completion percentage , they defeated the Broncos 39 -- 20 , to win their first championship since 1956 . In addition to Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor , the team was led during this period by head coach Bill Parcells , tight end Mark Bavaro , running back Joe Morris , and Hall of Fame linebacker Harry Carson .",
"10": "The Giants struggled to a 6 -- 9 record in the strike - marred 1987 season , due largely to a decline in the running game , as Morris managed only 658 yards behind an injury - riddled offensive line . The early portion of the 1988 season was marred by a scandal involving Lawrence Taylor . Taylor had abused cocaine and was suspended for the first four games of the season for his second violation of the league 's substance abuse policy . Despite the controversy , the Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and Taylor recorded 15.5 sacks after his return from the suspension . They surged to a 12 -- 4 record in 1989 , but lost to the Los Angeles Rams in their opening playoff game when Flipper Anderson caught a 47 - yard touchdown pass to give the Rams a 19 -- 13 overtime win . Second Super Bowl Championship ( 1990 season ) In 1990 , the Giants went 13 -- 3 and , at the time , set an NFL record for fewest turnovers in a season ( 14 ) . They defeated the San Francisco 49ers , who were attempting to win the Super Bowl for an unprecedented third straight year , 15 -- 13 at San Francisco and then defeated the Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 in Super Bowl XXV . Post-parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) Following the 1990 season , Parcells resigned as head coach and was replaced by the team 's offensive - line coach Ray Handley . Handley served as coach for two disappointing seasons ( 1991 and 1992 ) , which saw the Giants fall from Super Bowl champions to an 8 -- 8 record in 1991 and a 6 -- 10 record in 1992 . He was fired following the 1992 season , and replaced by former Denver Broncos ' coach Dan Reeves . In the early 1990s , Simms and Taylor , two of the stars of the 1980s , played out the last seasons of their careers with steadily declining production . The Giants experienced a resurgent season with Reeves at the helm in 1993 however , and Simms and Taylor ended their careers as members of a playoff team . Giants defensive end Justin Tuck at the Giants Super Bowl XLII parade on February 5 , 2008 .",
"11": "The Giants initially struggled in the post Simms / Taylor era . After starting 3 -- 7 in 1994 , the Giants won their final six games to finish 9 -- 7 but missed the playoffs . Quarterback Dave Brown received heavy criticism throughout the season . Brown performed poorly the following two seasons , and the Giants struggled to 5 -- 11 and 6 -- 10 records . Reeves was fired following the 1996 season . Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) In 1997 , the Giants named Jim Fassel , who had spent the previous season as offensive coordinator of the Arizona Cardinals , as their 16th head coach . Fassel named Danny Kanell the team 's starting quarterback . The Giants finished the 1997 season with a record of 10 -- 5 -- 1 and qualified for the playoffs for the first time in four years . However , they lost in the Wild Card round to the Vikings at home . The following year , the Giants began the season 4 -- 8 before rallying to finish the season 8 -- 8 . One of the notable games of that season was a win over the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos in week 15 , giving the Broncos their first loss of the season after starting 13 -- 0 . Before the 1999 season , the Giants signed ex-Carolina Panthers quarterback Kerry Collins . Collins was the first - ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1995 , and led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game in his second season . However , problems with alcohol , conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers . The Giants finished the season with a 7 -- 9 record , Fassel 's first losing season as head coach . NFC champions ( 2000 season ) In 2000 , the Giants were looking to make the playoffs for the first time in three seasons . The Giants started the season 7 -- 2 , but suffered back - to - back home losses to St. Louis and Detroit to make their record 7 -- 4 and call their playoff prospects into question . At a press conference following the Giants ' loss to Detroit , Fassel guaranteed that `` this team is going to the playoffs '' .",
"12": "The Giants responded , winning the rest of their regular season games to finish the season 12 -- 4 and clinch the top seed in the NFC . In the Divisional Round , the Giants beat the Philadelphia Eagles 20 -- 10 at home to qualify for the NFC Championship Game , in which they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 . They advanced to play the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV . Though the Giants went into halftime down only 10 -- 0 , the Ravens dominated the second half . Their defense harassed Kerry Collins all game long , resulting in Collins completing only 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards and 4 interceptions . The Ravens won the game 34 -- 7 . After a disappointing 7 -- 9 record in 2001 , the Giants finished the 2002 season with a record of 10 -- 6 , qualifying for the playoffs as a wild card . This set up a meeting with the San Francisco 49ers in Candlestick Park in the Wild Card round . The Giants built up a sizable lead throughout the game , and led 38 -- 14 with 4 : 27 left in the third quarter . However , San Francisco rallied to win the game by one point , with the final score of 39 -- 38 . After a dismal 2003 season in which the Giants finished with a 4 -- 12 record , Jim Fassel was released by the Giants . His head coaching record with the Giants during this time was 58 -- 53 -- 1 . Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Tom Coughlin alongside George W. Bush at the White House to celebrate the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII championship . In 2004 , three years after their last Super Bowl appearance , Fassel was replaced by Tom Coughlin . Although Collins had several solid seasons as the Giants quarterback , he experienced his share of struggles . In 2004 , the Giants completed a draft day trade for University of Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning . Manning became the team 's starting quarterback in the middle of the 2004 season , taking over for Kurt Warner .",
"13": "During the three - year period from 2004 to 2006 , Tom Coughlin 's Giants compiled a 25 -- 23 regular season record and two appearances in the Wild Card Round -- both losses ( to the Carolina Panthers in 2005 and to the Philadelphia Eagles in 2006 . ) and spawned intense media scrutiny concerning the direction of the team . During this period in their history , standout players included defensive end Michael Strahan , who set the NFL single season record in sacks in 2001 , and running back Tiki Barber , who set a team record for rushing yards in a season in 2005 . Barber retired at the end of the 2006 season . Third Super Bowl Championship ( 2007 season ) The NFL Green Bay Packers in the shotgun formation against the New York Giants on September 16 , 2007 . Going into 2007 , the Giants had made the playoffs in back - to - back seasons . In 2007 , the Giants became the third NFL franchise to win at least 600 games when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 31 -- 10 on Monday Night Football . For the 2007 season , the NFL scheduled the Giants ' road game against the Miami Dolphins on October 28 in London 's Wembley Stadium ; this was the first NFL regular - season game to be played outside of North America . The Giants defeated the Dolphins , 13 -- 10 . The Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and became NFC Champions after defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Dallas Cowboys , and Green Bay Packers in the NFC Playoffs . They set a record for most consecutive road wins in a single season with 10 ( a streak which ended with a loss to the Cleveland Browns during week 6 of the 2008 season ) . The Patriots ( 18 -- 0 ) entered the Super Bowl undefeated and were 12 point favorites going into game weekend . The Giants defeated the Patriots 17 -- 14 in Super Bowl XLII , aided by the famous `` Manning to Tyree '' pass . On this famous play , Manning escaped the grip of several Patriots defensive linemen , stepped up in the pocket , and heaved the ball down the middle of the field to a double covered David Tyree .",
"14": "With Rodney Harrison , a Patriots defensive back , all over Tyree , David managed to hold on to the ball by holding it on his helmet until he fell to the ground . This catch set up a Manning to Plaxico Burress touchdown pass in the back of the end zone to put the Giants in the lead . It was the third biggest upset by betting line in Super Bowl history ( the Baltimore Colts were favored by 17 over the New York Jets in Super Bowl III , and the St. Louis Rams were favored by 14 over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI ) . Co-owner John Mara described it as `` the greatest victory in the history of this franchise , without question '' . Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Main articles : 2008 New York Giants season , 2009 New York Giants season , and 2010 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2008 NFL season with a record of 11 -- 1 , but lost three of their last four regular season games partially due to a self - inflicted gunshot wound to wide receiver Plaxico Burress . However , the Giants still won the NFC East with a record of 12 -- 4 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC after beating the Carolina Panthers for home field advantage and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round of the playoffs , the Giants lost 23 -- 11 to the Philadelphia Eagles at home . In 2009 , the Giants opened a new training complex , the Timex Performance Center , also located in the Meadowlands . After starting 5 -- 0 in the 2009 season , New York lost to the likewise undefeated New Orleans Saints at the Superdome 48 -- 27 , beginning a four - game losing streak , in which they lost to the Arizona Cardinals 24 -- 17 , the San Diego Chargers 21 -- 20 and the Philadelphia Eagles 40 -- 17 . The streak was broken with a 34 -- 31 overtime victory against the Falcons . On Thanksgiving night , they lost to the Denver Broncos 26 -- 6 . The Giants next beat the division leading Cowboys . A week later , with a record of 7 -- 5 , they lost to the Philadelphia Eagles , 45 -- 38 .",
"15": "On December 27 , the Giants lost to the Carolina Panthers 41 -- 9 in their final game at Giants Stadium , and were eliminated from playoff eligibility . The Giants finished the season 8 -- 8 . Eli Manning lines up a pass just out of the reach of Houston Texans defenders in 2010 . Following the season , the Giants fired first - year defensive coordinator Bill Sheridan , and replaced him with the former Buffalo Bills interim head coach , Perry Fewell . The Giants defense finished 13th overall under Sheridan , giving up 324.9 yards per game , and the final two losses of the season against Carolina and Minnesota , in which the Giants gave up 85 points , ultimately led to the firing . In 2010 , the Giants moved from Giants Stadium into MetLife Stadium , then known as the `` New Meadowlands Stadium '' . They won against the Panthers in the very first game at the New Meadowlands , but then lost to the Colts in the second `` Manning Bowl '' , so - called due to Eli Manning 's brother Peyton playing for the Colts . The Giants dropped one game to the Tennessee Titans before going on a five - game winning streak , beating the Bears , Houston Texans , Lions , Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks . Before long , the Giants were 6 -- 2 , but lost two straight to division foes : to the Cowboys 33 -- 20 at home , and to the Eagles on the road , putting the G - Men in 2nd place in the NFC East at 6 -- 4 . In first place was the Eagles , but at December 19 they were both tied for first place at 8 -- 4 , setting up a match for first place . The Giants were at home , and led 24 -- 3 over the Eagles at halftime . The score was 31 -- 10 with 5 : 40 left in the game , but Michael Vick led the Eagles to three touchdown drives to tie the game up at 31 with 40 seconds left . After a Giants three - and - outs , Matt Dodge punted the ball to DeSean Jackson , who returned it for a touchdown , concluding the Giants ' epic collapse . The next game , the Giants lost to the eventual Super Bowl Champion Green Bay Packers 45 -- 17 , and at 9 -- 6 , they faced the Redskins .",
"16": "They had to win and have the Packers lose in order to get into the playoffs . The Giants won 17 -- 14 , but the Packers beat the Bears 10 -- 3 , so the Giants missed out on the playoffs again , ending a collapse in which the Giants went 4 -- 4 in their last eight games . Fourth Super Bowl Championship ( 2011 season ) Main article : 2011 New York Giants season During the 2011 preseason , the Giants lost Kevin Boss , Steve Smith , Rich Seubert , Keith Bulluck , Derek Hagan , and Pro Bowl center Shaun O'Hara to free agency . However , the season also saw the emergence of second - year wide receiver Victor Cruz and second - year tight end Jake Ballard . The Giants opened their season with a 28 -- 14 loss to the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field on the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks . However , the Giants secured a 6 -- 2 record by the midpoint of the season , including road victories over the Philadelphia Eagles and the New England Patriots . The latter victory ended the Patriots ' NFL record home - game winning streak , after a touchdown pass from Manning to Jake Ballard with 15 seconds left in the game . Wide receiver Victor Cruz played a critical role in helping the Giants become world champions in 2011 . However , the Giants then suffered a four - game losing streak , including road losses against the resurgent San Francisco 49ers and the New Orleans Saints and home losses to the Eagles and the then - undefeated Green Bay Packers , to make their record 6 -- 6 entering December . The Giants broke their losing streak with a tightly contested 37 -- 34 road victory over the Cowboys on December 11 , but lost at home to the Washington Redskins the following week to make their record 7 -- 7 with a Christmas Eve showdown against their crosstown rival New York Jets the following week . The Giants won , 29 -- 14 , and knocked the Eagles out of playoff contention , to set up a Week 17 home game against the Cowboys in which the winner would clinch the NFC East while the loser would be eliminated from playoff contention . The game was flexed into Sunday Night Football . The Giants defeated the Cowboys , 31 -- 14 , and clinched the NFC East title and the fourth seed in the playoffs .",
"17": "Wide receiver Victor Cruz finished the regular season with 1,536 receiving yards , breaking the Giants franchise record previously held by Amani Toomer . On January 8 , 2012 in the first round of the playoffs the Giants defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24 -- 2 . After giving up an early safety in the first half , QB Eli Manning threw for three consecutive touchdowns . RBs Ahmad Bradshaw and Brandon Jacobs combined for 172 yards rushing , a season - high for the Giants . With the victory , the Giants advanced to the second round against the top - ranked Green Bay Packers . On January 15 , 2012 , the Giants defeated the Green Bay Packers 37 -- 20 . Eli Manning threw for 330 yards and 3 touchdowns , two of which to wide receiver Hakeem Nicks . This earned the Giants a spot in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2012 , against the San Francisco 49ers . They won this game 20 -- 17 , in overtime , with Tynes scoring the winning field goal as he did four years earlier in the same game against the Packers . The New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the New England Patriots with a score of 21 -- 17 . The winning touchdown was preceded by a 38 - yard reception by receiver Mario Manningham . As in Super Bowl XLII , Eli Manning was Super Bowl MVP , defeating the New England Patriots for a second time in the Super Bowl . Ahmad Bradshaw scored the game - winning touchdown by falling into the end zone . The Patriots were allowing Bradshaw to get the touchdown so they would get the ball with some time remaining . When Eli Manning handed the ball to Bradshaw , he told him not to score . Bradshaw was about to fall down at the 1 - yard line but his momentum carried him in , thus the `` reluctant touchdown . '' As was the case in each of their four previous Super Bowl appearances , the Giants trailed at halftime . They are the only team in NFL history to have more than two second half , come - from - behind , Super Bowl victories ( 4 ) . The Pittsburgh Steelers , who accomplished the feat in Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIV , are the only other team to do it more than once .",
"18": "Post-super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Main articles : 2012 New York Giants season , 2013 New York Giants season , 2014 New York Giants season , and 2015 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2012 season with a home loss to the Cowboys , but rebounded to finish October with a 6 -- 2 record and on a four - game winning streak that included a 26 -- 3 road victory against the eventual NFC champion San Francisco 49ers . Following the arrival of Hurricane Sandy in the Northeastern United States , the Giants lost back - to - back games against the Steelers and Bengals to fall to 6 -- 4 . Despite impressive blowout home victories over the Packers , Saints and Eagles , the Giants finished the season 9 -- 7 and out of the playoffs . The Redskins won the division with a 10 -- 6 record , only to lose to the Seahawks 24 -- 14 in Wild Card Weekend . QB Eli Manning , DE Jason Pierre - Paul , WR Victor Cruz , and G Chris Snee represented the Giants at the Pro Bowl . The 2013 New York Giants season began with hope that the Giants could become the first team to play in the Super Bowl in their home stadium , as MetLife Stadium was scheduled to host Super Bowl XLVIII that February . However , the Giants ' playoff hopes took a massive hit when they lost the first six games of the season . They rebounded to win the next four games in a row to improve to 4 -- 6 , but lost a critical home game to the Cowboys on a last - minute field goal . They finished the season 7 -- 9 and with a losing record for the first time since 2004 . The Giants drafted rookie wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in the 2014 NFL Draft , who would later go on to win the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award . However , the Giants missed the playoffs for a third straight season , finishing with a 6 -- 10 record . The 2015 New York Giants season was another disappointing campaign , as the Giants showcased a struggling defense and several late - game collapses . The Giants finished the season with a 6 -- 10 record and missed the playoffs .",
"19": "Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) Main article : 2016 New York Giants season On January 14 , 2016 , the Giants announced that Ben McAdoo would become the team 's head coach . He replaced Tom Coughlin , who had resigned the previous week . The Giants turned it around in 2016 , ending their five - year playoff drought . The Giants later lost to the Green Bay Packers 38 -- 13 in the Wild Card round . Struggles ( 2017 ) Main article : 2017 New York Giants season After having high expectations due to their 11 -- 5 record in 2016 , the Giants had an unexpected 0 -- 5 start to the season , before pulling a massive upset versus the Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High for their first win of the season . However , during the Week 5 game against the Los Angeles Chargers , Odell Beckham Jr. fractured his fibula , an injury that ended his season . During the same game , the Giants also lost WRs Brandon Marshall and Dwayne Harris to season ending injuries . The season was also marred by suspensions to Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie and Janoris Jenkins . Timeline Season by season timeline of the New York Giants franchise including the team name , changes of Home Field , Postseason Championships Seasons , and coaches throughout the years . Championships League Championships The Giants have won a total of eight League Championships : 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 and 2011 . The first four of those championships came in the pre-Super Bowl era . New York 's eight championships put them third among all active and defunct NFL teams , trailing only the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships Before the Super Bowl was instituted , the Giants won four officially recognized NFL Championships .",
"20": "Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1927 Earl Potteiger N / A N / A N / A 11 -- 1 -- 1 1934 Steve Owen New York , NY Chicago Bears 30 -- 13 8 -- 5 1938 Steve Owen New York , NY Green Bay Packers 23 -- 17 8 -- 2 -- 1 1956 Jim Lee Howell Bronx , NY Chicago Bears 47 -- 7 8 -- 3 -- 1 Total NFL championships won : 4 Super Bowl Championships The Giants have won four Super Bowls , tied with Green Bay for the fifth most behind only Dallas , San Francisco and New England ( all with 5 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 6 ) . Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells XXI Pasadena , CA Denver Broncos 39 -- 20 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells XXV Tampa , FL Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 16 -- 3 2007 Tom Coughlin XLII Glendale , AZ New England Patriots 17 -- 14 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin XLVI Indianapolis , IN New England Patriots 21 -- 17 13 -- 7 Total Super Bowls won : 4 NFC Championships The Giants have won five NFC Championship Games , including two in overtime in 2007 and 2011 .",
"21": "Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells East Rutherford , NJ Washington Redskins 17 -- 0 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 15 -- 13 16 -- 3 2000 Jim Fassel East Rutherford , NJ Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 14 -- 5 2007 Tom Coughlin Green Bay , WI Green Bay Packers 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 20 -- 17 ( OT ) 13 -- 7 Total NFC Championships won : 5 Logos and uniforms Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Giants With over 80 years of team history , the Giants have used numerous uniforms and logos , while maintaining a consistent identity . The Giants ' logos include several incarnations of a giant quarterback preparing to throw a football , a lowercase `` ny '' , and stylized versions of the team nickname . Giants ' jerseys are traditionally blue or red ( or white with blue or red accents ) , and their pants alternate between white and gray . Currently , the Giants wear home jerseys that are solid blue with white block numbering , white pants with five thin blue / gray / red / gray / blue stripes on the pant legs , and solid blue socks . For this they gained their most renowned nickname , `` Big Blue '' . For road uniforms , they wear a white jersey with red block numbering and red `` Northwestern '' stripes on the sleeves , gray pants with three thin non-contiguous red / blue / red stripes on the pant legs , and solid red socks . The Giants ' current helmet is metallic blue with white block numbers , which are frontally mounted and base mounted on either side of a red stripe running down the center or frontally mounted and base mounted on the red center stripe itself . The Giants , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers , are one of only two teams in the National Football League to have the players ' uniform numbers on both the front and back of the helmets .",
"22": "The helmet is adorned on both sides with the stylized white lower case `` ny '' logo and features a gray facemask . The home uniforms are generally similar to the design used from 1966 to 1974 , but with some slight elements from the 1956 -- 1961 uniforms . The road uniforms are essentially a modernization of the design used from 1956 to 1961 . Additionally , the Giants had a third jersey until the 2009 season , which recalled the Giants ' solid red home jerseys from the early 1950s : a solid red alternate with white block numbers . These jerseys were used a total of four times , but have since been retired . They were used once in 2004 against the Philadelphia Eagles and in three consecutive years -- 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 -- against the Dallas Cowboys . Ownerships , financial history and fan base Main article : Financial history of the New York Giants The Giants have had a long and , at times , turbulent financial history . The team was founded by Tim Mara with an investment of US $ 500 in 1925 and became one of the first teams in the then five - year - old NFL . To differentiate themselves from the baseball team of the same name , they took the name `` New York Football Giants '' , which they still use as their legal corporate name . Although the Giants were successful on the field in their initial seasons , their financial status was a different story . Overshadowed by baseball , boxing , and college football , professional football was not a popular sport in 1925 . The Giants were in dire financial straits until the 11th game of the season when Red Grange and the Chicago Bears came to town , attracting over 73,000 fans . This gave the Giants a much needed influx of revenue , and perhaps altered the history of the franchise . The following year , Grange and his agent formed a rival league and stationed a competing team , led by Grange , in New York . Though the Giants lost $50,000 that season , the rival league folded and was subsumed into the NFL . Following the 1930 season , Mara transferred ownership of the team over to his two sons to insulate the team from creditors , and by 1946 , he had given over complete control of the team to them .",
"23": "Jack , the older son , controlled the business aspects , while Wellington controlled the on - field operations . After their initial struggles the Giants financial status stabilized , and they led the league in attendance several times in the 1930s and 1940s . Giants estimated value from 1998 to 2006 according to Forbes magazine . By the early 1960s , the Giants had firmly established themselves as one of the league 's biggest attractions . However , rather than continuing to receive their higher share of the league television revenue , the Mara sons pushed for equal sharing of revenue for the benefit of the entire league . Revenue sharing is still practiced in the NFL today , and is credited with strengthening the league . After their struggles in the latter half of the 1960s and the entire 1970s , the Giants hired an outsider , George Young , to run the football operations for the first time in franchise history . The Giants ' on - field product and business aspects improved rapidly following the move . In 1991 , Tim Mara , grandson of the founder , was struggling with cancer and sold his half of the team to Bob Tisch for a reported $80 million . This marked the first time in franchise history the team had not been solely owned by the Mara family . In 2005 , Wellington Mara , who had been with the team since its inception in 1925 when he worked as a ball boy , died at the age of 89 . His death was followed two weeks later by the death of Tisch . In 2015 , Wellington 's widow and Giants co-owner Ann died due to complications from a head injury suffered in a fall . She was 85 years old . In 2010 , MetLife Stadium opened , replacing Giants Stadium . The new stadium is a 50 / 50 partnership between the Giants and Jets , and while the stadium is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority on paper , the two teams jointly built the stadium using private funds , and administer it jointly through New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation . The Giants had previously planned a $300 million renovation to the Meadowlands , before deciding in favor of the new stadium which was originally estimated to cost approximately $600 million , before rising to an estimated cost of one billion dollars . One advantage gained by owning the stadium is that the teams saved considerable money in tax payments .",
"24": "The teams leased the land from the state at a cost of $6.3 million per year . The state paid for all utilities , including the $30 million needed to install them . The Giants are owned and operated by John Mara and Steve Tisch . Forbes magazine estimated the value of the team in 2012 to be $1.3 billion . This ranks the New York Giants as the fourth most valuable franchise in the NFL and the ninth most valuable professional sports franchise in the world . The value has steadily increased from $288 million in 1998 , to their current value . The magazine estimated their revenue in 2006 at $182 million , of which $46 million came from gate receipts . Operating income was $26.9 million , and player salary was $102 million . Current major sponsors include Gatorade , Anheuser Busch , Toyota , and Verizon Wireless . Recent former sponsors include Miller Brewing and North Fork Bank . Luxury suites , retail and game day concessions at the new stadium are provisioned and operated by global hospitality giant Delaware North . The team 's average ticket price is $72 . The Giants draw their fans from the New York metropolitan area . Since their move to New Jersey in 1976 , fans from each state have claimed the team as their own . In January 1987 , shortly before the team won Super Bowl XXI , then New York City mayor Ed Koch labeled the team `` foreigners '' and said they were not entitled to a ticker - tape parade in New York City . On February 5 , 2008 , the city , under mayor Michael Bloomberg , threw a ticker tape parade in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII victory at the Canyon of Heroes in lower Manhattan . New York City held another ticker tape parade on February 7 , 2012 , in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLVI victory . According to a team spokesman , in 2001 , 52 percent of the Giants ' season ticket - holders lived in New Jersey . Most of the remaining ticket holders lived in New York State with some coming from other states . Through the lean years of the 1960s and 1970s the Giants , in spite of a 17 - year - long playoff drought , still accumulated a 20 - year - long waiting list for season tickets .",
"25": "It has been estimated that the Giants have a waiting list of 135,000 people , the largest of any North American professional sports franchise . Rivalries Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry The rivalry between the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles is one of the oldest in the NFL , dating back to 1933 . The two teams have frequently fought for playoff contention , NFC East titles , and respect . While the Giants have dominated this rivalry throughout most of its history , the series began to even in the 1980s , with the series lead to the Eagles 22 -- 21 through the 1990s and 2000s . The Giants lead the series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . The two teams have met four times in the postseason , with each team winning two games . Three of those four playoff meetings were held in the 2000s decade . New York City and Philadelphia have a strong geographic rivalry , as seen in other professional sports such as the Mets - Phillies rivalry in Major League Baseball , and the Flyers - Rangers and Devils - Flyers rivalries in the National Hockey League . Washington Redskins Main article : Giants - Redskins rivalry The Washington Redskins gather at the line of scrimmage against the Giants . The Giants have an old and storied rivalry with the Redskins , dating back to 1932 . While this rivalry is typically given less significance than the rivalries with the Eagles and Cowboys , there have been periods of great competition between the two . In the 1980s the Giants and Redskins clashed as both struggled against each other for division titles and even Super Bowl Championships . Most notable among these is the 1986 NFC Championship game in which the Giants defeated the Redskins 17 -- 0 to earn their first ever trip to the Super Bowl . Wellington Mara always felt this was the Giants oldest and truest rival , and after passing away in 2005 , the Giants honored their longtime owner by defeating the Redskins 36 -- 0 at home . The Giants lead this series 99 -- 67 -- 4 . The Giants 98 wins against the Redskins are tied for most wins against another franchise in NFL history , along with the Chicago Bears defeating the Detroit Lions 98 times .",
"26": "Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The Giants have maintained a fierce divisional rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys since the Cowboys first began play in 1960 . The two teams have a combined nine Super Bowl victories between them , and have played many games in which the NFC East title was at stake . The rivalry is unique among professional sports as it is the only divisional rivalry between sports teams from New York City and Dallas , partially due to the large distance between the two cities . The Cowboys lead the regular season series 64 -- 45 -- 2 , while the Giants hold the lone playoff victory between the two teams , held at the conclusion of the 2007 season . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers - Giants rivalry Despite never being in the same division , the Giants and 49ers have developed a heated rivalry over the years . The two teams have met eight times in the playoffs ( including two NFC Championship Games , both won by New York ) since 1982 , which is the most of any two teams in that span . The overall series is tied 16 -- 16 , as is the postseason series , 4 -- 4 . New York Jets Main article : Giants -- Jets rivalry The Giants and Jets for many years had the only intracity rivalry in the NFL , made even more unusual by sharing a stadium . They have met annually in the preseason since 1969 . Since 2011 , this meeting has been known as the `` MetLife Bowl '' , after the naming sponsor of the teams ' stadium . Regular season matchups between the teams occur once every four years , as they follow the NFL scheduling formula for interconference games . Since the two teams play each other so infrequently in the regular season , some , including players on both teams , have questioned whether the Giants and Jets have a real rivalry . A memorable regular season game was in 1988 , when the Giants faced off against the Jets in the last game of the season , needing a victory to make the playoffs . The Jets played spoiler , however , beating the Giants 27 -- 21 and ruining the latter 's playoff hopes . A different scenario unfolded during the penultimate regular season game of 2011 as the `` visiting '' Giants defeated the Jets 29 -- 14 .",
"27": "The victory simultaneously helped eliminate the Jets from playoff contention and propel the Giants to their own playoff run and eventual win in Super Bowl XLVI . The Giants lead the overall regular season series 8 -- 5 and have won five of the past six meetings . Players of note Main article : List of New York Giants players Current roster New York Giants roster view talk Quarterbacks 10 Eli Manning 5 Davis Webb Running backs 26 Saquon Barkley 22 Wayne Gallman 28 Paul Perkins 41 Jalen Simmons 43 Shane Smith FB 23 Jonathan Stewart 39 Terrell Watson Wide receivers 13 Odell Beckham Jr . 86 Marquis Bundy 6 Amba Etta - Tawo 82 Keeon Johnson 12 Cody Latimer 18 Roger Lewis 83 Kalif Raymond 19 Travis Rudolph 8 Canaan Severin 84 Hunter Sharp 87 Sterling Shepard Tight ends 89 Jerell Adams 81 Kyle Carter 85 Rhett Ellison 88 Evan Engram 48 Ryan O'Malley Offensive linemen 61 Nick Becton T 66 Adam Bisnowaty T 62 Ethan Cooper C 74 Ereck Flowers T 68 Laurence Gibson T 73 John Greco G 75 Jon Halapio G 77 John Jerry G 69 Brett Jones C 71 Damien Mama G 70 Patrick Omameh G 76 Nate Solder T 63 Chad Wheeler T Defensive linemen 64 Josh Banks DE 98 Damon Harrison NT 97 Josh Mauro DE 60 Kristjan Sokoli DE 99 Robert Thomas NT 94 Dalvin Tomlinson DE 72 Kerry Wynn DE Linebackers 57 Thurston Armbrister ILB 55 Ray - Ray Armstrong ILB 93 B.J.",
"28": "Goodson ILB 44 Mark Herzlich ILB 96 Kareem Martin OLB 49 Derrick Mathews ILB 91 Avery Moss OLB 46 Calvin Munson ILB 52 Alec Ogletree ILB 78 Romeo Okwara OLB 54 Olivier Vernon OLB 79 Jordan Williams OLB Defensive backs 33 Andrew Adams SS 24 Eli Apple CB 21 Landon Collins SS 38 Donte Deayon CB 25 Brandon Dixon CB 47 William Gay CB 20 Janoris Jenkins CB 31 Jeremiah McKinnon CB 36 Ryan Murphy SS 35 Curtis Riley CB 30 Tim Scott FS 34 Michael Thomas FS 27 Darian Thompson FS 37 B.W. Webb CB 29 Teddy Williams CB Special teams 51 Zak DeOssie LS 15 Riley Dixon P 9 Marshall Koehn K 3 Austin Rehkow P 2 Aldrick Rosas K Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 26 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 76 Active , 0 Inactive , 1 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers New York Giants retired numbers No . Player Position Career Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 7 Mel Hein C , LB 1931 -- 1945 11 Phil Simms QB 1979 -- 1993 14 Ward Cuff HB , WB 1937 -- 1945 Y.A.",
"29": "Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 16 Frank Gifford HB , WR 1952 -- 1964 32 Al Blozis OT 1942 -- 1944 40 Joe Morrison RB , WR 1959 -- 1972 42 Charlie Conerly QB 1948 -- 1961 50 Ken Strong HB 1933 -- 1947 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 Notes : Retired in 1935 , this was the first number to be retired by any team in major league sports . Posthumous honor . The number 14 was retired in honor of Ward Cuff in 1946 . Y.A. Tittle requested 14 after the Giants traded for him in 1961 , and it was retired a second time in 1964 at the conclusion of Tittle 's playing career . The number is now retired in honor of both players . Pro Football Hall of Famers In the Pro Football Hall of Fame , the Giants boast the second-most enshrined members with 29 . Tim Mara , Mel Hein , Pete Henry , Cal Hubbard and Jim Thorpe were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963 , while Defensive End Michael Strahan , the most recent Giant inducted , was a part of the Class of 2014 . Numerous members , including Larry Csonka , Ray Flaherty , Joe Guyon , Pete Henry , Arnie Herber , Cal Hubbard , Tom Landry , Don Maynard , Hugh McElhenny , and Jim Thorpe were at one time associated with the New York Giants , but they were inducted largely based on their careers with other teams . New York Giants Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No .",
"30": "Name Position Tenure Inducted 17 Red Badgro TE / DE 1930 -- 1935 1981 Tuffy Leemans FB 1936 -- 1943 1990 79 Rosey Brown 1953 -- 1965 13 Don Maynard WR 1958 53 Harry Carson LB 1976 -- 1988 2006 13 Hugh McElhenny RB 1963 1970 39 Larry Csonka FB 1976 -- 1978 55 Steve Owen Coach 1926 -- 1933 1930 -- 1953 1966 Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 1976 81 Andy Robustelli DE 1956 -- 1964 1971 6 Benny Friedman QB Coach 1929 -- 1931 1930 2005 92 Michael Strahan DE 1993 -- 2007 2014 16 Frank Gifford HB 1952 -- 1960 1962 -- 1964 1977 50 Ken Strong HB / FB / K 1933 -- 1935 1939 1944 -- 1947 1967 11 Joe Guyon RB 1927 1978 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1967 -- 1971 1986 7 Mel Hein 1931 -- 1945 1966 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 1999 55 Pete Henry OT 1927 1963 31 Jim Thorpe RB , DB 1925 1963 38 Arnie Herber QB 1944 -- 1945 1963 14 Y.A.",
"31": "Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 1971 41 60 Cal Hubbard 1927 -- 1928 1936 1966 45 Emlen Tunnell DB 1948 -- 1958 1967 70 Sam Huff LB 1956 -- 1963 1982 73 Arnie Weinmeister DE 1950 -- 1953 1984 49 Tom Landry DB / P 1950 -- 1955 1982 Coaches and Contributors Name Position Tenure Inducted Name Position Tenure Inducted Tim Mara Owner and founder 1925 -- 1959 1963 Wellington Mara Owner / Administrator 1937 -- 2005 1997 Bill Parcells Coach 1983 -- 1990 2013 Ring of honor The New York Giants unveiled their own Ring of Honor on October 3 , 2010 during halftime of their Sunday Night Football matchup with the Chicago Bears . John Mara had long wished to create a Giants Ring of Honor and Hall of Fame to honor Giants who helped the franchise achieve each of their championships , and the building of MetLife Stadium resulted in the realization of that ambition . The organization had an inaugural induction class of 30 including players , coaches , owners and executives that have had a great impact on the organization . While the entire list of inductees was not revealed until the actual induction , the organization did confirm about a week before the ceremony that Phil Simms , Bill Parcells , Michael Strahan , Tiki Barber , Frank Gifford and Pete Gogolak would all be inducted . New York Giants Ring of Honor Name Position No . Years active Championships Inducted Ernie Accorsi Executive -- 1994 -- 2007 -- 2016 Jessie Armstead LB 98 1993 -- 2001 -- Carl Banks LB 58 1984 -- 1992 1986 ,",
"32": "1990 2011 Tiki Barber RB 21 1997 -- 2006 -- Mark Bavaro TE 89 1985 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 2011 Al Blozis OT 32 1942 -- 1944 -- Rosey Brown OT 79 1953 -- 1965 1956 Harry Carson LB 53 1976 -- 1988 1986 Charlie Conerly QB 42 1948 -- 1961 1956 Tom Coughlin WR Coach Head Coach -- 1988 - 1990 2004 -- 2015 1990 , 2007 , 2011 2016 Frank Gifford RB / WR 16 1952 -- 1964 1956 Pete Gogolak 1966 -- 1974 -- Mel Hein C / LB 7 1931 -- 1945 1934 , 1938 Jim Lee Howell End Head Coach 21 , 81 1937 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 1954 -- 1960 1938 , 1956 Sam Huff LB 70 1956 -- 1963 1956 Dave Jennings 13 1974 -- 1984 -- 2011 John Johnson Athletic Trainer -- 1948 -- 2008 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 2015 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 1938 Jack Lummus End 29 1941 -- 2015 Dick Lynch DB 22 25 1958 -- 1966 -- Jack Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1965 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Tim Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1959 1927 , 1934 , 1938 ,",
"33": "1956 Wellington Mara Ball Boy / Executive / Owner -- 1925 -- 2005 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 George Martin DE 75 1975 -- 1988 1986 Joe Morrison WR / RB 40 1959 -- 1972 -- Steve Owen OT / Head coach 6 , 9 , 12 , 36 , 44 , 50 , 55 1926 -- 1953 1927 , 1934 , 1938 Bill Parcells Linebacker Coach / Defensive Coordinator / Head Coach -- 1979 , 1981 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 Andy Robustelli DE 81 , 84 1956 -- 1964 1956 Phil Simms QB 11 1979 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Chris Snee OG 76 2004 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2015 Michael Strahan DE 92 1993 -- 2007 2007 Ken Strong HB 50 1933 -- 1935 1939 , 1944 -- 1947 1934 Lawrence Taylor LB 56 1981 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Bob Tisch Owner -- 1991 -- 2005 -- Y.A.",
"34": "Tittle QB 14 1961 -- 1964 -- Amani Toomer WR 81 1996 -- 2008 2007 Justin Tuck DE 91 2005 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2016 Emlen Tunnell DB Scout / Assistant Head Coach 45 1948 -- 1958 1963 -- 1973 1956 Osi Umenyiora DE 72 2003 -- 2012 2007 , 2011 2015 Brad Van Pelt LB 10 1973 -- 1983 -- 2011 Alex Webster FB Head Coach 29 1955 -- 1964 1969 -- 1973 1956 2011 George Young Executive -- 1979 -- 1997 1986 , 1990 NFL MVP award winners Giants NFL MVP winners Year Player Position Selector 1938 Mel Hein C , LB NFL 1956 Frank Gifford HB , WR NEA , UPI 1959 Charlie Conerly QB NEA 1961 Y.A. Tittle QB NEA 1962 Y.A. Tittle QB UPI 1963 Y.A. Tittle QB AP , NEA 1986 Lawrence Taylor LB AP , PFWA 1986 Phil Simms QB NEA Super Bowl MVP award winners Manning with the Lombardi Trophy during the Giants Super Bowl victory rally at Giants Stadium in 2008 .",
"35": "Super Bowl MVP winners Super Bowl Player Position XXI Phil Simms QB XXV Ottis Anderson RB XLII Eli Manning QB XLVI First - round draft picks Main article : List of New York Giants first - round draft picks Recent first - round draft picks Year Player College Position 2008 Kenny Phillips Miami ( FL ) DB 2009 Hakeem Nicks North Carolina WR Jason Pierre - Paul South Florida DE 2011 Prince Amukamara Nebraska DB 2012 David Wilson Virginia Tech RB 2013 Justin Pugh Syracuse OT 2014 Odell Beckham Jr .",
"36": "LSU WR 2015 Ereck Flowers Miami ( FL ) OT 2016 Eli Apple Ohio State CB 2017 Evan Engram Mississippi TE Coaches of note Main article : List of New York Giants head coaches Current staff New York Giants staff Front Office President / CEO -- John Mara Chairman / Executive Vice President -- Steve Tisch General Manager -- Dave Gettleman Assistant General Manager -- Kevin Abrams Senior Vice President of Player Personnel -- Chris Mara Director of Pro Personnel -- Ken Sternfeld Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Matt Shauger Director of Player Development -- David Tyree Head Coaches Head Coach -- Pat Shurmur Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks -- Mike Shula Running Backs -- Craig Johnson Wide Receivers -- Tyke Tolbert Tight Ends -- Lunda Wells Offensive Line -- Hal Hunter Assistant Offensive Line -- Ben Wilkerson Offensive Assistant -- Ryan Roeder Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- James Bettcher Defensive Line -- Gary Emanuel Linebackers -- Bill McGovern Assistant Linebackers -- Rob Leonard Defensive Backs -- Lou Anarumo Assistant Defensive Backs -- Deshea Townsend Defensive Assistant -- Bobby Blick Special Team Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Thomas McGaughey Assistant Special Teams -- Anthony Blevins Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Aaron Wellman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Thomas Stallworth Director of Performance Nutrition -- Pratik Patel Performance Manager -- Joe Danos → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Media , radio and television This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"37": "( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : New York Giants Radio Network As of 2010 , the Giants ' flagship radio station is WFAN , with games simulcast on WFAN - FM as of November 2012 . Beginning in 2012 , the Giants became WFAN 's top priority during the entire football season ; prior to that , games that conflicted with late season New York Mets baseball games in September and early October were moved to other CBS Radio owned stations . This arrangement only lasted for 2012 , and the Mets received priority again in 2013 . WFAN acquired the rights to New York Yankees games for 2014 , and thus the Giants ' schedule will be in conflict with them for the foreseeable future . When there is an overlap , Giants games are carried by WFAN 's sister station , WCBS - AM . Bob Papa on play - by - play and Carl Banks on color commentary are the Giants ' radio broadcast team , with Howard Cross as the sideline reporter . When Papa is unavailable to call games Chris Carrino , WFAN 's lead broadcaster for the Brooklyn Nets , substitutes for him . Games are carried over the New York Giants Radio Network over various stations in New York , Pennsylvania , Connecticut , and ( as of 2010 ) Mississippi . Preseason telecasts not seen nationally air in the area on WNBC , with WWOR - TV serving as an overflow station for when WNBC is airing other programming such as the Summer Olympic Games . Papa and Banks call these games on television , with studio host Paul Dottino as Papa 's substitute . WPIX - TV or WABC - TV will also air any Giants broadcast that is carried by ESPN , as per the local carriage rules ( WABC - TV corporate parent , The Walt Disney Company , holds an 80 % majority ownership stake in ESPN , and has a right of first refusal for these telecasts ) . Thursday Night Football games exclusive to NFL Network are carried locally by the producing network 's O&O , either WCBS - TV or WNBC . The Giants ' public address announcer at MetLife Stadium is Jim Hall , who for years was Bob Sheppard 's substitute at Yankee Stadium due to their very similar voices .",
"38": "Hall took over the Giants PA job after Sheppard elected to leave the position in 2005 to focus solely on his Yankee Stadium duties . Past WFAN has produced the Giants ' radio broadcasts since 1995 , but has not always aired them on the station . For 1995 , then - Giants flagship WOR continued to carry the games as they had for the previous two seasons . In 1996 the games were simulcast on WFAN and WOR , which caused some conflict as at the time , WFAN was the radio flagship of the New York Jets as well . To remedy the situation , beginning the next year WFAN moved the Giants ' radio broadcasts to the FM dial and sister station WNEW - FM , where they remained until the end of the 1999 season . In 2000 WFAN lost the Jets ' radio contract to WABC and the Giants moved back to WFAN where they have been ever since . The Giants ' longtime radio home was WNEW , where games aired from the mid-1950s until 1993 when the station was bought by Bloomberg L.P. and changed its format . Marty Glickman teamed with Al DeRogatis for a long stretch beginning in the early 1960s on WNEW . Chip Cipolla and later Sam Huff joined Glickman after DeRogatis left to join Curt Gowdy on NBC . After the WNEW split , games began airing on WOR . Glickman moved to the crosstown Jets in 1973 and was succeeded by Marv Albert . Jim Gordon succeeded Albert in 1977 , beginning an 18 - year tenure as the Giants ' play - by - play voice . Meanwhile , Dick Lynch took over as color analyst in 1976 and continued in that role through 2007 , with his last game being Super Bowl XLII , and retired following the season due to his advancing leukemia , which took his life in September 2008 . Eventually Gordon and Lynch were joined by Karl Nelson , a former lineman for the Giants . Gordon and Nelson were fired after the 1994 season , after which Papa took over the play - by - play ( after being studio host ) and led a two - man booth with Lynch .",
"39": "Dave Jennings joined the broadcast team in 2002 following his firing by the Jets , with whom he had worked since his 1987 retirement from the NFL . Jennings was moved to the pregame show after the 2006 season and was replaced by Carl Banks , leaving broadcasting altogether in 2008 due to his ongoing battle with Parkinson 's disease that he lost in 2013 . After WFAN began airing games Richard Neer served as pregame and postgame host . He was replaced by Sid Rosenberg , who was in turn fired by the station due to troubles and replaced by Chris Carlin . Carlin left in 2008 to focus full - time on his duties as SNY studio host and Rutgers athletics radio voice and was replaced by WWOR sports reporter and former WFAN host Russ Salzberg , who cohosted with Roman Oben after Jennings left . WEPN Giants beat reporter Paul Dottino was hired by WFAN to host the pregame show for 2009 and continues to be a part of the program . Anita Marks has hosted the pre - and post - game shows since 2010 , co-hosting with Dottino for home games and Oben for away games . The Giants were carried on the DuMont Network , then CBS ( New York 's Channel 2 ) in the early TV days of the NFL , when home games were blacked out within a 75 - mile radius of New York City . Chris Schenkel was their play - by - play announcer in that early era when each team was assigned its own network voice on its regional telecasts . At the time , there were few if any true national telecasts until the NFL championship game , which was carried by NBC . Schenkel was joined by Jim McKay , later Johnny Lujack through the 1950s and the early 1960s . As Giants players retired to the broadcast booth in the early and 1960s , first Pat Summerall , then Frank Gifford took the color analyst slot next to Schenkel . As the 1970 merger of the NFL and AFL approached , CBS moved to a more generic announcer approach and Schenkel was off the broadcasts . Giants regular - season Sunday telecasts moved to Fox when that network took over NFC telecasts in 1994 and are carried locally by WNYW .",
"40": "WCBS - TV and WPIX were previously home to Giants preseason telecasts in the 1990s , with WPIX serving as the Giants ' ( and Jets ' ) long time preseason home . After the NFC rights were lost by CBS , the Giants followed the conference 's broadcast rights to WNYW . WWOR became the Giants ' flagship TV station in the late ' 90s , and stayed so up until WNBC took over rights in 2005 . When the Giants first moved to WNYW , Mike Breen was their preseason play - by - play man . Sam Rosen was the television voice for some time afterward , except for two years when Curt Menefee ( then of WNYW ) was the voice . When the games moved to WWOR , Rosen regained the position and held it until 2004 . Former Giant receiver Phil McConkey became the early season analyst after his retirement and stayed in the booth for many years . See also New York City portal New Jersey portal Professional American football championship List of New York Giants seasons References Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 2013 Logo Slick '' ( PDF ) . New York Giants . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Training Camp to be held in NJ '' . New York Giants . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Albany No More : Giants To Hold 2013 Training Camp At The Meadowlands '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hoovers.com Company Profile '' . Hoovers.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jimmy the Geek ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Wilmington Blogs : Pulp Culture The News Journal '' .",
"41": "delawareonline . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . ^ Jump up to : New York First Game & First Home Game Program , hapmoran.org . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New York Pro Eleven Takes Opening Game , The New York Times , October 5 , 1925 . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 1925 -- ) Archived April 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship games 1925 -- 1949 '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 83 Jump up ^ New York Giants vs. Notre Dame All Stars December 14 , 1930 , hapmoran.org . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert McG. , Jr . `` Two Giants Were Heroes Far From Playing Field '' , The New York Times , January 26 , 1991 . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonough , W. et al. `` 75 Seasons : The Complete Story of the National Football League 1920 - 1995 , '' Turner Publishing , Inc.",
"42": "and National Football League Properties , Atlanta , p. 86 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ The Detroit Free Press , November 8 , 1943 , p. 14 Jump up ^ The New York Times , November 8 , 1943 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : History of the New York Giants , sportsecyclopedia . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 272 Jump up ^ Kart , Larry . `` The Chicago Bears wins the 1963 NFL Championship '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1966 NFL Standings , Stats and Awards Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William M. Jets Beat Giants , 37 -- 14 ; Namath Completes 14 of 16 Passes , 3 for Scores ; Battle Returns Punt For 86 Yards 70,874 Fans See Jet Rookie Score in Yale Bowl -- Mathis Tallies Two Touchdowns , The New York Times , August 18 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard . Fans Show Mixed Emotions ; Bad Trades Laid To Team 's Pilot , The New York Times , September 13 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fran Tarkenton Archived January 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , vikingupdate.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katz , Michael . Giants Go With Youth and Cut Ramsey ; McVay Draws a Line , The New York Times , September 13 , 1977 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Michael . 20 Seconds Left As Eagles Win ; Jets Bow ; Todd Reinjured , The New York Times , November 20 , 1978 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 1991 - 02 - 21 ) .",
"43": "`` Sports Of The Times ; The Feud That Won Super Bowls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Taylor Archived May 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie : ( 1 ) The New York Times , September 11 , 1982 - Scouting ; Crunch Bunch Jump up ^ `` HolidayCalendar '' . Giants.com. April 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy . `` Redskins - The Fifth Down Blog '' . Fifthdown.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship Games 1950 -- present '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Joe Morris Archived December 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 846 Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 914 Jump up ^ Fucillo , David . `` 49ers ' Year - by - Year : 1990 '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1994 New York Giants Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . Sports of The Times ; Brown Hopes To Wear Out Giant Fans , The New York Times , October 25 , 1994 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ King , Peter .",
"44": "Renewed and revitalized at 28 , Collins finally comes clean , Sports Illustrated , January 22 , 2001 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 New York Giants '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. Sports of The Times ; With Season at Crossroads , Fassel Dares His Team , The New York Times , November 27 , 2000 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl XXXV recap '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry . Nothing personal , San Diego ; Eli Manning just did n't want to be a Charger Archived October 3 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , U-T San Diego , September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Coughlin coaching profile , ESPN . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Giants confirm Coughlin to remain coach , USA TODAY , January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Strahan breaks Gastineau 's 17 - year - old record , ESPN , January 2001 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiki Barber plans to stay busy after retirement '' . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . , National Football League , February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PAUL NEWBERRY ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Giants win their fourth in a row , routing hapless Falcons 31 -- 10 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 8 , 2010 .",
"45": "Jump up ^ O'Halloran , Ryan ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Superbowl ( sic ) XLII preview '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants End Pats Perfect Season ; Win Super Bowl '' . Jump up ^ Opinion : Eli makes sure MVP stays in the family , NBC Sports.com , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vacchiano , Ralph . Improbable Super Bowl victory capped incredible Giant season , Daily News location = New York , February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 2009 ) . `` Manning and Giants Stopped Short in Bid to Repeat as Champs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` schedule_2009 '' . Giants.com . March 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NFL Stats : by Team Category . National Football League . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Lose Season Opener Against Washington Redskins 28 - 14 : Rapid Reaction '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : New York Giants at New England Patriots -- 2011 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Odds and Interest : a Look at the 2013 NFL Pro Bowl '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Experience Will not Be a Part of Super Bowl XLVIII in New York / New Jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Fail to Live up to Talk and Guarantees , Fall 24 - 21 to Dallas Cowboys '' . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr . `` Happy '' to Land with New York Giants ; Recalls Past with Eli Manning `` . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ben McAdoo named New York Giants head coach '' . Giants.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ `` Giants injury updates : Odell Beckham Jr. to have season - ending ankle surgery '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rodgers - Cromartie suspended after blowup with McAdoo '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Giants suspend Janoris Jenkins indefinitely '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NFL CHAMPIONS 1920 - 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the New York Giants '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 52 Jump up ^ NFL History : 1921 -- 1930 , National Football League / history . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carroll . pg. 126 Jump up ^ Pro Football Here to Stay , Says Mara ; Giants to Play Next Year Despite Losses -- Game Also to Remain at Ebbets Field. , The New York Times , December 19 , 1926 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Monte . Turning $500 Into A $573 Million NFL Team , Forbes , August 29 , 2003 . Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tim Mara died in 1959 . Attendance Rises in Pro Football ; Grand Total for League Games and Extra Contests in 1939 Placed at 1,575,289 Increase 12.3 Per Cent Giants First For Home Crowds With 233,440 During Season -- Detroit Places Next , The New York Times , December 17 , 1939 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 .",
"47": "* Pro Football set Attendance Mark ; National League Teams Played to More Than 1,600,000 Fans During 1940 Dodgers Drew 146,229 Washington , Pittsburgh Also Attracted Larger Crowds to Home Games , The New York Times , December 24 , 1940 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Attendance Gain for Pro Football ; Game Average 36.7 % Higher -- 1,072,469 at 40 Contests -- 55 Last Year Drew More , The New York Times , December 7 , 1943 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Teams valuation : 1998 - 2005 - New York Giants , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2006 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave . Sports of the Times ; Ten Giant Steps to Superdom , The New York Times , January 25 , 1987 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald . Football ; Tisch Does n't Plan to Be A Figurehead for Giants , The New York Times , February 22 , 1991 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard . Wellington Mara , the Patriarch of the N.F.L. , Dies at 89 , The New York Times , October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Giants co-owner Ann Mara dies at age 85 '' . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2004 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen. `` # 9 New York Giants -- Kurt Badenhausen '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press .",
"48": "Two states claim NFC champion Giants as their own , Sports Illustrated , January 19 , 2001 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( January 13 , 1987 ) . `` Pre-Super Bowl Scrimmage : So Whose Giants Are They ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik . New York 's Giants Victory Parade Set for Tomorrow , Bloomberg L.P. , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Greg ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Moments in the Giants - Redskins Rivalry '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Head - to - Head Records - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Sphigel , Ben ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Jets ' Players Are Asking Themselves : Is This a Rivalry Game ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Giants ' Weatherford : Beating Jets is ' sweet ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ B , John . `` Jets vs. Giants : How Big of a Rivalry Is It ? '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DelVecchio , Steve . `` Bart Scott : Jets - Giants Not a Rivalry Because You Do n't Have to Fight Over Strippers in New York '' . Larry Brown Sports . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Gil . `` Scouts reveal their sleepers '' . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 .",
"49": "CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League , August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Retired Jersey Numbers '' . Big Blue Interactive . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall of Famers by Team , profootballhof.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Landry Player stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Headlines -- Story -- Giants to Unveil Ring of Honor '' . Giants.com . September 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants New Ring Of Honor : Who Deserves A Spot ? '' . Bleacher Report . September 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants.com - TV & Radio Gameday Guide '' . Bibliography Carroll , John Martin ( 1999 ) . Grange and the Rise of Modern Football . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07166 - 2 . Neft , David S. ; Cohen , Richard M. ; Korch , Rick ( 1994 ) . The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11435 - 4 . Steinbreder , John ( 1999 ) . Giants : 75 Years of Championship Football ( second ed . ) . Dallas : Taylor Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 159 - X . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Giants .",
"50": "Official website New York Giants at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) New York Giants Founded in 1925 Based and headquartered in East Rutherford , New Jersey Franchise Franchise Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks History 1925 -- 78 1979 -- 93 1994 -- present Financial history Stadiums Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium Yale Bowl Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Cleveland Bulldogs The Duke Crunch Bunch Gatorade shower Big Blue Wrecking Crew I 'm going to Disney World ! Little Giants `` New York Groove '' `` We Fly High '' `` The Masseuse '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Big Fan Bob Sheppard Jim Hall Yankee Stadium Legacy License Plate Guy Lore Sneakers Game The Greatest Game Ever Played The Fumble Wide Right 2007 game vs.",
"51": "New England Patriots Helmet Catch The Comeback Rivalries Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins San Francisco 49ers New York Jets Key personnel Owners : John Mara , Steve Tisch General Manager : Dave Gettleman Head Coach : Pat Shurmur Division championships ( 16 ) 1933 1934 1935 1938 1939 1941 1941 1944 1946 1986 1989 1990 1997 2000 2005 2008 2011 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1956 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1986 1990 2000 2007 2011 League championships ( 8 ) 1927 1934 1938 1956 1986 ( XXI ) 1990 ( XXV ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2011 ( XLVI ) Retired numbers 7 11 14 14 16 32 40 42 50 56 Ring of Honor Jessie Armstead Carl Banks Tiki Barber Mark Bavaro Al Blozis Rosey Brown Harry Carson Charlie Conerly Frank Gifford Pete Gogolak Mel Hein Jim Lee Howell Sam Huff Dave Jennings Tuffy Leemans Dick Lynch Jack Mara Tim Mara Wellington Mara George Martin Joe Morrison Charlie Conerly Steve Owen Bill Parcells Andy Robustelli Phil Simms Michael Strahan Ken Strong Lawrence Taylor Bob Tisch Y.A. Tittle Amani Toomer Emlen Tunnell Brad Van Pelt Alex Webster George Young Tom Coughlin Michael Strahan Justin Tuck Ernie Accorsi Media Broadcasters Radio network Bob Papa Carl Banks Howard Cross Current league affiliations League : National Football League",
"52": "Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 93 ) 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National",
"53": "Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled",
"54": "games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sport teams based in the New York metropolitan area Australian rules football USAFL New York Magpies Baseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs NYPL Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades Staten Island Yankees ALPB Bridgeport Bluefish Long Island Ducks Somerset Patriots CanAm New Jersey Jackals Rockland Boulders Sussex County Miners Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks ABA Jersey Express Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Football NFL New York Giants New York Jets NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA New York Sharks Hockey NHL New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Bridgeport Sound Tigers Lehigh Valley Phantoms NWHL Metropolitan Riveters Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards",
"55": "Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Soccer MLS New York City FC New York Red Bulls NASL New York Cosmos USL Bethlehem Steel FC New York Red Bulls II NWSL Sky Blue FC PDL F.A. Euro Jersey Express S.C. Long Island Rough Riders New York Red Bulls U-23 Westchester Flames NPSL Brooklyn Italians New York Athletic Club S.C. New York Cosmos B Roller derby WFTDA Gotham Girls Roller Derby Jersey Shore Roller Girls Long Island Roller Rebels Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Team tennis WTT New York Empire College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Army Columbia Fairfield Fairleigh Dickinson Fordham Hofstra Iona Lehigh LIU Brooklyn Manhattan NJIT Princeton Quinnipiac Rider Rutgers Sacred Heart St. Francis Brooklyn St. John 's Saint Peter 's Seton Hall Stony Brook Wagner Yale College athletics ( NCAA Division III ) Rutgers - Newark Ultimate AUDL New York Empire Gaelic games New York GAA : Gaelic football Hurling Main article : Sports in New York City Sports teams based in New Jersey Baseball EL Trenton Thunder SAL Lakewood BlueClaws ALPB Somerset Patriots CanAm New Jersey Jackals Sussex County Miners Basketball ABA Jersey Express Football NFL New York Giants New York Jets AAL Jersey Flight ( beginning 2018 ) Hockey NHL New Jersey Devils NWHL Metropolitan Riveters NAHL New Jersey Junior Titans Roller derby WFTDA Garden State Rollergirls Jersey Shore Roller Girls Soccer MLS New York Red Bulls USL New York Red Bulls II NWSL Sky Blue FC PDL Jersey Express S.C.",
"56": "New York Red Bulls U-23 Ocean City Nor'easters NPSL Jersey Blues FC TSF FC College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Fairleigh Dickinson Knights Monmouth Hawks NJIT Highlanders Princeton Tigers Rider Broncs Rutgers Scarlet Knights Saint Peter 's Peacocks and Peahens Seton Hall Pirates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Giants&oldid=838465610 '' Categories : New York Giants National Football League teams American football teams in Connecticut American football teams in New Jersey American football teams in New York City American football teams in the New York metropolitan area Sports in East Rutherford , New Jersey Sports clubs established in 1925 1925 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with Curlie links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 05 : 35 .",
"57": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays the voice of the hormone monster
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[
"Nick Kroll",
"Nick Kroll",
"Nick Kroll",
"Nick Kroll",
"Nick Kroll"
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{
"0": "Big Mouth ( tv series ) - wikipedia Big Mouth ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Mouth Genre Animated sitcom Adult animation Black comedy Surreal comedy Coming - of - age story Created by Nick Kroll Andrew Goldberg Mark Levin Jennifer Flackett Starring Nick Kroll John Mulaney Jessi Klein Jason Mantzoukas Jenny Slate Fred Armisen Maya Rudolph Jordan Peele Music by Mark Rivers Opening theme `` Changes '' by Charles Bradley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Nick Kroll Andrew Goldberg Mark Levin Jennifer Flackett Blair Fetter Jane Wiseman Kristen Zolner Producer ( s ) Nate Funaro Joe Wengert Running time 25 -- 27 minutes Production company ( s ) Danger Goldberg Productions Good at Bizness , Inc . Fathouse Industries Titmouse , Inc . Release Original network Netflix Original release September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) -- present External links Website Big Mouth is an American adult animated sitcom created by Nick Kroll , Andrew Goldberg , Mark Levin , and Jennifer Flackett based on Kroll and Goldberg 's tweenage years growing up in the suburbs of New York , with Kroll voicing his fictional self . The first season consisting of ten episodes premiered on Netflix on September 29 , 2017 . On October 24 , 2017 , it was confirmed that a second season has been ordered to air in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Cast 2.1 Also starring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Summary ( edit ) The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty , masturbation , and sexual arousal .",
"1": "Acting as sex - based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters Maurice , who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay , and Connie , who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy . Throughout the series , the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful , albeit confusing , advice in their puberty - filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington , a French accented Statue of Liberty , a pillow capable of getting pregnant , and even Jessi 's own vagina . Cast ( edit ) Nick Kroll as : Nick Birch , a preadolescent boy , with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares . He also has an older brother Judd and a sister named Leah . Maurice the Hormone Monster , a wild thing - type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires , which frequently occur at inappropriate moments . Coach Steve , the middle school gym class teacher , who is incompetent and overly talkative , often trying to get his colleagues - or even the students - to hang out ( often to no avail ) . It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled . Kroll also voices Lola , Lady Liberty , a ladybug , Joe Walsh , the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton , and Sylvester Stallone . John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman , a young Jewish boy , who spends much of his time furtively masturbating . Mulaney also voices Mint , Grandpa Andrew , Babe the Blue Ox , and a detective . Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser , a sarcastic and smart girl . Her father , named Greg , is an unemployed stoner and her mother , named Shannon , is secretly dating another woman . She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty . Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian , a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex . He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy . His mom is mentally ill , his dad is a divorce lawyer , and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val . He is obsessed with Nick 's mother and father and wishes for a loving family . Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian .",
"2": "Jenny Slate as Missy , a girl who is nerdy and kind . Her father is black and her mother is white . Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch / Ghost of Antonin Scalia / Bus Driver / Stavros Maya Rudolph as Diane Birch / Connie the Hormone Monstress / Bath Mat / Ghost of Elizabeth Taylor / Ghost of Whitney Houston Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington / Ghost of Freddie Mercury / Atlanta Claus / DJ / Cyrus / Patrick Ewing Also starring ( edit ) Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman , Andrew 's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype . Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman Andrew Rannells as Matthew June Diane Raphael as Devin Jak Knight as DeVon Neil Casey as Detective John Gemberling as Security Guard Joe Wengert as Caleb Seth Morris as Greg Glaser Emily Altman Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer Kat Dennings as Leah Birch Jon Gabrus Kristen Bell as Pam / Uninterested Girl Jess Harnell as Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson Mark Rivers Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian Chelsea Peretti as Monica Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian / Clerk Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian Nathan Fillion as himself Anna Graves Kristen Wiig as Jessi 's genitalia Nasim Pedrad as Fatima Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo Alia Shawkat as Roland Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine Zach Woods as Daniel Jon Hamm as Scallops Jack McBrayer as Nick 's pubic hair # 1 Craig Robinson as Nick 's pubic hair # 2 Jon Daly as Judd Birch Rosa Salazar as Ms. Benitez Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick Gil Ozeri Ashley London Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"3": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Ejaculation '' Joel Moser Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster , Randy , also his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body . The gang go to the school dance . `` Everybody Bleeds '' Bryan Francis Kelly Galuska September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick 's girlfriend , then gets her first period -- inside the Statue of Liberty . `` Am I Gay ? '' Mike L. Mayfield Joe Wengert September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality . Jessi and Nick 's budding romance turns ugly fast . `` Sleepover : A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality '' Joel Moser Jess Dweck & Victor Quinaz September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) While the boys head to Jay 's for a testosterone - fueled sleepover , Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean - girl drama . 5 5 `` Girls Are Horny Too '' Bryan Francis Emily Altman September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality -- and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want . 6 6 `` Pillow Talk '' Mike L. Mayfield Peter A. Knight September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush , but the day does n't go as planned . Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow .",
"4": "7 7 `` Requiem for a Wet Dream '' Joel Moser Duffy Boudreau September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project . Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay 's expense . 8 8 `` The Head Push '' Bryan Francis Emily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd , Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma , and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene . 9 9 `` I Survived Jessi 's Bat Mitzvah '' Mike L. Mayfield Kelly Galuska September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Family blowups , secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi 's bat mitzvah a night to remember . 10 10 `` The Pornscape '' Joel Moser Gil Ozeri September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn , only to become hopelessly addicted . Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree . Also , Jessi and Jay run away together . Season 2 ( edit ) On October 24 , 2017 , Netflix announced it has renewed Big Mouth for a second season set to be released in 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 100 % based on 16 reviews , with the critical consensus reading , `` Big Mouth 's simplistic animation and scatalogical humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart , empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence . '' At Metacritic , the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Vox described the show as sharp , and as jarringly depicting the awkwardness of pubescence , postpubescence and prepubescence .",
"5": "Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Annie Award Best General Audience Television / Broadcast Production Big Mouth Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Greenlights Animated Series from Nick Kroll '' . Variety . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Big Mouth ' Animated Series From Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farley , Rebecca ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Meet The Hormone Monster , The Personification Of Puberty In Big Mouth '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Mouth ' Renewed For Season 2 At Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Mouth : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Mouth '' , Metacritic , retrieved October 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Big Mouth takes a sharp , surprisingly joyful look at the gross time that is puberty '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Big Mouth on Netflix Big Mouth on IMDb ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr.",
"6": "Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Disjointed Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World Devilman Crybaby My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 ,",
"7": "2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 7 , 2015 -- 17 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 16 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 2016 -- 18 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Former Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Ask the StoryBots ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Roman Empire : Reign of Blood ( 2016 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective",
"8": "Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Upcoming Damnation ( 2018 ) Altered Carbon ( 2018 ) Queer Eye ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ! ( 2018 ) The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) B : the Beginning ( 2018 ) A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - ( 2018 ) Sword Gai : The Animation ( 2018 ) O Mecanismo ( 2018 ) Alexa & Katie ( 2018 ) Baki ( 2018 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) Hilda ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Kiss Me First ( 2018 ) Knights of the Zodiac : Saint Seiya ( 2018 ) La Casa de las Flores ( 2018 ) Lost in Space ( 2018 ) Lost Song ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) On My Block ( 2018 ) Safe ( 2018 ) Samantha !",
"9": "( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The New Legends of Monkey ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Mouth_(TV_series)&oldid=821689701 '' Categories : 2010s American adult animated television series 2010s American black comedy television series 2017 American television series debuts 2017 animated television series debuts American high school television series American adult animated television series English - language television programs Flash cartoons Netflix original programming Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 01 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"10": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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2910151259471653358
|
where can you find convergent boundaries on earth
|
[
"The collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate that is forming the Himalayas",
"The collision between the Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate that formed the Southern Alps in New Zealand",
"Subduction of the northern part of the Pacific Plate and the NW North American Plate that is forming the Aleutian Islands",
"Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate to form the Andes",
"Subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate and Tonga Plate, forming the complex New Zealand to New Guinea subduction/transform boundaries",
"Collision of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate formed the Pontic Mountains in Turkey",
"Mariana Trench",
"Subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate to form the Cascade Range"
] |
{
"0": "Convergent boundary - wikipedia Convergent boundary Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In plate tectonics , a convergent boundary , also known as a destructive plate boundary , is a region of active deformation where two or more tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere are near the end of their life cycle . This is in contrast to a constructive plate boundary ( also known as a mid-ocean ridge or spreading center ) . As a result of pressure , friction , and plate material melting in the mantle , earthquakes and volcanoes are common near destructive boundaries , where subduction zones or an area of continental collision ( depending on the nature of the plates involved ) occurs . The subducting plate in a subduction zone is normally oceanic crust , and moves beneath the other plate , which can be made of either oceanic or continental crust . During collisions between two continental plates , large mountain ranges , such as the Himalayas are formed . In other regions , a divergent boundary or transform faults may be present . Oceanic - continental Continental - continental Oceanic - oceanic Contents ( hide ) 1 Mid-ocean ridges 2 Subduction zones 3 Volcanic arcs 4 Back arc basins 5 Oceanic trenches 6 Examples 7 See also 8 References Mid-ocean ridges ( edit ) See also : Earth 's internal heat budget The reason for the existence of convergent boundaries are the mid-ocean ridges that were only beginning to be understood with the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics in the mid-1960s . The radioactive decay of elements within the rocks in the interior of the earth generates large amounts of heat that moves magma to the surface of the crust in a process called mantle convection . This results in new oceanic crust or sea floor being formed that slowly moves away from the ridges ( sometimes called spreading centers ) towards the subduction zones .",
"1": "In other words , new sea floor originates from the upwelling rock as it emerges from the depths of the mantle and it slowly cools as it is transported over the millennia to the collision or subduction zones where it is consumed or recycled . Subduction zones ( edit ) See also : Forearc and Wadati -- Benioff zone Large , shallow earthquakes on subduction zone interfaces are the largest types of earthquakes . They accounted for 90 % of the total seismic moment released for the period 1900 -- 1989 , but these events usually occur offshore and far from population centers . Non-subduction interface earthquakes also occur in the region of the trench including shallow upper plate shocks , deeper events within the downgoing slab , and events that are related to outer trench swell . Volcanic arcs ( edit ) A volcanic arc is formed on the continental plate , above the location of the downgoing oceanic slab . The volcanic arc is the surface expression of the magma that is generated by hydrous melting of the mantle above the downgoing slab . Hydrated minerals ( e.g. , phlogopite , lawsonite , amphibole ) within the oceanic lithosphere become unstable at certain depths due to increased temperature and pressure , causing the crystal structure of the hydrated minerals break down and release water . The buoyant fluids then rise into the asthenosphere , where they lower the melting temperature of the mantle and cause partial melting . These melts rise to the surface and are the source of some of the most explosive volcanism on Earth because of their high volumes of extremely pressurized gases . When two plates with oceanic crust converge , they typically create an island arc as one plate is subducted below the other . The arc is formed from volcanoes which erupt through the overriding plate as the descending plate melts below it . The arc shape occurs because of the spherical surface of the earth ( nick the peel of an orange with a knife and note the arc formed by the straight - edge of the knife ) . A deep oceanic trench is located in front of such arcs where the descending slab dips downward , such as the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands . Back arc basins ( edit ) See also : Back - arc region Some convergent margins have zones of active seafloor spreading behind the island arc , known as back - arc basins .",
"2": "When one plate is composed of oceanic lithosphere and the other is composed of continental lithosphere , the denser oceanic plate is subducted , often forming an orogenic belt and associated mountain range . This type of convergent boundary is similar to the Andes or the Cascade Range in North America . Oceanic trenches ( edit ) An oceanic trench is found where the denser plate is subducted underneath the other plate . There is water in the rocks of the oceanic plate ( because they are underwater ) , and as this plate moves further down into the subduction zone , much of the water contained in the plate is squeezed out when the plate begins to subduct . However , the recrystallization of ocean floor rocks , such as serpentinite , which are unstable in the upper mantle , recrystallize into olivine , causing dehydration through loss of hydroxyl groups . This addition of water to the mantle causes partial melting of the mantle , generating magma , which then rises , and which normally results in volcanoes . This normally happens at a certain depth , about 70 to 80 miles below the Earth 's surface , and so volcanoes are formed fairly close to , but not right next to , the trench . Examples ( edit ) The collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate that is forming the Himalayas . The collision between the Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate that formed the Southern Alps in New Zealand Subduction of the northern part of the Pacific Plate and the NW North American Plate that is forming the Aleutian Islands . Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate to form the Andes . Subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate and Tonga Plate , forming the complex New Zealand to New Guinea subduction / transform boundaries . Collision of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate formed the Pontic Mountains in Turkey . Mariana Trench Subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate to form the Cascade Range . See also ( edit ) List of tectonic plates List of tectonic plate interactions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bolt , B. ( 2005 ) , Earthquakes : 2006 Centennial Update -- The 1906 Big One ( Fifth ed . ) , W.H. Freeman and Company , pp.",
"3": "146 -- 150 , ISBN 978 - 0716775485 Jump up ^ Yeats , R.S. ; Sieh , K.E. ; Allen , C.R. ( 1997 ) . The Geology of Earthquakes . Oxford University Press . pp. 371 -- 378 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507827 - 5 . ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation",
"4": "Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level",
"5": "rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convergent_boundary&oldid=819389366 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 02 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"6": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does a building need a fire pump
|
[
"the local municipal water system cannot provide sufficient pressure to meet the hydraulic design requirements of the fire sprinkler system",
"when the local municipal water system cannot provide sufficient pressure to meet the hydraulic design requirements of the fire sprinkler system"
] |
{
"0": "Fire pump - wikipedia Fire pump Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A vertical turbine type fire pump with a diesel engine attached on the right A fire pump is a part of a fire sprinkler system 's water supply and powered by electric , diesel or steam . The pump intake is either connected to the public underground water supply piping , or a static water source ( e.g. , tank , reservoir , lake ) . The pump provides water flow at a higher pressure to the sprinkler system risers and hose standpipes . A fire pump is tested and listed for its use specifically for fire service by a third - party testing and listing agency , such as UL or FM Global . The main code that governs fire pump installations in North America is the National Fire Protection Association 's NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Fire Pumps for Fire Protection . Fire pumps function either by an electric motor or a diesel engine , or , occasionally a steam turbine . If the local building code requires power independent of the local electric power grid , a pump using an electric motor may utilize , when connected via a listed transfer switch , the installation of an emergency generator . The fire pump starts when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system drops below a threshold . The sprinkler system pressure drops significantly when one or more fire sprinklers are exposed to heat above their design temperature , and opens , releasing water . Alternately , other fire hoses reels or other firefighting connections are opened , causing a pressure drop in the fire fighting main . Fire pumps are needed when the local municipal water system can not provide sufficient pressure to meet the hydraulic design requirements of the fire sprinkler system . This usually occurs if the building is very tall , such as in high - rise buildings , or in systems that require a relatively high terminal pressure at the fire sprinkler in order to provide a large volume of water , such as in storage warehouses . Fire pumps are also needed if fire protection water supply is provided from a ground level water storage tank . Types of pumps used for fire service include : horizontal split case , vertical split case , vertical inline , vertical turbine , and end suction .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Fire Pumps , Circulation Relief Valve 2 Jockey pump 2.1 In the U.S. 2.2 In India 3 References Fire pumps , circulation relief valve ( edit ) Each pump shall have a circulation relief valve listed for the fire pump service installed and set below the shutoff pressure at minimum expected suction pressure . Exception : This rule shall not apply to engine - driven pumps for which engine cooling water is taken from the pump discharge . Jockey pump ( edit ) A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system and is intended to maintain pressure in a fire protection piping system to an artificially high level so that the operation of a single fire sprinkler will cause a pressure drop which will be sensed by the fire pump automatic controller , causing the fire pump to start . The jockey pump is essentially a portion of the fire pump 's control system . A jockey pump is sized for a flow less than the flow to one sprinkler in order to ensure a system pressure drop . Jockey pumps are typically small multistage centrifugal pumps , and do not have to be listed or certified for fire system application . The control equipment for jockey pumps may however carry approvals . Jockey pumps should be sized for 3 % of the flow of the main fire pump and to provide 10psi more pressure than the main fire pump ( As per Code IS 15105 : 2002 ) In the U.S. ( edit ) The application of a jockey pump in a fire protection system is provided by NFPA 20 . They are inspected per NFPA 25 `` Inspection and Testing of Water - Based Fire Protection Systems '' . In India ( edit ) In India , the pump manufacturers generally adhere to the TAC ( Tariff Advisory Committee ) guidelines , although pump manufacturers also obtain listings with UL or FM Global . For the purpose of installation & maintenance of fire - fighting pumps , Bureau of Indian Standards has published IS 15301 which is being followed throughout India . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Firefighting pumps . Jump up ^ `` NFPA 20 : Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection '' . Nfpa.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 15 .",
"2": "Jump up ^ https://www.fmglobal.com/assets/pdf/fmapprovals/1319.pdf FM Global , Standards for Fire Pumps http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_9_sec013.htm ( hide ) Fire protection General Active fire protection Passive fire protection Fire suppression Manual Fire blanket Fire bucket Fire extinguisher Automatic Condensed aerosol fire suppression Fire sprinkler system Fire sprinkler Gaseous fire suppression Detection Flame detector Heat detector Smoke detector Notification Drill Fire alarm system Call box Control panel Notification appliance Pull station / call point Smoke detector Awards Arthur B. Guise Medal Harry C. Bigglestone Award Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_pump&oldid=825986417 '' Categories : Firefighting equipment Fire suppression Pumps Active fire protection Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 15 : 20 . About Wikipedia",
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1 the bureau of land management manages over acres of land in the united states
|
[
"247.3 million"
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{
"0": "Bureau of Land Management - wikipedia Bureau of Land Management Jump to : navigation , search Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Land Management Triangle Flag of the Bureau of Land Management Agency overview Formed 1946 ; 72 years ago ( 1946 ) Preceding agencies U.S. Grazing Service General Land Office Jurisdiction United States federal government Headquarters 1849 C Street NW Room 5665 , Washington , D.C. , U.S. 20240 Employees 11,621 Permanent and 30,860 Volunteer ( FY 2012 ) Annual budget $1,162,000,000 ( FY 2014 operating ) Agency executive Michael Nedd , Director ( Acting ) Parent agency U.S. Department of the Interior Website blm.gov Horses crossing a plain near the Simpson Park Wilderness Study Area in central Nevada , managed by the Battle Mountain BLM Field Office Snow - covered cliffs of Snake River Canyon , Idaho , managed by the Boise District of the BLM The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior that administers more than 247.3 million acres ( 1,001,000 km ) of public lands in the United States which constitutes one - eighth of the landmass of the country . President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies : the General Land Office and the Grazing Service . The agency manages the federal government 's nearly 700 million acres ( 2,800,000 km ) of subsurface mineral estate located beneath federal , state and private lands severed from their surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862 . Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states : Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Oregon , Utah , Washington and Wyoming . This map shows land owned by different federal government agencies . The yellow represents the Bureau of Land Management 's holdings . The mission of the BLM is `` to sustain the health , diversity , and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations . '' Originally BLM holdings were described as `` land nobody wanted '' because homesteaders had passed them by .",
"1": "All the same , ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on 155 million acres ( 630,000 km ) of BLM public lands . The agency manages 221 wilderness areas , 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Landscape Conservation System -- now known as the National Conservation Lands , totaling about 36 million acres ( 150,000 km ) . In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers , and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails . There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands . Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013 , an amount divided among the Treasury , the states , and Native American groups . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 BLM programs 3 National Landscape Conservation System 4 Law enforcement and security 5 Wild horse and burro program 6 Renewable energy 7 Directors 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The BLM 's roots go back to the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . These laws provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original 13 colonies ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution . As additional lands were acquired by the United States from Spain , France and other countries , the United States Congress directed that they be explored , surveyed , and made available for settlement . During the Revolutionary War , military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies . After the war , the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , signed by the United States , England , France , and Spain , ceded territory to the United States . In the 1780s , other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern - day Ohio . By this time , the United States needed revenue to function . Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive . In order to sell the land , surveys needed to be conducted . The Land Ordinance of 1785 instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors .",
"2": "The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error ; once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed , a modern public land survey system had been developed . In 1812 , Congress established the General Land Office as part of the Department of the Treasury to oversee the disposition of these federal lands . By the early 1800s , promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled . Over the years , other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land . Several different types of patents existed . These include cash entry , credit , homestead , Indian , military warrants , mineral certificates , private land claims , railroads , state selections , swamps , town sites , and town lots . A system of local land offices spread throughout the territories , patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding Office of the Surveyor General of a particular territory . This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States . The laws that spurred this system with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act of 1877 have since been repealed or superseded . In the early 20th century , Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the Executive Branch to manage activities on the remaining public lands . The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing , exploration , and production of selected commodities , such as coal , oil , gas , and sodium to take place on public lands . The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees . The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937 , commonly referred as the O&C Act , required sustained yield management of the timberlands in western Oregon . In 1946 , the Grazing Service was merged with the General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management within the Department of the Interior . It took several years for this new agency to integrate and reorganize . In the end , the Bureau of Land Management became less focused on land disposal and more focused on the long term management and preservation of the land . The agency achieved its current form by combining offices in the western states and creating a corresponding office for lands both east of and alongside the Mississippi River .",
"3": "As a matter of course , the BLM 's emphasis fell on activities in the western states as most of the mining , land sales , and federally owned areas are located west of the Mississippi . BLM personnel on the ground have typically been oriented toward local interests , while bureau management in Washington are led by presidential guidance . By means of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 , Congress created a more unified bureau mission and recognized the value of the remaining public lands by declaring that these lands would remain in public ownership . The law directed that these lands be managed with a view toward `` multiple use '' defined as `` management of the public lands and their various resource values so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the present and future needs of the American people . '' Since the Reagan years of the 1980s , Republicans have often given priority to local control and to grazing , mining and petroleum production , while Democrats have more often emphasized environmental concerns even when granting mining and drilling leases . In September 1996 , then President Bill Clinton used his authority under the Antiquities Act to establish the Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument in southern Utah , the first of now 20 national monuments established on BLM lands and managed by the agency . The establishment of Grand Staircase - Escalante foreshadowed later creation of the BLM 's National Landscape Conservation System in 2000 . Use of the Antiquities Act authority , to the extent it effectively scuttled a coal mine to have been operated by Andalex Resources , delighted recreation and conservation enthusiasts but set up larger confrontations with state and local authorities . The changing demographics in the western states have led some to suggest that the BLM , long derided as the `` Bureau of Livestock and Mines , '' is in the midst of becoming the `` Bureau of Landscapes and Monuments . '' BLM programs ( edit ) Most of the public lands held by the Bureau of Land Management are located in the western states . Grazing . The BLM manages livestock grazing on nearly 155 million acres ( 630,000 km ) million acres under the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 . The agency has granted more than 18,000 permits and leases to ranchers who graze their livestock , mostly cattle and sheep , at least part of the year on BLM public lands .",
"4": "Permits and leases generally cover a 10 - year period and are renewable if the BLM determines that the terms and conditions of the expiring permit or lease are being met . The federal grazing fee is adjusted annually and is calculated using a formula originally set by Congress in the Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978 . Under this formula , the grazing fee can not fall below $1.35 per animal unit month ( AUM ) , nor can any fee increase or decrease exceed 25 percent of the previous year 's level . The grazing fee for 2014 was set at $1.35 per AUM , the same level as for 2013 . Over time there has been a gradual decrease in the amount of grazing that takes place on BLM - managed land . Grazing on public lands has declined from 18.2 million AUMs in 1954 to 7.9 million AUMs in 2013 . Mining . Domestic production from over 63,000 Federal `` onshore '' oil and gas wells on BLM lands accounts for 11 percent of the natural gas supply and five percent of the oil supply in the United States . BLM has on record a total of 290,000 mining claims under the General Mining Law of 1872 . Coal leases . The BLM holds the coal mineral estate to more than 570 million acres ( 2,300,000 km ) where the owner of the surface is the federal government , a state or local government , or a private entity . As of 2013 , the BLM had competitively granted 309 leases for coal mining to 474,252 acres ( 191,923 ha ) , an increase of 13,487 acres ( 5,458 ha ) or nearly 3 % increase in land subject to coal production over ten years ' time . Recreation . The BLM administers 205,498 miles ( 330,717 km ) of fishable streams , 2.2 million acres ( 8,900 km ) of lakes and reservoirs , 6,600 miles ( 10,600 km ) of floatable rivers , over 500 boating access points , 69 National Back Country Byways , and 300 Watchable Wildlife sites .",
"5": "The agency also manages 4,500 miles ( 7,200 km ) of National Scenic , National Historic and National Recreation Trails , as well as thousands of miles of multiple use trails used by motorcyclists , hikers , equestrians , and mountain bikers . In 2013 , BLM lands received an estimated 61.7 million recreational visitors . California Desert Conservation Area . The California Desert Conservation Area covers 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) of land in southern California designated by Congress in 1976 by means of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act . BLM is charged with administering about 10 million acres ( 40,000 km ) of this fragile area with its potential for multiple uses in mind . Timberlands . The Bureau manages 55 million acres ( 220,000 km ) of forests and woodlands , including 11 million acres ( 45,000 km ) of commercial forest and 44 million acres ( 180,000 km ) of woodlands in 11 western states and Alaska . 53 million acres ( 210,000 km ) are productive forests and woodlands on public domain lands and 2.4 million acres ( 9,700 km ) are on O&C lands in western Oregon . Calm Before the Storm : Fatigued BLM Firefighters taking a break after a fire in Oregon in 2008 Firefighting . Well in excess of 3,000 full - time equivalent firefighting personnel work for BLM . The agency fought 2,573 fires on BLM - managed lands in fiscal year 2013 . Mineral rights on Indian lands . As part of its trust responsibilities , the BLM provides technical advice for minerals operations on 56 million acres ( 230,000 km ) of Indian lands . Cadastral surveys . The BLM is the official record keeper for over 200 years ' worth of cadastral survey records and plats as part of the Public Land Survey System . In addition , the Bureau still completes numerous new surveys each year , mostly in Alaska , and conducts resurveys to restore obliterated or lost original surveys . Abandoned mines . BLM maintains an inventory of known abandoned mines on the lands it manages . As of April 2014 , the inventory contained nearly 46,000 sites and 85,000 other features .",
"6": "Approximately 23 % of the sites had either been remediated , had reclamation actions planned or underway , or did not require further action . The remaining sites require further investigation . A 2008 Inspector General report alleges that BLM has for decades neglected the dangers represented by these abandoned mines . Energy corridors . Approximately 5,000 miles ( 8,000 km ) of energy corridors for pipelines and transmission lines are located on BLM - managed lands . Helium . BLM operates the National Helium Reserve near Amarillo , Texas , a program begun in 1925 during the time of the Zeppelin Wars . Though the reserve had been set to be moved to private hands , it remains subject to oversight of the BLM under the provisions of the unanimously - passed Responsible Helium Administration and Stewardship Act of 2013 . Revenue and fees . The BLM produces significant revenue for the United States budget . In 2009 , public lands were expected to generate an estimated $6.2 billion in revenues , mostly from energy development . Nearly 43.5 percent of these funds are provided directly to states and counties to support roads , schools , and other community needs . National Landscape Conservation system ( edit ) See also : National Landscape Conservation System Established in 2000 , the National Landscape Conservation System is overseen by the BLM . The National Landscape Conservation System lands constitute just about 12 % of the lands managed by the BLM . Congress passed Title II of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 ( Public Law 111 - 11 ) to make the system a permanent part of the public lands protection system in the United States . By designating these areas for conservation , the law directed the BLM to ensure these places are protected for future generations , similar to national parks and wildlife refuges .",
"7": "Unit Type Number BLM acres BLM miles National Conservation Lands National Monuments 27 5,590,135 acres ( 22,622.47 km ) National Conservation Lands National Conservation Areas 16 3,671,519 acres ( 14,858.11 km ) National Conservation Lands Areas Similar to National Conservation Areas 5 436,164 acres ( 1,765.09 km ) Wilderness Wilderness Areas 221 8,711,938 acres ( 35,255.96 km ) Wilderness Wilderness Study Areas 528 12,760,472 acres ( 51,639.80 km ) National Wild and Scenic Rivers National Wild and Scenic Rivers 69 1,001,353 acres ( 4,052.33 km ) 2,423 miles ( 3,899 km ) National Trails System National Historic Trails 13 5,078 miles ( 8,172 km ) National Trails System National Scenic Trails 5 683 miles ( 1,099 km ) Totals 877 About 36 million acres ( 150,000 km ) ( some units overlap ) 8,184 miles ( 13,171 km ) Source : BLM Resources and Statistics Law Enforcement and Security ( edit ) Lightning - sparked wildfires are frequent occurrences on BLM land in Nevada . The BLM , through its Office of Law Enforcement & Security , functions as a federal law enforcement agency of the United States Government . BLM law enforcement rangers and special agents receive their training through Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers ( FLETC ) . Full - time staffing for these positions approaches 300 . Uniformed rangers enforce laws and regulations governing BLM lands and resources . As part of that mission , these BLM rangers carry firearms , defensive equipment , make arrests , execute search warrants , complete reports and testify in court . They seek to establish a regular and recurring presence on a vast amount of public lands , roads and recreation sites . They focus on the protection of natural and cultural resources , other BLM employees and visitors . Given the many locations of BLM public lands , these rangers use canines , helicopters , snowmobiles , dirt bikes and boats to perform their duties .",
"8": "By contrast BLM special agents are criminal investigators who plan and conduct investigations concerning possible violations of criminal and administrative provisions of the BLM and other statutes under the United States Code . Special agents are normally plain clothes officers who carry concealed firearms , and other defensive equipment , make arrests , carry out complex criminal investigations , present cases for prosecution to local United States Attorneys and prepare investigative reports . Criminal investigators occasionally conduct internal and civil claim investigations . Wild Horse and Burro program ( edit ) See also : Mustang , Burro , Wild and Free - Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 , and List of BLM Herd Management Areas Mustangs run across Tule Valley , Utah The BLM manages free - roaming horses and burros on public lands in ten western states . Though they are feral , the agency is obligated to protect them under the Wild and Free - Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 ( WFRHBA ) . As the horses have few natural predators , populations have grown substantially . WFRHBA as enacted provides for the removal of excess animals ; the destruction of lame , old , or sick animals ; the private placement or adoption of excess animals ; and even the destruction of healthy animals if range management required it . In fact , the destruction of healthy or unhealthy horses has almost never occurred . Pursuant to the Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978 , the BLM has established 179 `` herd management areas '' ( HMAs ) covering 31.6 million acres ( 128,000 km ) acres where feral horses can be found on federal lands . In 1973 , BLM began a pilot project on the Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range known as the Adopt - A-Horse initiative . The program took advantage of provisions in the WFRHBA to allow private `` qualified '' individuals to `` adopt '' as many horses as they wanted if they could show that they could provide adequate care for the animals . At the time , title to the horses remained permanently with the federal government . The pilot project was so successful that BLM allowed it to go nationwide in 1976 . The Adopt - a-Horse program quickly became the primary method of removing excess feral horses from BLM land given the lack of other viable methods .",
"9": "The BLM also uses limited amounts of contraceptives in the herd , in the form of PZP vaccinations ; advocates say that additional use of these vaccines would help to diminish the excess number of horses currently under BLM management . Despite the early successes of the adoption program , the BLM has struggled to maintain acceptable herd levels , as without natural predators , herd sizes can double every four years . As of 2014 , there were more than 49,000 horses and burros on BLM - managed land , exceeding the BLM 's estimated `` appropriate management level '' ( AML ) by almost 22,500 . The Bureau of Land Management has implemented several programs and has developed partnerships as part of their management plan for preserving wild burros and horses in the United States . There are several herds of horses and burros roaming free on 26.9 million acres of range spread out in ten western states . It is essential to maintain a balance that keeps herd management land and animal population healthy . Some programs and partnerships include the Mustang Heritage Foundation , U.S. Border Patrol , Idaho 4H , Napa Mustang Days and Little Book Cliffs Darting Team . These partnerships help with adoption and animal population as well as education and raising awareness about wild horses and burros . Renewable energy ( edit ) Aerial photograph of Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located on BLM - managed land in the Mojave Desert In 2009 , BLM opened Renewable Energy Coordination Offices in order to approve and oversee wind , solar , biomass , and geothermal projects on BLM - managed lands . The offices were located in the four states where energy companies had shown the greatest interest in renewable energy development : Arizona , California , Nevada , and Wyoming . Solar energy . In 2010 , BLM approved the first utility - scale solar energy projects on public land . As of 2014 , 70 solar energy projects covering 560,000 acres ( 2,300 km ) had been proposed on public lands managed by BLM primarily located in Arizona , California , and Nevada . To date , it has approved 29 projects that have the potential to generate 8,786 megawatts of renewable energy or enough energy to power roughly 2.6 million homes .",
"10": "The projects range in size from a 45 - megawatt photovoltaic system on 422 acres ( 171 ha ) to a 1,000 - megawatt parabolic trough system on 7,025 acres ( 2,843 ha ) . Wind energy . BLM manages 20.6 million acres ( 83,000 km ) of public lands with wind potential . It has authorized 39 wind energy development projects with a total approved capacity of 5,557 megawatts or enough to supply the power needs of over 1.5 million homes . In addition , BLM has authorized over 100 wind energy testing sites . Geothermal energy . BLM manages 59 geothermal leases in producing status , with a total capacity of 1,500 megawatts . This amounts to over 40 percent of the geothermal energy capacity in the United States . Biomass and bioenergy . Its large portfolio of productive timberlands leaves BLM with woody biomass among its line of forest products . The biomass is composed of `` smaller diameter materials '' and other debris that result from timber production and forest management . Though the use of these materials as a renewable resource is nascent , the agency is engaged in pilot projects to increase the use of its biomass supplies in bioenergy programs .",
"11": "Directors ( edit ) ( show ) Directors of the BLM 1946 -- present Image Name Years Fred W. Johnson 1946 - 1948 Marion Clawson 1948 - 1953 Edward Woozley 1953 - 1961 Karl Landstrom 1961 - 1963 Charles Stoddard 1963 - 1966 Boyd Rasmussen 1966 - 1971 Burton W. Silcock 1971 - 1973 Curt Berklund 1973 - 1977 Frank Gregg 1978 - 1981 Robert F. Burford 1981 - 1989 Cy Jamison 1989 - 1992 Jim Baca 1993 - 1994 Mike Dombeck ( Acting ) 1994 - 1996 Pat Shea 1997 - 1998 Tom Fry 1998 - 2000 Kathleen Clarke 2000 - 2006 James Caswell 2007 - 2009 Robert Abbey 2009 - 2012 Mike Pool ( Acting ) 2012 -- 2013 Neil Kornze ( Acting 2013 - 2014 ) 2014 -- 2017 Kristin Bail ( Acting 2017 - 2017 ) Michael Nedd ( Acting 2017 - ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` BLM Budget Highlights '' ( PDF ) . BLM . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Public Land Statistics '' . BLM . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Clayton R. ( August 2010 ) . Innovation in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management : Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing ( Masters Thesis ) . University of Montana . pp. 42 -- 51 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the BLM : Yesterday and Today '' . BLM California . Retrieved 15 November 2014 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ `` The Bureau of Land Management : Who We Are , What We Do '' . BLM . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet on the BLM 's Management of Livestock Grazing '' . BLM . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Conservation Lands '' . BLM . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Programs : National Conservation Lands : Wild and Scenic Rivers BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT '' . www.blm.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Programs : National Conservation Lands : National Scenic and Historic Trails BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT '' . www.blm.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ See Part 3 of the BLM 's Public Land Statistics , `` Commercial Uses and Revenue Generated '' Jump up ^ `` Oil and Gas '' . BLM . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Energy for America '' . BLM . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The BLM : The Agency and its History '' . GPO . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty - Land - Warrant Application Files ( p. 7 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration ( 1974 ) . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British - American Diplomacy Treaty of Paris - Hunter Miller 's Notes '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy . British foreign policy in an age of revolutions , 1783 -- 1793 ( 1994 ) pp 11 -- 20 ^ Jump up to : A History of the Rectangular Survey System by C. Albert White , 1983 , Pub : Washington , D.C. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior , Bureau of Land Management : For sale by G.P.O. ^ Jump up to : Vernon Carstensen , `` Patterns on the American Land . ''",
"13": "Journal of Federalism , Fall 1987 , Vol. 18 Issue 4 , pp 31 - 39 ^ Jump up to : White , C. Albert ( 1991 ) . A history of the rectangular survey system . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : `` Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty - Land - Warrant Application Files ( p. 3 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration ( 1974 ) . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records of the Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) ( Record Group 49 ) 1685 - 1993 ( bulk 1770 - 1982 ) '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLM and Its Predecessors : A Long and Varied History '' . BLM . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 As Amended '' ( PDF ) . BLM . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( Ed . ) . `` Taylor Grazing Act '' . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska - Lincoln . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Elliott , Clayton R. ( August 2010 ) . Innovation in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management : Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing ( Masters Thesis ) . University of Montana . p. 45 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` O&C Sustained Yield Act : the Law , the Land , the Legacy '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Muhn ( September 1988 ) . Opportunity and Challenge : The Story of BLM . Denver : BLM . p. 52 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Muhn ( September 1988 ) . Opportunity and Challenge : The Story of BLM .",
"14": "Denver : BLM . pp. 160 -- 172 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Muhn ( September 1988 ) . Opportunity and Challenge : The Story of BLM . Denver : BLM . pp. 104 -- 106 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Clayton R. ( August 2010 ) . Innovation in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management : Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing ( Masters Thesis ) . University of Montana . pp. 5 , 51 -- 52 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 43 U.S. Code § 1702 ( c ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ James R. Skillen , The Nation 's Largest Landlord ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Mathew Barrett Gross ( 2002 - 02 - 13 ) . `` San Rafael Swell monument proposal could prove that Bush realizes the importance of a fair and public process '' . Headwaters News , University of Montana . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Lee ( Sep 27 , 1996 ) . `` Orton 's bill would erase power to declare permanent monument '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ Western States Data Public Land Acreage ( Forest Service & BLM ) from November 13 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Sheet on the BLM 's Management of Livestock Grazing '' . BLM . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ An AUM is the amount of forage needed to sustain one cow and her calf , one horse , or five sheep or goats for a month . Jump up ^ `` Oil and Gas '' . BLM . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mining Laws '' . BLM .",
"15": "^ Jump up to : `` Total Federal Coal Leases in Effect , Total Acres Under Lease , and Lease Sales by Fiscal Year Since 1990 '' . BLM . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senate Report 106 - 491 - OUTFITTER POLICY ACT OF 1999 '' . congress.gov/ . Library of Congress . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` PUBLIC LAND STATISTICS 2013 Volume 198 '' ( PDF ) . BLM . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IntIntroduction : The California Desert Conservation Area ( CDCA ) '' . BLM . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLM PUBLIC DOMAIN LANDS : Volume of Timber Offered for Sale Has Declined Substantially Since Fiscal Year 1990 '' ( PDF ) . GAO . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 National and State Fire Preparedness Program Summaries '' ( PDF ) . BLM . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral and Surface Acreage Managed by the BLM '' . BLM . ^ Jump up to : `` Cadastral History '' . BLM . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abandoned Mine Lands '' . BLM . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Abandoned Mine Lands in the Department of the Interior '' ( PDF ) . Department of the Interior IG . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : US Department of Energy , Bureau of Land Management to Establish Renewable Energy Offices , January 21 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Krule , Miriam . `` Our Government May Be Shut Down , but at Least Our Helium Reserve Wo n't Be ... for Now '' . slate.com . Slate . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 18 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ An Ode to Helium , by Gail Collins , New York Times , 4 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Statement of Henri Bisson , Deputy Director Bureau of Land Management U.S. Department of the Interior Before the House Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on Interior , Environment , and Related Agencies Hearing on the FY 2009 Budget Request of the Bureau of Land Management February 27 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Department of the Interior . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Landscape Conservation System '' . The Wilderness Society . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 146 ( 111th ) : Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 '' . Govtrack.us . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resources and Statistics '' . BLM . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BLM Law Enforcement : Protecting Public Land Resources '' ( PDF ) . BLM . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2015 BLM Green Book '' ( PDF ) . BLM . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . < Page VII - 135 > Jump up ^ `` BLM Law Enforcement '' . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLM Rangers '' . BLM . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLM Special Agents '' . BLM . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wild Horse and Burro Quick Facts '' . BLM . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberto , Iraola ( Fall 2005 ) . `` The Wild Free - Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 '' . Environmental Law . Lewis & Clark Law School . 35 : 1049 -- 1079 . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sterba , James P. `` Revived Killing of Wild Horses for Pet Food Is Feared . '' New York Times . August 3 , 1974 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Using Science to Improve the BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program : A Way Forward ( PDF ) . National Academy of Sciences . p. 16 . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pitt , Kenneth . `` The Wild Free - Roaming Horses and Burros Act : A Western Melodrama . '' Environmental Law . 15 : 503 at 528 ( Spring 1985 ) ^ Jump up to : Glover , Kristen H. `` Managing Wild Horses on Public Lands : Congressional Action and Agency Response . '' North Carolina Law Review . 79 : 1108 ( May 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Raia , Pat ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` BLM Horses : What 's Their Future . '' The Horse . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Programs : Wild Horse and Burro BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT . '' BLM.gov Home Page BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT , www.blm.gov/programs/wild-horse-and-burro . Accessed 27 Apr. 2017 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Gabe ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sun Land '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLM Fact Sheet : Renewable Energy : Solar '' ( PDF ) . BLM . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Energy for America '' . BLM . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wind Energy '' . BLM . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RENEWABLE ENERGY : Agencies Have Taken Steps Aimed at Improving the Permitting Process for Development on Federal Lands '' ( PDF ) . GAO Reports . GAO - 13 - 189 : 6 . January 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geothermal Energy '' . BLM . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Woody Biomass and Bioenergy '' . BLM . Retrieved 18 November 2014 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ `` Historical Record of the Offices , Managers and Organizations of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management , Grazing Service , General Land Office and O & C Revested Lands Administration 1934 - 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Public Lands Foundation . April 2012 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Johnson was the last Commissioner of the General Land Office ( 1933 - 1946 ) Jump up ^ Retired end of May , 2012 `` BLM Director Bob Abbey to Retire After 34 Years of Public Service '' . Department of Interior . 2012 - 05 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Burr , Thomas ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Interior names energy and mineral chief new acting BLM director '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Further reading ( edit ) Skillen , James R . The Nation 's Largest Landlord : The Bureau of Land Management in the American West ( University Press of Kansas , 2009 ) 320 pp. excerpt and text search United States . Congress . Senate . BLM Permit Processing : Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources , United States Senate , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , Second Session ... July 29 , 2014 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Bureau of Land Management official website Bureau of Land Management in the Federal Register Opportunity & Challenge : The Story of BLM - Official History U.S.",
"19": "National Trails System National Geologic Trail Ice Age Floods Trail National Historic Trails Scenic motor routes California Trail El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Juan Bautista de Anza Trail Mormon Trail Nez Perce Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail Selma to Montgomery Trail Trail of Tears Natural surface trails Ala Kahakai Trail Iditarod Trail Water trails Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail Combination Lewis and Clark Trail ( motor & land & water ) Overmountain Victory Trail ( motor & land ) Star - Spangled Banner Trail ( motor & water ) Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ( motor & water ) National Scenic Trails Appalachian Trail Arizona Trail Continental Divide Trail New England Trail Florida Trail Ice Age Trail Natchez Trace Trail North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Potomac Heritage Trail National Water Trails Alabama Scenic River Trail Bronx River Blueway Chattahoochee River Water Trail Hudson River Greenway Water Trail Island Loop Route Kansas River Trail Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Water Trail Mississippi River Water Trail ( MRWT ) Great River Water Trail Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail Okefenokee Wilderness Canoe Trails Red Rock Water Trail Rock River Water Trail Waccamaw River Blue Trail Willamette River Water Trail National Recreation Trails National Park Service United States Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Related Triple Crown of Hiking Agencies under the United States Department of the Interior Headquarters : Main Interior Building Ryan Zinke , Secretary of the Interior David L. Bernhardt ,",
"20": "Deputy Secretary of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement General Land Office Bureau of Reclamation Fish and Wildlife Service Geological Survey Office of Surface Mining Interior Business Center National Park Service Office of Insular Affairs Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States Department of Commerce Office of Export Enforcement National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Fisheries : Office for Law Enforcement Department of Defense Defense Criminal Investigative Service Department of Defense police Defense Logistics Agency Police Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( Pentagon Police ) National Security Agency Police Army Department Intelligence and Security Command Criminal Investigation Command US Army Military Police Corps Department of the Army Police Army Department Police Corrections Command Navy Department Naval Criminal Investigative Service Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division Master - at - Arms Marine Corps Police Naval Academy Police Air Force Department Office of Special Investigations Security Forces Air Force Police Department of Health and Human Services United States Food and Drug Administration ( Office of Criminal Investigations ) National Institutes of Health Police Department of Homeland Security Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers United States Citizenship and Immigration Services United States Coast Guard Investigative Service Coast Guard Police Customs and Border Protection Federal Protective Service Immigration and Customs Enforcement United States Secret Service Transportation Security Administration Office of Law Enforcement / Federal Air Marshal Service Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Police Bureau of Land Management : Office of Law Enforcement Hoover Dam Police National Park Service Rangers United States Park Police Fish and Wildlife Service : Office of Law Enforcement National Wildlife Refuge System : Division of Refuge Law Enforcement Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Police Federal Bureau of Prisons United States Marshals Service Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security Diplomatic Security Service Office of Foreign Missions Department of Transportation United States Merchant Marine Academy Department of Public Safety Department of the Treasury Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division United States Mint Police U.S.",
"21": "Forest Service : Law Enforcement and Investigations USDA Department of Veterans Affairs Police Office of Secure Transportation DOE United States Congress Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives Sergeant at Arms of the Senate United States Capitol Police Government Printing Office Police Judicial branch U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System Marshal of the United States Supreme Court ( Supreme Court Police ) Other federal law enforcement agencies Amtrak Police Central Intelligence Agency Security Protective Service Environmental Protection Agency Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Federal Reserve Police National Zoological Park Police Postal Inspection Service ( U.S.",
"22": "Postal Police ) Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services United States government agencies involved in environmental science Environmental Protection Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Change Research Program Smithsonian Institution National Science Foundation Department of the Interior National Park Service United States Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , Regulation and Enforcement Bureau of Reclamation Office of Surface Mining , Reclamation , and Enforcement United States Geological Survey Office of Insular Affairs Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service National Ocean Service National Geodetic Survey National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Department of Energy Office of Science Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Laboratories Office of Environmental Management Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency Foreign Agricultural Service United States Forest Service Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center Rural Utilities Service Food and Nutrition Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Agricultural Research Service Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Department of Homeland Security United States Coast Guard Directorate for Science and Technology Department of Health and Human Services National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Department of Defense Office of Naval Research Air Force Research Laboratory United States Army Research , Development and Engineering Command VIAF : 148316360 LCCN : n80125846 ISNI : 0000 0000 9987 0743 GND : 131143 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Land_Management&oldid=813952534 '' Categories : Bureau of Land Management Conservation in the United States Government agencies established in 1946 Land management in the United States Organizations based in Washington , D.C.",
"23": "United States public land law Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States Wildland fire suppression agencies United States Department of the Interior agencies 1946 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 03 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays the lion in the movie zookeeper
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[
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"0": "Zookeeper ( film ) - wikipedia Zookeeper ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2001 film , see The Zookeeper ( 2001 film ) . Zookeeper Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Coraci Produced by Todd Garner Kevin James Adam Sandler Jack Giarraputo Walt Becker Screenplay by Nick Bakay Rock Reuben Kevin James Jay Scherick David Ronn Story by Jay Scherick David Ronn Starring Kevin James Rosario Dawson Leslie Bibb Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Michael Barrett Edited by Scott Hill Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Columbia Pictures Broken Road Productions Hey Eddie Happy Madison Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date July 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 08 ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $169.8 million Zookeeper is a 2011 American comedy film directed by Frank Coraci , starring Kevin James , Rosario Dawson and Leslie Bibb , and featuring the voices of Nick Nolte , Sylvester Stallone , Adam Sandler , Don Rickles , Judd Apatow , Cher , Jon Favreau , and Faizon Love . It revolves around an unlucky zookeeper who turns to the animals at his zoo to help him find love . It was the first MGM movie to be co-produced with Happy Madison , yet distributed by Columbia Pictures . The film was released on July 8 , 2011 . This was the last film Don Rickles starred in before his death in 2017 . Filming began in Boston on August 17 , 2009 . The film received negative reviews from critics and it earned $169.8 million on a $80 million budget . Zookeeper was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 11 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Animals 2.1.",
"1": "1 Voices 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A zookeeper named Griffin Keyes ( Kevin James ) sets up a plan to propose to the love of his life Stephanie ( Leslie Bibb ) , but she rejects him and claims that his career as a zookeeper is what is keeping her away , therefore breaking Griffin 's heart . Five years later , Griffin is shown to be the lead zookeeper at the Franklin Park Zoo who cares deeply for the zoo animals . That night , Griffin holds a party at the zoo for his brother Dave ( Nat Faxon ) who is getting married , but freaks out when he discovers that Stephanie was invited . Dave offers Griffin to come and work with him at a car dealership , explaining that it is the best way to get Stephanie back . Griffin contemplates quitting his job at the zoo and joining his brother at the dealership . Later , the animals hold a meeting saying that they think Griffin is the best zookeeper at the zoo and do n't want him to leave , so they decide to find some way to help him win Stephanie 's heart . Jerome the Bear ( Jon Favreau ) suggests that they teach Griffin their animal mating techniques , but Joe the Lion ( Sylvester Stallone ) protests , reminding them that it 's against the animal code to talk to humans . Donald the Monkey ( Adam Sandler ) says that Stephanie will be at the zoo tomorrow , and all the animals have to do is make Griffin look like a hero in front of her . The next day , Donald unlocks the door to the lion enclosure and lets Joe out , who confronts Stephanie and Dave 's fiancée Robin ( Steffiana de la Cruz ) . Kate ( Rosario Dawson ) , the zoo 's vet , manages to get them away from Joe , but Griffin fails to jump into the lion enclosure , ruining the animals ' plan . When he climbs out of the enclosure , Joe yells at Griffin , causing Griffin to believe he has gone mad . The next night , all the animals break their code of silence and tell Griffin that they will teach him what to do to win Stephanie .",
"2": "Griffin learns their different mating rituals , but ends up humiliating himself in front of the other zookeepers and the guests . Griffin then has a talk with Bernie ( Nick Nolte ) , a forlorn gorilla who was moved into a deep enclosure after allegedly attacking a zookeeper named Shane ( Donnie Wahlberg ) . Bernie explains to Griffin that Shane abuses the animals and he fell when he was abusing Bernie . He lied and said that Bernie attacked him , causing Bernie to lose his trust in humans . Griffin discovers that Stephanie is dating her other ex-boyfriend , a bullying alpha - male named Gale ( Joe Rogan ) . Joe 's mate Janet ( Cher ) tells Griffin that the best way to attract a female is to be seen with another female , so Griffin asks Kate to go with him to Dave and Robin 's wedding . Griffin then takes Bernie to T.G.I. Friday 's and they bond , with Bernie telling Griffin that he 's his best friend . Griffin and Kate go to the wedding and seem to have fun together . Griffin becomes brave enough to stand up to Gale and this grabs Stephanie 's attention . After Kate tells Griffin she had a great time with him , Stephanie asks Griffin out to dinner . Griffin accepts and they go to dinner and then go to a fashion show . Stephanie tells Griffin that his job at the zoo is holding him back , so Griffin decides to quit his job and accepts Dave 's offer , which upsets Kate . Bernie also becomes upset and tells Griffin that he thought he could trust someone again , but was proved wrong when Griffin quit his job . Kate decides to leave the zoo and accepts a job in Nairobi . Griffin becomes the best employee at the car dealership , but misses working at the zoo . Stephanie proposes to Griffin , but Griffin refuses and dumps her . He then goes back to the zoo and apologizes to Bernie , who accepts Griffin 's friendship . The animals then tell Griffin that Kate is heading to the airport . Griffin heads out to stop her , though he does make a stop first to beat up Shane . Then , with Bernie 's help , Griffin manages to catch up with Kate on the bridge and confesses his love for her .",
"3": "Six months later , Griffin and Kate are back working at the zoo and Bernie is now living in a new enclosure where he gets a great view of the city . When Bernie asks what a `` Benihana '' is , Griffin asks Bernie if he still has his iZod . Cast ( edit ) Kevin James as Griffin Keyes , the lead zookeeper . Rosario Dawson as Kate , Griffin 's friend and the zoo 's veterinarian . Leslie Bibb as Stephanie , Griffin 's antagonistic love interest who turns down his marriage proposal because of the job he has . Joe Rogan as Gale , Stephanie 's alpha - male ex-boyfriend . Nat Faxon as Dave Keyes , Griffin 's brother who convinces Griffin to work at his car dealership . Ken Jeong as Venom , Griffin 's friend and the worker at the reptile house . Steffiana de la Cruz as Robin Keyes , Dave 's fiancé later turned wife . De La Cruz is the real life wife of Kevin James . Thomas Gottschalk as Jürgen Mavroc Donnie Wahlberg as Shane , an abusive zookeeper Brandon Keener as Nimer Animals ( edit ) Tom Woodruff , Jr. as Bernie the Lowland Gorilla ( in - suit performer ) Crystal the Monkey as Donald the Capuchin Monkey Bart the Bear 2 as Jerome the Grizzly Bear Honey Bump Bear as Bruce the Grizzly Bear Voices ( edit ) Nick Nolte as Bernie the Lowland Gorilla Sylvester Stallone as Joe the African Lion Adam Sandler as Donald the Capuchin Monkey Judd Apatow as Barry the Indian elephant Cher as Janet the Lioness , Joe 's mate Jon Favreau as Jerome the Grizzly Bear Faizon Love as Bruce the Grizzly Bear Maya Rudolph as Mollie the Reticulated Giraffe Bas Rutten as Sebastian the Wolf Don Rickles as Jim the Bullfrog Jim Breuer as Spike the Crow Richie Minervini as Elmo the Ostrich Production ( edit ) Filming began in Boston on August 17 , 2009 , aiming for a release in October 2010 , which was then released on July 8 , 2011 . Filming ended on October 30 , 2009 .",
"4": "Tweet , the giraffe who rose to fame as a star in the classic Toys `` R '' Us commercials ( by being cast as Geoffrey , the company 's official mascot ) and who appeared alongside Jim Carrey in the film Ace Ventura : Pet Detective , died after filming Zookeeper at the Franklin Park Zoo . The 18 - year - old giraffe collapsed during feeding and in the care of his trainer . Tai the elephant was featured in a video , reportedly filmed in 2005 and released in 2011 by Animal Defenders International ( ADI ) , which showed him being abused by its trainers . A campaign to boycott the movie was formed since the outbreak of the news . ADI has also contacted the American Humane Association , urging them to re-evaluate how they assess the use of animals in films and the statements being made which effectively endorse the use of performing animals . Animal rights advocates PETA also urged the public to boycott the film . Around 50 people came to the film 's premiere at the Regency Village Theatre in Westwood , Los Angeles , California to protest against the filmmakers for their alleged animal abuse . Frank Coraci claimed that the animals were not harmed during production . In an interview , Coraci stated , `` ... We worked with people who love their animals and ( the American ) Humane Association was there to ensure that they were being treated correctly . We did n't do anything that we should n't do . We treated the animals with love and respect . '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Zookeeper made its debut in 3,482 theaters in the United States and Canada . It grossed $7.4 million on its opening day and $20.1 million on its opening weekend , ranking it # 3 for the weekend behind holdover Transformers : Dark of the Moon and newcomer Horrible Bosses . The film earned a worldwide total of $169,852,759 . Critical response ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 14 % of 130 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 3.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Zookeeper smothers Kevin James 's inherent likability with a sodden script and a surfeit of jokes inappropriate for the young viewers who would be intrigued by its juvenile storyline . ''",
"5": "On Metacritic , the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Mary Pols of Time magazine named it one of the Top 10 Worst Movies of 2011 . British newspaper The Telegraph named Zookeeper one of the ten worst films of 2011 , saying `` Portly Kevin James is the hero of this `` comedy '' , which boasts five screenwriters and not a single amusing moment . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky , who co-hosts the movie review series Ebert Presents : At the Movies , said that `` even though the movie looks hilarious from the trailer , it is only hilarious if you enjoy seeing Kevin James fall down a lot '' . He gave the film a `` thumbs down , '' as did Christy Lemire , the other co-host of the series . In May 2011 , RedLetterMedia ( creators of the Mr. Plinkett reviews ) did an episode of the show Half in the Bag reviewing the film 's first trailer . The hosts sarcastically praised the trailer as if they thought it was a fake , well crafted parody of a tired subset of the comedy genre , at one point noting `` All they were missing was a wise cracking sidekick for Kevin James , played by a rapper . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times published a three - out - of - four star review , stating , `` Look , a great movie this is not . A pleasant summer entertainment it is . I think it can play for all ages in a family audience ... and besides , I 'm getting a teensy bit exhausted by cute little animated animals . The creatures in this zoo all have the excellent taste to be in 2D . ''",
"6": "Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipients Result Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star -- Female Rosario Dawson Nominated Razzie Award Worst Supporting Actor Ken Jeong Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) I 'll Supply the Love -- Performed by Toto Carry On Wayward Son -- Performed by Kansas Anything for You -- Performed by The Axis Smokin ' -- Performed by Boston Low -- Performed by Flo Rida featuring T - Pain Unbelievable -- Performed by EMF Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad -- Performed by Meat Loaf Kickstart My Heart -- Performed by Mötley Crüe Boogie Wonderland -- Performed by Earth , Wind & Fire You 're the First , the Last , My Everything -- Performed by Barry White Bebop Blues -- Performed by Peter Blair Jazz Quartet Easy -- Performed by Commodores Kiss You All Over -- Performed by Exile Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) -- Performed by Love and Rockets ( Shake , Shake , Shake ) Shake Your Booty -- Performed by KC & The Sunshine Band So Much Class -- Performed by Doctor Jay featuring J. Sabin In the Car Crash -- Performed by Swayzak Yoga Music -- Written and Performed by Ana Brett , Ravi Singh and Tom Carden Cum On Feel the Noize -- Performed by Quiet Riot More Than a Feeling -- Performed by Boston References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Zookeeper : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zookeeper '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Transformers ' expected to crush newcomers ' Zookeeper ' and ' Horrible Bosses ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( April 4 , 2010 ) .",
"7": "`` MGM Uncertainty Prompts Sony To Take Over ' Zookeeper ' Domestic Distribution '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Sony moves upcoming Kevin James comedy ' Zookeeper ' into summer 2011 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zookeeper Film Production Details '' . Variety . September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giraffe dies on Franklin Park Zoo film set -- The Boston Globe '' . boston.com . Jump up ^ Valencia , Milton J. ( September 14 , 2009 ) . `` Tweet the giraffe , star of ads and movies , dies at Franklin Park Zoo '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Group claims elephant abuse in film `` , Stuff ( New Zealand ) / Reuters , May 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Movie Star Electric Shocked '' . ADI . May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Water for Elephants star electrocuted and beaten with hooks '' , DailyMail.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` PETA protests at ' Zookeeper ' premiere . Director says animals were treated ' with love and respect ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers ' Stays on Top , ' Bosses ' Fires ' Zookeeper ' '' . July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/zookeeper/?search=Zookeeper Jump up ^ `` Zookeeper '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Top 10 Everything of 2011 -- Zookeeper '' . Time .",
"8": "Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ten worst films of 2011 '' . The Telegraph . London . December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Red Letter Media Special Edition : The Zookeeper trailer : '' . redlettermedia.com . Jump up ^ `` Zookeeper Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2011 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2011 : ' Pretty Little Liars , ' Rebecca Black Added to List of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Zookeeper ( film ) Official website Zookeeper at AllMovie Zookeeper at Box Office Mojo Zookeeper on IMDb Zookeeper at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Frank Coraci Murdered Innocence ( 1995 ) The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) The Waterboy ( 1998 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2004 ) Click ( 2006 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Blended ( 2014 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr.",
"9": "Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry Sony Pictures Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.",
"10": "org/w/index.php?title=Zookeeper_(film)&oldid=837179035 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s romantic comedy films American romantic comedy films American films Films set in zoos Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Films directed by Frank Coraci Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films shot in Massachusetts Happy Madison films Columbia Pictures films Films about animals Films produced by Adam Sandler Films set in Boston Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 06 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the speed of the nascar pace car
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"0": "Safety car - wikipedia Safety car Jump to : navigation , search Mercedes - Benz SLK pace car of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters at the Goodwood Festival of Speed . In motorsport , a safety car or pace car is a car which limits the speed of competing cars on a racetrack in the case of a caution period such as an obstruction on the track or bad weather . The aim of the safety car is to enable the clearance of any obstruction under safer conditions , especially for marshals and / or await more favourable track conditions weather-wise . During a caution period the safety car ( which generally consists of an aptly modified high - performance production car ) enters the track ahead of the leader . Depending on the regulations in effect , competitors are not normally allowed to pass the safety car or other competitors during a caution period , and the safety car leads the field at a pre-determined safe speed , which may vary by series and circuit . At the end of the caution period , the safety car leaves the track and the competitors resume normal racing . The first reliance on this safety measure occurred with the deployment of a pace car during the inaugural Indianapolis 500 in 1911 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Effect 2 Formula One 2.1 Procedure 2.2 History 2.2. 1 Virtual Safety Car ( VSC ) 3 Indianapolis 500 4 NASCAR 5 Incidents with safety cars and other course cars 5.1 2014 Sprint Unlimited 5.2 2012 Daytona 500 5.3 2011 6 Hours of Castellet 5.4 2009 WTCC Pau 5.5 2008 Dutch Supercar Challenge Spa 5.6 1971 Indianapolis 500 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Formula One 8.2 Indianapolis 500 Effect ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"1": "( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Two Superleague Formula safety cars in the paddock at Silverstone Circuit The use of a safety car has the effect of bunching up competitors together , such as to eliminate any time and distance advantage that a leading driver may have had over the remaining field of competitors . This effect can make racing more competitive upon full race resumption ; conversely , it has also contributed to faster leading drivers being negated just rewards for their efforts prior to the caution period . Subject to the racing regulations in force , it is not uncommon for drivers to be allowed to make pitstops during safety car periods . This situation may provide a strategic advantage since any scheduled refueling , tire change or maintenance may be carried out while other competitors are lapping at lower speed , and the drivers who pit then simply rejoin a queue of cars all running together . During normal racing conditions , such interventions would typically involve losing significant terrain over those drivers that remain on - track . Another notable effect of safety car periods is that racing cars consume less fuel until full race resumption , which can allow competitors to run longer distances on a tank of fuel than would otherwise have been possible and / or reduce the number of pitstops required for the duration of the race . Formula one ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When required , the F1 safety car will lead the field around the circuit at reduced speed with the race leader immediately following . Procedure ( edit ) In Formula One if an accident or inclement weather ( typically , heavy rain ) prevents normal racing from continuing safely , the Race Director will call for a `` safety car '' period , which would see marshals wave yellow flags and hold `` SC '' boards , pending the car in question entering the track . From 2007 , all Formula One cars must have LEDs and / or displays fitted to the steering wheel or cockpit , which inform the driver which flags are being waved . A yellow LED is illuminated when the safety car is deployed . The safety car has both orange and green lights mounted on its roof in the form of a light bar .",
"2": "The green lights are used to signal that it is possible to overtake the safety car ; this is only done until the race leader is immediately behind the safety car and at the head of the queue of race cars following . Bernd Mayländer , the F1 safety car driver since 2000 From 2015 , the safety car is not required to wait until all backmarkers have caught back up to the queue . When the safety car is ready to leave the circuit , it will turn off its orange lights to indicate that it will enter the pit lane at the end of the lap . Drivers must continue in formation until they cross the first safety car line , where circuit green lights and flags will indicate they are free to race again . The safety car is piloted by professional drivers ( since 2000 , by Bernd Mayländer ) on - board high - powered modified vehicles supplied by Mercedes - Benz , and must maintain a reasonable speed so as to ensure that the competitors ' tyres are as close as possible to operating temperature and their engines do not overheat . The driver of the safety car is accompanied by a co-driver to assist with operations and communications . For incidents during the first three laps , the safety car also has an advantage over the traditional red flag ; with a red flag , it would take a minimum of fifteen minutes to restart the race , and the two - hour limit would not start until the cars were ready for a second formation lap . With regards to the time limit , the race is being scored and the time is also counting while the safety car is on the track , and the race resumes . History ( edit ) The first use of a safety car in Formula One is reported to have taken place at the 1973 Canadian Grand Prix , where a yellow Porsche 914 was called for duty following various incidents under treacherous weather conditions . Controversially , on that occasion , it took several hours after the race to figure out the winner and final results since the safety car driver had placed his car in front of the wrong competitor thus causing part of the field to be one lap down incorrectly . Since 2015 , the Mercedes - AMG GT is Formula One 's safety car . The sport officially introduced safety cars in 1993 , after trials were conducted at both the French and British Grands Prix during the preceding 1992 season .",
"3": "Since 1996 , as part of promotional arrangements , the supplier of safety cars has been Mercedes - Benz , unlike previous years that have seen cars of different brands being used throughout the season and depending on the track visited ( for example , the exotic Lamborghini Countach for the Monaco Grand Prix in the 1980s to the more mundane Fiat Tempra used at the rain - affected 1993 Brazilian Grand Prix and the high performance version of the Opel Vectra used at the infamous 1994 San Marino Grand Prix ) . From 2007 , new procedures were applied for the first time during the Bahrain Grand Prix . The pit lane was closed immediately upon the deployment of the safety car . No car could enter the pits until all cars on the track had formed up in a line behind the safety car , they passed the pit entrance , and the message `` pit lane open '' was given . A ten - second stop / go penalty ( which must be taken when the race is resumed ) was imposed on any driver who entered the pit lane before the pit lane open message is given . However , any car which was in the pit entry or pit lane when the safety car was deployed would not incur a penalty . From 2009 , however , this procedure has been dropped , and replaced by software that calculates where a car is on the track and a minimum lap time it should take the car to get to the pits . Cars that enter the pits before this time limit has expired are penalised . When the safety car and the drivers behind it are on the start / finish straight , there is a red light at the exit of the pit lane . Drivers who go past the red light are disqualified from the race . This has happened to several drivers during the years , such as Giancarlo Fisichella and Felipe Massa in the 2007 Canadian Grand Prix . At the same race a year later , Lewis Hamilton failed to notice the red light and slammed into the back of the car of Kimi Räikkönen , who was waiting at the end of the pit lane alongside Robert Kubica . From 2010 , once cars were lined up behind the safety car , lapped cars were no longer allowed to unlap themselves before the race was restarted .",
"4": "This rule was abandoned from the 2012 season onwards , with cars now allowed to unlap themselves before the race resumes ; however , since 2015 , the safety car need not wait for the backmarkers to catch up with the leading pack before returning to the pits . Virtual safety car ( VSC ) ( edit ) Following an accident at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix , which saw driver Jules Bianchi suffer a serious head injury which led to his death , the FIA established an Accident Panel to investigate the dynamics of the accident and ways to minimize the risk of a crash during similar circumstances that do not warrant the deployment of a safety car and can not be simply managed with yellow flags . The Panel recommended the implementation of a `` Virtual Safety Car '' , based on the `` slow zone '' system used in Le Mans racing . On top of not being allowed to overtake under yellow flag conditions in the affected sector , a `` VSC '' icon would appear trackside and on the driver 's steering display , obliging drivers to not exceed the posted speed limit thus resulting in a 35 % speed reduction . The system was similar to the Electro - PACER lights used in the Indianapolis 500 races from 1972 until 1978 , except that ECUs were involved and could enforce speed limits under the current system . The VSC was tested over the course of the final three races of the 2014 Formula One season , during parts of free practice sessions . The system was evolved taking into account drivers ' feedback and was officially introduced for the 2015 season following ratification by the World Motor Sport Council ( WMSC ) . The VSC was officially used for the first time -- and for a brief period prior to the deployment of the actual safety car -- at the 2015 Monaco Grand Prix , following a crash involving Max Verstappen . The system saw its first extended deployment at the 2015 British Grand Prix after Carlos Sainz , Jr 's power unit failed at Club Corner of the Silverstone Circuit . Indianapolis 500 ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"5": "( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Indianapolis 500 pace cars Chevrolet Camaro Z28 , pace car in the 1993 Indianapolis 500 The first use of a pace car in automobile racing was at the inaugural Indy 500 in 1911 . The officials at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway have been selecting a pace car and its driver for the Indy 500 each year since that first race . The first pace car was a Stoddard - Dayton driven by Carl G. Fisher . In recent years Chevrolet models have been chosen as the official pace car , owing to the ability for them to be used at both major automobile races at the Speedway ( typically Corvette at the 500 and Impala at the 400 ) . The pace car is selected two months before the race runs , allowing the manufacturer of the selected pace car to produce replicas of that year 's car , which sell at a marked premium to collectors and race fans . Pace car replicas are often seen on the streets of Indianapolis weeks before the race is actually held , and a celebrity driver is usually used for the start of the race only . Automakers compete for the prestige of having one of their models selected as the year 's pace car for the publicity . In 1971 , the move backfired as no automakers stepped up to provide a pace car . Instead , local Indianapolis - area Dodge dealers fulfilled the duty . Eldon Palmer , a local dealer , lost control of the Dodge Challenger pace car and crashed into a photography stand , injuring several people . The blame for the crash was never fully determined , as officials realized that an orange cone ( or perhaps an orange flag ) , which was to identify Palmer 's braking point , was accidentally removed . In the last 50 years , the Pontiac Trans Am , Chevrolet Camaro , Chevrolet Corvette , Oldsmobile Cutlass , and Ford Mustang are the only models that have been selected as pace cars three or more times . The pace car leads the field past an accident site at the 2007 Indianapolis 500 . During the IndyCar Series season , however , Johnny Rutherford is the normal driver of the IRL pace car for all events . The pace car is deployed for debris , collision , or weather reasons .",
"6": "Since 1993 , upon the waving of the yellow flag , pit road is closed until the pace car picks up the leader and passes the pit entrance the first time , unless track blockage forces the field to drive through pit lane . Another duty of the pace car is to lead the field around the course on parade laps prior to the start of the race . These increase in speed , allowing for a flying start of the race . Furthermore , two other rule changes have been implemented . Since 2000 , with one lap to go before going back to green , the pace car pulls off the track in turn one rather than in turn four . The current leader of the race is then assigned the task of pacing the field back to the green flag . After much consideration , this rule was added to prevent a situation much like the one that happened in the 1995 Indianapolis 500 , when Scott Goodyear passed the pace car going back to green . In 2002 , another rule was added . With one lap to go before the green , the pace car waves by all cars ( if there are any ) between the pace car and the actual leader of the race . This allows for the leader to control the restart without lapped cars being in front of him . It also creates a strategy for cars to gain laps back , loosely resembling the `` Lucky dog '' rule . However , the cars who get waved around are not allowed to pit until the green flag restarts the race ( so they do not get the advantage of getting their lap back AND a free pit stop ) . NASCAR ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2001 Winston Cup ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) pace car -- a modified 2001 Pontiac Grand Prix GTP coupe In all NASCAR series , if the caution is out for debris , accident , or inclement weather , the flagman will display the yellow caution flag and the pace car will pull out of the pits and turn on the yellow strobes on top and / or behind the car . When race officials are ready to open pit lane , a green light will come on in the rear window of the safety car .",
"7": "One lap before a green flag , the pace car will shut off its lights to signal drivers to line up double file . Unlike most series in motorsport , owing to NASCAR 's short - track roots , each track usually offers their own safety car , typically from the manufacturer , but in recent years , it has been a local dealer or association of regional dealerships - provided Safety car . Tracks that use Toyota safety cars will use a Toyota Camry Hybrid , while Ford tracks will use a Ford Mustang , while Chevrolet tracks use a Chevrolet Camaro and most Dodge tracks use a Dodge Challenger . If a manufacturer is promoting a new vehicle , they will often use the new car instead of the standard - specification safety car . For the Camping World Truck Series , often the safety car is a pickup truck , as the series races pickup trucks . Tracks affiliated with a local or regional Chevrolet dealership will use a Chevrolet Silverado , while Chrysler dealership affiliated tracks will use a Ram 1500 . Ford - affiliated tracks will often use the F - Series , but Toyota - affiliated tracks are less likely to use the Toyota Tundra , but prefer marketing the Camry Hybrid . However , Ford and Toyota manufacturer sponsored tracks will prefer the Mustang and Camry , respectively , instead of a truck , and occasionally , pickup trucks have been used as pace vehicles for Sprint Cup and Xfinity races . Since NASCAR does not allow speedometers or electronic speed limiting devices , the pace car circles the track at pit road speed during the warm - up laps . This allows each driver to note the RPM at which pit road speed is maintained . Drivers exceeding that speed on pit road will be penalized , typically a `` drive - through '' or `` stop and go '' penalty , costing them valuable track position . The pace car for the 2011 Daytona 500 , a Chevrolet Camaro . Since mid-2004 , NASCAR official Brett Bodine has driven the vehicle during official race functions during Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races . Other famous NASCAR pace car drivers include Robert `` Buster '' Auton and Elmo Langley . At many races , NASCAR has an honorary pace car driver that actually drives a car during the parade laps . Depending on the drivers skill , some drivers are allowed to pace the field right up to the dropping of the green flag .",
"8": "Some famous drivers have been Jay Leno , Richard Hammond , Luke Wilson , Rob Gronkowski , Guy Fieri and many others . The beneficiary rule ( informally known as the `` lucky dog '' rule ) states once the safety car is deployed , the first car not on the lead lap will regain a lap . The Beneficiary will regain his lap once pit road opens . Bodine will signal that car to pass him through radio contact between NASCAR and that team . The free pass car must pit with the lapped cars . In 2009 , NASCAR introduced a new `` Double - file restart '' rule that lines the field two cars on each row on every restart , similar to the start of the race , instead of lead - lap cars on the outside and lapped cars on the inside . Also , the `` wave - around '' rule , similar to what is enforced in the Indy Racing League was adopted to ensure the first car on the restart is the leader , and ensure there are no lapped cars ahead of the leader . Incidents with safety cars and other course cars ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2014 Sprint Unlimited ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Sprint Unlimited Before the start of the final segment of the Sprint Cup Series ' Sprint Unlimited exhibition race at Daytona , the Chevrolet SS pace car caught fire and stopped off the track , delaying the restart . The fire was believed to have started in a trunk - mounted battery pack powering the lights . 2012 Daytona 500 ( edit ) During a safety car situation on Lap 160 of the 2012 Daytona 500 , Earnhardt Ganassi Racing driver Juan Pablo Montoya 's car had a suspension part failure , and it lost control on turn 3 , sharply veering right into a safety truck and jet dryer trailer , causing a massive diesel / jet fuel fire . As it was seen on video , sparks were seen emanating from Montoya 's car right before its hard collision with the jet dryer trailer and left driver 's side of the truck . Montoya was treated at the infield care center and released .",
"9": "Montoya 's report over the radio after the incident was `` I left the pits and felt a really weird vibration and I came back in and checked the rear end and said it was okay and I got into the backstraight and we were are going fourth gear but was n't going that fast . Every time I got on the gas I could feel the rear squeezing . When I was telling the spotter to have a look how the rear was moving the car just turned right . '' The driver of the Chevrolet Silverado Crew Cab , Duane Barnes , was taken to a local hospital for observation and was resting comfortably . He was an employee at Michigan International Speedway , a sister track of Daytona . The tracks often share jet dryer equipment on race weekends to help in case of rain such as the case on Sunday , the original scheduled start time of the race . The entire incident took about two hours to clean up before the last 40 ( later extended to 42 due to a Green - white - checkered finish ) laps were able to be completed . NASCAR subsequently added the use of the second safety car ( used during race start situations ) to protect the last jet dryer in other safety car situations . 2011 6 hours of Castellet ( edit ) The 2011 6 Hours of Castellet got off to a controversial start when the pace car did not return to the pits when the green lights came on . The front running LMPs slowed down but some of the GT cars could not react fast enough , resulting in heavy damage to all three GTE Pro class Porsches which caused them to retire . The GTE Am class IMSA Performance Matmut Porsche and GTE Pro JOTA Aston Martin were also caught up in the carnage . 2009 WTCC Pau ( edit ) An accident occurred during the 2009 FIA WTCC Race of France in Pau , France . A succession of first - lap accidents caused the safety car to be placed on standby , with yellow flags waving on the start - finish section of the track . The safety car driver then proceeded to drive onto the track at slow speed , without official approval , moving across the pit exit line immediately after exiting the pits , instead of confining to the inside of it until the line ended .",
"10": "Race leader Franz Engstler came through the kink on the start - finish straight and was unable to avoid hitting the side of the pace car . Engstler commented `` I saw the safety car coming out from the right and realized that I had no chance to brake ... I really do not understand why he was going out of the pits '' . After this incident , the Portuguese Bruno Correia was appointed as the official safety car driver . 2008 Dutch Supercar Challenge Spa ( edit ) A safety car caused a crash during the 2008 Dutch Supercar Challenge race at Spa Francorchamps . The Seat Leon was released too late , allowing the leading Marcos LM600 to pass while erroneously identifying the Audi TT DTM in 2nd and Mosler MT900R GT3 in 3rd as ' the leading pack . ' Race officials immediately realized their mistake , and the safety car was instructed to slow down and let the entire field pass . As the safety car was exiting turn 11 , an approaching Lamborghini Gallardo GT3 drastically reduced its speed in response to the unusually slow safety car . However , a BMW a few seconds behind came around the blind turn at speed , colliding with the Gallardo and safety car . The collision destroyed the Gallardo and sent the BMW into a number of rolls . The safety car was sent off the track into the Armco at great speed . In the chaos , a Marcos LM600 coming around turn 11 locked up its brakes and spun into the wet grass on the inside of the track . Sliding back onto the track , it was hit from the side by a BMW Z3 . Furthermore , two E46 BMW M3 GTRs were damaged : one on the outside line hit the rear of the Marcos , and the other , on the inside line , slightly damaged its front right . The second M3 continued around the track , while the first slid into the grass before turn 12 . The race was stopped , and there were no serious injuries to any of the drivers . 1971 Indianapolis 500 ( edit ) Main article : 1971 Indianapolis 500 § Pace car crash The pace car of the 1971 Indianapolis 500 , an orange Dodge Challenger driven by local auto dealer Eldon Palmer , crashed at the start of the race .",
"11": "As Palmer drove the car off into the pit lane to let the race cars begin the race , he lost control of the car and crashed into a photographer stand . There were no fatalities , and the number of people reported injured has ranged from 18 to 29 . See also ( edit ) Zero cars , similar cars used in rallying to open roads to rally competitors Pacemaker ( running ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cavin , Curt ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Leaders of the Pack '' . AutoWeek . Crain Communications Inc. 61 ( 10 ) : 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` Safety car '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ https://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Safety_car_Virtual_Safety_Car_and_Suspending_and_resuming_a_race.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1082569_mercedes-benz-tells-the-history-of-the-f1-safety-car-video Jump up ^ Kathri , Tarun ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) . `` First ever Safety car in Formula 1 : Rewind to 1973 '' . aaFormula1.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` The F1 Safety Car 's Bumpy Ride '' . 22 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Mike ( 1982 ) . Grand Prix ! Vol 2 . Haynes Publishing Group . p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 85429 - 321 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Ferruccio ! A Lamborghini Countach Safety Car '' . Jalopnik. 2010 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 03 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ http://www.enterf1.com/blog/049-the-bite-point Jump up ^ http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/features/top-10s/the-car-top-10-f1-safety-cars Jump up ^ `` Cause and effect - the impact of 2010 's new rules '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Alonso : Still work to be done on VSC '' . PlanetF1.com. 31 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Virtual safety car gets the go - ahead '' . Planet F1. 3 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Noble , Jonathan ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` F1 's virtual safety car system gets green light for 2015 debut '' . Autosport . Jump up ^ David Caraviello ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Rules are n't always what they appear in NASCAR '' . Nascar.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Pace Car Catches Fire During Sprint Unlimited at Daytona '' . Sports Illustrated . 2014 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Start Chaos 2011 Le Mans Series at Le Castellet '' . MT89Motorsport2. 2011 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Safety car had no permission to exit pits '' . Touringcartimes.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Menu opens account amongst Pau mayhem '' . Crash.net. 2009 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Video of the Engstler - Safety Car crash '' . Touringcartimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 04 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` WTCC APPOINTS PERMANENT SAFETY CAR DRIVER '' . AutoSport . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` Doyel : The most infamous pace car in Indy 500 history '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Washington , Barry . `` 1971 Challenger Pace Car Crash at Indy 500 '' . www.hamtramck-historical.com . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Safety cars . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pace cars . Formula One ( edit ) Formula1.com : Safety car An article on the F1 safety car The speed freak in F1 's safety car - from BBC Sport : Motorsport Indianapolis 500 ( edit ) Indy 500 Pace Cars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safety_car&oldid=837422606 '' Categories : Car classifications Formula One Automotive safety technologies Motorsport terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"14": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what was the emperor name in star wars
|
[
"Sheev Palpatine",
"Darth Sidious",
"Sheev Palpatine",
"Sheev Palpatine",
"Darth Sidious",
"Sheev Palpatine,[3] (colloquial: Darth Sidious and The Emperor)",
"Sheev Palpatine"
] |
{
"0": "Palpatine - wikipedia Palpatine Jump to : navigation , search Sheev Palpatine Darth Sidious Star Wars character Ian McDiarmid as the Emperor in Return of the Jedi First appearance The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Ian McDiarmid ( Episodes I - III , VI and V 2004 DVD and subsequent releases ) Episode V original release : Marjorie Eaton ( body ) Clive Revill ( voice ) Voiced by Ian McDiarmid ( Rebels , Season 4 ) Sam Witwer ( Rebels , Season 2 ) Ian Abercrombie ( The Clone Wars film and TV series , Season 1 - 6 ) Tim Curry ( The Clone Wars , Season 5 - 6 ) Nick Jameson ( Clone Wars ) Information Species Human Gender Male Occupation Original trilogy : Emperor of the Galactic Empire Prequel trilogy : Senator from Naboo Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic Dark Lord of the Sith Affiliation Sith Order Galactic Empire Homeworld Naboo Sheev Palpatine , ( colloquial : Darth Sidious and The Emperor ) is a fictional character and one of the primary antagonists of the Star Wars franchise , mainly portrayed by Ian McDiarmid . In the original trilogy , he is depicted as the aged , pale - faced and cloaked Emperor of the Galactic Empire and the master of Darth Vader . In the prequel trilogy , he is portrayed as a charismatic Senator from Naboo who uses deception and political manipulation to rise to the position of Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic , and then reorganizes the Republic into the Galactic Empire , with himself as Emperor . Though outwardly appearing to be a well - intentioned public servant and supporter of democracy prior to becoming Emperor , he is actually Darth Sidious , the Dark Lord of the Sith -- a cult of practitioners of the dark side of the Force previously thought to have been extinct for a millennium in the Star Wars galaxy . As Sidious , he instigates the Clone Wars , nearly destroys the Jedi , and transforms the Republic into the Empire . He also manipulates Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker into turning to the dark side and serving at his side as Darth Vader .",
"1": "Palpatine 's reign is brought to an end when Vader kills him to save his son , Luke Skywalker . Since the initial theatrical run of Return of the Jedi , Palpatine has become a widely recognized popular culture symbol of evil , sinister deception , dictatorship , tyranny , and the subversion of democracy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.1. 1 Original trilogy 1.1. 2 Prequel trilogy 1.1. 3 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) 1.2 Television 1.2. 1 The Clone Wars ( animated series ) 1.2. 2 Rebels 1.3 Books and comic 1.4 Video games 1.5 Legends 1.5. 1 Television 1.5. 2 Literature and comics 2 Characteristics 2.1 Character creation 2.2 Portrayal 2.3 Make - up and costumes 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Appearances Films Original trilogy The Emperor is briefly mentioned in the original Star Wars , the first film in the original trilogy . Grand Moff Tarkin explains to his fellow Imperials that the Emperor has dissolved the Senate . The Emperor first appeared in The Empire Strikes Back . He appears in hologram form to address Darth Vader , his Sith apprentice . He tells Vader that Luke Skywalker is becoming a serious threat to the Empire and must not become a Jedi . Vader convinces him that Luke would be a great asset if turned to the dark side . In 1983 's Return of the Jedi , the Emperor appears in person to oversee the last stages of the second Death Star 's construction . He assures Darth Vader that they will together turn Luke , now revealed to be Vader 's son , to the dark side . Unknown to Vader , the Emperor plans to replace his apprentice with Luke . When Vader brings Luke before his master , the Emperor tempts Luke to join the dark side by appealing to the young Jedi 's fear for his friends , whom he has lured into a trap . This leads to a lightsaber duel in which Luke defeats and nearly kills Vader .",
"2": "The Emperor tells Luke to kill Vader and take his place , but Luke refuses and declares himself a Jedi . Enraged , the Emperor attacks Luke with Force lightning . Moved by his son 's cries for help , Vader throws the Emperor into the Death Star 's reactor shaft , killing him . Prequel trilogy Ian McDiarmid as Senator Palpatine in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace In the 1999 prequel Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , which is set 32 years before Star Wars , Palpatine is depicted as a middle - aged Galactic Senator from the planet Naboo who is secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious . As Sidious , he influences the corrupt Trade Federation to blockade and invade Naboo . Queen Padmé Amidala of Naboo flees to the planet Coruscant to receive counsel from Palpatine , unaware that he actually engineered the invasion . After a plea for help from the senate results in bureaucratic delays , Palpatine persuades the queen to make a motion to have Supreme Chancellor Finis Valorum removed from office . When Padmé attempts to liberate Naboo , Sidious sends his Sith apprentice Darth Maul there to capture her . The invasion is eventually thwarted and Maul is defeated in a lightsaber duel with Obi - Wan Kenobi . Palpatine uses the crisis to be elected the new Chancellor of the Republic . He then returns to Naboo , where he befriends the young Anakin Skywalker , telling him that , `` We will watch your career with great interest '' . In the 2002 sequel Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , Palpatine exploits constitutional loopholes to remain in office even after the official expiration of his term . Meanwhile , as Darth Sidious , he continues to manipulate events from behind the scenes by having his new Sith apprentice Count Dooku , a former Jedi master , lead a movement of planets in seceding from the Republic to form the Confederacy of Independent Systems . Since the Separatists are secretly building a battle droid army , Palpatine uses the situation to have himself granted emergency powers . Palpatine feigns reluctance to accept this authority , promising to return it to the Senate once the crisis has ended .",
"3": "His first act is to allow the creation of a clone army to counter the Separatist threat ; this results in the opening salvo of the Clone Wars . With the galaxy now at war as Sidious planned , Dooku brings him the secret plans for a new superweapon . Palpatine as Darth Sidious In the 2005 sequel Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Palpatine is captured by cyborg Separatist General Grievous , as part of a plan devised by Sidious . Palpatine is rescued by Anakin and Obi - Wan , but not before the Jedi confront Count Dooku again . A duel ensues in which Anakin defeats Dooku . Palpatine orders Anakin to kill the unarmed Dooku ; after some hesitance , Anakin kills Dooku in cold blood . Palpatine then escapes with his Jedi rescuers and returns to Coruscant . By this point , Palpatine has become a virtual dictator , able to take any action in the Senate . He makes Anakin his personal representative on the Jedi Council , who deny Anakin the rank of Jedi master and order him to spy on the Chancellor . Palpatine tells Anakin the story of Darth Plagueis , a powerful Sith Lord who was able to manipulate life and death but was killed by his own apprentice . Eventually , Palpatine reveals his secret identity as a Sith Lord to Anakin ; he knows that Anakin has been having prophetic visions of Padmé , his pregnant secret wife , dying in childbirth , and offers to teach him Plagueis ' secrets to save her life . Anakin informs Jedi Master Mace Windu of Palpatine 's treachery . With three other Jedi masters at his side , Windu attempts to arrest Palpatine , but Palpatine produces a lightsaber from his sleeve and quickly dispatches all but Windu . Palpatine engages Windu in a duel and fires Force lightning at him , but Windu deflects the lightning back at its source , deforming Palpatine 's face into the gray , wizened visage seen in the original trilogy . Just as Windu is about to dispatch Palpatine , Anakin appears and intervenes on the Sith lord 's behalf , allowing Palpatine to kill Windu with another blast of lightning .",
"4": "Anakin then pledges himself to the dark side as Palpatine 's new Sith apprentice , Darth Vader . Palpatine orders the clone troopers to turn on their Jedi generals , while dispatching Vader to kill everyone inside the Jedi Temple and then murder the Separatist leaders on the planet Mustafar . Palpatine then reorganizes the Republic into the Galactic Empire , with himself as Emperor . Jedi Master Yoda confronts him in his Senate office and engages the Sith Lord in a lightsaber duel that ends in a stalemate . Sensing that his new apprentice is in danger , Palpatine travels to Mustafar and finds Vader near death following a duel with Obi - Wan . After returning to Coruscant , he rebuilds Vader 's burned , mutilated body with the black armored suit from the original trilogy . Palpatine then tells Vader that Padmé was killed in the heat of Vader 's anger , breaking what remains of his apprentice 's spirit . Palpatine is last seen watching the original Death Star 's construction , with Vader and Wilhuff Tarkin at his side . The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) In the 2008 animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( also set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith ) , Darth Sidious engineers a Separatist plot where Count Dooku turns Jabba the Hutt against the Republic by kidnapping his son Rotta and framing the Jedi for it . Meanwhile , Palpatine suggests that the Republic ally itself with the Hutts . Although Anakin Skywalker and his Padawan Ahsoka Tano foil the plot , the outcome suits Palpatine 's ends : Jabba places Hutt hyperspace routes at the Republic 's disposal . Television The Clone Wars ( animated series ) In the subsequent animated series , Palpatine was voiced by Ian Abercrombie from 2008 to his death in 2012 , and by Tim Curry from 2012 to 2014 . In the series , Palpatine continues to serve as Supreme Chancellor while his Sith identity remains behind the scenes via holograms . In the second season , Sidious hires bounty hunter Cad Bane to infiltrate the Jedi Temple and steal a holocron .",
"5": "He then takes a valuable Kyber memory crystal that contains the names of thousands of Force - sensitive younglings - the future of the Jedi Order - from around the galaxy . The final stage of the plot : to bring four Force - sensitive children to Sidious 's secret facility on Mustafar . Anakin and Ahsoka again foil the plot , but Bane escapes and all evidence of Sidious ' involvement is lost . In the fifth season , Sidious personally travels to the planet Mandalore to confront his former apprentice Darth Maul after becoming leader of Death Watch , killing Savage Opress before torturing Maul with the intent to make use of him . In the final season , Sidious goes to lengths to conceal the full nature of his plan from the Jedi by attempting to silence the Clone Trooper Fives when he learns of Order 66 and having Dooku wipe out anything tied to Jedi Master Sifo - Dyas . Rebels In Star Wars Rebels , Palpatine is now the Emperor of the Galactic Empire . He briefly appears offscreen at the end of the season 2 premiere , `` The Siege of Lothal '' , voiced by Sam Witwer . Darth Vader informs Palpatine that the Rebel Alliance cell on Lothal has been broken . However , Vader tells him that Ahsoka Tano , the apprentice of Anakin Skywalker , is alive and is now helping the Rebels . Palpatine sees this as an opportunity to seek out other remaining Jedi ( such as Obi - Wan Kenobi ) . Palpatine then tells Vader to dispatch an Inquisitor to hunt down Ahsoka . Books and comic The first appearance of Palpatine in Star Wars literature was in Alan Dean Foster 's ( writing as George Lucas ) novelization of the script of A New Hope , published as Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker ( 1976 ) . Star Wars : Lords of the Sith was subsequently announced as one of the first four canon novels to be released in 2014 and 2015 . In Lords of the Sith , Vader and Palpatine find themselves hunted by revolutionaries on the Twi'lek planet Ryloth . Video Games Star Wars Battlefront II adds a canonical tale spanning the destruction of the second Death Star through the events of The Force Awakens .",
"6": "The story takes an Imperial perspective , following an elite squadron known as Inferno Squad , led by protagonist Iden Versio , as they help to execute Operation Cinder following the Emperor 's death . Operation : Cinder was carried out by the Galactic Empire as a means of devastating several Imperial planets in 4 ABY , only a few weeks following the Battle of Endor . The operation was part of the `` Contingency '' , a plan devised by Emperor Palpatine to ensure that the Empire and its enemies did not outlive him should he perish . The plan was put into action following the Emperor 's death during the Battle of Endor . Legends In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise by Lucasfilm . Star Wars Legends literature elaborates on Palpatine 's role in Star Wars fiction outside of the films . Television Chancellor Palpatine in Star Wars : Clone Wars Palpatine / Darth Sidious is a central character in Genndy Tartakovsky 's Star Wars : Clone Wars micro-series , which is set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . The character 's likeness in the series is based on that in The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones , and he is voiced by Nick Jameson . In the first chapter , Palpatine is informed by Obi - Wan Kenobi that the Jedi have discovered that the InterGalactic Banking Clan has established battle droid factories on the planet Muunilinst . Palpatine agrees to send a strike force that includes Anakin Skywalker , and suggests that Anakin be given `` special command '' of Obi - Wan 's fighters . Yoda and Obi - Wan initially speak against the idea , but reluctantly concede . In the seventh chapter , a holographic image of Sidious appears shortly after Dooku trains Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress . Sidious orders Ventress to track down and kill Anakin . He remarks to Dooku that Ventress is certain to be defeated , but that the point of her mission is to test Anakin . In the final chapters , a hologram of Sidious again appears and orders General Grievous to begin an assault on the galactic capital .",
"7": "Later , the Separatist invasion of Coruscant begins and Palpatine watches from his apartment in the 500 Republica . Grievous breaks through the Chancellor 's window and attempts to kidnap him , leading to a long chase while Palpatine is protected by Jedi Shaak Ti , Roron Corobb and Foul Moudama . After Grievous apprehends the Jedi , Palpatine is taken on board the Invisible Hand , setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith . Literature and Comics Palpatine made his first major appearance in Legends in 1991 and 1992 , with the Dark Empire series of comic books written by Tom Veitch and illustrated by Cam Kennedy . In the series ( set six years after Return of the Jedi ) , Palpatine is resurrected as the Emperor Reborn or `` Palpatine the Undying '' . His spirit returns from the netherworld of the Force with the aid of Sith ghosts on Korriban , the Sith world , and possesses the body of Jeng Droga , one of Palpatine 's elite spies and assassins known as the Emperor 's Hands . Droga flees to a secret Imperial base on the planet Byss , where the Emperor 's advisor Sate Pestage exorcises Palpatine 's spirit and channels it into one of many clones created by Palpatine before his death . Palpatine attempts to resume control of the galaxy , but Luke Skywalker , now a senior Jedi Knight , sabotages his plans . Luke destroys most of Palpatine 's cloning tanks , but is only able to defeat the Emperor with help from Leia Organa Solo , who has received rudimentary Jedi training from Luke . The two repel a Force storm Palpatine had created and turn it back onto him , once again destroying his physical form . Palpatine 's clone in the Dark Empire series by Tom Veitch and Cam Kennedy Palpatine 's ultimate fate is further chronicled in the Dark Empire II and Empire 's End series of comics . The Dark Empire II series , published from 1994 to 1995 , details how the Emperor is once again reborn on Byss into a clone body . Palpatine tries to rebuild the Empire as the Rebel Alliance grows weak .",
"8": "In Empire 's End ( 1995 ) , a traitorous Imperial guard bribes Palpatine 's cloning supervisor to tamper with the Emperor 's stored DNA samples . This causes the clones to deteriorate at a rapid rate . Palpatine tries to possess the body of Anakin Solo , the infant son of Leia Organa and Han Solo , before the clone body dies , but is thwarted once again by Luke Skywalker . Palpatine is killed by a blaster shot fired by Han , but his spirit is captured by the mortally - wounded Jedi Empatojayos Brand . When Brand dies , he takes Palpatine 's spirit with him , destroying the Sith Lord once and for all . Novels and comics published before 1999 focus on Palpatine 's role as Galactic Emperor . Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) by Steve Perry and The Mandalorian Armor ( 1998 ) by K.W. Jeter -- all set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi -- show how Palpatine uses crime lords such as Prince Xizor and bounty hunters like Boba Fett to fight his enemies . Barbara Hambly 's novel Children of the Jedi ( 1995 ) , set eight years after Return of the Jedi , features a woman named Roganda Ismaren who claims that Palpatine fathered her son Irek . The Jedi Prince series of novels introduces an insane , three - eyed mutant named Triclops who is revealed to be Palpatine 's illegitimate son . Created from DNA extracted from Palpatine and placed into a woman , he was born mutated , cast away and forgotten . Triclops had a son named Ken who became known as the `` Jedi Prince '' . Beginning in 1999 with Terry Brooks ' novelization of The Phantom Menace , Star Wars writers chronicled the role of Palpatine prior to A New Hope as a politician and Sith Lord . The comic `` Marked '' by Rob Williams , printed in Star Wars Tales 24 ( 2005 ) , and Michael Reaves ' novel Darth Maul : Shadow Hunter ( 2001 ) explain Darth Sidious ' relationship with his apprentice Darth Maul .",
"9": "Cloak of Deception ( 2001 ) by James Luceno follows Reaves ' novel and details how Darth Sidious encourages the Trade Federation to build an army of battle droids in preparation for the invasion of Naboo . Cloak of Deception also focuses on Palpatine 's early political career , revealing how he becomes a confidante of Chancellor Finis Valorum and acquainted with Padmé Amidala , newly elected queen of Naboo . Palpatine 's role during the Clone Wars as Chancellor of the Republic and Darth Sidious is portrayed in novels such as Matthew Stover 's Shatterpoint ( 2003 ) , Steven Barnes ' The Cestus Deception ( 2004 ) , Sean Stewart 's Yoda : Dark Rendezvous ( 2004 ) , and Luceno 's Labyrinth of Evil ( 2005 ) and Darth Plagueis ( 2012 ) . Following the theatrical release of Revenge of the Sith , Star Wars literature focused on Palpatine 's role after the creation of the Empire . John Ostrander 's comic Star Wars Republic 78 : Loyalties ( 2005 ) chronicles how , shortly after seizing power , Emperor Palpatine sends Darth Vader to assassinate Sagoro Autem , an Imperial captain who plans to defect from the Empire . In Luceno 's novel Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader ( 2005 ) ( set shortly after Revenge of the Sith ) , the Emperor sends Darth Vader to the planet Murkhana to discover why clone troopers there refused to carry out Order 66 against their Jedi generals . Palpatine hopes these early missions will teach Vader what it means to be a Sith and crush any remnants of Anakin Skywalker . Characteristics The Emperor in the original 1980 version of The Empire Strikes Back portrayed by Marjorie Eaton and voiced by Clive Revill . The eyes of a chimpanzee were superimposed onto the actress 's features to make the character more eerie . In Star Wars fiction , Palpatine is a cunning politician , a ruthless emperor , and an evil Sith Lord . The Star Wars Databank describes him as `` the supreme ruler of the most powerful tyrannical regime the galaxy had ever witnessed '' and Stephen J. Sansweet 's Star Wars Encyclopedia calls him `` evil incarnate '' .",
"10": "As a senator , Palpatine is `` unassuming , yet ambitious '' . In Cloak of Deception , James Luceno writes that Palpatine carefully guards his privacy and `` others found his reclusiveness intriguing , as if he led a secret life '' . Despite this , he has many allies in the government . Luceno writes , `` What Palpatine lacked in charisma , he made up for in candor , and it was that directness that had led to his widespread appeal in the senate ... For in his heart he judged the universe on his own terms , with a clear sense of right and wrong . '' In Terry Brooks ' novelization of The Phantom Menace , Palpatine claims to embrace democratic principles . He tells Queen Amidala , `` I promise , Your Majesty , if I am elected ( chancellor of the Republic ) , I will restore democracy to the Republic . I will put an end to the corruption that has plagued the Senate . '' A Visual Dictionary states that he is a self - proclaimed savior . As Emperor , however , Palpatine abandons any semblance of democracy , as noted in Star Wars , when he abolishes the Imperial Senate . Sansweet states , `` His Empire ... is based on tyranny . '' Revenge of the Sith implies that Palpatine was the apprentice of Darth Plagueis , while later Expanded Universe materials say explicitly that he was . Palpatine is characterized as `` the most powerful practitioner of the Sith ways in modern times . '' Palpatine is so powerful that he is able to mask his true identity from the Jedi for decades . In the novel Shatterpoint , Mace Windu remarks to Yoda , `` A shame ( Palpatine ) ca n't touch the Force . He might have been a fine Jedi . '' The Star Wars Databank explains that the Force `` granted him inhuman dexterity and speed , agility enough to quickly kill three Jedi Masters '' ( as depicted in Revenge of the Sith ) . Stover describes the duel between Yoda and Palpatine in his novelization of Revenge of the Sith thus : `` From the shadow of a black wing , a small weapon ... slid into a withered hand and spat a flame - colored blade ( . )",
"11": "When the blades met it was more than Yoda against Palpatine , more the millennia of Sith against the legions of Jedi ; this was the expression of the fundamental conflict of the universe itself . Light against dark . Winner take all . '' During the duel , Yoda realizes that Sidious represents a small but powerful Sith Order that had changed and evolved over the years , while the Jedi had not : `` He had lost before he started . '' According to the Databank and New Essential Guide to Characters , Palpatine possesses great patience and his maneuverings are as a dejarik grandmaster moves pieces on a board . He is depicted as a diabolical genius . Palpatine was not given a first name in any canonical or `` Star Wars Legends '' sources until 2014 , when the character 's first name -- Sheev -- was revealed in the novel Tarkin , written by James Luceno . The Lucasfilm Story Group approached Del Rey Books and asked if they wanted to use the name , which was created by George Lucas , in the Tarkin novel , to which Del Rey agreed . Character creation Lucas 's conceptualization of Palpatine and the role the character plays in Star Wars changed over time . From Return of the Jedi onwards , Palpatine became the ultimate personification of evil in Star Wars , replacing Darth Vader as the central villain . When the original Star Wars trilogy was filmed , the Emperor was unnamed and his throne - world unidentified . The name would not be used in film until the prequel trilogy and the first mention of the name Palpatine came from the prologue of Alan Dean Foster 's 1976 novelization of A New Hope , which detailed the Emperor 's rise to power . Foster writes , Aided and abetted by restless , power - hungry individuals within the government , and the massive organs of commerce , the ambitious Senator Palpatine caused himself to be elected President of the Republic . He promised to reunite the disaffected among the people and to restore the remembered glory of the Republic . Once secure in office he declared himself Emperor , shutting himself away from the populace . Soon he was controlled by the very assistants and boot - lickers he had appointed to high office , and the cries of the people for justice did not reach his ears .",
"12": "However , it is unclear whether Lucas intended Palpatine to be the reigning Emperor or just the first of a succession of Emperors . Michael Kaminski , author of The Secret History of Star Wars , claims that Lucas ' initial notes discuss a line of corrupt Emperors , not just one . If Palpatine was the first , Kaminski infers , he would therefore not be the current . Later Lucas would abandon this idea , opting instead to focus on a sole villainous ruler . During story conferences for The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas and Leigh Brackett decided that `` the Emperor and the Force had to be the two main concerns in the Empire Strikes Back ; the Emperor had barely been dealt with in the first movie , and the intention in the sequel was to deal with him on a more concrete level . '' Lucas ultimately decided instead to feature the Emperor in Return of the Jedi . U.S. President Richard Nixon was a major influence in the development of the Palpatine character In that film , the initial conception of Palpatine was superseded by his depiction as a dictatorial ruler adept in the dark side of the Force . The Emperor was inspired by the villain Ming the Merciless from the Flash Gordon comic books . The rise of Palpatine involving an ambitious and ruthless politician dismantling a democratic republic to achieve supreme power is in part inspired by the real - world examples of Julius Caesar , Napoleon Bonaparte , Vladimir Lenin , Joseph Stalin , Mao Zedong , Benito Mussolini , and Adolf Hitler . Other elements of the character come from Richard Nixon . Lucas said that Nixon 's presidency `` got me to thinking historically about how do democracies get turned into dictatorships . Because the democracies are n't overthrown ; they 're given away . '' Lucas also said , `` The whole point of the movies , the underlying element that makes the movies work , is that you , whether you go backwards or forwards , you start out in a democracy , and democracy turns into a dictatorship , and then the rebels make it back into a democracy . '' Lucas wanted to establish the Emperor as the true source of evil in Star Wars . Screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan noted , `` My sense of the relationship between Darth Vader and the Emperor is that the Emperor is much more powerful ... and that Vader is very much intimidated by him .",
"13": "Vader has dignity , but the Emperor in Jedi really has all the power . '' He explained that the climax of the film is a confrontation between Darth Vader and his master . In the first scene that shows the Emperor , he arrives at the Death Star and is greeted by a host of stormtroopers , technicians , and other personnel . Lucas states he wanted it to look like the military parades on `` May Day in Russia . '' Lucas fleshed out the Emperor in the prequel films . According to Lucas , Palpatine 's role in The Phantom Menace is to explain `` how Anakin Skywalker came to be Palpatine 's apprentice '' and the events that lead to his rise to power . The true identity of Darth Sidious -- the phantom menace -- is left a mystery , and his relationship to Palpatine is not clear , though popular consensus agreed that Darth Sidious and Palpatine were one and the same . Film critic Jonathan L. Bowen remarks , `` Debates raged on the Internet concerning the relationship between Darth Sidious and Senator Palpatine . Most fans believed the two characters are actually the same person with logic seeming to support their conclusion . '' Bowen notes that the debate was fueled by the fact that `` suspiciously Darth Sidious does not appear in the credits . '' Augustus in the robes and cloak of his position as Pontifex Maximus . In Star Wars and History published by Lucasfilm , it describes Palpatine 's consolidation of power as being similar to the Roman political figure Augustus , named Octavian before renaming himself . Both legitimized authoritarian rule by saying that corruption in the Senate was hampering the powers of the head of state ; both pressured the Senate to grant extraordinary powers to deal with a crisis , falsely claiming that they would rescind those powers once the crisis was over ; and both relied on their strong control over military force . Portrayal When the Emperor first appeared in The Empire Strikes Back , he was portrayed by Marjorie Eaton under heavy makeup . Chimpanzee eyes were superimposed into darkened eye sockets during post-production `` in order to create a truly unsettling image '' . The character was voiced by Clive Revill . The makeup was sculpted by Phil Tippett and applied by Rick Baker , who initially used his own wife , Elaine , for the makeup tests .",
"14": "`` With Kershner , '' Revill said , `` you had to keep the reins tight -- you could n't go overboard . It was the perfect example of the old adage ' less is more ' -- the Emperor does n't say very much . But when he finally appears , it 's at a point in the saga when everyone 's waiting to see him . It 's the Emperor , the arch villain of all time , and when he says there 's a great disturbance in the Force , I mean , that 's enough oomph ! '' Years later , during production of Revenge of the Sith , Lucas decided to shoot new footage for The Empire Strikes Back to create continuity between the prequels and original trilogy . Thus , in the 2004 DVD release of The Empire Strikes Back Special Edition , the original version of the Emperor was replaced by Scottish Shakespearean actor Ian McDiarmid , and the dialogue between the Emperor and Darth Vader was revised . Lucas and director Richard Marquand cast McDiarmid to play Emperor Palpatine for Return of the Jedi . He was in his late 30s and had never played a leading role in a feature film , though he had made minor appearances in films like Dragonslayer ( 1981 ) . After Return of the Jedi , he resumed stage acting in London . In an interview with BackStage , McDiarmid revealed that he `` never had his sights set on a film career and never even auditioned for the role of Palpatine . '' He elaborated , `` I got called in for the interview after a Return of the Jedi casting director saw me perform in the Sam Shepard play Seduced at a studio theatre at the Royal Court . I was playing a dying Howard Hughes . '' McDiarmid was surprised when Lucas approached him 16 years after Return of the Jedi to reprise the role of Palpatine . In an interview , he stated , `` When we were doing Return of the Jedi there was a rumor that George Lucas had nine films in his head , and he 'd clearly just completed three of them . '' McDiarmid added , `` Someone said that , ' Oh , I think what he might do next is go back in time , and show how Vader came to be . '",
"15": "It never occurred to me in a million years that I would be involved in that , because I thought , ' oh well , then he 'll get a much younger actor to play Palpatine . That would be obvious . '' However , `` I was the right age , ironically , for the first prequel when it was made ... So I was in the very strange and rather wonderful paradox of playing myself when young at my own age , having played myself previously when 100 - and - I - do n't - know - what . '' Palpatine 's role in the prequel films required McDiarmid to play two dimensions of the same character . Recalling the initial days of shooting The Phantom Menace , McDiarmid stated , `` Stepping onto the set of Episode I for the first time was like going back in time , due to my experience in Jedi . Palpatine 's an interesting character ; he 's conventional on the outside , but demonic on the inside -- he 's on the edge , trying to go beyond what 's possible . '' McDiarmid added another layer to the character in Attack of the Clones . He noted , `` ( Palpatine ) is a supreme actor . He has to be even more convincing than somebody who is n't behaving in a schizophrenic fashion , so he 's extra charming , or extra professional -- and for those who are looking for clues , that 's almost where you can see them . '' McDiarmid illuminated on the scene where Padmé Amidala is almost assassinated : There 's a moment in one scene of the new film where tears almost appear in his eye . These are crocodile tears , but for all those in the movie , and perhaps watching the movie itself , they 'll see he is apparently moved -- and of course , he is . He can just do it . He can , as it were , turn it on . And I suppose for him , it 's also a bit of a turn - on -- the pure exercise of power is what he 's all about . That 's the only thing he 's interested in and the only thing that can satisfy him -- which makes him completely fascinating to play , because it is an evil soul . He is more evil than the devil .",
"16": "At least Satan fell -- he has a history , and it 's one of revenge . In Revenge of the Sith , McDiarmid played a darker interpretation of the character . He explained that `` ( ... ) when you 're playing a character of solid blackness , that in itself is very interesting , in the sense that you have no other motivation other than the accumulation of power . It 's not so much about not having a moral center , it 's just that the only thing that mattered is increasing power . '' He admitted , `` I 've been trying to find a redeeming feature to Palpatine , and the only one I 've got so far is that he 's clearly a patron of the arts because he goes to the opera . '' McDiarmid compared the character to Iago from William Shakespeare 's Othello : Everything he does is an act of pure hypocrisy , and that 's interesting to play . I suppose it 's rather like playing Iago . All the characters in the play -- including Othello until the end -- think that `` Honest Iago '' is a decent guy doing his job , and he 's quite liked . But at the same time there 's a tremendous evil subconscious in operation . McDiarmid noticed that the script for Revenge of the Sith demanded more action from his character than in previous films . Lightsaber combat was a challenge to the 60 - year - old actor , who , like his costars , took fencing lessons . The close - up shots and non-acrobatic sequences of the duel between Palpatine and Mace Windu were performed by McDiarmid . Advanced fencing and acrobatic stunts were executed by McDiarmid 's doubles , Michael Byrne , Sebastian Dickins , and Bob Bowles . McDiarmid 's performance as Palpatine was generally well received by critics . Todd McCarthy of Variety commented , `` Entertaining from start to finish and even enthralling at times , ' Sith ' has some acting worth writing home about , specifically McDiarmid 's dominant turn as the mastermind of the evil empire . '' A reviewer for The Village Voice wrote that `` Ian McDiarmid 's unctuous Emperor turns appropriately vampiric as he attempts to draw Anakin into the Sith fold with promises of eternal life . ''",
"17": "Still , his performance was not without detractors ; David Edelstein of Slate critiqued , `` McDiarmid is n't the subtlest of satanic tempters . With his lisp and his clammy little leer , he looks like an old queen keen on trading an aging butt - boy ( Count Dooku ) for fresh meat -- which leaves Anakin looking more and more like a 15 - watt bulb . '' McDiarmid had expressed interest in reprising the role of Palpatine in the planned Star Wars : Underworld TV series , which remains unproduced . Make - up and costumes Ian McDiarmid required little make - up in The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . He recalled , `` I 'm ... slightly aged ( in Attack of the Clones ) . In the last film , I had a fairly standard make - up on , but now , they 're starting to crinkle my face . '' Transforming McDiarmid into Emperor Palpatine in Return of the Jedi and Revenge of the Sith , however , required extensive make - up . McDiarmid remarked in an interview with Star Wars Insider magazine , `` Yes -- that was a four - hour job , initially , although we got it down to about two - and - a-half in the end . But this was just a little bit of latex here and there , a little bit of skin - scrunching . '' He told the Homing Beacon newsletter , `` When my face changes in the film , my mind went back to the early silent movie of The Phantom of the Opera with Lon Chaney , Sr ... '' Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that he `` looks uncannily like Death in The Seventh Seal '' ( 1957 ) and film historian Robin Wood compares him to the hag from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . Palpatine 's wardrobe , tailored by costume designer Trisha Biggar , played an important part in the development of the character throughout the films . In Attack of the Clones , explained McDiarmid , `` The costumes ... have got much more edge to them , I think , than the mere senator had in The Phantom Menace . So we see the trappings of power . ''",
"18": "In the next episode , McDiarmid remarked , `` To wear the costumes as the character I play is wonderfully empowering . '' McDiarmid 's favorite costume in Revenge of the Sith was a high - collared jacket that resembles snake or lizard skin . He stated that `` it just feels reptilian , which is exactly right for ( Palpatine ) . '' According to Trisha Biggar , Palpatine 's costumes proved the most daunting challenge . She said , `` His six costumes get progressively darker and more ornately decorated throughout the movie . He wears greys and browns , almost going to black , taking him toward the dark side . '' In popular culture With the premiere of Return of the Jedi and the prequel films and the accompanying merchandising campaign , Palpatine became an icon in American popular culture . Kenner / Hasbro produced and marketed a series of action figures of the character from 1983 to 2005 . According to John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett , `` These action figures allow children ( ' 4 & up ' ) to handle the symbols of the Force . '' Academics have debated the relationship of Palpatine to modern culture . Religion scholars Ross Shepard Kraemer , William Cassidy , and Susan Schwartz compare Palpatine and Star Wars heroes to the theological concept of dualism . They insist , `` One can certainly picture the evil emperor in Star Wars as Satan , complete with his infernal powers , leading his faceless minions such as his red - robed Imperial Guards . '' Lawrence and Jewett argue that the killing of Palpatine in Return of the Jedi represented `` the permanent subduing of evil '' . Since Return of the Jedi and the prequel films , Palpatine 's name has been invoked as a caricature in politics . A Seattle Post-Intelligencer editorial noted that anti-pork bloggers were caricaturing West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd as `` the Emperor Palpatine of pork '' with Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska having `` clear aspirations to be his Darth Vader . '' The charge followed a report that linked a secret hold on the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 to the two senators . Politicians have made comparisons as well .",
"19": "In 2005 , Democratic Senator Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey compared Republican Majority Leader Bill Frist of Tennessee to Palpatine in a speech on the Senate floor , complete with a visual aid . A Fox News editorial stated `` no cultural icon can exist without someone trying to stuff it into a political ideology . The Star Wars saga , the greatest pop culture icon of the last three decades , is no exception ... Palpatine 's dissolution of the Senate in favor of imperial rule has been compared to Julius Caesar 's marginalization of the Roman Senate , Hitler 's power - grab as chancellor , and FDR 's court - packing scheme and creation of the imperial presidency . '' References ^ Jump up to : Gourley , Matt . `` I Was There Too '' . earwolf.com . Earwolf . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ pablohidalgo ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Okay here 's what I 've got . It is not Elaine Baker in the movie . @ PhilTippett sculpted the piece and Rick applied it '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Luceno , James ( 2014 ) . Tarkin . Del Rey Books . p. 93 . ISBN 9780345511522 . Jump up ^ Fernando Bueno , `` The Emperor ( Emperor Palpatine ) , '' Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Prima Official Game Guide ( Roseville : Prima Games , 2008 ) , 20 . ^ Jump up to : Martin M. Winkler . Classical Myth & Culture in the Cinema . Oxford University Press , 2001 . Pp. 287 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope , Special Edition ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2004 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back , Special Edition ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2004 ) , disc 2 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi , Special Edition ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2004 ) , disc 3 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 1999 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2002 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2005 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ Novels , Novelizations , and Collections , at AlanDeanFoster.com ; last accessed August 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : George Lucas ( Alan Dean Foster ) , Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 1976 ) , p. 1 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 26079 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kaminski , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars ( 3.0 ed . ) . p. 172 . ISBN 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keane , Sean ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` REVIEW : Star Wars : Lords of the Sith throws Darth Vader and the Emperor onto the battlefield '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 9 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Lords of the Sith Review '' . IGN . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 .",
"21": "Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 '' . Star Wars : Clone Wars . Season 1 . Episode 1 . November 7 , 2003 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 '' . Star Wars : Clone Wars . Season 1 . Episode 7 . November 17 , 2003 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 22 '' . Star Wars : Clone Wars . Season 3 . Episode 2 . March 22 , 2003 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 23 '' . Star Wars : Clone Wars . Season 3 . Episode 3 . March 23 , 2005 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 25 '' . Star Wars : Clone Wars . Season 3 . Episode 5 . March 25 , 2005 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Tom Veitch , Dark Empire anthology ( Dark Horse Comics , 1993 ) , ISBN 1 - 56971 - 073 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tom Veitch , Dark Empire II anthology ( Dark Horse Comics , 1995 ) , ISBN 1 - 56971 - 119 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tom Veitch , Empire 's End anthology ( Dark Horse Comics , 1997 ) , ISBN 1 - 56971 - 306 - 5 . Jump up ^ Steve Perry , Shadows of the Empire ( New York : Bantam Spectra , 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 553 - 57413 - 2 . Jump up ^ K.W. Jeter , The Mandalorian Armor ( paperback ; New York : Bantam Spectra , 1998 ) , p. 144 , ISBN 0 - 553 - 57885 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barbara Hambly , Children of the Jedi ( paperback ; New York : Bantam Spectra , 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 553 - 57293 - 8 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Paul and Hollace Davids , Mission from Mount Yoda ( New York : Scholastic , 1993 ) , ISBN 0 - 553 - 15890 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rob Williams , `` Marked , '' in Star Wars Tales 24 ( Dark Horse Comics , July 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Michael Reaves , Darth Maul : Shadow Hunter ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 345 - 43541 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Luceno , Cloak of Deception ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44297 - 0 . Jump up ^ John Ostrander , Star Wars Republic 78 : Loyalties ( Dark Horse Comics , October 2005 ) . Jump up ^ James Luceno , Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader ( New York : Del Rey , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 345 - 47733 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Palpatine at the Star Wars Databank ; last accessed February 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palpatine , Emperor , '' in Stephen J. Sansweet , Star Wars Encyclopedia ( New York : Del Rey , 1998 ) , p. 224 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 40227 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Luceno , Cloak of Deception , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Terry Brooks , Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 1999 ) , p. 238 - 239 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 43411 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Visual Dictionary of Star Wars , Episode III Revenge of the Sith , 2005 . James Luceno , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 Jump up ^ Darth Sidious , at the Star Wars Databank ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Palpatine , Expanded Universe , at the Star Wars Databank ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Matthew Stover , Shatterpoint ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 2003 ) , p.",
"23": "10 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 45574 - 6 Jump up ^ Stover , Revenge of the Sith , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Stover , Revenge of the Sith , p. 426 . Jump up ^ The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Jump up ^ Revised Core Rulebook ( Star Wars Roleplaying Game ) , 1st edition , 2002 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , J.D. Wiker , Steve Sansweet , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2876 - X Jump up ^ Movie , Television and Proprietary Collectible Figures - Sideshow Collectibles , Inc . - Toy , WETA , Lord of the Rings , James Bond , Muppets , Military , Universal Monsters Archived 2008 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NYCC 2014 Star Wars Books Panel '' . The Star Wars Underworld ( YouTube page ) . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kaminski , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars ( 3.0 ed . ) . pp. 170 -- 172 . ISBN 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Annotated Screenplays , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Dale Pollock , Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas ( New York : Da Capo Press , 1999 ) , p. 142 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80904 - 4 . Jump up ^ John C. McDowell . The Gospel according to Star wars : faith , hope , and the force . Westminster John Knox Press , 2007 . Pp. 105 . Jump up ^ Caro , Mark ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' inadvertently hits too close to U.S. 's role '' .",
"24": "Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ George Lucas , interview with Debbie Dykstra , at SciFi.com ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Archived September 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lawrence Kasdan , quoted in Bouzereau , Annotated Screenplays , p. 265 . Jump up ^ George Lucas , commentary , Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi , Special Edition ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2004 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ Jonathan L. Bowen , Anticipation : The Real Life Story of Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace ( Lincoln , Neb. : iUniverse , 2005 ) , p. 4 , ISBN 0 - 595 - 34732 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Anticipation , pp. 93 - 94 . Jump up ^ Star Wars and History . Lucasfilm . Jump up ^ `` Yoda was originally played by a monkey in a mask , and other secrets of The Empire Strikes Back '' . io9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Palpatine , Behind the Scenes , at the Star Wars Databank ; last accessed May 18 , 2017 . Archived December 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rinzler , J.W. ( 22 Oct 2013 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back ( Enhanced ed . ) . Ballantine Group . ISBN 9780345543363 . Jump up ^ `` Chernoff , Scott . `` Clive Revill : Voice of the Emperor . '' ' ' Star Wars Insider ' ' May / June 2000 : 60 `` . Wizardsandwarriors.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Douglas Hyde , `` Five major changes in the ' Star Wars ' DVD , '' September 23 , 2004 , at CNN ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 .",
"25": "^ Jump up to : `` The Man of Mystery , '' in `` Ian McDiarmid : Dark Force Rising , '' at StarWars.com ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Archived November 12 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simi Horwitz , `` The Emperor 's New Role '' , BackStage , May 25 , 2006 , available here ( 1 ) ; last accessed September 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Palpatine Speaks , '' in Homing Beacon 134 , April 14 , 2005 , at StarWars.com ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Archived November 12 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Actors and Characters - Part II , '' in `` Star Wars Episode I : Production Notes , '' at StarWars.com ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Archived May 30 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Exercise of Power , '' in `` Ian McDiarmid : Dark Force Rising , '' at StarWars.com ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Archived December 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Palpatine 's Point of View , '' in Homing Beacon 137 , May 26 , 2005 , StarWars.com ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Archived November 12 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Becoming Sidious , '' Web Documentary , Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , Bonus Materials ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2005 ) , disc 2 ; also available at StarWars.com ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Archived August 7 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cast and Crew of Revenge of the Sith , at StarWars.com ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Archived August 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy , review of Revenge of the Sith , Variety , available here ( 2 ) ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ Ed Halter , `` May the Force Be Over ; The end of the beginning : Lucas 's adolescent space opera concludes in a CGI Sith Storm , '' The Village Voice ( New York ) , May 11 , 2005 , available here ( 3 ) Archived 2006 - 06 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ David Edelstein , `` The Passion of the Sith : I dream of Jedi , '' Slate , May 17 , 2005 , available here ( 4 ) ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 2012 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Ian McDiarmid on Possibly Playing The Emperor in the Live - Action Star Wars TV Series '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Return in Episode II , '' in `` Ian McDiarmid : Dark Force Rising , '' at StarWars.com ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Archived December 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , review of Return of the Jedi , Special Edition , in Chicago Sun - Times , March 14 , 1997 , available here ( 5 ) ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Robin Wood , Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan ... and Beyond : A Revised and Expanded Edition of the Classic Text ( New York : Columbia University Press , 2003 ) , p. 154 , ISBN 0 - 231 - 12966 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crafting Revenge '' , in `` An Introduction to Episode III , '' at StarWars.com ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Archived December 14 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Geoffrey T Carlton , Star Wars Super Collector 's Wish Book : Identification & Values ( Paducah , Ky. : Collector Books , 2003 ) , passim , ISBN 1 - 57432 - 334 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett , The Myth of the American Superhero ( Cambridge : Wm .",
"27": "B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2002 ) , p. 266 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4911 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ross Shepard Kraemer , William Cassidy , and Susan Schwartz , Religions of Star Trek ( Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press , 2003 ) , p. 69 , ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4115 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Open Government : Pork protection , '' Seattle Post-Intelligencer , September 1 , 2006 , available here ( 6 ) ; last accessed September 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Signs Speak as Loud as Words '' , FOX News , May 25 , 2005 ; last accessed September 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Firey , `` Star Wars Saga Reflects Political Ideals , '' May 22 , 2005 , at Fox News ; last accessed August 17 , 2006 . Further reading Anderson , Kevin J. , and Daniel Wallace . The Essential Chronology . New York : Del Rey , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43439 - 0 . Bortolin , Matthew . The Dharma of Star Wars . Somerville , Mass. : Wisdom Publications , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 86171 - 497 - 0 . Feeney , Mark . Nixon at the Movies : A Book about Belief . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 23968 - 3 . Hanson , Michael J. , and Max S. Kay . Star Wars : The New Myth . Philadelphia : Xlibris , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 4010 - 3989 - 8 . Horne , Michael Allen . Dark Empire Sourcebook . Honesdale , Penn. : West End Games , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 87431 - 194 - 2 . Jensen , Hans , and Richard Chasemore . Star Wars : Complete Locations . New York : DK Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1419 - 8 . Luceno , James .",
"28": "Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith : The Visual Dictionary . New York : DK Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 . Lyden , John . `` The Apocalyptic Cosmology of Star Wars . '' Journal of Religion and Film 4 ( No. 1 , April 2000 ) : online . Peña , Abel G. `` Evil Never Dies : The Sith Dynasties . '' Star Wars Insider 88 ( June 2006 ) . Reynolds , David West . Episode I : The Visual Dictionary New York : DK Publishing , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 . Reynolds , David West . Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary . New York : DK Publishing , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 . Smith , Jeffrey A. `` Hollywood Theology : The Commodification of Religion in Twentieth - Century Films . '' Religion and American Culture 11 ( No. 2 , Summer 2001 ) : pp. 191 -- 231 . Velasco , Raymond L. A Guide to the Star Wars Universe . New York : Del Rey , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31920 - 6 . Wallace , Daniel . The New Essential Guide to Characters . New York : Del Rey , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 . Wallace , Daniel , and Kevin J. Anderson . The New Essential Chronology . New York : Del Rey , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 44901 - 0 . External links Emperor Palpatine / Darth Sidious in the StarWars.com Databank Darth Sidious on Wookieepedia ,",
"29": "a Star Wars wiki Palpatine on IMDb Star Wars characters List of The Clone Wars characters List of Rebels characters List of Legends characters Characters Canon Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous Jabba the Hutt General Hux Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Obi - Wan Kenobi Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Bink Otauna Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Iden Versio Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Legends Mara Jade Kyle Katarn KOTOR characters HK - 47 Kreia Revan Starkiller Jacen Solo Organizations Force - users Jedi Sith Military Battle droid Clone trooper Stormtrooper Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker family Solo family Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Species Bantha Ewok Hutt Sarlacc Tusken Raiders Wookiees Other Droid Mandalorian The Clone Wars Media Film Episodes `` Hostage Crisis '' `` R2 Come Home / Lethal Trackdown '' `` The Gathering '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( 2014 , comic ) Dark Disciple ( 2016 ,",
"30": "novel ) Original characters Cad Bane Saw Gerrera Captain Rex Ahsoka Tano Asajj Ventress Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palpatine&oldid=822051862 '' Categories : Extraterrestrial supervillains Fantasy television characters Fictional chancellors and presidents Fictional heads of state Fictional characters introduced in 1980 Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities Fictional characters with precognition Fictional commanders Fictional dictators Fictional emperors and empresses Fictional mass murderers Fictional politicians Fictional senators Fictional telekinetics Fictional telepaths Fictional torturers Revived fictional characters Sith Star Wars characters Video game bosses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 03 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"31": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the original singer of fool if you think it's over
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[
"Chris Rea",
"Chris Rea",
"Chris Rea",
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"British singer-songwriter Chris Rea"
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{
"0": "Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) - wikipedia Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' Single by Chris Rea from the album Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ? B - side `` Midnight Love '' Released July 1978 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1977 at The Mill Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 39 ( single version ) 4 : 47 ( album version ) Label Magnet ( UK ) United Artists ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Chris Rea Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Chris Rea singles chronology `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( 1974 ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ? '' ( 1978 ) `` So Much Love ( 1974 ) '' `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ? ''",
"1": "( 1978 ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' Single by Chris Rea from the album New Light Through Old Windows B - side `` Loving You Again ( live ) '' Released October 1988 Format 7 '' vinyl Genre Pop rock , soft rock Length 4 : 03 Label Magnet Songwriter ( s ) Chris Rea Producer ( s ) Chris Rea , Jon Kelly Chris Rea Dutch singles chronology `` On The Beach ( Summer ' 88 ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Driving Home for Christmas - The Christmas EP '' ( 1988 ) `` On The Beach ( Summer ' 88 ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Driving Home for Christmas - The Christmas EP '' ( 1988 ) `` Fool If You Think It 's Over '' Single by Elkie Brooks from the album Pearls B - side `` Givin ' It Up For Your Love '' Released December 1981 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1980 at The Mill Genre Pop rock , soft rock Length 3 : 55 ( single version ) 4 : 58 ( album version ) Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Chris Rea Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Elkie Brooks singles chronology `` Warm & Tender Lover '' ( 1981 ) `` Fool If You Think It 's Over '' ( 1981 ) `` Our Love '' ( 1982 ) `` Warm & Tender Lover '' ( 1981 ) `` Fool If You Think It 's Over '' ( 1981 ) `` Our Love '' ( 1982 ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' is the title of a popular song originally publicly released in 1978 by the British singer - songwriter Chris Rea . Rea also wrote the words and composed the music of the song , which appears on his 1978 debut album , Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ?",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance ( Chris Rea ) 3 Covers 3.1 Elkie Brooks version 3.2 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' was the lead single from Rea 's debut album Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ? which was recorded at producer Gus Dudgeon 's Thames Valley recording studio The Mill . The song 's inspiration was the experience Rea 's younger sister Paula had had some years previously of being devastated at losing her first boyfriend , `` Fool ... '' 's lyrics being the advice ( real or imagined ) with which Rea had responded to his sister 's experience . Rea would recall that he had written `` Fool ... '' as a song which Al Green might record : ( quote :) `` I 'd always seen it as a Memphis ( soul ) song ( but ) I never had the chance to voice my opinion about what I thought about the production '' of his own recording of the song of which Rea has elsewhere stated : `` ( It was in the ) wrong key . It ended up being this huge California thing ( see California Sound ) . It 's the only track I never played guitar on which tells you something about the spirit of it . On top of that , it was just a huge hit . So there was nothing I could do . It was like : ' This is not me ! ' '' Rea did play keyboards on `` Fool ... '' with the track 's background vocals provided by Read and the Mill 's assistant engineer Stuart Epps . Unsuccessful in its initial UK single release in March 1978 , `` Fool ... '' was afforded a June 1978 release in the US where it entered the Top 40 of the Hot 100 singles chart in Billboard magazine in July 1978 to reach a # 12 peak on the Hot 100 dated 16 September 1978 , then being in the second week of a three - week tenure at # 1 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart .",
"3": "On the strength its US success Rea was invited to perform `` Fool ... '' on the 28 September 1978 TOTP broadcast which evidently facilitated a belated UK chart run for the single with a 28 October 1978 peak of # 30 . The considerable success of `` Fool ... '' particularly in the US was evidently lost on Rea who recalls being dejected during the 1978 Yuletide overnight drive home from London which inspired `` Driving Home for Christmas '' , at the time considering abandoning what he saw as his failing singing career to fall back on his family 's established business of running a restaurant . However , when Rea and his wife Joan reached their Middlesbrough home in the early morning `` we opened the door of the house we were just about to lose the mortgage on , and the snow fell into the hall and it did n't melt - it was that cold - and there was one letter on the floor '' - the letter in fact accompanied by a substantial royalty cheque generated by `` Fool ... '' . Rea would remake `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' for his 1988 self - produced album New Light Through Old Windows , and this version of `` Fool ... '' would have a Dutch single release charting at # 90 . In 2007 Rea would again remake `` Fool ... '' in a session at The Mill - now known as Sol Studios - where the original had been recorded : Rea produced and played all instruments on the track which was included on his 2008 European CD release Fool If You Think It 's Over ( The Definitive Greatest Hits ) . Chart performance ( Chris Rea ) ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( 1978 if not otherwise indicated ) Year - end charts ( 1978 ) Regional chart Peak # Regional chart Peak # Regional chart Yr. - end # Australia 39 New Zealand 31 Australia 133 Canada RPM Top Singles 15 UK 30 Canada 101 RPM Adult OrientedPlaylist U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12 U.S.",
"4": "Billboard Hot 100 84 France 52 Nether - lands Dutch Top 40 25 Cash Box Top 100 10 Cash Box Top 100 86 Single Top 100 ( ' 88 remake ) 1988 90 Billboard Easy Listening Billboard Easy Listening 7 Covers ( edit ) Elkie Brooks version ( edit ) In 1982 Elkie Brooks had a Top 20 UK hit with her remake of `` Fool If You Think It 's Over '' - so titled - which like the Chris Rea original was produced by Gus Dudgeon and recorded at the Mill . Brooks ' version was one of eight tracks recorded with Dudgeon in 1980 for her 1981 twelve - track album release Pearls which also included four of Brooks ' previous hit singles : Brooks ( quote ) - `` Most of ( Pearl 's new ) material had been chosen by ( A&M exec ) Derek Green or Gus Dudgeon . I had insisted that we did ( sic ) ' Fool ... ' . Chris Rea has always been one of my favourite musicians and writers and I thought the song was pure class . '' Brooks ' version of `` Fool ... '' was issued as a single in December 1981 when Pearls issued the previous month was in the Top Ten of the UK album chart - three advance singles had been issued off the album since July 1980 without charting - with `` Fool ... '' rising to a # 17 peak on the UK chart dated 27 February 1982 assisted by two TOTP performances by Brooks one of which was re-run . ( After taping her 11 February 1982 TOTP performance of `` Fool ... '' , Brooks was approached backstage by a fan asking for her autograph who Brooks soon intuited was in fact Chris Rea incognito . ) In Ireland `` Fool ... '' became Brooks ' highest - charting single with a # 6 chart peak . In a 2014 pre-concert interview Brooks , when asked what `` big numbers '' she looked forward to singing , replied : `` I still really like ' Do n't Cry Out Loud ' , ' Sunshine After the Rain ' and of course ' Fool If You Think It 's Over ' : that is a terrific song . ''",
"5": "`` Fool I You Think It 's Over '' by Elkie Brooks was the first track played on Radio Caroline when the station resumed broadcasting at 10 am 20 August 1983 after a down period of 41 months . Other versions ( edit ) Thomas Anders remade `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' for his 1989 album release Different , said version being the third produced by Gus Dudgeon . The song has also been recorded by Dave ( as `` Le palmier du pauvre '' , 1978 ) , Kirka ( as `` Luulitko kaiken menneen '' , 1979 ) , Greger ( fi ) ( as `` Luulitko kaiken menneen '' - album Greger , 1980 ) and Paul Nicholas ( album Just Good Friends , 1986 ) . The song served as the theme to the 1990s British sitcom Joking Apart . Kenny Craddock arranged and performed this version . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1978 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rebecca ( 28 September 2002 ) . `` Interview : Chris Rea - MY ROAD FROM HELL ; How a near - death experience made singer Chris Rea realise what he really wanted out of life . '' . Daily Mirror . TheFreeLibrary.com . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fool If you Think It 's Over ( Chris Rea ) '' . JonKutner.com . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.guitar-bass.net/features/chris-rea/ Jump up ^ http://teamrock.com/feature/2015-12-01/chris-rea-straight-shooter Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 6th ed . ) . Billboard Publications . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Rea > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Adult Contemporary Hits . Billboard Publications .",
"6": "^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats - Chris Rea - Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Henry Stancu ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Christmas Drive : Festive tune for the road home Toronto Star '' . Thestar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Rea - Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Volume 29 No. 26 , September 23 , 1978 - RPM '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Volume 29 No. 25 , September 16 , 1978 - RPM '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1978 / Top 100 Songs of 1978 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 - Week 40 , 1978 '' . Top40.nl ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 9 / 16 / 78 '' . 50.6. 195.142. 1978 - 09 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1978 '' . 50.6. 195.142. 1978 - 12 - 30 .",
"7": "Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Billboard volume 90 # 51 ( 23 December 1978 ) p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Elkie ( 2012 ) . Finding My Voice : my autobiography . London : Robson Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8495 - 4299 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Elkie Brooks - Fool If You Think It 's Over '' . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jo ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) . `` ' British Queen of Blues ' Elkie Brooks is coming to the Britannia Theatre , Chatham '' . Kentonline.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Joking Apart : The Composers '' . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . External links ( edit ) Song review by Mike DeGagne at Allmusic List of cover versions of `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' ( hide ) Chris Rea Studio releases Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ?",
"8": "Deltics Tennis Chris Rea Water Sign Wired to the Moon Shamrock Diaries On the Beach Dancing with Strangers The Road to Hell Auberge God 's Great Banana Skin Espresso Logic The Blue Cafe The Road to Hell : Part 2 King of the Beach Dancing Down the Stony Road / Stony Road Blue Street ( Five Guitars ) Hofner Blue Notes The Blue Jukebox Blue Guitars The Return of the Fabulous Hofner Bluenotes Santo Spirito Blues Compilation releases New Light Through Old Windows The Best of Chris Rea The Very Best of Chris Rea Heartbeats The Ultimate Collection Still So Far to Go : The Best of Chris Rea The Journey 1978 - 2009 Singles `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' `` Josephine '' `` Let 's Dance '' `` Driving Home for Christmas '' `` The Road to Hell '' Related articles Discography La Passione Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fool_(If_You_Think_It%27s_Over)&oldid=806315039 '' Categories : 1978 songs 1978 singles 1981 singles 1988 singles A&M Records singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Chris Rea songs Debut singles Magnet Records singles Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon Songs about alcohol Songs written by Chris Rea United Artists Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 04 : 58 . About Wikipedia",
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interferons alpha and beta are effective against viruses
|
[
"IFN-α can be used to treat hepatitis B and C infections, while IFN-β can be used to treat multiple sclerosis"
] |
{
"0": "Interferon - wikipedia Interferon Jump to : navigation , search `` IFN '' redirects here . For other uses , see IFN ( disambiguation ) . Interferon alpha / beta domain The molecular structure of human interferon - alpha Identifiers Symbol Interferons Pfam PF00143 InterPro IPR000471 PROSITE PDOC00225 SCOP 1au1 SUPERFAMILY 1au1 ( show ) Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Interferons ( IFNs ) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens , such as viruses , bacteria , parasites , and also tumor cells . In a typical scenario , a virus - infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses . IFNs belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines , molecules used for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that help eradicate pathogens . Interferons are named for their ability to `` interfere '' with viral replication by protecting cells from virus infections . IFNs also have various other functions : they activate immune cells , such as natural killer cells and macrophages ; they increase host defenses by up - regulating antigen presentation by virtue of increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) antigens . Certain symptoms of infections , such as fever , muscle pain and `` flu - like symptoms '' , are also caused by the production of IFNs and other cytokines . More than twenty distinct IFN genes and proteins have been identified in animals , including humans . They are typically divided among three classes : Type I IFN , Type II IFN , and Type III IFN . IFNs belonging to all three classes are important for fighting viral infections and for the regulation of the immune system .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of interferon 2 Function 3 Induction of interferons 4 Downstream signaling 5 Virus resistance to interferons 6 Interferon therapy 6.1 Diseases 6.2 Drug formulations 7 History 8 Human interferons 9 See also 10 References Types of interferon ( edit ) Based on the type of receptor through which they signal , human interferons have been classified into three major types . Interferon type I : All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN - α / β receptor ( IFNAR ) that consists of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains . The type I interferons present in humans are IFN - α , IFN - β , IFN - ε , IFN - κ and IFN - ω . In general , type I interferons are produced when the body recognizes a virus has invaded it . They are produced by fibroblasts and monocytes . However , the production of type I IFN - α is prohibited by another cytokine known as Interleukin - 10 . Once released , type I interferons will activate molecules which prevent the virus from producing and replicating its RNA and DNA . Overall , IFN - α can be used to treat hepatitis B and C infections , while IFN - β can be used to treat multiple sclerosis . Interferon type II ( IFN - γ in humans ) : This is also known as immune interferon and is activated by Interleukin - 12 . Furthermore , type II interferons are released by T helper cells , type 1 specifically . However , they block the proliferation of T helper cells type two . The previous results in an inhibition of T 2 immune response and a further induction of T 1 immune response , which leads to the development of debilitating diseases such as multiple sclerosis . IFN type II binds to IFNGR , which consists of IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 chains and has a different receptor than type I IFN . Interferon type III : Signal through a receptor complex consisting of IL10R2 ( also called CRF2 - 4 ) and IFNLR1 ( also called CRF2 - 12 ) .",
"2": "Although discovered more recently than type I and type II IFNs , recent information demonstrates the importance of Type III IFNs in some types of virus infections . In general , type I and II interferons are responsible for regulating and activating the immune response . Expression of type I and III IFNs can be induced in virtually all cell types upon recognition of viral components , especially nucleic acids , by cytoplasmic and endosomal receptors , whereas type II interferon is induced by cytokines such as IL - 12 , and its expression is restricted to immune cells such as T cells and NK cells . Function ( edit ) All interferons share several common effects : they are antiviral agents and they modulate functions of the immune system . Administration of Type I IFN has been shown experimentally to inhibit tumor growth in animals , but the beneficial action in human tumors has not been widely documented . A virus - infected cell releases viral particles that can infect nearby cells . However , the infected cell can prepare neighboring cells against a potential infection by the virus by releasing interferons . In response to interferon , cells produce large amounts of an enzyme known as protein kinase R ( PKR ) . This enzyme phosphorylates a protein known as eIF - 2 in response to new viral infections ; the phosphorylated eIF - 2 forms an inactive complex with another protein , called eIF2B , to reduce protein synthesis within the cell . Another cellular enzyme , RNAse L -- also induced by interferon action -- destroys RNA within the cells to further reduce protein synthesis of both viral and host genes . Inhibited protein synthesis destroys both the virus and infected host cells . In addition , interferons induce production of hundreds of other proteins -- known collectively as interferon - stimulated genes ( ISGs ) -- that have roles in combating viruses and other actions produced by interferon . They also limit viral spread by increasing p53 activity , which kills virus - infected cells by promoting apoptosis . The effect of IFN on p53 is also linked to its protective role against certain cancers . Another function of interferons is to upregulate major histocompatibility complex molecules , MHC I and MHC II , and increase immunoproteasome activity .",
"3": "Higher MHC I expression increases presentation of viral peptides to cytotoxic T cells , while the immunoproteasome processes viral peptides for loading onto the MHC I molecule , thereby increasing the recognition and killing of infected cells . Higher MHC II expression increases presentation of viral peptides to helper T cells ; these cells release cytokines ( such as more interferons and interleukins , among others ) that signal to and co-ordinate the activity of other immune cells . Interferons , such as interferon gamma , directly activate other immune cells , such as macrophages and natural killer cells . Induction of interferons ( edit ) Production of interferons occurs mainly in response to microbes , such as viruses and bacteria , and their products . Binding of molecules uniquely found in microbes -- viral glycoproteins , viral RNA , bacterial endotoxin ( lipopolysaccharide ) , bacterial flagella , CpG motifs -- by pattern recognition receptors , such as membrane bound Toll like receptors or the cytoplasmic receptors RIG - I or MDA5 , can trigger release of IFNs . Toll Like Receptor 3 ( TLR3 ) is important for inducing interferons in response to the presence of double - stranded RNA viruses ; the ligand for this receptor is double - stranded RNA ( dsRNA ) . After binding dsRNA , this receptor activates the transcription factors IRF3 and NF - κB , which are important for initiating synthesis of many inflammatory proteins . RNA interference technology tools such as siRNA or vector - based reagents can either silence or stimulate interferon pathways . Release of IFN from cells ( specifically IFN - γ in lymphoid cells ) is also induced by mitogens . Other cytokines , such as interleukin 1 , interleukin 2 , interleukin - 12 , tumor necrosis factor and colony - stimulating factor , can also enhance interferon production . Downstream signaling ( edit ) By interacting with their specific receptors , IFNs activate signal transducer and activator of transcription ( STAT ) complexes ; STATs are a family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of certain immune system genes . Some STATs are activated by both type I and type II IFNs . However each IFN type can also activate unique STATs .",
"4": "STAT activation initiates the most well - defined cell signaling pathway for all IFNs , the classical Janus kinase - STAT ( JAK - STAT ) signaling pathway . In this pathway , JAKs associate with IFN receptors and , following receptor engagement with IFN , phosphorylate both STAT1 and STAT2 . As a result , an IFN - stimulated gene factor 3 ( ISGF3 ) complex forms -- this contains STAT1 , STAT2 and a third transcription factor called IRF9 -- and moves into the cell nucleus . Inside the nucleus , the ISGF3 complex binds to specific nucleotide sequences called IFN - stimulated response elements ( ISREs ) in the promoters of certain genes , known as IFN stimulated genes ISGs . Binding of ISGF3 and other transcriptional complexes activated by IFN signaling to these specific regulatory elements induces transcription of those genes . A collection of known ISGs is available on Interferome , a curated online database of ISGs ( www.interferome.org ) ; Additionally , STAT homodimers or heterodimers form from different combinations of STAT - 1 , - 3 , - 4 , - 5 , or - 6 during IFN signaling ; these dimers initiate gene transcription by binding to IFN - activated site ( GAS ) elements in gene promoters . Type I IFNs can induce expression of genes with either ISRE or GAS elements , but gene induction by type II IFN can occur only in the presence of a GAS element . In addition to the JAK - STAT pathway , IFNs can activate several other signaling cascades . For instance , both type I and type II IFNs activate a member of the CRK family of adaptor proteins called CRKL , a nuclear adaptor for STAT5 that also regulates signaling through the C3G / Rap1 pathway . Type I IFNs further activate p38 mitogen - activated protein kinase ( MAP kinase ) to induce gene transcription . Antiviral and antiproliferative effects specific to type I IFNs result from p38 MAP kinase signaling . The phosphatidylinositol 3 - kinase ( PI3K ) signaling pathway is also regulated by both type I and type II IFNs .",
"5": "PI3K activates P70 - S6 Kinase 1 , an enzyme that increases protein synthesis and cell proliferation ; phosphorylates of ribosomal protein s6 , which is involved in protein synthesis ; and phosphorylates a translational repressor protein called eukaryotic translation - initiation factor 4E - binding protein 1 ( EIF4EBP1 ) in order to deactivate it . Virus resistance to interferons ( edit ) Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to resist interferon activity . They circumvent the IFN response by blocking downstream signaling events that occur after the cytokine binds to its receptor , by preventing further IFN production , and by inhibiting the functions of proteins that are induced by IFN . Viruses that inhibit IFN signaling include Japanese Encephalitis Virus ( JEV ) , dengue type 2 virus ( DEN - 2 ) and viruses of the herpesvirus family , such as human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) and Kaposi 's sarcoma - associated herpesvirus ( KSHV or HHV8 ) . Viral proteins proven to affect IFN signaling include EBV nuclear antigen 1 ( EBNA1 ) and EBV nuclear antigen 2 ( EBNA - 2 ) from Epstein - Barr virus , the large T antigen of Polyomavirus , the E7 protein of Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) , and the B18R protein of vaccinia virus . Reducing IFN - α activity may prevent signaling via STAT1 , STAT2 , or IRF9 ( as with JEV infection ) or through the JAK - STAT pathway ( as with DEN - 2 infection ) . Several poxviruses encode soluble IFN receptor homologs -- like the B18R protein of the vaccinia virus -- that bind to and prevent IFN interacting with its cellular receptor , impeding communication between this cytokine and its target cells . Some viruses can encode proteins that bind to double - stranded RNA ( dsRNA ) to prevent the activity of RNA - dependent protein kinases ; this is the mechanism reovirus adopts using its sigma 3 ( σ3 ) protein , and vaccinia virus employs using the gene product of its E3L gene , p25 . The ability of interferon to induce protein production from interferon stimulated genes ( ISGs ) can also be affected .",
"6": "Production of protein kinase R , for example , can be disrupted in cells infected with JEV Some viruses escape the anti-viral activities of interferons by gene ( and thus protein ) mutation . The H5N1 influenza virus , also known as bird flu , has resistance to interferon and other anti-viral cytokines that is attributed to a single amino acid change in its Non-Structural Protein 1 ( NS1 ) , although the precise mechanism of how this confers immunity is unclear . Interferon therapy ( edit ) Three vials filled with human leukocyte interferon Diseases ( edit ) Interferon beta - 1a and interferon beta - 1b are used to treat and control multiple sclerosis , an autoimmune disorder . This treatment is effective for reducing attacks in relapsing - remitting multiple sclerosis and slowing disease progression and activity in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis . Interferon therapy is used ( in combination with chemotherapy and radiation ) as a treatment for some cancers . This treatment can be used in hematological malignancy ; leukemia and lymphomas including hairy cell leukemia , chronic myeloid leukemia , nodular lymphoma , and cutaneous T - cell lymphoma . Patients with recurrent melanomas receive recombinant IFN - α2b . Both hepatitis B and hepatitis C are treated with IFN - α , often in combination with other antiviral drugs . Some of those treated with interferon have a sustained virological response and can eliminate hepatitis virus . The most harmful strain -- hepatitis C genotype I virus -- can be treated with a 60 - 80 % success rate with the current standard - of - care treatment of interferon - α , ribavirin and recently approved protease inhibitors such as Telaprevir ( Incivek ) May 2011 , Boceprevir ( Victrelis ) May 2011 or the nucleotide analog polymerase inhibitor Sofosbuvir ( Sovaldi ) December 2013 . Biopsies of patients given the treatment show reductions in liver damage and cirrhosis . Some evidence shows giving interferon immediately following infection can prevent chronic hepatitis C , although diagnosis early in infection is difficult since physical symptoms are sparse in early hepatitis C infection . Control of chronic hepatitis C by IFN is associated with reduced hepatocellular carcinoma .",
"7": "There is low - quality evidence suggesting that interferon eye drops may be an effective treatment for people who have herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis , a type of eye infection . There is no clear evidence to suggest that removing the infected tissue ( debridement ) followed by interferon drops is an effective treatment approach for these types of eye infections . Low - quality evidence suggests that the combination of interferon and an antiviral agent may speed the healing process compared to antiviral therapy alone . When used in the systemic therapy , IFNs are mostly administered by an intramuscular injection . The injection of IFNs in the muscle or under the skin is generally well tolerated . The most frequent adverse effects are flu - like symptoms : increased body temperature , feeling ill , fatigue , headache , muscle pain , convulsion , dizziness , hair thinning , and depression . Erythema , pain , and hardness on the spot of injection are also frequently observed . IFN therapy causes immunosuppression , in particular through neutropenia and can result in some infections manifesting in unusual ways . Drug formulations ( edit ) Pharmaceutical forms of interferons Generic name Trade name Interferon alpha 2a Roferon A Interferon alpha 2b Intron A / Reliferon / Uniferon Human leukocyte Interferon - alpha ( HuIFN - alpha - Le ) Multiferon Interferon beta 1a , liquid form Rebif Interferon beta 1a , lyophilized Avonex Interferon beta 1a , biogeneric ( Iran ) Cinnovex Interferon beta 1b Betaseron / Betaferon Interferon gamma 1b Actimmune PEGylated interferon alpha 2a Pegasys PEGylated interferon alpha 2a ( Egypt ) Reiferon Retard PEGylated interferon alpha 2b PegIntron PEGylated interferon alpha 2b plus ribavirin ( Canada ) Pegetron Several different types of interferons are approved for use in humans . One was first approved for medical use in 1986 .",
"8": "For example , in January 2001 , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved the use of PEGylated interferon - alpha in the USA ; in this formulation , PEGylated interferon - alpha - 2b ( Pegintron ) , polyethylene glycol is linked to the interferon molecule to make the interferon last longer in the body . Approval for PEGylated interferon - alpha - 2a ( Pegasys ) followed in October 2002 . These PEGylated drugs are injected once weekly , rather than administering two or three times per week , as is necessary for conventional interferon - alpha . When used with the antiviral drug ribavirin , PEGylated interferon is effective in treatment of hepatitis C ; at least 75 % of people with hepatitis C genotypes 2 or 3 benefit from interferon treatment , although this is effective in less than 50 % of people infected with genotype 1 ( the more common form of hepatitis C virus in both the U.S. and Western Europe ) . Interferon - containing regimens may also include protease inhibitors such as boceprevir and telaprevir . History ( edit ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sidney Pestka of Rutgers University , seen here receiving the National Medal of Technology . Interferons were first described in 1957 by Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindenmann at the National Institute for Medical Research in London ; the discovery was a result of their studies of viral interference . Viral interference refers to the inhibition of virus growth caused by previous exposure of cells to an active or a heat - inactivated virus . Isaacs and Lindenmann were working with a system that involved the inhibition of the growth of live influenza virus in chicken embryo chorioallantoic membranes by heat - inactivated influenza virus . Their experiments revealed that this interference was mediated by a protein released by cells in the heat - inactivated influenza virus - treated membranes . They published their results in 1957 naming the antiviral factor they had discovered interferon . The findings of Isaacs and Lindenmann have been widely confirmed and corroborated in the literature .",
"9": "Furthermore , others may have made observations on interferons before the 1957 publication of Isaacs and Lindenmann . For example , during research to produce a more efficient vaccine for smallpox , Yasu - ichi Nagano and Yasuhiko Kojima -- two Japanese virologists working at the Institute for Infectious Diseases at the University of Tokyo -- noticed inhibition of viral growth in an area of rabbit - skin or testis previously inoculated with UV - inactivated virus . They hypothesised that some `` viral inhibitory factor '' was present in the tissues infected with virus and attempted to isolate and characterize this factor from tissue homogenates . Independently , Monto Ho , in John Enders 's lab , observed in 1957 that attenuated poliovirus conferred a species specific anti-viral effect in human amniotic cell cultures . They described these observations in a 1959 publication , naming the responsible factor viral inhibitory factor ( VIF ) . It took another fifteen to twenty years , using somatic cell genetics , to show that the interferon action gene and interferon gene reside in different human chromosomes . The purification of human beta interferon did not occur until 1977 . Chris Y.H. Tan and his co-workers purified and produced biologically active , radio - labeled human beta interferon by superinducing the interferon gene in fibroblast cells , and they showed its active site contains tyrosine residues . Tan 's laboratory isolated sufficient amounts of human beta interferon to perform the first amino acid , sugar composition and N - terminal analyses . They showed that human beta interferon was an unusually hydrophobic glycoprotein . This explained the large loss of interferon activity when preparations were transferred from test tube to test tube or from vessel to vessel during purification . The analyses showed the reality of interferon activity by chemical verification . The purification of human alpha interferon was not reported until 1978 . A series of publications from the laboratories of Sidney Pestka and Alan Waldman between 1978 and 1981 , describe the purification of the type I interferons IFN - α and IFN - β . By the early 1980s , genes for these interferons had been cloned , adding further definitive proof that interferons were responsible for interfering with viral replication .",
"10": "Gene cloning also confirmed that IFN - α was encoded by a family of many related genes . The type II IFN ( IFN - γ ) gene was also isolated around this time . Interferon was scarce and expensive until 1980 , when the interferon gene was inserted into bacteria using recombinant DNA technology , allowing mass cultivation and purification from bacterial cultures or derived from yeasts . Interferon can also be produced by recombinant mammalian cells . Before the early 1970s , large scale production of human interferon had been pioneered by Kari Cantell . He produced large amounts of human alpha interferon from large quantities of human white blood cells collected by the Finnish Blood Bank . Large amounts of human beta interferon were made by superinducing the beta interferon gene in human fibroblast cells . Cantell 's and Tan 's methods of making large amounts of natural interferon were critical for chemical characterisation , clinical trials and the preparation of small amounts of interferon messenger RNA to clone the human alpha and beta interferon genes . The superinduced human beta interferon messenger RNA was prepared by Tan 's lab for Cetus corp. to clone the human beta interferon gene in bacteria and the recombinant interferon was developed as ' betaseron ' and approved for the treatment of MS . Superinduction of the human beta interferon gene was also used by Israeli scientists to manufacture human beta interferon . Human interferons ( edit ) IFNA1 IFNA2 IFNA4 IFNA5 IFNA6 IFNA7 IFNA8 IFNA10 IFNA13 IFNA14 IFNA16 IFNA17 IFNA21 IFNB1 IFNW IFNE1 IFNK See also ( edit ) ATC code L03 # L03AB Interferons Immunosuppression Immunosuppressive drug Immunotherapy Interferon Consensus Sequence - binding protein References ( edit ) Jump up ^ De Andrea , M ; Gariglio , M ; Gioia , D ; Landolfo , S ; Ravera , R ( 2002 ) . `` The interferon system : an overview '' . Eur J Paediatr Neurol.",
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"22": "Jump up ^ US patent 3773924 , Ho M , Armstrong JA , Ke YH , Tan YH , `` Interferon Production '' , issued 1973 Jump up ^ Bekisz , J ; Goldman , ND ; Hernandez , J ; Schmeisser , H ; Zoon , KC ( 2004 ) . `` Mini Review Human Interferons Alpha , Beta and Omega '' . Growth Factors. 22 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 51 . PMID 15621727 . doi : 10.1080 / 08977190400000833 . DNA virus antivirals ( primarily J05 , also S01AD and D06BB ) Baltimore I Herpesvirus DNA - synthesis inhibitor TK activated Purine analogue guanine ( Aciclovir / Valaciclovir Ganciclovir / Valganciclovir Penciclovir / Famciclovir ) adenine ( Vidarabine ) Pyrimidine analogue uridine ( Idoxuridine Trifluridine ( + tipiracil ) Edoxudine ) thymine Brivudine Sorivudine cytosine ( Cytarabine ) Not TK activated Foscarnet Other Docosanol early protein ( Fomivirsen ) Tromantadine HPV / MC Imiquimod / Resiquimod Podophyllotoxin Vaccinia assembly : Rifampicin Poxviridae Methisazone Hepatitis B ( VII ) Nucleoside analogues / NARTIs : Entecavir Lamivudine Telbivudine Clevudine",
"23": "Nucleotide analogues / NtRTIs : Adefovir Tenofovir disoproxil Tenofovir alafenamide Multiple / general Nucleic acid inhibitors Cidofovir Interferon Interferon alfa 2b Peginterferon alfa - 2a Multiple / unknown Ribavirin / Taribavirin Moroxydine WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Cell signaling : cytokines By family Chemokine CCL CCL1 CCL2 / MCP1 CCL3 / MIP1α CCL4 / MIP1β CCL5 / RANTES CCL6 CCL7 CCL8 CCL9 CCL11 CCL12 CCL13 CCL14 CCL15 CCL16 CCL17 CCL18 / PARC / DCCK1 / AMAC1 / MIP4 CCL19 CCL20 CCL21 CCL22 CCL23 CCL24 CCL25 CCL26 CCL27 CCL28 CXCL CXCL1 / KC CXCL2 CXCL3 CXCL4 CXCL5 CXCL6 CXCL7 CXCL8 / IL8 CXCL9 CXCL10 CXCL11 CXCL12 CXCL13 CXCL14 CXCL15 CXCL16 CXCL17 CX3CL CX3CL1 XCL",
"24": "XCL1 XCL2 TNF TNFA Lymphotoxin TNFB / LTA TNFC / LTB TNFSF4 TNFSF5 / CD40LG TNFSF6 TNFSF7 TNFSF8 TNFSF9 TNFSF10 TNFSF11 TNFSF13 TNFSF13B EDA Interleukin Type I ( grouped by receptor subunit ) γ chain IL2 / IL15 IL4 / IL13 IL7 IL9 IL21 β chain IL3 IL5 GMCSF IL6 like / gp130 IL6 IL11 IL27 IL30 IL31 + non IL OSM LIF CNTF CTF1 IL12 family / IL12RB1 IL12 IL23 IL27 IL35 Other IL14 IL16 IL32 IL34 Type II IL10 family IL10 / IL22 IL19 IL20 IL24 IL26 Interferon type III IL28 / IFNL2 + 3 IL29 / IFNL1 Interferon IFNA1 IFNA2 IFNA4 IFNA5 IFNA6 IFNA7 IFNA8 IFNA10 IFNA13 IFNA14 IFNA16 IFNA17 IFNA21 IFNB1 IFNK IFNW1 II IFNG",
"25": "Ig superfamily IL1 family : IL1A / IL1F1 IL1B / IL1F2 1Ra / IL1F3 IL1F5 IL1F6 IL1F7 IL1F8 IL1F9 IL1F10 33 / IL1F11 18 / IL1G IL17 family IL17 / IL25 ( IL17A ) Other Hematopoietic KITLG Colony - stimulating factor SPP1 MIF By function / cell proinflammatory cytokine IL1 TNFA Monokine Lymphokine IFNγ TNFβ IL4 IL5 IL6 IL10 IL13 Cytokine receptor modulators Chemokine See here instead .",
"26": "CSF Erythropoietin Agonists : ARA - 290 Asialo erythropoietin Carbamylated erythropoietin CNTO - 530 Darbepoetin alfa Epoetin alfa Epoetin beta Epoetin delta Epoetin epsilon Epoetin gamma Epoetin kappa Epoetin omega Epoetin theta Epoetin zeta Erythropoietin ( EPO ) Erythropoietin - Fc Methoxy polyethylene glycol - epoetin beta ( CERA / Mircera ) Peginesatide Pegol sihematide ( EPO - 018B ) G - CSF ( CSF3 ) Agonists : Filgrastim Granulocyte colony - stimulating factor Lenograstim Leridistim Lipegfilgrastim Nartograstim Pegfilgrastim Pegnartograstim GM - CSF ( CSF2 ) Agonists : Ecogramostim Granulocyte macrophage colony - stimulating factor Milodistim Molgramostim Regramostim Sargramostim Antibodies : Mavrilimumab MOR103 Namilumab M - CSF ( CSF1 ) Agonists : Cilmostim Interleukin - 34 Lanimostim Macrophage colony - stimulating factor Mirimostim Kinase inhibitors : Agerafenib SCF ( c - Kit ) See here instead .",
"27": "Thrombopoietin Agonists : Eltrombopag Pegacaristim Promegapoietin Romiplostim Thrombopoietin ( THPO , MGDF ) Interferon IFNAR ( α / β , I ) Agonists : Albinterferon Interferon alpha ( interferon alfa , IFN - α ) Interferon alfa ( IFNA1 , IFNA2 , IFNA4 , IFNA5 , IFNA6 , IFNA7 , IFNA8 , IFNA10 , IFNA13 , IFNA14 , IFNA16 , IFNA17 , IFNA21 ) Interferon alfa 2a Interferon alfa 2b Interferon alfa n1 Interferon alfacon - 1 Interferon alpha - n3 Interferon beta ( IFN - β ) ( IFNB1 , IFNB3 ) Interferon beta 1a Interferon beta 1b Interferon kappa ( IFN - ε / κ / τ / ζ , IFNK ) Interferon omega ( IFN - ω , IFNW1 ) Peginterferon alfa - 2a Peginterferon alfa - 2b Antibodies : Anifrolumab Faralimomab MEDI - 545 Rontalizumab Sifalimumab Decoy receptors : Bifarcept IFNGR ( γ , II ) Agonists : Interferon gamma ( IFN - γ ) Interferon gamma 1b Antibodies : Emapalumab Fontolizumab IFNLR ( λ , III ) See IL - 28R ( IFNLR ) here instead . Interleukin See here instead . TGFβ See here instead . TNF See here instead . Others JAK ( inhibitors ) JAK1 Baricitinib Filgotinib Momelotinib Oclacitinib Ruxolitinib Tofacitinib ( tasocitinib ,",
"28": "CP - 690550 ) Upadacitinib JAK2 AG - 490 Atiprimod AZD - 1480 Baricitinib CHZ868 Cucurbitacin I ( elatericin B , JSI - 124 ) CYT387 Lestaurtinib NSC - 7908 NSC - 33994 Pacritinib Ruxolitinib SD - 1008 Tofacitinib ( tasocitinib , CP - 690550 ) JAK3 AG - 490 Cercosporamide TCS - 21311 Tofacitinib ( tasocitinib , CP - 690550 ) WHI - P 154 ZM - 39923 ZM - 449829 Others Additional cytokines : Cardiotrophin 1 ( CT - 1 ) FMS - like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand ( FLT3L ) Leukemia / leukocyte inhibitory factor ( LIF ) Oncostatin M ( OSM ) Thymic stromal lymphopoietin ( TSLP ) Additional cytokine receptor modulators : Emfilermin Lestaurtinib Midostaurin Quizartinib Sorafenib Sunitinib See also Receptor / signaling modulators Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Growth factor receptor modulators NDL : 00564172 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"29": "php?title=Interferon&oldid=800575871 '' Categories : Cytokines Antivirals Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 11 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played the female lead in the 1942 film casablanca
|
[
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{
"0": "Casablanca ( film ) - wikipedia Casablanca ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Casablanca Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold Directed by Michael Curtiz Produced by Hal B. Wallis Screenplay by Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein Howard Koch Based on Everybody Comes to Rick 's by Murray Burnett Joan Alison Starring Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Paul Henreid Claude Rains Conrad Veidt Sydney Greenstreet Peter Lorre Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Arthur Edeson Edited by Owen Marks Production company Warner Bros. -- First National Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date November 26 , 1942 ( 1942 - 11 - 26 ) ( Hollywood Theatre ) January 23 , 1943 ( 1943 - 01 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $878,000 Box office $3.7 million ( initial US release ) Casablanca is a 1942 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison 's unproduced stage play Everybody Comes to Rick 's . The film stars Humphrey Bogart , Ingrid Bergman , and Paul Henreid ; it also features Claude Rains , Conrad Veidt , Sydney Greenstreet , Peter Lorre , and Dooley Wilson . Set during World War II , it focuses on an American expatriate who must choose between his love for a woman and helping her and her husband , a Czech Resistance leader , escape from the Vichy - controlled city of Casablanca to continue his fight against the Nazis . Story editor Irene Diamond convinced producer Hal B. Wallis to purchase the film rights to the play in January 1942 . Brothers Julius and Philip G. Epstein were initially assigned to write the script . However , despite studio resistance , they left to work on Frank Capra 's Why We Fight series early in 1942 . Howard E. Koch was assigned to the screenplay until the Epsteins returned a month later .",
"1": "Principal photography began on May 25 , 1942 , ending on August 3 ; the film was shot entirely at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California with the exception of one sequence at Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys , Los Angeles . Although Casablanca was an A-list film with established stars and first - rate writers , no one involved with its production expected it to be anything out of the ordinary , just one of the hundreds of pictures produced by Hollywood every year . Casablanca was rushed into release to take advantage of the publicity from the Allied invasion of North Africa a few weeks earlier . It had its world premiere on November 26 , 1942 , in New York City and was released nationally in the United States on January 23 , 1943 . The film was a solid if unspectacular success in its initial run . Exceeding expectations , Casablanca went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture , while Curtiz was selected as Best Director and the Epsteins and Koch were honored for writing the Best Adapted Screenplay -- and gradually its reputation grew . Its lead characters , memorable lines , and pervasive theme song have all become iconic and the film consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Direction 3.3 Cinematography 3.4 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Initial response 5.2 Lasting influence 5.3 Influence on later works 6 Interpretation 7 Awards and honors 8 Home media releases 9 Sequels and other versions 9.1 Colorization 10 Anecdotes and inaccuracies 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In December 1941 , American expatriate Rick Blaine owns an upscale nightclub and gambling den in Casablanca . `` Rick 's Café Américain '' attracts a varied clientele , including Vichy French and German officials , refugees desperate to reach the still - neutral United States , and those who prey on them .",
"2": "Although Rick professes to be neutral in all matters , he ran guns to Ethiopia during its war with Italy and fought on the Loyalist side in the Spanish Civil War . From left to right : Henreid , Bergman , Rains and Bogart Petty crook Ugarte boasts to Rick of `` letters of transit '' obtained by murdering two German couriers . The papers allow the bearers to travel freely around German - controlled Europe and to neutral Portugal , and are priceless to the refugees stranded in Casablanca . Ugarte plans to sell them at the club , and asks Rick to hold them . Before he can meet his contact , Ugarte is arrested by the local police under the command of Captain Louis Renault , the unabashedly corrupt Vichy prefect of police . Ugarte dies in custody without revealing that he entrusted the letters to Rick . Then the reason for Rick 's bitterness -- former lover Ilsa Lund -- enters his establishment . Spotting Rick 's friend and house pianist , Sam , Ilsa asks him to play `` As Time Goes By . '' Rick storms over , furious that Sam disobeyed his order never to perform that song , and is stunned to see Ilsa . She is accompanied by her husband , Victor Laszlo , a renowned fugitive Czech Resistance leader . They need the letters to escape to America to continue his work . German Major Strasser has come to Casablanca to see that Laszlo fails . When Laszlo makes inquiries , Ferrari , a major underworld figure and Rick 's friendly business rival , divulges his suspicion that Rick has the letters . Privately , Rick refuses to sell at any price , telling Laszlo to ask his wife the reason . They are interrupted when Strasser leads a group of officers in singing `` Die Wacht am Rhein '' ( `` The Watch on the Rhine '' ) . Laszlo orders the house band to play `` La Marseillaise '' . When the band looks to Rick , he nods his head . Laszlo starts singing , alone at first , then patriotic fervor grips the crowd and everyone joins in , drowning out the Germans . Strasser has Renault close the club . Bogart and Bergman Ilsa confronts Rick in the deserted café .",
"3": "When he refuses to give her the letters , she threatens him with a gun , but then confesses that she still loves him . She explains that when they met and fell in love in Paris in 1940 , she believed her husband had been killed attempting to escape from a concentration camp . While preparing to flee with Rick from the imminent fall of the city to the German army , she learned Laszlo was alive and in hiding . She left Rick without explanation to nurse her sick husband . Rick 's bitterness dissolves . He agrees to help , letting her believe she will stay with him when Laszlo leaves . When Laszlo unexpectedly shows up , having narrowly escaped a police raid on a Resistance meeting , Rick has waiter Carl spirit Ilsa away . Laszlo , aware of Rick 's love for Ilsa , tries to persuade him to use the letters to take her to safety . When the police arrest Laszlo on a minor , trumped - up charge , Rick persuades Renault to release him by promising to set him up for a much more serious crime : possession of the letters . To allay Renault 's suspicions , Rick explains that he and Ilsa will be leaving for America . When Renault tries to arrest Laszlo as arranged , Rick forces him at gunpoint to assist in their escape . At the last moment , Rick makes Ilsa board the plane to Lisbon with Laszlo , telling her that she would regret it if she stayed -- `` Maybe not today , maybe not tomorrow , but soon and for the rest of your life . '' Strasser , tipped off by Renault , drives up alone . Rick shoots him when he tries to intervene . When policemen arrive , Renault pauses , then orders them to `` round up the usual suspects . '' He suggests to Rick that they join the Free French in Brazzaville . As they walk away into the fog , Rick says , `` Louis , I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship '' . Cast ( edit ) Greenstreet and Bogart The play 's cast consisted of 16 speaking parts and several extras ; the film script enlarged it to 22 speaking parts and hundreds of extras . The cast is notably international : only three of the credited actors were born in the United States ( Bogart , Dooley Wilson , and Joy Page ) .",
"4": "The top - billed actors are : Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine . Rick was Bogart 's first truly romantic role . Ingrid Bergman as Ilsa Lund . Bergman 's official website calls Ilsa her `` most famous and enduring role '' . The Swedish actress 's Hollywood debut in Intermezzo had been well received , but her subsequent films were not major successes until Casablanca . Film critic Roger Ebert called her `` luminous '' , and commented on the chemistry between her and Bogart : `` she paints his face with her eyes '' . Other actresses considered for the role of Ilsa included Ann Sheridan , Hedy Lamarr , Luise Rainer and Michèle Morgan . Producer Hal Wallis obtained the services of Bergman , who was contracted to David O. Selznick , by lending Olivia de Havilland in exchange . Paul Henreid as Victor Laszlo . Henreid , an Austrian actor who had emigrated in 1935 , was reluctant to take the role ( it `` set ( him ) as a stiff forever '' , according to Pauline Kael ) , until he was promised top billing along with Bogart and Bergman . Henreid did not get on well with his fellow actors ; he considered Bogart `` a mediocre actor . '' Bergman called Henreid a `` prima donna '' . The second - billed actors are : Claude Rains as Captain Louis Renault . Rains was an English actor born in London . He had previously worked with Michael Curtiz on The Adventures of Robin Hood . He later played the villain in Alfred Hitchcock 's Notorious , reteaming with Ingrid Bergman . Conrad Veidt as Major Heinrich Strasser . He was a refugee German actor who had appeared in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . He fled the Nazis , but was frequently cast as a Nazi in American films . A major star in German cinema before the Nazi era , he was the highest paid member of the cast despite his second billing . Sydney Greenstreet as Signor Ferrari . Another Englishman , Greenstreet had previously starred with Lorre and Bogart in his film debut in The Maltese Falcon . Peter Lorre as Signor Ugarte .",
"5": "Born in Austria - Hungary , Lorre fled Nazi Germany in 1933 after starring in Fritz Lang 's first sound movie , M ( 1931 ) . Greenstreet and Lorre appeared in several films together over the next few years , although they did not share a scene in Casablanca . Also credited are : Curt Bois as the pickpocket . Bois was a German - Jewish actor and refugee . He had one of the longest careers in film , making his first appearance in 1907 and his last in 1987 . Leonid Kinskey as Sascha , the Russian bartender infatuated with Yvonne . He was born into a Jewish family in Russia and had immigrated to the United States . He told Aljean Harmetz , author of Round Up the Usual Suspects : The Making of Casablanca , that he was cast because he was Bogart 's drinking buddy . He was not the first choice for the role ; he replaced Leo Mostovoy , who was deemed not funny enough . Madeleine LeBeau as Yvonne , Rick 's soon - discarded girlfriend . The French actress was married to fellow Casablanca performer Marcel Dalio until their divorce in 1942 . She was the last surviving cast member at her death on May 1 , 2016 . Joy Page as Annina Brandel , the young Bulgarian refugee . The third credited American , she was the stepdaughter of Jack L. Warner , the studio head . John Qualen as Berger , Laszlo 's Resistance contact . He was born in Canada , but grew up in the United States . He appeared in many of John Ford 's films . S.Z. Sakall ( credited as S.K. Sakall ) as Carl , the waiter . The Jewish - Hungarian actor fled Germany in 1939 . His three sisters and his niece later died in a concentration camp . Dooley Wilson as Sam . He was one of the few American - born members of the cast . A drummer , he had to fake playing the piano . Even after shooting had been completed , producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson 's voice for the songs . He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott , Lena Horne , or Ella Fitzgerald .",
"6": "Notable uncredited actors are : Marcel Dalio as Emil the croupier . He had been a star in French cinema , appearing in Jean Renoir 's La Grande Illusion and La Règle du Jeu . After he fled the fall of France and went to America , he was reduced to bit parts in Hollywood . He had a key role as `` Frenchy '' in another of Bogart 's films , To Have and Have Not . Helmut Dantine as Jan Brandel , the Bulgarian roulette player married to Annina Brandel . Another Austrian , he had spent time in a concentration camp after the Anschluss , but left Europe after being freed . Gregory Gaye as the German banker who is refused entry to the casino by Rick . Gaye was a Russian - born actor who went to the United States in 1917 after the Russian Revolution . Torben Meyer as the Dutch banker who runs `` the second largest banking house in Amsterdam '' . Meyer was a Danish actor . Corinna Mura as the guitar player who sings `` Tango Delle Rose '' ( or `` Tango de la Rosa '' ) while Laszlo is consulting with Berger , and later accompanies the crowd on `` La Marseillaise '' . Frank Puglia as Moroccan rug merchant . Dan Seymour as Abdul the doorman . He was an American actor who often played villains , including the principal one in To Have and Have Not , and one of the secondary ones in Key Largo , both opposite Bogart . Gerald Oliver Smith as the Englishman whose wallet is stolen . Smith was an English actor . Norma Varden as the Englishwoman whose husband has his wallet stolen . She was a famous English character actress . Much of the emotional impact of the film has been attributed to the large proportion of European exiles and refugees who were extras or played minor roles ( in addition to leading actors Paul Henreid , Conrad Veidt and Peter Lorre ) : such as Louis V. Arco , Trude Berliner , Ilka Grünig , Lotte Palfi , Richard Ryen , Ludwig Stössel , Hans Twardowski , and Wolfgang Zilzer . A witness to the filming of the `` duel of the anthems '' sequence said he saw many of the actors crying and `` realized that they were all real refugees '' .",
"7": "Harmetz argues that they `` brought to a dozen small roles in Casablanca an understanding and a desperation that could never have come from Central Casting '' . They were frequently cast as Nazis in war films , even though many were Jewish . The comedian Jack Benny may have had an unbilled cameo role , as was claimed by a contemporary newspaper advertisement and in the Casablanca press book . When asked in his column `` Movie Answer Man '' , critic Roger Ebert first replied , `` It looks something like him . That 's all I can say . '' In a later column , he responded to a follow - up commenter , `` I think you 're right . The Jack Benny Fan Club can feel vindicated . '' Production ( edit ) The film was based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison 's then - unproduced play Everybody Comes to Rick 's . The Warner Bros. story analyst who read the play , Stephen Karnot , called it ( approvingly ) `` sophisticated hokum '' , and story editor Irene Diamond , who had discovered the unproduced play on a trip to New York in 1941 , convinced producer Hal Wallis to buy the rights in January 1942 for $20,000 , the most anyone in Hollywood had ever paid for an unproduced play . The project was renamed Casablanca , apparently in imitation of the 1938 hit Algiers . Although an initial filming date was selected for April 10 , 1942 , delays led to a start of production on May 25 . Filming was completed on August 3 , and the production cost $1,039,000 ( $75,000 over budget ) , above average for the time . Unusually , the film was shot in sequence , mainly because only the first half of the script was ready when filming began . Bogart in the airport scene The entire picture was shot in the studio , except for the sequence showing Major Strasser 's arrival , which was filmed at Van Nuys Airport , and a few short clips of stock footage views of Paris . The street used for the exterior shots had recently been built for another film , The Desert Song , and redressed for the Paris flashbacks .",
"8": "The background of the final scene , which shows a Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior airplane with personnel walking around it , was staged using little person extras and a proportionate cardboard plane . Fog was used to mask the model 's unconvincing appearance . Nevertheless , the Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park in Orlando , Florida purchased a Lockheed 12A for its Great Movie Ride attraction , and initially claimed that it was the actual plane used in the film . Film critic Roger Ebert called Hal Wallis the `` key creative force '' for his attention to the details of production ( down to insisting on a real parrot in the Blue Parrot bar ) . The difference between Bergman 's and Bogart 's height caused some problems . She was two inches ( 5 cm ) taller than Bogart , and claimed Curtiz had Bogart stand on blocks or sit on cushions in their scenes together . Later , there were plans for a further scene , showing Rick , Renault and a detachment of Free French soldiers on a ship , to incorporate the Allies ' 1942 invasion of North Africa . It proved too difficult to get Claude Rains for the shoot , and the scene was finally abandoned after David O. Selznick judged `` it would be a terrible mistake to change the ending . '' Writing ( edit ) The original play was inspired by a trip to Europe made by Murray Burnett and his wife in 1938 , during which they visited Vienna shortly after the Anschluss and were affected by the anti-Semitism they saw . In the south of France , they went to a nightclub that had a multinational clientele , among them many exiles and refugees , and the prototype of Sam . In The Guardian , Paul Fairclough writes that Cinema Vox in Tangier `` was Africa 's biggest when it opened in 1935 , with 2,000 seats and a retractable roof . As Tangier was in Spanish territory , the theatre 's wartime bar heaved with spies , refugees and underworld hoods , securing its place in cinematic history as the inspiration for Rick 's Cafe in Casablanca . '' The first writers assigned to the script were twins Julius and Philip Epstein who , against the wishes of Warner Brothers , left at Frank Capra 's request early in 1942 to work on the Why We Fight series in Washington , D.C.",
"9": "While they were gone , the other credited writer , Howard Koch , was assigned ; he produced thirty to forty pages . When the Epstein brothers returned after about a month , they were reassigned to Casablanca and -- contrary to what Koch claimed in two published books -- his work was not used . The Epstein brothers and Koch never worked in the same room at the same time during the writing of the script . Koch later commented , `` When we began , we did n't have a finished script ... Ingrid Bergman came to me and said , ' Which man should I love more ... ? ' I said to her , ' I do n't know ... play them both evenly . ' You see we did n't have an ending , so we did n't know what was going to happen ! '' In the final budget for the film , the Epsteins were paid $30,416 , and Koch earned $4,200 . In the play , the Ilsa character is an American named Lois Meredith ; she does not meet Laszlo until after her relationship with Rick in Paris has ended . Rick is a lawyer . To make Rick 's motivation more believable , Wallis , Curtiz , and the screenwriters decided to set the film before the attack on Pearl Harbor . The uncredited Casey Robinson assisted with three weeks of rewrites , including contributing the series of meetings between Rick and Ilsa in the cafe . Koch highlighted the political and melodramatic elements , and Curtiz seems to have favored the romantic parts , insisting on retaining the Paris flashbacks . Wallis wrote the final line , `` Louis , I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship , '' after shooting had been completed . Bogart had to be called in a month after the end of filming to dub it . Despite the many writers , the film has what Ebert describes as a `` wonderfully unified and consistent '' script . Koch later claimed it was the tension between his own approach and Curtiz 's which accounted for this : `` Surprisingly , these disparate approaches somehow meshed , and perhaps it was partly this tug of war between Curtiz and me that gave the film a certain balance . '' Julius Epstein would later note the screenplay contained `` more corn than in the states of Kansas and Iowa combined . But when corn works , there 's nothing better . ''",
"10": "The film ran into some trouble with Joseph Breen of the Production Code Administration ( the Hollywood self - censorship body ) , who opposed the suggestions that Captain Renault extorted sexual favors from his supplicants , and that Rick and Ilsa had slept together . Extensive changes were made , with several lines of dialogue removed or altered . All direct references to sex were deleted ; Renault 's selling of visas for sex , and Rick and Ilsa 's previous sexual relationship were implied elliptically rather than referenced explicitly . Also , in the original script , when Sam plays `` As Time Goes By '' , Rick remarks , `` What the -- -- are you playing ? '' This line was altered to : `` Sam , I told you never to play ... '' to conform to Breen 's objection to an implied swear word . The script has been subject to a significant amount of misquotation . One of the lines most closely associated with the film -- `` Play it again , Sam '' -- is inaccurate . When Ilsa first enters the Café Americain , she spots Sam and asks him to `` Play it once , Sam , for old times ' sake . '' After he feigns ignorance , she responds , `` Play it , Sam . Play ' As Time Goes By ' . '' Later that night , alone with Sam , Rick says , `` You played it for her , you can play it for me , '' and `` If she can stand it , I can ! Play it ! '' Rick 's toast to Ilsa , `` Here 's looking at you , kid '' , used four times , was not written into the draft screenplays , but has been attributed to a comment Bogart said to Bergman as he taught her poker between takes . It was voted the fifth most memorable line in cinema in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes by the American Film Institute . Six lines from Casablanca appeared in the AFI list , the most of any film ( Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz tied for second with three apiece ) . The other five are : `` Louis , I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship . '' -- 20th `` Play it , Sam . Play ' As Time Goes By ' . '' -- 28th `` Round up the usual suspects . ''",
"11": "-- 32nd `` We 'll always have Paris . '' -- 43rd `` Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world , she walks into mine . '' -- 67th Additionally , the line `` Ilsa , I 'm no good at being noble , but it does n't take much to see that the problems of three little people do n't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world '' was nominated for the list . In the November / December 1982 issue of American Film , Chuck Ross claimed that he retyped the screenplay to Casablanca , changing the title back to Everybody Comes to Rick 's and the name of the piano player to Dooley Wilson , and submitted it to 217 agencies . Eighty - five of them read it ; of those , thirty - eight rejected it outright , thirty - three generally recognized it ( but only eight specifically as Casablanca ) , three declared it commercially viable , and one suggested turning it into a novel . The Writers Guild of America , West , ranked the screenplay # 1 on its list of the 101 greatest screenplays . Direction ( edit ) Wallis 's first choice for director was William Wyler , but he was unavailable , so Wallis turned to his close friend Michael Curtiz . Curtiz was a Hungarian Jewish émigré ; he had come to the U.S. in 1926 , but some of his family were refugees from Nazi Europe . Roger Ebert has commented that in Casablanca `` very few shots ... are memorable as shots , '' as Curtiz wanted images to express the story rather than to stand alone . He contributed relatively little to development of the plot . Casey Robinson said Curtiz `` knew nothing whatever about story ... he saw it in pictures , and you supplied the stories . '' Critic Andrew Sarris called the film `` the most decisive exception to the auteur theory '' , of which Sarris was the most prominent proponent in the United States . Aljean Harmetz has responded , `` nearly every Warner Bros. picture was an exception to the auteur theory '' . Other critics give more credit to Curtiz . Sidney Rosenzweig , in his study of the director 's work , sees the film as a typical example of Curtiz 's highlighting of moral dilemmas .",
"12": "The second unit montages , such as the opening sequence of the refugee trail and the invasion of France , were directed by Don Siegel . Cinematography ( edit ) The Cross of Lorraine , emblem of the Free French Forces The cinematographer was Arthur Edeson , a veteran who had previously shot The Maltese Falcon and Frankenstein . Particular attention was paid to photographing Bergman . She was shot mainly from her preferred left side , often with a softening gauze filter and with catch lights to make her eyes sparkle ; the whole effect was designed to make her face seem `` ineffably sad and tender and nostalgic '' . Bars of shadow across the characters and in the background variously imply imprisonment , the crucifix , the symbol of the Free French Forces and emotional turmoil . Dark film noir and expressionist lighting was used in several scenes , particularly towards the end of the picture . Rosenzweig argues these shadow and lighting effects are classic elements of the Curtiz style , along with the fluid camera work and the use of the environment as a framing device . Music ( edit ) The music was written by Max Steiner , who was best known for the score for Gone with the Wind . The song `` As Time Goes By '' by Herman Hupfeld had been part of the story from the original play ; Steiner wanted to write his own composition to replace it , but Bergman had already cut her hair short for her next role ( María in For Whom the Bell Tolls ) and could not re-shoot the scenes which incorporated the song , so Steiner based the entire score on it and `` La Marseillaise '' , the French national anthem , transforming them as leitmotifs to reflect changing moods . Even though Steiner did n't like `` As Time Goes By '' , he admitted in a 1943 interview that it `` must have had something to attract so much attention . '' Particularly memorable is the `` duel of the songs '' between Strasser and Laszlo at Rick 's cafe . In the soundtrack , `` La Marseillaise '' is played by a full orchestra . Originally , the opposing piece for this iconic sequence was to be the `` Horst Wessel Lied '' , a Nazi anthem , but this was still under international copyright in non-Allied countries .",
"13": "Instead `` Die Wacht am Rhein '' was used . The `` Deutschlandlied '' , the national anthem of Germany , features in the final scene , in which it gives way to `` La Marseillaise '' after Strasser is shot . Other songs include : `` It Had to Be You '' , music by Isham Jones , lyrics by Gus Kahn `` Shine '' , music by Ford Dabney , lyrics by Cecil Mack and Lew Brown `` Avalon '' , music and lyrics by Al Jolson , Buddy DeSylva and Vincent Rose `` Perfidia '' , by Alberto Dominguez `` The Very Thought of You '' , by Ray Noble , and `` Knock on Wood '' , music by M.K. Jerome , lyrics by Jack Scholl , the only original song . The piano featured in the Paris flashback sequences was sold in New York City on December 14 , 2012 , at Sotheby 's for more than $600,000 to an anonymous bidder . The piano Sam `` plays '' in Rick 's Café Américain , put up for auction with other film memorabilia by Turner Classic Movies at Bonhams in New York in November 2014 , sold for $3.4 million . Dooley Wilson was not a trained pianist . The piano music for the film was played offscreen and dubbed . Release ( edit ) Although an initial release date was anticipated for early 1943 , the film premiered at the Hollywood Theater in New York City on November 26 , 1942 , to coincide with the Allied invasion of North Africa and the capture of Casablanca . It went into general release on January 23 , 1943 , to take advantage of the Casablanca Conference , a high - level meeting in the city between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The Office of War Information prevented screening of the film to troops in North Africa , believing it would cause resentment among Vichy supporters in the region . Reception ( edit ) Initial response ( edit ) Casablanca received `` consistently good reviews '' . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote , `` The Warners ... have a picture which makes the spine tingle and the heart take a leap . ''",
"14": "He applauded the combination of `` sentiment , humor and pathos with taut melodrama and bristling intrigue '' . Crowther noted its `` devious convolutions of the plot '' , and praised the screenplay quality as `` of the best '' and the cast 's performances as `` all of the first order '' . The trade paper Variety commended the film 's `` combination of fine performances , engrossing story and neat direction '' and the `` variety of moods , action , suspense , comedy and drama that makes Casablanca an A-1 entry at the b.o. '' `` Film is splendid anti-Axis propaganda , particularly inasmuch as the propaganda is strictly a by - product of the principal action and contributes to it instead of getting in the way . '' The review also applauded the performances of Bergman and Henreid and note that `` Bogart , as might be expected , is more at ease as the bitter and cynical operator of a joint than as a lover , but handles both assignments with superb finesse . '' Some other reviews were less enthusiastic . The New Yorker rated it only `` pretty tolerable '' and said it was `` not quite up to Across the Pacific , Bogart 's last spyfest '' . In the 1,500 - seat Hollywood Theater , the film grossed $255,000 over ten weeks . In its initial U.S. release , it was a substantial but not spectacular box - office success , taking in $3.7 million , making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 1943 . Lasting influence ( edit ) The film has grown in popularity . Murray Burnett called it `` true yesterday , true today , true tomorrow '' . By 1955 , the film had brought in $6.8 million , making it the third most successful of Warners ' wartime movies ( behind Shine On , Harvest Moon and This Is the Army ) . On April 21 , 1957 , the Brattle Theater of Cambridge , Massachusetts , showed the film as part of a season of old movies . It was so popular that it began a tradition of screening Casablanca during the week of final exams at Harvard University , which continues to the present day . Other colleges have adopted the tradition .",
"15": "Todd Gitlin , a professor of sociology who had attended one of these screenings , has said that the experience was `` the acting out of my own personal rite of passage '' . The tradition helped the movie remain popular while other films famous in the 1940s have faded from popular memory . By 1977 , Casablanca was the most frequently broadcast film on American television . On the film 's 50th anniversary , the Los Angeles Times called Casablanca 's great strength `` the purity of its Golden Age Hollywoodness ( and ) the enduring craftsmanship of its resonantly hokey dialogue '' . Bob Strauss wrote in the newspaper that the film achieved a `` near - perfect entertainment balance '' of comedy , romance , and suspense . According to Roger Ebert , Casablanca is `` probably on more lists of the greatest films of all time than any other single title , including Citizen Kane '' because of its wider appeal . Ebert opined that Citizen Kane is generally considered to be a `` greater '' film , but Casablanca is more loved . In his opinion , the film is popular because `` the people in it are all so good '' , and it is `` a wonderful gem '' . Ebert said that he has never heard of a negative review of the film , even though individual elements can be criticized , citing unrealistic special effects and the stiff character / portrayal of Laszlo . Critic Leonard Maltin considers Casablanca to be `` the best Hollywood movie of all time . '' Rick , according to Rudy Behlmer , is `` not a hero ... not a bad guy '' : he does what is necessary to get along with the authorities and `` sticks his neck out for nobody '' . The other characters , in Behlmer 's words , are `` not cut and dried '' and come into their goodness over the course of the film . Renault begins as a collaborator with the Nazis who extorts sexual favors from refugees and has Ugarte killed . Even Ilsa , the least active of the main characters , is `` caught in the emotional struggle '' over which man she really loves . By the end , however , `` everybody is sacrificing . '' Behlmer also emphasized the variety in the picture : `` it 's a blend of drama , melodrama , comedy ( and ) intrigue '' . A few reviewers have had reservations .",
"16": "To Pauline Kael , `` It 's far from a great film , but it has a special appealingly schlocky romanticism ... '' Poet and critic Dan Schneider wrote that the work `` does entertain , and is an interesting piece of Americana '' , but criticized it as a melodrama `` driven by plot , not by character development . All the characters react to what the plot dictates to them ; the plot does not organically flow from their personae . '' Umberto Eco wrote that `` by any strict critical standards ... Casablanca is a very mediocre film . '' He viewed the changes the characters undergo as inconsistent rather than complex : `` It is a comic strip , a hotch - potch , low on psychological credibility , and with little continuity in its dramatic effects . '' However , he added that due to the presence of multiple archetypes which allow `` the power of Narrative in its natural state without Art intervening to discipline it '' , it is a movie reaching `` Homeric depths '' as a `` phenomenon worthy of awe . '' Influence on later works ( edit ) Many subsequent films have drawn on elements of Casablanca . Passage to Marseille reunited actors Bogart , Rains , Greenstreet , Lorre and director Curtiz in 1944 , and there are similarities between Casablanca and another later Bogart film , To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) . Parodies have included the Marx Brothers ' A Night in Casablanca ( 1946 ) , Neil Simon 's The Cheap Detective ( 1978 ) , and Out Cold ( 2001 ) . Indirectly , it provided the title for the 1995 neo-noir film The Usual Suspects . Woody Allen 's Play It Again , Sam ( 1972 ) appropriated Bogart 's Casablanca persona as the fantasy mentor for Allen 's character . The film Casablanca was a plot device in the science - fiction television movie Overdrawn at the Memory Bank ( 1983 ) , based on John Varley 's story . It was referred to in Terry Gilliam 's dystopian Brazil ( 1985 ) . Warner Bros. produced its own parody in the homage Carrotblanca , a 1995 Bugs Bunny cartoon .",
"17": "In Casablanca , a novella by Argentine writer Edgar Brau , the protagonist somehow wanders into Rick 's Café Américain and listens to a strange tale related by Sam . The 2016 musical film La La Land contains multiple allusions to Casablanca in the imagery , dialogue , and plot . Director Robert Zemeckis of Allied ( 2016 ) , which is also set in 1942 Casablanca , studied the film to capture the city 's elegance . Interpretation ( edit ) Casablanca has been subjected to many readings ; Semioticians account for the film 's popularity by claiming that its inclusion of stereotypes paradoxically strengthens the film . Umberto Eco wrote Thus Casablanca is not just one film . It is many films , an anthology . Made haphazardly , it probably made itself , if not actually against the will of its authors and actors , then at least beyond their control . And this is the reason it works , in spite of aesthetic theories and theories of film making . For in it there unfolds with almost telluric force the power of Narrative in its natural state , without Art intervening to discipline it ... When all the archetypes burst in shamelessly , we reach Homeric depths . Two clichés make us laugh . A hundred clichés move us . For we sense dimly that the clichés are talking among themselves , and celebrating a reunion . Eco also singled out sacrifice as a theme , `` the myth of sacrifice runs through the whole film '' . It was this theme which resonated with a wartime audience that was reassured by the idea that painful sacrifice and going off to war could be romantic gestures done for the greater good . Koch also considered the film a political allegory . Rick is compared to President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who gambled `` on the odds of going to war until circumstance and his own submerged nobility force him to close his casino ( partisan politics ) and commit himself -- first by financing the Side of Right and then by fighting for it '' . The connection is reinforced by the film 's title , which means `` white house '' .",
"18": "Harvey Greenberg presents a Freudian reading in his The Movies on Your Mind , in which the transgressions which prevent Rick from returning to the United States constitute an Oedipus complex , which is resolved only when Rick begins to identify with the father figure of Laszlo and the cause which he represents . Sidney Rosenzweig argues that such readings are reductive and that the most important aspect of the film is its ambiguity , above all in the central character of Rick ; he cites the different names which each character gives Rick ( Richard , Ricky , Mr. Rick , Herr Rick and boss ) as evidence of the different meanings which he has for each person . Awards and honors ( edit ) Because of its November 1942 release , the New York Film Critics decided to include the film in its 1942 award season for best picture . Casablanca lost to In Which We Serve . However , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences stated that since the film went into national release in the beginning of 1943 , it would be included in that year 's nominations . Casablanca was nominated for eight Academy Awards , and won three . As Bogart stepped out of his car at the Academy Awards ceremony , `` the crowd surged forward , almost engulfing him and his wife , Mayo Methot . It took 12 police officers to rescue the two , and a red - faced , startled , yet smiling Bogart heard a chorus of cries of ' good luck ' and ' here 's looking at you , kid ' as he was rushed into the theater . '' When the award for Best Picture was announced , producer Hal B. Wallis got up to accept , but studio head Jack L. Warner rushed up to the stage `` with a broad , flashing smile and a look of great self - satisfaction , '' Wallis later recalled . `` I could n't believe it was happening . Casablanca had been my creation ; Jack had absolutely nothing to do with it . As the audience gasped , I tried to get out of the row of seats and into the aisle , but the entire Warner family sat blocking me . I had no alternative but to sit down again , humiliated and furious ... Almost forty years later , I still have n't recovered from the shock . '' This incident would lead Wallis to leave Warner Bros. in April .",
"19": "Award Category Nominee Result 16th Academy Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Warner Bros. ( Hal B. Wallis , Producer ) Won Best Director Michael Curtiz Won Best Actor Humphrey Bogart Nominated Best Supporting Actor Claude Rains Nominated Best Writing , Screenplay Julius J. Epstein , Philip G. Epstein , and Howard Koch Won Best Cinematography Arthur Edeson Nominated Best Film Editing Owen Marks Nominated Best Music ( Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture ) Max Steiner Nominated In 1989 , the film was one of the first 25 films selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In 2005 , it was named one of the 100 greatest films of the last 80 years by Time magazine ( the selected films were not ranked ) . Screenwriting teacher Robert McKee maintains that the script is `` the greatest screenplay of all time '' . In 2006 , the Writers Guild of America , West agreed , voting it the best ever in its list of the 101 greatest screenplays . The film has been selected by the American Film Institute for many of their lists . Year Category Rank 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills 37 2002 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions 2003 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains 4 : Rick Blaine ( hero ) AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs 2 : `` As Time Goes By '' 2005 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes 5 , 20 , 28 , 32 , 43 , and 67 : See `` Writing '' above .",
"20": "2006 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers 32 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Home media releases ( edit ) Casablanca was initially released on Betamax and VHS by Magnetic Video and later by CBS / Fox Video ( as United Artists owned the rights at the time ) . It was next released on laserdisc in 1991 , and on VHS in 1992 -- both from MGM / UA Home Entertainment ( distributing for Turner Entertainment Co . ) , which at the time was distributed by Warner Home Video . It was first released on DVD in 1997 by MGM , containing the trailer and a making - of featurette ( Warner Home Video reissued the DVD in 2000 ) . A subsequent two - disc special edition , containing audio commentaries , documentaries , and a newly remastered visual and audio presentation , was released in 2003 . An HD DVD was released on November 14 , 2006 , containing the same special features as the 2003 DVD . Reviewers were impressed with the new high - definition transfer of the film . A Blu - ray release with new special features came out on December 2 , 2008 ; it is also available on DVD . The Blu - ray was initially only released as an expensive gift set with a booklet , a luggage tag and other assorted gift - type items . It was eventually released as a stand - alone Blu - ray in September 2009 . On March 27 , 2012 , Warner released a new 70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector 's Edition Blu - ray / DVD combo set . It includes a brand - new 4K restoration and new bonus material . Sequels and other versions ( edit ) Almost from the moment Casablanca became a hit , talk began of producing a sequel . One titled Brazzaville ( in the final scene , Renault recommends fleeing to that Free French - held city ) was planned , but never produced . Since then , no studio has seriously considered filming a sequel or outright remake . François Truffaut refused an invitation to remake the film in 1974 , citing its cult status among American students as his reason .",
"21": "Attempts to recapture the magic of Casablanca in other settings , such as Caboblanco ( 1980 ) , `` a South American - set retooling of Casablanca '' , and Havana ( 1990 ) have been poorly received . Stories of a Casablanca remake or sequel nonetheless persist . In 2008 , the Daily Mail reported that Madonna was pursuing a remake set in modern - day Iraq . In 2012 , both The Daily Telegraph and Entertainment Weekly reported on efforts by Cass Warner , granddaughter of Harry Warner and friend of the late Howard Koch , to produce a sequel featuring the search by Rick Blaine and Ilsa Lund 's illegitimate son for the whereabouts of his biological father . The novel As Time Goes By , written by Michael Walsh and published in 1998 , was authorized by Warner . The novel picks up where the film leaves off , and also tells of Rick 's mysterious past in America . The book met with little success . David Thomson provided an unofficial sequel in his 1985 novel Suspects . There have been two short - lived television series based upon Casablanca , both sharing the title . The first , a Cold War espionage program set during the production 's present day , aired on ABC as part of the wheel series Warner Bros. Presents in hour - long episodes from 1955 to 1956 , with Charles McGraw as Rick and Marcel Dalio , who played Emil the croupier in the movie , as the police chief . The second series , briefly broadcast on NBC in April 1983 , starred David Soul as Rick and was cancelled after 3 weeks . There were several radio adaptations of the film . The two best - known were a thirty - minute adaptation on The Screen Guild Theater on April 26 , 1943 , starring Bogart , Bergman , and Henreid , and an hour - long version on the Lux Radio Theater on January 24 , 1944 , featuring Alan Ladd as Rick , Hedy Lamarr as Ilsa , and John Loder as Victor Laszlo . Two other thirty - minute adaptations were aired : on Philip Morris Playhouse on September 3 , 1943 , and on Theater of Romance on December 19 , 1944 , in which Dooley Wilson reprised his role as Sam .",
"22": "Julius Epstein made two attempts to turn the film into a Broadway musical , in 1951 and 1967 , but neither made it to the stage . The original play , Everybody Comes to Rick 's , was produced in Newport , Rhode Island , in August 1946 , and again in London in April 1991 , but met with no success . The film was adapted into a musical by the Takarazuka Revue , an all - female Japanese musical theater company , and ran from November 2009 through February 2010 . Colorization ( edit ) Stills from the controversial colorized version Casablanca was part of the film colorization controversy of the 1980s , when a colorized version aired on the television network WTBS . In 1984 , MGM / UA hired Color Systems Technology to colorize the film for $180,000 . When Ted Turner of Turner Broadcasting System purchased MGM / UA 's film library two years later , he canceled the request , before contracting American Film Technologies ( AFT ) in 1988 . AFT completed the colorization in two months at a cost of $450,000 . Turner later reacted to the criticism of the colorization , saying , `` ( Casablanca ) is one of a handful of films that really does n't have to be colorized . I did it because I wanted to . All I 'm trying to do is protect my investment . '' The Library of Congress deemed that the color change differed so much from the original film that it gave a new copyright to Turner Entertainment . When the colorized film debuted on WTBS , it was watched by three million viewers , not making the top - ten viewed cable shows for the week . Although Jack Matthews of the Los Angeles Times called the finished product `` state of the art '' , it was mostly met with negative critical reception . It was briefly available on home video . Gary Edgerton , writing for the Journal of Popular Film & Television criticized the colorization , `` ... Casablanca in color ended up being much blander in appearance and , overall , much less visually interesting than its 1942 predecessor . '' Bogart 's son Stephen said , `` if you 're going to colorize Casablanca , why not put arms on the Venus de Milo ? ''",
"23": "Anecdotes and inaccuracies ( edit ) Several rumors and misconceptions have grown up around the film , one being that Ronald Reagan was originally chosen to play Rick . This originated in a press release issued by the studio early on in the film 's development , but by that time the studio already knew that he was going into the Army , and he was never seriously considered . George Raft claimed that he had turned down the lead role . Studio records make clear that Wallis was committed to Bogart from the start . Another well - known story is that the actors did not know until the last day of shooting how the film was to end . The original play ( set entirely in the cafe ) ended with Rick sending Ilsa and Laszlo to the airport . During scriptwriting , the possibility was discussed of Laszlo being killed in Casablanca , allowing Rick and Ilsa to leave together , but as Casey Robinson wrote to Hal Wallis before filming began , the ending of the film `` set up for a swell twist when Rick sends her away on the plane with Laszlo . For now , in doing so , he is not just solving a love triangle . He is forcing the girl to live up to the idealism of her nature , forcing her to carry on with the work that in these days is far more important than the love of two little people . '' It was certainly impossible for Ilsa to leave Laszlo for Rick , as the production code forbade showing a woman leaving her husband for another man . The concern was not whether Ilsa would leave with Laszlo , but how this result could be engineered . The problem was solved when the Epstein brothers , Julius and Philip , were driving down Sunset Boulevard and stopped for the light at Beverly Glen . At that instant the identical twins turned to each other and simultaneously cried out , `` Round up the usual suspects ! '' By the time they had driven past Fairfax and the Cahuenga Pass and through the Warner Brothers studio 's portals at Burbank , in the words of Julius Epstein , `` the idea for the farewell scene between a tearful Bergman and a suddenly noble Bogart '' had been formed and all the problems of the ending had been solved . The confusion was probably caused by Bergman 's later statement that she did not know which man she was meant to be in love with .",
"24": "Rewrites did occur during the filming , but Aljean Harmetz 's examination of the scripts has shown that many of the key scenes were shot after Bergman knew how the film would end ; any confusion was , in critic Roger Ebert 's words , `` emotional '' , not `` factual '' . The film has several logical flaws , the foremost being the two `` letters of transit '' that enable their bearers to leave Vichy French territory . According to the audio ( help info ) , Ugarte says the letters had been signed by ( depending on the listener ) either Free French General Charles de Gaulle or Vichy General Maxime Weygand . The English subtitles on the official DVD read de Gaulle ; the French ones specify Weygand . Weygand had been the Vichy Delegate - General for the North African colonies until November 1941 , a month before the film is set . De Gaulle was the head of the Free French government in exile , so a letter signed by him would have provided no benefit . A classic MacGuffin , the letters were invented by Joan Alison for the original play and never questioned . In the same vein , though Laszlo asserts that the Nazis can not arrest him , saying , `` This is still unoccupied France ; any violation of neutrality would reflect on Captain Renault , '' Ebert points out , `` It makes no sense that he could walk around freely ... He would be arrested on sight . '' In addition , no uniformed German troops were stationed in Casablanca during World War II , and neither American nor French troops occupied Berlin in 1918 . According to Harmetz , the usual route out of Germany , at least for people in the film industry , was not via Morocco and Lisbon but via Vienna , Prague , Paris and England . Only the film 's technical adviser , Robert Aisner , traced the path to Morocco shown in the film 's opening scene . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( September 15 , 1996 ) . `` Great Movies : Casablanca '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 .",
"25": "Bogart , Bergman and Paul Henreid were stars , and no better cast of supporting actors could have been assembled on the Warners lot than Peter Lorre , Sidney Greenstreet , Claude Rains and Dooley Wilson Jump up ^ `` CASABLANCA ( U ) '' . Warner Bros. British Board of Film Classification . December 17 , 1942 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas Schatz , Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s Uni of California Press , 1999 p 218 Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of the Season '' , Variety , 5 January 1944 p 54 Archived March 17 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 15 , 1996 ) . `` Casablanca ( 1942 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Eliot ( May 1995 ) . `` Howard Koch , Julius Epstein , Frank Miller Interview '' . Vincent 's Casablanca . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Frank Miller : `` There was a scene planned , after the ending , that would have shown Rick and Renault on an Allied ship just prior to the landing at Casablanca , but plans to shoot it were scrapped when the marketing department realized they had to get the film out fast to capitalize on the liberation of North Africa . '' Jump up ^ Briony Smith , Andrew Wallace . `` The demise of dating : Two writers square off on their favourite fictional dating men '' . Elle Canada . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Hollywood ( Fictionally ) Won World War Two '' . Empire magazine . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Emma Jones ( February 13 , 2012 ) .",
"26": "`` Guess the movie quote : How well do you know classic romantic films ? : Casablanca '' . MSN Entertainment Canada . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dee Doyle ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Best Movie Lines That Have Stuck In Pop Culture '' . starpulse.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Round up the usual suspects '' , for example , has been incorporated in the titles of business Archived November 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , sociology and political science Archived December 12 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . articles . Jump up ^ `` You CAN play it again ( in your own living room ) : Casablanca piano heads to auction for $1.2 m on 70th anniversary of classic movie '' . Mail Online . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 119 Jump up ^ `` Casablanca : Michael Curtiz 's 1942 film is a classic love story -- with excellent hats '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` From quintessential `` good girl '' to Hollywood heavyweight `` . The Family of Ingrid Bergman . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger . Commentary to Casablanca ( Two - Disc Special Edition DVD ) . ^ Jump up to : Harmetz 1992 , pp. 88 -- 89 , 92 , 95 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 97 ^ Jump up to : Oliver Lyttelton ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` 5 Things You Might Not Know About ' Casablanca ' On Its 70th Anniversary '' . IndieWire .",
"27": "Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Van Gelder ( September 12 , 1998 ) . `` Leonid Kinskey , 95 , Bartender in ' Casablanca ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last surviving Casablanca actress Madeleine Lebeau dies '' . BBC . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 139 -- 140 , 260 Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , p. 214 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 214 Jump up ^ e.g. `` Special Contest / Find Jack Benny in `` Casablanca '' `` . The Evening Independent . February 4 , 1943 . ^ Jump up to : Roger Ebert ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Answer Man '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . RogerEbert.com Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 274 ( figure ) Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Answer Man '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . RogerEbert.com Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Robertson , James C. ( 1993 ) . The Casablanca Man : The Cinema of Michael Curtiz . London : Routledge . p. 79 .",
"28": "ISBN 0 - 415 - 06804 - 5 . Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , p. 208 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , pp. 214 -- 215 Jump up ^ Casablanca - You Must Remember This ... A Tribute to Casablanca ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Warner Home Video . February 2 , 2010 . Event occurs at 21 : 09 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 237 Jump up ^ `` The Plane Truth '' . Snopes . August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 280 -- 281 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Casablanca - You Must Remember This ... A Tribute to Casablanca ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Warner Home Video . February 2 , 2010 . Event occurs at 4 : 36 . Jump up ^ Fairclough , Paul ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Africa 's rich cinema heritage '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Bar at Cinema Vox in Tangier -- Casablanca Film '' . The bar at Cinema Vox in Tangier . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Prepared Statement of Julius Epstein , Screenwriter and Member , Writers Guild of America , West '' . United States House Committee on the Judiciary . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . He ( Capra ) asked Phil and me and a half dozen other screenwriters to join him in an effort our government considered very important -- to write a series of films to be called Why We Fight . ^ Jump up to : McGilligan 1986 , pp.",
"29": "185 Jump up ^ `` 101 Greatest Screenplays '' . Writers Guild of America , West . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , p. 209 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Merlock , Ray ( Winter 2000 ) . `` Casablanca '' . Journal of Popular Film & Television . 27 ( 4 ) : 2 . doi : 10.1080 / 01956050009602809 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 175,179 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 56 -- 59 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , pp. 154 -- 155 ^ Jump up to : Casablanca - You Must Remember This ... A Tribute to Casablanca ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Warner Home Video . February 2 , 2010 . Event occurs at 29 : 57 . Jump up ^ Sorel , Edward ( December 1991 ) . `` Casablanca '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca writer dies '' . BBC News . January 2 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Censored Films and Television at University of Virginia online '' ... lib.virginia.edu . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 162 -- 163 Jump up ^ Gardner 1988 , pp. 2 -- 4 Jump up ^ Gardner 1988 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Fred R. Shapiro ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Misquotations '' . The New York Times Magazine . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Child ( May 11 , 2009 ) .",
"30": "`` Darth Vader line is the daddy of film misquotes , finds poll '' . guardian.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 187 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 YEARS ... 100 Movie Quotes -- List of the 400 nominated movie quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zinman , David ( April 10 , 1983 ) . The Magazine ( Sunday supplement to The Province newspaper ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` 101 Greatest Screenplays '' . Writers Guild of America , West . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harmetz 1992 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Quoted in Ebert commentary . Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew ( 1968 ) . The American Cinema : Directors and Directions 1929 -- 1968 ( New York : Dutton ) , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Rosenzweig 1982 , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 264 Jump up ^ Rosenzweig 1982 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` As Time Goes By '' enjoyed a resurgence after the release of Casablanca , spending 21 weeks on the hit parade . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 253 -- 258 Jump up ^ Lebo 1992 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 257 Jump up ^ `` Casablanca piano sold at auction '' . BBC News . December 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 .",
"31": "Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TCM Presents ... There 's No Place Like Hollywood '' . Bonhams . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Casablanca ' Piano Sells for $3.4 Million at Bonhams '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Played It Again , Sam ? The Three Pianists of ' Casablanca ' '' . AFM . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 286 Jump up ^ Stanley , John ( April 5 , 1992 ) . `` ' Casablanca ' Celebrates Its 50th '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( November 27 , 1942 ) . `` ' Casablanca ' , with Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman , at Hollywood '' . The New York Times . p. 27 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Variety 100 Reviews : Casablanca '' . Variety . December 1 , 1942 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 12 -- 13 ^ Jump up to : Francisco 1980 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Interviewed in Casablanca 50th Anniversary Special : You Must Remember This Archived December 21 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Turner : 1992 ) Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 283 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 343 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 346 Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( April 10 , 1992 ) .",
"32": "`` Still the best : Casablanca loses no luster over time '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Casablanca ' to be shown on the big screen in Oklahoma City '' . NewsOK . March 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pauline Kael . `` Casablanca '' . geocities.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Dan ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` DVD Review Of Casablanca '' . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eco , Umberto ( 1985 ) . Blonsky , Marshal , ed . Casablanca , or the Clichés are Having a Ball . On Signs . JHU Press . pp. 35 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3007 - 9 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 302 -- 303 and Rosenzweig 1982 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 306 and Rosenzweig 1982 , pp. 98 -- 101 Jump up ^ Larsen , Ernest ( 2005 ) . `` The Usual Suspects '' . British Film Institute . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 347 Jump up ^ Casablanca - You Must Remember This ... A Tribute to Casablanca ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Warner Home Video . February 2 , 2010 . Event occurs at 31 : 56 . Jump up ^ Michael Dirda ( January 7 , 2007 ) . `` For the first time in English , the Argentine labyrinths of Edgar Brau '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Novelty and Nostalgia of La La Land '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan . `` Allied : How Brad Pitt , Marion Cotillard film recreated glamour of 1942 Casablanca '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pontuso , James F. ( 2005 ) . `` Casablanca and the Paradoxical Truth of Stereotyping '' . Political Philosophy Comes to Rick 's : Casablanca and American Civic Culture . Lexington Books . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1113 - 0 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Raleigh , Henry P. ( April 2003 ) . `` Archetypes : What You Need to Know About Them '' . Art Times . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Lance ( December 27 , 1982 ) . `` We 'll Always Have Casablanca '' . Time . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Clayton , Jay ; Rothstein , Eric ( 1991 ) . Influence and Intertextuality in Literary History . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 13034 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Umberto Eco , Travels in Hyperreality ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Eco , Umberto . `` Casablanca , or , The Clichés are Having a Ball '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eco , Umberto ( 1994 ) . Signs of Life in the USA : Readings on Popular Culture for Writers ( Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon , eds . ) Bedford Books .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Gabbard , Krin ; Gabbard , Glen O. ( 1990 ) . `` Play it again , Sigmund : Psychoanalysis and the classical Hollywood text . '' Journal of Popular Film & Television vol. 18 no . 1 p. 6 -- 17 ISSN 0195 - 6051 ^ Jump up to : Koch 1973 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Greenberg , Harvey ( 1975 ) . The Movies on Your Mind New York : Saturday Review Press , p. 88 quoted in Rosenzweig 1982 , p. 79 and Harmetz , p. 348 Jump up ^ Rosenzweig 1982 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Ronald Haver . `` Casablanca : The Unexpected Classic '' . The Criterion Collection Online Cinematheque . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 321 -- 324 Jump up ^ Molotsky , Irvin. `` 25 Films Chosen for the National Registry '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Greatest Screenplays '' . Writers Guild of America , West . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved August 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca : Two - Disc Special Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca ( HD - DVD ) ( 1943 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Humphrey Bogart '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WHV Press Release : Casablanca Ultimate Collector 's Edition ( DVD / Blu - ray ) -- Home Theater '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca ( 70th Anniversary Limited Collector 's Edition Blu - ray / DVD Combo ) '' .",
"35": "Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Casablanca : 70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector 's Edition Blu - ray ( Updated ) '' . blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Harmetz 1992 , p. 342 Jump up ^ Yoram Allon , Hannah Patterson , Contemporary British & Irish Directors , Wallflower Press , 2001 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Stephen Hunter ( December 14 , 1990 ) . `` We 'll always have ' Casablanca ' -- so why see ' Havana ' ? '' . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Caroline ( March 29 , 2008 ) . `` Madonna wants to remake Casablanca -- and of all the places in all the world , she plans to set it in war - torn Iraq '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca : playing it again as film sequel planned '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Josh ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Producer pushing for ' Casablanca ' sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Borders.com presents Michael Walsh , Author of `` As Time Goes By '' `` . LiveWorld , Inc . January 8 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2002 . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( 1998 ) . `` How Did I Write `` As Time Goes By '' ? `` .",
"36": "Hachette Book Group USA . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ( May 31 , 2006 ) . `` ' Mrs. Robinson ' Returns in Sequel '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Suspects by David Thomson '' . No Exit Press . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 339 -- 340 Jump up ^ Barbara Klinger . `` Pre-cult : Casablanca , radio adaptation , and transmedia in the 1940s '' . New Review of Film and Television Studies , Volume 13 , 2015 -- Issue 1 : Cult Cinema and Technological Change . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 338 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 331 Jump up ^ `` 『 カサブランカ 』 '' . Takarazuka Revue Company . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( January 12 , 1987 ) . `` Casablanca in Color ? '' . Time . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edgerton , Gary R. ( Winter 2000 ) . `` The Germans Wore Gray , You Wore Blue '' . Journal of Popular Film & Television . 27 ( 4 ) : 24 . doi : 10.1080 / 01956050009602812 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Sklar , Robert ( 1992 ) . City Boys : Cagney , Bogart , Garfield . New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 135 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04795 - 2 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , pp. 206 -- 207 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Epstein 1994 , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Epstein 1994 , pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 208 Bibliography Behlmer , Rudy ( 1985 ) . Inside Warner Bros. ( 1935 -- 1951 ) . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 79242 - 3 . Casablanca ( Two - Disc Special Edition DVD ) ( 2003 ) ( with audio commentaries by Roger Ebert and Rudy Behlmer and documentary Casablanca 50th Anniversary Special : You Must Remember This , narrated by Lauren Bacall ) . Epstein , Julius J. ( 1994 ) . Casablanca . Imprenta Glorias : Fifty Copies Conceived and Illustrated by Gloria Naylor . Francisco , Charles ( 1980 ) . You Must Remember This : The Filming of Casablanca . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 977058 - 5 . Gardner , Gerald ( 1988 ) . The Censorship Papers : Movie Censorship Letters from the Hays Office , 1934 to 1968 . New York : Dodd Mead . ISBN 0 - 396 - 08903 - 8 . Harmetz , Aljean ( 1992 ) . Round Up the Usual Suspects : The Making of Casablanca -- Bogart , Bergman , and World War II . Hyperion . ISBN 1 - 56282 - 761 - 8 . Isenberg , Noah ( 2017 ) . We 'll Always Have Casablanca : The Life , Legend , and Afterlife of Hollywood 's Most Beloved Movie . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24312 - 3 .",
"38": "Koch , Howard ( 1973 ) . Casablanca : Script and Legend . The Overlook Press . ISBN 0 - 87951 - 006 - 4 . Lebo , Harlan ( 1992 ) . Casablanca : Behind the Scenes . Fireside . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76981 - 2 . McGilligan , Pat ( 1986 ) . Backstory : Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood 's Golden Age . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05666 - 3 . Miller , Frank ( 1992 ) . Casablanca -- As Times Goes By : 50th Anniversary Commemorative . Turner Publishing Inc . ISBN 1 - 878685 - 14 - 7 . Robertson , James C. ( 1993 ) . The Casablanca Man : The Cinema of Michael Curtiz London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06804 - 5 Rosenzweig , Sidney ( 1982 ) . Casablanca and Other Major Films of Michael Curtiz . Ann Arbor , Mich : UMI Research Press . ISBN 0 - 8357 - 1304 - 0 .",
"39": "External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCasablanca ( film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Casablanca on IMDb Casablanca at the American Film Institute Catalog of Feature Films Casablanca at the TCM Movie Database Casablanca at AllMovie Casablanca at Rotten Tomatoes Casablanca at Box Office Mojo Streaming audio Casablanca on Screen Guild Theater : April 26 , 1943 Casablanca on Lux Radio Theater : January 24 , 1944 Casablanca on Theater of Romance : December 19 , 1944 Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs.",
"40": "Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs.",
"41": "Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Films directed by Michael Curtiz 1910s The Last Bohemian Today and Tomorrow Captive Souls My Husband 's Getting Married The Exile The Borrowed Babies The Princess in a Nightrobe Prisoner of the Night Bánk Bán Golddigger One Who Is Loved By Two Seven of Spades The Strength of the Fatherland The Karthauzer The Black Rainbow The Wolf The Medic Mr. Doctor Master Zoard The Red Samson The Last Dawn Spring in Winter Tartar Invasion Secret of St.",
"42": "Job Forest Nobody 's Son The Charlatan A Penny 's History The Fishing Bell Earth 's Man The Colonel Peace 's Road Jean the Tenant The Merry Widow Magic Waltz A skorpió I . The Devil Lulu Lu , the Coquette Júdás The Ugly Boy Alraune 99 The Sunflower Woman Liliom ( unfinished ) The Lady with the Black Gloves 1920s Boccaccio The Star of Damascus The Scourge of God Mrs. Tutti Frutti Good and Evil Mrs. Dane 's Confession Labyrinth of Horror Sodom and Gomorrah Young Medardus Avalanche Nameless A Deadly Game General Babka Harun al Raschid The Moon of Israel Red Heels Cab No. 13 The Golden Butterfly The Third Degree A Million Bid The Desired Woman Good Time Charley Tenderloin Noah 's Ark Glad Rag Doll Madonna of Avenue A The Gamblers Hearts in Exile 1930s Mammy Under a Texas Moon The Matrimonial Bed Bright Lights A Soldier 's Plaything River 's End Demon of the Sea God 's Gift to Women The Mad Genius The Woman from Monte Carlo Alias the Doctor The Strange Love of Molly Louvain Doctor X The Cabin in the Cotton 20,",
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"45": "Epstein Films scored by Max Steiner United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Use mdy dates from May 2016 Film articles using image size parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 14 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"46": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
"Milan, Italy"
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{
"0": "Hope Logan - Wikipedia Hope Logan Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hope Logan Annika Noelle as Hope Logan The Bold and the Beautiful character Portrayed by Rachel and Amanda Pace ( 2004 -- 09 ) Kim Matula ( 2010 -- 16 ) Annika Noelle ( 2018 -- ) ( and others ) Duration 2002 -- 16 2018 -- First appearance January 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 25 ) Created by Bradley Bell Introduced by Bradley Bell Book appearances Stormswept ( 2014 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Hope Forrester Hope Spencer Occupation Businesswoman Model Residence Los Angeles , California ( show ) Family Family Logan Parents Deacon Sharpe Brooke Logan Stepfather Whip Jones ( 2002 ) Eric Forrester ( 2005 -- 06 ) Nick Marone ( 2006 -- 07 ) Ridge Forrester ( 2009 -- 11 , 2018 -- ) Bill Spencer , Jr.",
"1": "( 2017 -- 18 ) Stepmother Macy Alexander ( 2003 ) Nikki Newman ( 2011 -- 12 ) Quinn Fuller ( 2015 -- 16 ) Siblings Rick Forrester Bridget Forrester R.J. Forrester Jack Marone Eric Sharpe Spouse Liam Spencer ( 2012 ) Wyatt Spencer ( 2014 -- 15 ) Grandfathers Daryl Sharpe Stephen Logan Grandmothers Beth Logan Aunts and uncles Storm Logan Donna Logan Katie Logan Nieces and nephews Logan Forrester Knight Lizzy Forrester First cousins Marcus Forrester Will Spencer Hope Logan is a fictional character from The Bold and the Beautiful , an American soap opera on the CBS network . The character was portrayed by several child actors and actresses since Hope 's birth in 2002 , most notably Rachel and Amanda Pace . In 2010 , the role was rapidly aged and recast with actress Kim Matula , who made her first appearance in January 2010 . Matula departed the serial as a series regular in December 2014 ; she made several guest appearances in 2015 and 2016 . As of 2018 , the role is portrayed by actress Annika Noelle . Introduced in 2002 , Hope is the result of an affair between Brooke Logan and Deacon Sharpe , Brooke 's ex-son - in - law . Upon Matula 's casting , her main storylines revolved around relationships with former love interests Liam and Wyatt Spencer , and a rivalry with Steffy Forrester , the latter of which mirrors the rivalry between their mothers , Brooke Logan and Dr. Taylor Hayes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Characterization 3 Storylines 3.1 Hope 's conception 3.2 2010 -- 16 3.3 2018 -- 4 References 5 External links Casting ( edit ) Kim Matula was cast in the rapidly aged role of Hope in 2010 . Between the years of 2002 and 2009 , the character was played by child actresses , and appeared as a young girl around 5 years old by 2007 .",
"2": "On December 4 , 2009 , it was announced that Hope was to be dramatically aged and portrayed by Kim Matula . Matula signed on as a contract character . Matula began taping The Bold and the Beautiful on November 19 , 2009 and made her first appearance on January 11 , 2010 . On November 5 , 2014 , it was announced that after five years with the series , Matula would be departing the series . Matula taped her final scene on November 6 and made her final appearance on December 12 . In March 2015 , Soap Opera Digest reported news that Matula would make a return to the series , in a guest appearance as Hope . She is set to report to set on March 4 , 2015 , she aired on April 17 and 20 , 2015 . In February 2016 , Matula was reported to make a guest return to the soap ; she appeared on March 16 , 2016 . In November 2017 , Soap Opera Digest announced that actress Annika Noelle had been cast in the role of Hope ; she made her first appearance on January 8 , 2018 . Characterization ( edit ) The young adult character of Hope was first described as `` A polar opposite of what her mother Brooke once was , Hope makes no secret of her more traditional and reserved views on sex and marriage '' . Matula has described Hope as `` Unlucky in love '' . Speaking about the character 's dramatic aging and her storyline , head writer Bradley Bell stated : `` Aging the character of ' Hope ' to a teenager allows us to bring the next generation of ' Logans ' to the forefront , as well as play a broader range of the ' Forrester ' vs. ' Logan ' story . ' Hope 's ' presence at Forrester Creations , as well as in ' Brooke ' and ' Ridge 's ' home , sparks an intense competition between ' Hope ' and her step - sister ' Steffy ' as well as creates new conflict between long - time rivals ' Brooke ' and ' Taylor ' as each woman is determined to protect her own daughter . '' Storylines ( edit ) Hope 's conception ( edit ) Hope was conceived during an affair between Brooke Logan ( Katherine Kelly Lang ) and Deacon Sharpe ( Sean Kanan ) .",
"3": "At the time , Deacon was married to Hope 's half - sister , Bridget Forrester . Hope was born at the Big Bear Cabin . Deacon signed over his paternal rights in 2007 to Ridge Forrester when RJ and Hope were taken from Brooke when she was proven to be an unfit mother by Social Services , reported by Stephanie Forrester ( Susan Flannery ) . Nick Marone ( Jack Wagner ) was also a father figure for Hope when he was married to Brooke . 2010 -- 16 ( edit ) After the character was dramatically aged ( SORASed ) , Hope is almost raped by a photographer by the name of Graham Derros . Nick and Aggie Jones save her from being raped . At high school ( approaching graduation soon ) , she met a boy Oliver Jones , a DJ . He is Hope 's first serious boyfriend . Instantly , the assertive Steffy takes interest in Oliver and wants to lure him away from Hope . She completes a series of events in order to humiliate Hope . At a fashion show for Forrester , she tampers with a sign taking the letters ' p ' and ' e ' out of Hope 's name to create a sign that reads `` Ho Logan '' . Then , at Hope 's graduation party ( with a mask theme ) , her mother has sex with Oliver , thinking it 's her husband Ridge ; this is revealed by a video which Steffy put together ( however , it was later revealed the video was tampered by Justin Barber , who worked for Spencer Publications -- who are against Forrester Creations ) . Despite unresolved feelings and never getting a chance with Oliver again , Hope forgives her mother . Meeting Liam Cooper , who was soon revealed to be the son of Bill Spencer , Jr. , their relationship grows despite Oliver trying to win back Hope by making her jealous , by being in a relationship with Amber Moore . Their relationship later faces hardship when Amber falls pregnant after supposedly raping Liam , and Liam is thought to be the father during the whole pregnancy . Hope , unable to deal with the idea of Liam being with another woman and having a child , decides she must move on . The baby , when born , is revealed to not be Liam 's .",
"4": "Liam and Hope get engaged ; however , she wanted to use this as a way to promote her fashion line , so their wedding was planned for months ahead . Unhappy with Hope wanting to wait to consummate their relationship after marriage , Liam becomes closer to Steffy after he saved her from drowning . Hope focuses more on her work than Liam . Neglected , he kisses Steffy . After witnessing the kiss , Hope takes off her engagement ring and leaves it at Liam 's house . Heartbroken , Liam takes the ring and proposes to Steffy , who accepts . Liam and Steffy travel to Aspen , where they are married . Hope later begins flirtation with her step - brother , Thomas Forrester . They share a kiss despite Hope 's unresolved feelings for Liam . While on holiday in Mexico , Thomas proposes to Hope and she briefly acknowledges that she might not be ready at the time , but someday her answer may be different and something may happen for them ; she then kisses Thomas and says ' I feel safe with you ' . Liam and Steffy are staying at the same resort , and once Liam finds out , he goes after Thomas and Hope on a dirt - bike chase . Steffy gets injured after she fell off her bike trying to get to Liam . Liam confesses his love for Hope and tells Hope he plans to leave Steffy . But Bill pays off a MRI tech to switch Steffy 's scans with another patient , leading Liam to believe that if Steffy gets upset in any way , a blood clot could explode , causing her to have a stroke and die . Upon receiving such information , Liam decides to stay with his wife while she recovers , leaving Hope devastated . Katie , who is suspicious of her daughter - in - law 's sudden health revelations , decides to do her own research . She takes the MRI scans to her own doctor , who reveals the scans are that of someone who has a blood clot , but was not Steffy . Katie then confronts Bill and promises that she will tell Liam the truth . Bill , feeling threatened , locks Katie up in a tower to keep her from ruining his plans . Bill then goes to see Steffy and Liam and reveals that Steffy 's blood clot had dissolved itself .",
"5": "Liam , relieved and happy for Steffy , has no idea what 's going on until Katie arrives . Having freed herself from the tower , she tells Liam that Bill and Steffy had been trying to keep him away from Hope . Liam , feeling gutted and betrayed , immediately leaves to find Hope . He finds her on the rooftop where he proposed to her and tells her that he loves her and that he wants to be with her to give their initial relationship a true chance without manipulations . When they later confront Bill with what they know and what they want from him , Bill refuses to give in , reminding Liam that Steffy is his wife and that he does n't support his attempt to reunite with Hope . Liam , however , does not take that as an answer , making up his mind that his marriage to Steffy is over . Despite her pleading that they can get through this rough patch , Liam ends his relationship with Steffy and chooses to be with Hope . After she leaves , Liam goes outside where Hope is and reveals his left hand , which has no wedding ring on it . Brooke , worried that Steffy may try to pull a scheme to keep Liam , arranges for a wedding for Hope and Liam in her home , convinced that her son Rick would seduce Steffy into signing the annulment papers . Steffy refuses , and demands a full , legal divorce . Fearing again that Steffy would somehow scheme Liam into staying with her , Brooke insists that Hope spend the night with Liam , to ' take the power away ' from Steffy by giving Liam her virginity . The night did not go as well as Hope had wished , and she ended up traumatized . Brooke showed up early the next morning to see how the night went and found Hope in tears , and immediately took her to a sex therapist to ' please Liam ' so that she would n't lose him to Steffy . The therapist gives Hope a trial dose of anti-anxiety pills and cautions her about sex with Liam further , but Brooke insists that Hope should be with Liam which confuses Hope even more to the point where she gets another prescription illegally from Amber . She begins acting abnormal , and eventually Liam finds out after a couple of incidents that nearly caused physical injury .",
"6": "The first was when Hope passed out in the pool at the Forrester House . The second was when Liam and Hope were in Aspen as well as Steffy , and she collided with her whilst they were skiing . After Liam finds out about the therapy sections , the medication and the accident with Steffy , he is stunned and confronts Hope , questioning their future . Liam takes Steffy up to Spencer cabin , where she decides to go ahead and sign the annulment papers , but Liam tears them up because he refused to hurt Steffy more and shares a passionate kiss with her . Once the divorce became final , Liam and Hope went to Italy at Brooke 's insistence to remarry , although Ridge refused to design Hope 's wedding gown out of respect for his other daughter . Bill tried to shanghai the wedding by bringing in Deacon Sharpe , which caused Hope to be late to the wedding and Liam to think that she had once again walked out on him . He turned to Steffy for comfort and asked her to leave with him and marry him again . Hope went to Liam 's hotel suite , however , and Steffy hid in the bathroom while Hope told Liam what happened . Steffy insisted that Liam go ahead and marry Hope , so the wedding went off without a hitch . Once back in the States , Hope saw a video of Steffy and Liam professing their love for each other and falling into bed together on Hope 's wedding day and refused to sign papers making their marriage legal in the US , wanting another wedding . Liam agrees , and Hope plans another wedding at the Forrester home . On the day of their re-do wedding , however , Liam arrives drunk , on the back of Steffy 's motorcycle with dyed hair and a tattoo after a night out with Steffy . Outraged by Liam 's continued reliance on Steffy , Hope calls off the wedding and her relationship with Liam . She then forms a close friendship with Thomas Forrester , but insists he is not available so steers clear . While Hope is apart from Liam , she tells him she 's too good for him and told him to go on with his life . He turns again to Steffy for comfort and the two fall in love , deciding to recommit to each other .",
"7": "Finding out that Liam and Hope had been lied to by Rick about what went on the night before their wedding , Hope once again tries to win over Liam but by that time , he had fallen for Steffy . Once again , to try to stop Steffy from keeping Liam , Brooke sets up a commitment ceremony on Liam 's property without his knowledge as Liam , coming home after telling Rick that he thinks his future with Hope is over and calls Steffy , and has the priest from Italy pressure Liam into taking vows again with Hope . Steffy , however , found out she was pregnant several days earlier and waited to tell Liam about it until after he made his choice on which woman he wanted to be with . Finding out that Brooke had practically bulldozed Liam into a ceremony , she went running to Liam 's house to find him and tell him she was pregnant . After finding out that Steffy was pregnant with his child , Liam eventually ended things with Hope , explaining that the ceremony was not his choice . Devastated , Hope found solace in Oliver , who finally somehow admitted he still had feelings for her , particularly by showing her the Chinese symbol for `` hope '' he got tattooed on his leg for her . Hope is touched , and they continue to reconnect . On the professional front , Hope steps down as spokeswoman for her line , Hope for the Future , and approves Rick 's decision to hire Maya . During Steffy 's pregnancy , she ignores warnings of riding her motorcycle which results in an accident , causing her to lose the baby and become infertile . Hope secretly expresses her happiness about the situation to her mother and aunt , saying it gives she and Liam another chance if the loss tears Liam 's marriage to Steffy apart . After Steffy learns of her infertility , she tells Hope she is leaving for good and that Liam is now Hope 's , not telling Hope or Liam the real issue . She and Liam go to Bear Cabin together to talk . While on a walk , she sees a naked stranger taking a shower . She takes a photo of him , only for him to turn around and see her . She runs away and he chases her . She then falls over and is knocked unconscious . The stranger then carries her to safety and when she wakes up he kisses her . The mysterious stranger turns out to be Wyatt Fuller .",
"8": "After doing some digging , she learns he is the son of Bill Spencer , Jr. , therefore the half - brother of Liam . Wyatt and Hope get closer after Liam flies to Steffy , asking Steffy to take him back and restore the marriage . Steffy rejects him and Liam comes home and proposes to Hope , who accepts . Wyatt moves in with Liam , but when Liam catches him kissing Hope , he punches Wyatt , and after a fight between Bill and Wyatt , he moves out , but Hope later selects Quinn and Wyatt 's jewelery business to accompany ' Hope for the Future ' . When Liam finds out , he convinces Hope to try and break the contract . Hope asks Eric to do so but he does n't agree , knowing that it is a personal reason for wanting to end the contract . So the contract stands , much to Liam 's dismay , and the two fly to Mexico to get the Hope Diamond for the line , which makes problems for Liam . Hope and Liam get engaged , but when Hope receives a tribute video Liam made for Steffy , it creates tension between them . Liam , thinking it was Wyatt that sent the video , later finds out it was actually Quinn , and Liam quickly informs Hope . Confronting them both , Hope finds out that Quinn did send the video , but Wyatt had no idea of it until the Hope Diamond reveal . Hope forgives them both . She later ends her engagement to Liam when she is feeling insecure about Liam 's connection to Steffy . They soon reconcile , but Hope wants to wait before they get married . Aly Forrester , who has a crush on Liam , sends him a picture of Wyatt and Hope kissing at a photoshoot . Liam decides to confront Hope about her refusal to marry , demands that they do so and that she cut all professional and personal ties with Wyatt and Quinn Artisan Jewelers . Hope chooses Liam over Wyatt and Eric reluctantly agrees to break the contract . Wyatt tries desperately to change Hope 's mind but she wo n't , confessing to her mother that if they had met before Liam , then they would have had a chance . On the day of the wedding , Hope gets a note to go see Liam , but she finds him with Steffy at the cabin .",
"9": "Knowing that Steffy is back from Paris , and guessing she would be back to fight for Liam , Hope rehires Quinn , and she and Wyatt go to Hawaii together . Liam follows soon after to explain to Hope that Steffy had informed him that she is now able to conceive again , and that it was Quinn who once again interfered with their relationship . He then asks her to marry him immediately . Hope declines and ends her relationship with him , finally choosing Wyatt over Liam . Their happiness is short - lived when it is revealed by Liam that Wyatt took the Hope diamond as a P.R stunt , before the real jewel thieves had intentions to steal it . It almost ends their relationship completely , but Hope decides to give Wyatt another chance , much to Liam 's dismay . Hope then endures a pregnancy scare , and with Liam 's persuasion , she dates both brothers , agreeing that she will choose who she wants to spend the rest of her life with at the end of it . After finding out about Quinn 's involvement in Ridge 's disappearance and feared death , Hope chooses Liam and they become engaged . Quinn becomes outraged when Hope ends things with Wyatt , and threatens both Liam and Hope 's lives . When Quinn tries to kill Liam once and for all , Wyatt and Deacon Sharpe save him . Wyatt declares his support for Liam and Hope 's relationship . Because of this , Liam and Hope decide to rehire Wyatt at Forrester Creations . Wyatt inherits the Hope for the Future Diamond after Ricardo Montemayor dies . He gifts it to Hope , which causes friction between Liam and Hope , and the two brothers . When Liam demands Hope give it back to Wyatt , Hope refuses , and publicly declares at a press conference that she is keeping the diamond . Wyatt and Rick decide to take Hope and the diamond on a promotion tour , starting with a photo shoot in Paris . Hope asks Liam to come with her , or meet her there to marry her . But Liam , still angry , does not know if he will go . Hope tells him to meet her at 3pm the next day after the photo shoot if he wants to continue their relationship . Wyatt begs Hope not to marry Liam , though she insists that she and Liam belong together . Liam misses his deadline with Hope , who then leaves with Wyatt on the Spencer jet .",
"10": "Wyatt takes her to Bill 's yacht in Monte Carlo , where he insists that Liam wasted all of his chances with Hope , but that he will always be there for her . Wyatt proposes to Hope using the HFTF diamond , and Hope accepts and marries Wyatt . She realizes Wyatt is the man she had wanted the whole time , and that a life with Liam was just a fantasy for her . Although Liam revealed that he was indeed at Paris at the time she left , she remained positive on making her commitment to Wyatt . However , about a month later , Hope gets an urgent call from Liam . She finds out that Quinn orchestrated her and Wyatt 's marriage by pushing Ivy off the Seine causing Liam to miss his chance to be with Hope . After confronting Quinn for her role and Wyatt for defending his mother , though she also feel sympathy for him , she was determined to leave Wyatt to be with Liam again until she announced that she is pregnant with Wyatt 's child . She explains that she does n't want her child to grow up with multiple fathers and have a complicated relationship like she did . She ended things with Liam for good and wants to rekindle her marriage to Wyatt now with the baby on the way . This is all changed when she suffers a miscarriage , and tells Liam that she will always love him . Hope visits Brooke in Milan , Italy , and does not return to L.A. with Brooke . In 2015 , Brooke attempts to stop Deacon 's wedding to Quinn by getting Hope to talk to him via a video message on her tablet . Hope tells Deacon that Quinn is evil , but he marries her anyway . In early 2016 , Liam is kidnapped by Quinn , and Steffy calls Hope , thinking that she may have information on Liam 's whereabouts . She tells Steffy that she has n't heard from Liam . 2018 -- ( edit ) Hope returns to Los Angeles in January 2018 , with the guidance of Ridge , to surprise her mother . She makes her intentions known of returning to Forrester and potentially relaunching the Hope for the Future line . When Hope meets Sally Spectra , she finds out that Liam and Steffy 's marriage is in trouble and so she visits Liam to offer her support and friendship .",
"11": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Kim Matula Leaving The Bold and the Beautiful ! '' . Michaelfairmansoaps.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Matula Last Scene on The Bold and the Beautiful ! '' . Kim Matula 's Official Instagram . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hope Logan 's Final Day '' . Soaps She Knows . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Kim Matula 's Final Airdate Revealed As December 12th On The Bold and The Beautiful ! '' . United States : Michaelfairmansoaps.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! KIM MATULA RETURNS TO B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! KIM MATULA BACK TO B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Casting Exclusive ! B&B Recasts Hope '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Annika Noelle 's B&B Air Date , First Look Photo Revealed As Hope Logan '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hope Logan Character Descriptions Bold and the Beautiful '' . The Bold and The Beautiful .",
"12": "Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Discover B&B - Hope Logan '' . YouTube . 2011 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Kimberly Matula Joins the B&B Cast as `` Hope Logan '' News Articles Bold and the Beautiful `` . The Bold and The Beautiful . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Hope Logan profile - Soapcentral.com The Bold and the Beautiful Current characters Maya Avant Nicole Avant Sheila Carter Zende Dominguez Pamela Douglas Eric Forrester Ivy Forrester Rick Forrester Ridge Forrester R.J. Forrester Steffy Forrester Thorne Forrester Quinn Fuller Brooke Logan Hope Logan Katie Logan Coco Spectra Sally Spectra Shirley Spectra Bill Spencer Liam Spencer Wyatt Spencer Recurring characters Alison Montgomery Justin Barber Bradley Baker Julius Avant Vivienne Avant Saul Feinberg Antonio Dominguez Felicia Forrester Kristen Forrester Bridget Forrester C.J.",
"13": "Garrison Deacon Sharpe Caroline Spencer Donna Logan Sasha Thompson Carter Walton James Warwick Charlie Webber John Forrester Jarrett Maxwell Mateo Darlita Notable previous characters Ashley Abbott Adam Alexander Macy Alexander Morgan DeWitt Deveney Dixon Dante Damiano Kimberly Fairchild Darla Einstein Lauren Fenmore Aly Forrester Jessica Forrester Marcus Forrester Maggie Forrester Phoebe Forrester Stephanie Forrester Thomas Forrester Clarke Garrison Taylor Hayes Agnes Jones Whipple Jones Oliver Jones Owen Knight Dayzee Leigh Beth Logan Stephen Logan Storm Logan Erica Lovejoy Margo Lynley Jake Maclaine Mark Maclaine Massimo Marone Jackie Marone Nick Marone Oscar Marone Amber Moore Sally Spectra Bill Spencer Caroline Spencer Forrester Karen Spencer Danielle Spencer Production crew Executive Producer Bradley Bell Head Writers Bradley Bell Michael Minnis Creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell Related articles Cast members Crew Characters Forrester Creations Jackie M Designs Spencer family Forrester family Logan family Marone family The Young and the Restless Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hope_Logan&oldid=835775786 '' Categories : The Bold and the Beautiful characters Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 18 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .",
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-728063265509858234
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where did they get the vibranium to make captain americas shield
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[
"King T'Chaka of the African nation Wakanda",
"Wakanda"
] |
{
"0": "Captain America 's shield - wikipedia Captain America 's shield Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Captain America 's shield Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Original shield : Captain America Comics # 1 ( March 1941 ) Circular shield : Captain America Comics # 2 ( April 1941 ) Created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby In story information Type Large round shield / flying disc ( Vibranium - Steel alloy ) Element of stories featuring Captain America Winter Soldier Captain America 's shield is a fictional item appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . It is the primary defensive and offensive piece of equipment used by the Marvel Comics superhero Captain America ; he is seldom seen without it . Over the years , Captain America has had the use of several different shields of varying composition and design . His original heater shield first appeared in Captain America Comics # 1 ( March 1941 ) , published by Marvel 's 1940s predecessor , Timely Comics . The circular shield best associated with the character debuted in the next issue , Captain America Comics # 2 . Captain America was created by the team of writer - artist Joe Simon and artist Jack Kirby .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Abilities 1.1 Vibranium Steel alloy 1.2 Ricochet ballistics 2 Original shield 2.1 Revised history 3 Circular shield 3.1 JLA / Avengers 3.2 Destruction of the shield 4 Other shields 5 Other versions 6 In other media 6.1 Marvel Cinematic Universe 7 References Abilities ( edit ) Vibranium steel alloy ( edit ) Captain America 's shield is virtually indestructible under normal conditions ; while cosmic and magical or godly opponents have broken the shield , the shield proves strong enough to absorb Hulk 's strength , and repel an attack from Thor 's mystical hammer Mjölnir without any visible damage . As it is made of vibranium , it is able to absorb all kinetic energy and transfers very little energy from each impact , meaning Captain America does not feel recoil or transferred impact forces from blocking attacks . These physical properties also means the shield can bounce off of most smooth surfaces , ricocheting multiple times with minimal loss in aerodynamic stability or velocity . The shield can also absorb the kinetic impact of a fall , allowing Captain America to land safely even when jumping off of several stories , as can be seen in Captain America : Winter Soldier movie when he escaped from the S.H.I.E.L.D. 's STRIKE squad by jumping off an elevator . Ricochet ballistics ( edit ) A common misconception is that the shield can `` magically '' return to Captain America . The `` superhuman serum '' that enhanced Captain America 's physical attributes also improved his mental faculties -- such as cognition , perception , balance , aim , and reflexes -- to near genius - level . This allows him to instantly calculate ballistic - physics and predict the probable trajectory of objects in motion . This makes him a perfect shot . He can dodge or deflect bullets with his shield without collateral ricochet to civilians , to calculate where or how the shield will bounce and when it will return to his location , or trip a running person to cause them to fall into a specific position . In Avengers : Age of Ultron , he pulls the shield back to him after it is stuck , but this is through an electromagnet fastened on his arm .",
"2": "After his memories are altered to make him believe that he is a Hydra sleeper agent , Rogers uses his precise knowledge of the shield to put Sam Wilson , its current wielder , in a position where he will fail to save a senator from Flag - Smasher by arranging for Wilson to be forced to throw the shield in a manner that Rogers knows from his own experience will miss its target by mere millimetres , as part of his agenda to undermine Sam 's status as Captain America . Original shield ( edit ) New York Comic Art Convention program with Joe Simon 's original 1940 sketch of Captain America . In his debut , Captain America ( secretly U.S. Army Private Steve Rogers ) is equipped with a triangular , badge - shaped shield made from vibranium . After complaints by rival comic - book publisher MLJ that the design was too similar to that of its own patriotic hero the Shield , Timely Comics replaced the triangular shield with a disc - shaped one . While the origin and fate of the original shield were not described in the original comics from the 1940s , the shield 's fate was revealed decades later in 2001 through a retconned story . According to the tale , King T'Chaka of the African nation Wakanda met Captain America in early 1941 and gave him a second sample of vibranium , an alien metal with unique vibration absorption properties and found only in Wakanda and the Savage Land . The new Vibranium sample was used to make Captain America 's circular shield and his triangular one was retired . Captain America received a second triangular shield that he used until given his disc - shaped shield , which was personally presented to him by President Franklin Roosevelt . This second triangular shield would be kept in storage with Rogers ' other personal effects after the war . It was recovered at some point after Rogers joined the superhero team the Avengers in The Avengers # 4 , and was kept at Avengers Mansion . It was destroyed by the supervillain Mr. Hyde during a raid on the mansion by Baron Zemo 's Masters of Evil , and later `` plucked from time '' and restored by Zemo in Thunderbolts # 105 ( Oct. 2006 ) . The shield ( along with other sentimental items thought destroyed ) was returned to Captain America . A third triangular shield is kept in the Smithsonian Institution .",
"3": "It was used by Captain America when he foiled a terrorist attack on the museum itself after the loss of his usual shield ; it was then given to him in gratitude . This shield is destroyed several issues later by a Kree alien warrior . The shield destroyed by Hydra and restored by Zemo was eventually passed on to Elijah Bradley , the teenage hero known as the Patriot and leader of the Young Avengers . Revised history ( edit ) In 2010 , the history of the original shield was revised . In the limited series Captain America / Black Panther : Flags of Our Fathers , Captain America , Sergeant Nick Fury and the Howling Commandos meet Azzari ( grandfather of T'Challa ) -- the Black Panther and king of Wakanda during World War II . Aided by Wakandan military forces , they successfully repel a series of Nazi assaults led by the Red Skull and Baron Strucker . During the battle , the Red Skull ( wearing a battle - suit ) crushes the triangular shield , and Captain America uses a circular vibranium shield provided by T'Chaka to incapacitate the Skull . The weapon serves as the inspiration for the circular shield that the super-soldier begins using upon his return to America , and the encounter marks the beginning of friendly relations between the United States and Wakanda . Circular shield ( edit ) The circular shield most associated with Captain America made its debut in Captain America Comics # 2 ( April 1941 ) . A concavo - convex metal disc approximately 2.5 feet ( 0.76 m ) in diameter , is indestructible and has remained his most constant shield over the decades . In Captain America # 255 ( March 1981 ) , it is established that the shield was presented to Rogers by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The shield is created by a fictional American metallurgist named Myron MacLain , who had been commissioned by the US government to create an indestructible armor material to aid the war effort . MacLain experiments with the indestructible vibration - absorbing metal vibranium . Captain America vol. 5 , # 5 ( May 2005 ) . Cover art by Steve Epting . During one of his experiments to fuse vibranium with an experimental iron alloy MacLain falls asleep and awakens to find that the resulting alloy had set in a tank hatch mold .",
"4": "It was then painted to become Captain America 's symbol . MacLain would later attempt to recreate the shield 's metal to no avail , his experiments instead eventually yielding the super-metal adamantium . Rogers ' indestructible shield is more durable than regular adamantium and one of the most indestructible objects in The Marvel Universe . Carl `` Crusher '' Creel , The Absorbing Man , once absorbed the properties the shield while battling The Avengers . The vibranium grants the shield unusual properties , allowing it to absorb all of the kinetic impact and vibrations from any blows that the shield receives without injuring Rogers in the process . The vibranium is also a factor in the way Rogers throws his shield : he often uses it to ricochet and strike multiple opponents or stationary objects with little loss of velocity in its forward movement after each impact . When Rogers returns from suspended animation , Tony Stark `` improves '' the shield by incorporating electronic and magnetic components in it so that Rogers can even control it in flight . Rogers soon discards the additional components because he finds that it upsets the balance of the shield when thrown . After Rogers ' death , Stark takes over custody of the shield , with one replica on display in a museum , and another replica buried with Rogers . The real one is kept by Stark to be used by the new Captain America , whenever they deem it appropriate to train a new one . After failing to find a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent capable of throwing it properly , Stark offers the shield to Clint Barton ( known at that time as Ronin ) , who does manage to throw it . During a confrontation involving the Young Avengers , he scolds Kate Bishop for using the Hawkeye name . She tells him that the `` Real Cap '' gave her that name in honor of his at the time dead friend , so this leads Barton to refuse to be Captain America . The shield is subsequently stolen by the Winter Soldier , who did not want anyone else to carry the shield . Inevitably , in an effort to honor Rogers ' last wishes , Stark offers to let the Winter Soldier ( Bucky Barnes ) keep the shield , and to serve as the new Captain America . Bucky accepts . This offer is made `` off the books '' , and only the two of them , the Black Widow , and the Falcon , are aware of the situation .",
"5": "Although Bucky attempted to return the shield to Rogers after his resurrection , Rogers let Bucky keep it as he felt that he could do more good in his new role as Commander Steve Rogers rather than Captain America , using a photonic shield in its place when circumstances called for him to go into combat . He reclaimed the shield for good after Bucky was apparently killed during the Fear Itself event - Bucky really going underground after his past as the Winter Soldier was exposed - , which also resulted in the shield being broken and reassembled by Asgardian blacksmiths , who add some of the mystical metal Uru to the reconstructed shield , making it even stronger than before , although it is left with a noticeable scar that Rogers decided to keep to give the shield character . This premise was not observed in subsequent storylines , or considered canon , as artists have not continued depicting the shield with the scar . JLA / Avengers ( edit ) In the 2003 - 2004 Marvel Comics / DC Comics inter-company crossover limited series JLA / Avengers , Superman is given the shield by Captain America to wield in battle in the final confrontation with Krona , and is impressed with its might . When he asks where he could get one just like it while battling foes , Thor replies , `` Enjoy it while thou canst , Superman . There is none other like it in all the worlds '' . Throughout the final battle , the shield changes forms between the pointed shield and the circular shield due to various temporal ripples caused by Krona 's equipment , and Superman even loses the shield altogether at one point when he morphs into his energy form while Cap reacquires the photonic shield , although the metal shield reappears on Superman 's arm after he morphs back into his regular form . Destruction of the shield ( edit ) The Serpent breaks Captain America 's shield in Fear Itself # 5 ( October 2011 ) . Art by Stuart Immonen and Wade Von Grawbadger . Colors by Laura Martin .",
"6": "Over time the shield has been damaged or destroyed several times within the confines of the Earth - 616 continuity , though they are not considered canon : In The Avengers # 215 -- 216 , the Molecule Man used his total control over matter to disintegrate the shield , along with Thor 's hammer , Iron Man 's armor , and the Silver Surfer 's board . After he does so , he comments that the board 's molecules are `` weird '' , and while there are `` odd forces interweaving '' among the hammer 's molecules , the shield is `` weirdest of all '' . He later reassembles these items , with the exception of the armor , as the electronic circuits are too complicated for him to understand at that time . During the 1984 - 1985 Secret Wars limited series , the shield is partially destroyed by Doctor Doom , who has stolen the power of the godlike being known as the Beyonder . Even broken , Rogers is able to wield what is left as an effective weapon , with the shield largely retaining its balance when thrown . When the Beyonder reclaims its power , the heroes are temporarily granted the ability to realize their wishes . Rogers uses this to reconstruct the shield . During the 1991 miniseries The Infinity Gauntlet , Thanos , who possesses near - omnipotence via the Infinity Gauntlet , shatters the shield with a blow of his fist while in combat with Captain America . The shield is soon restored by Thanos ' alleged granddaughter , Nebula , when she obtains the Gauntlet and uses it to undo the events of Thanos 's temporary godhood , resulting in her erasing the death and destruction that Thanos had caused over the previous 24 hours . Due to a stray molecule being out of place when Rogers reconstructed the shield using the Beyonder 's residual power , a vibranium ' cancer ' was introduced to the shield , spreading with each subsequent impact until it finally shattered after it was retrieved from the bottom of the ocean .",
"7": "Learning that the vibranium cancer would require the destruction of the shield in order to cure it , Rogers took the shield to the main vibranium deposit in Wakanda so that he could use a device created by Tony Stark to halt the ' cancer ' before it could contaminate the Wakandan vibranium and destroy the world , only to be intercepted by the villain Klaw , who sought to absorb the power and become stronger . Fortunately , the amount of energy Klaw had absorbed was released when he struck the shattered shield with full force after Rogers picked it up on reflex , resulting in Klaw unintentionally restoring the shield to its original state , realigning its molecules and destroying the cancer . In Avengers Vol. 3 # 63 ( March 2003 ) , an enraged Thor , wielding the Odinforce , scrapes the shield . Thor later repairs it . In Thor Vol. 2 # 73 ( January 2004 ) an enraged King Thor with Rune Magic , destroyed the shield , killing Steve Rogers with it . This timeline was later erased in Thor Vol. 2 # 79 . During the 2011 miniseries Fear Itself , the Serpent , the Asgardian god of fear and brother to Odin , breaks it in half with his bare hands . After the battle , the shield is repaired by Asgardian dwarves and Tony Stark with added Asgardian uru - infused enhancements and Stark 's own technology to make it stronger , though a scar is left , and the dwarves are unable to repair it . Stark offers a solution to the scar , but Rogers declines , saying that it `` gave the old girl a little bit of character '' . This premise was not observed in subsequent storylines , or considered canon , as artists have not continued depicting the shield with the scar . Other shields ( edit ) While Rogers was asleep in suspended animation , three other men used the identity of Captain America , all using steel replicas of the discus shield . The 1950s Captain America was placed in suspended animation after becoming mentally unstable . By the time he was revived years later , Rogers had returned . When the two clashed , the 1950s Captain America 's shield was broken .",
"8": "In the 1980s , in a story written by Mark Gruenwald , Rogers chose to resign his identity rather than submit to the orders of the United States government and took the alias of `` The Captain '' instead . During this period , the role of Captain America was assumed by John Walker , the former Super-Patriot , who used both the costume and the indestructible shield . In his new identity of `` The Captain '' , Rogers initially used a pure adamantium shield provided by Tony Stark , but a falling out between the two as a result of the `` Armor Wars '' storyline led Rogers to return it . He then began to use a pure vibranium shield provided by the Black Panther . When Rogers returned to his Captain America identity , Walker became the U.S. Agent and returned the shield to him . Walker would go on to have his own array of different shields over the years , the first of which appeared to be the last vibranium shield Rogers was using as the Captain . The U.S. Agent used shields with an eagle motif and one in the shape of a star , as well as a photonic energy shield . At one point , when Rogers was exiled from the United States and was briefly unable to use his shield , Sharon Carter provided him with a photonic energy shield designed to mimic a vibranium matrix . This shield was also able to turn into an energy staff that could be used as a weapon . During the time when the shield was lost in the Atlantic , Rogers tried using a pure adamantium shield , but was unable to get used to the balance . He also tried fighting without a shield but also found it awkward . While up against HYDRA agents in the Smithsonian , he picked up the triangular shield that was being exhibited there and used it for a time before it was crushed by a Kree warrior . Sharon Carter next provided him with another photonic shield , but one whose shape could be controlled to morph the energy field into a wider force field , a bo staff or even fire a projection of the shield . While he enjoyed the versatility , Rogers noticed a number of drawbacks , particularly its inability to ricochet. Rogers gave one of the energy shield gloves to a freedom fighter in an oppressive future he traveled to and received a replacement from S.H.I.E.L.D. when he got back to his own time .",
"9": "The photonic shield was eventually lost again in a confrontation with Ultron when Hank Pym 's use of vibranium resulted in the destruction of the generator that created the shield , leading to Rogers finally reacquiring his original shield . In Secret Avengers , he uses a new energy shield which could be generated on either arm , or both , and was able to be thrown and ricochet off surfaces to hit targets before it dissipates , preventing enemies from using it against him . A new shield would be generated moments later . Moon Knight , who had acquired a copy of the technology , had it described to him as a `` zero point energy shield '' . A British analogue , Captain Midlands , wields a golden circular shield in the design of the traditional lion symbol of Britain and coated in an Anti-Magic nanominium gloss . In Captain America : Steve Rogers , Steve wields a new version of the triangular shield that can deploy an energy blade on its pointy end and can be divided in two , allowing him to use both halves in combat . Other versions ( edit ) In the 1998 - 1999 time travel mini-series Avengers Forever , various future and alternate versions of Captain America are shown with many different variations of the shield . Cable claims to have borne the shield into battle many times during his early adulthood , far in the future . In another version , Cable claims that the origin of his techno - organic arm was because his original one was lost when he attempted to retrieve the shield as a symbol for morale in the future war against Apocalypse . In the future timeline of the Guardians of the Galaxy , the shield is used by Major Victory in battle . In the Future Imperfect setting , where the Hulk becomes the Maestro and is both the last surviving superbeing and a despotic ruler , an ancient Rick Jones assembles a trophy room as a tribute to the fallen heroes , with the shield among them . Jones uses the shield to defend against one of the Maestro 's blows , but the wheelchair used by the disabled Jones was not sturdy enough for such an impact . Jones is sent flying back and is impaled on Wolverine 's skeleton . When the Hulk , plucked from the past , throws the shield to attack his future self , he manages to injure the Maestro , causing a large gash on his chest as he attempts to cut the Maestro in half .",
"10": "Throwing the Hulk off , the Maestro attempts to hit Hulk with the shield himself , commenting that Rogers could never throw the shield hard enough to do him any damage , but the Hulk deflects it with the Silver Surfer 's old board . After the battle , Jones is cremated and the Hulk poured Jones ' ashes over the shield , affixing it with an epoxy . The Hulk then throws it into space , hoping that it will land somewhere exciting . In the Marvel manga stories , Captain America uses a photonic shield before his death in Volumes 1 and 2 , and his bodyguards use shields of metal . The shield also appears in the Rings of Fate mini-series , having been acquired by Carol Danvers after Elektra stole it from Avengers Mansion when she uses the costume of Captain America . In the Colonel America reality of Marvel Zombies , the shield is held by the last humans , who have formed a new society . As part of a self - defense program , the shield is used by the semi-sentient body / mind configuration of Colonel America 's body and the son of Black Panther . It is also used by Forge , who is fighting in Iron Man 's old armor . The shield and many zombie allies of the humans are lost in the dimensions due to a traitor . Captain Mexical is an alternate world version of Captain America from a dimension where the Aztec empire never fell . He is kept in the mainstream Marvel universe . His shield is used by Machine Man as a weapon during a zombie incursion ; Mexical himself is slain . In Mark Millar 's 2008 - 2009 `` Old Man Logan '' storyline in Wolverine , the Red Skull has a trophy room filled with artifacts belonging to the heroes of the Marvel Universe . Captain America 's shield is at the center of the trophy room , and is later used by Wolverine to decapitate the Red Skull . Within the third and fourth issues of Avengers and Power Pack Assemble ! miniseries , the Power Pack were thrown ten years into the future and met older versions of themselves , including a 25 - year - old Alex Power . In those issues he shows greater control over his powers , ( such as being able to deconstruct an enemy powered - armor suit ) , and now wields Captain America 's shield .",
"11": "In the Age of Ultron story , Captain America is shown sitting in a storeroom in the base of the last remaining active heroes , with the shattered fragments of his shield around him . In issue # 7 of the Marvel series Strikeforce : Morituri the shield is stored in a trophy room belonging to the alien `` Horde '' invaders . Ultimate Captain America uses a shield of pure adamantium , although that metal may not possess the same properties in the Ultimate Marvel universe as it does in the mainstream Marvel Universe . The shield was destroyed when Gregory Stark smashed it with Thor 's hammer , though Captain America would wield another later . In Ultimate Nightmare , Ultimate Captain America encounters his Russian counterpart , who has been driven mad due to being trapped in an underground complex for many years . He has created a `` replica '' of the shield , which turns out to be made out of scrap metal and human remains and grafted directly onto his forearm , and which proves far less powerful than Captain America 's own shield . In the alternate reality shown in What If ... ? # 114 , where the heroes and villains are unable to leave Battleworld at the conclusion of the Secret Wars , the shield is passed on to the daughter of Captain America and Rogue . In other media ( edit ) In the 1970s Captain America TV movies , Steve Rogers is given a transparent plexiglass shield painted with concentric stripes ( red and clear transparent ) and a central star . The shield was designed to act as the windscreen for his motorcycle , but could be detached and used in its traditional offensive / defensive role when Rogers goes on foot . Furthermore , the shield can apparently return to Rogers in a smooth arc when thrown without needing to be ricocheted and with enough force to knock a man down in the return path . In 2003 , the company Factory X released a line of licensed prop replicas of items from the Marvel Universe . An aluminum replica of Captain America 's shield was among their initial line up of props , and was limited to a production of 2,525 pieces . In the closing of the March 12 , 2007 episode of The Colbert Report , Stephen Colbert read a letter from Joe Quesada in response to Colbert 's earlier comments toward Captain America .",
"12": "He was then presented with what was said to be Captain America 's indestructible shield , reportedly willed to Colbert in the event of Cap 's `` death '' . The shield was originally credited to be one of the Factory X replicas , but this is not the case . The shield given to Colbert was originally acquired by the long - time writer and editor ( and late ) Mark Gruenwald , who either commissioned it or received it as a gift . It eventually found its way into the hands of Marvel Editor Tom Brevoort , and was kept in his office until being passed on to Colbert . In a pre-show conversation with a studio audience , Colbert , speaking out of character , said that when his wife saw the shield and the accompanying note , she started crying . He confessed he was a little bemused by her reaction to a fictional character sending a prop shield to a fictional version of himself . The shield was put on display hanging on the wall along with other trophies on The Colbert Report set for every episode afterwards . After The Colbert Report ended , the shield was moved to the set of Colbert 's next talk show , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert where it was put on display since . In the animated movie Ultimate Avengers , based loosely on The Ultimates , Captain America uses a shield made from vibranium and adamantium compound . Captain America used his triangular shield throughout World War II , only gaining the disc - shaped vibranium - bearing shield after he awoke in the present day . The composition of the triangular shield remains unrevealed . It did prove to be effective against the bullets of German soldiers , but was dented by the punch of a Chitauri taking the form of Herr Kleiser . In the 2010 iOS game Infinity Blade , the player has the option to purchase a shield called The Patriot . The design of the shield , featuring three concentric rings , a star in the center , and what appears to be red , white , and blue paint all but completely worn off , closely resembles Captain America 's shield . In the video game Marvel Heroes , Captain America is a playable character and uses the shield defensively and offensively , blocking attacks and attacking with it as a bludgeoning and thrown weapon .",
"13": "In the Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes episode `` A Day Unlike Any Other '' , Loki uses his magic to shatter Captain America 's shield while taunting him . In the episode `` Behold ... The Vision ! '' , Captain America 's shield is restored by the Black Panther and scientists in Wakanda using the Vibranium machine that fused the pieces back together . The adamantium / vibranium version of the shield becomes the main plot device for the story in the Ultimate Spider - Man episode `` Not a Toy '' . Marvel Cinematic Universe ( edit ) A poster for the 2011 film Captain America : The First Avenger , featuring the shield . Captain America 's shield is a recurring image throughout the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise : In the 2008 film Iron Man , a partially completed replica of Captain America 's shield appears approximately 1 hour 25 minutes into the movie at the point where Pepper Potts comes in on Tony Stark trying to get out of his damaged armor ; the shield is visible in the distance below Tony 's right arm . According to a tie - in comic , Tony 's father Howard Stark created the shield . Tony subsequently used the alloy of a prototype to create his armor . In the 2008 film The Incredible Hulk , a deleted opening scene features the shield and Captain America buried in ice . However , the 2011 film Captain America : The First Avenger reveals this scene , or at least the appearance of Captain America to be non-canon . In the 2010 film Iron Man 2 , Tony Stark is building a particle accelerator in his home to create a new element for his arc reactor when S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson finds the replica of Captain America 's shield that was seen on Tony 's work table in the first Iron Man film and asks if it is what he thinks it is . Stark ignores the question and asks him to hand the shield over , using it as a shim to level the accelerator . In the 2011 film Captain America : The First Avenger , the round shield ( along with Rogers himself ) is found by S.H.I.E.L.D. agents in the Arctic within a crashed aircraft in the present day .",
"14": "During World War II , Steve Rogers uses an ornamental version of the triangular shield during a musical tour promoting War Bonds , which he then uses in his first field mission and is rendered useless when Johann Schmidt punches a large dent in it . He later notices an unadorned vibranium shield among Howard Stark 's proposed weapons , which Stark says is stronger than steel and weighs only one third as much . Although it is merely a prototype that Stark did not intend for one of Rogers ' weapons , Rogers decides to use it after it is painted into the familiar red , white and blue pattern . The shield is later on board the Valkyrie when Rogers crashing the bomber , and becomes frozen along with him in the Arctic . In the 2012 film The Avengers , Captain America wields the same shield as the one seen in Captain America : The First Avenger . While described in the prequel film as being vibration - absorbent , it is shown here as being rather vibration - reflecting , as the kinetic force from Mjolnir striking the shield rebounds as a powerful shockwave , leveling a small section of heavily forested area in the process . It is also capable of deflecting Iron Man 's repulsor blasts against a band of Chitauri invaders . In the teaser trailer for the 2013 film Iron Man 3 , Trevor Slattery has a tattoo resembling the shield on the back of his neck . Slattery 's tattoo is visible in the Marvel One - Shot short film All Hail the King . In the 2014 film Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Rogers takes advantage of the vibranium 's properties by jumping out of a building a few dozen stories up , and landing on the shield , thereby surviving without any serious injuries . During his street battle with the Winter Soldier , Rogers temporarily loses the shield to his adversary , with the Winter Soldier wielding it momentarily . Near the end of a confrontation with the Winter Soldier , the shield falls into the Potomac River , but appears again next to the Captain 's bed as he is recovering in a hospital . A 2014 promo for the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. features the show 's logo superimposed over Captain America 's shield .",
"15": "The shield appears in the season finale of Agent Carter when Howard Stark was being hypnotized by Johann Fennhoff and sees Peggy Carter holding Captain America 's shield , asking him to bring Steve home . In the 2015 film Avengers : Age of Ultron , the handles of the shield have been replaced with magnetic elements , allowing Captain America to control the shield and call it back to his gauntlets . Its status as a vibranium construct is referenced when the Avengers determine that Ultron is heading to Wakanda , as vibranium is the only thing from Wakanda that Ultron could want . During his later fight with Ultron , Rogers briefly loses his shield when it is thrown from the top of the truck where he was fighting Ultron , but Black Widow grabs it and returns it to its owner . When Wanda Maximoff triggers a vision of Tony Stark 's greatest fear , he sees all of the other Avengers dead and the shield broken next to Rogers . In the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` The Singularity '' , Coulson , now director of S.H.I.E.L.D. has an energy shield attached to his prosthetic hand , which is similar to Captain America 's energy shield in the comics . In the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War , Captain America continues to use his shield , although it is confiscated when he is apprehended for aiding the Winter Soldier in violation of the Sokovia Accords . Sharon Carter returns the shield to him , and he uses it in combat with Iron Man and his allies . Black Panther , whose weapons feature vibranium as well , scratches the shield in combat with Captain America . During the final battle featuring Captain America and the Winter Soldier fighting Iron Man , Rogers uses the shield to severely damage Tony Stark 's armor , breaking open the helmet and destroying the suit 's arc reactor . Ultimately , Captain America leaves his shield behind when Stark berates him for not being deserving of it , since Rogers kept the knowledge of the Winter Soldier killing his parents from him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vibranium '' . Marvel Database . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 14 Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( July 4 , 2006 ) .",
"16": "`` Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed # 58 '' . Comic Book Resources . ^ Jump up to : Lundin , Leigh ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) . `` The Mystery of Superheroes '' . Orlando : SleuthSayers.org . Jump up ^ Stern , Roger ( w ) . `` The Living Legend ! '' Captain America 255 ( 1981 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Captain America / Black Panther : Flags of Our Fathers # 1 - 4 ( June -- September 2010 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Captain America # 255 ( March 1981 ) Jump up ^ All - New OHOTMU Update : # 2 ( May . 2007 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America # 3 ( July 2007 ) Jump up ^ Captain America # 33 ( Dec. 2007 ) Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Immonen , Stuart ( p ) , von Grawbadger , Wade ( i ) . `` Brawl '' Fear Itself 7 ( December 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` Drawing Crazy Patterns -- Captain America 's Unbreakable Shield Breaking '' . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ The Avengers # 215 -- 216 ( January -- February 1982 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Secret Wars # 11 ( March 1985 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Infinity Gauntlet # 3 ( September 1991 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Captain America ( vol. 3 ) # 22 Jump up ^ Avengers Vol. 3 # 64 ( March 2003 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Thor Vol. 2 # 73 ( January 2004 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Thor Vol. 2 # 79 ( July 2004 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Immonen , Stuart ( p ) , von Grawbadger , Wade ( i ) .",
"17": "`` Brawl '' Fear Itself 5 ( October 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Captain America # 332 -- # 351 , 1987 -- 1989 , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Avengers # 19 - 22 ( August - November 1999 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Moon Knight # 9 ( 2012 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Paul Cornell ( w ) , Trevor Hairsine ( p ) , Paul Neary , Trevor Hairsine ( i ) . `` The Rudiments of Wisdom . Part 1 : The Day The Fairies Came Out '' Wisdom 1 ( January 2007 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Captain America : Steve Rogers # 1 Jump up ^ Busiek , Kurt ( w ) , Pacheco , Carlos ( p ) , Merino , Jesus ( i ) , Avengers Forever # 1 - 12 ( December 1998 - November 1999 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Cable and Deadpool # 25 ( April 2006 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.",
"18": "2 # 19 - 20 , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Hulk : Future Imperfect # 2 ( 1992 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Marvel Zombies 2 1 - 5 ( October 2007 - February 2008 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Marvel Zombies 3 # 1 - 4 ( October 2008 -- January 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Millar , Mark ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ( p ) , Vines , Dexter ( i ) , `` Old Man Logan '' , Wolverine # 66 - 72 ; Wolverine Giant - Size Old Man Logan ( June 2008 - September 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Avengers and Power Pack Assembled # 1 - 4 ( 2006 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Hitch , Bryan ( a ) , Age of Ultron # 1 , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Strikeforce : Morituri # 7 ( 1987 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Millar , Mark ( w ) , Hitch , Bryan ( a ) , The Ultimates '' # 1 ( March 2002 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Avengers vs. New Ultimates # 6 ( September 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Ultimate Nightmare # 3 ( December 2004 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ What If ... ? # 114 , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( w ) , Petrus , Hugo ( a ) . Iron Man : Security Measures ( October 2008 ) , Wal - Mart Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` New Hi - Res Images from THE AVENGERS '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ `` Agents of Shield : Uprising '' . io9 . March 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jaime ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. Introduces Captain America 's Energy Shield '' . Comic Book .",
"19": "( hide ) Captain America Joe Simon Jack Kirby Alter egos Steve Rogers Isaiah Bradley William Nasland Jeffrey Mace William Burnside John Walker James Buchanan Barnes Sam Wilson Supporting characters Rikki Barnes Battlestar Black Widow Bucky Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Demolition Man ( D - Man ) Diamondback Falcon Jack Flag Free Spirit Golden Girl Howling Commandos Invaders Nick Fury Nuke Redwing Rick Jones Nomad Jack Monroe S.H.I.E.L.D. Enemies A.I.M. Aleksander Lukin Armadillo Arnim Zola Baron Blood Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Batroc the Leaper Blackwing Circus of Crime Crossbones Doctor Faustus Doughboy Flag - Smasher Grand Director Hate - Monger Hydra Master Man MODOK Protocide Red Skull Scourge of the Underworld Secret Empire Serpent Society Serpent Squad Sin Slug Superia Viper Madame Hydra Watchdogs Publications Captain America Captain America ( vol. 5 ) Captain America : Reborn Captain America and the Falcon Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America Truth : Red , White & Black Tales of Suspense Adventures of Captain America Captain America and Nick Fury : Blood Truce Captain America and Nick Fury : The Otherworld War Storylines `` Captain America : The Captain '' `` Civil War '' `` The Death of Captain America '' In other media Film Captain America ( 1944 ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger soundtrack Captain America : The Winter Soldier soundtrack Captain America : Civil War soundtrack TV The Marvel Super Heroes Captain America ( 1979 ) Captain America II : Death Too Soon `` The Capture of Captain America '' Video games Captain America in : The Doom Tube of Dr. Megalomann The Amazing Spider - Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom 's Revenge !",
"20": "Captain America and The Avengers Captain America : Super Soldier Miscellanea Alternative versions Ultimate Captain America Captain America 's shield Avengers S.H.I.E.L.D. Iron Patriot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_America%27s_shield&oldid=838504892 '' Categories : Marvel Comics weapons Captain America Shields Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from March 2013 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Comics infobox image less caption Comics infobox image less alt text Prop pop Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 13 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did radio shack change to the source
|
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{
"0": "The Source ( retailer ) - wikipedia The Source ( retailer ) Jump to : navigation , search The Source ( Bell ) Electronics Inc . Trading name The Source Formerly called RadioShack Canada ( 1986 -- 2004 ) The Source by Circuit City ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Type Subsidiary Industry Retail Founded June 1986 ; 31 years ago ( 1986 - 06 ) ( as InterTAN Canada ) Headquarters Barrie , Ontario , Canada Products Electronics Parent InterTAN ( 1986 -- 2004 ) Circuit City ( 2004 -- 2009 ) BCE Inc. ( 2009 -- present ) Website thesource.ca The Source ( Bell ) Electronics Inc. , doing business as The Source ( French : La Source ) , is a Canadian consumer electronics and cell phone retail chain . The chain goes back over 40 years in Canada , initially as Radio Shack and later as The Source by Circuit City . The Source is now owned by BCE Inc. , which purchased the assets of InterTAN from its parent , American retailer Circuit City , in 2009 . The Source is a unit of 4458729 Canada Inc. and is based in Barrie , Ontario . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Products 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) Store in Promenade . The Source began as the Canadian branch of Radio Shack ( later `` RadioShack '' ) . The chain was originally owned by Radio Shack 's American parent company Tandy Corporation , but was spun off in June 1986 , along with the rest of Tandy 's international operations , as InterTAN . A licensing agreement with what became RadioShack Corporation allowed InterTAN to continue to use the chain 's name and logo . InterTAN abandoned its non-profitable West German stores in 1987 , left Belgium and France in 1993 , sold its British stores to Carphone Warehouse in 1999 and sold its Australian stores to Woolworth subsidiary Dick Smith Electronics in 2002 , leaving just the Canadian Radio Shack , Battery Plus and Rogers Plus stores . In May 2004 , InterTAN was acquired by Circuit City .",
"1": "One week after the acquisition was completed , RadioShack Corporation filed a lawsuit in the 352nd Judicial District Court in Tarrant County , Texas to end the licensing agreement . RadioShack Corporation claimed that InterTAN had breached the terms of their agreement . On March 24 , 2005 , the district court judge ruled in favour of RadioShack and cancelled the agreement . The ruling prohibited InterTAN from using the brand name on its stores or in any of its products , packaging , and advertising after June 30 , 2005 . On April 26 , 2005 , Circuit City announced that the stores would be renamed The Source by Circuit City ( La Source par Circuit City in Quebec ) . The rebranding process was completed in the majority of the chain 's Canadian stores by July 1 , 2005 . The chain also introduced new house brands , including Nexxtech and Centrios , in place of RadioShack store brands . In February 2007 , The Source announced it would close down 62 low volume stores across Canada . On March 30 , 2007 , Circuit City announced to its shareholders that it was seeking options including selling off the InterTAN / The Source subsidiary to cut losses . On November 10 , 2008 , InterTAN sought protection from its creditors , after Circuit City filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . Circuit City announced on January 16 , 2009 , that its namesake U.S. stores would be liquidated . The Source was not affected by the announcement , and a process followed to sell the Canadian operations as a going concern . On March 2 , 2009 , Canadian telecommunications firm Bell Canada announced it would acquire The Source and continue to operate it as an independent division . The acquisition was completed July 1 for the final purchase price of $135 million US , following which the chain removed the `` by Circuit City '' from its name . Prior to January 2010 , the stores sold mobile phone services from Bell 's main competitor , Rogers Wireless : at that point , the chain began to exclusively market Bell - owned wireless ( including value brand Virgin Mobile ) , television , and internet services . The Source continues to sell a full array of consumer electronics products , . Products ( edit ) The Source stocks a wide array of products .",
"2": "Most of the products are consumer electronics , including : cellular phones , computers , computer accessories , televisions , DVD players , Blu - ray players , home theatre systems , clock radios , traditional telephones , toys , SiriusXM satellite radio , console gaming equipment , cables ( such as HDMI , DVI , RCA , Component , Composite , VGA , S - VIDEO , USB , SERIAL , etc . ) , Bell devices , Virgin Mobile devices , Bell TV , and MP3 players , as well as a large selection of headphones including the Monster and Skullcandy headphone line - up . The Source also carries house brand products , under brands such as Fluid , InStudio , Headrush , Kapsule ( Previously known as GnarlyFish ) , Nexxtech , and Xtreme Gaming . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marina Strauss , `` Circuit City 's The Source to remain open '' , globeandmail.com , January 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Rogers turns to courts in attempt to block Glentel sale to BCE '' . The Globe and Mail . 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Simon Avery , `` Bell Canada snaps up The Source '' , globeandmail.com , March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Bell to acquire national electronics retailer The Source '' , March 2 , 2009 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Source ( retailer ) . The Source RadioShack Catalogs ( 1939 - 2005 ) ( hide ) BCE Inc .",
"3": "Corporate Directors George A. Cope ( CEO ) André Bérard Anthony S. Fell Ed Lumley John H. McArthur Jim Pattison Michael Sabia Paul Tellier Richard Currie Robert Pozen Fixed - line telecommunications Bell Aliant ( Atlantic Canada ) Bell Canada ( urban ON & QC ) Bell Internet ( ISP ) Bell MTS ( MB ) NorthernTel ( northern ON ) Northwestel ( northern Canada ) Ontera ( northern ON ) Télébec ( rural QC ) DMTS ( Dryden , Ontario area ) Mobile telecommunications Bell Mobility Bell MTS ( MB ) Inukshuk Wireless Lucky Mobile NorthernTel Mobility Northwestel ( including Latitude Wireless ) PC Mobile ( prepaid ) Solo Mobile Télébec Mobilité Virgin Mobile Canada Television services Bell Fibe TV ( IPTV -- urban ON & QC ) Bell Mobile TV ( mobile IPTV ) Bell TV ( satellite ) Cablevision ( northern QC ) FibreOP ( IPTV -- Bell Aliant regions ) MTS TV ( IPTV -- MB ) Other properties Bell Media Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( 28 % ) Montreal Canadiens ( 18 % ) The Source Glentel ( 50 % ) Advertising and sponsorships Bell Centre Bell MTS Iceplex Bell MTS Place Place Bell Frank and Gordon Kids Help Phone Solo Mobile / Eckored tour TIFF Bell Lightbox Related AT&T Corporation Nortel Society of Composers , Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v Bell Canada Telesat Canada An additional 9.5 % interest is held by the BCE Master Trust Fund ( Bell 's pension plan ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Source_(retailer)&oldid=829913477 '' Categories : Bell Canada Companies based in Barrie Retail companies established in 1986 Consumer electronics retailers of Canada RadioShack 1986 establishments in Ontario Hidden categories : Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 16 : 02 .",
"4": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
1,
4,
0,
3,
2
] |
[
1,
4,
0,
3,
2
] |
-3781618134435423364
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which state was returned to spain after the revolutionary war
|
[
"Florida",
"Menorca"
] |
{
"0": "Spain and the American Revolutionary war - wikipedia Spain and the American Revolutionary war Jump to : navigation , search Spanish Prime Minister José Moñino y Redondo , conde de Floridablanca . Spain 's role in the independence of the United States was part of its dispute over colonial supremacy with the Kingdom of Great Britain . Spain declared war on Britain as an ally of France , and provided supplies and munitions to the American forces . Beginning in 1776 , it jointly funded Roderigue Hortalez and Company , a trading company that provided critical military supplies . Spain also provided financing for the final Siege of Yorktown in 1781 with a collection of gold and silver in Havana , Cuba . Spain was allied with France through the Bourbon Family Compact and also viewed the Revolution as an opportunity to weaken its enemy Great Britain , which had caused Spain substantial losses during the Seven Years ' War . As the newly appointed Prime Minister , José Moñino y Redondo , Count of Floridablanca , wrote in March 1777 , `` the fate of the colonies interests us very much , and we shall do for them everything that circumstances permit '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aid to the United States : 1776 -- 1778 2 Declaration of war 3 European waters 4 West Indies and Gulf Coast 5 American Midwest 6 Siege of Yorktown 7 Antilles War 8 Peace of Paris 9 Contribution to victory 10 Aftermath 11 Notes 12 References 13 Dissertations Aid to the United States : 1776 -- 1778 ( edit ) Spanish aid was supplied to the new nation through four main routes : from French ports with the funding of Roderigue Hortalez and Company , through the port of New Orleans and up the Mississippi River , from the warehouses in Havana , and from Bilbao , through the Gardoqui family trading company . Smuggling from New Orleans began in 1776 , when General Charles Lee sent two Continental Army ( the army of the United States ) officers to request supplies from the New Orleans Governor , Luis de Unzaga . Unzaga , concerned about overtly antagonizing the British before the Spanish were prepared for war , agreed to assist the rebels covertly .",
"1": "Unzaga authorized the shipment of desperately needed gunpowder in a transaction brokered by Oliver Pollock , a Patriot ( Revolutionary ) and financier . When Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , Count of Gálvez was appointed Governor of New Orleans in January 1777 , he continued and expanded the supply operations . As the American diplomat Benjamin Franklin reported from Paris to the Congressional Committee of Secret Correspondence in March 1777 , the Spanish court quietly granted the rebels direct admission to the rich , previously restricted port of Havana under most favored nation status . Franklin also noted in the same report that three thousand barrels of gunpowder were waiting in New Orleans , and that the merchants in Bilbao `` had orders to ship for us such necessaries as we might want . '' Declaration of war ( edit ) The Spanish - Portuguese War ( 1776 - 77 ) proved successful . In the First Treaty of San Ildefonso , signed on 1 October 1777 , after Mary I of Portugal had dismissed Pombal , Spain won the Banda Oriental ( Uruguay ) , with Colonia del Sacramento , founded by Portugal in 1680 . Spain also won the Misiones Orientales . In return , Spain acknowledged that Portuguese territories in Brazil extended far west of the line set in the Treaty of Tordesillas . In the Treaty of El Pardo , signed 11 March 1778 , Spain won Spanish Guinea ( Equatorial Guinea ) , which was administered from Buenos Aires in 1778 - 1810 . With these treaties , Portugal had left the war , and in 1781 Portugal even joined the First League of Armed Neutrality to resist British seizures of cargo from neutral ships . The former Spanish Prime Minister and then - Ambassador to the French Court , Jerónimo Grimaldi , 1st Duke of Grimaldi , summarized the Spanish position in a letter to Arthur Lee , an American diplomat in Madrid who was trying to persuade the Spanish to declare an open alliance with the fledgling United States . Genoese by birth and a shrewdly calculating politician by nature , Grimaldi demurred , replying , `` You have considered your own situation , and not ours . The moment is not yet come for us .",
"2": "The war with Portugal -- France being unprepared , and our treasure ships from South America not being arrived -- makes it improper for us to declare immediately . '' Meanwhile , Grimaldi reassured Lee , stores of clothing and powder were deposited at New Orleans and Havana for the Americans , and further shipments of blankets were being collected at Bilbao . By June 1779 the Spanish had finalized their preparations for war . The British cause seemed to be at a particularly low ebb . The Spanish joined France in the war , implementing the Treaty of Aranjuez signed in April 1779 . European waters ( edit ) The main goals of Spain were the recovery of Gibraltar and Menorca from the British , who had owned them since 1704 and to damage British trade through the actions of privateers . The siege of Gibraltar , June 16 , 1779 to February 7 , 1783 , was the longest lasting Spanish action in the war . Despite the larger size of the besieging Franco - Spanish army , at one point numbering 33,000 , the British under George Augustus Elliott were able to hold out in the fortress and were resupplied by sea three times . Luis de Córdova y Córdova was unable to prevent Howe 's fleet returning home after resupplying Gibraltar in October 1782 . The combined Franco - Spanish invasion of Menorca in 1781 met with more success ; Menorca surrendered the following year , and was restored to Spain after the war , nearly eighty years after it was first captured by the British . In 1780 and 1781 , Luis de Córdova 's fleet captured America - bound British convoys , doing much damage to British military supplies and commerce . West indies and gulf coast ( edit ) Painting of Gálvez at the Siege of Pensacola by Augusto Ferrer - Dalmau In the Caribbean , the main effort was directed to prevent possible British landings in Cuba , remembering the British expedition against Cuba that seized Havana in the Seven Years ' War . Other goals included the reconquest of Florida ( which the British had divided into West Florida and East Florida in 1763 ) , and the resolution of logging disputes involving the British in Belize .",
"3": "On the mainland , the governor of Spanish Louisiana , Count Bernardo de Gálvez , led a series of successful offensives against the British forts in the Mississippi Valley , first capturing Fort Bute at Manchac and then forcing the surrender of Baton Rouge , Natchez and Mobile in 1779 and 1780 . While a hurricane halted an expedition to capture Pensacola , the capital of British West Florida , in 1780 , Gálvez 's forces achieved a decisive victory against the British in 1781 at the Battle of Pensacola giving the Spanish control of all of West Florida . This secured the southern route for supplies and closed off the possibility of any British offensive into the western frontier of United States via the Mississippi River . When Spain entered the war , Britain also went on the offensive in the Caribbean , planning an expedition against Spanish Nicaragua . A British attempt to gain a foothold at San Fernando de Omoa was rebuffed in October 1779 , and an expedition in 1780 against Fort San Juan in Nicaragua was at first successful , but yellow fever and other tropical diseases wiped out most of the force , which then withdrew and returned to Jamaica . American Midwest ( edit ) Bernardo de Gálvez , Count of Gálvez At the end of the Seven Years ' War , France gave the Mississippi Valley to her ally Spain , in order to prevent it from coming under British control at the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . The Spanish assisted the United States in their campaigns in the American Midwest . In January 1778 , Virginia Governor Patrick Henry authorized an expedition by George Rogers Clark , who captured the fort at Vincennes and secured the northern region of the Ohio for the rebels . Clark relied on Gálvez and Oliver Pollock for support to supply his men with weapons and ammunition , and to provide credit for provisions . The credit lines that Pollock established to purchase supplies for Clark were supposed to be backed by the state of Virginia . However , Pollock in turn had to rely on his own personal credit and Gálvez , who allowed the funds of the Spanish government to be at Pollock 's disposal as loans . These funds were usually delivered in the cover of night by Gálvez 's private secretary .",
"4": "The Spanish garrisons in the Louisiana region repelled attacks from British units and the latter 's Indian allies in the Battle of Saint Louis in 1780 . A year later , a detachment traveled through present - day Illinois and took Fort St. Joseph , in the modern state of Michigan . This expedition gave Spain some claim to the Northwest Territory , which was thwarted diplomatically by Great Britain and the young United States in their separate peace in the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) . Siege of Yorktown ( edit ) Main article : Yorktown Campaign The Spanish also assisted in the Siege of Yorktown in 1781 , the critical and final major battle of the North America theater . French General Jean - Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur , comte de Rochambeau , commanding his country 's forces in North America , sent a desperate appeal to François Joseph Paul de Grasse , the French admiral designated to assist the Colonists , asking him to raise money in the Caribbean to fund the campaign at Yorktown . With the assistance of Spanish agent Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis , the needed cash , over 500,000 in silver pesos , was raised in Havana , Cuba within 24 hours . This money was used to purchase critical supplies for the siege , and to fund payroll for the Continental Army . Antilles war ( edit ) After Spain entered the war , Major General John Dalling , the British governor and commander - in - chief of Jamaica , proposed in 1780 an expedition to the Spanish province of Nicaragua . The goal was to sail up the San Juan River to Lake Nicaragua and capture the town of Granada , which would effectively cut Spanish America in half as well as provide potential access to the Pacific Ocean . Because of disease and logistical problems , the expedition proved to be a costly debacle . The expedition sailed from Jamaica on February 3 , 1780 , escorted by twenty - one year - old Captain Horatio Nelson in the Hinchinbrook . Nelson was the highest - ranking officer present , but his authority was limited to naval operations . The overall commander was Captain ( local rank of major ) John Polson of the 60th Regiment , who recognized young Nelson 's abilities and worked closely with him .",
"5": "Polson had about three to four hundred regulars of the 60th and the 79th Regiments , about 300 men of the Loyal Irish Corps raised by Dalling , as well as several hundred local recruits , including blacks and Miskito Indians . After many delays , the expedition began to move up the San Juan River on March 17 , 1780 . On April 9 , Nelson -- in the first hand - to - hand combat of his career -- led an assault which captured a Spanish battery on the island of Bartola . The siege of Fort San Juan , located five miles ( 8 km ) upstream and manned with about 150 armed defenders and 86 others , began on April 13 . Because of poor planning and lost supplies , the British soon began to run low on ammunition for the cannons as well as rations for the men . After the tropical rains started on April 20 , men began to sicken and die , probably from malaria and dysentery , and perhaps typhoid fever . Nelson was one of the first to become ill , and he was shipped downriver on April 28 , the day before the Spanish surrendered the fort . About 450 British reinforcements arrived on May 15 , but the blacks and the Indians abandoned the expedition because of illness and discontent . Although Dalling persisted in trying to gather reinforcements , sickness continued to take a heavy toll , and the expedition was abandoned on November 8 , 1780 . The Spanish reoccupied the remains of the fort after the British blew it up on departure . In all , more than 2,500 men died , which `` made the San Juan expedition the costliest British disaster of the entire war . '' Following these successes , an unauthorized Spanish force captured the Bahamas in 1782 , without battle . In 1783 Gálvez was preparing to invade Jamaica from Cuba , but these plans were aborted when Britain sued for peace . Peace of Paris ( edit ) Main article : Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) The reforms made by Spanish authorities as a result of Spain 's poor performance in the Seven Years ' War had proved generally successful . As a result , Spain retained Menorca and West Florida in the Treaty of Paris and also regained East Florida . The lands east of the Mississippi , however , were recognized as part of the newly independent United States of America .",
"6": "Contribution to victory ( edit ) The involvement of France was decisive in the British defeat . Spain 's contribution was important too . By allying themselves with foreign monarchies , the United States took advantage of the power struggles within European imperialism and essentially formed a united front against Britain . The new nation was eager to spread republicanism , which could threaten Spain 's own colonies , and later did so , in the Latin American wars of independence . Nevertheless , Spain maintained a level of support throughout the war in pursuit of its geopolitical interests . Historian Thomas A. Bailey says of Spain : Although she was attracted by the prospect of a war ( against England ) for restitution and revenge , she was repelled by the specter of an independent and powerful American republic . Such a new state might reach over the Alleghenies into the Mississippi Valley and grasp territory that Spain wanted for herself . Even worse , it might eventually seize Spain 's colonies in the New World . Aftermath ( edit ) Spain 's involvement in the American Revolutionary War was widely regarded as a successful one . The Spanish took a gamble in entering the war , banking on Great Britain 's vulnerability caused by the effort of fighting their rebellious colonists in North America while also conducting a global war on many fronts against a coalition of major powers . This helped Spain gain some relatively easy conquests . The war gave a boost to the kingdom 's prestige , which had suffered from the losses to Britain in the Seven Years ' War . Even though Spain 's single most coveted target , Gibraltar , remained out of its grasp , Spain had more than compensated by recovering Menorca and by reducing the British threat to its colonies in and around the Caribbean , all of which were seen as vital to Spanish interests . Spain was seen to have received tangible results out of the war , especially in contrast to its ally France . The French king had invested huge amounts of manpower , funds and material resources for little clear military or economic gain . France had been left with crippling debts which it struggled to pay off , and which would become one of the major causes of the French Revolution that broke out in 1789 . Spain , in comparison , disposed of its debts more easily , partly due to the stunning increases in silver production from the mines in Mexico and Bolivia .",
"7": "One particular outcome of the war was the manner in which it enhanced the position of Prime Minister Floridablanca , and his government continued to dominate Spanish politics until 1792 . Don Diego de Gardoqui , of the Gardoqui trading company that had greatly assisted the rebels during the war , was appointed as Spain 's first ambassador to the United States of America in 1784 . Gardoqui became well acquainted with George Washington , and marched in the newly elected President Washington 's inaugural parade . King Charles III of Spain continued communications with Washington , sending him livestock from Spain that Washington had requested for his farm at Mount Vernon . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas E. Chavez ( January 2004 ) . Spain and the Independence of the United States : An Intrinsic Gift . UNM Press . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2794 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fernández y Fernández , p. 4 Jump up ^ Caughey , p. 87 Jump up ^ Mitchell , p. 99 Jump up ^ Sparks , 1 : 201 Jump up ^ Robert S. Chamberlain , `` Latin America '' , in An Encyclopedia of History ( 1948 ) , Revised Edition , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 501 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Chamberlain , `` Latin America '' , in An Encyclopedia of History ( 1948 ) , Revised Edition , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 502 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Guinea '' , in The Columbia - Viking Desk Encyclopedia ( 1953 ) , New York : Viking . Jump up ^ John D. Grainger ( 2005 ) , The Battle of Yorktown , 1781 : A Reassessment , Bognor Regis , West Sussex : Boydell & Brewer , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Sparks , 1 : 408 Jump up ^ Jack Russell , Gibraltar besieged , 1779 - 1783 ( Heinemann , 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Chartrand p. 84 Jump up ^ Chartrand 54 - 56 Jump up ^ Harvey p. 532 Jump up ^ Harvey p. 413 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Collins , William .",
"8": "`` The Spanish Attack On Fort St. Joseph '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Caughey pp. 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ Dull p. 245 Jump up ^ Coleman , Terry ( 2004 ) . The Nelson Touch : The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson . London , UK : Oxford University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517322 - 2 . Jump up ^ This account follows John Sugden , Nelson : A Dream of Glory , 1758 -- 1797 , ch . VII . Jump up ^ Sugden , p. 173 Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Brendan Simms , Three victories and a defeat : the rise and fall of the first British Empire ( Hachette UK , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , A diplomatic history of the American people ( 10th ed. 1980 ) p 32 - 33 . Jump up ^ In the mid-18th century , production in Mexico increased by about 600 % , and by 250 % in Peru and Bolivia . Castillero Calvo p. 193 Jump up ^ Chávez p. 2 References ( edit ) Calderón Cuadrado , Reyes ( 2004 ) . Empresarios españoles en el proceso de independencia norteamericana : La casa Gardoqui e hijos de Bilbao . Madrid : Union Editorial , S.A. Castillero Calvo , Alfredo ( 2004 ) . Las Rutas de la Plata : La Primera Globalización . Madrid : Ediciones San Marcos . ISBN 84 - 89127 - 47 - 6 . Caughey , John W. ( 1998 ) . Bernardo de Gálvez in Louisiana 1776 -- 1783 . Gretna : Pelican Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 517 - 6 . Chartrand , René ( 2006 ) . Gibraltar 1779 -- 83 : The great siege .",
"9": "Osprey Campaign . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 977 - 0 . Chávez , Thomas E. ( 2002 ) . Spain and the Independence of the United States : An Intrinsic Gift . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2794 - X . Dull , Jonathan R. ( 1975 ) . The French Navy and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy , 1774 -- 1787 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Fernández y Fernández , Enrique ( 1885 ) . Spain 's Contribution to the independence of the United States . Embassy of Spain : United States of America . Harvey , Robert ( 2004 ) . A Few Bloody Noses : The American Revolutionary War . Robinson . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 952 - 4 . Mitchell , Barbara A. ( Autumn 2012 ) . `` America 's Spanish Savior : Bernardo de Gálvez '' . MHQ ( Military History Quarterly ) . pp. 98 -- 104 . Sparks , Jared ( 1829 -- 1830 ) . The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution . Boston : Nathan Hale and Gray & Bowen .",
"10": "( hide ) Spanish colonial campaigns Guinea ( 1478 ) Morocco ( 1497 ) Algeria ( 1516 ) Algeria ( 1517 -- 18 ) Mexico ( 1519 -- 1933 ) Mexico ( 1519 -- 21 ) Chiapas ( 1523 -- 1695 ) Guatemala ( 1524 -- 1697 ) Petén ( 1618 - 1697 ) Yucatán ( 1527 -- 1697 ) Algeria ( 1529 ) Peru ( 1531 -- 72 ) Tunisia ( 1534 ) Tunisia ( 1535 ) Chile ( 1536 -- 1810 ) Algeria ( 1541 ) Tunisia ( 1550 ) Libya ( 1551 ) Algeria ( 1555 ) Algeria ( 1556 ) Algeria ( 1558 ) Tunisia ( 1560 ) Algeria ( 1563 ) Philippines ( 1565 -- 1900 ) Philippines ( 1567 -- 1872 ) Tunisia ( 1574 ) Puerto Rico ( 1595 ) Cuba ( 1596 ) Puerto Rico ( 1598 ) Morocco ( 1614 ) Formosa ( 1626 ) St.",
"11": "Kitts ( 1629 ) Philippines ( 1646 ) Hispaniola ( 1655 ) Jamaica ( 1655 ) Canary Islands ( 1657 ) Jamaica ( 1657 ) Jamaica ( 1658 ) North America ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chiloé ( 1712 ) Bahamas ( 1720 ) Banda Oriental ( 1735 -- 37 ) North America ( 1739 -- 48 ) Sacramento ( 1762 -- 63 ) Cuba ( 1762 ) Nicaragua ( 1762 ) Philippines ( 1762 ) Sacramento ( 1776 -- 77 ) Gulf Coast ( 1779 -- 83 ) Caribbean ( 1779 -- 83 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Ecuador ( 1809 ) Peru ( 1811 -- 24 ) Bolivia ( 1809 -- 25 ) Florida ( 1810 ) Paraguay ( 1810 -- 11 ) Argentina ( 1810 -- 18 ) Mexico ( 1810 -- 21 ) Chile ( 1810 -- 26 ) El Salvador ( 1811 ) Uruguay ( 1811 ) Venezuela ( 1811 -- 23 ) Colombia ( 1815 -- 16 ) Colombia ( 1819 -- 20 ) Ecuador ( 1820 -- 22 ) Mexico ( 1821 -- 29 ) Balanguingui ( 1848 ) Cochinchina ( 1858 -- 62 ) Morocco ( 1859 -- 60 ) Dominican Republic ( 1863 -- 65 ) Chile / Peru ( 1864 -- 66 ) Cuba ( 1868 -- 78 ) Cuba ( 1879 -- 80 ) Cuba ( 1895 -- 98 ) Philippines ( 1896 -- 98 ) Puerto Rico ( 1898 ) Guam ( 1898 ) Morocco ( 1920 -- 26 ) Morocco ( 1957 -- 58 ) Dissertations ( edit ) Klotz , Edwin F. , ( 1959 ) . Los Corsarios Americanos Y España ( 1776 - 1786 ) ( Ph. D . ) .",
"12": "Seminario de Estudios Americanistas , Universidad de Madrid . Worldcat . http://www.worldcat.org/title/corsarios-americanos-y-espana-1776-1786/oclc/857221 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War&oldid=837618667 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1779 Conflicts in 1780 Conflicts in 1781 Conflicts in 1782 Conflicts in 1783 18th century in Spain American Revolutionary War Spain -- United States relations Military history of Spain Wars involving Great Britain Wars involving Spain 1779 in the British Empire 1780 in the British Empire 1781 in the British Empire 1782 in the British Empire 1783 in the British Empire 1779 in the United States 1779 in Spain 1780 in the United States 1780 in Spain 1781 in the United States 1781 in Spain 1782 in the United States 1782 in Spain 1783 in the United States 1783 in Spain Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 23 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Forrest Gump - wikipedia Forrest Gump Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Forrest Gump ( disambiguation ) . Forrest Gump Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Zemeckis Produced by Wendy Finerman Steve Tisch Steve Starkey Screenplay by Eric Roth Based on Forrest Gump by Winston Groom Starring Tom Hanks Robin Wright Gary Sinise Mykelti Williamson Sally Field Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Arthur Schmidt Production company Wendy Finerman Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 23 ) ( Los Angeles ) July 6 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 142 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $55 million Box office $677.9 million The map of the Forrest Gump runs . ( interactive map ) Forrest Gump is a 1994 American romantic drama film based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom . The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis and stars Tom Hanks , Robin Wright , Gary Sinise , Mykelti Williamson , and Sally Field . The story depicts several decades in the life of its titular character ( Hanks ) , a slow - witted but kind - hearted , good - natured and athletically prodigious man from Alabama . Gump witnesses , and in some cases influences , some of the defining events of the latter half of the 20th century in the United States , specifically the period between his birth in 1944 and 1982 . The film differs substantially from Winston Groom 's novel , including Gump 's personality and several events that were depicted . Principal photography took place in late 1993 , mainly in Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate the protagonist into archived footage and to develop other scenes . A comprehensive soundtrack was featured in the film , using music intended to pinpoint specific time periods portrayed on screen .",
"1": "Its commercial release made it a top - selling soundtrack , selling over 12 million copies worldwide . Released in the United States on July 6 , 1994 , Forrest Gump became a commercial success as the top - grossing film in North America released in that year , being the first major success for Paramount since the studio 's merger with Viacom , earning over US $ 677 million worldwide during its theatrical run . In 1995 , it won the Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Zemeckis , Best Actor for Tom Hanks , Best Adapted Screenplay for Eric Roth , Best Visual Effects , and Best Film Editing . It also garnered multiple other awards and nominations , including Golden Globes , People 's Choice Awards , and Young Artist Awards , among others . Since the film 's release , varying interpretations have been made of the film 's protagonist and its political symbolism . In 1996 , a themed restaurant , Bubba Gump Shrimp Company , opened based on the film and has since expanded to many locations worldwide . The scene of Gump running across the country is often referred to when real - life people attempt the feat . This aspect of the story was based on a man named Robert Sweetgall who walked across the continental United States seven times ; at the end of one of his trips a crowd of spectators included the film 's screenwriter . In 2011 , the Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Script 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Box office performance 4.3 Home media 4.4 Accolades 5 Author controversy 6 Symbolism 6.1 Feather 6.2 Political interpretations 7 Soundtrack 8 Proposed sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1981 , Forrest Gump recounts his life story to strangers who sit next to him on a bench at a bus stop in Savannah , Georgia .",
"2": "On his first day of school in 1956 Greenbow , Alabama , Forrest meets a girl named Jenny Curran who , unlike the other children , immediately befriends young Forrest . Due to leg braces fitted to correct a curved spine , Forrest is unable to walk properly . One day , a young truck driver stays at the boarding house that Forrest lives in with his mother . The young truck driver turns out to be Elvis Presley who , while playing guitar for him , becomes enthralled at the jerky hip thrusting movements that the hobbled Forrest makes while trying to dance . Later on , Elvis becomes famous by imitating the dance . Forrest is often bullied because of his physical disability and marginal intelligence . One day , while trying to escape some bullies chasing him , his braces fall off revealing the young Forrest to be a very fast runner . Jenny yells to him , `` Run , Forrest , run ! '' Despite his low intelligence quotient , Forrest 's new running ability leads to him receiving a football scholarship to the University of Alabama in 1963 , becoming a top running back , being named on the All - American team , and meeting President John F. Kennedy . After his college graduation , he enlists in the U.S. Army , where he befriends a fellow soldier named Bubba , who convinces Forrest to go into the shrimping business with him when the war is over . In 1967 , they are sent to Vietnam and , during an ambush , Bubba is killed in action . Forrest saves many of his platoon , including his Lieutenant , Dan Taylor , who loses both his legs . Forrest is awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism . While Forrest is in recovery for a gunshot wound to his buttocks received while saving his platoon - mates , he discovers a talent for ping pong . He becomes a ping pong celebrity and plays competitively against Chinese teams in ping pong diplomacy . At an anti-war rally in Washington , D.C. , Forrest briefly reunites with Jenny , who has been living a hippie life . While in D.C. in 1972 , Forrest meets president Richard Nixon and is put up in the Watergate hotel , where he accidentally reveals the Watergate scandal , ultimately forcing Nixon to resign . Returning home , Forrest endorses a company that makes ping pong paddles .",
"3": "He uses the earnings to buy a shrimping boat , fulfilling his promise to Bubba . Taylor joins Forrest in 1974 , they initially have little success . After their boat becomes the only one to survive Hurricane Carmen they pull in huge amounts of shrimp . They use their income to purchase a fleet of shrimp boats . Dan invests the money in Apple Computer ( which Forrest naively thinks is `` some kind of fruit company '' ) and Forrest is financially secure for the rest of his life , but gives half of his earnings to Bubba 's family . He then returns home to see his mother 's last days . In the late 1978 , Jenny returns to visit Forrest and he soon proposes to her . She declines but slips into his bedroom and makes love to him that night before leaving early the next morning . Heartbroken , Forrest elects to go for a run . He decides to keep running across the country several times over three and a half years , becoming famous in the process . In the present , Forrest reveals that he is waiting at the bus stop because he received a letter from Jenny who , having seen him run on television , asked him to visit her . Reunited with Jenny , she introduces him to his son , named Forrest Gump , Jr . Jenny tells Forrest she is sick with an unknown virus . The three move back to Greenbow , Alabama . Jenny and Forrest finally marry but she dies a year later . Forrest and his son await the school bus on Forrest Jr. 's first day of school . Cast ( edit ) Tom Hanks ( left ) and Gary Sinise ( right ) on the film set in 1993 Tom Hanks as Forrest Gump : Though at an early age he is deemed to have a below average IQ of 75 , he has an endearing character and shows devotion to his loved ones and duties , character traits which bring him into many life - changing situations . Along the way , he encounters many historical figures and events throughout his life . Tom 's younger brother Jim Hanks is his acting double in the movie for the scenes when Forrest runs across the U.S. Tom 's daughter Elizabeth Hanks appears in the movie as the girl on the school bus who refuses to let young Forrest ( Michael Conner Humphreys ) sit next to her .",
"4": "John Travolta was the original choice to play the title role and admits passing on the role was a mistake . Bill Murray and Chevy Chase were also considered for the role . Sean Penn stated in an interview having been second choice for the role . Hanks revealed that he signed on to the film after an hour and a half of reading the script . He initially wanted to ease Forrest 's pronounced Southern accent , but was eventually persuaded by director Robert Zemeckis to portray the heavy accent stressed in the novel . Hanks agreed to take the role only on the condition that the film be historically accurate . Michael Conner Humphreys portrayed the young Forrest Gump . Hanks revealed in interviews that after hearing Michael 's unique accented drawl , he incorporated it into the older character 's accent . Winston Groom , who wrote the original novel , describes the film as having taken the `` rough edges '' off of the character , and envisioned him being played by John Goodman . Robin Wright as Jenny Curran : Forrest 's childhood friend with whom he immediately falls in love , and never stops loving throughout his life . A victim of child sexual abuse at the hands of her bitterly widowed father , Jenny embarks on a different path from Forrest , leading a self - destructive life and becoming part of the hippie movement in the 1960s and the 1970s / 1980s drug culture . She re-enters Forrest 's life at various times in adulthood . Jenny eventually becomes a waitress in Savannah , Georgia , where she lives in an apartment with her ( and Forrest 's ) son , Forrest Jr . They eventually get married , but soon afterwards she dies of an unnamed illness . Hanna R. Hall portrayed the young Jenny . Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan Taylor : Forrest and Bubba Blue 's platoon leader during the Vietnam War , whose ancestors have died in every U.S. war and who regards it as his destiny to do the same . After losing his legs in an ambush and being rescued against his will by Forrest , he is initially bitter and antagonistic towards Forrest for leaving him a `` cripple '' and denying him his family 's destiny , falling into a deep depression .",
"5": "He later serves as Forrest 's first mate at the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company , gives most of the orders , becoming wealthy with Forrest , and regains his will to live . He ultimately forgives and thanks Forrest for saving his life . By the end of the film , he is engaged to be married and is sporting `` magic legs '' -- titanium alloy prosthetics which allow him to walk again . Mykelti Williamson as Benjamin Buford `` Bubba '' Blue : Bubba was originally supposed to be the senior partner in the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company , but due to his death in Vietnam , their platoon leader , Dan Taylor , took his place . The company posthumously carried his name . Forrest later gave Bubba 's mother Bubba 's share of the business . Throughout filming , Williamson wore a lip attachment to create Bubba 's protruding lip . David Alan Grier , Ice Cube and Dave Chappelle were all offered the role but turned it down . Chappelle said he believed the film would be unsuccessful , and also acknowledged that he regrets not taking the role . Sally Field as Mrs. Gump : Field reflected on the character , `` She 's a woman who loves her son unconditionally. ... A lot of her dialogue sounds like slogans , and that 's just what she intends . '' Haley Joel Osment as Forrest Gump , Jr. : Osment was cast in the film after the casting director noticed him in a Pizza Hut commercial . Peter Dobson as Elvis : Although Kurt Russell was uncredited , he provided the voice for Elvis in the scene . Dick Cavett as himself : Cavett played a version of himself in the 1970s , with makeup applied to make him appear younger . Consequently , Cavett is the only well - known figure in the film to play a cameo role rather than be represented through the use of archival footage like John Lennon or President John F. Kennedy Sonny Shroyer as Coach Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Grand L. Bush , Michael Jace , Conor Kennelly , and Teddy Lane Jr. as the Black Panthers Production ( edit ) Script ( edit ) Main article : Forrest Gump ( novel ) `` The writer , Eric Roth , departed substantially from the book .",
"6": "We flipped the two elements of the book , making the love story primary and the fantastic adventures secondary . Also , the book was cynical and colder than the movie . In the movie , Gump is a completely decent character , always true to his word . He has no agenda and no opinion about anything except Jenny , his mother and God . '' -- director Robert Zemeckis The film is based on the 1986 novel by Winston Groom . Both center on the character of Forrest Gump . However , the film primarily focuses on the first eleven chapters of the novel , before skipping ahead to the end of the novel with the founding of Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. and the meeting with Forrest , Jr . In addition to skipping some parts of the novel , the film adds several aspects to Gump 's life that do not occur in the novel , such as his needing leg braces as a child and his run across the United States . Gump 's core character and personality are also changed from the novel ; among other things his film character is less of a savant -- in the novel , while playing football at the university , he fails craft and gym , but receives a perfect score in an advanced physics class he is enrolled in by his coach to satisfy his college requirements . The novel also features Gump as an astronaut , a professional wrestler , and a chess player . Two directors were offered the opportunity to direct the film before Robert Zemeckis was selected . Terry Gilliam turned down the offer . Barry Sonnenfeld was attached to the film , but left to direct Addams Family Values . Filming ( edit ) The shrimping boat Jenny used in the film . Filming began in August 1993 and ended in December of that year . Although most of the film is set in Alabama , filming took place mainly in and around Beaufort , South Carolina , as well as parts of coastal Virginia and North Carolina , including a running shot on the Blue Ridge Parkway . Downtown portions of the fictional town of Greenbow were filmed in Varnville , South Carolina . The scene of Forrest running through Vietnam while under fire was filmed on Fripp Island , South Carolina . Additional filming took place on the Biltmore Estate in Asheville , North Carolina , and along the Blue Ridge Parkway near Boone , North Carolina .",
"7": "The most notable place was Grandfather Mountain where a part of the road is named `` Forrest Gump Curve '' . The Gump family home set was built along the Combahee River near Yemassee , South Carolina , and the nearby land was used to film Curran 's home as well as some of the Vietnam scenes . Over 20 palmetto trees were planted to improve the Vietnam scenes . Forrest Gump narrated his life 's story at the southern edge of Chippewa Square in Savannah , Georgia , as he sat at a bus stop bench . There were other scenes filmed in and around the Savannah area as well , including a running shot on the Richard V. Woods Memorial Bridge in Beaufort while he was being interviewed by the press , and on West Bay Street in Savannah . Most of the college campus scenes were filmed in Los Angeles at the University of Southern California . The lighthouse that Forrest runs across to reach the Atlantic Ocean the first time is the Marshall Point Lighthouse in Port Clyde , Maine . Additional scenes were filmed in Arizona , Utah 's Monument Valley , and Montana 's Glacier National Park . Visual effects ( edit ) Gump with President John F. Kennedy . A variety of visual effects were used to incorporate Tom Hanks into archive footage with various historical figures and events . Ken Ralston and his team at Industrial Light & Magic were responsible for the film 's visual effects . Using CGI techniques , it was possible to depict Gump meeting deceased personages and shaking their hands . Hanks was first shot against a blue screen along with reference markers so that he could line up with the archive footage . To record the voices of the historical figures , voice actors were filmed and special effects were used to alter lip - syncing for the new dialogue . Archival footage was used and with the help of such techniques as chroma key , image warping , morphing , and rotoscoping , Hanks was integrated into it . Extensive visual effects were used to create the scene of the napalm bombing . In one Vietnam War scene , Gump carries Bubba away from an incoming napalm attack . To create the effect , stunt actors were initially used for compositing purposes . Then , Hanks and Williamson were filmed , with Williamson supported by a cable wire as Hanks ran with him .",
"8": "The explosion was then filmed , and the actors were digitally added to appear just in front of the explosions . The jet fighters and napalm canisters were also added by CGI . The CGI removal of actor Gary Sinise 's legs , after his character had them amputated , was achieved by wrapping his legs with a blue fabric , which later facilitated the work of the `` roto - paint '' team to paint out his legs from every single frame . At one point , while hoisting himself into his wheelchair , his legs are used for support . The scene where Forrest spots Jenny at a peace rally at the Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool in Washington , D.C. , required visual effects to create the large crowd of people . Over two days of filming , approximately 1,500 extras were used . At each successive take , the extras were rearranged and moved into a different quadrant away from the camera . With the help of computers , the extras were multiplied to create a crowd of several hundred thousand people . Release ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 72 % of critics gave the film a positive review , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 , based on a sample of 88 reviews . The website 's critical consensus states , `` Forrest Gump may be an overly sentimental film with a somewhat problematic message , but its sweetness and charm are usually enough to approximate true depth and grace . '' At the website Metacritic , the film earned a rating of 82 out of 100 based on 20 reviews by mainstream critics . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . The story was commended by several critics . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote , `` I 've never met anyone like Forrest Gump in a movie before , and for that matter I 've never seen a movie quite like ' Forrest Gump . ' Any attempt to describe him will risk making the movie seem more conventional than it is , but let me try . It 's a comedy , I guess . Or maybe a drama . Or a dream .",
"9": "The screenplay by Eric Roth has the complexity of modern fiction ... The performance is a breathtaking balancing act between comedy and sadness , in a story rich in big laughs and quiet truths ... What a magical movie . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote that the film `` has been very well worked out on all levels , and manages the difficult feat of being an intimate , even delicate tale played with an appealingly light touch against an epic backdrop . '' The film did receive notable pans from several major reviewers . Anthony Lane of The New Yorker called the film `` Warm , wise , and wearisome as hell . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said that the film `` reduces the tumult of the last few decades to a virtual - reality theme park : a baby - boomer version of Disney 's America . '' Critics have compared Gump with various characters and people including Huckleberry Finn , Bill Clinton , and Ronald Reagan . Peter Chomo writes that Gump acts as a `` social mediator and as an agent of redemption in divided times '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called Gump `` everything we admire in the American character -- honest , brave , and loyal with a heart of gold . '' The New York Times reviewer Janet Maslin called Gump a `` hollow man '' who is `` self - congratulatory in his blissful ignorance , warmly embraced as the embodiment of absolutely nothing . '' Marc Vincenti of Palo Alto Weekly called the character `` a pitiful stooge taking the pie of life in the face , thoughtfully licking his fingers . '' Bruce Kawin and Gerald Mast 's textbook on film history notes that Forrest Gump 's dimness was a metaphor for glamorized nostalgia in that he represented a blank slate by which the Baby Boomer generation projected their memories of those events . The film is commonly seen as a polarizing one for audiences , with Entertainment Weekly writing in 2004 , `` Nearly a decade after it earned gazillions and swept the Oscars , Robert Zemeckis 's ode to 20th - century America still represents one of cinema 's most clearly drawn lines in the sand . One half of folks see it as an artificial piece of pop melodrama , while everyone else raves that it 's sweet as a box of chocolates . ''",
"10": "Box Office performance ( edit ) Produced on a budget of $55 million , Forrest Gump opened in 1,595 theaters in its first weekend of domestic release , earning $24,450,602 . Motion picture business consultant and screenwriter Jeffrey Hilton suggested to producer Wendy Finerman to double the P&A ( film marketing budget ) based on his viewing of an early print of the film . The budget was immediately increased , per his advice . The film placed first in the weekend 's box office , narrowly beating The Lion King , which was in its fourth week of release . For the first ten weeks of its release , the film held the number one position at the box office . The film remained in theaters for 42 weeks , earning $329.7 million in the United States and Canada , making it the fourth - highest - grossing film at that time ( behind only E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , Star Wars IV : A New Hope , and Jurassic Park ) . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 78.5 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . The film took 66 days to surpass $250 million and was the fastest grossing Paramount film to pass $100 million , $200 million , and $300 million in box office receipts ( at the time of its release ) . The film had gross receipts of $329,694,499 in the U.S. and Canada and $347,693,217 in international markets for a total of $677,387,716 worldwide . Even with such revenue , the film was known as a `` successful failure '' -- due to distributors ' and exhibitors ' high fees , Paramount 's `` losses '' clocked in at $62 million , leaving executives realizing the necessity of better deals . This has , however , also been associated with Hollywood accounting , where expenses are inflated in order to minimize profit sharing . It is Robert Zemeckis ' highest - grossing film to date . Home media ( edit ) Forrest Gump was first released on VHS tape on April 27 , 1995 , as a two - disc Laserdisc set on April 28 , 1995 , ( including the `` Through the Eyes of Forrest '' special feature ) , before being released in a two - disc DVD set on August 28 , 2001 .",
"11": "Special features included director and producer commentaries , production featurettes , and screen tests . The film was released on Blu - ray disc in November 2009 . Paramount will release the film on 4K UHD Blu - Ray on June 12 2018 . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Forrest Gump Forrest Gump won Best Picture , Best Actor in a Leading Role , Best Director , Best Visual Effects , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Film Editing at the 67th Academy Awards . The film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards , winning three of them : Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Best Director -- Motion Picture , and Best Motion Picture -- Drama . The film was also nominated for six Saturn Awards and won two for Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actor ( Film ) . In addition to the film 's multiple awards and nominations , it has also been recognized by the American Film Institute on several of its lists . The film ranks 37th on 100 Years ... 100 Cheers , 71st on 100 Years ... 100 Movies , and 76th on 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . In addition , the quote `` Mama always said life was like a box of chocolates . You never know what you 're gon na get , '' was ranked 40th on 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes . The film also ranked at number 61 on Empire 's list of the 100 Greatest Movies of All Time . In December 2011 , Forrest Gump was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress ' National Film Registry . The Registry said that the film was `` honored for its technological innovations ( the digital insertion of Gump seamlessly into vintage archival footage ) , its resonance within the culture that has elevated Gump ( and what he represents in terms of American innocence ) to the status of folk hero , and its attempt to engage both playfully and seriously with contentious aspects of the era 's traumatic history . ''",
"12": "American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 71 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Forrest Gump -- Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Mama always said life was like a box of chocolates . You never know what you 're gon na get . '' -- # 40 `` Mama says , ' Stupid is as stupid does . ' '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 37 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 76 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Epic Film Author controversy ( edit ) Winston Groom was paid $350,000 for the screenplay rights to his novel Forrest Gump and was contracted for a 3 percent share of the film 's net profits . However , Paramount and the film 's producers did not pay him , using Hollywood accounting to posit that the blockbuster film lost money . Tom Hanks , by contrast , contracted for a percent share of the film 's gross receipts instead of a salary , and he and director Zemeckis each received $40 million . Additionally , Groom was not mentioned once in any of the film 's six Oscar - winner speeches . Groom 's dispute with Paramount was later effectively resolved after Groom declared he was satisfied with Paramount 's explanation of their accounting , this coinciding with Groom receiving a seven - figure contract with Paramount for film rights to another of his books , Gump & Co . Symbolism ( edit ) Feather ( edit ) `` I do n't want to sound like a bad version of ' the child within ' . But the childlike innocence of Forrest Gump is what we all once had . It 's an emotional journey . You laugh and cry . It does what movies are supposed to do : make you feel alive . '' -- producer Wendy Finerman Various interpretations have been suggested for the feather present at the opening and conclusion of the film .",
"13": "Sarah Lyall of The New York Times noted several suggestions made about the feather : `` Does the white feather symbolize the unbearable lightness of being ? Forrest Gump 's impaired intellect ? The randomness of experience ? '' Hanks interpreted the feather as : `` Our destiny is only defined by how we deal with the chance elements to our life and that 's kind of the embodiment of the feather as it comes in . Here is this thing that can land anywhere and that it lands at your feet . It has theological implications that are really huge . '' Sally Field compared the feather to fate , saying : `` It blows in the wind and just touches down here or there . Was it planned or was it just perchance ? '' Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston compared the feather to an abstract painting : `` It can mean so many things to so many different people . '' Political interpretations ( edit ) In Tom Hanks ' words , `` The film is non-political and thus non-judgmental . '' Nevertheless , in 1994 , CNN 's Crossfire debated whether the film promoted conservative values or was an indictment of the counterculture movement of the 1960s . Thomas Byers , in a Modern Fiction Studies article , called the film `` an aggressively conservative film '' . `` ... all over the political map , people have been calling Forrest their own . But , Forrest Gump is n't about politics or conservative values . It 's about humanity , it 's about respect , tolerance and unconditional love . '' -- producer Steve Tisch It has been noted that while Gump follows a very conservative lifestyle , Jenny 's life is full of countercultural embrace , complete with drug usage , promiscuity , and antiwar rallies , and that their eventual marriage might be a kind of reconciliation . Jennifer Hyland Wang argued in a Cinema Journal article that Jenny 's death to an unnamed virus `` ... symbolizes the death of liberal America and the death of the protests that defined a decade ( 1960s ) . '' She also notes the film 's screenwriter , Eric Roth , when developing the screenplay from the novel , had `` ... transferred all of Gump 's flaws and most of the excesses committed by Americans in the 1960s and 1970s to her ( Jenny ) . ''",
"14": "Other commentators believe the film forecast the 1994 Republican Revolution and used the image of Forrest Gump to promote movement leader Newt Gingrich 's traditional , conservative values . Jennifer Hyland Wang observes that the film idealizes the 1950s , as made evident by the lack of `` whites only '' signs in Gump 's Southern childhood , and `` revisions '' ( sic ) the 1960s as a period of social conflict and confusion . She argues that this sharp contrast between the decades criticizes the counterculture values and reaffirms conservatism . As viewed by political scientist Joe Paskett , this film is `` one of the best films of all time '' . Wang argued the film was used by Republican politicians to illustrate a `` traditional version of recent history '' to gear voters towards their ideology for the congressional elections . In addition , presidential candidate Bob Dole cited the film 's message in influencing his campaign with its `` ... message that has made ( the film ) one of Hollywood 's all - time greatest box office hits : no matter how great the adversity , the American Dream is within everybody 's reach . '' In 1995 , National Review included Forrest Gump in its list of the `` Best 100 Conservative Movies '' of all time . Then , in 2009 , the magazine ranked the film number four on its 25 Best Conservative Movies of the Last 25 Years list . `` Tom Hanks plays the title character , an amiable dunce who is far too smart to embrace the lethal values of the 1960s . The love of his life , wonderfully played by Robin Wright Penn , chooses a different path ; she becomes a drug - addled hippie , with disastrous results . '' James Burton , a communication arts professor at Salisbury University , argued that conservatives claimed Forrest Gump as their own due less to the content of the film and more to the historical and cultural context of 1994 . Burton claimed the film 's content and advertising campaign were affected by the cultural climate of the 1990s , which emphasized family values and `` American values '' -- values epitomized in the successful book Hollywood vs. America . He claimed this climate influenced the apolitical nature of the film , which allowed for many different political interpretations .",
"15": "Burton points out that many conservative critics and magazines ( John Simon , James Bowman , the World Report ) initially either criticized the film or praised it only for its non-political elements . Only after the popularity of the film was well - established did conservatives embrace the film as an affirmation of traditional values . Burton implies the liberal - left could have prevented the conservatives from claiming rights to the film , had it chosen to vocalize elements of the film such as its criticism of military values . Instead , the liberal - left focused on what the film omitted , such as the feminist and civil rights movements . Some commentators see the conservative readings of Forrest Gump as indicants of the death of irony in American culture . Vivian Sobchack notes that the film 's humor and irony rely on the assumption of the audience 's historical ( self - ) consciousness . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main articles : Forrest Gump ( soundtrack ) and Forrest Gump -- Original Motion Picture Score The 32 - song soundtrack from the film was released on July 6 , 1994 . With the exception of a lengthy suite from Alan Silvestri 's score , all the songs are previously released ; the soundtrack includes songs from Elvis Presley , Creedence Clearwater Revival , Aretha Franklin , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Three Dog Night , The Byrds , The Beach Boys , The Jimi Hendrix Experience , The Doors , The Mamas & the Papas , The Doobie Brothers , Simon & Garfunkel , Bob Seger , and Buffalo Springfield among others . Music producer Joel Sill reflected on compiling the soundtrack : `` We wanted to have very recognizable material that would pinpoint time periods , yet we did n't want to interfere with what was happening cinematically . '' The two - disc album has a variety of music from the 1950s -- 1980s performed by American artists . According to Sills , this was due to Zemeckis ' request , `` All the material in there is American . Bob ( Zemeckis ) felt strongly about it . He felt that Forrest would n't buy anything but American . '' The soundtrack reached a peak of number 2 on the Billboard album chart . The soundtrack went on to sell twelve million copies , and is one of the top selling albums in the United States .",
"16": "The score for the film was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri and released on August 2 , 1994 . Proposed sequel ( edit ) Main article : Gump and Co . The screenplay for the sequel was written by Eric Roth in 2001 . It is based on the original novel 's sequel , Gump and Co. written by Winston Groom in 1995 . Roth 's script begins with Forrest sitting on a bench waiting for his son to return from school . After the September 11 attacks , Roth , Zemeckis , and Hanks decided the story was no longer `` relevant . '' In March 2007 , however , it was reported Paramount producers took another look at the screenplay . On the very first page of the sequel novel , Forrest Gump tells readers `` Do n't never let nobody make a movie of your life 's story , '' though `` Whether they get it right or wrong , it does n't matter . '' The first chapter of the book suggests the real - life events surrounding the film have been incorporated into Forrest 's storyline , and that Forrest got a lot of media attention as a result of the film . During the course of the sequel novel , Gump runs into Tom Hanks and at the end of the novel in the film 's release , including Gump going on The David Letterman Show and attending the Academy Awards . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Man ( Not Named Forrest Gump ) Runs Across the U.S. the wolf lair . Thewolflair.wordpress.com ( May 11 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://m.legacy.com/obituaries/idahostatesman/obituary.aspx?n=robert-sweetgall&pid=185842693&referrer=0&preview=false Jump up ^ `` News from the Library of Congress -- 2011 National Film Registry More Than a Box of Chocolates '' Jump up ^ Smith , Neil ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) . `` 9 stars who turned down great film roles '' . BBC News .",
"17": "Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Roles and the Stars Who Regret Turning Them Down '' . Celebs.Answers.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Forbes staff ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Star Misses -- 4 ) Forrest Gump Starring ... John Travolta '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wiser , Paige ( December 17 , 2006 ) . `` Might - have - beens who ( thankfully ) were n't : The wacky world of Hollywood 's strangest casting calls '' ( Fee required ) . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mal , Vincent ( July 6 , 1994 ) . `` Show Some Gumption Hanks Excels in Tale of a Simple Man 's Brushes with Fame '' ( Fee required ) . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( September 1 , 1994 ) . `` Following the Star Of a Winsome Idiot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( September 15 , 1997 ) . `` Mykelti Williamson later said the ' Forrest Gump ' role nearly ruined his acting career '' . Jet . FindArticles . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( March 26 , 2000 ) . `` On the Trail of a Hollywood Hyphenate ; Rapper / Actor / Writer / Producer / Director . Is There Room For Anything Else on Ice Cube 's Resume ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wuntch , Philip ( July 18 , 1994 ) .",
"18": "`` In character -- Sally Field finding the good roles '' ( Fee required ) . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( July 1 , 2001 ) . `` Haley Joel Osment on Robots and Reality '' ( Fee required ) . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eler , Robert K. ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` 598 - page encyclopedia covers a whole lot of Elvis '' . Arkansas Democrat Gazette . Archived from the original ( Fee required ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Forrest Gump - ( Seeing is Believing : The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump - John Lennon with Dick Cavett ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . August 28 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , Bart ( July 8 , 1994 ) . `` In ' Forrest Gump , ' Historical Figures Speak for Themselves '' ( Fee required ) . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Delarte , Alonso ( February 2004 ) . `` Movies By The Book : Forrest Gump '' ( PDF ) . Bob 's Poetry Magazine . p. 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Plume , Kenneth ( August 24 , 2005 ) . `` Gilliam on Grimm '' . IGN . p. 3 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( November 3 , 1995 ) . `` Get Barry '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Kristine ( December 19 , 1993 ) .",
"19": "`` He 's Serious About This One For Tom Hanks , it 's been a long ride from ' Splash ' to ' Philadelphia , ' in which the likable comedy actor plays an AIDS patient who 's fired from his job '' ( Fee required ) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Must - see sites abound along Blue Ridge Parkway -- The Indiana Gazette Online : Indiana County Area News . Indianagazette.com ( June 12 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Film locations for Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved on March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Katherine . `` Island getaway is motion - picture perfect '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grandfather Mountain audio tour ^ Jump up to : Forrest Gump - ( Building the World of Gump : Production Design ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . August 28 , 2001 . Jump up ^ D'Arc , James V. ( 2010 ) . When Hollywood came to town : a history of moviemaking in Utah ( 1st ed . ) . Layton , Utah : Gibbs Smith . ISBN 9781423605874 . Jump up ^ Forrest Gump - ( Through the eyes of Forrest Gump ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . August 28 , 2001 . Event occurs at 12 : 29 . Jump up ^ Forrest Gump - ( Seeing is Believing : The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump - Vietnam ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . August 28 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Forrest Gump - ( Seeing is Believing : The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump - Lt. Dan 's Legs ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . August 28 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Forrest Gump - ( Seeing is Believing : The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump - Enhancing Reality ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . August 28 , 2001 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ `` Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Forrest Gump Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( July 6 , 1994 ) . `` Forrest Gump '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( July 10 , 1994 ) . `` Forrest Gump '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Anthony . `` Forrest Gump '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( July 15 , 1994 ) . `` Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( August 14 , 1994 ) . `` Forrest Gump , Our National Folk Zero '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( July 21 , 1994 ) . `` The Gump From Hope '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , Richard ; Julie Grace ; Martha Smilgis ( August 1 , 1994 ) . `` The World According to Gump '' . Time .",
"21": "Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Jennifer Hyland ( Spring 2000 ) . `` '' A Struggle of Contending Stories `` : Race , Gender , and Political Memory in Forrest Gump '' ( PDF ) . Cinema Journal . 39 ( 3 ) : 92 -- 102 . doi : 10.1353 / cj. 2000.0009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` Forrest Gump '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 1994 ) . `` Loss of innocence : ' Forrest Gump ' at 10 '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Film critic Pauline Kael came out of retirement to bash the film on a book tour ; by year 's end , New York Times reviewer Janet Maslin had gone from mildly praising the film in her initial review to putting it on her worst of 1994 list , describing Forrest as a `` hollow man '' who 's ' self - congratulatory in his blissful ignorance , warmly embraced as the embodiment of absolutely nothing . ' Jump up ^ Vincenti , Marc ( August 1994 ) . `` Forrest Gump '' . Palo Alto Weekly . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mast , Gerald ( 2007 ) . A Short History of the Movies : 10th Edition . London : Longman . Jump up ^ Bal , Sumeet ; Marc Bernardin ; Monica Mehta ; Joshua Rich ; Erin Richter ; Michael Sauter ; Missy Schwartz ; Nancy Sidewater ( January 9 , 2004 ) . `` Cry Hard 2 The Readers Strike Back '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 .",
"22": "Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forrest Gump Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to $100 million '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to $200 million '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to $300 million '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Paul , and Janet Wasko . The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry . Malden : Blackwell , 2008 . Pg : 79 # Jump up ^ Lowman , Rob ( August 28 , 2001 ) . `` Video Enchanted Forrest the Much - beloved `` Forrest Gump '' Arrives on DVD with Sweetness Intact '' ( Fee required ) . Beacon Journal . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schweiger , Arlen ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` Paramount Saves Top Titles for Blu - ray ' Sapphire ' Treatment '' . Electronic House . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Preps ' Forrest Gump ' for 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray High - Def Digest '' . www.highdefdigest.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... The Complete Lists '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Braund , Simon ; et al. `` Empire 's 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Nuckols , Ben ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Forrest Gump , Hannibal Lecter join film registry '' . Associated Press . Cox Newspapers . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 National Film Registry More Than a Box of Chocolates '' . Library of Congress . December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , John ( May 25 , 1995 ) . `` ' Forrest Gump ' Has Yet to Make a Net Profit '' . The Journal Record . FindArticles . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davis , Charles E. ( Summer 1997 ) . `` Accounting is like a box of chocolates : A lesson in cost behavior '' . Journal of Accounting Education . 15 ( 3 ) : 307 -- 318 . doi : 10.1016 / S0748 - 5751 ( 97 ) 00008 - 0 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( March 28 , 1995 ) . `` Calender Goes to the Oscars Analysis Life Is Like a Box of Oscars But Statues Are Divvied Up , Quite Fittingly '' ( Fee required ) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gump ' Author Settles Fight With Studio '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( June 15 , 1995 ) . Retrieved on June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( July 31 , 1994 ) . `` It 's ' Forrest Gump ' vs. Harrumph '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Forrest Gump - ( Through the eyes of Forrest Gump ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . August 28 , 2001 . Event occurs at 23 : 27 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Forrest Gump - ( Through the eyes of Forrest Gump ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . August 28 , 2001 . Event occurs at 23 : 57 . Jump up ^ Forrest Gump - ( Through the eyes of Forrest Gump ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . August 28 , 2001 . Event occurs at 26 : 29 . ^ Jump up to : Byers , Thomas B. ( 1996 ) . `` History Re-Membered : Forrest Gump , Postfeminist Masculinity , and the Burial of the Counterculture '' . Modern Fiction Studies . 42 ( 2 ) : 419 -- 444 . doi : 10.1353 / mfs. 1995.0102 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wang , Jennifer ( Spring 2000 ) . `` '' A Struggle of Contending Stories `` : Race , Gender , and Political Memory in `` Forrest Gump '' `` . Cinema Journal . 39 ( 3 ) : 92 -- 115 . doi : 10.1353 / cj. 2000.0009 . Jump up ^ Gordinier , Jeff ( February 10 , 1995 ) . `` Mr. Gump Goes to Washington '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Quillen , Ed ( May 7 , 1995 ) . `` Why are modern conservatives so enchanted with Forrest Gump ? '' . Denver Post . ^ Jump up to : Miller , John J. ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Best Conservative Movies '' . National Review . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , James Amos ( September 2007 ) . `` Film , History and Cultural Memory : Cinematic Representations of Vietnam - Era America During the Culture Wars , 1987 -- 1995 '' . PhD Thesis .",
"25": "^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( August 14 , 1994 ) . `` Songs Set the Mood for ' Gump ' '' . Gainesville Sun . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top Albums at the Recording Industry Association of America '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2004 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 7 , 2008 ) . `` 9 / 11 Killed the Forrest Gump Sequel '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Josh ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` Forrest Gump Gets A Sequel '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Groom , Winston ( 1996 ) . Gump & Co . Pocket Books . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 52264 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forrest Gump .",
"26": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Forrest Gump Official website Forrest Gump on IMDb Forrest Gump at the TCM Movie Database Forrest Gump at AllMovie Forrest Gump at Box Office Mojo Forrest Gump at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Robert Zemeckis I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) Used Cars ( 1980 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Contact ( 1997 ) What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) Cast Away ( 2000 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Beowulf ( 2007 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Flight ( 2012 ) The Walk ( 2015 ) Doc Brown Saves the World ( 2015 ) Allied ( 2016 ) The Women of Marwen ( 2018 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs.",
"27": "Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence",
"28": "of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 )",
"29": "The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T.",
"30": "the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge !",
"31": "( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God !",
"32": "( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Winston Groom 's Forrest Gump ( 1986 ) Characters Forrest Gump Films Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Accolades Music Forrest Gump ( soundtrack ) Forrest Gump -- Original Motion Picture Score ( score ) Other `` Gump '' ( satire ) Gump and Co.",
"33": "( sequel novel ) Bubba Gump Shrimp Company VIAF : 191524335 GND : 4376000 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forrest_Gump&oldid=837962467 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films American films 1990s drama films 1990s coming - of - age films American drama films American coming - of - age films American epic films American football films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about amputees Films based on American novels Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in 1955 Films set in 1962 Films set in 1964 Films set in 1967 Films set in 1969 Films set in 1971 Films set in 1972 Films set in 1974 Films set in 1976 Films set in 1979 Films set in 1981 Films set in 1982 Films set in Alabama Films set in Arizona Films set in China Films set in New York City Films set in San Francisco Films set in Vietnam Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California Films shot in Maine Films shot in Montana Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in South Carolina Films shot in Utah Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Hippie films IMAX films Incest in film Military humor in film Table tennis films Films set in the White House United States National Film Registry films Vietnam War films Paramount Pictures films Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films directed by Robert Zemeckis Screenplays by Eric Roth Czech Lion Awards winners ( films ) Watergate scandal in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2016",
"34": "Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پښتو Polski Português Română",
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when did we find out the smoking man was mulder's father
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[
"in the sixth season",
"Later in the sixth season"
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{
"0": "Cigarette Smoking Man - wikipedia Cigarette Smoking Man Jump to : navigation , search `` Cancer Man '' redirects here . For the Breaking Bad episode , see Cancer Man ( Breaking Bad ) . Carl Gerhard Busch aka Cigarette Smoking Man The X-Files character William B. Davis as Cigarette Smoking Man First appearance `` Pilot '' ( September 10 , 1993 ) Last appearance `` My Struggle IV '' ( March 21 , 2018 ) Created by Chris Carter Portrayed by William B. Davis Chris Owens ( younger ) Craig Warkentin ( younger ) Information Occupation Department of Defense Syndicate member Men in Black Case Officer Assassin Family Cassandra ( ex-wife ) Jeffrey Spender ( son ) Fox Mulder ( son ) William Van de Kamp ( son / grandson ) Alias C.G.B. Spender Affiliated with Colonists Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation , The X-Files The Syndicate Duration 1993 -- 2000 , 2002 , 2016 , 2018 Films The X-Files Cigarette Smoking Man ( abbreviated CSM or C - Man ; sometimes referred to as Cancer Man or the Smoking Man ) is a fictional character and one of the primary antagonists of the Fox science fiction - supernatural television series The X-Files . He serves as the arch - nemesis of FBI Special Agent Fox Mulder . In the show 's sixth season , his name is said to be C.G.B. Spender , but Dana Scully suggests this is one of `` hundreds of aliases '' ; the show 's characters and fans continue to refer to him by variations of `` the Smoking Man '' because he is almost always seen chain - smoking Morley cigarettes . In the eleventh season , he reveals his full name to be Carl Gerhard Busch . Although he utters only four audible words in the entire first season of the show , the Smoking Man eventually develops into the series ' primary antagonist . In his early appearances he is seen in the offices of Section Chief Scott Blevins and Assistant Director Walter Skinner , Mulder and his partner Dana Scully 's supervisors .",
"1": "An influential man working for the powers that be , he is a key member in a government - conspiracy unit known only as the Syndicate , who are hiding the truth of alien existence and their plan to colonize Earth . His power and influence remained strong , even after most of the Syndicate was destroyed . The Smoking Man is portrayed by Canadian actor William B. Davis . When Davis first received the role , the character was written as an extra for the pilot episode . He returned for small cameo appearances during the first season , making increasingly more appearances in the seasons that followed . Davis never received an award for his portrayal alone , but he was nominated for ensemble awards . TV Guide included him in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character arc 1.1 `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' 1.2 `` My Struggle III '' 1.3 Other episodes 2 Spin - off media 3 Characterization 4 Development 5 Reception 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 External links Character arc ( edit ) `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' ( edit ) The birth date , birthplace , and most of the history of the Smoking Man is never categorically confirmed . One possible version of his past is provided during the fourth - season episode `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' , in which the conspiracy theorists known as The Lone Gunmen claim Smoking Man was first documented in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , on August 20 , 1940 . His father was an ardent communist activist and a spy for the Soviet NKVD who was executed under the Espionage Act of 1917 `` before his boy could walk . '' His mother was a cigarette smoker who died from lung cancer , also when he was an infant . Since he had no surviving family , he became a ward of the state and was sent to various orphanages in the Midwest . He made no friends and spent most of his time reading . The episode portrays the Smoking Man shooting John F. Kennedy after being signaled by the `` Umbrella man '' ( sitting on the right side ) .",
"2": "The same episode reveals that by the early 1960s he was a US Army captain involved in black ops and intelligence , and that he served alongside Fox Mulder 's father , Bill . The Smoking Man was already involved in the arming of anti-Castro rebels in Cuba and the assassinations of Patrice Lumumba and Rafael Trujillo before he was enlisted by a secret cabal to assassinate President John Fitzgerald Kennedy in Dallas . The assassination was motivated by Kennedy 's mishandling of the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the subsequent Cuban Missile Crisis . As part of the mission , the Smoking Man told the designated patsy , Lee Harvey Oswald , to bring the curtain rods as a way to frame him for the murder . Incidentally , it was Oswald himself who introduced the Smoking Man to cigarettes . By 1968 , the Smoking Man had progressed enough in the hierarchy to push himself for the assassination of Martin Luther King , concerned that King was `` talking like a Maoist '' and a threat to the American war effort in Vietnam . He did the deed himself because he had `` too much respect for the man , '' and chose to frame a white racist because of his own sympathy for the Civil Rights Movement . At the same time , the Smoking Man was an aspiring writer of espionage ( and later , science - fiction ) novels starring a fictional version of himself , Jack Colquitt , and based on his own secret activities , but all his drafts were rejected or altered by publishers who found them unrealistic and poorly written . This left him no choice but to continue working for the United States government . By 1991 , the Smoking Man 's power was pretty much absolute . He was in direct talks with Saddam Hussein and involved in one way or another on the Anita Hill - Clarence Thomas controversy , moving the Rodney King trial to Simi Valley , keeping the US government from interfering in the independence of Bosnia - Herzegovina , the Academy Awards nominations , keeping the Buffalo Bills from ever winning the Super Bowl , drugging the Soviet goalkeeper Vladislav Tretiak before the Miracle on Ice , and executing extraterrestrials that survived landing on American soil . Nevertheless , X-Files writer Frank Spotnitz , has stated that this version of events is only one possibility and is not accepted canon .",
"3": "`` My Struggle III '' ( edit ) In the eleventh - season episode `` My Struggle III , '' the Cigarette - Smoking Man reveals his name to be Carl Gerhard Busch ( the name of series creator Chris Carter 's grandfather ) . Other episodes ( edit ) In his first appearance in the series , he oversees FBI agent Dana Scully 's ( Gillian Anderson ) briefing and debriefing , and later disposes of evidence Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Scully had brought back from their investigation of an alien abduction . With the Smoking Man hiding truth from the public , Mulder seeks to reveal it to the public and the truth about the disappearance of his sister , Samantha . This leads to a rivalry that lasts until the end of the series . In later seasons , it is revealed that he is a member of a group known as the Syndicate , a shadowy organization within the United States government . The episode `` Two Fathers '' reveals his birthname or alias as C.G.B. Spender , and that he was formerly married to Cassandra Spender , with whom he had a son , Jeffrey Spender . He recruits FBI Special Agent Diana Fowley to be a subordinate of his because she has a close relationship with Mulder . In `` One Son '' , Jeffrey finds out that his father , the Smoking Man , forced his mother Cassandra to undergo medical treatments that led to several nervous breakdowns during his childhood years . When the Smoking Man finds out , he seemingly kills Jeffrey . Knowing of the colonization plan , the Alien rebels return to Earth to try to persuade the Syndicate to join their side against their war with the Colonists . Not believing in the strength of the Alien rebels , the Syndicate members meet at El Rico Air Base to be transported to a spaceship to survive the colonization . However , the rebels appear instead of the Colonists and kill all remaining chief members of the Syndicate . Together with Fowley , the Smoking Man escapes the destruction of the Syndicate . Later in the sixth season , there is more evidence that suggested that the Smoking Man is Mulder 's biological father . Eventually in `` The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati '' , Fowley comes in disagreement with him .",
"4": "Because of his plans to kill Mulder , Fowley helps Scully in her investigation to locate Mulder , which leads to her death . After the destruction of the Syndicate , the Smoking Man starts to operate as he wishes . However , his cancer resurfaces , and he begins using a wheelchair and has a tracheotomy . In the end , Alex Krycek and Marita Covarrubias betray him in the episode `` Requiem '' , throwing him down a flight of stairs , where they presume him to be dead . Until the ninth season episode `` William '' , the Smoking Man is presumed dead . It is learned that his attempted murder of his son failed , which led him to subject his son to terrible experiments . In the series finale , `` The Truth '' , Mulder and Scully travel through remote New Mexico and reach a pueblo where a `` wise man '' reputedly lives : he is , in fact , the Smoking Man . His condition has worsened since his disappearance , and he lives a primitive life in hiding from the `` New '' Syndicate . After taunting Mulder and Scully , he reveals to Scully what Mulder already knew , that the alien re-colonization of Earth is set for December 22 , 2012 . Shortly after , Smoking Man is again apparently killed by a rocket shot from a helicopter ordered by Knowle Rohrer . For the next 14 years , he is presumed dead . However , he appears again alive but seriously burned and disfigured at the end of `` My Struggle '' ( 2016 ) , the first episode of The X-Files miniseries , stating that the X-Files have been reopened . In the season finale , `` My Struggle II '' , the Smoking Man puts into motion the conspiracy he had been working on all these years , releasing chemtrails into the atmosphere which trigger immune system breakdowns throughout the American population , which had been infected by the Spartan virus through mandatory flu vaccinations . Out of fondness for Mulder , he offers him the cure to the disease , but is rebuffed . The United States is thrown into chaos as the Syndicate plan for depopulation gets underway . However in `` My Struggle III '' , this is shown to be a vision experienced by Scully .",
"5": "It is revealed that the Smoking Man is trying to find Scully 's son William in order to fulfill his plans , and that he is in conflict with a group lead by two other surviving Syndicate members , who want the Smoking Man dead in order to carry out their own agenda . The Smoking Man approaches Walter Skinner to make him a deal , and offers him a chance to survive the end of humanity in exchange for Skinner helping him find William . The Smoking Man also reveals he was responsible for the creation of William , as he impregnated Scully with the use of alien technology . In the season 11 finale `` My Struggle IV '' , the Smoking Man and Reyes follow Mulder , Scully and Skinner to an abandoned factory where they are chasing down William . Skinner points a gun at them and shoots Reyes dead , and the Smoking Man runs Skinner over in his car . The Smoking Man confronts `` Mulder '' ( who is actually William in disguise ) by a waterfront , and during the standoff shoots him in the head and causes him to fall into the water . The real Mulder appears and shoots the Smoking Man , who realizes that he has killed William , and he falls off the edge and into the water , with his body then carried away by the currents . Spin - off media ( edit ) Prior to the tenth televised series of The X-Files in 2016 , Chris Carter worked with IDW Publishing in 2013 to produce a comic - book continuation of the show . It hints that the Smoking Man is alive and indirectly feeding information to both Mulder and The Lone Gunmen . Carter later said that the story from these comics would be disregarded in future television productions . A variation of the comic - book continuation was made canonical with The X-Files : Cold Cases , an Audible adaptation of the series set between the events of the ninth and tenth seasons of The X-Files , in which the Smoking Man presented in the series is revealed to be a shape - shifting alien imitating him . Characterization ( edit ) Kim Manners , a director of several X-Files episodes , said that the Smoking Man was the show 's version of Darth Vader . Some X-Files fans have categorized the Smoking Man as evil , making him out to be the villain . Series creator Chris Carter once called him `` the devil '' , producing a mixed reaction among fans .",
"6": "Some fans , along with the portraying actor , see him as a hero , as he is forced to make choices others are not . The Smoking Man is involved in the Syndicate , a shadow organization which includes members of the United States government that exists to hide from the public the fact that aliens are planning to colonize Earth . The Smoking Man often ruthlessly protects the secrets of the conspiracy , and serves as the main antagonist to Mulder , who has an equally consuming devotion to reveal the truth in the first seven seasons . His stated justification is a desire to prevent the alien colonization for as long as possible ; in the episode `` One Breath '' , he tells Mulder that he is in the conspiracy ( which he calls `` the game '' ) because he believes that the secrets he keeps could , if publicly revealed , threaten the social order that preserves society : `` If people were to know of the things that I know ... it would all fall apart '' . He is at times shown working towards that goal , particularly in connection with developing a vaccine to protect people from the `` black oil '' , a parasitic agent which the alien Colonists use to propagate themselves . Development ( edit ) `` I tried to put myself in the character 's shoes and see the world from his point of view . After all , villains do n't think they are villains '' . -- William B. Davis talking about his character . When first cast for the role , portraying actor William B. Davis thought a show about the paranormal would not last for long . Before joining The X-Files cast , Davis had not smoked a cigarette in twenty years . For the first two episodes he appeared in , he smoked `` real '' cigarettes , but later changed to herbal cigarettes , giving the reason that smoking was dangerous for his health . In at least one early script draft from the `` Pilot '' , a Special Agent named Lake Drazen is present at the meeting near the start of the episode , having chosen Scully for an assignment to evaluate the validity of Mulder 's work on the X-Files . The scene was eventually deleted and replaced , and several crew members have hinted that Agent Drazen became the Smoking Man . Kim Manners said that it seemed all the prominent pieces created for The X-Files were created by `` accident '' . According to Manners , Davis was nothing more than an extra leaning on a shelf .",
"7": "At the start , the producers of the show were not sure about making the Smoking Man the main antagonist . Paul Rabwin commented once that he did not know if Davis could handle the role , because he was not sure if he was a `` good enough '' actor for the role . Manners later commented that Davis knew that the Smoking Man had two different characters , the first being the one played by Davis and the second was the cigarettes . He further stated that the cigarette smoke could tell a `` whole story '' by itself , thanks to Davis ' talent . Fans of the series were active in debating if the Smoking Man was actually dead after the events of the season five premiere `` Redux '' . In his first response , Chris Carter said he had left clues in the episode , and he later officially announced that the character would appear in The X-Files movie . In one of his last comments on the matter , he said , `` Not that we have n't brought deceased characters back before , in flashbacks or more paranormal ways . The great thing about The X-Files is that anything can happen . '' The Smoking Man is the only character in the series , in addition to Mulder and Scully , to appear in both the first episode , `` pilot '' and the last , `` The Truth '' of the series . Portraying actor William B. Davis was listed as CIA Agent in the first season episode `` Young at Heart '' , instead of his usual character , the Smoking Man . Actor Chris Owens for a time portrayed the Smoking Man as a young man in flashbacks . He later plays his son , Jeffrey Spender . Young Cigarette Smoking Man was first played by Craig Warkentin , with Davis 's voice dubbed over in `` Apocrypha '' . Reception ( edit ) While not being nominated for any of his work alone on The X-Files , William B. Davis and several other cast members were nominated in the category `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' by the Screen Actors Guild Awards in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 but did not win . The character was regularly voted `` The Nastiest Villain '' on television polls during the 90s . TV Guide listed Cigarette Smoking Man 20th in their `` 25 Greatest TV Villains '' list .",
"8": "According to the portraying actor , the character had garnered protest from `` pro-smokers '' . Entertainment Weekly writer Jennifer Armstrong cited the character as an example of the old tradition of having only `` bad guys '' smoking on television . Davis was included in Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Biggest Emmy Snubs , the list 's author saying that the presence of the `` Cigarette Smoking Man '' was as important as `` black oil , alien implants , and Scully 's skepticism '' . The Malaysian newspaper the New Straits Times called the Smoking Man one of the most `` intriguing '' characters of the show . However , Christianity Today said that the mystery behind the Smoking Man had evaporated by the late season episodes . Likewise , Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly felt that `` the monotonous evil of Cancer Man '' had `` become actively annoying '' in later seasons of the show , being that his lurking presence did not seem as mysterious anymore . Salon reviewer Jeff Stark felt the show was at its best when you `` did n't exactly know the motivations of the Smoking Man '' . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael W. Watkins ( director ) , David Duchovny & Chris Carter ( writers ) . `` The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 2 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Bretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ; ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Baddies to the Bone : The 60 nastiest villains of all time '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Glen Morgan ( director and writer ) . `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' . The X-Files . Season 4 . Episode 7 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Episode transcript Jump up ^ Meisler , pp. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Leighton , Susan ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` The X-Files : Chris Carter and the Cigarette Smoking Man share a secret '' . 1428elm.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robert Mandel ( director ) , Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Pilot '' .",
"9": "The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Fox Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Spotnitz , Frank , Carter , Chris , Shiban , John , Manners , Kim and Gordon , Howard among others ( 2004 ) . Threads of Mythology ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ R.W. Goodwin ( director ) , Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` The Erlenmeyer Flask '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 24 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) , Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Two Fathers '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 11 . Fox Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Rob Bowman ( director ) , Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` One Son '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 12 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) , Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Requiem '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 22 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ David Duchovny ( director ) , David Duchovny , Frank Spotnitz & Chris Carter ( writers ) . `` William '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 16 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) , Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` The Truth '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 19 & 20 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Season 10 # 2 -- Believers , Part 2 ( of 5 ) ( Issue ) '' . comicvine.com . Jump up ^ Quijada , Avi ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` XFN Exclusive : Chris Carter on # XFilesRevival '' . XFilesNews . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kowalski and B. Davis 2007 , p. 142 -- 143 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ Tomashoff , Craig ( December 5 , 1999 ) . `` Television / Radio ; Where Have the Confident , Happy Heroes Gone ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive interview -- William B. Davis '' . Expedientes X . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Brian ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` An Interview '' . Space . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nuytens , Gilles ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Interview with William B. Davis '' . The Sci Fi World . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris , Anderson , Gillian , Duchovny , David , B. Davis , William and Williams , Steven ( 1998 ) . Inside The X-Files ( Season 5 ) ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen ( November 21 , 1997 ) . `` Dead Man Smoking ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary for `` The Red and the Black '' ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris and Manners , Kim ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary for `` Apocrypha '' ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Rampton , James ( February 7 , 1998 ) . `` Where there 's smoke ... '' The Independent . London . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( June 7 , 2002 ) . `` TV smoking makes doctors gag '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Biggest Emmy Snubs : No. 50 - 26 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trust Is Out There ... '' New Straits Times . February 11 , 1998 . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hertz , Todd ( January 1 , 2002 ) . `` Opinion Roundup : Is The Truth Out There ? '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( May 16 , 1997 ) . `` The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jeff ( January 16 , 2001 ) . `` The X-Files : Fight the Future '' . Salon . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Works cited A. Kowalsi , Dean ; B. Davis , William ( 2007 ) . The Philosophy of The X-files . Kentucky , US : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2454 - 9 .",
"12": "External links ( edit ) Cigarette Smoking Man at The X-Files Wiki ( hide ) The X-Files The X-Files Awards Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unmade The X-Files ( film ) The X-Files : I Want to Believe Mythology Religion in The X-Files Sources and analogues Characters Colonists Minor Samantha Mulder X-files unit Fox Mulder Dana Scully Walter Skinner John Doggett Monica Reyes Brad Follmer Jeffrey Spender Alvin Kersh Lone Gunmen Jimmy Bond Syndicate Cigarette Smoking Man Well - Manicured Man Deep Throat X Marita Covarrubias Alex Krycek Men in Black Merchandise Games Collectible Card Game The X-Files Game Unrestricted Access Resist or Serve DVD releases Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Revelations Music Theme Songs in the Key of X The Truth and the Light The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score The X-Files : The Album I Want to Believe : Original Motion Picture Score Literature The X-Files ( comics ) The X-Files Season 10 The X-Files Season 11 Related shows Millennium The Lone Gunmen `` The Springfield Files '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"13": "php?title=Cigarette_Smoking_Man&oldid=832688969 '' Categories : The X-Files characters Fictional assassins Fictional characters from Louisiana Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Fictional characters with cancer Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional characters without a name Fictional members of secret societies Fictional murderers Fictional smokers Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 13 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7156662876463792168
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where does new york drinking water come from
|
[
"the New Croton Reservoir in Westchester and Putnam counties",
"the eastern Catskill Mountains",
"tributaries of the Delaware River in the western Catskill Mountains",
"New Croton Reservoir in Westchester and Putnam counties",
"two reservoirs in the eastern Catskill Mountains",
"tributaries of the Delaware River in the western Catskill Mountains"
] |
{
"0": "New York City water supply system - wikipedia New York City water supply system Jump to : navigation , search New York City 's water supply system is one of the most extensive municipal water systems in the world . This complex system relies on a combination of aqueducts , reservoirs , and tunnels to meet the daily needs of New York City 's more than eight million residents and its many visitors . Thanks to well - protected wilderness watersheds , New York 's water treatment process is simpler than in other American cities . One advantage of the system is that 95 % of the total water supply is supplied by gravity . The other 5 % needs to be pumped to maintain pressure , but this is sometimes increased in times of drought when the reservoirs are at lower than normal levels . The city has sought to restrict development throughout its watershed . One of its largest watershed protection programs is the Land Acquisition Program , under which the New York City Department of Environmental Protection ( DEP ) has purchased or protected , through conservation easement , over 130,000 acres ( 53,000 ha ) since 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Responsible agencies 1.1 New York City Department of Environmental Protection 1.2 New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority 1.3 New York City Water Board 2 Infrastructure 2.1 Reservoirs and aqueducts 2.2 Brooklyn Reservoirs 2.3 Tunnels and distribution system 3 Ongoing repairs and upgrades 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Responsible agencies ( edit ) Responsibility for the city water supply is shared among three institutions : the New York City Department of Environmental Protection ( `` DEP '' ) , which operates and maintains the system and is responsible for investment planning ; the New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority ( `` NYW '' ) , which raises debt financing in the market to underwrite the system 's costs ; and the Water Board , which sets rates and collects user payments . New York City Department of Environmental Protection ( edit ) Main article : New York City Department of Environmental Protection § Wastewater treatment The DEP has a workforce of over 6,000 employees .",
"1": "It includes three bureaus in charge of , respectively , the upstate water supply system , New York City 's water and sewer operations , and wastewater treatment : The Bureau of Water Supply manages , operates and protects New York City 's upstate water supply system to ensure the delivery of a sufficient quantity of high quality drinking water . The Bureau is also responsible for the overall management and implementation of the provisions of the city 's $1.5 billion Watershed Protection Program . In addition to operating and maintaining the water supply and sewerage system , the Bureau of Water and Sewer Operations is also responsible for the operation of the Staten Island Bluebelt , an ecologically sound , cost - effective natural alternative to storm sewers , which occupies approximately 15 square miles ( 39 km ) of land in the South Richmond area of Staten Island . This project preserves streams , ponds and other wetland ( `` bluebelt '' ) areas , allowing them to perform their natural function of conveying , storing and filtering storm water . The Bureau of Wastewater Treatment operates 14 water pollution control plants treating an average of 1.5 billion US gallons ( 5,700,000 m ) of wastewater a day ; 95 wastewater pump stations ; eight dewatering facilities ; 490 sewer regulators ; and 7,000 miles ( 11,000 km ) of intercepting sewers . New York City Municipal water Finance Authority ( edit ) The NYW finances the capital needs of the water and sewer system of the city through the issuance of bonds , commercial paper , and other debt instruments . It is a public - benefit corporation created in 1985 pursuant to the New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority Act . The Authority is administered by a seven - member Board of Directors . Four of the members are ex officio members : the Commissioner of Environmental Protection of the City , the Director of Management and Budget of the City , the Commissioner of Finance of the City , and the Commissioner of Environmental Conservation of the State . The remaining three members are public appointments : two by the Mayor , and one by the Governor . New York City water Board ( edit ) The New York City Water Board sets water and sewer rates for New York City sufficient to pay the costs of operating and financing the system , and collects user payments from customers for services provided by the water and wastewater utility systems of the City of New York .",
"2": "The five Board members are appointed to two - year terms by the Mayor . Infrastructure ( edit ) New York City 's water system consists of aqueducts , distribution pipes , reservoirs , and water tunnels that channel drinking water to residents and visitors . A comprehensive raised - relief map of the system is on display at the Queens Museum of Art . Until the early 21st century , some places in southeastern Queens received their water from local wells of the former Jamaica Water Supply Company . Reservoirs and aqueducts ( edit ) The water system has a storage capacity of 550 billion US gallons ( 2.1 × 10 m ) and provides over 1.2 billion US gallons ( 4,500,000 m ) per day of drinking water to more than eight million city residents , another one million users in four upstate counties bordering on the water supply system , and visitors to the region . Three separate sub-systems , each consisting of aqueducts and reservoirs , bring water from Upstate New York to New York City : The New Croton Aqueduct , completed in 1890 , brings water from the New Croton Reservoir in Westchester and Putnam counties . The Catskill Aqueduct , completed in 1916 , is significantly larger than New Croton and brings water from two reservoirs in the eastern Catskill Mountains . The Delaware Aqueduct , completed in 1945 , taps tributaries of the Delaware River in the western Catskill Mountains and provides approximately half of New York City 's water supply . The latter two aqueducts provide 90 % of New York City 's drinking water . Water from both aqueducts is stored first in the large Kensico Reservoir and subsequently in the much smaller Hillview Reservoir closer to the city . Brooklyn reservoirs ( edit ) Brooklyn has had many water reservoirs ; they can be seen on an 1864 map of Brooklyn Waterworks .",
"3": "They are listed below , from east to west : Hempstead Reservoir Smith 's Pond Rockville Reservoir Valley Stream Pond Watts Pond Clear Stream Reservoir Brookfield Reservoir Conselyea Pond P. Cornells Pond Springfield Pond One Mile Pond Jamaica Reservoir Ridgewood Reservoir Mount Prospect Reservoir Tunnels and distribution system ( edit ) From the Hillview reservoir water flows by gravity through three tunnels under New York City , where water rises again to the surface under natural pressure , through a number of shafts . The three tunnels are : New York City Water Tunnel No. 1 , completed in 1917 . It runs from the Hillview Reservoir under the central Bronx , Harlem River , West Side , Midtown , and Lower East Side of Manhattan , and under the East River to Brooklyn where it connects to Tunnel 2 . It is expected to undergo extensive repairs upon completion of Tunnel No. 3 , in 2020 . New York City Water Tunnel No. 2 , completed in 1935 . It runs from the Hillview Reservoir under the central Bronx , East River , and western Queens to Brooklyn , where it connects to Tunnel 1 and the Richmond Tunnel to Staten Island . When completed , it was the longest large diameter water tunnel in the world . The uncompleted New York City Water Tunnel No. 3 , the largest capital construction project in New York City 's history ( see below ) . The distribution system is made up of an extensive grid of water mains stretching approximately 6,500 miles ( 10,500 km ) . Ongoing repairs and upgrades ( edit ) In order to comply with federal and state laws regarding the filtration and disinfection of drinking water , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and the New York State Department of Health called on the city to create a treatment plan to serve the Croton System . The underground filtration plant is under construction in Van Cortlandt Park . While the Bloomberg administration originally budgeted the project at $992 million in 2003 , an audit by the city 's comptroller placed the actual costs at $2.1 billion in August 2009 . The New York City water supply system leaks at a rate of up to 36 million US gallons ( 140,000 m ) per day .",
"4": "A complex five - year project with an estimated $240 million construction cost was initiated in November 2008 , to correct some of this leakage . The construction of Water tunnel No. 3 is intended to provide the city with a critical third connection to its Upstate New York water supply system , allowing the city to close tunnels No. 1 and No. 2 for repair for the first time of their history . The tunnel will eventually be more than 60 miles ( 97 km ) long . Construction on the tunnel began in 1970 , and its first and second phases are completed . The latter opened with a ceremony under Central Park , in 2013 . Completion of all phases is not expected until at least 2020 . In 2018 , New York City announced a US $1 billion investment to protect the integrity of its municipal water system and to maintain the purity of its unfiltered water supply . See also ( edit ) Environmental issues in New York City High Bridge , New York City - part of the old Croton Aqueduct system Integrated urban water management Water supply and sanitation in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of New York City 's Water Supply System '' . New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ DePalma , Anthony ( July 20 , 2006 ) . `` New York 's Water Supply May Need Filtering '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bureaus and Offices '' . New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` About NYW '' . New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the NYC Water Board Web Site '' . New York City Water Board . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Groundwater Supply System '' . www.nyc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` New York City 's Water Supply System Map '' . New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ `` Map showing line of the Brooklyn Water Works '' ; 1864 ; Flat Maps B A-1864. Fl ; Brooklyn Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` World 's Longest Water Tunnel '' . Popular Science : 35 . December 1932 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewel . `` Tunnelers Hit Something Big : A Milestone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Tom ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` Water , Water , Everywhere in Mayoral Race '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( November 22 , 2008 ) . `` Plumber 's Job on a Giant 's Scale : Fixing New York 's Drinking Straw '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Royte , Elizabeth ( 2008 ) . Bottlemania : How Water Went on Sale and Why We Bought It . New York : Bloomsbury USA . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 371 - 4 . Jump up ^ Winnie Hu ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` A Billion - Dollar Investment in New York 's Water '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Galusha , Diane ( 1999 ) . Liquid Assets : A History of New York City 's Water System . Fleischmanns , NY : Purple Mountain Press . ISBN 0 - 916346 - 73 - 0 . Koeppel , Gerard T. ( 2000 ) . Water for Gotham : A History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01139 - 7 .",
"6": "External links ( edit ) New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority in the New York Codes , Rules and Regulations New York City 's Water Supply System Croton reservoirs New Croton Boyds Corner Middle Branch East Branch / Bog Brook Titicus West Branch Amawalk Muscoot Cross River Croton Falls / Diverting Catskill / Delaware reservoirs Ashokan Kensico Schoharie Roundout Neversink Pepacton Cannonsville Controlled Lakes Kirk Gilead Gleneida Waterways Croton West Branch Middle Branch East Branch Titicus Muscoot Cross Esopus Neversink Rondout Delaware East Branch West Branch Aqueducts New Croton Croton Catskill Shandaken Delaware Neversink East Delaware West Delaware Storage Reservoirs Croton Distributing Highbridge Hillview Jerome Park Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Silver Lake Ridgewood Williamsbridge Distribution Tunnels NYC No. 1 NYC No. 2 NYC No. 3 ( under construction ) Richmond Italics indicate a decommissioned site .",
"7": "Government of New York City Elected officials Mayor Public Advocate Comptroller City Council Borough Presidents Independent organs Board of Elections Civil Court Criminal Court Departments Aging Buildings Children 's Services ( Juvenile Justice ) City Planning Citywide Administrative Services Consumer Affairs Correction Cultural Affairs Design & Construction Education Board Chancellor Environmental Protection Finance Sheriff 's Office Fire Commissioner Health & Mental Hygiene Homeless Services Housing Preservation & Development Human Resources Information Technology & Telecommunications Investigation Law Emergency Management Office of Management and Budget Parks & Recreation Police Commissioner Probation Records & Information Services Sanitation Small Business Services Transportation Youth & Community Development Other agencies City University of New York Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings Business Integrity Commission Economic Development Corporation Office of Chief Medical Examiner Health & Hospitals Corporation Housing Authority Landmarks Preservation Commission Mayor 's Office of Film , Theatre & Broadcasting NYC Media Group Taxi & Limousine Commission The Five Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Community Boards The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_water_supply_system&oldid=835430089 '' Categories : Water infrastructure of New York City Tunnels in New York City Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many seasons has greys anatomy been on tv
|
[
"14",
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{
"0": "Grey 's Anatomy - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the textbook , see Gray 's Anatomy . For other uses , see Grey 's Anatomy ( disambiguation ) . `` Grey 's '' redirects here . For other uses , see Greys ( disambiguation ) . Grey 's Anatomy Genre Medical drama Romantic drama Created by Shonda Rhimes Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Isaiah Washington Patrick Dempsey Kate Walsh Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Chyler Leigh Brooke Smith Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Kim Raver Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Camilla Luddington Gaius Charles Jerrika Hinton Tessa Ferrer Caterina Scorsone Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Narrated by Ellen Pompeo Theme music composer Psapp Opening theme `` Cosy in the Rocket '' ( seasons 1 -- 2 , 14 ) Ending theme `` Cosy in the Rocket '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Danny Lux Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No.",
"1": "of episodes 301 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Shonda Rhimes Allan Heinberg Betsy Beers Debbie Allen James D. Parriott Jeannine Renshaw Jeff Rafner Joan Rater Kent Hodder Krista Vernoff Mark Gordon Mark Wilding Marti Noxon Nancy Bordson Peter Horton Rob Corn Stacy McKee Steve Mulholland Tony Phelan William Harper Zoanne Clack Producer ( s ) Ann Kindberg Austin Guzman Elisabeth R. Finch Gabrielle G. Stanton Harry Werksman Jeff Rafner Linda Klein Lisa Taylor Mark Foreman Meg Marinis Mimi Schmir Peter Nowalk Sara E. White Stacy McKee Tammy Ann Casper Tia Napolitano William Harper Zoanne Clack Cinematography Herbert Davis Editor ( s ) Susan Vaill David Greenspan Edward Ornelas Justin Chinn Briana London Sarah Boyd Stacy Katzman Brandi Bradburn Bjorn Myrholt Camera setup Single - camera Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Shondaland The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ( 2005 -- 07 ) ABC Studios ( 2007 -- present ) Distributor Buena Vista Television ( 2005 -- 07 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release March 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Followed by Private Practice Untitled Grey 's Anatomy spinoff External links Official website abc.go.com/shows/greys-anatomy This is an image of the cover of the book on which Grey 's Anatomy was based . Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27 , 2005 , on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement .",
"2": "The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns , residents , and attending physicians , as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is a play on Gray 's Anatomy , a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray . Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series ; she is also one of the executive producers , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although the series is set in Seattle ( at the fictional Seattle Grace , later known as the Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital ) , it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles , California . The show was originally titled Complications , a double - edged reference to both the complicated medical procedures and personal lives of the characters . The series was designed to be racially diverse and used color - blind casting . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo , first featured as an intern . The original cast consisted of nine star - billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T.R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the series ' run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its twelfth season , the show had a large ensemble of sixteen actors , including four characters from the original cast ( Meredith Grey , Alex Karev , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber ) . On February 10 , 2017 , ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourteenth season , which premiered on September 28 , 2017 . The series ' success catapulted such long - running cast members as Pompeo , Dempsey , and Oh to worldwide recognition ; they were among the top five highest - earning television actors in 2013 . Grey 's Anatomy , even in its fourteenth season , is ABC 's highest - rated drama . While its ratings have fallen over the course of its run ( it was once among the overall top 10 shows in the United States ) , it is still one of the highest - rated shows among the 18 -- 49 demographic , and the No. 3 drama on all of broadcast television .",
"3": "Grey 's Anatomy has been well received by critics throughout much of its run , and has been included in various critics ' year - end top ten lists . Since its inception , the show has been described by the media outlets as a television `` phenomenon '' or a `` juggernaut '' , owing to its longevity and dominant ratings . It is considered to have had a significant effect on popular culture and has received numerous awards , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama . It has received multiple Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including two for Outstanding Drama Series . Its actors have also received recognition . The series was the highest revenue - earning show on television , in terms of advertising , in the 2007 - 08 season ; in 2017 , it was ranked tenth on the list . It is the longest - running scripted primetime show currently airing on ABC , the second - longest scripted primetime ABC show ever , and the second - longest primetime medical drama , after ER . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production and development 2.1 Conception 2.2 Production team 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming locations and technique 3 Series synopsis 3.1 Overview 4 Cast 4.1 Main characters 4.2 Recurring characters 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists 5.2 Impact 5.3 U.S. television ratings 5.4 Awards and accolades 6 Broadcast history 6.1 Spin - offs 6.1. 1 Private Practice 6.1. 2 Firefighter spin - off 7 Distribution 8 Merchandise 9 International adaptation 10 Footnotes 11 Citations 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot ( edit ) The series follows Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , the daughter of an esteemed general surgeon named Ellis Grey , following her acceptance into the residency program at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital . During her time as a resident , Grey works alongside fellow doctors Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , and George O'Malley ( T.R.",
"4": "Knight ) , who each struggle to balance personal lives with the hectic work and training schedules . They are overseen during their internship by Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , a senior resident who works for attending Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , the head of neurosurgery and Meredith 's love interest ; Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) , the head of cardio , who becomes Yang 's fiancé ; and Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , the Chief of Surgery and attending general surgeon , and lover of Ellis Grey decades before . In the sixth season , these residents are joined by Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) , former Mercy - West residents who join Seattle Grace following an administrative merger . During the first six seasons , Burke , O'Malley and Stevens all depart the series . In addition to Webber , Burke , and Shepherd , the surgical wing is primarily supervised by Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , as head of OB / GYN , neonatal , and fetal surgery ; Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , a resident who later becomes head of orthopedic surgery , who left Seattle at the end of the twelfth season ; Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , as head of plastics ; Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , as head of trauma ; Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , as head of pediatric surgery , and later head of fetal surgery ; Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , as head of cardio ; Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , as head of cardio ; and Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) , Derek 's sister , who is hired to replace him as head of neuro . New young doctors in the residency program include Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Meredith 's half - sister . She is killed with Mark Sloan in the season eight finale .",
"5": "Other additions include Leah Murphy ( Tessa Ferrer ) , who departs near the end of the tenth season , but returns during the thirteenth ; Shane Ross ( Gaius Charles ) , who departs with Yang in the tenth - season finale ; Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , who resigns during season thirteen ; Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) , a doctor who begins a romantic relationship with Karev ; Andrew Deluca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) , the love - interest of Meredith 's half - sister Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) , who also serves as head of cardio ; and Benjamin Warren ( Jason George ) , an anesthesiologist - turned - resident , who has to balance his own desire to succeed with his wife Miranda Bailey 's new role as Chief of Surgery . In Season twelve attending cardio surgeon Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) joins the show . In season thirteen , the hospital sees a shakeup when attending sports medicine / orthopedic surgeon Eliza Minnick ( Marika Dominczyk ) is hired as an educational consultant to revamp the residency program . She is fired following an explosion at the hospital . Production and development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Shonda Rhimes wanted to make a show that she would enjoy watching , and thought it would be interesting to create a show about `` smart women competing against one another '' . When asked how she decided to develop a medical drama , Rhimes responded : `` I was obsessed with the surgery channels . ( ... ) My sisters and I would call each other up and talk about operations we 'd seen on the Discovery Channel . There 's something fascinating about the medical world -- you see things you 'd never imagine , like the fact that doctors talk about their boyfriends or their day while they 're cutting somebody open . So when ABC asked me to write another pilot , the ( operating room ) seemed like the natural setting . '' The series was pitched to ABC Entertainment , who gave the green light . The show was picked up as a mid-season replacement for Boston Legal in the 2005 television season . Francie Calfo , executive vice president of development at ABC Entertainment , commented that ABC was looking for a medical show that was unlike the others airing at the time .",
"6": "She pointed out that `` ( m ) edical shows are hard , and it was hard trying to figure out where ours could be different . But where everybody else is speeding up their medical shows , ( Rhimes ) found a way to slow it down , so you get to know the characters . There 's definitely a strong female appeal to it . '' `` ER is high - speed medicine . The camera flies around , adrenaline is rushing . My show is more personal . The idea for the series began when a doctor told me it was incredibly hard to shave her legs in the hospital shower . At first that seemed like a silly detail . But then I thought about the fact that it was the only time and place this woman might have to shave her legs . That 's how hard the work is . '' -- Rhimes on the creation of Grey 's Anatomy Rhimes initially conceived Grey 's Anatomy as a statement against racism . She worked to create a show featuring a racially diverse cast that allowed viewers to relate to characters regardless of race . While creating characters , as well as writing the first script , the series ' writers had no character descriptions in mind , and hoped to cast the best actor available for each part . Rhimes has said that if the network had not allowed to create characters this way , she would have been hesitant about moving forward with the series . Female roles in particular were developed as multi-faceted characters . Rhimes offered her insight on this , `` I wanted to create a world in which you felt as if you were watching very real women . Most of the women I saw on TV did n't seem like people I actually knew . They felt like ideas of what women are . They never got to be nasty or competitive or hungry or angry . They were often just the loving wife or the nice friend . But who gets to be the bitch ? Who gets to be the three - dimensional woman ? '' The show 's title , Grey 's Anatomy , was devised as a play on words : a reference to both Henry Gray 's classic English medical textbook , Gray 's Anatomy ( first published in 1858 and still in print ) , and the title character Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) .",
"7": "Before the series debuted on March 27 , 2005 , a few early releases were shown to close friends and family of the producers and actors . The show was scheduled to run in the Boston Legal time slot for four weeks . But its high ratings and viewership resulted in ABC keeping it in that slot for the remainder of the season . ABC Entertainment President , Steve McPherson , commented on the scheduling change : `` Ultimately we decided that , without having adequate lead time or marketing dollars to devote to moving either show so late in the season , we 'd continue to let ( Grey 's Anatomy ) build on its tremendous momentum through May . '' Prior to broadcast , it was announced that the show 's title would be changed from Grey 's Anatomy to Complications , although this did not take place . Production team ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy is produced by ShondaLand , in association with The Mark Gordon Company , and ABC Studios ( formerly Touchstone Television ) . Rhimes , Betsy Beers , Krista Vernoff , Mark Gordon , Rob Corn , and Mark Wilding have all served as executive producers throughout the course of the series . In subsequent seasons , Steve Mulholland , Kent Hodder , Nancy Bordson , James D. Parriott , and Peter Horton have also been executive producers , with Allan Heinberg joining the show in 2006 in this role . As of season eight , the executive producers were Rhimes , Beers , Gordon , Vernoff , Corn , Wilding , and Heinberg . Rhimes is the series head writer , or its most prolific writer . She often promotes the show by answering fan questions on her Twitter account . Other members of the writing staff are Vernoff , Wilding , Peter Nowalk , Stacy McKee , William Harper , Zoanne Clack , Tony Phelan , Joan Rater , and Debora Cahn . From the second through seventh seasons , the writers maintained a blog entitled Grey Matter , where the writer of an episode discussed background of the writing . Directors vary by episode , with Rob Corn directing most frequently , followed by Tom Verica . Horton , Edward Ornelas , and Jessica Yu have also directed a substantial number of episodes . Cast members Chandra Wilson and Kevin McKidd have both directed multiple episodes .",
"8": "Grey 's Anatomy has been edited by Susan Vaill since the show 's inception , and David Greenspan was named an editor in 2006 . Casting directors Linda Lowy and John Brace have been a part of the production team since 2005 . Production design is led by Donald Lee Harris , assisted by art director Brian Harms , and costume design is led by Mimi Melgaard . Working alongside Melgaard , Thomas Houchins supervises costumes , Ellen Vieira is the makeup artist , and Jerilynn Stevens serves as a hair stylist . The Director of Photography is Herbert Davis . The music coordinator is Danny Lux . Karen Lisa Pike , M.D. is the on - set medical consultant , alongside Linda Klein , an RN . The production staff is part of a Grey 's Anatomy softball team that competes against other television shows , such as CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . Casting ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members `` She brought this energy that felt very fresh . From the beginning , I 've been shaping Cristina around Sandra a little bit . One of my favorite things to do is take as much of her dialogue out of a scene as possible because she does so much nonverbally . Then I just watch what she manages to do without having a word to say . '' -- Rhimes on Oh 's audition Grey 's Anatomy used a color - blind casting technique , resulting in a racially diverse ensemble . Each role was cast without the character 's race being pre-determined , keeping Rhimes ' vision of diversity . The production staff began casting with the program 's title character , Meredith Grey , which Rhimes said was a difficult role to cast . `` I kept saying we need a girl like that girl from Moonlight Mile , '' said Rhimes , `` and after a while , they were like , ' We think we can get that girl from Moonlight Mile . '' The next to be cast , Sandra Oh ( Dr. Cristina Yang ) , was initially invited to audition for the character of Bailey , but pressed to read for the role of Cristina instead . Many actors read for the role of Dr. Derek Shepherd , but when Patrick Dempsey read for the part , `` he was just perfect '' , according to Rhimes . The only character developed with a racial description in mind was Dr.",
"9": "Miranda Bailey , who is portrayed by Chandra Wilson . Her character was first described as a tiny blonde with curly hair , but when Wilson began speaking , Rhimes reported : `` ( Wilson ) is exactly who Miranda is . '' James Pickens Jr. was selected to appear as Dr. Richard Webber in the series ' pilot and first season . Katherine Heigl wanted to portray Dr. Izzie Stevens as a brunette , but was requested to retain her natural blonde for the part . Isaiah Washington , who portrayed Dr. Preston Burke , initially read for the role of Shepherd , but was cast as Burke , because the original actor to play Burke had to withdraw . T.R. Knight signed on for the pilot as Dr. George O'Malley , expecting that the role might be short - lived , because he liked that the character was multi-faceted . Rounding out the season one cast was Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev . Eric Dane originally auditioned for the pilot episode of Grey 's Anatomy , but did not receive a role . The second season marked the introduction of attending doctors Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) and Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . They were initially cast as recurring characters , but both were given star billing at the opening of the third season . Ramirez was cast after ABC executives offered her a role in the network show of her choice ; Dane had previously auditioned unsuccessfully for a role in the pilot episode . Dr. Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) also joined the show in season two , after making a guest appearance in season one . In October 2006 , Washington allegedly insulted Knight with a homophobic slur , during an on - set altercation with Dempsey , and ABC terminated Washington 's contract at the end of the third season . Washington returned for a guest appearance in season 10 . At the conclusion of the third season , Walsh departed the show to pursue the Grey 's Anatomy spin - off , Private Practice , but continues to make guest appearances . Chyler Leigh joined the cast as a main character in the fourth season as Dr. Lexie Grey , Meredith 's half - sister . Leigh had appeared as a guest star in the final two episodes of the third season .",
"10": "On the selection of Leigh for the role of Lexie , Rhimes said : `` Chyler stood out ... It felt like she could be Meredith 's sister , but she had a depth that was very interesting . '' Dr. Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , who first appeared on Grey 's Anatomy in the second season , returned as a series regular in the fourth season . Shortly after the announcement that Smith would be a regular member of the cast , Entertainment Weekly 's Michael Ausiello , reported that her character , Hahn , would depart from Grey 's Anatomy on November 6 , 2008 . E ! Online 's Kristin Dos Santos asserted that Smith 's dismissal from the show had been forced by the ABC network , as part of an attempt to `` de-gay '' Grey 's Anatomy . Rhimes countered these claims , saying that `` we did not find that the magic and chemistry with Brooke 's character would sustain in the long run '' . Season five introduced actor Kevin McKidd ( Dr. Owen Hunt ) , who was signed as a series regular after originally being cast for a specific story arc . In addition , Jessica Capshaw ( Dr. Arizona Robbins ) was originally introduced for a three - episode arc , but received a contract extension until the end of the season ; and then was made a series regular in the sixth season . Knight departed the show at the conclusion of season five , citing an unhappiness with the development and lack of screen time for his character . Directly following Knight 's departure , Entertainment Weekly reported that Heigl had not returned to the set as scheduled after her maternity leave . It was later confirmed that Heigl would not return to the show at all . Kim Raver , who was cast as recurring character Dr. Teddy Altman in the sixth season , was given star billing later in the season . Sarah Drew ( Dr. April Kepner ) and Jesse Williams ( Dr. Jackson Avery ) , who both made their series debuts as recurring characters in the sixth season , and received star billing in the seventh . The six original actors ' contracts expired after season eight , but in May 2012 , Pompeo , Oh , Dempsey , Chambers , Wilson , and Pickens renewed their contracts with the show for another two years .",
"11": "At the conclusion of the eighth season , Leigh 's character Lexie Grey departed from the show at Leigh 's request , and with Rhimes ' agreement . Raver 's character Teddy Altman was also written out of the show during the season eight finale . Rhimes said that Raver had been offered a contract renewal , but declined . In July 2012 , Dane ( Sloan ) confirmed that he was departing the show to pursue other projects ; he made his final appearances in the first two episodes of the ninth season . With the start of season 10 , Camilla Luddington , Jerrika Hinton , Gaius Charles and Tessa Ferrer were introduced to the show as series regulars . They were first introduced to the show in season 9 as new interns . On August 13 , 2013 , Oh ( Cristina ) announced that the show 's tenth season would be her final one . In March 2014 it was announced that Isaiah Washington , who portrayed Preston Burke in the first three seasons of the show , would make a guest appearance to coincide with the departure of series regular Sandra Oh , his former on - screen love interest . As of March 25 , 2014 , neither Charles ' nor Ferrer 's contracts were renewed for season 11 . On May 2 , 2014 it was announced that , in addition to Pompeo and Dempsey , all original remaining cast members -- aside from Sandra Oh -- signed two - year deals , extending their contracts through seasons 11 and 12 . Despite joining the series in its second season , Sara Ramirez is on the same negotiation schedule as the first - season cast and also signed a new two - year deal . Filming locations and technique ( edit ) The Space Needle , in Seattle , is the background to many exterior shots . Rhimes considered setting the medical drama in her hometown , Chicago , but eventually decided to go with Seattle , to distinguish Grey 's Anatomy from the Chicago -- based ER . Fisher Plaza , which is the headquarters building of the former Fisher Communications ( since merged into Sinclair Broadcasting Group ) and SBG 's ABC affiliated KOMO radio and television stations in Seattle , is used for some exterior shots of Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital . In particular , air ambulances land on the KOMO - TV newscopter 's helipad .",
"12": "This suggests the hospital is close to the Space Needle ( which is directly across the street from Fisher Plaza ) , the Seattle Monorail , and other local landmarks . But , the hospital used for most other exterior and a few interior shots is not in Seattle ; these scenes are shot at the VA Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center in North Hills , California , and occasional shots from an interior walkway above the lobby show dry California mountains in the distance . The exterior of Meredith Grey 's house , also known as the Intern House , is real . In the show , the address of Grey 's home is 613 Harper Lane , but this is not an actual address . The physical house is located at 303 W. Comstock St. , on Queen Anne Hill , Seattle , Washington . Most scenes are taped at Prospect Studios in Los Feliz , just east of Hollywood , where the Grey 's Anatomy set occupies six sound stages . Some outside scenes are shot at the Warren G. Magnuson Park in Seattle . Several props used are working medical equipment , including the MRI machine . When asked about operating room scenes , Sarah Drew offered this : We work with Bovine organs , which is cow 's organs . The smell is repulsive and makes us all gag . And we use an actual soldering tool to solder the organs . It smells like burning flesh . There 's also a lot of silicone and blood matter , red jello mixed with blood and chicken fat . It 's pretty gross . Costumes are used to differentiate between attending surgeons , who wear navy blue scrubs , and residents , who wear light blue scrubs . The series is filmed with a single - camera setup , as are many dramas . Grey 's Anatomy is often filmed using the `` walk and talk '' filming technique , popularized on television by series such as St. Elsewhere , ER , and The West Wing . Series synopsis ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Title screen Grey 's Anatomy follows the lives of surgical interns and residents at the fictional Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital ( formerly Seattle Grace Hospital , Season 1 -- 6 , Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , Season 6 -- 9 , and then Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital , Season 9 -- present ) , as they gradually develop as seasoned doctors , with the help of their competent attending mentors and chief of surgery .",
"13": "Each installment , typically , begins with a voice - over narrative from Meredith Grey or a season regular , foreshadowing the theme of the episode . Each season tends to represent the physicians ' academic year , with each completed year qualifying the residents at a level higher in the surgical field . The season will always end with a finale , typically related to a dramatic event such as a death or character departure . Most installments revolve around the doctors ' everyday lives as surgeons , but the show also emphasizes their personal , rather than professional , lives . The series sets aside medical ethic concerns to focus on character development and relationships . Although the physicians treat the illnesses of their patients , often through complex surgeries , they display competitive spirit and seek praise . After arriving at the hospital each morning , residents may argue over who gets the challenge of a certain patient who has arrived that day . A hospital superior assigns cases , often generating tension between the residents and their superiors . Within each episode are shifts from the doctors interacting with their patients , to scenes with their co-workers . Once assigned a case , each doctor diagnoses the patient , with the help of his or her attending physician , which usually leads to surgery . The surgeons tend to form personal connections with their patients , with a patient often conveying a message to his or her doctor , which unintentionally relates to the doctor 's private life . The show displays the growth of relationships between the doctors , either friendly or sexual , which may produce conflicts between their personal and professional lives . Emotional scenes are often accompanied by an indie rock background song , something that has become a hallmark of the series . At the conclusion of each episode , one of the characters delivers another voice - over , typically contrasting or following up on the initial one . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Ellen Pompeo Meredith Grey Main Sandra Oh Cristina Yang Main Katherine Heigl Izzie Stevens Main Justin Chambers Alex Karev Main T.R. Knight George O'Malley Main Chandra Wilson Miranda Bailey Main James Pickens , Jr .",
"14": "Richard Webber Main Isaiah Washington Preston Burke Main Guest Patrick Dempsey Derek Shepherd Main Kate Walsh Addison Montgomery Guest Main Special Guest Eric Dane Mark Sloan Guest Main Sara Ramirez Callie Torres Recurring Main Brooke Smith Erica Hahn Recurring Guest Main Chyler Leigh Lexie Grey Guest Main Kevin McKidd Owen Hunt Main Jessica Capshaw Arizona Robbins Recurring Main Kim Raver Teddy Altman Main Recurring Sarah Drew April Kepner Recurring Main Jesse Williams Jackson Avery Recurring Main Gaius Charles Shane Ross Recurring Main Camilla Luddington Jo Wilson Recurring Main Jerrika Hinton Stephanie Edwards Recurring Main Tessa Ferrer Leah Murphy Recurring Main Recurring Caterina Scorsone Amelia Shepherd Guest Special Guest Recurring Main Kelly McCreary Maggie Pierce Guest Main Jason George Benjamin Warren Recurring Guest Recurring Main Giacomo Gianniotti Andrew DeLuca Guest Main Martin Henderson Nathan Riggs Main Cast notes * ^ 1 Katherine Heigl is credited as a main cast member from 1x01 to 6x18 . From 6x19 she is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 2 In Season 9 , Eric Dane only appears in 9x01 and 9x02 . From 9x03 he is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 3 Brooke Smith is credited as a main cast member from 4x05 to 5x07 . From 5x08 she is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 4 In season 6 , Kim Raver is credited as a main cast member from 6x19 until the end of the season . * ^ 5 In season 14 , Martin Henderson only appears from 14x01 to 14x05 . After 14x05 , he is no longer credited as a main cast member and does not appear .",
"15": "The five characters who are first introduced in the series premiere , as surgical interns , are Grey , Karev , O'Malley , Stevens , and Yang . They are initially mentored by Bailey , a senior resident who becomes the hospital 's Chief Resident , and later an attending general surgeon , in season six . The surgical program is initially headed by the Chief of Surgery , Richard Webber , who has a pre-existing personal relationship with Meredith , having had an affair with her mother when Meredith was a child . In Webber 's employ are attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , dubbed ' McDreamy ' by the residents , and attending cardiothoracic surgeon Preston Burke . Shepherd is introduced as Meredith 's love interest , while Burke begins a relationship with Yang . Introduced in the show 's second season are obstetrician - gynecologist and neonatal surgeon , Addison Montgomery , plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( nicknamed ' McSteamy ' by the interns ) , from New York , and orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres . Montgomery is Shepherd 's wife who arrives in Seattle seeking reconciliation with him , Sloan is Shepherd 's former best friend , who aided the breakdown of his marriage by having an affair with Montgomery , while Torres is introduced as a love - interest , and eventual wife for O'Malley . The penultimate episode of season three introduces Lexie Grey , Meredith 's half - sister who unexpectedly decides to pursue her internship at Seattle Grace Hospital after her mother 's sudden death , and begins an on - again , off - again relationship with Sloan . Burke and Yang , having been engaged , endeavor to plan their wedding , while Montgomery departs the show at the conclusion of the third season , relocating to California , seeking a new life . The season three finale shows Burke 's exit from the show , after leaving Yang at the altar on their wedding day . The original lead characters of Grey 's Anatomy Grey , Yang , Karev , and Stevens are all promoted to residents , in the season four premiere , while O'Malley is forced to repeat his internship year , following his failing of the intern exam . Subsequently , Torres and O'Malley divorce one another , due to him having a sexual affair with Stevens , initially concealing it from Torres . Early in the fourth season , cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn becomes Torres ' love interest .",
"16": "During the fifth season , Hahn departs from the series , and O'Malley retakes his intern exam , passing , joining his fellow physicians as a resident . Two new characters are introduced , former United States Army trauma surgeon Dr. Owen Hunt , and pediatric surgeon Dr. Arizona Robbins . Hunt becomes a love - interest for Yang , while Robbins becomes a love - interest for Torres . When Stevens is diagnosed with stage four metastatic melanoma , she and Karev get married at the conclusion of the fifth season . In addition , Meredith and Shepherd marry , with their vows written on a post-it note . O'Malley dies in the premiere of the sixth season , due to injuries sustained from being hit by a bus , and Stevens later departs Seattle after being diagnosed with cancer and following a lack of communication between her then husband Karev following the Seattle Grace merger with Mercy West . Several new characters are introduced as Seattle Grace Hospital merges with Mercy West . Residents April Kepner and Jackson Avery both transfer to Seattle Grace Hospital from Mercy West , and the latter entertains a brief relationship with Lexie Grey , until she reunites with Mark Sloan . Subsequently , Teddy Altman is introduced as the new Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery . In the season six finale , a deceased patient 's grieving husband embarks on a shooting spree at the hospital , injuring Karev , Shepherd , and Hunt , and killing residents Charles Percy and Reed Adamson . In the shooting 's emotional reverberations , Hunt and Yang abruptly marry , not wanting to risk separation . Torres and Robbins eventually wed , officiated by Bailey . In season eight , Webber steps down and allocates his job to Hunt . As the final year of residency for Meredith , Yang , Karev , Avery , and Kepner is coming to a close , the doctors are all planning to relocate to different hospitals to pursue their specialty careers . However , all plans are put on hold when several doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital are engaged in a plane crash , which kills Lexie and endangers Meredith , Shepherd , Yang , Robbins , and Sloan . At the conclusion of the eighth season , Altman is courteously fired by Hunt as she struggles to decide whether or not to take the job as Chief at the United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) .",
"17": "In the season nine premiere , Sloan dies due to sustained injuries from the plane crash following a brief relapse of temporary health ( the surge ) and the remaining characters work through their post traumatic stress and Arizona Robbins ' loss of limb by way of suing Seattle Grace Mercy West as the hospital was responsible for putting the surgeons on the plane . The season continues with the struggle of the lawsuit and the animosity that it creates within the hospital , Yang and Hunt eventually divorce in order to help the lawsuit . The doctors who were on the plane won the lawsuit , but the pay out bankrupts the hospital . They all club together and buy Seattle Grace Mercy West , with the help of the Harper Avery Foundation , and they become the Board of Directors , once being called the `` Grey - Sloan 7 '' . One of the changes they implement is renaming the hospital to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Robbins cheats on Torres with a visiting facial reconstruction surgeon . Grey 's Anatomy then concluded its 10th season on ABC and saw the departure of one of its major players , Cristina Yang , played by Sandra Oh . Towards the end of the eleventh season , Derek Shepherd witnesses a car accident and pulls over to help the injured , but his car is hit by a truck with him inside as he attempts to leave the scene . He later dies at another hospital following the doctors ' mishandling of his injuries . The season 12 finale saw the departure of one of the show 's longest running characters , Callie Torres , played by Sara Ramirez . Recurring characters ( edit ) With the drama 's setting being a hospital , numerous medical personnel appear regularly on the show , as well as several other recurring characters . Joe ( Steven W. Bailey ) , is first shown as the owner of the Emerald City Bar and Grill , across the street from the hospital , which is a common relaxation area for the physicians . Also introduced in the pilot , is the legendary former surgeon , Dr. Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) , Meredith 's Alzheimer 's - stricken mother , who appeared on the show until her death in season three . In the first season , Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) , a nurse who appeared on the show occasionally until getting laid off in the merger with Mercy West , engages in sexual activity with O'Malley , giving him syphilis .",
"18": "Serving as an assistant and secretary to the Chief of Surgery , former nurse Patricia ( Robin Pearson Rose ) , has appeared on the show since its debut . Tyler Christian ( Moe Irvin ) , a hospital nurse , makes occasional appearances throughout the series . Within the second season , Bailey becomes pregnant by her husband , Tucker Jones ( Cress Williams ) , who makes frequent appearances on Grey 's Anatomy , until their divorce in season five . While Bailey takes a sabbatical , due to her pregnancy , the cheerful Dr. Sydney Heron ( Kali Rocha ) , fills her position as the resident supervising Grey , Yang , Karev , O'Malley , and Stevens , and makes occasional appearances until the fifth season . Thatcher and Susan Grey ( Jeff Perry and Mare Winningham ) , Meredith 's estranged father and step - mother , are introduced in season two , with Susan making appearances until her death in season three , and Thatcher continuing to appear on the series . Adele Webber ( Loretta Devine ) , is introduced as Richard 's wife , who eventually acquires Alzheimer 's , in the seventh season , and continued to make appearances until her death in season nine . Introduced as Preston 's mother , Jane Burke ( Diahann Carroll ) makes occasional appearances until the fourth season . Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , a patient suffering from congestive heart failure , originates as one of Burke 's patients , who goes on to propose to Stevens , after weeks of bonding between the two . Facing death , Stevens cuts Duquette 's left ventricular assist device ( LVAD ) , to elevate his position on the United Network for Organ Sharing ( UNOS ) transplant list . This ultimately ends in his death , marking his initial departure from the show , and placing Stevens on disciplinary probation . Initially conceived as a veterinarian hired for Shepherd 's dog , Doc , Dr. Finn Dandridge ( Chris O'Donnell ) soon becomes a love interest for Meredith , while Shepherd is with Montgomery . Dandridge is included in a multi-episode story arc , consisting of nine episodes , ending when Meredith reunites with Shepherd . Chyler Leigh 's character was introduced in the third season finale and was promoted to series regular in season four .",
"19": "In season three , George 's father , Harold O'Malley ( George Dzundza ) , is diagnosed with cancer and dies , with his wife Louise ( Debra Monk ) and George 's brothers Jerry ( Greg Pitts ) and Ronny ( Tim Griffin ) by his side . Louise goes on to appear occasionally , and was last seen in season eight . A ferryboat accident brings along Rebecca Pope ( Elizabeth Reaser ) , who is initially introduced as a pregnant Jane Doe victim , suffering from amnesia . Pope eventually embarks on a relationship with Karev , until she is diagnosed with a personality disorder in season four , and makes her final departure . Amidst the crisis of the ferryboat crash , Meredith falls into the water at the disaster site . Although rescued , she goes into cardiac arrest , waking up in what appears to be limbo . Within the limbo , Meredith is entertained by deceased acquaintances Duquette and Dylan Young ( Kyle Chandler ) , who was killed during a bomb crisis in the second season , until eventually being resuscitated . Seeking a cure to her depression , Meredith undergoes therapy sessions with the hospital psychiatrist , Dr. Katharine Wyatt ( Amy Madigan ) , who in addition , serves as a psychiatrist to Hunt . The season four premiere introduces several new interns , to be trained under Meredith , Yang , Karev , Stevens , and eventually O'Malley . Among them are Dr. Steve Mostow ( Mark Saul ) who continues to make appearances , and Dr. Sadie Harris ( Melissa George ) who formed a friendship with Meredith while the two were in college . Harris is fired in the fifth season , due to not actually having a medical degree , and departs the show immediately after . Meredith and Shepherd 's relationship reaches a toll , and the two separate , leading Shepherd to entertaining a relationship with Rose ( Lauren Stamile ) , a nurse . Rose appears frequently until season five , when Derek and Meredith decide to rekindle their flame . Throughout the fifth season , Stevens experiences full - out hallucinations of Duquette , signaling that she is ill , and once she is lucid , he departs , marking his final appearance .",
"20": "Following the announcement of her relationship with Robbins , Callie 's father Carlos Torres ( Hector Elizondo ) initially contests his daughter 's concurrence in homosexuality , but eventually accepts it , and he reappears several times throughout the series . The hospital 's merging with Mercy West introduces new residents : Dr. Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) and Dr. Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) , but the two are both murdered in the season six finale . Also introduced in the sixth season is Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) , an anesthesiologist and eventual husband to Dr. Miranda Bailey , as well as Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) , Dr. Mark Sloan 's estranged daughter who seeks kinship with him . Dr. Lucy Fields ( Rachael Taylor ) , an obstetrician - gynecologist , is introduced in the seventh season , and serves as a love interest for Dr. Alex Karev , until eventually relocating to pursue a career in Africa . Robbins receives a grant to aid children in Malawi , which leads to a falling out between her and Torres . While in Malawi , Robbins is replaced by Dr. Robert Stark ( Peter MacNicol ) , a pediatric surgeon with an interest in Dr. April Kepner , who appears occasionally until season eight . Following the breakdown of Dr. Torres ' relationship with Dr. Robbins , Dr. Sloan and Dr. Torres unite , and she becomes pregnant . Torres ' relationship with Robbins is subsequently mended , and the couple endeavors to raise their new daughter , Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres , with the help of Dr. Sloan . Shepherd and Meredith also become new parents , with their adoption of Zola , a baby girl from Malawi . Conceived as a patient with a tumor condition who later develops diabetes , Henry Burton ( Scott Foley ) befriends Dr. Altman and eventually joins her in marriage only to get treated using her medical insurance , until he dies while undergoing heart surgery . In the season nine premiere , interns Dr. Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) , Dr. Heather Brooks ( Tina Majorino ) , Dr. Shane Ross ( Gaius Charles ) , Dr. Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , and Dr.",
"21": "Leah Murphy ( Tessa Ferrer ) are introduced . Steven Culp and William Daniels play Dr. Parker and Dr. Craig Thomas , respectively . Dr. Parker is Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Dr. Craig Thomas ( William Daniels ) is an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Mayo Clinic , where Cristina worked temporarily . Dr. Alana Cahill ( Constance Zimmer ) introduced in the ninth season is appointed to cut costs at the hospital and she eventually decides the best course of action would be to seek out a new buyer until the four crash survivors and Torres on the behalf of Sloan to pool their money together in a bid to purchase the hospital themselves . Kepner starts dating a paramedic named Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) and they form a deep relationship over the course of the ninth ad tenth seasons and she eventually agreed to marry before reconciling with Avery in the middle of her wedding to Mathew . Lauren Boswell ( Hilarie Burton ) is introduced as a craniofacial surgeon consulting on a case at Grey Sloan Memorial who showed romantic interested in Arizona and eventually ended up having a one - night stand with her . Dr. Heather Brooks dies in the premier of season ten . She goes to search for Dr. Webber and finds him lying in the basement of the hospital . Trying to save Dr. Webber , she accidentally steps into a puddle and electrocutes herself while hitting her head as she falls . Bailey moves a cancer patient in Webber 's room to force some perspective and make him take the treatment . Also introduced in the tenth season was Dr. Karev 's estranged father Jimmy Evans ( James Remar ) who tries to form a relationship with his son but fails repeatedly and ultimately dies in a botched surgery . The conclusion of season 10 has Cristina leaving Grey Sloan for Dr. Burke 's job overseas while Dr. Ross makes a last - minute decision to follow her in order to study under her . Dr. Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) unknowingly drops a bombshell that she is the adopted love child of Dr. Webber and the late Dr. Grey , which makes for yet another half sister of Dr. Meredith Grey . Also , Dr. Yang leaves her seat on the board to Dr.",
"22": "Karev while Dr. Webber all but promises the seat to Dr. Bailey . Introduced in season eleven is Dr. Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , who is Chief of Fetal Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial . Dr. Herman mentors Arizona Robbins in a fetal surgery fellowship , and plays in a twelve episode arc before departing after episode fourteen . Season 11 begins with new surgical residents coming to the hospital . Meredith is struggling with the idea that Maggie is actually her half sister because of her mother 's romance with Dr. Weber . Callie and Arizona 's relationship falls through after realising they both want different things at the time . April and Jackson learn heartbreaking news that their baby has a lethal birth defect , where April decides that she will carry the baby till full term no matter the consequences . They end up having a boy , Samuel , who dies shortly after birth . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` Grey 's Anatomy offers a different and perhaps more valuable idea of what it means to be strong : the capacity to suffer terribly , break down completely , and then get up again , confident that you 're bigger than the sum of the tragedies you 've suffered -- because everyone else is , too . The layers of history have grown pretty dense and rich , and the friendships that form around them as the characters suffer and survive is the glue of the series , and what -- despite a few inevitable hit - or - miss patches -- elevates it to something special . '' - Laura Hudson of Wired Grey 's Anatomy has been well received among critics . The show holds an average of 71 % positive score on Rotten Tomatoes and 7.7 / 10 score at IMDB site . The A.V. Club gave an insight on both the overwhelming success and lows in the quality of the hit medical drama saying , `` The quality arc for the show is all over the place , starting with a steady build in the first season , then skyrocketing into phenomenon in season two , then leveling off and dipping in season three , before having some seriously bumpy moments in seasons four ( interrupted by the writers ' strike ) and five . The climb begins again in season six '' Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly in a review wrote , `` I believe the show 's best season to date is season 2 .",
"23": "Let me make it clear that I 'm not saying seasons 3 through 9 were bad . In my opinion , there have only been a few lulls in the show 's history , and most of them did n't last a full season . '' adding , `` I still enjoy the show , and I 'll honestly never stop watching . By any standards , Grey 's Anatomy has been successful television , ranking highly in the ratings for nine seasons and entering the cultural lexicon via phrases as cloying yet catchy as `` McDreamy . '' , the show has had its periods of being intensely irritating , and it has had its periods when it seems as if Shonda Rhimes has taken leave of her faculties , but it 's also got an amazingly high batting average , particularly with every solid season that passes along in this second act of its run . '' The site lauded the show saying , `` On average , it 's been very good TV , filled with interesting , driven characters who run the gamut of professions within the show 's hospital setting . It 's been , by turns , a good soap , a good romantic comedy , a good medical drama , and a good interpersonal show about an unexpected workplace family . '' The first season received positive reviews which steadily built up , with Gary Levin of USA Today calling Grey 's Anatomy one of the top shows on television . New York Daily News named Grey 's Anatomy a `` winner '' , whereas Newsday expressed a positive opinion by stating `` You simply ca n't stop watching . '' The Washington Post 's Tom Shales was critical of season one , finding it reminiscent of ER and commenting that : `` The show is much more a matter of commercial calculation than an honest attempt to try something fresh and different . '' Shortly after its initial airing , the Chicago Tribune 's Maureen Ryan called Grey 's Anatomy the new Friends ; a concluded National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) sitcom following the lives of a group of young adults , that all of its ten - year run in the top - five for viewer ratings . The second season received critical acclaim , top critics like Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V.",
"24": "Club called the show a `` phenomenon '' , adding the show was , `` one of the best TV shows around '' , Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly later during the tenth season called the second `` the show 's best season to date '' however , Kevin Carr of 7M Pictures opined that Grey 's Anatomy is a mere combination of Scrubs , ER , Sex and the City , and The Love Boat . It further garnered positive reviews , Christopher Monfette of IGN Entertainment added : `` The second season of this medical drama expertly wove its signature elements of complex relationships , whimsical banter and challenging life - lessons ; all to a montage - fetish , indie - rock soundtrack . '' Todd Gilchrist also from IGN called the season `` terrific '' adding , `` Indeed , one of the best currently on television . While it remains to be seen what the creators do with it , now that it 's become an outright event program , the season demonstrates that Rhimes and co . know what to do with the opportunities presented them . whether you 're male or female , this is the kind of entertainment that small - screen devotees and folks fed up with television need to see . '' Ellen Pompeo has failed to garner a nomination at the Emmy Awards on multiple occasions . The title character of Grey 's Anatomy , Meredith , has received both overwhelmingly positive and weary feedback by critics along the course of the show , with the development of the character garnering praise from majority critics . Earlier reactions for Meredith were mixed ; in a 2006 review , Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times dubbed to her as `` the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy '' . A reviewer for BuddyTV praised the distinct uniqueness in the character calling Meredith an `` unconventional heroine '' adding that the character was , `` Neither black nor white but always ... wait for it ... many shades of grey . The reviewer and to add that even in her lighter moments , she has still been `` dark and twisty . '' The sentiment was shared by Glenn Diaz who remarked , `` You got ta love Mer when she 's gloomy . '' When Pompeo did not receive a nomination 61st Primetime Emmy Awards , for her work as Meredith , Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times suggested that Pompeo , `` has worked very hard ( ... ) to make Meredith Grey an interesting character '' , and should have received a nomination .",
"25": "IGN 's Monfette , less impressed by the character , criticized her storyline as `` some bizarrely under - developed sub-plot about depression and giving Derek a season 's worth of reconsidering to do . '' Robert Rorke of the New York Post was critical of Meredith 's relationship with Derek Shepherd , writing : `` She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmas , but lately , she 's been a little dopey , what with the endless ' McDreamy ' soliloquies . '' The development of the character has received praise from critics . Reviewing the first part of the eighth season , TV Fanatic wrote : `` this season belongs to Meredith Grey . She is the heart and soul of the show and has been outstanding . This is a character that used to be so dark and twisty and has now grown into a more mature woman . Ellen Pompeo has been at the top of her game this season . '' Rick Porter reviewing the episode How to Save a Life from the eleventh season for Zap2it wrote , `` Without Meredith , and without one of Pompeo 's strongest performances in her long time on the show , `` How to Save a Life '' would have run the risk of coming across as a baldly manipulative death episode , the likes of which the show has done several times before . He added . `` How to Save a Life '' may not be the ideal Emmy - submission episode for Ellen Pompeo , considering Meredith is off screen for more than half of it . But it 's among the best work she 's ever done on the show . '' Janalen Samson of BuddyTV lauded the Meredith 's development throughout the series saying , `` When one considers how this character has grown over eleven seasons , it really is amazing . Kudos to Ellen Pompeo for her fine work . She 's actually done the impossible , because I actually care what happens to Meredith Grey . '' Reviewing the season 12 premiere , `` Sledgehammer '' , critics including Alex Hawkins of the Western Gazette again highlighted Pompeo 's being due for an Emmy Award .",
"26": "The majority of the supporting cast of Grey 's Anatomy have been well received as well , with the New York Post 's Rorke deeming Stevens to be `` the heart and soul '' of Grey 's Anatomy , whereas Eyder Peralta of the Houston Chronicle was critical of her character development , stating : `` ( She 's ) the reason I do n't watch Grey 's Anatomy anymore . '' Kelli Catana of The Huffington Post named Yang `` the best damn character '' and deemed `` the Meredith / Yang relationship the most true friendship on network television . '' Television Without Pity writer Lauren Shotwell claimed Yang is `` the only one of these five ( residents ) that regularly acts like an actual doctor '' . Analyzing Alex Karev , Rachel Simon called him `` underrated '' , and she pointed out that his personal growth never seems to get acknowledged , as `` Alex has evolved , slowly and realistically , into a genuinely good person whose faults do n't miraculously disappear , but take a backseat to much better qualities . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today said Dempsey has a `` seemingly effortless way of humanizing Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity '' . His friendship with Mark Sloan has been well received . Victor Balta said `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital . '' Addison Montgomery was deemed `` sassy and bright and interesting . '' TV Guide said of Walsh 's stint on Grey 's Anatomy that she `` adds spice to an already hot show . '' Callie Torres , after having previously received mixed views , was praised for her bisexual storyline . Critics added that the character was anchored by stellar performances by Sara Ramirez . Lexie Grey , having initially been criticized , became a critics ' favorite in the series . Keen of The Trades wrote that Chyler Leigh `` does a fantastic job of making the progression feel seamless . Lexie steals the show as one of the best characters on the series . '' With the departure of several cast members throughout the seasons , many new characters were added to the drama 's ensemble . McKidd and Capshaw were referred to as `` fresh additions '' to the series , by Monfette of IGN .",
"27": "Matt Roush of TV Guide commented : `` Hunt / McKidd is the most encouraging thing to happen to Grey 's Anatomy in quite a while . '' Matt Mitovich of TV Guide noted that Robbins `` quickly established herself as a fan favorite '' , describing her as `` a breath of fresh air in the often angsty halls of Seattle Grace . On April Kepner and Jackson Avery Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote , `` April has grown since her character was introduced ... she 's honest . A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well . '' He described her and Avery as `` a couple for whom viewers can root '' . Speaking of the new cast members , in addition to the remaining original ones , Robert Bianco from USA Today called them the show 's `` best ensemble in years '' . Regarding season three , Bill Carter of The New York Times called Grey 's Anatomy `` television 's hottest show '' , adding : `` ( No show ) is expected to challenge Grey 's Anatomy for prime - time pre-eminence . '' Contrasting with Carter 's view , Monfette of IGN said that it speedily found itself `` mired in the annoying and absurd '' , adding : `` This third season may very well represent a case of over-writing a concept that has , perhaps tragically , run bone - dry on narrative fuel . '' At the conclusion of season three , Entertainment Weekly 's Gregory Kirschling said `` the show lacked a defining happy , warm - gooseflesh moment '' , adding that the season `` did n't leave you dying for the ( next ) season premiere '' . Speaking of the fourth season , Laura Burrows of IGN said the series became `` a little more than mediocre , but less than fantastic '' , adding : `` This season proved that even strong chemistry and good acting can not save a show that suffers from the inevitable recycled plot . '' In contrast to the moderately negative feedback the third and fourth seasons received , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger said of the fifth season : `` Overall , it feels more like the good old days than Grey 's Anatomy has in a long time . '' Misha Davenport from the Chicago Sun - Times said season five `` hits on all the things the show does so well '' , adding : `` There is romance , heartbreak , humor and a few moments that will move fans to tears . ''",
"28": "Brian Lowry of Variety , less impressed , opinionated that the season five displayed the show running out of storylines . Speaking of the sixth season , Bianco of USA Today wrote : `` Grey 's has always loved grand gestures . You like them or you do n't ; the only real question is whether the show pulls them off or it does n't . This year , it did . '' The series has a score of 66 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on five reviews for season seven . In response to the season , Bianco from USA Today commented : `` Happily , it now seems to have landed on solid ground . '' Also of the seventh season , Entertainment Weekly 's Jennifer Armstrong said : `` It 's in the shooting 's emotional reverberations that the show is regenerating after the past few hit - and - miss seasons , '' whereas Verne Gay of Newsday commented : `` Unfortunately , they 've settled on far - too - easy and facile answers for the most part . '' HitFix gave a positive review saying that , `` season 7 overall has been one of the show 's strongest ever . '' and added , `` There was a time when Grey 's Anatomy was this show where I suffered through a lot of stuff that made me cringe to get to those genius melodrama moments it could do so well . Over the last couple of years , it 's evolved into a show that 's much more consistent in tone , where it may not move me as often as it did in the early years but also very rarely makes me question my reasons for watching . '' Speaking of season eight , Entertainment Weekly 's Mandi Bierly called it a `` so - so season '' , and Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` emotional '' . Also acknowledging the fan base Verne Gay of Newsday wrote `` Grey 's has had a good season and has an intensely loyal fan base to prove it . '' regarding the 8th season . The ninth season received more positive reviews , Rob Salem of Toronto Star called it `` a solid return to form . '' Brad Williams writing for What Culture praised the show 's development over the season saying , `` Grey 's Anatomy has developed into a fine example of how a TV show can mature beyond its initial purpose . '' calling it `` something almost anyone can watch and enjoy . ''",
"29": "Praising the friendship between Cristina and Meredith of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` There 's still one good reason to keep watching : Where else can you find such deep friendships between female co-workers '' . The tenth season was also marked with praise , Annie Barrett for Entertainment Weekly wrote `` There 's true sorrow here along with the passion , which keeps their dynamic so intriguing to me . '' Caroline Siede from The A.V. Club wrote in her review for the 10th season `` At its best , Grey 's Anatomy is about everyday bravery , sacrifice , and courage . At its worst , it 's a melodramatic , moralizing soap opera . Both sides are on display as the show heads confidently into its 10th season . '' Many sources , including Rachel Simon of Bustle and Nicole Pomarico of Wetpaint , claimed that Sandra Oh 's performance during her final season on Grey 's Anatomy is worthy of an Emmy nomination . Bryce Olin of Netflix ranked Grey 's 9th among the 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix stating , `` It 's a tough call , but based on Grey 's casting choices and revolutionary portrayals of female doctors in the series , I 'm willing to argue that Grey 's Anatomy is the best medical drama of all time . Obviously , Shonda Rhimes did n't reinvent the wheel with the series , but there 's no denying its popularity . '' adding , `` I understand its significance in the pop culture sphere . '' He also stated that the show could go higher in the ranks with the upcoming season stating , `` Apparently , Grey 's Anatomy fans are passionate about their show , although it seems like they 've been closeted for the last few years . I 'd love to move Grey 's Anatomy even higher on the ranking , but I 'll have wait until the 11th season comes to Netflix . '' Critics ' top ten lists ( edit ) Critics included Grey 's Anatomy in top ten lists for five of its twelve seasons ; these are listed below in order of rank . ( hide ) 2005 No. 4 USA Today No. 6 The New York Times No. 7 The Boston Globe No. 9 San Jose Mercury News -- Chicago Tribune ( hide ) 2006 No. 2 USA Today No.",
"30": "2 San Jose Mercury News No. 4 TV Guide No. 9 Orlando Sentinel ( hide ) 2007 No. 6 USA Today ( hide ) 2010 No. 10 Movieline ( hide ) 2015 No. 7 NPR Impact ( edit ) `` Grey 's Anatomy makes an impact on how people 's perception of the world is created . '' -- Brian Quick , University of Illinois Grey 's Anatomy introduced the `` mc - labeling '' surge when it dubbed Patrick Dempsey 's character `` McDreamy '' . Grey 's Anatomy has been considered an impact on culture by Entertainment Weekly 's executive editor , Lori Majewski , with her writing : `` Grey 's Anatomy is n't just a show , it 's a phenomenon . When ( the ) final shows air , every place in New York City is empty . You could get a table at the best restaurants . '' The Daily Beast 's Jace Lacob also considered the show an impact , comparing its success to that of Friends , and calling it a `` cultural phenomenon '' . Steve Sternberg , a media analyst with Magna Global USA explained that the show appeals to a broad audience , writing : `` Roughly 80 percent of households during prime time only have one TV set on . People are looking for shows they can watch with other household members . '' Grey 's Anatomy introduced a `` mc - labeling '' surge , ever since it dubbed Dempsey 's character `` McDreamy '' . Canadian newspaper the National Post considers this trend a `` phenomenon '' . Analyzing the show 's impact on culture , Dessylyn Arnold of Yahoo ! Voices noted that the `` mc - labeling '' trend has been parodied on other shows including ER and Degrassi : The Next Generation . Mark Lawson of The Guardian has credited Grey 's Anatomy with popularizing the `` songtage '' , or musical montage segments . Parodying this , MADtv created a spoof on the show in 2006 , making fun of the series ' emotional scenes including those accompanied by a musical montage . The show 's premise inspired the creation of A Corazón Abierto , a Colombian adaptation of Grey 's Anatomy , which in turn spawned a Mexican version of the same name .",
"31": "A study conducted by the University of Western Sydney revealed that 94 % of 400 polled medical students are regular viewers of Grey 's Anatomy . An additional study conducted by Brian Quick of the University of Illinois indicated that the show 's portrayal of doctors being `` smart , good looking , capable , and interesting '' , leads viewers to associating real - world doctors to be that way . Grey 's has also been credited to have changed the perception on how good and bad television can be defined , The A.V. Club write , `` Since The Sopranos burst onto the scene , we 've too often classified a show as `` good '' based on how closely it adhered to the dark , violent , male - centric template set out by that particular show . It 's time for that to end . At its best , Grey 's has been among the very best shows on TV , and at its worst , it 's been at least fascinating to watch . To write it off is to unnecessarily narrow the definition of what good TV can be , to limit what the medium is capable of . TV is at its best when it emotionally connects , and even when it seems to be otherwise merrily hurtling off a cliff , Grey 's Anatomy is nothing but emotional connection , which is more than other , more consistently better shows can say . '' In 2011 , a woman residing in Sheboygan , Wisconsin became unresponsive due to an asthma attack . Unable to wait for an ambulance , her daughter and a friend performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) on her , which they learned from Grey 's Anatomy . Despite this , Resident Karen Zink , M.D. , deemed the show 's portrayal of interns inaccurate , adding : `` None of ( the characters ) have bags under their eyes . They all leave the hospital dressed cute , with their hair done and makeup on . That is so far away from the reality of interns . You are just dragging your butt , trying to stay alive . You do n't have time to do your hair . You do n't have time to put on makeup . Every surgical intern has bags under their eyes . '' The series placed at No.",
"32": "66 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list , and was declared the third highest rated show for the first ten years of the Internet Movie Database ( 2002 -- 2012 ) . In 2017 an Israeli woman saved her husband by performing cardiac massage she learned from Grey 's Anatomy , The woman performed cardiac massage for 20 minutes before medical personal arrived and transferred the husband to Shaare Zedek Medical Center . US television Ratings ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy has received high viewership and ratings since its debut . The first four seasons of the program each ranked in the top ten among all viewers , reaching its peak Nielsen ratings in the second season , attracting an average of 19.44 million viewers per episode , and ranking at fifth place overall . Following the show 's time - slot being relocated , overall rankings steadily declined , dropping below the top ten in its fifth season . Grey 's Anatomy made its greatest fall from its sixth to seventh season , slipping from seventeenth place to thirty - first . The series is on a steady decline in terms of overall viewership and rankings , yet Grey 's Anatomy still holds value in charts when numbers are pulled from the digital video recorder ( DVR ) . It was the most recorded show between 2007 and 2011 , based on cumulative totals , and has been for several years in a row . The most - watched episode of the series is `` It 's the End of the World '' , with 37.88 million viewers , aided by a lead - in from Super Bowl XL . Grey 's Anatomy was the most expensive program on television in the 2007 - 08 season measured by advertising revenue , with earnings of US $400,000 per thirty seconds . The show was named the fourth ( behind Desperate Housewives , Two and a Half Men , and American Idol ) , and the fifth - highest ( behind Glee , Two and a Half Men , The X Factor ( U.S. ) and American Idol ) revenue earning show , with the earnings of US $2.67 million and US $2.75 million per half hour in 2011 and 2012 respectively . While Grey 's Anatomy is no longer ranked in the top numbers for overall ratings , the show 's ranking in the key 18 -- 49 demographic has remained high .",
"33": "As of season eight , the series is the highest - rated drama on television in the target demographic . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Grey 's Anatomy was `` most popular in a swath of the middle of the country , particularly in areas with a lower percentage of college graduates '' . Below is a table of Grey 's Anatomy 's seasonal rankings in the U.S. television market , based on average total viewers per episode . Each U.S. network television season starts in September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . U.S. television ratings for Grey 's Anatomy Season Timeslot ( EST ) Number of episodes Premiere Finale TV season Overall rank 18 -- 49 rank Overall viewership Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Sunday 10 : 00 p.m. 9 March 27 , 2005 16.25 May 22 , 2005 22.22 2004 -- 05 No. 9 No. 5 18.46 27 September 25 , 2005 18.98 May 15 , 2006 22.50 2005 -- 06 No. 5 No. 4 19.44 Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 25 September 21 , 2006 25.41 May 17 , 2007 22.57 2006 -- 07 No. 8 No. 3 19.17 17 September 27 , 2007 20.93 May 22 , 2008 18.09 2007 -- 08 No. 10 No. 3 15.92 5 24 September 25 , 2008 18.29 May 14 , 2009 17.12 2008 -- 09 No. 12 No.",
"34": "3 14.52 6 24 September 24 , 2009 17.03 May 20 , 2010 16.13 2009 -- 10 No. 16 No. 6 13.55 7 22 September 23 , 2010 14.32 May 19 , 2011 9.89 2010 -- 11 No. 31 No. 9 11.41 8 24 September 22 , 2011 10.38 May 17 , 2012 11.44 2011 -- 12 No. 32 No. 10 10.92 9 24 September 27 , 2012 11.73 May 16 , 2013 8.99 2012 -- 13 No. 26 No. 10 11.07 10 24 September 26 , 2013 9.27 May 15 , 2014 8.92 2013 -- 14 No. 15 No. 5 12.12 11 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 25 September 25 , 2014 9.81 May 14 , 2015 8.33 2014 -- 15 No. 31 No. 13 11.57 12 24 September 24 , 2015 9.55 May 19 , 2016 8.19 2015 -- 16 No. 21 No. 8 11.20 13 24 September 22 , 2016 8.75 May 18 , 2017 7.92 2016 -- 17 No. 19 No.",
"35": "9 10.88 14 24 September 28 , 2017 8.07 2017 -- 18 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Grey 's Anatomy Grey 's Anatomy has won a number of awards . As of July 2012 , the show has been nominated for twenty - five Primetime Emmy Awards , having been nominated for at least one every year , except in 2010 . At the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2005 , Oh was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , which she went on to be nominated for every year until 2009 , and Horton was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series . The following year , at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series , which they were nominated for again in 2007 . Also in 2006 , Wilson was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , which she went on to be nominated for every year until 2009 , and Kyle Chandler was nominated for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . The 58th Ceremony also honored Rhimes and Vernoff , who were both nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . Rhimes , whose career kicked off in 1995 , has since produced yet another ABC series , Scandal , which began on air in 2012 and is continuing into the third season . Beginning in 2005 , Rhimes has been continually nominated for numerous awards , including three Emmy Awards : first in 2006 for a dramatic series and a separate nomination for writing a dramatic series , followed by a third nomination in 2007 for a dramatic series . Katherine Heigl is the only star - billed cast member to have received a Primetime Emmy Award In 2007 , at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , Heigl won the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , while Knight was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series .",
"36": "Numerous guest actresses have been nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series , including Burton in 2006 and 2007 , Christina Ricci in 2006 , Reaser in 2007 , Diahann Carroll in 2008 , and Sharon Lawrence in 2009 , but the only actress to have won the award is Devine in 2011 , who was nominated again in 2012 . The show has also been nominated for thirteen Creative Arts Emmy Awards , having won three of them : Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series , Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) , and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special . The show has received ten Golden Globe Award nominations since its premiere . At the 63rd Golden Globe Awards , in 2006 , the series was nominated for Best Drama Series , Dempsey was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series , which he was nominated for again in 2007 , and Oh won the award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film . The following year , at the 64th Golden Globe Awards , in 2007 , Pompeo was nominated for Best Actress in a Drama Series , and the show won the award for Best Drama Series . At the 65th Golden Globe Awards , in 2008 , Heigl was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film , while the series in whole was nominated for Best Drama Series . The series has won People 's Choice Awards for Best Drama Four Times in 2007 , 2013 , 2015 and 2016 and has been nominated for several other People 's Choice Awards , with nominations received by Oh as well as multiple wins from Dempsey , Pompeo winning in recent years 2013 and 2015 , Heigl , Wilson , Demi Lovato , for guest starring , and the drama in whole for Favorite TV Drama . In 2007 , Rhimes and the female cast were the recipient of the Women in Film Lucy Award , in recognition of the excellence and innovation in the show as a creative work that has enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television . The series has been honored with numerous NAACP Image Award nominations , many having been won , including five awards for Outstanding Drama Series .",
"37": "Grey 's Anatomy has also received several Screen Actors Guild Awards , with nominations received by Dempsey , as well as wins from Oh , Wilson , and the main cast for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 9 March 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) May 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 22 ) 8 11.6 27 September 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 25 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 5 12.5 25 September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) 7 12.1 17 September 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) May 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 22 ) 9 10.4 5 24 September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 10 9.6 6 24 September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 11 9.0 7 22 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 17 7.5 8 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 21 7.6 9 24 September 27 ,",
"38": "2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18 7.7 10 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 11 8.5 11 25 September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 17 7.8 12 24 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 11 7.9 13 24 September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 16 7.3 14 24 September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) TBA TBA TBA Sara Ramirez served as the lead vocalist for the musical episode . Grey 's Anatomy 's first season commenced airing as a mid-season replacement to Boston Legal on March 27 , 2005 and concluded on May 22 , 2005 . The nine - episode season aired on Sundays in the 10 : 00pm EST time slot , following Desperate Housewives . The show was renewed by ABC for a second season , that aired in the same time slot as season one . Premiering on September 25 , 2005 and concluding on May 15 , 2006 , the season consisted of twenty - seven episodes . The first five episodes of the second season were originally scheduled to air during the first , but the network decided to close the first season of Grey 's Anatomy on the same night as Desperate Housewives ' finale . During the second season , Grey 's Anatomy produced two specials recapping the events of recent episodes , narrated by Bailey , entitled `` Straight to the Heart '' and `` Under Pressure '' .",
"39": "The show was renewed for a third season , which was relocated to the coveted Thursday 9 : 00pm EST time slot -- a slot that the series has held onto since then . Commencing on September 21 , 2006 and ending on May 17 , 2007 , season three consisted of twenty - five episodes . Two more specials were produced during the show 's third season , entitled `` Complications of the Heart '' and `` Every Moment Counts '' , which were narrated by Bailey and Morgan , respectively . ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourth season , which aired from September 27 , 2007 to May 22 , 2008 , and ultimately consisted of seventeen episodes . The fourth season had a reduced number of episodes , due to the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike , which caused production to cease from February to April , leaving the show with no writing staff during that time . At the beginning of the fourth season , the show aired its final special entitled `` Come Rain or Shine '' , created to transition viewers from Grey 's Anatomy to Private Practice , which was narrated by the editors of People magazine . The show received a renewal for a fifth season , which premiered on September 25 , 2008 and concluded on May 14 , 2009 , consisting of twenty - four episodes . The series was renewed for a sixth season consisting of twenty - four episodes , which commenced on September 24 , 2009 and ended on May 20 , 2010 . During its sixth season , Grey 's Anatomy aired a series of webisodes entitled Seattle Grace : On Call at ABC.com . ABC renewed the show for a seventh season , which premiered on September 23 , 2010 and concluded on May 19 , 2011 , consisting of twenty - two episodes . This was followed up with Seattle Grace : On Call , Seattle Grace : Message of Hope , aired during the beginning of the seventh season . Also during the seventh season , the series produced a musical episode entitled `` Song Beneath the Song '' , featuring songs that became famous through their use in Grey 's Anatomy . The show received a twenty - four episode eighth season renewal , which commenced on September 22 , 2011 with a two - hour episode , and ended on May 17 , 2012 .",
"40": "Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a ninth season , which premiered on September 27 , 2012 and ended on May 16 , 2013 . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a tenth season on May 10 , 2013 and premiered on September 27 , 2013 with a two - hour episode , and ended on May 15 , 2014 . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC renewed the series for an eleventh season that aired from September 2014 to May 2015 ) . In addition , the show was relocated to the Thursday 8 : 00pm EST time slot . After four seasons outside the top 25 rated shows , Grey 's Anatomy was the number 15 show in the 2013 -- 2014 season , the show 's tenth . The show also re-entered the top five shows in the 18 -- 49 viewer demographic . On May 7 , 2015 , ABC renewed the series for a twelfth season that premiered on September 24 , 2015 and concluded on May 19 , 2016 . On March 3 , 2016 , ABC renewed Grey 's for a thirteenth season , which was scheduled to air from 2016 to 2017 . Spin - offs ( edit ) Private Practice ( edit ) Main article : Private Practice ( TV series ) The cast of Grey 's Anatomy was displeased with the network 's decision to center the spin - off on Kate Walsh 's character . On February 21 , 2007 , The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin - off medical drama television series for Grey 's Anatomy featuring Walsh 's character , Addison Montgomery . Subsequent reports confirmed the decision , stating that an expanded two - hour broadcast of Grey 's Anatomy would serve as a backdoor pilot for the proposed spin - off . The cast of Grey 's Anatomy was reportedly unhappy about the decision , as all hoped the spin - off would have been given to them . Pompeo commented that she felt , as the star , she should have been consulted , and Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin - off for Stevens .",
"41": "The backdoor pilot that aired on May 3 , 2007 sees Montgomery take a leave of absence from Seattle Grace Hospital , to visit her best friend from Los Angeles , Naomi Bennett ( Merrin Dungey , later Audra McDonald ) , a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist . While in Los Angeles , she meets Bennett 's colleagues at the Oceanside Wellness Center . The two - hour broadcast entitled `` The Other Side of This Life '' served as the twenty - second and twenty - third episodes of the third season , and was directed by Michael Grossman , according to Variety . The cast included Amy Brenneman , Paul Adelstein , Tim Daly , Taye Diggs , Chris Lowell , and Merrin Dungey . KaDee Strickland 's character , Charlotte King , who would be introduced in the spin - off 's first - season premiere , did not appear in the backdoor pilot . Her addition to the main cast was announced on July 11 , 2007 , prior to the commencement of the first season . She did not have to audition for the role , but was cast after a meeting with Rhimes . Also not present in the backdoor pilot was McDonald , due to her character , Naomi Bennett , being portrayed by a different actress , Merrin Dungey . However , on June 29 , 2007 , ABC announced that Dungey would be replaced , with no reason given for the change . The drama was titled Private Practice , and its premiere episode followed the second part of the season debut of Dancing with the Stars , and provided a lead - in to fellow freshman series Dirty Sexy Money . Pushing Daisies , a third new series for the evening , rounded out the lineup as a lead - in to Private Practice . The series ended its run in January 2013 after six seasons . Grey 's Anatomy had five crossover storylines with Private Practice . `` In Which We Meet Addison , a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else '' , the series premiere , starts with Addison and Richard talking about her resignation at Seattle Grace Hospital . `` Before and After '' / `` Ex-Life '' / `` An Honest Mistake '' -- Addison 's brother Archer is brought to Seattle Grace for surgery , after which Derek asks for help with a pregnant neuro patient .",
"42": "`` Invasion '' / `` Right Here , Right Now '' -- After Izzie makes a mistake , causing the patient to lose out on a kidney transplant , Bailey travels to Los Angeles with her patient for the transplant . `` Blink '' / `` Another Second Chance '' -- Addison helps Mark perform an operation on his pregnant daughter . `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' / `` You Break My Heart '' -- Derek 's sister Amelia asks him to perform a risky gliosarcoma surgery on Erica Warner , the mother of Cooper 's son Mason . There have also been several instances where Addison or Amelia travel to Seattle without there being a storyline involving both shows . Firefighter spin - off ( edit ) On May 16 , 2017 , Channing Dungey announced at the ABC Upfronts that the network ordered another Grey 's Anatomy spin - off , this one focusing on firefighters in Seattle . The series is set to premiere mid-season in 2018 . Stacy McKee , long - term Grey 's writer and executive producer , will serve as the spin - off 's showrunner . The new show will most likely be introduced during an episode of Grey 's Anatomy next season . In July 2017 , it was announced that Jaina Lee Ortiz was the first actress cast in the spin - off series . In September 2017 it was announced that Jason George , who has played Dr. Ben Warren since season 6 , would be leaving Grey 's Anatomy to move to the spin - off . He 's expected to be a series regular on Grey 's Anatomy until the spin - off begins production . In October 2017 it was announced that five new series regulars for the spin off had been cast being Grey Damon , Jay Hayden , Okieriete Onaodowan , Danielle Savre and Barrett Doss . It was also announced that the spin - off had a 10 episode order for the first season . Later in October 2017 , it was announced that Miguel Sandoval was cast as the Captain of the firehouse . Distribution ( edit ) An interview with Justin Chambers is on the season four DVD . Grey 's Anatomy episodes appear regularly on ABC in the United States . All episodes are approximately forty - three minutes , and are broadcast in both high - definition and standard .",
"43": "The series ' episodes are also available for download at the iTunes Store in standard and high - definition qualities , and Amazon Video . ABC Video on demand also releases recent episodes of the show for temporary viewing . Recent episodes are also available at ABC 's official Grey 's Anatomy website , and on Hulu and Xfinity . In 2009 , ABC signed a deal allowing Grey 's Anatomy episodes to be streamed on Netflix . Grey 's Anatomy is syndicated on Lifetime , with one hour blocks weekdays at 1 : 00 pm , 2 : 00 pm , and 3 : 00 pm EST . Since its debut , Buena Vista Home Entertainment has released the first eight seasons on DVD to regions 1 , 2 , and 4 . The first season 's DVD , released on February 14 , 2006 , features an alternate title sequence , bloopers , behind - the - scenes footage , audio commentaries , and an extended edition of the pilot episode . Season two 's DVD , released on September 12 , 2006 , which includes extended episodes , an interview with Wilson , deleted scenes , a set tour , a `` Q&A '' with the cast , and a segment on the creating of special effects . The DVD for the third season was released on September 11 , 2007 , with bonus features including extended episodes , an interview with star Dempsey , audio commentaries , and bloopers . The fourth season 's DVD released on September 9 , 2008 , features an interview with Heigl and Chambers , extended episodes , bloopers , and deleted scenes . Season five 's DVD was released on September 15 , 2009 , and includes unaired scenes , bloopers , and extended episodes . The DVD for season six , released on September 14 , 2010 , features deleted scenes , an extended finale , and bloopers . The seventh season 's DVD , released on September 13 , 2011 , includes an extended edition of and a behind - the - scenes featurette on the musical episode , bloopers , as well as deleted scenes . In addition , the eighth season 's DVD was released on September 4 , 2012 with several bonus features and deleted scenes . The ninth season 's DVD released on August 27 , 2013 with several bonus features and deleted scenes .",
"44": "The tenth season 's DVD was released on September 2 , 2014 with new several bonus features and deleted scenes . The season was officially released on DVD as a six - disc boxset under the title of Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Tenth Season -- Live For The Moments on September 2 , 2014 . In view of the departure of the character of Cristina Yang in the season finale , the DVD set featured an extended episode Do You Know ? and a special feature from Sandra Oh titled `` An Immeasurable Gift '' . The eleventh released on DVD as a six - disc box set on August 18 , 2015 with interviews with new series regular Caterina Scorsone and a special feature for Dempsey 's departure , `` How To Say Goodbye Dr. Derek Shepherd '' . The twelfth released on DVD as a six - disc box set on August 30 , 2016 . Merchandise ( edit ) The American Broadcasting Company has partnered with J Larson CafePress and Barco Uniforms to provide the series ' branded merchandise through an online store . The products available include shirts , sweatshirts , kitchen - ware , home - ware , and bags , with the Grey 's Anatomy logo on it . Also available are custom unisex scrubs and lab coats in a variety of colors and sizes , designed by Barco . The merchandise released by the company is available for purchase at the Grey 's Anatomy official website , and US $1 from every purchase is donated to Barco 's Nightingales Foundation . Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game includes a plot focused around Sandra Oh 's character . Five volumes of the Grey 's Anatomy Original Soundtrack have been released as of 2011 . For the first two seasons , the show 's main title theme was an excerpt from `` Cosy in the Rocket '' , by British duo Psapp ; it is featured on the first soundtrack album released via ABC 's corporate cousin , Hollywood Records , on September 27 , 2005 . The second soundtrack , featuring songs from the series ' second season , was released on September 12 , 2006 , followed by a third soundtrack with music from the third season .",
"45": "Following the seventh season musical episode `` Song Beneath the Song '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event '' soundtrack was released , with volume four of the soundtrack released subsequently . In January 2009 , Ubisoft announced that it had signed a licensing agreement with ABC Studios to develop a video game based on Grey 's Anatomy . Designed for the Wii , Nintendo DS , and PC , Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game was released on March 10 , 2009 . The game lets the player assume the role of one of the main characters , making decisions for the character 's personal and professional life , and competing in a number of minigames . It has been criticized by reviewers because of the simplicity of the mini-games and voice actors who do not play the same characters on the series , with Jason Ocampo of IGN giving it a 6.0 / 10 overall rating . The Wii release received mixed reviews , and the Windows release received generally unfavorable reviews . ABC and Nielsen partnered in 2011 to create a Grey 's Anatomy application for Apple 's iPad . The application was designed to allow viewers to participate in polls and learn trivial facts as they watch a live episode . It uses Nielsen 's Media - Sync software to listen for the episode and to post features as the episode progresses . The creators of the show set up a real online wedding registry to mark the wedding of Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd . Instead of buying gifts fans were encouraged to donate money to the American Academy of Neurology Foundation . International adaptation ( edit ) An adaptation named as Doktorlar ( `` Doctors '' ) was aired on December 28 , 2006 , in a Turkish Network , Show TV , and it lasted four seasons . In 2010 , A Corazón Abierto , an adaptation of the series , was made by the Colombian network RCN TV . Footnotes ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Television portal Washington portal Seattle portal Pompeo starred as the leading role in Moonlight Mile , which explains the significance of her being cast as Meredith . The character of O'Malley failed his intern test , which is why he was not initially a resident along with Meredith , Yang , Karev , and Stevens . Shepherd and Meredith had decided to adopt , due to Meredith 's infertility , which was diagnosed in season seven .",
"46": "The Chicago Tribune list is not ranked -- it consists of ten shows in alphabetical order . The Grey 's Anatomy logo can be seen in the infobox , above . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie . ( June 28 , 2016 ) ABC Fall 2016 Premiere Dates -- Today 's News : Our Take . TVGuide.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pomarico , Nicole ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` How Much Does The ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast Make ? Being A TV Doctor Has Its Benefits '' . Bustle . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Tim ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` Which TV Stars Pull in the Most Dollars Per Episode ? '' . Time . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Renewed '' . Jump up ^ `` Watch Grey 's Anatomy TV Show '' . ABC . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes , creator of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and a Chicagoan of the Year '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Joe ( April 14 , 2005 ) . `` Thriving Ratings for a New Patient on ABC '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Winfrey , Oprah ( December 2006 ) . `` Oprah Talks to Shonda Rhimes '' . O , The Oprah Magazine . Harpo Productions , Inc . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collier , Aldore ( October 2005 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes : the force behind Grey 's Anatomy '' . Business Library . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 .",
"47": "Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Springer , Sarah ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator , actress discuss media diversity '' . InAmerica . Cable News Network . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Case , Laura . `` Why Is Grey 's Anatomy Called Grey 's Anatomy ? 5 Weird Fan Questions Answered by Wetpaint Entertainment '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Keeps Sunday Time Slot '' . Fox News . News Corporation . April 11 , 2005 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Development Updates : February 4 '' . The Futon Critic . February 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Unaccompanied Minor '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Cast and Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda . `` Shonda Rhimes on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey Matter : From the Writers of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Kevin McKidd , Chandra Wilson to Direct Again ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Seattle Grace : Message of Hope '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company .",
"48": "Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , David . `` David Greenspan '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` How Grey 's Anatomy Keeps it Real '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Krista Vernoff on ' Good Mourning ' and ' Goodbye ' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oakley , Colleen ( April 9 , 2007 ) . `` Interview with Shonda Rhimes '' . Marie Claire . Hearst Communication , Inc . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fogel , Matthew ( May 8 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Goes Colorblind '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Chicago as a ' Grey ' area ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandra Oh ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- Sandra Oh Audition . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 05 -- 0 : 15 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bardin , Brantley ( November 2006 ) . `` Katherine Heigl Gives Us Fever '' .",
"49": "Cosmopolitan . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ T.R. Knight ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- T.R. Knight On Auditioning . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 30 -- 1 : 20 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . New York Magazine . New York Media . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Q & A With Eric Dane '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On Location : Oprah on the Set of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Oprah Winfrey Show . Season 21 . November 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) Bio '' . Private Practice . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC drops Washington from Grey 's Anatomy '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( April 28 , 2007 ) . `` Well - Known Secret : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff for ABC '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins On New Season Of ' Grey 's Anatomy ; ' Chyler Leigh Joins The Cast '' . StarPulse . July 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 .",
"50": "Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keeps , David A. ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Nine Things You Do n't Know about Grey 's Chyler Leigh '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Claustro , Lisa ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Smith ' Did n't Really Think ' Grey 's Anatomy Stint Would ' Work Out ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Discharges Dr. Hahn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's De-Gayed : Brooke Smith Axed ; Melissa George 's Role Rewritten '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin McKidd Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast As Series Regular '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal . November 12 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Jessica Capshaw '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight : A Grey 's Anatomy Goner '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' Exclusive : Katherine Heigl is ( Almost ) Outta There ! `` . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . March 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2010 .",
"51": "Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sources Confirm : Katherine Heigl is Leaving `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . March 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Kim Raver becomes series regular on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' exclusive : Jesse Williams gets full - time upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh And Justin Chambers Close Deals To Return '' . Deadline . PMC . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Chyler Leigh Breaks Her Silence About Shocking Departure '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' Creator Defends Finale Death '' . The Insider . CBS . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale : Boss explains two shocking exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Eric Dane Checks Out ! '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh to Exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh Will Leave ' Grey 's Anatomy ' at the End of the Tenth Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Washington set for Grey 's Anatomy return '' . BBC . March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 Spoilers : Leah And Shane To Leave Hospital Along With Cristina ? ( VIDEO ) '' . ENSTARZ . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra . ( August 13 , 2013 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey renew contracts . EW.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . ( May 2 , 2014 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 11 : Justin Chambers , Sara Ramirez Sign New Contracts . TVLine . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Star Sara Ramirez Talks Expiring Contract and Potential Departure . Wetpaint.com ( November 13 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season One DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Where Is Grey 's Anatomy Filmed , Anyway ? '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy star signals more laughs '' . RTÉ ten .",
"53": "September 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Tanen , Brian . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Almost Grown '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Emmy Awards . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Dane and Patrick Dempsey ( 2008 ) . Grey 's Anatomy Season Four DVD : On Set With Patrick and Eric Additional Feature . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bordwell , David ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Walk the Talk '' . David Bordwell 's Website on Cinema `` . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Santucci , Pieracarla . `` Grey 's Anatomy Made Simple '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Yahoo Inc . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 's Anatomy of the Narrative Analysis Media and Cultural Analysis , Spring 2014 . Karanovic.org ( March 5 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Each season , with the exception of one and two , show the doctors ' residency year ( first year , second year , etc . ) being one older than the previous season . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` ' Anatomy ' of a hit '' . Boston.com . Boston Globe Electronic Publishing Inc . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 .",
"54": "Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Goldwyn , Tony ( April 10 , 2005 ) . `` Winning a Battle , Losing the War '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Robinson , Julie Ann ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 14 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Each episode typically features scenes of a surgery , towards the center of the episode . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Deitch , Donna ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Mark ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Top of the docs '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Horton , Peter ( March 27 , 2005 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Corn , Rob ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Forever Young '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Ornelas , Ed ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Good Mourning '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Hamilton , Ann . Director : Coles , John David ( April 24 , 2006 ) . `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 .",
"55": "Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Stanton , Gabrielle and Werksman , Harry . Director : Stanzler , Wendey ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Stanzler , Wendey ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 19 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Horton , Peter ( September 25 , 2005 ) . `` Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krisa . Director : Davidson , Adam ( October 9 , 2005 ) . `` Make Me Lose Control '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Misiano , Christopher ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Testing 1 -- 2 -- 3 '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Buchman , Eric . Director : Grossman , Michael ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Great Expectations '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 25 .",
"56": "American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Frawley , James ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` Scars and Souvenirs '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Rhimes , Shonda and Vernoff , Krista . Directors : Grossman , Michael and Yu , Jessica ( November 22 , 2007 ) . `` Crash Into Me ( Part 1 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Freedom ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Kerns , Joanna ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Rise Up '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 7 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Stoltz , Eric ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Brave New World '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Dream a Little Dream of Me ( Part 1 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` Wish You Were Here '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 11 . American Broadcasting Company .",
"57": "Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Dream a Little Dream of Me ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 2 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Zisk , Randy ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` An Honest Mistake '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Bans , Jenna . Director : Corn , Rob ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` I Will Follow You Into the Dark '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Now or Never '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Pressman , Michael ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Phelan , Tony ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Invasion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Corn , Rob ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` New History '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda .",
"58": "Director : Cragg , Stephen ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sanctuary '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` With You I 'm Born Again '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` White Wedding '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Take the Lead '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Wilding , Mark and Bans , Jenna . Director : Cragg , Stephen ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Migration '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Nothing Says ' I Love You ' Like Asking for a Divorce . Buddytv.com ( November 29 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes : ' There 's Something Great ' About Cristina and Owen 's Struggle . Hollywood Reporter ( May 23 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : How to Buy a Hospital . Buddytv.com ( February 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 .",
"59": "Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Avery 's In Charge Now -- Season 9 Episode 16 . Hollywood Life ( February 21 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Andy . ( March 14 , 2013 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 9 Recap -- Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . TVLine . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Glatter , Lesli Linka ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Let It Be '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Clack , Zoanne . Director : Paymer , David ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` Break on Through '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 15 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Robe , Blythe . Director : Mann , Seith ( April 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Name of the Game '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Grossman , Michael ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` The Other Side of This Life ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Robin , Steve ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 14 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Tinker , Mark ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Losing My Religion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 27 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter .",
"60": "Director : Ornelas , Edward ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` This Is How We Do It '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Underwood , Ron ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Girl With No Name '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Koenig , Kip . Director : Yu , Jessica ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Begin the Begin '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 26 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Minahan , Dan ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` 17 Seconds '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 25 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Yu , Jessica ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 6 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Goldwyn , Tony ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` Damage Control '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Lerner , Dan ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` What I Am '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Yaitaines , Greg ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Six Days ( Part 2 ) '' .",
"61": "Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Yu , Jessica ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Heart - Shaped Box '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Walk on Water '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 15 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Drowning on Dry Land '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Horton , Peter ( February 12 , 2006 ) . `` As We Know It '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Rhimes , Shonda and Noxon , Marti . Director : Arkin , Adam ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Some Kind of Miracle '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Clack , Zoanne . Director : Corn , Rob ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : D'Elia , Bill ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Here 's to Future Days '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Stoltz , Eric ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` These Ties That Bind '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company .",
"62": "Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Liddi Brown , Allison ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Stairway to Heaven '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Washington , Sonay . Director : Phelan , Tony ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Sweet Surrender '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( March 11 , 2012 ) . `` Push '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Phelan , Tony ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Song Beneath the Song '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Phelan , Tony ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` That 's Me Trying '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 7 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Szwarc , Jeannot ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Something 's Gotta Give '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Allen , Debbie ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Not Responsible '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Krinsky , Natalie . Director : Jackson , Mark ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Start Me Up '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : McKidd , Kevin ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't Deceive Me ( Please Do n't Go ) '' .",
"63": "Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Robin , Steve ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` It 's a Long Way Back '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 19 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Liddi - Brown , Allison ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Adrift and at Peace '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 10 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Liddi - Brown , Allison ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Dark Was the Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : True Blood , Veronica Mars Alum Tina Majorino Lands a Grey 's Gig '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Exclusive Fringe First Look ! Plus Scoop on Grey 's , Glee , Covert and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Newcomer Tessa Ferrer for Recurring Role '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Desperate Housewives ' Steven Culp to Play Doctor '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` The Doctors Must Pick Up The Pieces After a Tragic Plane Crash on The Season 9 Premiere of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"64": "Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constance Zimmer Talks Shaking Up ' Grey 's , ' Playing The Bitch & More '' . Huffington Post . February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Scoop : Entourage 's Constance Zimmer Checks In to Seattle Grace '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spoilers Justin Bruening for Recurring Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` A Grey 's Anatomy Wedding and More Scoop on Season 10 '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 9 Preview -- Hilarie Burton on Arizona , Lauren , Callie -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 Spoilers : Hilarie Burton Returns to Ruin Callie & Arizona 's Marriage ? '' . ENSTARZ . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Hilarie Burton on Lauren and Arizona 's Growing Flirtation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andy Patrick . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Heather Brooks Dies In Season 10 Premiere -- Recap -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season 10 : James Remar to play a surgeon 's father '' . Hypable . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 : James Remar reveals his top - secret character '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` Dexter ' Star Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy '' . Huffington Post . August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` On this week 's ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' Kelly McCreary gets sucker punched -- and she enjoys it ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva .",
"65": "`` Kelly McCreary Upped To Regular On ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Geena Davis Joins Season 11 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liz Raftery ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Was Dr. Herman 's Operation a Success ? '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ Lauren Cox . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Amelia Saves Dr. Herman In Surgery -- Season 11 , Episode 14 -- Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` WIRED Binge - Watching Guide : Grey 's Anatomy '' . Wired . Jump up ^ HaloFive00 . `` Grey 's Anatomy ( TV Series 2005 -- ) '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : `` Sure , Grey 's Anatomy was a big hit , but was it good TV ? '' . avclub.com . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : What season 10 could learn from season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` ABC seeks to build on momentum '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( March 26 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : No Heart , No Brain '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 2 ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . June 15 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 2 Uncut '' . IGN .",
"66": "Jump up ^ Emmy Awards 2015 Snubs : ' Outlander , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Daredevil ' And More Overlooked For Nominations . Ibtimes.com ( July 16 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` TV Review : Men In Trees '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 11 Finale Recap : Shiny , Happy People '' . buddytv.com . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Seven Emmy nods a good fit '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert ( November 12 , 2006 ) . `` Heart Throb -- Grey 's Anatomy 's Katherine Heigl on Sex Love , and Cupcakes '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Ellen Pompeo totally saved ' How to Save a Life ' '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ Peralta , Eyder ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Tsk . Tsk . Ethics these days '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Communication , Inc . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Catana , Kelli ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Sucks Me in Again '' . Huffington post . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` y 's Anatomy 's Alex Karev Is Totally Underrated '' . Bustle . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor ( 2013 ) .",
"67": "`` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Why Grey 's Anatomy Needs Addison Back -- Vulture '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` I would like first to clarify ... '' TV Guide . September 26 , 2005 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Ask Matt : Will Big Bang Make an Emmy Splash ? What 's Next for Ghost Whisperer and More ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt Mitovich ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Status Report : Knight 's Fate Revealed , and More '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` http://www.tvguide.com/news/abc-heigl-staying-1007116/ Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` These TV series are back , but are they better than ever ? '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` In TV Land This Season , a Few Happy Surprises but No Breakthrough Hits '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kirschling , Gregory ( May 20 , 2007 ) . `` Yanging Our Chain Recap '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 4 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 5 Critic Reviews '' .",
"68": "Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ends season with a bang '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 Critic Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season finale review : Greys Anatomy -- Unaccompanied Minor : All come crashing down '' . HitFix . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Who Met Their Maker in the Deadly Season Finale ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale review '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Elementary ' and ' Last Resort ' : Thursday night TV reviews '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` The Muted Genius of Grey 's Anatomy '' . WhatCulture.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Melissa ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Entertainment Weekly .",
"69": "Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy season premiere recap : After the Storm '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` '' Seal Our Fate '' Grey 's Anatomy TV Review The A.V. Club `` . avclub.com . Jump up ^ `` Bustle '' . bustle.com . Jump up ^ `` Could Grey 's Anatomy Season 10 Earn Sandra Oh an Emmy ? '' . Wetpaint , Inc . Jump up ^ 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix Right Now . Netflixlife.com . Retrieved on December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . ( April 24 , 2015 ) 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix : Grey 's Anatomy Moves Up . Netflixlife.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2005 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2006 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2007 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2010 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Television Of 2015 '' . NPR . December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adlersberg , Jay ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` The effects of Grey 's Anatomy '' . WABC - TV . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Majewski , Lori ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Tops Entertainment Weekly Year - End List '' . KLTV . WorldNow .",
"70": "Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's 7th Year Surge '' . The Daily Beast . The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The McDreamy phenomenon '' . National Post . Postmedia Network . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dessylyn ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` A Look at the Pop Culture Behind Grey 's Anatomy '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Yahoo Inc . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Hilarious MADtv Grey 's Anatomy Parody ! '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Press Release : `` Grey 's Anatomy '' Adaptation `` A Corazón Abierto '' Premieres to Huge Ratings In Colombia `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Corazón Abierto Premieres in Mexico '' . ttvMediaNews . Print. Division . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ van den Berg , Lucie ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` TV drama Grey 's Anatomy scrubs up well for students '' . Herald Sun . News Corporation . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Credited for Saving Life '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 .",
"71": "Jump up ^ Holtz , Andrew ( 2010 ) . The Real Grey 's Anatomy : A Behind - The - Scenes Look at the Real Lives of Surgical Residents . Penguin . p. 2 . ISBN 0425232115 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie A. ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , ' The Dark Knight , ' ' Lost ' Named to IMDb 's Top 10 of the Last Decade '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` saved her husband by what she have learned from Gray 's Anatomy '' . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( September 1 , 2011 ) . > m / 2011 / 09 / 01 / top - 10-most - tivoed - shows / `` The most Tivo'ed show on TV is ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 1 / 30 / 06 - 2 / 05 / 06 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poggi , Jeanine . `` TV Ad Pricing Chart : A Show in Its 13th Season Returns to the Top 10 Most Expensive Buys '' . Advertisement Age . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` In Pictures : TV 's Biggest Moneymakers '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV 's Biggest Moneymakers '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 25 , 2012 ) .",
"72": "`` TV Season Rankings : Sunday Night Football Ends Idol 's Streak ; Once , POI and Rob Score Wins '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 3 / 21 / 05 - 3 / 27 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 29 , 2005 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 16 / 05 - 5 / 22 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 20 / 04 - 5 / 22 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 24 , 2005 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 9 / 19 / 05 - 9 / 25 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . September 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 15 / 06 - 5 / 21 / 06 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 19 / 05 - 5 / 28 / 06 '' .",
"73": "Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 9 / 18 / 06 - 9 / 24 / 06 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 14 / 07 - 5 / 20 / 07 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 18 / 06 - 5 / 27 / 07 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 9 / 24 / 07 - 9 / 30 / 07 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 19 / 08 - 5 / 25 / 08 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 .",
"74": "^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 24 / 07 - 5 / 25 / 08 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Primetime Performance -- 2008 May Sweep / 2007 -- 08 TV Season '' . The Futon Critic . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday , September 25 : A Paler Shade of Grey 's Boosts ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : ABC , Grey 's Anatomy Win `` Finale Thursday '' ; But Decline Continues `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 22 / 08 - 5 / 17 / 09 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 2009 May Sweep / TV Season Ratings '' . Medianet . TheFutonCritic . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals , plus quarter hour detail for FlashForward '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 21 , 2010 ) .",
"75": "`` Grey 's Anatomy Rules Finale Thursday ; Bones , FlashForward , CSI , Parks , 30 Rock , Ref Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . Zap2it . May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show 18 -- 49 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' $ # * ! My Dad Says , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' The Mentalist , ' and ' Outsourced ' All Rise ; Private Practice Falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show 18 -- 49 Ratings Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it .",
"76": "Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) .",
"77": "`` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) .",
"78": "`` Top 50 TV shows 2014 -- 2015 Highest Rated Winners and Losers '' . TV Insider . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Heroes Reborn ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Good Place ' adjust up , ' Notorious ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 63rd Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 13 , 2005 .",
"79": "Archived from the original on May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 64th Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 63rd Golden Globe Award Winners '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . January 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . January 9 , 2007 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2011 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2008 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 : Full List Of Nominees -- People 's Choice '' . peopleschoice.com . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2007 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past Recipients '' . Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards . Women in Film and Television International .",
"80": "Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards -- Television '' . NAACP Image Awards . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1697 - 1698 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Top Rated TV Programs By Season ( 2007 - Present ) Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` ABC 's Sales for the Fall Nearly Done '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes , creator , Executive Producer and writer of ' Bring the Pain ' '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Straight to the Heart '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Under Pressure '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 .",
"81": "Jump up ^ Berman , Craig ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` Can ' Grey 's ' rise to challenge of Thursdays ? '' . Today . MSNBC . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 3 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Complications of the Heart '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Every Moment Counts '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 2007 -- 08 Primetime Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 4 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Writers strike could pull plug on TV favorites '' . Today . MSNBC . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Come Rain or Shine '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` ABC Reups Nine for ' 09 '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 5 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' Ugly Betty ' leads a dozen ABC renewals '' . HitFix .",
"82": "Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 6 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC.com to Premiere ' Seattle Grace : On Call ' , a New Original Webisode Series Featuring Characters from ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Futon Critic . November 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Unveils 2010 -- 11 Primetime Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 7 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` Song Beneath The Song '' . '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Castle ' Plus Three More ABC Shows Get Early Renewals '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 8 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Renewed Along With ' Revenge , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' And More By ABC '' . The Huffington Post . AOL Inc . May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates -- Which Launches Are Being Held for October ? '' . TVLine . PMC .",
"83": "Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Renewed Shows 2013 -- Scandal , Grey 's , Nashville and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Renews Scandal , Grey 's Anatomy , Revenge and 2 More Shows '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Renews Castle , Secrets and Lies , Nashville , Galavant , S.H.I.E.L.D. , Agent Carter and 16 Other Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Quantico , and more renewed at ABC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walls , Jeannette ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' stars fuming over spinoff '' . Today . MSNBC . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ; Wloszczyna , Susan ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Katherine Heigl positively glows '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( February 26 , 2007 ) . `` Director set for ' Grey 's ' spinoff '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 3 , Episode Recap : ' The Other Side of This Life ' '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 11 , 2007 ) .",
"84": "`` Breaking Grey 's / Private Practice Casting News ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meltzer Zepeda , Dana ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Private Practice Preview : Hail to the New Chief ( of Staff ) '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Private Practice ' Recast : Merrin Dungey out , Audra McDonald in , on the ' Grey 's Anatomy ' spinoff '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Private Practice Season 6 Catch Up '' . Private Practice Show Page . ABC.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Private Practice ' Finale : Weddings , Books And Happy Endings For Everyone ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Aol , Inc . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff Lands Straight to Series Order From ABC '' . Variety . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' spinoff gets straight - to - series order for 2018 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spinoff Casts Rosewood 's Jaina Lee Ortiz '' . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jason George Jumps to Firefighter Spinoff as Series Regular '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spinoff : Grey Damon , The Catch Star Among Five New Hires '' .",
"85": "Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff : Grey Damon , Okieriete Onaodowan , Danielle Savre & Barrett Doss Cast In Shondaland Series '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Spinoff : Miguel Sandoval Joins Firefighter Drama as Captain '' . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Full Season 8 Available Online at ABC.com/GreysAnatomy Through October 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy , Season 8 '' . iTunes . Apple . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 , Ep. 3 ' Superfreak ' '' . Amazon Video . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Watch ' Grey 's Anatomy ' When You Want , Just Do n't Skip Ads '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications , Inc . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Video and Full Episodes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Full Episodes and Clips streaming online '' . Hulu . NBCUniversal . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Netflix Adds More ABC , Disney Shows For Instant Streaming '' . Time . Time Warner Inc . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johns , Anna ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` And the Grey 's Anatomy reruns go to . '' The Huffington Post . AOL Inc . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 .",
"86": "^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eighth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete First Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Second Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Third Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fourth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Sixth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Seventh Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Grey 's Anatomy : Season 10 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Scrubs Now Available Online Through a Strategic Collaboration Between ABC Entertainment Group , Barco Uniforms and CafePress '' . The Futon Critic . February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Scrubs Now Available Online Through a Strategic Collaboration Between ABC Entertainment Group , Barco '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters Corporation . February 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 .",
"87": "Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event '' . iTunes . Apple . March 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faylor , Chris ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Ubisoft Announces Grey 's Anatomy Video Game '' . Shacknews . GameFly , Inc . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ocampo , Jason . `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game for Wii Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game for PC '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' gets a real - time iPad app '' . CNN Tech . Cable News Network . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Nature Medicine . 15 : 590 . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Moonlight Mile : Cast & Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Ornelas , Edward ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Ca n't Fight Biology '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . Further reading ( edit ) Burkhead , Cynthia ; Robson , Hillary ( 2008 ) . Grace under Pressure : Grey 's Anatomy Uncovered . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . ISBN 1847185347 .",
"88": "Van Dusen , Chris ; McKee , Stacy ( 2006 ) . Grey 's Anatomy : Overheard at the Emerald City Bar . Hyperion Books . ISBN 1401308821 . Wilson , Leah ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy 101 : Seattle Grace , Unauthorized . BenBella Books . ISBN 1933771143 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGrey 's Anatomyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy on IMDb Grey 's Anatomy at TV.com Grey 's Anatomy at Yahoo ! TV Preceded by The Simpsons alongside American Dad ! 2005 Grey 's Anatomy Super Bowl lead - out program 2006 Succeeded by Criminal Minds 2007 Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Untitled Grey 's Anatomy spinoff A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? ''",
"89": "Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' Shonda Rhimes Films written Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) TV series created Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 -- present ) Private Practice ( 2007 -- 2013 ) A Corazón Abierto ( 2010 ) Scandal ( 2012 -- present ) Related Shondaland Awards for Greys Anatomy Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D.",
"90": ", season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A.",
"91": "Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr.",
"92": "Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D.",
"93": "Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R.",
"94": "Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W.",
"95": "Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J.",
"96": "Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Drama Series Dawson 's Creek ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 7th Heaven ( 2001 -- 03 ) The O.C. ( 2004 -- 06 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 -- 11 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2012 -- 16 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.",
"97": "( since 2013 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Child Support ( since 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) Designated Survivor ( since 2016 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( since 2017 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) The Middle ( since 2009 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Scandal ( since 2012 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Somewhere Between ( since 2017 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) Summer The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) Steve Harvey 's Funderdome ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) Daytime The Chew ( since 2011 ) General Hospital ( since 1963 ) The View ( since 1997 ) Late night Jimmy Kimmel Live !",
"98": "( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC Indianapolis 500 IndyCar Series on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Alex , Inc. ( 2018 ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( 2018 ) The Crossing ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars : Athletes Edition ( 2018 ) Deception ( 2018 ) For the People ( 2018 ) The Heiresses ( TBA ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( 2018 ) Take Two ( TBA ) Untitled Grey 's Anatomy spinoff ( 2018 ) VIAF : 206878365 LCCN : no2006131846 GND : 7684074 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy&oldid=819396561 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy 2000s American drama television series 2005 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series American drama television series American medical television series American television soap operas English - language television programs Serial drama television series American LGBT - related television shows Gay - related television programs Lesbian - related television programmes Best Drama Series Golden Globe winners Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Television shows set in Seattle Television shows filmed in California Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series by ABC Studios American Broadcasting Company network shows Television series created",
"99": "by Shonda Rhimes Television series by ShondaLand Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Use mdy dates from December 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu",
"100": "Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 03 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-5242214421933718346
|
how did leo dalton die in silent witness
|
[
"in an explosion",
"in an explosion"
] |
{
"0": "Silent Witness - wikipedia Silent Witness Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Silent Witness ( disambiguation ) . Silent Witness Title card ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Genre Crime drama Created by Nigel McCrery Starring Amanda Burton William Gaminara Tom Ward Emilia Fox David Caves Liz Carr Richard Lintern Theme music composer John Harle Composer ( s ) Sheridan Tongue Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 21 No. of episodes 184 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Phillipa Giles Laura Mackie Jessica Pope Producer ( s ) Sharon Bloom Anne Pivcevic Ceri Meyrick Running time 45 minutes ( Series 1 -- 5 ) 60 minutes ( Series 6 -- present ) Distributor BBC Studios Release Original network BBC One Audio format Stereo Original release 21 February 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 21 ) -- present External links Website Silent Witness is a British television crime drama series , produced by the BBC , which focuses on a team of forensic pathology experts and their investigations into various crimes . First broadcast in 1996 , the series was created by Nigel McCrery , a former murder squad detective based in Nottingham . ( He later went on to create the series New Tricks , with writer Roy Mitchell . ) Twenty - one series of Silent Witness have been broadcast since 1996 . Amanda Burton starred as primary character Dr. Sam Ryan before leaving the show during the eighth series . Since her departure the series has featured an ensemble cast , currently consisting of Emilia Fox , David Caves , Liz Carr and Richard Lintern . The programme is broadcast in more than 235 territories , including ABC in Australia , Showcase and the Knowledge Network in Canada , KRO in the Netherlands , TV One and Prime in New Zealand , and BBC America in the United States . Silent Witness continues to achieve good audience ratings in the UK . In 2011 , for example , Series 14 attracted an average audience of nine million viewers .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Main characters 3.3 Other characters 3.4 Police 4 Novels 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The main character in the original series was based on Professor Helen Whitwell , a forensic pathologist based in Sheffield , whom McCrery had known while serving as a police officer . The programme followed the activities of pathologist Sam Ryan , played by Amanda Burton , until she departed early in the eighth series . There was a succession of regular supporting characters , changing almost every series , but Dr Leo Dalton ( William Gaminara ) and Dr Harry Cunningham ( Tom Ward ) , who were introduced in the sixth series , continued as lead characters following Ryan 's departure , with Dalton replacing her as professor . A new character , Dr Nikki Alexander ( Emilia Fox ) , was introduced in the eighth series . While working as a forensic anthropologist , she appropriates facilities and software in the pathology department to analyse an Iron Age find , with the belated , bemused and begrudging approval of Dalton . Dr Alexander is able to assist in a set of cases being investigated by the team , as it turns out she has `` worked in forensic pathology in Johannesburg for six months '' and is certified by the Home Office to practise . She eventually overcomes Leo 's reluctance and , with Harry 's support , is offered and accepts a position on the team . During the fifteenth series Dr Cunningham leaves to accept a position in New York City . He is replaced by forensics expert Jack Hodgson ( David Caves ) and his assistant Clarissa Mullery ( Liz Carr ) . During the sixteenth series Dr Dalton is killed in an explosion . His replacement , Dr Thomas Chamberlain ( Richard Lintern ) , is introduced at the start of the seventeenth series . Although the show focuses heavily on areas of pathology , the police also have a presence in each case . During later series of the show detectives and investigators tend to differ from episode to episode , with guest artists appearing in these roles . However , during the early years of the show several characters appeared regularly to investigate each case . The first three series were set in Cambridge .",
"2": "This changed to London from the start of the fourth series , following Sam as she took up an academic position . Each series is typically made up of a series of two - part stories . The first nine series typically featured eight episodes ( four two - part stories ) , increased to ten episodes ( five two - part stories ) from the tenth series onwards . In 1998 the writer John Milne received an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for the second series episode `` Blood , Sweat and Tears '' . In the United States the series airs during ' Mystery Monday ' on BBC America . The series airs in Norway under the title `` Tause vitner '' on the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation NRK and in Sweden on TV4 under the name `` Tyst vittne '' . Both the Norwegian and Swedish titles are direct translations . The show is also broadcast in the Netherlands by public broadcaster KRO , Belgium on VRT channel Canvas and in Finland on the Finnish Broadcasting Company Yle using the name `` Hiljainen todistaja '' , which is also a direct translation of the original title . The theme music featured in the series is entitled Silencium and is performed by John Harle . The arrangement , for chamber orchestra and soprano saxophone solo , was first performed as part of the Canterbury Festival on 22 October 2011 . The vocal section is performed by Sarah Leonard . The incidental music used in the series is written by the BAFTA - nominated composer Sheridan Tongue . In August 2012 the series came under criticism for being `` unduly gruesome '' . Controversy was specifically focused on the fifteenth - series episode Redhill , written by Ed Whitmore . The BBC responded with the following : `` As programme makers we take our responsibility to the audience extremely seriously and try to make sure we strike the right balance between compelling drama without being unnecessarily graphic . Towards the end of the first episode , we had established that DI Bridges and Officer Kessler had previously worked together and that he was the one very much in control . The final scene was not an attempt to gratuitously shock the audience ; it was rooted in character and research , showing just what DI Bridges was prepared to do for her colleague for the sake of her family , as well as the brutality that Kessler was capable of .",
"3": "We acknowledge that certain scenes may have been challenging , but we filmed and presented them in such a way as to make sure that although as a viewer the implication was there , it was never actually shown . Silent Witness is now in its fifteenth series , and we believe the general tone and content is widely recognised by its regular audience . It 's fair to say the show is known for tackling challenging stories and exploring adult themes and we do n't feel the content of these episodes would have gone beyond viewers ' expectations . As well as scheduling the series after the watershed , we made sure the content was widely publicised and gave a warning before both episodes . '' Episodes ( edit ) Further information : List of Silent Witness episodes Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Amanda Burton Professor Sam Ryan Main Absent William Gaminara Professor Leo Dalton Absent Main Absent Guest Absent Tom Ward Dr. Harry Cunningham Absent Main Absent Emilia Fox Dr. Nikki Alexander Absent Main David Caves Jack Hodgson Absent Main Liz Carr Clarissa Mullery Absent Main Richard Lintern Dr. Thomas Chamberlain Absent Main Main characters ( edit ) Professor Sam Ryan ( Amanda Burton ) -- Series 1 -- 8 . Sam originally lived and worked in Cambridge , but moved to London at the end of series three after she was offered the job of professor at a university . Sam departed in the first episode of series eight , `` A Time To Heal '' . Sam returned home to Ireland after a member of her family was implicated in a murder . Professor Leo Dalton ( William Gaminara ) -- Series 6 -- 16 . Leo first appeared in the episode `` The Fall Out '' , where he was nothing more than a simple doctor . However , he was promoted to professor after former professor Sam Ryan left .",
"4": "In the episode `` Ghosts '' , both his wife , Theresa , and his daughter , Cassie , are killed in a car accident . He began a relationship with fellow professor Janet Mander in `` Death 's Door '' , but ended their relationship in the episode `` Domestic '' . Leo often took a strong opinion on cases and became emotionally involved . He died in the series 16 finale `` Greater Love '' , when he sacrificed himself to save many others from a terrorist bomb explosion . He briefly appeared in a flashback in the last episode of series 20 . Dr. Harry Cunningham ( Tom Ward ) -- Series 6 -- 15 . Harry started out life as a junior doctor , who worked as an apprentice alongside Sam and Leo . However , he soon qualified as a pathologist , and has worked on equal footing with the team for a number of years . Harry was single , and lived alone , but has had several romantic relationships , including an ongoing ' will they - wo n't they ' relationship with his colleague Nikki . Harry left the team to accept a professorship in New York at the end of series 15 . As this was decided after filming was completed , and the stories were reordered , with `` And Then I Fell in Love '' airing last , where it was originally scheduled as the second episode , his departure was never on screen . Dr. Nikki Alexander ( Emilia Fox ) -- since Series 8 . Originally appearing in the episode `` Nowhere Fast '' , Nikki was originally assigned to the Lyell Centre to defuse the tension between Harry and Leo after Sam 's departure . However , Nikki soon became a permanent fixture within the team , and although she features more prominently in the series , holds a lower rank in pathology than Leo . Despite her native home being South Africa , Nikki regards the United Kingdom as her second home , as the reason for her departure from the country lies solely in the hands of her father , Victor , as explained in the episode `` Double Dare '' . Nikki often flirted with colleague Harry , and even invited him to stay at her house after his flat blew up in an explosion . Nikki and Harry were in an ongoing ' will they - wo n't they ' relationship until he left in Series 15 . As well as this , she developed a close relationship with Leo and looked up to him as a father figure .",
"5": "Jack Hodgson ( David Caves ) -- since Series 16 . Before his arrival at the Lyell Centre , Jack was a forensic scientist for the police , working on regular murder investigations . However , when he is called out to the scene of a man 's suspicious death in `` Change '' , both Nikki and Leo spot his potential , and looking for a senior colleague to replace Harry , decide to offer Jack a job as the centre 's forensic expert . Jack is close friends with colleague Clarissa Mullery , whom he invites to work with him at the Lyell Centre , much to Leo 's surprise . In his spare time , Jack is a cage fighter , and splits his home life between forensic research and training for his next fight . Clarissa Mullery ( Liz Carr ) -- since Series 16 . Clarissa is Jack 's personal lab assistant , who first appears in the episode `` Change '' , when Jack invites her to work at the Lyell Centre with him , much to Leo 's surprise . She is a disabled by an unspecified condition and uses an electric wheelchair . She has a very cheeky side , first making a quip at Leo after he fails to recognise who she is on her first arrival . Clarissa had clearly worked for Jack for a long period before his appointment at the Lyell Centre ; however , the exact period of time is unknown . Dr. Thomas Chamberlain ( Richard Lintern ) -- since Series 17 . Thomas Chamberlain has taken over as head of the Lyell Centre from Leo who died at the end of series 16 . He is an experienced forensic pathologist with a renowned reputation in toxicology and is described as charming , charismatic and socially shrewd . His first encounters with Jack , Nikki and Clarissa did not go well but they were gradually warmed to him . It is revealed in the last episode of his first series that his wife has left him just before he started working at the Lyell Centre , and has taken their daughter with her . Other characters ( edit ) Dr. Trevor Stewart ( William Armstrong ) -- Series 1 -- 3 . As well as being a pathologist in his own right , Trevor was Sam 's business partner , owning half of the morgue and its facilities .",
"6": "Trevor decided to stay in Cambridge with his friends and family when Sam accepted the professorship position at a university in London and moved away at the end of series three . Dr. Fred Dale ( Sam Parks ) -- Series 1 -- 3 . Fred was Sam 's main assistant during post mortems and on visits to crime scenes , often identifying DNA samples at the scene of the crime , and linking them to those responsible . He was also notable for not having many speaking lines , and regularly appearing without speaking . His fate at the end of series three was not revealed . Professor Janet Mander ( Jaye Griffiths ) -- Series 12 -- 15 . Janet is a psychological profiler who assists the police in cases of serial offences . She began a relationship with Leo in the episode `` Safe '' , and they lived together as partners until Leo ended the relationship in `` Redhill '' . She recurringly worked alongside the team to provide them with information in order to get an idea of the suspect they are looking for . Janet decided to move away from London after Leo ended their relationship . Dr. Charlie Gibbs ( Wunmi Mosaku ) -- Series 13 . A junior doctor and lab technician , who was appointed to work with the team by Professor Dalton . Dr. Zak Khan ( Arsher Ali ) -- Series 14 . A junior doctor who worked his forensic science apprenticeship with the team , to learn the ropes of the profession . Wyn Ryan ( Ruth McCabe ) -- Series 1 -- 3 . Professor Ryan 's sister , who , after coming over to visit her from her home in Ireland , ended up living with her on a permanent basis . Ricky Ryan ( Matthew Steer ) -- Series 1 . Wyn 's son and Sam 's nephew , who regularly got into trouble and was expelled from school for very poor behaviour . Rosemary Mason ( Jane Hazlegrove ) -- Series 6 -- 7 . The main receptionist at the Lyell Centre , before the change in focus from university department to purely commercial pathology . Police ( edit ) Superintendent Helen Farmer ( Clare Higgins ) -- Series 1 . A superintendent , and Tom Adams ' boss and mentor , who accompanied him on investigating several cases during his time in the force .",
"7": "Detective Chief Inspector Tom Adams ( John McGlynn ) -- Series 1 . An investigator with the Cambridgeshire police force , who had an affair with Kerry Cox , before her death . Detective Constable Kerry Cox ( Ruth Gemmell ) -- Series 1 . A junior trainee detective who had an affair with Tom Adams , but was later killed in a freak accident in a hospital basement . Detective Constable Marcia Evans ( Janice Acquah ) -- Series 1 . A fellow junior trainee detective for the Cambridgeshire police force , who resigned after Kerry Cox 's death . Superintendent Peter Ross ( Mick Ford ) -- Series 2 . A superintendent , and an ex-boyfriend of Sam 's , who believed in a strong relationship between the police and the pathology lab . Detective Chief Inspector Rachel Selway ( Nicola Redmond ) -- Series 2 . Tom Adams ' replacement , following his resignation from the force . She joined the team alongside junior sergeant Tony Speed . Detective Sergeant Tony Speed ( Richard Huw ) -- Series 2 . A junior sergeant , who joined the team alongside his superior officer , Rachel Selway . He knew Peter Ross from a previous posting . Detective Chief Inspector Michael Connor ( Nick Reding ) -- Series 3 -- 4 . A detective chief inspector , and old friend of Sam 's , whom she met during her junior years at university . Detective Sergeant Rob Bradley ( Mark Letheren ) -- Series 3 . A detective sergeant , who as Connor 's junior officer , accompanied him with the investigating in the cases which he was assigned to . Novels ( edit ) During the early years of the show , series creator McCrery wrote and published a number of tie - in novels relating to the series , following Sam Ryan ( Amanda Burton ) and Trevor Stewart ( William Armstrong ) , as well as former main character Superintendent Tom Adams ( John McGlynn ) , and brand new character DS Stanley Sharman , with Burton generally appearing on the front cover of each novel . The fifth novel , due to be published in 2003 , was placed on indefinite hold , and has never been released . Title No .",
"8": "Publication Date `` A Case for the Defence '' 9 September 1996 Walking home from a night out , Sam stumbles upon the remains of a mutilated body on a footpath in the Northwick graveyard . Evidence suggests that the killing may be linked to a particularly ritualistic form of the black arts , but Sam is unconvinced as the murder bears an uncanny resemblance to another murder committed in the same town many years ago . When a second body is discovered , Sam 's evidence is called into question , and is used to create the information that the police need to solve the case , before the killer strikes again . As Sam and Trevor uncover information surrounding the circumstances of the murders , elements that once seemed like coincidences soon appear to belong to a more horrific plan . `` Strange Screams of Death '' 3 August 1998 Sam is tasked with investigating the circumstances surrounding the death of a woman whose body is discovered in a disused shed at a former American airbase on the outskirts of Cambridge . The post mortem reveals that she had been violently raped , before being tortured , and viciously murdered . When a second body is discovered in similar circumstances , Sam finds herself dealing with a serial killer , who has the hunger to slaughter again . Can her profile of information find the identity of the killer before it is too late ? Meanwhile , as Tom Adams closes in on his prime suspect , Sam discovers that he may not be working alone , and a search is launched to find the accomplice of a dangerous criminal . `` The Spider 's Web '' 2 August 1999 Sam is asked to perform a second autopsy on a teenage boy who was killed in a tragic joyriding accident , when despite his parents ' protests , the results of the autopsy seem clear -- he died of multiple injuries consistent with a high - speed car crash . However , as Trevor performed the post mortem , Sam is reluctant to go up against her friend and colleague , in an attempt to find the answers that the family are looking for . However , reading Trevor 's post mortem report prompts Sam to go ahead with the second autopsy , and her findings seem to suggest that the accident may have been no such thing . But neither Trevor nor Superintendent Tom Adams accepts her findings , and believe that she is reading between the lines .",
"9": "`` Faceless Strangers '' 3 September 2001 When the wife and beau of a local member of parliament is found dead in her own home , Superintendent Tom Adams calls upon Sam and the entire resources of the Cambridge Constabulary , in an attempt to further his career , and solve the case as quickly as possible . However , his investigation is halted by the discovery of the decomposed body of a homeless drug addict in the local underground toilet block . When Adams dismisses the death as an open and shut case , one of his juniors , DS Stanley Sharman , decides to enlist Sam 's help , to discover the identity of the dead woman -- and discover just who is responsible for her death . Meanwhile , Adams is determined to crack his case . `` In Search of Evil '' 5 3 November 2003 When the body of elderly widow Violet Thorpe is discovered beneath the floor of her own cellar , Sam quickly establishes that she had been poisoned , and died more than a year prior to the discovery of her body . Meanwhile , the victim 's contact with an old friend living in Brighton , appears to be a vital piece of evdidence in discovering who is responsible for her murder . When Sam and DS Stanley Sharman visit the address of the old friend in Brighton , they find themselves on a bizarre trail of a mentally deranged killer , who appears to be travelling up and down the country in search of lonely old ladies to kill , and Sam finds herself in a race to discover the identity of one of the country 's most prolific serial killers . See also ( edit ) The use of forensic pathology in the investigation of crime has been the central theme of several TV mystery - suspense dramas , including : Wojeck , Canada ( CBC ) , 1966 Quincy , M.E.",
"10": ", US ( NBC ) , 1976 Da Vinci 's Inquest , Canada ( CBC ) , 1998 Waking the Dead , UK ( BBC ) , 2000 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , US ( CBS ) , 2000 Crossing Jordan , US ( NBC ) , 2001 CSI : Miami , US ( CBS ) , 2002 CSI : NY , US ( CBS ) , 2004 Bones , US ( Fox ) , 2005 RIS Delitti Imperfetti , Italy ( Canale 5 ) , 2005 R.I.S , police scientifique , France ( TF1 ) , 2006 Post Mortem , Germany ( RTL ) , 2007 Rizzoli & Isles , US ( TNT ) , 2010 Body of Proof , US ( ABC ) , 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Silent Witness entry at TV.com Jump up ^ `` BBC - Silent Witness - Media Centre '' . Jump up ^ `` Silent Witness '' . ABC Television . Jump up ^ tvnz.co.nz/silent-witness/show-432523 Jump up ^ `` Drama '' . Jump up ^ Liz Jaques . `` TV Overnight Ratings ; Retrieved 25 January 2011 '' . MediaTel . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NRK TV -- Tause vitner '' . NRK TV . Jump up ^ `` Tyst vittne -- tv4.se '' . Jump up ^ `` Silent Witness release info '' . IMDb . IMDb . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Harle '' . musicsalesclassical.com . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Harle -- Discography '' . johnharle.com . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fall and Silent Witness criticised for ' voyeuristic ' misogyny by writer Lucinda Coxon '' . 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Complaints -- Silent Witness , upsetting scenes , BBC One 22 and 23 April 2012 '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Arsher Ali '' .",
"11": "Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Search of Evil ( Silent Witness ) : Amazon.co.uk : Mccrery Nigel : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Silent Witness at BBC Programmes Silent Witness on IMDb Silent Witness at TV.com Silent Witness at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silent_Witness&oldid=834305269 '' Categories : 1996 British television programme debuts 1990s British crime drama television series 1990s British mystery television series 2000s British crime drama television series 2000s British mystery television series 2010s British crime drama television series 2010s British mystery television series BBC crime television programmes BBC high definition programmes BBC television dramas Edgar Award - winning works English - language television programs Television shows about death Television shows set in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use British English from January 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 00 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6,
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1,
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2019544776477780298
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public companies are part of what economic sector
|
[
"public sector",
"public sector (also called the state sector)",
"The public sector"
] |
{
"0": "Public sector - wikipedia Public sector Jump to : navigation , search Economic sectors Three - sector theory Primary sector : raw materials Secondary sector : manufacturing Tertiary sector : services Additional sectors Quaternary sector : information services Quinary sector : human services Theorists AGB Fisher Colin Clark Jean Fourastié Sectors by ownership Business sector Private sector Public sector Voluntary sector The public sector ( also called the state sector ) is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises . Public services include public goods and governmental services such as the military , police , infrastructure ( public roads , bridges , tunnels , water supply , sewers , electrical grids , telecommunications , etc . ) , public transit , public education , along with health care and those working for the government itself , such as elected officials . The public sector might provide services that a non-payer can not be excluded from ( such as street lighting ) , services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service . Public enterprises , or state - owned enterprises , are self - financing commercial enterprises that are under public ownership which provide various private goods and services for sale and usually operate on a commercial basis . Organizations that are not part of the public sector are either a part of the private sector or voluntary sector . The private sector is composed of the business sector , which is intended to earn a profit for the owners of the enterprise . The voluntary , civic or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profit organizations emphasizing civil society . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organization 2 See also 3 References 3.1 Citations 3.2 Sources Organization ( edit ) The organization of the public sector can take several forms , including : Direct administration funded through taxation ; the delivering organization generally has no specific requirement to meet commercial success criteria , and production decisions are determined by government . State - owned enterprises ; which differ from direct administration in that they have greater management autonomy and operate according to commercial criteria , and production decisions are not generally taken by a government ( although goals may be set for them by government ) . Levels of Public sector are organized at three levels : Federal or National , Regional ( State or Provincial ) , and Local ( Municipal or County ) . Partial outsourcing ( of the scale many businesses do , e.g.",
"1": "for IT services ) is considered a public sector model . A borderline form is as follows : Complete outsourcing or contracting out , with a privately owned corporation delivering the entire service on behalf of government . This may be considered a mixture of private sector operations with public ownership of assets , although in some forms the private sector 's control and / or risk is so great that the service may no longer be considered part of the public sector ( Barlow et al. , 2010 ) . ( See the United Kingdom 's Private Finance Initiative . ) Public employee unions represent workers . Since contract negotiations for these workers are dependent on the size of government budgets , this is the one segment of the labor movement that can actually contribute directly to the people with ultimate responsibility for its livelihood . While their giving pattern matches that of other unions , public sector unions also concentrate contributions on members of Congress from both parties who sit on committees that deal with federal budgets and agencies . See also ( edit ) Economics portal Civil service Government agency Nationalization Political economy Privatization Public economics Public ownership Public sector business cases for projects Special - purpose district State - owned enterprise References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` public sector '' . Investorwords , WebFinance , Inc. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Center for Responsive Politics . '' OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics , 16 May 2017 . Web . 11 June 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Barlow , J. Roehrich , J.K. and Wright , S. ( 2010 ) . De facto privatisation or a renewed role for the EU ? Paying for Europe 's healthcare infrastructure in a recession . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 103 : 51 - 55 . Lloyd G. Nigro , Decision Making in the Public Sector ( 1984 ) , Marcel Dekker Inc . David G. Carnevale , Organizational Development in the Public Sector ( 2002 ) , Westview Pr . Jan - Erik Lane , The Public Sector : Concepts , Models and Approaches ( 1995 ) , Sage Pubns .",
"2": "A Primer on Public - Private Partnerships http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2008/02/a-primer-on-pub.html#more What is the Public Sector ? Definition & Examples. ( 2016 , June & july ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 , from http://www.privacysense.net/terms/public-sector/ ( hide ) Civil service Concepts Public sector Government agency Bureaucracy Bureaucrat Technocracy Diplomat Public administration Public policy Public service By country Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Northern Ireland Pakistan Russia Singapore Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States Categories National civil service commissions Government occupations Civil service by country See also : Civil service reform in developing countries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&oldid=831154472 '' Categories : Public sector Government Public economics Economic sectors Libertarian theory Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Livvinkarjala مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 01 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played young clark kent in 1978 superman
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[
"Jeff East",
"Jeff East",
"Jeff East",
"Jeff East",
"Jeff East"
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{
"0": "Jeff East - wikipedia Jeff East Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jeff East Jeff East in 1972 Jeffrey Franklin East ( 1957 - 10 - 27 ) October 27 , 1957 ( age 60 ) Kansas City , Missouri , United States Occupation Actor Years active 1973 -- present Spouse ( s ) Lori East ( divorced ; 2 children ) Pascale Lambert East ( 2014 - present ) Jeff East ( born October 27 , 1957 ) is an American actor . Beginning his professional acting career at the age of fourteen , East is known for his portrayal of Huckleberry Finn in the United Artists feature films Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) and Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) , as well as for his portrayal of a teenage Clark Kent in Alexander Salkind 's Superman : The Movie ( 1978 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Movies 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) East was born Jeffrey Franklin East on October 27 , 1957 , in Kansas City , Missouri , to parents Ira and Joan Ann East . His father worked in real estate and his mother was a home - maker . East grew up with three siblings ; an older sister named Anne , an older brother named Ronald , and a twin sister named Jane . Career ( edit ) East 's feature film credits include Flight of the Wolf ( 1974 ) , Summer Of Fear aka `` Stranger In Our House '' ( 1978 ) , Mary and Joseph : A Story of Faith ( 1979 ) , Klondike Fever ( 1980 ) , Deadly Blessing ( 1981 ) , Up the Creek ( 1984 ) , Dream West ( 1986 ) , Pumpkinhead ( 1988 ) , Another Chance ( 1989 ) , and Deadly Exposure ( 1993 ) .",
"1": "Unbeknownst to East when the film was being made , his Superman dialogue was dubbed over by Christopher Reeve . East also starred in the 1983 television film The Day After . His TV guest appearances include M * A * S * H ( `` Settling Debts '' ) , Otherworld , and Shades of L.A. Personal life ( edit ) In 1987 , East became involved in real estate development with his father . In February 2004 , he moved back to Kansas City to take over his father 's commercial real estate company . Jeff 's first marriage was to Lori Gates . Though the marriage ended in divorce , they produced two kids , Alexander Gates East ( 1984 ) and Madison Gates East ( 1987 ) . In 2014 , East married for the third time , to Pascale Lambert East , and moved to Nice , France . Filmography ( edit ) Movies ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1973 Tom Sawyer Huckleberry Finn Huckleberry Finn Huckleberry Finn 1977 The Hazing Craig Lewis 1978 Superman Young Clark Kent 1980 Klondike Fever Jack London 1981 Deadly Blessing John Schmidt 1984 Up the Creek Rex Crandall Pumpkinhead Chris Another Chance Harlen 1992 Blue Champagne Sam Video Deadly Exposure Anderson 2009 Misfortune Smiles The Great Oswald Short Last Breath Dennis 2015 Terminal Becker Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1974 - 77 Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color Russ Hanson / Josh McClaren / Lonny Bascombe 5 Episodes 1978 Stranger in Our House Peter Bryant TV Movie 1979 How the West Was Won Orly 1 Episode : The Rustler Insight Rob 1 Episode : When , Jenny ? When ? Mary and Joseph : A Story of Faith Joseph TV Movie 1982 M * A * S * H Lt.",
"2": "Pavelich 1 Episode : Settling Debts The Day After Bruce Gallatin TV Movie 1984 - 86 1st & Ten : The Championship Bryce Smith 13 Episodes 1985 Otherworld Rev 1 Episode : Village of the Motorpigs 1986 Dream West Tim Donovan Mini-Series Shades of LA Jack Dymond 1 Episode : Some Like it Cold 1991 The New Adam - 12 Officer Carson 1 Episode : D.A.R.E. 1992 Doogie Howser , M.D. Mr. Fukes 1 Episode : The Big Sleep ... Not ! References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joan Ann East '' . CremationCenterKC.com . August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff East Answers 40 Intimate Questions '' . Tiger Beat . September 1974 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Jeff East Interview '' . Superman Homepage . November 17 , 2004 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Jeff East Interview '' . Superman Homepage . November 17 , 2004 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeff East . Jeff East on IMDb Jeff East Interview , November 2004 VIAF : 22351593 ISNI : 0000 0000 0303 8822 BNF : cb14174343d ( data ) MusicBrainz : 2397d418 - fb51 - 45a1 - b7ce - 00745380d695 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_East&oldid=836453221 '' Categories : 1957 births American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from St.",
"3": "Louis Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 22 : 26 . About Wikipedia",
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who formed the indian society of oriental art
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[
"Abanindranath Tagore",
"Abanindranath Tagore",
"Abanindranath Tagore",
"Abanindranath Tagore",
"Abanindranath Tagore CIE"
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{
"0": "Abanindranath Tagore - wikipedia Abanindranath Tagore Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Abanindranath Tagore Abanindranath Tagore ( 1871 - 08 - 07 ) 7 August 1871 Joransanko , Calcutta , Bengal , British India 5 December 1951 ( 1951 - 12 - 05 ) ( aged 80 ) Calcutta Nationality Indian Known for Painting , writing Movement Bengal school of art , Contextual Modernism Abanindranath Tagore CIE ( অবনীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর ) ( 7 August 1871 -- 5 December 1951 ) was the principal artist and creator of the `` Indian Society of Oriental Art '' . He was also the first major exponent of Swadeshi values in Indian art , thereby founding the influential Bengal school of art , which led to the development of modern Indian painting He was also a noted writer , particularly for children . Popularly known as ' Aban Thakur ' , his books Rajkahini , Budo Angla , Nalak , and Khirer Putul are landmarks in Bengali language children 's literature . Tagore sought to modernise Mughal and Rajput styles to counter the influence of Western models of art , as taught in art schools under the British Raj and developed the Indian style of painting , later known as Bengal school of art . Such was the success of Tagore 's work that it was eventually accepted and promoted as a national Indian style within British art institutions under the epithet of Indian Society of Oriental Art .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life and background 2 Painting career 2.1 Early days 2.2 Later career 2.3 Rediscovery 3 List of paintings 4 References 5 External links Personal life and background ( edit ) Abanindranath Tagore was born in Jorasanko , Calcutta , British India , to Gunendranath Tagore . His grandfather was Girindranath Tagore , the second son of `` Prince '' Dwarkanath Tagore . He was a member of the distinguished Tagore family , and a nephew of the poet Rabindranath Tagore . His grandfather and his elder brother , Gaganendranath Tagore , were also artists . Tagore learned art when studying at Sanskrit College , Kolkata in the 1880s . In 1890 , around the age of twenty years , Abanindranath attended the Calcutta School of Art where he learnt to use pastels from O. Ghilardi , and oil painting from Charles Palmer , European painters who taught in that institution . In 1889 , he married Suhasini Devi , daughter of Bhujagendra Bhusan Chatterjee , a descendant of Prasanna Coomar Tagore . At this time he left the Sanskrit College after nine years of study and studied English as a special student at St. Xavier 's College , which he attended for about a year and a half . He had a sister , Sunayani Devi . Painting career ( edit ) `` Ganesh - janani '' by Abanindranath Tagore Early days ( edit ) In the early 1890s several illustrations were published in Sadhana magazine , and in Chitrangada , and other works by Rabindranath Tagore . He also illustrated his own books. About the year 1897 he took lessons from the vice-principal of the Government School of Art , studying in the traditional European academic manner , learning the full range of techniques , but with a particular interest in watercolour . At this time he began to come under the influence of Mughal art , making a number of works based on the life of Krishna in a Mughal - influenced style . After meeting E.B.",
"2": "Havell , Tagore worked with him to revitalise and redefine art teaching at the Calcutta School of art , a project also supported by his brother Gaganendranath , who set up the Indian Society of Oriental Art . Tagore believed in the traditional Indian techniques of painting . His philosophy rejected the `` materialistic '' art of the west and came back to Indian traditional art forms . He was influenced by the Mughal school of painting as well as Whistler 's Aestheticism . In his later works , Tagore started integrating Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his style . Later career ( edit ) Tagore believed that Western art was `` materialistic '' in character , and that India needed to return to its own traditions to recover spiritual values . Despite its Indocentric nationalism , this view was already commonplace within British art of the time , stemming from the ideas of the Pre-Raphaelites . Tagore 's work also shows the influence of Whistler 's Aestheticism . Partly for this reason many British arts administrators were sympathetic to such ideas , especially as Hindu philosophy was becoming increasingly influential in the West following the spread of the Theosophy movement . Tagore believed that Indian traditions could be adapted to express these new values , and to promote a progressive Indian national culture . His finest achievement however was the Arabian Night 's series which was painted in 1930 . In these paintings he uses the Arabian Nights stories as a trope for looking at colonial Calcutta and picturing its emergent cosmopolitanism . With the success of Tagore 's ideas , he came into contact with other Asian cultural figures , such as the Japanese art historian Okakura Kakuzō and the Japanese painter Yokoyama Taikan , whose work was comparable to his own . In his later work , he began to incorporate elements of Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his art , seeking to construct a model for a modern pan-Asian artistic tradition which would merge the common aspects of Eastern spiritual and artistic culture . His close students included Nandalal Bose , Samarendranath Gupta , Kshitindranath Majumdar , Surendranath Ganguly , Asit Kumar Haldar , Sarada Ukil , Kalipada Ghoshal , Manishi Dey , Mukul Dey , K. Venkatappa and Ranada Ukil .",
"3": "For Abanindranath , the house he grew up in ( 5 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane ) and its companion house ( 6 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane ) connected two cultural worlds -- ' white town ' ( where the British colonizers lived ) and ' black town ' ( where the natives lived ) . According to architectural historian Swati Chattopadhay , Abanindranath `` used the Bengali meaning of the word , Jorasanko -- ' double bridge ' to develop this idea in the form of a mythical map of the city . The map is , indeed , not of Calcutta , but an imaginary city , Halisahar , and is the central guide in a children 's story Putur Boi ( Putu 's Book ) . The nineteenth - century place names of Calcutta , however , appear on this map , thus suggesting we read this imaginary city with the colonial city as a frame of reference . The map uses the structure of a board game -- golokdham -- and shows a city divided along a main artery ; on one side a lion-gate leads to the Lal - Dighi in the middle of which is the ' white island . ' Abanindranath maintained throughout his life a long friendship with the London - based artist , author , and eventual president of London 's Royal College of Art William Rothenstein . Arriving in the autumn of 1910 , Rothenstein spent almost a year surveying India 's cultural and religious sites , including the ancient Buddhist caves of Ajanta ; the Jain carvings of Gwalior ; and the Hindu panoply of Benares . He ended up in Calcutta , where he drew and painted with Abanindranath and his students , attempting to absorb elements of Bengal School style into his own practice . However limited Rothenstein 's experiments with the styles of early Modernist Indian painting were , the friendship between him and Abanindranath ushered in a crucial cultural event . This was Rabindranath Tagore 's soujourn at Rothenstein 's London home , which led to the publication of the English - language version of Gitanjali and the subsequent award to Rabindranath in 1913 of the Nobel Prize for Literature .",
"4": "The publication of Rabindranath Tagore 's Gitanjali in English brought the Tagore family international renown , which helped to make Abanindranath 's artistic projects better known in the west . Rediscovery ( edit ) Within a few years of the artist 's death in 1951 , his eldest son , Alokendranath , bequeathed almost the entire family collection of Abanindranath Tagore 's paintings to the newly founded Rabindra Bharati Society Trust that took up residence on the site of their famous house on No. 5 , Dwarakanath Tagore lane . In a situation where only a small number of the artist 's paintings had been collected or given away in his lifetime , the Rabindra Bharati Society became the main repository of Abanindranath 's works of all periods . Banished into trunks inside the dark offices of the society , these paintings have remained in permanent storage ever since . Caught in these many binds the full range and brilliance of Abanindranath 's works could never be effectively projected into a public domain . They remained intimately known only to a tiny circle of Art connoisseurs and scholars in Bengal -- some of whom like K.G. Subramanyan and R. Siva Kumar have long argued that the true measure of Abanindranath 's talent is to be found in his works of the 1920s , 30s and 40s but could do little to offer up a comprehensive profile of the master for the contemporary art world . R. Siva Kumar 's Paintings of Abanindranath Tagore ( 2008 ) is a path - breaking discovery in re-defining Abanindranath 's art .",
"5": "List of paintings ( edit ) A list of paintings by Abanindranath Tagore : Ashoka 's Queen ( 1910 ) Bharat Mata ( 1905 ) fairyland illustration ( 1913 ) Ganesh Janani ( 1908 ) Aurangzeb examining the head of Dara Shikoh ( 1911 ) Avisarika ( 1892 ) Baba Ganesh ( 1937 ) Banished Yaksha ( 1904 ) Yay and Yay ( 1915 ) Buddha and Sujata ( 1901 ) Chaitanya with his followers on the sea beach of Puri ( 1915 ) End of Dalliance ( 1939 ) Illustrations of Omar Khayyam ( 1909 ) Kacha and Devajani ( 1908 ) Krishna Lal series ( 1901 to 1903 ) Moonlight Music Party ( 1906 ) Moonrise at Mussouri Hills ( 1916 ) Passing of Shah Jahan ( 1900 ) Poet 's Baul - dance in Falgurni ( 1916 ) Pushpa - Radha ( 1912 ) Radhika gazing at the portrait of Sri Krishna ( 1913 ) Shah Jahan Dreaming of Taj ( 1909 ) Sri Radha by the River Jamuna ( 1913 ) Summer , from Ritu Sanghar of Kalidasa ( 1905 ) Tales of Arabian Nights ( 1928 ) Temple Dancer ( 1912 ) The Call of the Flute ( 1910 ) The Feast of Lamps ( 1907 ) The Last Journey ( 1914 ) Veena Player ( 1911 ) Bharat Mata ( c. 1905 ) The Passing of Shah Jahan ( 1900 ) My Mother ( 1912 -- 13 ) Fairyland illustration ( 1913 ) Journey 's End ( c. 1913 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Onians ( 2004 ) . `` Bengal School '' . Atlas of World Art . Laurence King Publishing . p. 304 . ISBN 1856693775 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ Abanindranath Tagore , A Survey of the Master 's Life and Work by Mukul Dey , reprinted from `` Abanindra Number , '' The Visva - Bharati Quarterly , May -- Oct. 1942 . Jump up ^ Chaitanya , Krishna ( 1 January 1994 ) . A history of Indian painting : the modern period . Abhinav Publications . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 310 - 6 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40949 Jump up ^ Siva Kumar , R. ( 2008 ) . Paintings of Abanindranath Tagore . Pratikshan Books . p. 384 . ISBN 81 - 89323 - 09 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Video of a London University Lecture detailing Abanindranath 's Importance to Global Modernism , London University School of Advanced Study , March 2012 . Jump up ^ Swati Chattopadhyay , Representing Calcutta : Modernity , Nationalism , and the Colonial Uncanny . Routledge 2006 . Jump up ^ Rupert Richard Arrowsmith , `` An Indian Renascence and the rise of global modernism : William Rothenstein in India , 1910 -- 11 '' , The Burlington Magazine , vol. 152 no. 1285 ( April 2010 ) , pp. 228 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Unattributed . `` Abanindranath Tagore Biography '' . iloveindia.net . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abanindranath Tagore .",
"7": "Works by or about Abanindranath Tagore at Internet Archive Biography ( Calcuttaweb.com ) Hindu School , Kolkata Mukul Dey Archives , Santiniketan , India Abanindranath Tagore -- A Survey of the Master 's Life and Work Dolls by Abanindranath Tagore Abanindranath Tagore 's Profile Abanindranath 's complete literary works in Bengali .",
"8": "VIAF : 7401708 LCCN : n81082069 ISNI : 0000 0001 2119 2935 GND : 119405024 SELIBR : 254380 SUDOC : 085983314 BNF : cb120148166 ( data ) BIBSYS : 5017732 ULAN : 500121704 NLA : 36515795 BNE : XX906426 CiNii : DA13585960 SNAC : w66n5z6d ( hide ) Tagore family 1st generation Darpanarayan Tagore Nilmoni Tagore Dwarkanath Tagore Gopi Mohan Tagore Hara Kumar Tagore Prasanna Kumar Tagore Ramanath Tagore 2nd generation Debendranath Tagore Gnanendramohan Tagore Jatindramohan Tagore Sourindra Mohun Tagore 3rd generation Dwijendranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore Hemendranath Tagore Jyotirindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore Swarnakumari Devi Prodyot Coomar Tagore Ganendranath Tagore Jnanadanandini Devi Kadambari Devi 4th generation Abanindranath Tagore Gaganendranath Tagore Indira Devi Chaudhurani Lakshminath Bezbaroa Pragyasundari Devi Pramatha Chaudhuri Purnima Devi Sarala Devi Chaudhurani Surendranath Tagore 5th generation Dinendranath Tagore Saumyendranath Tagore Amiya Tagore Asit Kumar Haldar 6th generation Devika Rani Himanshu Rai Jitendra Prasada Krishna Roy 7th generation Sharmila Tagore Jitin Prasada Saranindranath Tagore 8th generation Saif Ali Khan Soha Ali Khan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=Abanindranath_Tagore&oldid=835503432 '' Categories : Indian male painters 1951 deaths Artists from Kolkata Sanskrit College alumni Government College of Art & Craft alumni University of Calcutta alumni University of Calcutta faculty Tagore family Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire People associated with the Bengal Renaissance Indian male writers Bengali - language writers Indian children 's writers Indian arts administrators Indian portrait painters 20th - century Indian painters 20th - century Indian novelists 1871 births 20th - century male writers Painters from West Bengal Novelists from West Bengal Writers from Kolkata Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with hCards Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource অসমীয়া বাংলা Eesti Français हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 02 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
"on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California",
"on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California",
"on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California",
"on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California",
"on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California"
] |
{
"0": "The Ranch ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Ranch ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Ranch Genre Sitcom Created by Don Reo Jim Patterson Starring Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Debra Winger Sam Elliott Elisha Cuthbert Opening theme `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 30 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Reo Jim Patterson Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Jane Wiseman Blair Fetter Andy Weil Jerry Anglin Producer ( s ) Jamie Rhonheimer Steve Tompkins Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 28 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Ranch Hand Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch , Colorado ; detailing the life of the Bennetts , a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers , their rancher father , and his separated wife and local bar owner . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray County , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , and Tim McGraw in part three : the first ten episodes premiered on April 1 , 2016 , the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes , the first half of which premiered on June 16 , 2017 .",
"1": "On October 17 , 2017 Netflix announced that the second half would be released on December 15 , 2017 . On July 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes to air in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guests 1.4 Cameos 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ashton Kutcher as Colt Bennett , a former high school and college football star who returns to his hometown after a fifteen - year absence for a tryout , but ultimately helps his father and older brother on their family ranch . Colt is frequently the butt of jokes from his father and brother , particularly when it comes to his ranching skills ( or lack thereof ) and his disappointing pro football career . He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense , but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others . Based on his various T - shirts and dialogue throughout the first season , it 's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons , San Jose SaberCats , Spokane Shock , Orlando Predators , Nebraska Danger , Minnesota Axemen and Philadelphia Soul . Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada , notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ( `` Like the Miami Heat ... only cold '' ) and Alaska . He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999 . Danny Masterson as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett , Colt 's older brother . He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career . Despite living in Colt 's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker . He has however been just as irresponsible as Colt , drinking too much and sleeping around .",
"2": "Debra Winger as Margaret `` Maggie '' Bennett , owner of Maggie 's , and Colt and Rooster 's mother . Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns . Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau , her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems , especially those concerning their father . Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker . Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail `` Abby '' Phillips , a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt 's high school and current girlfriend . Abby was in a five - year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him , but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt . ( recurring , season 1 ; main cast , season 2 ) Sam Elliott as Beau Bennett , Maggie 's ex-husband , and Colt and Rooster 's father . A Vietnam War veteran , he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died . Beau is difficult to get along with , perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything . He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons ' antics . Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation . Recurring ( edit ) Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers , a hearing - impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau 's Grady Lee Richmond as Hank , a regular Maggie 's patron Bret Harrison as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Ballard , a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby 's ex-fiancé Megyn Price as Mary Roth , a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster 's older girlfriend Kelli Goss as Heather Roth , Mary 's younger daughter and Colt 's ex-girlfriend , pregnant with their child .",
"3": "Molly McCook as Darlene Roth , Mary 's older daughter Kathy Baker as Joanne , a Cracker Barrel waitress , Mary 's friend , and potential new love interest for Beau Ethan Suplee as `` Beer Pong Billy '' Tompkins , a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster 's Aimee Teegarden as Nikki , Heather 's friend and Billy 's fiancée Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers , a sexy weather reporter and Kenny 's current girlfriend Laura Vallejo as Maria , a Maggie 's waitress Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders , a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated Special guests ( edit ) Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen , a loan officer and former high school football referee Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto , a former Iron River ranch hand , now working for Neumann 's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch . He is Rooster and Colt 's friend . Martin Mull as Jerry , Maggie 's sometimes acid - tripping attorney John Amos as Ed Bishop , a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann 's Hill employee Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald , the Garrison High School head football coach Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips , Abby 's mother ( Season 2 ) Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips , Abby 's father , who like Janice is disdainful of Abby 's relationship with Colt ( Season 2 ) Conchata Ferrell as Shirley ( Season 2 ) Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint , a traveling musician attracted to Maggie Cameos ( edit ) Joe Firstman Pearl Charles Kurt Neumann Bukka Allen Sam Hawksley Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 20 April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 10 June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"4": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Back Where I Come From '' David Trainer Don Reo & Jim Patterson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) When Colt Bennett returns home from Canada to try out for a semipro Denver team , he learns that his family 's ranch has fallen on hard times . `` Some People Change '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt runs into an ex at Maggie 's bar and reminisces with Rooster over a bottle of whiskey . Getting back in Beau 's good graces is a losing battle . `` The Boys of Fall '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) When his inflated ego lands him in hot water , Colt realizes he 's not the big man on campus anymore . Beau 's doctor makes him trade in steak for salad . `` Got a Little Crazy '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt smooths things over with Abby . When Maggie drags Beau to the Marriott for a romantic evening , the guys have some fun back at the house . 5 5 `` American Kids '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Rooster and Colt 's long - simmering rivalry comes to a head on the first day of hunting season . But their bickering has an upside for Beau and Maggie .",
"5": "6 6 `` Better as a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Abby gets a taste of her own medicine after a hazy night of drinking . Beau warms to the idea of mending fences with Maggie . 7 7 `` I Ca n't Go There '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt figures out what he wants from Heather . A sick calf gives Beau an excuse to avoid dealing with his feelings -- and creates some unexpected bonds . 8 8 `` Til It 's Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) The ranch 's dwindling finances drive a wedge between Beau and the boys , and Colt goes behind his father 's back to ask Maggie for help . 9 9 `` There Goes My Life '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Max Searle & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Heather sets up Rooster with her sister , but Colt 's afraid he 'll ruin a good thing . Maggie and Beau air their dirty laundry at marriage counseling . 10 10 `` Down the Road '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt and Rooster worry when Beau has a change of heart about the calves . But that 's just the beginning of the surprises that await the Bennett clan .",
"6": "11 11 `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) An angry Beau clears Maggie 's things out of the house . Colt tries to sort out his feelings for Abby and Heather . 12 12 `` Living and Living Well '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt struggles to keep his relationship with Abby under wraps . The boys make a big purchase and try to sell Beau on a business opportunity . 13 13 `` Sittin ' on the Fence '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Tompkins October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau 's depressed over Maggie , so Mary tries to fix him up with a friend . Colt wonders when Abby 's going to follow through on her promise . 14 14 `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) While Rooster tries to broker peace between Beau and Maggie , Colt apologizes to Heather -- but his timing could n't be worse . 15 15 `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau and Maggie come to a decision about their relationship , but they do n't see eye to eye on the ranch . The boys take Kenny out drinking .",
"7": "16 16 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Rooster and Colt try to prove themselves to Beau , but he does n't have much faith in them . Colt gets jealous when he sees Abby and Kenny together . 17 17 `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt plans a special date with Abby . Rooster vents his frustrations to Maggie , while Joanne gives Beau some sage advice . 18 18 `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' David Trainer Story by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau tries to make amends with the boys , but it may be too little , too late . A job offer drives a wedge between Rooster and Colt . 19 19 `` Leavin 's Been Comin ' ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Steve Tompkins Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Maggie stands up for Rooster when Beau kicks him out of the house . Meanwhile , Colt is torn between his brother and his father . 20 20 `` Merry Christmas ( Wherever You Are ) '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt realizes what he wants for his future , Beau and Maggie find some closure , and the gang celebrates Christmas at the bar . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"8": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 21 `` My Next Thirty Years '' David Trainer TBA June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) After Heather drops a bombshell , a visit from Abby 's parents is the last thing Colt needs -- and they all end up at church together on Christmas Eve . 22 `` Things Change '' TBA TBA June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Heather makes a decision about the pregnancy . Mary reads Rooster the riot act for keeping it a secret , and Colt struggles with how to tell Abby . 23 `` Take Me Away from Here '' TBA TBA June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) After a heart - to - heart with Maggie , Colt steps up and supports Heather . Meanwhile , the tension between Rooster and Beau takes a toll on Maggie . 24 `` She 'll Have You Back '' TBA TBA June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Abby agrees to give Colt a chance , but her father is n't as forgiving . Beau and Rooster go to a cattle auction . Maggie thinks about selling the bar . 25 5 `` My Best Friend '' TBA TBA June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) The guys wind up in hot water after an ice fishing trip . Beau takes Brenda out to dinner , but Maggie 's not far from his mind . 26 6 `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' TBA TBA June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Emotions run high when Abby and Heather fight , leaving Colt caught in the middle . Rooster faces the consequences of blowing off work . 27 7b `` One of Those Nights '' TBA TBA June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) During a snowstorm , Colt and Abby head out of town , Beau and Joanne get cozy at the ranch , and Maggie meets a charming stranger .",
"9": "28 8 `` I Did n't Ask and She Did n't Say '' TBA TBA June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Colt gets possessive when Heather starts dating a teacher . Abby gives Beau relationship advice . Maggie has a business proposition for Rooster . 29 9 `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' TBA TBA June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) As Heather 's medical bills roll in , Colt realizes how expensive it is having a baby . A surprise visitor at the bar sweeps Maggie off her feet . 30 10 `` Ca n't Really Be Gone '' TBA TBA June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Colt 's new responsibilities keep him away from Abby . After a memorable night , Maggie ponders what she wants for her future . Reception ( edit ) The Ranch has been met with mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 56 % based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic set - up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch 's surprising sensitivity and strong performances . '' Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Writing for Slate in a positive review , television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show , `` The Ranch is a red - state sitcom , though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado , and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation '' and `` The goodness sneaks up on you . '' Los Angeles Times wrote : `` ( Elliott and Winger 's ) scenes together , as restrained as they are , are the show 's most emotionally resonant . You will want to check them out . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' offers up a country - heavy soundtrack '' . The Rowdy. April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson Team For Netflix Comedy ' The Ranch ' '' . Variety . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher & Danny Masterson To Star In Netflix Series From ' 2.5 Men ' Duo '' . Deadline . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Villareal , Yvonne ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher bucks conventions on his Netflix sitcom ' The Ranch ' and ponders reviving ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASHTON KUTCHER AND DANNY MASTERSON STARRING IN NEW NETFLIX SITCOM , THE RANCH '' . IGN . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ranch , the on netflix '' . The Futon Critic. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher Sitcom ' The Ranch ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . `` The Ranch season 2 release date announcement '' . netflixlife.com . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' Part 4 Release Date Revealed '' . Streaming . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Olin , Bryce ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 3 '' . Netflix Life . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's new multicamera sitcom is engineered to compete with network TV . And it 's good . '' . Slate ( magazine ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' is an old - fashioned sitcom , but Sam Elliott and Debra Winger make it worth watching '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . External links ( edit ) The Ranch on IMDb ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman All Hail King Julien Since 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Between Daredevil Grace and Frankie Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr.",
"12": "Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None W / Bob & David Jessica Jones Atelier F Is for Family Making a Murderer Dawn of the Croods Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Chelsea Does Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Netflix Presents : The Characters Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Chelsea Lady Dynamite Hibana : Spark Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage StoryBots Super Songs Haters Back Off Skylanders Academy The Crown Roman Empire : Reign of Blood Paranoid 3 % Captive Luna Petunia White Rabbit Project Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency The OA Travelers DreamWorks Trollhunters Chasing Cameron Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane We 're Lalaloopsy A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster VeggieTales in the City Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Five Came Back Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Las chicas del cable Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E The Keepers El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Disjointed Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Super Monsters Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 ,",
"13": "2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 7 , 2015 -- 17 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 5 , 2015 -- 16 ) Black Mirror ( season 3 , 2016 ) Lovesick ( season 2 , 2016 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Former Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Upcoming Alias Grace ( 2017 ) The Punisher ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) She 's Gotta Have It ( 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Dark ( 2017 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 ) Kiss Me First ( 2017 ) Queer Eye ( 2017 ) Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters ( 2017 ) The End of the F * * * ing World ( 2017 ) Watership Down ( 2017 ) Alexa & Katie ( 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ( 2018 ) Dr.",
"14": "Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) La Casa de las Flores ( 2018 ) Lost in Space ( 2018 ) Lost Song ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) O Mecanismo ( 2018 ) Safe ( 2018 ) Samantha ! ( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Altered Carbon ( TBA ) Black Earth Rising ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) Seven Seconds ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ranch_(TV_series)&oldid=805924580 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series American television sitcoms English - language television programs Netflix original programming Television series created by Don Reo Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 14 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1505158538363142164
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who discovered that plants were made of cells
|
[
"Parashara",
"Parashara"
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{
"0": "History of botany - wikipedia History of botany Jump to : navigation , search Some traditional tools of botanical science The history of botany examines the human effort to understand life on Earth by tracing the historical development of the discipline of botany -- that part of natural science dealing with organisms traditionally treated as plants . Rudimentary botanical science began with empirically - based plant lore passed from generation to generation in the oral traditions of paleolithic hunter - gatherers . The first written records of plants were made in the Neolithic Revolution about 10,000 years ago as writing was developed in the settled agricultural communities where plants and animals were first domesticated . The first writings that show human curiosity about plants themselves , rather than the uses that could be made of them , appears in the teachings of Aristotle 's student Theophrastus at the Lyceum in ancient Athens in about 350 BC ; this is considered the starting point for modern botany . In Europe , this early botanical science was soon overshadowed by a medieval preoccupation with the medicinal properties of plants that lasted more than 1000 years . During this time , the medicinal works of classical antiquity were reproduced in manuscripts and books called herbals . In China and the Arab world , the Greco - Roman work on medicinal plants was preserved and extended . In Europe the Renaissance of the 14th -- 17th centuries heralded a scientific revival during which botany gradually emerged from natural history as an independent science , distinct from medicine and agriculture . Herbals were replaced by floras : books that described the native plants of local regions . The invention of the microscope stimulated the study of plant anatomy , and the first carefully designed experiments in plant physiology were performed . With the expansion of trade and exploration beyond Europe , the many new plants being discovered were subjected to an increasingly rigorous process of naming , description , and classification . Progressively more sophisticated scientific technology has aided the development of contemporary botanical offshoots in the plant sciences , ranging from the applied fields of economic botany ( notably agriculture , horticulture and forestry ) , to the detailed examination of the structure and function of plants and their interaction with the environment over many scales from the large - scale global significance of vegetation and plant communities ( biogeography and ecology ) through to the small scale of subjects like cell theory , molecular biology and plant biochemistry .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Ancient knowledge 2.1 Plant lore and plant selection 2.2 Early botany 2.3 Theophrastus and the origin of botanical science 2.4 Ancient Rome 3 Medieval knowledge 3.1 Medicinal plants of the early Middle Ages 3.2 The Silk Road 3.3 The Age of Herbals 4 The Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment ( 1550 -- 1800 ) 4.1 Botanical gardens and herbaria 4.2 From Herbal to Flora 4.3 Botanical exploration 4.4 Classification and morphology 4.5 Anatomy 4.6 Physiology 4.7 Plant sexuality 5 Nineteenth - century foundations of modern botany 5.1 Plant geography and ecology 5.2 Anatomy 5.3 Water relations 5.4 Cytology 5.5 Developmental morphology and evolution 5.6 Carbon fixation ( photosynthesis ) 5.7 Nitrogen fixation 6 Twentieth century 6.1 Molecules 6.2 Computers , electron microscopes and evolution 6.3 Biogeography and ecology 7 Twenty - first century 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 10.1 Books 10.1. 1 History of science 10.1. 2 History of botany , agriculture and horticulture 10.1. 3 Antiquity 10.1. 4 British botany 10.1. 5 Cultural studies 10.1. 6 Botanical art and illustration 10.1. 7 Historical sources 10.1. 8 Bibliographic sources 10.2 Articles 10.3 Websites Introduction ( edit ) Main article : Outline of botany Botany ( Greek Βοτάνη - grass , fodder ; Medieval Latin botanicus -- herb , plant ) and zoology are , historically , the core disciplines of biology whose history is closely associated with the natural sciences chemistry , physics and geology .",
"2": "A distinction can be made between botanical science in a pure sense , as the study of plants themselves , and botany as applied science , which studies the human use of plants . Early natural history divided pure botany into three main streams morphology - classification , anatomy and physiology -- that is , external form , internal structure , and functional operation . The most obvious topics in applied botany are horticulture , forestry and agriculture although there are many others like weed science , plant pathology , floristry , pharmacognosy , economic botany and ethnobotany which lie outside modern courses in botany . Since the origin of botanical science there has been a progressive increase in the scope of the subject as technology has opened up new techniques and areas of study . Modern molecular systematics , for example , entails the principles and techniques of taxonomy , molecular biology , computer science and more . Within botany there are a number of sub-disciplines that focus on particular plant groups , each with their own range of related studies ( anatomy , morphology etc . ) . Included here are : phycology ( algae ) , pteridology ( ferns ) , bryology ( mosses and liverworts ) and palaeobotany ( fossil plants ) and their histories are treated elsewhere ( see side bar ) . To this list can be added mycology , the study of fungi , which were once treated as plants , but are now ranked as a unique kingdom . Ancient knowledge ( edit ) Main article : Neolithic Revolution Nomadic hunter - gatherer societies passed on , by oral tradition , what they knew ( their empirical observations ) about the different kinds of plants that they used for food , shelter , poisons , medicines , for ceremonies and rituals etc . The uses of plants by these pre-literate societies influenced the way the plants were named and classified -- their uses were embedded in folk - taxonomies , the way they were grouped according to use in everyday communication . The nomadic life - style was drastically changed when settled communities were established in about twelve centres around the world during the Neolithic Revolution which extended from about 10,000 to 2500 years ago depending on the region . With these communities came the development of the technology and skills needed for the domestication of plants and animals and the emergence of the written word provided evidence for the passing of systematic knowledge and culture from one generation to the next .",
"3": "Plant lore and plant selection ( edit ) Further information : Cultivated plant taxonomy and Herbal A Sumerian harvester 's sickle dated to 3000 BC During the Neolithic Revolution plant knowledge increased most obviously through the use of plants for food and medicine . All of today 's staple foods were domesticated in prehistoric times as a gradual process of selection of higher - yielding varieties took place , possibly unknowingly , over hundreds to thousands of years . Legumes were cultivated on all continents but cereals made up most of the regular diet : rice in East Asia , wheat and barley in the Middle east , and maize in Central and South America . By Greco - Roman times popular food plants of today , including grapes , apples , figs , and olives , were being listed as named varieties in early manuscripts . Botanical authority William Stearn has observed that `` cultivated plants are mankind 's most vital and precious heritage from remote antiquity '' . It is also from the Neolithic , in about 3000 BC , that we glimpse the first known illustrations of plants and read descriptions of impressive gardens in Egypt . However protobotany , the first pre-scientific written record of plants , did not begin with food ; it was born out of the medicinal literature of Egypt , China , Mesopotamia and India . Botanical historian Alan Morton notes that agriculture was the occupation of the poor and uneducated , while medicine was the realm of socially influential shamans , priests , apothecaries , magicians and physicians , who were more likely to record their knowledge for posterity . Early botany ( edit ) Ancient India An early example of ancient Indian plant classification is found in the Rigveda , a collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns from about 3700 -- 3100 BP . Plants are divided into vṛska ( trees ) , osadhi ( herbs useful to humans ) and virudha ( creepers ) , with further subdivisions .",
"4": "The sacred Hindu text Atharvaveda divides plants into eight classes : visakha ( spreading branches ) , manjari ( leaves with long clusters ) , sthambini ( bushy plants ) , prastanavati ( which expands ) ; ekasṛnga ( those with monopodial growth ) , pratanavati ( creeping plants ) , amsumati ( with many stalks ) , and kandini ( plants with knotty joints ) . The Taittiriya Samhita classifies the plant kingdom into vṛksa , vana and druma ( trees ) , visakha ( shrubs with spreading branches ) , sasa ( herbs ) , amsumali ( spreading plant ) , vratati ( climber ) , stambini ( bushy plant ) , pratanavati ( creeper ) , and alasala ( spreading on the ground ) . Other examples of early Indian taxonomy include Manusmriti , the Law book of Hindus , which classifies plants into eight major categories . Elaborate taxonomies also occur in the Charaka Samhitā , Sushruta Samhita and Vaisesika . Ancient China In ancient China lists of different plants and herb concoctions for pharmaceutical purposes date back to at least the time of the Warring States ( 481 BC - 221 BC ) . Many Chinese writers over the centuries contributed to the written knowledge of herbal pharmaceutics . The Han Dynasty ( 202 BC - 220 AD ) includes the notable work of the Huangdi Neijing and the famous pharmacologist Zhang Zhongjing . There were also the 11th century scientists and statesmen Su Song and Shen Kuo who compiled learned treatises on natural history , emphasising herbal medicine . Theophrastus and the origin of botanical science ( edit ) Main article : Theophrastus `` School of Athens '' Fresco in Apostolic Palace , Rome , Vatican City , by Raphael 1509 - 1510 Ancient Athens , of the 6th century BC , was the busy trade centre at the confluence of Egyptian , Mesopotamian and Minoan cultures at the height of Greek colonisation of the Mediterranean . The philosophical thought of this period ranged freely through many subjects .",
"5": "Empedocles ( 490 -- 430 BC ) foreshadowed Darwinian evolutionary theory in a crude formulation of the mutability of species and natural selection . The physician Hippocrates ( 460 -- 370 BC ) avoided the prevailing superstition of his day and approached healing by close observation and the test of experience . At this time a genuine non-anthropocentric curiosity about plants emerged . The major works written about plants extended beyond the description of their medicinal uses to the topics of plant geography , morphology , physiology , nutrition , growth and reproduction . Foremost among the scholars studying botany was Theophrastus of Eressus ( Greek : Θεόφραστος ; c. 371 -- 287 BC ) who has been frequently referred to as the `` Father of Botany '' . He was a student and close friend of Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) and succeeded him as head of the Lyceum ( an educational establishment like a modern university ) in Athens with its tradition of peripatetic philosophy . Aristotle 's special treatise on plants -- θεωρία περὶ φυτῶν -- is now lost , although there are many botanical observations scattered throughout his other writings ( these have been assembled by Christian Wimmer in Phytologiae Aristotelicae Fragmenta , 1836 ) but they give little insight into his botanical thinking . The Lyceum prided itself in a tradition of systematic observation of causal connections , critical experiment and rational theorizing . Theophrastus challenged the superstitious medicine employed by the physicians of his day , called rhizotomi , and also the control over medicine exerted by priestly authority and tradition . Together with Aristotle he had tutored Alexander the Great whose military conquests were carried out with all the scientific resources of the day , the Lyceum garden probably containing many botanical trophies collected during his campaigns as well as other explorations in distant lands . It was in this garden where he gained much of his plant knowledge .",
"6": "Statue of Theophrastus 371 -- 287 BC `` Father of Botany '' Palermo Botanic Gardens Theophrastus 's major botanical works were the Enquiry into Plants ( Historia Plantarum ) and Causes of Plants ( Causae Plantarum ) which were his lecture notes for the Lyceum . The opening sentence of the Enquiry reads like a botanical manifesto : `` We must consider the distinctive characters and the general nature of plants from the point of view of their morphology , their behaviour under external conditions , their mode of generation and the whole course of their life '' . The Enquiry is 9 books of `` applied '' botany dealing with the forms and classification of plants and economic botany , examining the techniques of agriculture ( relationship of crops to soil , climate , water and habitat ) and horticulture . He described some 500 plants in detail , often including descriptions of habitat and geographic distribution , and he recognised some plant groups that can be recognised as modern - day plant families . Some names he used , like Crataegus , Daucus and Asparagus have persisted until today . His second book Causes of Plants covers plant growth and reproduction ( akin to modern physiology ) . Like Aristotle he grouped plants into `` trees '' , `` undershrubs '' , `` shrubs '' and `` herbs '' but he also made several other important botanical distinctions and observations . He noted that plants could be annuals , perennials and biennials , they were also either monocotyledons or dicotyledons and he also noticed the difference between determinate and indeterminate growth and details of floral structure including the degree of fusion of the petals , position of the ovary and more . These lecture notes of Theophrastus comprise the first clear exposition of the rudiments of plant anatomy , physiology , morphology and ecology -- presented in a way that would not be matched for another eighteen centuries . Meanwhile , the study of medicinal plants was not being neglected and a full synthesis of ancient Greek pharmacology was compiled in Materia Medica c. 60 AD by Pedanius Dioscorides ( c. 40 - 90 AD ) who was a Greek physician with the Roman army .",
"7": "This work proved to be the definitive text on medicinal herbs , both oriental and occidental , for fifteen hundred years until the dawn of the European Renaissance being slavishly copied again and again throughout this period . Though rich in medicinal information with descriptions of about 600 medicinal herbs , the botanical content of the work was extremely limited . Ancient rome ( edit ) Main article : Roman agriculture The Romans contributed little to the foundations of botanical science laid by the ancient Greeks , but made a sound contribution to our knowledge of applied botany as agriculture . In works titled De Re Rustica four Roman writers contributed to a compendium Scriptores Rei Rusticae , published from the Renaissance on , which set out the principles and practice of agriculture . These authors were Cato ( 234 -- 149 BC ) , Varro ( 116 -- 27 BC ) and , in particular , Columella ( 4 -- 70 AD ) and Palladius ( 4th century AD ) . Roman encyclopaedist Pliny the Elder ( 23 -- 79 AD ) deals with plants in Books 12 to 26 of his 37 - volume highly influential work Naturalis Historia in which he frequently quotes Theophrastus but with a lack of botanical insight although he does , nevertheless , draw a distinction between true botany on the one hand , and farming and medicine on the other . It is estimated that at the time of the Roman Empire between 1300 and 1400 plants had been recorded in the West . Medieval knowledge ( edit ) Medicinal plants of the early Middle Ages ( edit ) Further information : Herbalism , Chinese medicine , Byzantine medicine , and Islamic medicine An Arabic copy of Avicenna 's Canon of Medicine dated 1593 In Western Europe , after Theophrastus , botany passed through a bleak period of 1800 years when little progress was made and , indeed , many of the early insights were lost . As Europe entered the Middle Ages ( 5th to 15th centuries ) , a period of disorganised feudalism and indifference to learning , China , India and the Arab world enjoyed a golden age . Chinese philosophy had followed a similar path to that of the ancient Greeks .",
"8": "The Chinese dictionary - encyclopaedia Erh Ya probably dates from about 300 BC and describes about 334 plants classed as trees or shrubs , each with a common name and illustration . Between 100 and 1700 AD many new works on pharmaceutical botany were produced including encyclopaedic accounts and treatises compiled for the Chinese imperial court . These were free of superstition and myth with carefully researched descriptions and nomenclature ; they included cultivation information and notes on economic and medicinal uses -- and even elaborate monographs on ornamental plants . But there was no experimental method and no analysis of the plant sexual system , nutrition , or anatomy . The 400 - year period from the 9th to 13th centuries AD was the Islamic Renaissance , a time when Islamic culture and science thrived . Greco - Roman texts were preserved , copied and extended although new texts always emphasised the medicinal aspects of plants . Kurdish biologist Ābu Ḥanīfah Āḥmad ibn Dawūd Dīnawarī ( 828 -- 896 AD ) is known as the founder of Arabic botany ; his Kitâb al - nabât ( ' Book of Plants ' ) describes 637 species , discussing plant development from germination to senescence and including details of flowers and fruits . The Mutazilite philosopher and physician Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) ( c. 980 -- 1037 AD ) was another influential figure , his The Canon of Medicine being a landmark in the history of medicine treasured until the Enlightenment . In India simple artificial plant classification systems of the Rigveda , Atharvaveda and Taittiriya Samhita became more botanical with the work of Parashara ( c. 400 -- c. 500 AD ) , the author of Vṛksayurveda ( the science of life of trees ) . He made close observations of cells and leaves and divided plants into Dvimatrka ( Dicotyledons ) and Ekamatrka ( Monocotyledons ) .",
"9": "The dicotyledons were further classified into groupings ( ganas ) akin to modern floral families : Samiganiya ( Fabaceae ) , Puplikagalniya ( Rutaceae ) , Svastikaganiya ( Cruciferae ) , Tripuspaganiya ( Cucurbitaceae ) , Mallikaganiya ( Apocynaceae ) , and Kurcapuspaganiya ( Asteraceae ) . Important medieval Indian works of plant physiology include the Prthviniraparyam of Udayana , Nyayavindutika of Dharmottara , Saddarsana - samuccaya of Gunaratna , and Upaskara of Sankaramisra . The Silk Road ( edit ) Following the fall of Constantinople ( 1453 ) , the newly expanded Ottoman Empire welcomed European embassies in its capital , which in turn became the sources of plants from those regions to the east which traded with the empire . In the following century twenty times as many plants entered Europe along the Silk Road as had been transported in the previous two thousand years , mainly as bulbs . Others were acquired primarily for their alleged medicinal value . Initially Italy benefited from this new knowledge , especially Venice , which traded extensively with the East . From there these new plants rapidly spread to the rest of Western Europe . By the middle of the sixteenth century there was already a flourishing export trade of various bulbs from Turkey to Europe . The age of herbals ( edit ) Main article : Herbal Dioscorides ' , De Materia Medica , Byzantium , 15th century . In the European Middle Ages of the 15th and 16th centuries the lives of European citizens were based around agriculture but when printing arrived , with movable type and woodcut illustrations , it was not treatises on agriculture that were published , but lists of medicinal plants with descriptions of their properties or `` virtues '' . These first plant books , known as herbals showed that botany was still a part of medicine , as it had been for most of ancient history . Authors of herbals were often curators of university gardens , and most herbals were derivative compilations of classic texts , especially De Materia Medica . However , the need for accurate and detailed plant descriptions meant that some herbals were more botanical than medicinal .",
"10": "German Otto Brunfels 's ( 1464 -- 1534 ) Herbarum Vivae Icones ( 1530 ) contained descriptions of about 47 species new to science combined with accurate illustrations . His fellow countryman Hieronymus Bock 's ( 1498 -- 1554 ) Kreutterbuch of 1539 described plants he found in nearby woods and fields and these were illustrated in the 1546 edition . However , it was Valerius Cordus ( 1515 -- 1544 ) who pioneered the formal botanical description that detailed both flowers and fruits , some anatomy including the number of chambers in the ovary , and the type of ovule placentation . He also made observations on pollen and distinguished between inflorescence types . His five - volume Historia Plantarum was published about 18 years after his early death aged 29 in 1561 - 1563 . In Holland Rembert Dodoens ( 1517 -- 1585 ) , in Stirpium Historiae ( 1583 ) , included descriptions of many new species from the Netherlands in a scientific arrangement and in England William Turner ( 1515 -- 1568 ) in his Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus ( 1538 ) published names , descriptions and localities of many native British plants . Herbals contributed to botany by setting in train the science of plant description , classification , and botanical illustration . Up to the 17th century botany and medicine were one and the same but those books emphasising medicinal aspects eventually omitted the plant lore to become modern pharmacopoeias ; those that omitted the medicine became more botanical and evolved into the modern compilations of plant descriptions we call Floras . These were often backed by specimens deposited in a herbarium which was a collection of dried plants that verified the plant descriptions given in the Floras . The transition from herbal to Flora marked the final separation of botany from medicine . The Renaissance and age of Enlightenment ( 1550 -- 1800 ) ( edit ) The revival of learning during the European Renaissance renewed interest in plants . The church , feudal aristocracy and an increasingly influential merchant class that supported science and the arts , now jostled in a world of increasing trade .",
"11": "Sea voyages of exploration returned botanical treasures to the large public , private , and newly established botanic gardens , and introduced an eager population to novel crops , drugs and spices from Asia , the East Indies and the New World . The number of scientific publications increased . In England , for example , scientific communication and causes were facilitated by learned societies like Royal Society ( founded in 1660 ) and the Linnaean Society ( founded in 1788 ) : there was also the support and activities of botanical institutions like the Jardin du Roi in Paris , Chelsea Physic Garden , Royal Botanic Gardens Kew , and the Oxford and Cambridge Botanic Gardens , as well as the influence of renowned private gardens and wealthy entrepreneurial nurserymen . By the early 17th century the number of plants described in Europe had risen to about 6000 . The 18th century Enlightenment values of reason and science coupled with new voyages to distant lands instigating another phase of encyclopaedic plant identification , nomenclature , description and illustration , `` flower painting '' possibly at its best in this period of history . Plant trophies from distant lands decorated the gardens of Europe 's powerful and wealthy in a period of enthusiasm for natural history , especially botany ( a preoccupation sometimes referred to as `` botanophilia '' ) that is never likely to recur . Often such exotic new plant imports ( primarily from Turkey ) , when they first appeared in print in English , lacked common names in the language . During the 18th century botany was one of the few sciences considered appropriate for genteel educated women . Around 1760 , with the popularization of the Linnaean system , botany became much more widespread among educated women who painted plants , attended classes on plant classification , and collected herbarium specimens although emphasis was on the healing properties of plants rather than plant reproduction which had overtones of sexuality . Women began publishing on botanical topics and children 's books on botany appeared by authors like Charlotte Turner Smith . Cultural authorities argued that education through botany created culturally and scientifically aware citizens , part of the thrust for ' improvement ' that characterised the Enlightenment . However , in the early 19th century with the recognition of botany as an official science , women were again excluded from the discipline .",
"12": "Botanical gardens and herbaria ( edit ) Further information : Botanical garden , List of botanical gardens , and Herbarium A 16th century print of the Botanical Garden of Padova ( Garden of the Simples ) -- the oldest academic botanic garden that is still in its original location Preparing a herbarium specimen Public and private gardens have always been strongly associated with the historical unfolding of botanical science . Early botanical gardens were physic gardens , repositories for the medicinal plants described in the herbals . As they were generally associated with universities or other academic institutions the plants were also used for study . The directors of these gardens were eminent physicians with an educational role as `` scientific gardeners '' and it was staff of these institutions that produced many of the published herbals . The botanical gardens of the modern tradition were established in northern Italy , the first being at Pisa ( 1544 ) , founded by Luca Ghini ( 1490 -- 1556 ) . Although part of a medical faculty , the first chair of materia medica , essentially a chair in botany , was established in Padua in 1533 . Then in 1534 , Ghini became Reader in materia medica at Bologna University , where Aldrovandi established a similar garden in 1568 ( see below ) . Collections of pressed and dried specimens were called a hortus siccus ( garden of dry plants ) and the first accumulation of plants in this way ( including the use of a plant press ) is attributed to Ghini . Buildings called herbaria housed these specimens mounted on card with descriptive labels . Stored in cupboards in systematic order they could be preserved in perpetuity and easily transferred or exchanged with other institutions , a taxonomic procedure that is still used today . By the 18th century the physic gardens had been transformed into `` order beds '' that demonstrated the classification systems that were being devised by botanists of the day -- but they also had to accommodate the influx of curious , beautiful and new plants pouring in from voyages of exploration that were associated with European colonial expansion .",
"13": "From herbal to Flora ( edit ) Main article : Flora Plant classification systems of the 17th and 18th centuries now related plants to one another and not to man , marking a return to the non-anthropocentric botanical science promoted by Theophrastus over 1500 years before . In England , various herbals in either Latin or English were mainly compilations and translations of continental European works , of limited relevance to the British Isles . This included the rather unreliable work of Gerard ( 1597 ) . The first systematic attempt to collect information on British plants was that of Thomas Johnson ( 1629 ) , who was later to issue his own revision of Gerard 's work ( 1633 -- 1636 ) . However Johnson was not the first apothecary or physician to organise botanical expeditions to systematise their local flora . In Italy Ulysse Aldrovandi ( 1522 -- 1605 ) organised an expedition to the Sibylline mountains in Umbria in 1557 , and compiled a local Flora . He then began to disseminate his findings amongst other European scholars , forming an early network of knowledge sharing `` molti amici in molti luoghi '' ( many friends in many places ) , including Charles de l'Écluse ( Clusius ) ( 1526 -- 1609 ) at Montpellier and Jean de Brancion at Malines . Between them they started developing Latin names for plants , in addition to their common names . The exchange of information and specimens between scholars was often associated with the founding of botanical gardens ( above ) , and to this end Aldrovandi founded one of the earliest at his university in Bologna , the Orto Botanico di Bologna in 1568 . In France , Clusius journeyed throughout most of Western Europe , making discoveries in the vegetable kingdom along the way . He compiled Flora of Spain ( 1576 ) , and Austria and Hungary ( 1583 ) . He was the first to propose dividing plants into classes . Meanwhile , in Switzerland , from 1554 , Conrad Gessner ( 1516 -- 1565 ) made regular explorations of the Swiss Alps from his native Zurich and discovered many new plants . He proposed that there were groups or genera of plants .",
"14": "He said that each genus was composed of many species and that these were defined by similar flowers and fruits . This principle of organization laid the groundwork for future botanists . He wrote his important Historia Plantarum shortly before his death . At Malines , in Flanders he established and maintained the botanical gardens of Jean de Brancion from 1568 to 1573 , and first encountered tulips . This approach coupled with the new Linnaean system of binomial nomenclature resulted in plant encyclopaedias without medicinal information called Floras that meticulously described and illustrated the plants growing in particular regions . The 17th century also marked the beginning of experimental botany and application of a rigorous scientific method , while improvements in the microscope launched the new discipline of plant anatomy whose foundations , laid by the careful observations of Englishman Nehemiah Grew and Italian Marcello Malpighi , would last for 150 years . Botanical exploration ( edit ) Main article : Plant geography More new lands were opening up to European colonial powers , the botanical riches being returned to European botanists for description . This was a romantic era of botanical explorers , intrepid plant hunters and gardener - botanists . Significant botanical collections came from : the West Indies ( Hans Sloane ( 1660 -- 1753 ) ) ; China ( James Cunningham ) ; the spice islands of the East Indies ( Moluccas , George Rumphius ( 1627 -- 1702 ) ) ; China and Mozambique ( João de Loureiro ( 1717 -- 1791 ) ) ; West Africa ( Michel Adanson ( 1727 -- 1806 ) ) who devised his own classification scheme and forwarded a crude theory of the mutability of species ; Canada , Hebrides , Iceland , New Zealand by Captain James Cook 's chief botanist Joseph Banks ( 1743 -- 1820 ) . Classification and morphology ( edit ) Further information : List of systems of plant taxonomy , Plant taxonomy , and History of plant systematics Portrait of Carl Linnaeus by Alexander Roslin , 1775 By the middle of the 18th century the botanical booty resulting from the era of exploration was accumulating in gardens and herbaria -- and it needed to be systematically catalogued . This was the task of the taxonomists , the plant classifiers .",
"15": "Plant classifications have changed over time from `` artificial '' systems based on general habit and form , to pre-evolutionary `` natural '' systems expressing similarity using one to many characters , leading to post-evolutionary `` natural '' systems that use characters to infer evolutionary relationships . Italian physician Andrea Caesalpino ( 1519 -- 1603 ) studied medicine and taught botany at the University of Pisa for about 40 years eventually becoming Director of the Botanic Garden of Pisa from 1554 to 1558 . His sixteen - volume De Plantis ( 1583 ) described 1500 plants and his herbarium of 260 pages and 768 mounted specimens still remains . Caesalpino proposed classes based largely on the detailed structure of the flowers and fruit ; he also applied the concept of the genus . He was the first to try and derive principles of natural classification reflecting the overall similarities between plants and he produced a classification scheme well in advance of its day . Gaspard Bauhin ( 1560 -- 1624 ) produced two influential publications Prodromus Theatrici Botanici ( 1620 ) and Pinax ( 1623 ) . These brought order to the 6000 species now described and in the latter he used binomials and synonyms that may well have influenced Linnaeus 's thinking . He also insisted that taxonomy should be based on natural affinities . Cover page of Species Plantarum of Carl Linnaeus published in 1753 To sharpen the precision of description and classification Joachim Jung ( 1587 -- 1657 ) compiled a much - needed botanical terminology which has stood the test of time . English botanist John Ray ( 1623 -- 1705 ) built on Jung 's work to establish the most elaborate and insightful classification system of the day . His observations started with the local plants of Cambridge where he lived , with the Catalogus Stirpium circa Cantabrigiam Nascentium ( 1860 ) which later expanded to his Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum , essentially the first British Flora . Although his Historia Plantarum ( 1682 , 1688 , 1704 ) provided a step towards a world Flora as he included more and more plants from his travels , first on the continent and then beyond .",
"16": "He extended Caesalpino 's natural system with a more precise definition of the higher classification levels , deriving many modern families in the process , and asserted that all parts of plants were important in classification . He recognised that variation arises from both internal ( genotypic ) and external environmental ( phenotypic ) causes and that only the former was of taxonomic significance . He was also among the first experimental physiologists . The Historia Plantarum can be regarded as the first botanical synthesis and textbook for modern botany . According to botanical historian Alan Morton , Ray `` influenced both the theory and the practice of botany more decisively than any other single person in the latter half of the seventeenth century '' . Ray 's family system was later extended by Pierre Magnol ( 1638 -- 1715 ) and Joseph de Tournefort ( 1656 -- 1708 ) , a student of Magnol , achieved notoriety for his botanical expeditions , his emphasis on floral characters in classification , and for reviving the idea of the genus as the basic unit of classification . Above all it was Swedish Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 -- 1778 ) who eased the task of plant cataloguing . He adopted a sexual system of classification using stamens and pistils as important characters . Among his most important publications were Systema Naturae ( 1735 ) , Genera Plantarum ( 1737 ) , and Philosophia Botanica ( 1751 ) but it was in his Species Plantarum ( 1753 ) that he gave every species a binomial thus setting the path for the future accepted method of designating the names of all organisms . Linnaean thought and books dominated the world of taxonomy for nearly a century . His sexual system was later elaborated by Bernard de Jussieu ( 1699 -- 1777 ) whose nephew Antoine - Laurent de Jussieu ( 1748 -- 1836 ) extended it yet again to include about 100 orders ( present - day families ) .",
"17": "Frenchman Michel Adanson ( 1727 -- 1806 ) in his Familles des Plantes ( 1763 , 1764 ) , apart from extending the current system of family names , emphasized that a natural classification must be based on a consideration of all characters , even though these may later be given different emphasis according to their diagnostic value for the particular plant group . Adanson 's method has , in essence , been followed to this day . 18th century plant taxonomy bequeathed to the 19th century a precise binomial nomenclature and botanical terminology , a system of classification based on natural affinities , and a clear idea of the ranks of family , genus and species -- although the taxa to be placed within these ranks remains , as always , the subject of taxonomic research . Anatomy ( edit ) Further information : Microscopy and Plant anatomy Robert Hooke 's microscope which he described in the 1665 Micrographia : he coined the biological use of the term cell In the first half of the 18th century botany was beginning to move beyond descriptive science into experimental science . Although the microscope was invented in 1590 it was only in the late 17th century that lens grinding by Antony van Leeuwenhoek provided the resolution needed to make major discoveries . Important general biological observations were made by Robert Hooke ( 1635 -- 1703 ) but the foundations of plant anatomy were laid by Italian Marcello Malpighi ( 1628 -- 1694 ) of the University of Bologna in his Anatome Plantarum ( 1675 ) and Royal Society Englishman Nehemiah Grew ( 1628 -- 1711 ) in his The Anatomy of Plants Begun ( 1671 ) and Anatomy of Plants ( 1682 ) . These botanists explored what is now called developmental anatomy and morphology by carefully observing , describing and drawing the developmental transition from seed to mature plant , recording stem and wood formation . This work included the discovery and naming of parenchyma and stomata . Physiology ( edit ) Main article : Plant physiology In plant physiology research interest was focused on the movement of sap and the absorption of substances through the roots .",
"18": "Jan Helmont ( 1577 -- 1644 ) by experimental observation and calculation , noted that the increase in weight of a growing plant can not be derived purely from the soil , and concluded it must relate to water uptake . Englishman Stephen Hales ( 1677 -- 1761 ) established by quantitative experiment that there is uptake of water by plants and a loss of water by transpiration and that this is influenced by environmental conditions : he distinguished `` root pressure '' , `` leaf suction '' and `` imbibition '' and also noted that the major direction of sap flow in woody tissue is upward . His results were published in Vegetable Staticks ( 1727 ) He also noted that `` air makes a very considerable part of the substance of vegetables '' . English chemist Joseph Priestley ( 1733 -- 1804 ) is noted for his discovery of oxygen ( as now called ) and its production by plants . Later Jan Ingenhousz ( 1730 -- 1799 ) observed that only in sunlight do the green parts of plants absorb air and release oxygen , this being more rapid in bright sunlight while , at night , the air ( CO ) is released from all parts . His results were published in Experiments upon vegetables ( 1779 ) and with this the foundations for 20th century studies of carbon fixation were laid . From his observations he sketched the cycle of carbon in nature even though the composition of carbon dioxide was yet to be resolved . Studies in plant nutrition had also progressed . In 1804 Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure 's ( 1767 -- 1845 ) Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation was an exemplary study of scientific exactitude that demonstrated the similarity of respiration in both plants and animals , that the fixation of carbon dioxide includes water , and that just minute amounts of salts and nutrients ( which he analysed in chemical detail from plant ash ) have a powerful influence on plant growth . Plant sexuality ( edit ) Further information : Plant sexuality and Alternation of generations Diagram showing the sexual parts of a mature flower It was Rudolf Camerarius ( 1665 -- 1721 ) who was the first to establish plant sexuality conclusively by experiment .",
"19": "He declared in a letter to a colleague dated 1694 and titled De Sexu Plantarum Epistola that `` no ovules of plants could ever develop into seeds from the female style and ovary without first being prepared by the pollen from the stamens , the male sexual organs of the plant '' . Much was learned about plant sexuality by unravelling the reproductive mechanisms of mosses , liverworts and algae . In his Vergleichende Untersuchungen of 1851 Wilhelm Hofmeister ( 1824 -- 1877 ) starting with the ferns and bryophytes demonstrated that the process of sexual reproduction in plants entails an `` alternation of generations '' between sporophytes and gametophytes . This initiated the new field of comparative morphology which , largely through the combined work of William Farlow ( 1844 -- 1919 ) , Nathanael Pringsheim ( 1823 -- 1894 ) , Frederick Bower , Eduard Strasburger and others , established that an `` alternation of generations '' occurs throughout the plant kingdom . Some time later the German academic and natural historian Joseph Kölreuter ( 1733 -- 1806 ) extended this work by noting the function of nectar in attracting pollinators and the role of wind and insects in pollination . He also produced deliberate hybrids , observed the microscopic structure of pollen grains and how the transfer of matter from the pollen to the ovary inducing the formation of the embryo . Angiosperm ( flowering plant ) life cycle showing alternation of generations One hundred years after Camerarius , in 1793 , Christian Sprengel ( 1750 -- 1816 ) broadened the understanding of flowers by describing the role of nectar guides in pollination , the adaptive floral mechanisms used for pollination , and the prevalence of cross-pollination , even though male and female parts are usually together on the same flower . Nineteenth - century foundations of modern botany ( edit ) In about the mid-19th century scientific communication changed . Until this time ideas were largely exchanged by reading the works of authoritative individuals who dominated in their field : these were often wealthy and influential `` gentlemen scientists '' . Now research was reported by the publication of `` papers '' that emanated from research `` schools '' that promoted the questioning of conventional wisdom .",
"20": "This process had started in the late 18th century when specialist journals began to appear . Even so , botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first `` modern '' textbook , Matthias Schleiden 's ( 1804 -- 1881 ) Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik , published in English in 1849 as Principles of Scientific Botany . By 1850 an invigorated organic chemistry had revealed the structure of many plant constituents . Although the great era of plant classification had now passed the work of description continued . Augustin de Candolle ( 1778 -- 1841 ) succeeded Antoine - Laurent de Jussieu in managing the botanical project Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis ( 1824 -- 1841 ) which involved 35 authors : it contained all the dicotyledons known in his day , some 58000 species in 161 families , and he doubled the number of recognized plant families , the work being completed by his son Alphonse ( 1806 -- 1893 ) in the years from 1841 to 1873 . Plant geography and ecology ( edit ) Further information : Ecology and Plant community Alexander von Humboldt 1769 -- 1859 painted by Joseph Stieler in 1843 The opening of the 19th century was marked by an increase in interest in the connection between climate and plant distribution . Carl Willdenow ( 1765 -- 1812 ) examined the connection between seed dispersal and distribution , the nature of plant associations and the impact of geological history . He noticed the similarities between the floras of N America and N Asia , the Cape and Australia , and he explored the ideas of `` centre of diversity '' and `` centre of origin '' .",
"21": "German Alexander von Humboldt ( 1769 -- 1859 ) and Frenchman Aime Bonpland ( 1773 -- 1858 ) published a massive and highly influential 30 volume work on their travels ; Robert Brown ( 1773 -- 1852 ) noted the similarities between the floras of S Africa , Australia and India , while Joakim Schouw ( 1789 -- 1852 ) explored more deeply than anyone else the influence on plant distribution of temperature , soil factors , especially soil water , and light , work that was continued by Alphonse de Candolle ( 1806 -- 1893 ) . Joseph Hooker ( 1817 -- 1911 ) pushed the boundaries of floristic studies with his work on Antarctica , India and the Middle East with special attention to endemism . August Grisebach ( 1814 -- 1879 ) in Die Vegetation der Erde ( 1872 ) examined physiognomy in relation to climate and in America geographic studies were pioneered by Asa Gray ( 1810 -- 1888 ) . Physiological plant geography , perhaps more familiarly termed ecology , emerged from floristic biogeography in the late 19th century as environmental influences on plants received greater recognition . Early work in this area was synthesised by Danish professor Eugenius Warming ( 1841 -- 1924 ) in his book Plantesamfund ( Ecology of Plants , generally taken to mark the beginning of modern ecology ) including new ideas on plant communities , their adaptations and environmental influences . This was followed by another grand synthesis , the Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage of Andreas Schimper ( 1856 -- 1901 ) in 1898 ( published in English in 1903 as Plant - geography upon a physiological basis translated by W.R. Fischer , Oxford : Clarendon press , 839 pp . ) Anatomy ( edit ) Further information : Plant anatomy and Cell theory Plant cells with visible chloroplasts During the 19th century German scientists led the way towards a unitary theory of the structure and life - cycle of plants .",
"22": "Following improvements in the microscope at the end of the 18th century , Charles Mirbel ( 1776 -- 1854 ) in 1802 published his Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale and Johann Moldenhawer ( 1766 -- 1827 ) published Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen ( 1812 ) in which he describes techniques for separating cells from the middle lamella . He identified vascular and parenchymatous tissues , described vascular bundles , observed the cells in the cambium , and interpreted tree rings . He found that stomata were composed of pairs of cells , rather than a single cell with a hole . Anatomical studies on the stele were consolidated by Carl Sanio ( 1832 -- 1891 ) who described the secondary tissues and meristem including cambium and its action . Hugo von Mohl ( 1805 -- 1872 ) summarized work in anatomy leading up to 1850 in Die Vegetabilische Zelle ( 1851 ) but this work was later eclipsed by the encyclopaedic comparative anatomy of Heinrich Anton de Bary in 1877 . An overview of knowledge of the stele in root and stem was completed by Van Tieghem ( 1839 -- 1914 ) and of the meristem by Karl Nägeli ( 1817 -- 1891 ) . Studies had also begun on the origins of the carpel and flower that continue to the present day . Water relations ( edit ) Main article : Transpiration The riddle of water and nutrient transport through the plant remained . Physiologist Von Mohl explored solute transport and the theory of water uptake by the roots using the concepts of cohesion , transpirational pull , capillarity and root pressure . German dominance in the field of physiology was underlined by the publication of the definitive textbook on plant physiology synthesising the work of this period , Sach 's Vorlesungen über Pflanzenphysiologi e of 1882 . There were , however , some advances elsewhere such as the early exploration of geotropism ( the effect of gravity on growth ) by Englishman Thomas Knight , and the discovery and naming of osmosis by Frenchman Henri Dutrochet ( 1776 -- 1847 ) .",
"23": "Cytology ( edit ) Main article : Cell theory The cell nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831 . Demonstration of the cellular composition of all organisms , with each cell possessing all the characteristics of life , is attributed to the combined efforts of botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann ( 1810 -- 1882 ) in the early 19th century although Moldenhawer had already shown that plants were wholly cellular with each cell having its own wall and Julius von Sachs had shown the continuity protoplasm between cell walls . From 1870 to 1880 it became clear that cell nuclei are never formed anew but always derived from the substance of another nucleus . In 1882 Flemming observed the longitudinal splitting of chromosomes in the dividing nucleus and concluded that each daughter nucleus received half of each of the chromosomes of the mother nucleus : then by the early 20th century it was found that the number of chromosomes in a given species is constant . With genetic continuity confirmed and the finding by Eduard Strasburger that the nuclei of reproductive cells ( in pollen and embryo ) have a reducing division ( halving of chromosomes , now known as meiosis ) the field of heredity was opened up . By 1926 Thomas Morgan was able to outline a theory of the gene and its structure and function . The form and function of plastids received similar attention , the association with starch being noted at an early date . With observation of the cellular structure of all organisms and the process of cell division and continuity of genetic material , the analysis of the structure of protoplasm and the cell wall as well as that of plastids and vacuoles -- what is now known as cytology , or cell theory became firmly established . Later , the cytological basis of the gene - chromosome theory of heredity extended from about 1900 -- 1944 and was initiated by the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel 's ( 1822 -- 1884 ) laws of plant heredity first published in 1866 in Experiments on Plant Hybridization and based on cultivated pea , Pisum sativum : this heralded the opening up of plant genetics .",
"24": "The cytological basis for gene - chromosome theory was explored through the role of polyploidy and hybridization in speciation and it was becoming better understood that interbreeding populations were the unit of adaptive change in biology . Developmental morphology and evolution ( edit ) Main article : Evolution Until the 1860s it was believed that species had remained unchanged through time : each biological form was the result of an independent act of creation and therefore absolutely distinct and immutable . But the hard reality of geological formations and strange fossils needed scientific explanation . Charles Darwin 's Origin of Species ( 1859 ) replaced the assumption of constancy with the theory of descent with modification . Phylogeny became a new principle as `` natural '' classifications became classifications reflecting , not just similarities , but evolutionary relationships . Wilhelm Hofmeister established that there was a similar pattern of organization in all plants expressed through the alternation of generations and extensive homology of structures . Polymath German intellect Johann Goethe ( 1749 -- 1832 ) had interests and influence that extended into botany . In Die Metamorphose der Pflanzen ( 1790 ) he provided a theory of plant morphology ( he coined the word `` morphology '' ) and he included within his concept of `` metamorphosis '' modification during evolution , thus linking comparative morphology with phylogeny . Though the botanical basis of his work has been challenged there is no doubt that he prompted discussion and research on the origin and function of floral parts . His theory probably stimulated the opposing views of German botanists Alexander Braun ( 1805 -- 1877 ) and Matthias Schleiden who applied the experimental method to the principles of growth and form that were later extended by Augustin de Candolle ( 1778 -- 1841 ) . Carbon fixation ( photosynthesis ) ( edit ) Further information : Soil plant atmosphere continuum and Photosynthesis Photosynthesis splits water to liberate O and fixes CO into sugar At the start of the 19th century the idea that plants could synthesise almost all their tissues from atmospheric gases had not yet emerged . The energy component of photosynthesis , the capture and storage of the Sun 's radiant energy in carbon bonds ( a process on which all life depends ) was first elucidated in 1847 by Mayer , but the details of how this was done would take many more years .",
"25": "Chlorophyll was named in 1818 and its chemistry gradually determined , to be finally resolved in the early 20th century . The mechanism of photosynthesis remained a mystery until the mid-19th century when Sachs , in 1862 , noted that starch was formed in green cells only in the presence of light and in 1882 he confirmed carbohydrates as the starting point for all other organic compounds in plants . The connection between the pigment chlorophyll and starch production was finally made in 1864 but tracing the precise biochemical pathway of starch formation did not begin until about 1915 . Nitrogen fixation ( edit ) Main article : Nitrogen fixation Significant discoveries relating to nitrogen assimilation and metabolism , including ammonification , nitrification and nitrogen fixation ( the uptake of atmospheric nitrogen by symbiotic soil microorganisms ) had to wait for advances in chemistry and bacteriology in the late 19th century and this was followed in the early 20th century by the elucidation of protein and amino - acid synthesis and their role in plant metabolism . With this knowledge it was then possible to outline the global nitrogen cycle . Twentieth century ( edit ) Thin layer chromatography is used to separate components of chlorophyll 20th century science grew out of the solid foundations laid by the breadth of vision and detailed experimental observations of the 19th century . A vastly increased research force was now rapidly extending the horizons of botanical knowledge at all levels of plant organization from molecules to global plant ecology . There was now an awareness of the unity of biological structure and function at the cellular and biochemical levels of organisation . Botanical advance was closely associated with advances in physics and chemistry with the greatest advances in the 20th century mainly relating to the penetration of molecular organization . However , at the level of plant communities it would take until mid century to consolidate work on ecology and population genetics . By 1910 experiments using labelled isotopes were being used to elucidate plant biochemical pathways , to open the line of research leading to gene technology . On a more practical level research funding was now becoming available from agriculture and industry .",
"26": "Molecules ( edit ) Main article : Molecular biology In 1903 Chlorophylls a and b were separated by thin layer chromatography then , through the 1920s and 1930s , biochemists , notably Hans Krebs ( 1900 -- 1981 ) and Carl ( 1896 -- 1984 ) and Gerty Cori ( 1896 -- 1957 ) began tracing out the central metabolic pathways of life . Between the 1930s and 1950s it was determined that ATP , located in mitochondria , was the source of cellular chemical energy and the constituent reactions of photosynthesis were progressively revealed . Then , in 1944 DNA was extracted for the first time . Along with these revelations there was the discovery of plant hormones or `` growth substances '' , notably auxins , ( 1934 ) gibberellins ( 1934 ) and cytokinins ( 1964 ) and the effects of photoperiodism , the control of plant processes , especially flowering , by the relative lengths of day and night . Following the establishment of Mendel 's laws , the gene - chromosome theory of heredity was confirmed by the work of August Weismann who identified chromosomes as the hereditary material . Also , in observing the halving of the chromosome number in germ cells he anticipated work to follow on the details of meiosis , the complex process of redistribution of hereditary material that occurs in the germ cells . In the 1920s and 1930s population genetics combined the theory of evolution with Mendelian genetics to produce the modern synthesis . By the mid-1960s the molecular basis of metabolism and reproduction was firmly established through the new discipline of molecular biology . Genetic engineering , the insertion of genes into a host cell for cloning , began in the 1970s with the invention of recombinant DNA techniques and its commercial applications applied to agricultural crops followed in the 1990s . There was now the potential to identify organisms by molecular `` fingerprinting '' and to estimate the times in the past when critical evolutionary changes had occurred through the use of `` molecular clocks '' . Computers , electron microscopes and evolution ( edit ) Further information : Ultrastructure and Palynology Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933 Increased experimental precision combined with vastly improved scientific instrumentation was opening up exciting new fields .",
"27": "In 1936 Alexander Oparin ( 1894 -- 1980 ) demonstrated a possible mechanism for the synthesis of organic matter from inorganic molecules . In the 1960s it was determined that the Earth 's earliest life - forms treated as plants , the cyanobacteria known as stromatolites , dated back some 3.5 billion years . Mid-century transmission and scanning electron microscopy presented another level of resolution to the structure of matter , taking anatomy into the new world of `` ultrastructure '' . New and revised `` phylogenetic '' classification systems of the plant kingdom were produced , perhaps the most notable being that of August Eichler ( 1839 -- 1887 ) , and the massive 23 volume Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien of Adolf Engler ( 1844 -- 1930 ) & Karl Prantl ( 1849 -- 1893 ) published over the period 1887 and 1915 . Taxonomy based on gross morphology was now being supplemented by using characters revealed by pollen morphology , embryology , anatomy , cytology , serology , macromolecules and more . The introduction of computers facilitated the rapid analysis of large data sets used for numerical taxonomy ( also called taximetrics or phenetics ) . The emphasis on truly natural phylogenies spawned the disciplines of cladistics and phylogenetic systematics . The grand taxonomic synthesis An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants ( 1981 ) of American Arthur Cronquist ( 1919 -- 1992 ) was superseded when , in 1998 , the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny of flowering plants based on the analysis of DNA sequences using the techniques of the new molecular systematics which was resolving questions concerning the earliest evolutionary branches of the angiosperms ( flowering plants ) . The exact relationship of fungi to plants had for some time been uncertain . Several lines of evidence pointed to fungi being different from plants , animals and bacteria -- indeed , more closely related to animals than plants . In the 1980s - 90s molecular analysis revealed an evolutionary divergence of fungi from other organisms about 1 billion years ago -- sufficient reason to erect a unique kingdom separate from plants .",
"28": "Biogeography and ecology ( edit ) Main article : Biogeography Map of terrestrial biomes classified by vegetation type The publication of Alfred Wegener 's ( 1880 -- 1930 ) theory of continental drift 1912 gave additional impetus to comparative physiology and the study of biogeography while ecology in the 1930s contributed the important ideas of plant community , succession , community change , and energy flows . From 1940 to 1950 ecology matured to become an independent discipline as Eugene Odum ( 1913 -- 2002 ) formulated many of the concepts of ecosystem ecology , emphasising relationships between groups of organisms ( especially material and energy relationships ) as key factors in the field . Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle , Nikolai Vavilov ( 1887 -- 1943 ) from 1914 to 1940 produced accounts of the geography , centres of origin , and evolutionary history of economic plants . Twenty - first century ( edit ) In reviewing the sweep of botanical history it is evident that , through the power of the scientific method , most of the basic questions concerning the structure and function of plants have , in principle , been resolved . Now the distinction between pure and applied botany becomes blurred as our historically accumulated botanical wisdom at all levels of plant organisation is needed ( but especially at the molecular and global levels ) to improve human custodianship of planet earth . The most urgent unanswered botanical questions now relate to the role of plants as primary producers in the global cycling of life 's basic ingredients : energy , carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , and nitrogen , and ways that our plant stewardship can help address the global environmental issues of resource management , conservation , human food security , biologically invasive organisms , carbon sequestration , climate change , and sustainability . See also ( edit ) International Botanical Congress History of plant systematics Botanical illustration History of phycology List of botanists List of botanists by author abbreviation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Sachs 1890 , p. v Jump up ^ Walters 1981 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Stearn 1986 . Jump up ^ Stearn 1965 , pp.",
"29": "279 -- 91 , 322 -- 41 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , pp. 7 -- 29 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Needham et al 1986 . Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Vines in Oliver 1913 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 29 -- 43 Jump up ^ Singer 1923 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Thanos 2005 . Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 36 -- 43 Jump up ^ Harvey - Gibson 1919 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Singer 1923 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 70 -- 1 Jump up ^ Sengbusch 2004 . Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 58 -- 64 Jump up ^ Fahd 1996 , p. 815 ^ Jump up to : Morton 1981 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Tiwari 2003 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 1982 , pp. 356 -- 411 Jump up ^ Pavord 2005 , pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Pavord 1999 . Jump up ^ Sachs 1890 , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Reed 1942 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Arber 1986 , pp. 119 -- 124 Jump up ^ Arber in Oliver 1913 , pp. 146 -- 246 Jump up ^ Henrey 1975 , pp.",
"30": "631 -- 46 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Buck 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams 2001 . Jump up ^ Shteir 1996 , Prologue . Jump up ^ Spencer & Cross 2017 , pp. 43 - 93 ^ Jump up to : Conan 2005 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Sachs 1890 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 120 -- 4 Jump up ^ Gerard 1597 Jump up ^ Johnson 1629 Jump up ^ Pavord 2005 , pp. 5 -- 10 Jump up ^ Johnson 1636 Jump up ^ Conan 2005 , pp. 121 , 123 . Jump up ^ Bethencourt & Egmond 2007 . Jump up ^ Pavord 2005 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Helmsley & Poole 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Meyer & 1854 -- 57 Jump up ^ Willes 2011 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Goldgar 2007 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Arber 1986 , p. 270 Jump up ^ Arber in Oliver 1913 , pp. 44 -- 64 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 178 -- 80 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , pp. 110 -- 1 Jump up ^ Woodland 1991 , pp. 372 -- 408 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , pp. 71 -- 3 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 130 -- 40 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 147 -- 8 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , pp. 82 -- 3 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 196 -- 216 Jump up ^ Woodland 1991 , pp. 372 -- 375 Jump up ^ Stafleu 1971 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp.",
"31": "301 -- 11 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , pp. 88 -- 9 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Darwin in Oliver 1913 , pp. 65 -- 83 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 250 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 338 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Reynolds Green 1909 , p. 502 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 377 ^ Jump up to : Morton 1981 , p. 388 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 372 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 364 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 413 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , pp. 126 -- 33 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 368 -- 370 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 386 -- 395 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 390 -- 1 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 381 -- 2 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , pp. 154 -- 75 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 453 Jump up ^ Reynolds Green 1909 , pp. 7 -- 10 , 501 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 343 -- 6 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , pp. 371 -- 3 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 207 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Reed 1942 , pp. 214 -- 40 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 448 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 451 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 460 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p.",
"32": "461 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 464 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 454 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 459 Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 456 Jump up ^ Bruns 2006 . Jump up ^ Morton 1981 , p. 457 Jump up ^ de Candolle 1885 . Jump up ^ BSA 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of botany Books ( edit ) History of science ( edit ) Harkness , Deborah E. ( 2007 ) . The Jewel house of art and nature : Elizabethan London and the social foundations of the scientific revolution . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300111965 . ( see also The Jewel House ) Huff , Toby ( 2003 ) . The Rise of Early Modern Science : Islam , China , and the West . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52994 - 8 . Majumdar , G.P. ( 1982 ) . `` Studies in History of Science in India '' . In Chattopadhyaya , Debiprasad . The history of botany and allied sciences in India ( c. 2000 B.C. to 100 A.D. ) . Asha Jyoti , New Delhi : Editorial Enterprise . Needham , Joseph & Lu , Gwei - Djen ( 2000 ) . Sivin , Nathan , ed . Science and Civilisation in China , Vol. 6 Part 6 Medicine . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Ogilvie , Brian W. ( 2006 ) . The Science of Describing Natural History in Renaissance Europe . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226620862 . Stafleu , Frans A. ( 1971 ) . Linnaeus and the Linnaeans . Utrecht : International Association of Plant Taxonomy . ISBN 90 - 6046 - 064 - 2 .",
"33": "History of botany , agriculture and horticulture ( edit ) Arber , Agnes ( 1986 ) ( 1912 ; 2nd ed. 1938 ) . Stearn , William T. , ed . Herbals : their origin and evolution . A chapter in the history of botany , 1470 - 1670 ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521338790 . Conan , Michel , ed. ( 2005 ) . Baroque garden cultures : emulation , sublimation , subversion . Washington , D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88402 - 304 - 3 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Erichsen - Brown , Charlotte ( 1979 ) . Medicinal and Other Uses of North American Plants : A Historical Survey with Special Reference to the Eastern Indian Tribes . Courier Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 25951 - 2 . Ewan , Joseph ; Arnold , Chester Arthur ( 1969 ) . A short history of botany in the United States . Hafner Publishing Co . Fahd , Toufic ( 1996 ) . `` Botany and agriculture '' . In Morelon , Régis ; Rashed , Roshdi . Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science . 3 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12410 - 7 . Fischer , Hubertus ; Remmert , Volker R. ; Wolschke - Bulmahn , Joachim ( 2016 ) . Gardens , Knowledge and the Sciences in the Early Modern Period . Birkhäuser . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 26342 - 7 . Fries , Robert Elias ( 1950 ) . A short history of botany in Sweden . Uppsala : Almqvist & Wiksells boktr . OCLC 3954193 Greene , Edward Lee & Egerton , Frank N. ( ed . ) ( 1983a ) .",
"34": "Landmarks of Botanical History : Part 1 . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1075 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ; originally published as Greene , Edward L. ( 1909 ) . Landmarks of Botanical History 1 . Prior to 1562 A.D . Washington : Smithsonian Institution . OCLC 174698401 . Greene , Edward Lee & Egerton , Frank N. ( ed . ) ( 1983b ) . Landmarks of Botanical History : Part 2 . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1075 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Harvey - Gibson , Robert J. ( 1919 ) . Outlines of the history of botany . London : A. & C. Black . ISBN 9788171415083 . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . 1999 reprint Google Books Helmsley , Alan R. ; Poole , Imogen ( eds ) ( 2004 ) . The Evolution of Plant Physiology : From Whole Plants to Ecosystems . London : Elsevier Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 339552 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Henrey , Blanche ( 1975 ) . British botanical and horticultural literature before 1800 ( Vols 1 -- 3 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 211548 - 0 . Jackson , Benjamin D. ( 1881 ) . Guide to the Literature of Botany , Being a Classified Selection of Botanical Works . London : Longmans , Green . Jacobson , Miriam ( 2014 ) . Barbarous Antiquity : Reorienting the Past in the Poetry of Early Modern England . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 9007 - 3 . Morton , Alan G. ( 1981 ) .",
"35": "History of Botanical Science : An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day . London : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 508382 - 3 . Meyer , Ernst H.F. ( 1854 -- 57 ) . Geschichte der Botanik . Köningsberg : Verlag de Gebrűder Bornträger . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 11 . Needham , Joseph ; Lu , Gwei - djen & Huang , Hsing - Tsung ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilisation in China , Vol. 6 Part 1 Botany . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Rakow , Donald ; Lee , Sharon , eds. ( 2013 ) . Public garden management . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . ISBN 9780470904596 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Reed , Howard S. ( 1942 ) . A Short History of the Plant Sciences . New York : Ronald Press . Reynolds Green , Joseph ( 1909 ) . History of Botany 1860 -- 1900 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Sachs , Julius von ( 1875 ) . Geschichte der Botanik vom 16 . Jahrhundert bis 1860 . Munich : Oldenbourg . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Sachs , Julius von ( 1890 ) ( 1875 ) . Geschichte der Botanik vom 16 . Jahrhundert bis 1860 ( History of botany ( 1530 - 1860 ) ) . translated by Henry E.F. Garnsey , revised by Isaac Bayley Balfour . Oxford : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.5962 / bhl. title. 30585 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . , see also History of botany ( 1530 - 1860 ) at Google Books Green , J Reynolds .",
"36": "A history of botany 1860 - 1900 ; being a continuation of Sachs History of botany , 1530 - 1860 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Stace , Clive A. ( 1989 ) ( 1980 ) . Plant taxonomy and biosystematics ( 2nd . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521427852 . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Vavilov , Nicolai I. ( 1992 ) . Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40427 - 4 . Williams , Roger L. ( 2001 ) . Botanophilia in Eighteenth - Century France : The Spirit of the Enlightenment . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 6886 - 1 . Winterborne , Jeffrey ( 2005 ) . Hydroponics : indoor horticulture . Guildford : Pukka Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9550112 - 0 - 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Woodland , Dennis W. ( 1991 ) . Contemporary Plant Systematics . New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 205 - 12182 - 9 . Antiquity ( edit ) Baumann , Hellmut ( 1993 ) ( 1986 ) . Die griechische Pflanzenwelt in Mythos , Kunst und Literatur ( The Greek Plant World in Myth , Art , and Literature ) . trans . William Thomas Stearn , Eldwyth Ruth Stearn . Timber Press . Hardy , Gavin ; Totelin , Laurence ( 2016 ) . Ancient Botany . Abingdon : Routledge . ISBN 9781134386796 . Raven , J.E. ( 2000 ) . Stearn , W.T. , ed . Plants and plant lore in ancient Greece . Oxford : Leopard 's Press . ISBN 9780904920406 .",
"37": "Thanos , Costas A. ( 2005 ) . `` The Geography of Theophrastus ' Life and of his Botanical Writings ( Περι Φυτων ) '' ( PDF ) . In Karamanos , A.J. ; Thanos C.A. ( eds ) . Biodiversity and Natural Heritage in the Aegean , Proceedings of the Conference ' Theophrastus 2000 ' ( Eressos - Sigri , Lesbos , July 6 -- 8 , 2000 ) . Athens : Fragoudis . pp. 23 -- 45 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) British botany ( edit ) Barlow , Horace Mallinson ( 1913 ) . Old English herbals 1525 - 1640 . London : John Bale , Sons & Danielsson . Grubb , Peter J ; Snow , E Anne ; Walters , S Max ( 2004 ) . 100 Years of Plant Sciences in Cambridge : 1904 -- 2004 . Department of Plant Sciences , Cambridge University . Gunther , Robert Theodore ( 1922 ) . Early British botanists and their gardens , based on unpublished writings of Goodyer , Tradescant , and others . Oxford University Press . Hoeniger , F. David ; Hoeniger , J.F.M. ( 1969 ) . The Development of Natural History in Tudor England . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 918016 - 29 - 4 . Hoeniger , F.D. ; Hoeniger , J.F.M. ( 1969 ) . The Growth of Natural History in Stuart England : From Gerard to the Royal Society . Charlottesville : Folger Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 918016 - 14 - 0 . Oliver , Francis W. , ed. ( 1913 ) . Makers of British Botany . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Raven , Charles E. ( 1950 ) ( 1942 ) . John Ray , naturalist : his life and works ( 2nd ed . )",
"38": ". Cambridge ( England ) : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521310833 . Raven , Charles E. ( 1947 ) . English naturalists from Neckham to Ray : a study of the making if the modern world . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781108016346 . Walters , Stuart M. ( 1981 ) . The shaping of Cambridge botany : a short history of whole - plant botany in Cambridge from the time of Ray into the present century . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521237956 . Willes , Margaret ( 2011 ) . The making of the English gardener . Plants , Books and Inspiration , 1560 - 1660 . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300163827 . Cultural studies ( edit ) Alic , Margaret ( 1986 ) . Hypatia 's Heritage : A History of Women in Science from Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century . Boston : Beacon Press . ISBN 9780807067314 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Bethencourt , Francisco ; Egmond , Florike , eds. ( 2007 ) . Cultural exchange in Early Modern Europe . Volume 3 Correspondence and Cultural Exchange in Europe , 1400 - 1700 . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 9780521845489 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Fara , Patricia ( 2003 ) . Sex , Botany and Empire : The Story of Carl Linnaeus and Joseph Banks . Cambridge : Icon Books . ISBN 9781840464443 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . George , Sam ( 2007 ) . Botany , sexuality , and women 's writing 1760 - 1830 : from modest shoot to forward plant . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 9780719076978 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Goldgar , Anne ( 2007 ) . Tulipmania : money , honor , and knowledge in the Dutch golden age . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226301303 .",
"39": "Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Kelley , Theresa M. ( 2012 ) . Clandestine marriage botany and Romantic culture . Baltimore , Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9781421407609 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Page , Judith W. ; Smith , Elise L. ( 2011 ) . Women , literature , and the domesticated landscape : England 's disciples of Flora , 1780 - 1870 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521768658 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Pavord , Anna ( 1999 ) . The Tulip . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 4296 - 1 . Pavord , Anna ( 2005 ) . The naming of names : the search for order in the world of plants . New York : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 071 - 3 . Shteir , Ann B. ( 1996 ) . Cultivating women , cultivating science : Flora 's daughters and botany in England , 1760 - 1860 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6175 - 6 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Thomas , Vivian ; Faircloth , Nicki ( 2014 ) . Shakespeare 's Plants and Gardens : A Dictionary . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4725 - 5858 - 9 . Botanical Art and illustration ( edit ) Kusukawa , Sachiko ( 2012 ) . Picturing the Book of Nature : Image , Text , and Argument in Sixteenth - Century Human Anatomy and Medical Botany . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 46529 - 6 . Lefèvre , Wolfgang ; Renn , Jürgen ; Schoepflin , Urs , eds. ( 2003 ) . The Power of Images in Early Modern Science . Basel : Birkhäuser Basel .",
"40": "ISBN 9783034880992 . Tomasi , Lucia Tongiorgi ; Hirschauer , Gretchen A. ( 2002 ) . The flowering of Florence : botanical art for the Medici. 3 March - 27 May ( PDF ) ( Exhibition catalogue ) . Washington : National Gallery of Art . ISBN 0 - 85331 - 857 - 3 . Historical sources ( edit ) Gerard , John ( 1597 ) . The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes . London : John Norton . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Johnson , Thomas , ed. ( 1636 ) . Herball , or Generall Historie of Plantes , gathered by John Gerarde . London : Adam Islip , Joice Norton and Richard Whitakers . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Johnson , Thomas ( 1629 ) . Iter Plantarum Investigationis ergo susceptum a decem Sociis in Agrum Cantianum , anno Dom. 1629 , Julii 13 . London . Fuchs , Leonhart ( 1642 ) . De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes . Basileae : In officina Isingriniana . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Pulteney , Richard ( 1790 ) . Historical and biographical sketches of the progress of botany in England from its origin to the introduction of the Linnæan system . London : T. Cadell . Penny Cyclopedia ( 1828 -- 1843 ) . The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . London : Charles Knight . Penny Cyclopaedia vol . V Blois -- Buffalo . 1836 . , in Penny Cyclopedia ( 1828 -- 1843 ) Botany pp. 243 -- 254 de Candolle , Alphonse ( 1885 ) ( 1882 ) . Origine des Plantes Cultivées ( Origin of Cultivated Plants ) ( in French ) . New York : Appleton . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Bibliographic sources ( edit ) Johnston , Stanley H. ( 1992 ) .",
"41": "The Cleveland Herbal , Botanical , and Horticultural Collections : A Descriptive Bibliography of Pre-1830 Works from the Libraries of the Holden Arboretum , the Cleveland Medical Library Association , and the Garden Center of Greater Cleveland . Kent State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 433 - 9 . Stafleu , Frans A. ; Cowan , Richard S. ( 1976 -- 1988 ) . Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates , commentaries and types . 7 vols . + VIII supplements ( 2nd ed . ) . Utrecht : Bohn , Scheltema & Holkema . Articles ( edit ) Bruns , Tom ( 2006 ) . `` Evolutionary biology : a kingdom revised '' . Nature . 443 ( 7113 ) : 758 -- 61 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 443 ... 758B . doi : 10.1038 / 443758a . PMID 17051197 . Denham , Tim ; Haberle , SG ; Lentfer , C ; Fullagar , R ; Field , J ; Therin , M ; Porch , N ; Winsborough , B ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea '' . Science . 301 ( 5630 ) : 189 -- 193 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1085255 . PMID 12817084 . Johnson , Dale E. ( 1985 ) . `` Literature on the history of botany and botanic gardens 1730 -- 1840 : A bibliography '' ( PDF ) . Huntia. 6 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 121 . Singer , Charles ( 1923 ) . `` Herbals '' . The Edinburgh Review . 237 : 95 -- 112 . Spencer , Roger ; Cross , Rob ( 2017 ) . `` The origins of botanic gardens and their relation to plant science with special reference to horticultural botany and cultivated plant taxonomy '' . Muelleria. 35 : 43 -- 93 .",
"42": "Stearn , William T. ( 1965 ) . `` The Origin and Later Development of Cultivated Plants '' . Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society . 90 : 279 -- 291 , 322 -- 341 . Stearn , William T. ( 1986 ) . `` Historical Survey of the Naming of Cultivated Plants '' . Acta Horticulturae. 182 : 18 -- 28 . Vavilov , Nicolai I. ( 1951 ) . trans . K. Starr Chester . `` The Origin , Variation , Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants '' . Chronica Botanica. 13 : 1 -- 366 . Raven , John A. ( April 2004 ) . `` Building botany in Cambridge . 1904 -- 2004 : the centenary of the opening of the Botany School , University of Cambridge , UK '' . New Phytologist. 162 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2004. 01040. x . George , Sam ( June 2005 ) . `` ' Not Strictly Proper For A Female Pen ' : Eighteenth - Century Poetry and the Sexuality of Botany '' . Comparative Critical Studies . 2 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 210 . doi : 10.3366 / ccs. 2005.2. 2.191 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Shteir , Ann B. ( Spring 1990 ) . `` Botanical Dialogues : Maria Jacson and Women 's Popular Science Writing in England '' . Eighteenth - Century Studies . 23 ( 3 ) : 301 -- 317 . doi : 10.2307 / 2738798 . JSTOR 2738798 . Shteir , Ann B. ( 2007 ) . `` Flora primavera or Flora meretrix ? Iconography , Gender , and Science '' . Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture . 36 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 168 . doi : 10.1353 / sec. 2007.0014 .",
"43": "Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Williams , roger L. ( 2011 ) . `` On the establishment of the principal gardens of botany : a bibliographical essay by Jean - Philippe - François Deleuze '' ( PDF ) . Huntia. 14 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 176 . Websites ( edit ) BSA . `` Evolution and Diversity '' . Botany for the Next Millennium : I . The intellectual : evolution , development , ecosystems . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Buck , Jutta ( 2017 ) . `` A Brief History of Botanical Art '' . American Society of Botanical Artists . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Sengbusch , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Botany : The History of a Science '' . Botany online . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Tiwari , Lalit ( 24 June 2003 ) . `` Ancient Indian Botany and Taxonomy '' . The Infinity Foundation . Retrieved 15 December 2009 . Widder , Agnes Haigh . `` Women and Botany in 18th and Early 19th - Century England '' . Michigan State University Libraries . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) National Library of Medicine North , Michael . `` Curious Herbals '' . The Historical Collections of the National Library of Medicine . National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . North , Michael ( 14 May 2015 ) . `` 1 . The Earliest Herbals '' . The Historical Collections of the National Library of Medicine . National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . North , Michael ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` 2 . Medieval Herbals in Movable Type '' . The Historical Collections of the National Library of Medicine . National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . North , Michael ( 29 September 2015 ) . `` 3 . A German Botanical Renaissance '' . The Historical Collections of the National Library of Medicine . National Library of Medicine .",
"44": "Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit",
"45": "Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi ,",
"46": "and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Category Portal WikiProject History of botany Fields and disciplines Agriculture Biogeography Bryology Cladistics Comparative anatomy Cytology Economic botany Ethnobotany Floristics Forestry Genetic engineering Horticulture Lichenology Molecular phylogenetics Mycology Natural history Numerical taxonomy Paleobotany Palynology Phycology Phytochemistry Phytogeography Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant genetics Plant morphology Plant pathology Plant physiology Pteridology Institutions Jardin des Plantes Natural History Museum , London Orto botanico di Padova Orto botanico di Pisa Rothamsted Research Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew Publications Historia Plantarum and Causes of Plants of Theophrastus c. 300 BC De Plantis of Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st - century BC De Materia Medica of Dioscorides c. 60 AD Naturalis Historia 77 -- 79 AD De Vegetabilibus of Albertus Magnus c.",
"47": "1256 Herbarum Vivae Icones 1530 Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus 1538 Kreütterbuch of Hieronymus Bock 1539 De plantis libri XVI of Caesalpino 1583 Stirpium Historiae 1583 Herball , or Generall Historie of Plantes 1597 Prodromus Theatrici Botanici 1620 Pinax theatri botanici 1623 Anatome Plantarum 1675 Anatomy of Plants 1682 Historia Plantarum of John Ray 1686 -- 1704 De Sexu Plantarum Epistola 1694 Éléments de botanique 1694 Vegetable Staticks 1727 Systema Naturae 1735 Genera Plantarum 1737 Philosophia Botanica 1751 Species Plantarum 1753 Systema Naturae , 10th ed. 1758 -- 9 Familles des Plantes 1763 -- 4 Experiments Upon Vegetables 1779 Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen 1790 Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale 1802 Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation 1804 Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen 1812 Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1824 -- 73 Nepenthaceae Die Vegetabilische Zelle 1851 Vergleichende Untersuchungen 1851 On the Origin of Species 1859 Experiments on Plant Hybridization 1865 Die Vegetation der Erde 1872 Plantesamfund 1895 Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage 1898 Variation and Evolution in Plants 1950 Ontogeny and Phylogeny 1977 An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants 1981 Theories and concepts Alternation of generations Cell theory Center of diversity Phylogenetic nomenclature Spontaneous generation Taxonomy Ultrastructure Influential figures Theophrastus c.",
"48": "371 -- 287 BC Pliny the Elder 23 -- 79 AD Pedanius Dioscorides c. 40 -- 90 AD Otto Brunfels 1464 -- 1534 Hieronymus Bock 1498 -- 1554 Valerius Cordus 1515 -- 1544 William Turner 1515 -- 1568 Rembert Dodoens 1517 -- 1585 Andrea Cesalpino 1519 -- 1603 Gaspard Bauhin 1560 -- 1624 Joachim Jungius 1587 -- 1657 John Ray 1623 -- 1705 Nehemiah Grew 1628 -- 1711 Marcello Malpighi 1628 -- 1694 Joseph Pitton de Tournefort 1656 -- 1708 Rudolf Jakob Camerarius 1665 -- 1721 Stephen Hales 1677 -- 1761 Bernard de Jussieu 1699 -- 1777 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 -- 1778 Michel Adanson 1727 -- 1806 Jan Ingenhousz 1730 -- 1799 Joseph Banks 1743 -- 1820 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1749 -- 1832 Carl Ludwig Willdenow 1765 -- 1812 Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure 1767 -- 1845 Alexander von Humboldt 1769 -- 1859 Aimé Bonpland 1773 -- 1858 Thomas Nuttall 1786 -- 1859 Joakim Frederik Schouw 1789 -- 1852 Matthias Jakob Schleiden 1804 -- 1881 Alexander Braun 1805 -- 1877 George Engelmann 1809 -- 1884 Asa Gray 1810 -- 1888 August Grisebach 1814 -- 1879 Joseph Hooker 1817 -- 1911 Gregor Mendel 1822 -- 1884 Nathanael Pringsheim 1823 -- 1894 Wilhelm Hofmeister",
"49": "1824 -- 1877 Julius von Sachs 1832 -- 1897 Eugenius Warming 1841 -- 1924 William Gilson Farlow 1844 -- 1919 Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper 1856 -- 1901 Nikolai Vavilov 1887 -- 1943 Barbara McClintock 1902 -- 1992 G. Ledyard Stebbins 1906 -- 2000 Eugene Odum 1913 -- 2002 Arthur Cronquist 1919 -- 1992 Related Botanical garden Herbal Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Systems of plant taxonomy Herbalism History of agricultural science History of agriculture History of biochemistry History of biology History of biotechnology History of ecology History of evolutionary thought History of genetics History of geology History of medicine History of molecular biology History of molecular evolution History of paleontology History of phycology History of science Natural philosophy Philosophy of biology Timeline of biology and organic chemistry Category Commons Portal History of biology Fields , disciplines Agricultural science Anatomy Biochemistry Biotechnology Botany Ecology Evolutionary thought Genetics Geology Immunology Medicine Model organisms Molecular biology Molecular evoluton Paleontology Phycology Plant systematics RNA biology Zoology ( since 1859 ) Zoology ( through 1859 ) Institutions Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Laboratory of Molecular Biology Marine Biological Laboratory Max Planck Society Pasteur Institute Rockefeller University Rothamsted Experimental Station Stazione Zoologica Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Theories , concepts Germ theory of disease Central dogma of molecular biology Darwinism Great chain of being Hierarchy of life Lamarckism One gene -- one enzyme hypothesis Protocell RNA world hypothesis Sequence hypothesis Spontaneous generation History Classical antiquity Aristotle Aristotle 's biology On Generation and Corruption History of Animals Theophrastus Historia Plantarum Dioscorides De Materia Medica Galen Renaissance ,",
"50": "Early Modern Conrad Gessner Historia animalium Andreas Vesalius De humani corporis fabrica William Harvey De Motu Cordis Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Micrographia Francesco Redi Evolution 19th century Linnaeus Systema Naturae Buffon Histoire Naturelle Lamarck Philosophie Zoologique Humboldt Charles Lyell Principles of Geology Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species The Descent of Man Gregor Mendel Alfred Russel Wallace Henry Walter Bates Modern synthesis William Bateson Theodosius Dobzhansky Genetics and the Origin of Species R.A. Fisher E.B. Ford J.B.S. Haldane Ernst Mayr Thomas Hunt Morgan George Gaylord Simpson Hugo de Vries Sewall Wright Recent Stephen Jay Gould W.D. Hamilton Lynn Margulis Aleksandr Oparin George C. Williams Carl Woese Microbiology Ferdinand Cohn Alexander Fleming Felix d'Herelle Robert Koch Louis Pasteur Lazzaro Spallanzani Sergei Winogradsky Develop . biol. , Evo - devo Karl Ernst von Baer Gavin de Beer Sean B. Carroll Scott F. Gilbert Walter Gehring Ernst Haeckel François Jacob Edward B. Lewis Jacques Monod Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard Eric Wieschaus E.B. Wilson Genetics , Molecular biology Experiments Griffith 's ( 1928 ) Luria -- Delbrück ( 1943 ) Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty ( 1944 ) Miller -- Urey ( 1952 ) Hershey -- Chase ( 1952 ) Meselson -- Stahl ( 1958 ) Crick , Brenner et al. ( 1961 ) Nirenberg -- Matthaei ( 1961 ) Nirenberg -- Leder ( 1964 ) People Barbara McClintock George Beadle Seymour Benzer Rosalind Franklin Photo 51 James D.",
"51": "Watson and Francis Crick `` Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids '' Linus Pauling `` Sickle Cell Anemia , a Molecular Disease '' Fred Sanger Max Perutz John Kendrew Sydney Brenner Joshua Lederberg Walter Gilbert Kary Mullis Emmanuelle Charpentier Jennifer Doudna Ecology Rachel Carson Frederic Clements Charles Elton Henry Gleason Arthur Tansley Eugenius Warming Ethology Karl von Frisch Jane Goodall Konrad Lorenz Ivan Pavlov Niko Tinbergen Related History of science Philosophy of biology Teleology Ethnobotany Eugenics History of the creation - evolution controversy Human Genome Project Humboldtian science Natural history Natural philosophy Natural theology Relationship between religion and science Timeline of biology and organic chemistry Category Commons Portal History of science Background Theories and sociology Historiography Pseudoscience By era Early cultures Classical Antiquity The Golden Age of Islam Renaissance Scientific Revolution Romanticism By culture African Byzantine Medieval European Chinese Indian Medieval Islamic Natural sciences Astronomy Biology Botany Chemistry Ecology Evolution Geology Geophysics Paleontology Physics Mathematics Algebra Calculus Combinatorics Geometry Logic Probability Statistics Trigonometry Social sciences Anthropology Economics Geography Linguistics Political science Psychology",
"52": "Sociology Sustainability Technology Agricultural science Computer science Materials science Engineering Medicine Human medicine Veterinary medicine Anatomy Neuroscience Neurology Nutrition Pathology Pharmacy Timelines Portal Category Branches of life science and biology Anatomy Astrobiology Biochemistry Biogeography Biohistory Biomechanics Biophysics Bioinformatics Biostatistics Botany Cell biology Cellular microbiology Chemical biology Chronobiology Computational biology Conservation biology Cytogenetics Developmental biology Ecology Embryology Epidemiology Epigenetics Evolutionary biology Freshwater biology Geobiology Genetics Genomics Histology Human biology Immunology Marine biology Mathematical biology Microbiology Molecular biology Mycology Neontology Neuroscience Nutrition Origin of life Paleontology Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Phylogenetics Physiology Quantum biology Sociobiology Structural biology Systematics Systems biology Taxonomy Teratology Toxicology Virology Virophysics Zoology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"53": "php?title=History_of_botany&oldid=813293828 '' Categories : History of botany Botany History of biology by subdiscipline History of science by discipline Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Danish - language text CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Occitan Português Русский Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the suite life of zack and cody made
|
[
"March 18, 2005",
"September 1, 2008",
"March 18, 2005 (2005-03-18) – September 1, 2008",
"March 18, 2005 (2005-03-18) – September 1, 2008",
"2005"
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{
"0": "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody - Wikipedia The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Jump to : navigation , search `` The Suite Life '' redirects here . For the spinoff series , see The Suite Life on Deck . The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Genre Sitcom Created by Danny Kallis Jim Geoghan Starring Cole Sprouse Dylan Sprouse Brenda Song Ashley Tisdale Phill Lewis Kim Rhodes Theme music composer Gary Scott ( music ) John Adair & Steve Hampton ( lyrics ) Opening theme `` Here I Am '' performed by Loren Ellis and The Drew Davis Band Ending theme `` Here I Am '' ( instrumental ) ( episodes 1 -- 34 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 87 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Danny Kallis Irene Dreayer Pamela Eells O'Connell ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Jim Geoghan ( season 3 ) Camera setup Videotape , multi-camera Running time 22 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) It 's a Laugh Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Television Group Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 480i SD Original release March 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 18 ) -- September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) Chronology Followed by The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) External links Website disneychannel.disney.com/the-suite-life-of-zack-and-cody The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is an American sitcom created by Danny Kallis and Jim Geoghan . The series was first broadcast on Disney Channel on March 18 , 2005 , with 4 million viewers , making it the most successful premiere for Disney Channel in 2005 . It was one of their first five shows available on the iTunes Store . The series was nominated for an Emmy Award three times and was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award three times . The show was also a long - standing staple of the now defunct ABC Kids Saturday morning block on ABC .",
"1": "The series is set in the Tipton Hotel in Boston and centers on Zack Martin and Cody Martin ( Dylan and Cole Sprouse ) , troublesome twins who live at the Tipton Hotel . The series ' other main characters include the Tipton hotel 's ditzy heiress London Tipton ( Brenda Song ) , the hotel 's candy counter girl Maddie Fitzpatrick ( Ashley Tisdale ) , the manager , Mr. Marion Moseby ( Phill Lewis ) , and the boys ' single mother who is also the Hotel 's lounge singer , Carey Martin ( Kim Rhodes ) . The series is the third Disney Channel Original to have more than 65 episodes , after That 's So Raven and Kim Possible . Reruns aired on Disney XD and on the Watch Disney XD app . Reruns of the show aired on Disney Channel until April 14 , 2017 . The Suite Life spawned a sequel series , also starring the Sprouse twins in their respective roles as Zack and Cody , called The Suite Life on Deck , which aired on the Disney Channel from 2008 to 2011 . A TV movie based on both series , The Suite Life Movie , premiered on Disney Channel on March 25 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable appearances 3 Episodes 3.1 Crossover with That 's So Raven and Hannah Montana 4 Settings 5 Theme song and opening sequence 6 Sequel series and film 7 Awards and nominations 8 Indian adaptation 9 Syndication 10 International release 11 DVD releases 12 Other media 12.1 Novels 12.2 Merchandise 12.3 Soundtrack 13 References 14 External links Plot ( edit ) The show centers upon Zack and Cody Martin , twin brothers who live in the Tipton Hotel ( parody of the Hilton Hotel ) in Boston , where their mother , Carey , sings and performs in the hotel lounge .",
"2": "However , it also centers upon the hotel owner 's teenage daughter , London Tipton ( A parody of Paris Hilton ) , who is very wealthy and ditzy , the hotel 's down - to - earth candy - counter girl , Maddie Fitzpatrick , and Mr. Moseby , the strict , dutiful , and serious manager , who is often the foil to Zack and Cody 's schemes and has a liking to the piano , pocket hankies and ballet . The show is often set at the Tipton Hotel , but has other settings such as Zack and Cody 's school , Cheevers High , and Maddie and London 's private school , Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow Catholic . Zack and Cody often get in trouble ( sometimes unintentionally ) and come up with witty ideas to get out of it . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bottom row ( from left to right ) : Carey Martin , London Tipton , Maddie Fitzpatrick and Mr. Moseby . Top row ( from left to right ) : Arwin Hawkhauser , Zack Martin , Cody Martin and Esteban Ramirez . Cole Sprouse portrays Cody Martin , the calm , mature , and smarter twin . He is a `` straight A '' student ( except for wood shop , in which he receives a C , but uses Pass Fail ) , making him better , academically , than his brother Zack , who gets `` D '' s . In the first season of the show , it was revealed that Cody is ten minutes younger than Zack . Janice and Jessica seem to like Cody more ( due to his sensitive nature ) . Cody has an on - again , off - again girlfriend named Barbara . Cody has attended a week in a Washington program and a math camp . Cody is the more gentle twin compared to his brother and somehow always gets talked into going along with Zack 's schemes . In The Fairest of Them All , he dressed as a girl to win money . He never drinks soda after 9 : 30 ( unless he is at a bachelor party ) . Dylan Sprouse portrays Zack Martin , the self - centered , outgoing , immature twin , who usually dresses in skater and baggy - camo clothes .",
"3": "At school , he is a straight `` D '' student , although he does well in wood shop . In the first season of the show it was revealed that Zack is ten minutes older than Cody , as he was born at 6 : 30 and Cody at 6 : 40 which he uses against Cody , normally telling him , since he 's older , to do some sort of job that he does n't want to do . Or in some cases , give him `` brotherly '' advice because , `` I 'm the older twin . '' He has a big crush on Maddie , but after the first season , he was showing this less frequently . He has also taken advantage of his teachers and has faked conditions like dyslexia ( in Smart and Smarterer ) . Brenda Song portrays London Tipton , the only daughter of Wilfred Tipton , the owner of the Tipton Hotel . London is a rich , dimwitted teenager with her own private suite at the Tipton Hotel in Boston , complete with a large wardrobe with several divisions ( each with their own talking mirror ) and a kitchen . London loves fashion ; she only wears designer clothes and hates plaid , especially the plaid Catholic school uniforms . She does not have a nanny , or any other adult , to help her but relies on the Tipton Hotel Staff for any assistance or guidance . In the episode Forever Plaid , due to her poor attendance at her old school , she transferred to the same Catholic girls ' school , `` Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow , '' that Maddie attends . In the episode First Day of High School , London transfers to Zack and Cody 's public school , `` Cheevers High , '' due to being expelled from all of the private schools she had previously attended . She dislikes her step - moms ( previous and current ) and usually talks to Mr. Moseby and Maddie about her problems . When happy she always claps her hands repeatedly while saying her catchphrase , `` Yay me ! '' She also has her own web show called Yay Me ! Starring London Tipton that exists both within the program and in the real world . London often refuses to go to school and even skipped detention twice . Though it seems like London may lead the ultimate rich - girl life , her childhood was not perfect .",
"4": "In the episode Arwinstein , she states she is allergic to lobster , although in one episode she asked Maddie for a lobster dinner . However , it is possible that she developed an allergy to lobster after the earlier episodes and before the later ones . It is also revealed in one episode that she must think about what she does before doing it . For example , she was walking through the lobby while thinking `` left , right , blink , breathe '' in the episode Super Twins ( although this was Zack 's dream ) . London is a shopaholic who shops to fill the void of lack of attention from her father . Ashley Tisdale portrays Maddie Fitzpatrick , the teenage candy - counter girl at the Tipton Hotel , who throughout the series holds several other jobs / positions including a cashier at the Cluck Bucket , manager on the Camp Tipton Daycare Center , and counselor for her school 's summer camp program -- Camp Heaven on Earth . She also visits Antarctica during the series to help save the penguins . While she comes from a lower - class family , Maddie is very hard - working , outspoken , and intelligent . On the occasions that her selfish side comes out , she can be a bigger opportunist than London , though she always loses out when this side of her personality is shown . Like Esteban , it is shown she has an incredibly long name ; in the episode `` Pilot Your Own Life , '' it is revealed to be Madeline Margaret Genevieve Miranda Catherine Fitzpatrick . She attends private school at `` Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow '' and later attends `` Cheevers High . '' Maddie is London 's closest friend , though London often treats her like a servant , as in the episode Footloser , usually bribing her with money . Maddie also babysat Zack and Cody throughout season one . Zack has a huge crush on her in Season One , however the crush is less visible during the other two seasons . She is a strong supporter of environmental causes . She is left - handed . It is revealed that she has asthma . She also plays volleyball as seen in the episode `` Volley Dad . She appeared sporadically throughout Season 3 . Phill Lewis portrays Mr.",
"5": "Marion Moseby , the stern and uptight manager of the Tipton Hotel , who speaks with a large vocabulary and an urbane vernacular , and is often annoyed by Zack 's and Cody 's schemes . It is later revealed that his first name is Marion and the majority of the other characters often made fun of his masculinity because of his feminine name , as well as his experience as a ballet dancer . His repeated catch phrases , `` Good luck with that '' or `` Pish posh '' have become his trademark . Though he acts as though he does not care about the boys , he actually has a great deal of affection for them . For example , when Mr. Moseby took the boys to a baseball game , he caught a ball for Cody , ultimately making Mr. Moseby `` the most hated man in Boston '' . In the episode `` The Ghost of 613 , '' it is revealed that he started out at the Tipton as a bellhop back in the 1970s , and had a `` voluminous ' fro '' . Mr. Moseby is more of a father to London than her own , because Mr. Tipton is seldom around . Moseby even taught London how to walk , her ABCs , and tried to teach her how to drive . He cares for London and treats her like his own child . He also helps London with any problems she is having . He was also known as the `` Meanager , '' due to his stern persona . He has an older brother named Spencer , who is a little person ( played by Dana Michael Woods ) , who is very wealthy and lactose intolerant . His mother 's ' name is Beulah Moseby , who favors Spencer , but still likes Marion . His grandmother is Rose Moseby ( whom Phill Lewis also plays ) who visits him in the episode `` Nugget of History '' . He has a 16 - year - old niece named Nia Moseby ( played by Giovonnie Samuels ) who comes to stay with him during the third season and temporarily replaces Maddie as candy counter girl , while she is in Antarctica . A running gag of the series is that Mr. Moseby often makes a fool of himself in front of people ( e.g.",
"6": ": hitting a baby doll that would n't stop crying against a chair when a woman with a baby walked by ) , or making a sarcastic comment about himself ( that the customers think is true , and not sarcastic ) . Another running joke is that he often just barely catches a vase on the center table of the lobby from falling , although he fails to do that in the series ' finale . In his schooling he was captain of the cheerleading squad ; his experience with cheering comes in useful in a cheer - off . He also was a junior putt - putt champion and taught Zack how to succeed in playing mini-golf . Mr. Moseby also took ballet lessons and is a very good dancer . When he practiced and participated in Esteban 's dance school , he was temporarily partnered with Carey , but found it hard to dance with her since she is much taller than he is , which all the other characters made fun of much to his dismay . He also takes advantage of Zack and Cody in some cases , like in the episode `` Heck 's Kitchen '' he treats them with room service so they will find a food critic . He makes a brief appearance in the Disney Channel sitcom Jessie where it is revealed that he now manages the Tipton Hotel in New York . Kim Rhodes portrays Carey Martin , the single working mother of Zack and Cody . She is the hotel 's lounge singer , who sings beautifully . She and her sons traveled to several cities before arriving at the Boston Tipton Hotel , which she called the `` best gig we 've ever had . '' She was married to Kurt Martin , but they divorced after the twins were born for unstated reasons . Arwin has made it known on several occasions that he has a massive crush on her ( a crush that did n't wane during the series ' course ) . Whenever Carey kisses Arwin , he faints . When Zack and Cody have an argument , she tells them stories about her ex-boyfriends , much to their dismay . Throughout the series ' run , Brenda Song was absent for two episodes while Ashley Tisdale was absent from twelve episodes . All other main cast members appeared in all 87 episodes . Recurring ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring characters in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Below is a list of cast members who have appeared in significant roles as recurring characters throughout the series .",
"7": "Each of the cast members listed has appeared in between 6 and 45 episodes and the list is ordered according to the number of episodes credited ( highest number first ) . A complete list of all characters who have appeared more than once is included at list of recurring characters in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody .",
"8": "Actor Character Seasons Adrian R'Mante Esteban Ramirez Recurring Brian Stepanek Arwin Hawkhauser Recurring Charlie Stewart Bob Recurring Estelle Harris Muriel Recurring Guest Aaron Musicant Lance Fishman Recurring Sophie Oda Barbara Brownstein Recurring Kara Taitz Millicent Recurring Patrick Bristow Patrick Recurring Adam Tait Various characters Recurring Anthony Acker Norman Recurring Camilla and Rebecca Rosso Janice and Jessica Recurring Giovonnie Samuels Nia Moseby Recurring Monique Coleman Mary Margaret Recurring Alyson Stoner Max Recurring Robert Torti Kurt Martin Recurring Sharon Jordan Irene Recurring Notable appearances ( edit ) Actor Appearing as Season Episode Moises Arias Randall Day Care Cheryl Burke Shannon Loosely Ballroom The Cheetah Girls Themselves Doin ' Time in Suite 2330 Chris Brown Himself Doin ' Time in Suite 2330 Miley Cyrus Hannah Montana That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana Michael Clarke Duncan Coach Little Benchwarmers Daniella Monet Dana Benchwarmers Zac Efron Trevor Odd Couples Tony Hawk Himself Foiled Again Mark Indelicato Antonio Lip Synchin ' in the Rain Kathryn Joosten Grandma Marilyn Not So Suite 16 Victoria Justice Rebecca The Fairest of Them All Nathan Kress Jamie Back in the Game Meaghan Jette Martin Stacey Sleepover Suite Jesse McCartney Himself Rock Star in the House Daryl Mitchell Daryl Back in the Game Tahj Mowry Brandon Scary Movie Kathy Najimy Principal Milletidge First Day of High School Kay Panabaker Amber First Day of High School Tom Poston Merle Ah !",
"9": "Wilderness Raven - Symoné Raven Baxter That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana Drew Seeley Geoffrey Romancing the Phone Jaden Smith Travis Romancing the Phone Mindy Sterling Sister Rose Volley Dad The Veronicas Themselves The Suite Life Goes Hollywood Part 2 D.C. Douglas Snooty Interviewer Books & Birdhouses Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episodes The 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike resulted in the series being on hiatus . When the strike ended , new episodes began airing on April 19 , 2008 . The show eventually ended for good with its series finale , a total of three seasons and 87 episodes on September 1 , 2008 . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 March 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 18 ) January 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 27 ) 39 February 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 03 ) June 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 02 ) 22 June 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 23 ) September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) Crossover with that 's So Raven and Hannah Montana ( edit ) Main article : That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana The episode `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' is the second part of a three - way crossover that begins on That 's So Raven and concludes on Hannah Montana . Raven Baxter meets Zack and Cody as she visits the Tipton Hotel to do a photo shoot promoting a new fashion line for boys , only to have a troubling psychic vision of Cody . In the meantime , London refuses to wear one of Raven 's original designs until Hannah Montana stops by and shows an interest in the fashions . Settings ( edit ) Tipton Hotel The Tipton Hotel is where Zack , Cody , Carey , and London all live , and where the majority of the other characters in the series work .",
"10": "It is the main setting for the series . The Tipton Hotel is located in Boston , Massachusetts . Hotel Vancouver is used for the exterior of the hotel . The SS Tipton In the episode `` Let Us Entertain You '' , Zack , Cody , and Carey spent a week vacationing on board the SS Tipton . It is also the setting of the sequel series , The Suite Life on Deck . The first time the SS Tipton is referenced is in the episode , `` To Catch a Thief '' . While Maddie talks to London on the phone a life preserver with the words `` S.S. Tipton '' can be seen in the background . Buckner Middle School The twins ' Middle School . The school 's mascot is a badger . In the scene outside of the school where a few students are walking between two buildings shows `` The Mall '' area that 's located in Lincoln Park High School , in Chicago , Illinois . Some of the students that attend Buckner were Max , Bob , and Agnes . Carey would come sit outside of the detention area while Zack was being punished . She said when she was outside the principal 's office at Cheevers High that , `` Thanks to Zack , I knitted 32 sweaters and an afghan . '' The name comes from former - Boston Red Sox first baseman Bill Buckner . Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow Catholic School Maddie and Mary Margaret ( Monique Coleman ) attended this private school in season one . Later in season two , Corrie ( Vanessa Hudgens ) and Leslie ( Kaycee Stroh ) were added to the minor cast , with London also attending the school in season two . In season three , London , Maddie , and Leslie no longer attend Our Lady . External shots of Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow Catholic School are of University College at the University of Toronto in Canada . Paul Revere Mini Mart Zack and Cody work at the Paul Revere mini mart for the manager , Wayne Wormser . The mini mart 's motto is , `` The savings are coming ! The savings are coming ! '' It is across the street from another mini mart with a patriotic name and theme , The Betsy Ross Stop and Shop , which is run by Wormser 's business enemy and fierce rival .",
"11": "Camp Heaven on Earth The summer camp where Maddie works over the summer . The only part of the camp shown is the cabin in which Maddie and the young girls stay . Cheevers High School Where Zack , Cody , London , Maddie , and Nia attend along with other students including Barbara , Bob , and Mark . This setting was used in `` Lip Synchin ' in the Rain , '' `` First Day of High School , '' `` Orchestra , '' and `` Benchwarmers . '' John Marshall High School ( Los Angeles , California ) is shown in a snapshot as Cheevers High School . Other places in Boston Scenes also take place in several other places in Boston , including Fenway Park , a movie theater , Maddie 's apartment , the local shopping mall , a bowling alley ( The same bowling alley was used to film a scene from the Hannah Montana episode , `` People Who Use People '' ) , a miniature golf course , Kurt 's apartment , Mr. Moseby 's condo , the Goose Lodge , Liberty Park , an apartment where Maddie and her friends painted for a poor family for community service , Arwin 's apartment , camp Knock - a-Number , the forest that has Merele 's cabin , Kurt 's tour bus , the shop where Maddie demanded London give her inhaler , an art museum , a dance club , an alley with a garbage container , a pizza restaurant , Theo 's home , the `` Risk It All '' studio , the Cluck Bucket , an aptitude company , and the restaurant where Wayne `` dates '' London . There are even two episodes that take place in Hollywood , which includes a movie studio , LAX , a beach , Sunset Blvd , Hollywood Blvd , and the Tipton Los Angeles . Theme Song and opening sequence ( edit ) The show 's theme song , `` Here I Am , '' was written by John Adair and Steve Hampton ( who also wrote the theme for the show 's spinoff The Suite Life on Deck , as well as for fellow Disney Channel series Phil of the Future , Wizards of Waverly Place , Good Luck Charlie , Shake It Up , Sonny with a Chance , Jonas , So Random ! , A.N.T.",
"12": "Farm , PrankStars , and Austin & Ally and the ABC Kids series Power Rangers : RPM ) , with music composed by Gary Scott ( who also composed the music cues to signal scene changes and promo breaks , which are styled similarly to the theme ) , and is performed by Loren Ellis and the Drew Davis Band ( who also performed the theme to Phil of the Future , and whose performance is uncredited ) . The theme was remixed for the ending credits of `` Rock Star in the House '' in a form similar to `` Beautiful Soul '' to accompany the episode 's guest appearance of Jesse McCartney . The opening title sequence to the show begins with a shot of the Tipton Hotel 's ground floor exterior , which then zooms to a window on what is presumed to be the 23rd Floor of the hotel ( where Zack , Cody and Carey 's suite is ) , which then displays clips from various episodes ( which were updated for each season ) , with five clips featuring each cast member being shown after the computerized Tipton hotel exterior shoots from window to window . The sequence then closes with the show 's title logo ( a door plaque with the words `` The Suite Life '' with a piece of paper with the words `` of Zack and Cody '' , made to look as if drawn by differently colored crayons , attached to it ) , which was accompanied by the Disney logo atop the title logo for the third season ( all Disney Channel sitcoms made from 2007 onwards feature the Disney logo above the title logo ) . Starting with season two , the cast members and creators ' names were displayed with a yellow glow around the text . Sequel series and film ( edit ) Main articles : The Suite Life on Deck and The Suite Life Movie The Suite Life on Deck is a sequel to The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , that debuted on Disney Channel on September 26 , 2008 , set on a cruise ship with Zack , Cody , and London attending a semester - at - sea program , while Mr. Moseby manages the ship . Debby Ryan joins the cast as Bailey Pickett , who becomes Zack and Cody 's friend ( and Cody 's girlfriend ) and London 's friend and roommate . The series also introduces Doc Shaw as Marcus Little , a former superstar who lost his fame after his voice changed . While an attempted spin - off , Arwin !",
"13": ", which was to star Selena Gomez and Brian Stepanek , was not picked up by Disney Channel , The Suite Life on Deck skipped the pilot process and went straight to the series . On September 20 , 2010 , Disney Channel announced that production has begun for a Disney Channel Original Movie based on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and The Suite Life on Deck . The Suite Life Movie premiered on the Disney Channel in the United States and Canada on March 25 , 2011 . The Suite Life on Deck eventually ended on May 6 , 2011 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 2006 Young Hollywood Awards Superstar of Tomorrow Brenda Song Won Role Model Award Brenda Song Won Asian Excellence Awards Outstanding Newcomer Award Brenda Song Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Cole & Dylan Sprouse Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Choreography Travis Payne ( Episode Commercial Breaks ) Nominated 2007 2007 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated Favorite TV Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated Dylan Sprouse Nominated Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Guest Starring Young Actress Alyson Stoner Nominated Sammi Hanratty Nominated Monet Monico Won Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Recurring Young Actor Charley Stewart Nominated Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Recurring Young Actress Sophie Oda Nominated Best Family Television Series ( Comedy ) The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Won",
"14": "Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated 2008 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated Favorite TV Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated Dylan Sprouse Nominated 2008 UK Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Kids ' TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated Favorite Male TV Star Dylan Sprouse Nominated 2008 Australian Kids ' Choice Awards Fave International TV Star Ashley Tisdale Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance In A TV Series -- Recurring Young Actress Sammi Hanratty Nominated Alyson Stoner Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Nominated 2009 2009 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated Favorite TV Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated Dylan Sprouse Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV series -- Guest Starring Young Actor Hunter Gomez Nominated The 10th Annual Crown Awards Best Hairstyle on Television Brenda Song Won Indian adaptation ( edit ) An Indian adaptation of the show , titled The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir , premiered on Disney Channel India on April 8 , 2012 . It ran for two seasons and ended on January 19 , 2014 . Syndication ( edit ) In 2005 , ABC 's child block ABC Kids aired The Suite Life of Zack and Cody until its closing in 2011 . Then it become Toon Disney 's first live - action comedy program in 2008 . After Toon Disney 's closing , they showed reruns on Disney XD .",
"15": "As of June 22 , 2015 , re-runs air on Disney Channel from 1 - 2 am eastern and from 4 - 5 am eastern . As of Fall 2015 , re-runs air on Disney Channel at 1 : 30am eastern and 4 : 30am eastern . International release ( edit ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is broadcast on the following stations ( and many others ) around the world : Country / region Network ( s ) Series premiere Title in country Source ( s ) Australia New Zealand Disney Channel Australia & New Zealand April 15 , 2005 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Canada Family Channel September 3 , 2005 Disney XD ( Canada ) June 1 , 2011 United States Disney Channel March 18 , 2005 N / A ABC Kids September 17 , 2005 Toon Disney September 1 , 2008 Disney XD February 13 , 2009 DVD Releases ( edit ) DVD Title Release Date Episodes Featured Bonus Features Disney Channel Holiday November 1 , 2005 * Christmas at the Tipton ( Season 1 ) Plus episodes from Phil of the Future , Lizzie McGuire , That 's So Raven , Even Stevens and Kim Possible .",
"16": "Volume 1 : Taking Over the Tipton USA : July 18 , 2006 AUS : July 1 , 2008 * Rock Star in the House ( Season 1 ) * Kisses & Basketball ( Season 1 ) * Odd Couples ( Season 2 ) * French 101 ( Season 2 ) * Never Before Seen Episode : A Midsummer 's Nightmare ( Season 2 ) * Behind The Scenes Featurette That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana USA : January 16 , 2007 AUS : July 2 , 2008 * Checkin ' Out ( That 's So Raven , Season 4 ) * That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana ( The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , Season 2 ) * On The Road Again ( Hannah Montana , Season 1 ) * So You Think You Know Raven Challenge , Volume 2 * Never Before Seen Episode of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( Health and Fitness , Season 2 ) * Who Said by Miley Cyrus Volume 2 : Sweet Suite Victory USA : August 7 , 2007 AUS : October 21 , 2008 * Band In Boston ( Season 1 ) * Election ( Season 2 ) * Not So Suite 16 ( Season 2 ) The Suite Life 's Sweet Lift Challenge hosted by Brenda Song Gag reel Wish Gone Amiss USA : November 27 , 2007 AUS : October 21 , 2008 * Gone Wishin ' ( Cory in the House , Season 1 ) * Super Twins ( The Suite Life of Zack and Cody , Season 3 ) * When You Wish You Were the Star ( Hannah Montana , Season 2 ) * I Wish I May , I Wish I Might : A Guide to Making Wishes hosted by Jason Earles Volume 3 : Lip Synchin ' in the Rain June 17 , 2008 * Lip Synchin ' in the Rain ( Season 3 ) * The Arwin That Came to Dinner ( Season 3 ) * A Tale of Two Houses ( Season 3 ) * Orchestra ( Season 3 ) * ' Twin - Tastic ' -- Get the 411 on everything twins * Gag reel All episodes of the show are available on iTunes and Zune .",
"17": "The Complete First Season was released to Germany and Brazil on November 13 , 2008 . Turkey on December 30 , 2009 by Disney DVD. and Greece on September 9 , 2010 by Sony Pictures . According to Amazon.com , all three seasons of the show will be released , however no release dates have been announced . Episodes in the DVD `` Lip Syncin ' in the Rain '' include a French Language dub for French Canadians Other Media ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Like many Disney Channel Original Series , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody had a number of novels based on episodes of the series , as well as original books . The following list of novels is based on information from the Barnes & Noble website and List of The Suite Life of Zack and Cody episodes . A inspired stories book set , based on the show was released in 2007 . # Novel title Published Based on episode Hotel Hangout May 2006 Hotel Hangout Double Trouble May 2006 Maddie Checks In The Room of Doom August 2006 The Ghost of Suite 613 Zack Attack November 2006 Footloser 5 Check It Out February 2007 Hotel Inspector 6 Star Crazy November 2007 Rock Star in the House Merchandise ( edit ) The series has spawned three video games entitled The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Tipton Caper for the Game Boy Advance , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Tipton Trouble , and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Circle of Spies for the Nintendo DS . They were developed by Artificial Mind and Movement and published by Buena Vista Games , with the exception of Circle of Spies , which was published by Disney Interactive Studios . Disney Press has released several books based on the shows including The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Tipton Caper , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Tipton Trouble , and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Circle of Spies novels based on the television episode and the video game . A calendar for the show , Disney The Suite Life of Zack and Cody 2008 Calendar has been released . Merchandise based on the series are sold exclusively at Amazon.com , Wal - Mart , Sears , Macy 's , and several other retailers .",
"18": "They include clothing ( such as pajamas and tee shirts ) , bags ( tote bags , backpacks , etc . ) , bedding collection , and toys . Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack for the show was announced to be released around Summer 2008 . It would had featured songs from and inspired from the show , including songs from Ashley Tisdale , Brenda Song , Jesse McCartney , and Raven - Symoné . This idea was scrapped as of 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Jump up ^ `` The Suite Life of Zack and Cody -- Season 3 '' . Juniorcelebs.com . January 4 , 2008 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Suite Life of Zack & Cody character infos '' . Tv.com . September 1 , 2008 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zack and Cody episode : `` Election '' Jump up ^ Zack and Cody episode : `` Forever Plaid '' ^ Jump up to : Suite Life on Deck episode : Bermuda Triangle -- Cody says that he was born at 6 : 40 , Zack says that he was born at 6 : 30 Jump up ^ `` Yay Me ! Starring London Tipton '' . Disney . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot Your Own Life '' . The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . Season 1 . Episode 23 . January 6 , 2006 . 9 : 40 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` '' The Suite Life of Zack and Cody '' ( 2005 ) -- Full cast and crew `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Episode List '' . tv.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nurse Zack ( Season 2 , Episode 29 ) Jump up ^ `` Hannah Montana Episode 18 : People Who Use People '' . tv.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zack & Cody Spin - off Is Afloat . TV Guide .",
"19": "Jump up ^ `` Disney Society '' . Disney Society . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Malcolm ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Production to Begin on The Suite Life Movie For Disney Channel '' . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . `` Production to Begin on The Suite Life Movie For Disney Channel '' . Disney Channel Medianet . Disney Channel . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Seidman , Robert ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Production to Begin on The Suite Life Movie For Disney Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zack & Cody Continue The ' Suite ' Adventure With The Premiere Of `` The Suite Life Movie , '' Friday , March 25 On Disney Channel `` . The Walt Disney Company . February 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young Hollywood Awards 2006 '' . Jump up ^ `` Asian Excellence Awards Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 27th Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Choreography 2006 '' . Emmys.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 -- Nominees '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 -- Winners '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2007 '' . Emmys.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Nominees '' .",
"20": "^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Winners '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards UK 2008 Nominees Press Release '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Nickelodeon UK KCAs : The Show And The Winners ! '' . Jump up ^ `` WWE ® SUPERSTAR JOHN CENA ® TO CO-HOST AT NICKELODEON KIDS ' CHOICE AWARDS 2008 '' . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia : Winners at the 2008 Nickelodeon Kid 's Choice Awards '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 29th Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2008 '' . Emmys.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Nominees '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Winners '' . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nominees -- Young Artists Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Jump up ^ `` The 10th Annual Crown Awards '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hooks , Barbara ( April 14 , 2005 ) . `` Pay TV -- Friday '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia : Fairfax Media . p. 18 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Suite Life of Zack & Cody on Family '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Suite Life of Zack & Cody on Disney XD Canada '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Suite Life Of Zack & Cody , The -- Vol. 1 : Taking Over The Tipton '' . Ezydvd . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What 's new '' . Sunday Telegraph .",
"21": "July 20 , 2008 . p. 91 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ; section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` August 7 , 2007 DVD Releases '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wish Gone Amiss '' . Ezydvd . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Zack & Cody -- Die komplette erste Staffel 4 DVDs : Amazon.de : Dylan Sprouse , Cole Sprouse , Brenda Song , Gary S. Scott , Richard Correll , Lex Passaris , Jim Drake , Kelly Sandefur : DVD & Blu - ray '' . Amazon.de . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes and Noble `` The Suite Life of Zack & Cody series '' Check url = value ( help ) . Barnes & Noble website . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon , March 13 , 2007 '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Zack and Cody calendar '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zack Girl Pajamas '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Luxury Sleeve Bottoms '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Life comforter '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Suite Life Comforter '' . Disney Stores . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toys '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 .",
"22": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Disney portal 2000s portal Television portal Official website The Suite Life of Zack & Cody on IMDb The Suite Life of Zack & Cody at TV.com Related articles The Suite Life series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody The Suite Life on Deck Characters Main Zack Martin Cody Martin London Tipton Mr. Moseby Carey Martin Recurring The Suite Life of Zack & Cody The Suite Life on Deck Episodes The Suite Life of Zack & Cody `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' `` The Suite Life Goes Hollywood '' The Suite Life on Deck `` The Suite Life Sets Sail '' `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' Related The Suite Life Movie Disney Channel All Star Party Indian Adaptation The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir Episodes Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr.",
"23": "Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C.",
"24": "Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers ABC Kids Disney 's One Saturday Morning ( 1997 -- 2002 ) 101 Dalmatians : The Series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Doug DuckTales Even Stevens Hercules Disney 's House of Mouse Jungle Cubs Lizzie McGuire Lloyd in Space Mary - Kate and Ashley in Action ! Mickey Mouse Works Pepper Ann Recess Sabrina : The Animated Series Science Court Teacher 's Pet Teamo Supremo The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show The Weekenders ABC Kids ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Even Stevens ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Fillmore !",
"25": "( 2002 -- 2004 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2002 -- 2005 ) NBA Inside Stuff ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Power Rangers ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Recess ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Teamo Supremo ( 2002 -- 2003 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 2011 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Proud Family ( 2002 -- 2006 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 2011 ) W.I.T.C.H. ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Related topics Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company Disney 's One Too Disney Channel Saturday Mornings ( Toonin ' Saturday ) Jambalaya Studios Disney Television Animation It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T.",
"26": "Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs.",
"27": "Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Suite_Life_of_Zack_%26_Cody&oldid=807298630 '' Categories : 2000s American comedy television series 2005 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings ABC Kids American children 's comedy television series American teen sitcoms Boston in fiction Disney Channel shows Disney XD shows English - language television programs Family Channel shows Jetix The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Television series about twins Television shows set in Boston Television series by It 's a Laugh Productions Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : chapter ignored Pages with URL errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use mdy dates from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Türkmençe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 03 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"28": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does the sun hit the us first
|
[
"the summit of Cadillac Mountain"
] |
{
"0": "Cadillac Mountain - wikipedia Cadillac Mountain Jump to : navigation , search This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the section accordingly . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cadillac Mountain Sunset behind Cadillac Mountain Highest point Elevation 1,527 ft ( 465 m ) NAVD 88 Prominence 1,527 ft ( 465 m ) Coordinates 44 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 68 ° 13 ′ 35 '' W / 44.35127 ° N 68.22649 ° W / 44.35127 ; - 68.22649 Coordinates : 44 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 68 ° 13 ′ 35 '' W / 44.35127 ° N 68.22649 ° W / 44.35127 ; - 68.22649 Geography Location Hancock County , Maine , U.S. Topo map USGS Seal Harbor Climbing Easiest route Paved road or marked hiking trails Cadillac Mountain is located on Mount Desert Island , within Acadia National Park . With an elevation of 1,530 feet ( 466 meters ) , its summit is the highest point in Hancock County and the highest within 25 miles ( 40 km ) of the shoreline of the North American continent between the Cape Breton Highlands , Nova Scotia and Mexican peaks 180 miles ( 290 km ) south of the Texas border . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Overview 3 Gallery 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Before being renamed in 1918 , the mountain had been called Green Mountain . The new name honors the French explorer and adventurer Antoine Laumet de La Mothe , sieur de Cadillac . In 1688 , De la Mothe requested and received from the Governor of New France a parcel of land in an area known as Donaquec which included part of the Donaquec River ( now the Union River ) and the island of Mount Desert in the present - day U.S. state of Maine .",
"1": "Antoine Laumet de La Mothe , a shameless self - promoter who had already appropriated the `` de la Mothe '' portion of his name from a local nobleman in his native Picardy , thereafter referred to himself as Antoine de la Mothe , sieur de Cadillac , Donaquec , and Mount Desert . From 1883 until 1893 the Green Mountain Cog Railway ran to the summit to take visitors to the Green Mountain Hotel on the summit . The hotel was burned down in 1895 . Also in 1895 , the cog train was sold and moved to the Mount Washington Cog Railway in New Hampshire . Overview ( edit ) President Obama and the First Family at the summit of Cadillac Mountain on July 16 , 2010 . There are various hiking trails to the summit of Cadillac Mountain , some more challenging than others . There is also a paved road to the top . Driving or hiking to the summit of Cadillac Mountain to see `` the nation 's first sunrise '' is a popular activity among visitors of Acadia National Park . However , Cadillac only sees the first sunrise in the fall and winter , when the sun rises south of due east . During most of the spring and summer , the sun rises first on Mars Hill , 150 miles ( 240 km ) to the northeast . For a few weeks around the equinoxes , the sun rises first at West Quoddy Head in Lubec , Maine . On exceptionally clear days , it is possible to see Mount Katahdin , Maine 's highest mountain , to the north and the Canadian province of Nova Scotia to the east , both over one hundred miles away .",
"2": "Gallery ( edit ) The highway to Cadillac Mountain The first rays of sun in the United States as seen from Cadillac Mountain Sun rising from atop Cadillac Sunrise with the Porcupine Islands in the foreground The Porcupine Islands at noon Sunrise from atop Cadillac Sunrise with Dorr Mountain in the foreground , and the Atlantic Ocean in the background View of the sunrise from Cadillac Mountain View of the Atlantic Ocean from Cadillac Mountain Another view from the top of Cadillac Mountain Tourists on Cadillac Mountain The rocky terrain atop Cadillac Mountain Plaque honoring Stephen Mather , first director of the National Park Service The sky from light to dark during sunset atop Cadillac Mountain Sunrise panorama from atop Cadillac References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cadillac Mountain , Maine '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cadillac Mountain '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Cadillac Mountain '' . U.S. National Park Service . 2004 - 10 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ All Aboard for Yesterday ! A Nostalgic History of Railroading in Maine . Camden : Down East . 1979 . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 89272 - 053 - 0 . OCLC 5844214 . Jump up ^ `` Katahdin , Maine '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Analysis by Blanton C. Wiggin , published in the January 1972 issue of Yankee magazine , determined that the first sunrise in the U.S. occurs at Cadillac Mountain from October 7 to March 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cadillac Mountain . `` Cadillac Mountain '' . SummitPost.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 .",
"3": "( hide ) Mountains of Maine Longfellow Mountains Boundary Peak White Mountains Mahoosuc Range Baldpate Mountain Goose Eye Mountain Old Speck Mountain Puzzle Mountain Sunday River Whitecap Others Speckled Mountain Others Baker Mountain Bauneg Beg Mountain Big Moose Mountain Big Spencer Mountain Black Cap Mountain Black Nubble Blueberry Mountain Borestone Mountain Boundary Bald Mountain Bradbury Mountain Cadillac Mountain Caribou Mountain Catherine Mountain Clark Mountain Coburn Mountain Crocker Mountain Crotch Hill Doubletop Mountain Douglas Mountain East Kennebago Mountain Eaton Mountain Elephant Mountain ( Oxford County ) Elephant Mountain ( Piscataquis County ) Fort Mountain Great Pond Mountain Greenwood Mountain Hamlin Peak High Peaks Kennebago Divide Kibby Mountain Lead Mountain Mars Hill Mount Abraham Mount Bigelow Mount Blue Mount Coe Mount Jefferson Mount Katahdin Mount Kineo Mount Redington Mount Tire 'm Mount Waldo Moxie Mountain North Brother Noyes Mountain Pleasant Mountain Rollins Mountain Saddleback Horn Saddleback Junior Saddleback Mountain ( Franklin County ) Saddleback Mountain ( Piscataquis County ) Sandy Bay Mountain Shutdown Mountain Snow Mountain ( Franklin County ) Snow Mountain ( Oxford County ) South Brother South Crocker Mountain Spaulding Mountain Stetson Mountain Sugarloaf Mountain Titcomb Mountain Traveler Mountain Tumbledown Mountain West Kennebago Mountain Western Maine Mountains White Cap Mountain ( Franklin County ) White Cap Mountain ( Piscataquis County ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadillac_Mountain&oldid=814196931 '' Categories : Mount Desert Island Mountains of Hancock County ,",
"4": "Maine Highest points of United States national parks Acadia National Park Mountains of Maine Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Русский اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 11 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1,
0,
2,
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-6705663232244508339
|
who's flag is red white and green
|
[
"Hungary",
"Hungary",
"Hungary"
] |
{
"0": "Flag of Hungary - wikipedia Flag of Hungary Jump to : navigation , search Hungary Use Civil and state flag Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted May 23 , 1957 ( as state flag ) June 19 , 1990 ( reaffirmed ) Design A horizontal triband of red , white and green Variant flag of Hungary Use Civil flag and ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted August 18 , 1957 ( as civil ensign ) Design A horizontal tricolour of red , white , and green Variant flag of Hungary Use Unofficial state flag Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted October 10 , 1995 Design A horizontal tricolor of red , white and green with the state coat of arms in the center . Variant flag of Hungary Use Unit colour Proportion 3 : 4 Adopted March 15 , 1991 Variant flag of Hungary Use Naval ensign Proportion 3 : 4 Adopted 1991 The flag of Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország zászlaja ) is a horizontal tricolour of red , white and green . In this exact form , it has been the official flag of Hungary since May 23 , 1957 . The flag 's form originates from national republican movements of the 18th and 19th centuries , while its colours are from the Middle Ages . The current Hungarian tricolour flag is the same as the republican movement flag of the United Kingdom ( used since 1816 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current flag 1.1 Evolution 1.2 Exact description and legislature 2 Gallery 2.1 Historical flags 2.2 Head of state standards 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Current flag ( edit ) The nation of Hungary originated from the national freedom movement from before 1848 , which culminated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . The revolution was not only in opposition against the monarchy but also the Habsburg Empire , as well as to form an independent republic .",
"1": "Accordingly , the Hungarian flag features a tricolour element , which is based upon the French flag , as a reflection of the ideas of the French revolution ; while red , white , and green are colours derived from the historical Hungarian coat of arms , which have essentially remained in the same form since the mid-15th century , with exception to some minor differences , and were marshalled from arms that first appeared in the late 12th and early 13th century as arms of the Árpáds , Hungary 's founding dynasty . The stripes are horizontal rather than vertical to prevent confusion with the Italian flag , which had also been designed after the French flag . According to other data , the recent form of the Hungarian tricolour had been already used from 1608 at the coronation of Mathias II of Hungary . Folklore of the romantic period attributed the colours to virtues : red for strength , white for faithfulness and green for hope . Alternatively , red for the blood spilled for the fatherland , white for freedom and green for the land , for the pastures of Hungary . The new constitution , which took effect on 1 January 2012 , makes the ex-post interpretation mentioned first official ( in the semi-official translation : strength ( erő ) , fidelity ( hűség ) and hope ( remény ) ) . Evolution ( edit ) Hungarian national colors on the wall , Hungarian coronation of Leopold II in Pozsony in 1790 , 58 years before the Hungarian revolution As described above , the red - white - green tricolour emerged as a sign of national sovereignty during the 1848 -- 1849 revolution against the Habsburgs . After the revolution was defeated , the tricolour flag was prohibited by the Austrian Emperor ; after the Compromise of 1867 , however , the tricolour became not only legal , but also the official flag of Hungary . The flag had the so - called minor arms ( also known as the Kossuth coat of arms ) of Hungary with archangels as supporters were used as a badge on the flag . This configuration was used until the end of the Habsburg Empire in 1918 . After the fall of the Habsburg Empire , the years 1918 to 1920 were highly turbulent , and several hard - to - trace minor changes took place .",
"2": "The red - green - white tricolour stayed the same , but small differences emerged in terms of the badge . A short interlude and exception was the 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic , which lasted for four - and - a-half months ; it used a solid red banner . It seems that from 1920 -- 1944 or 1945 the tricolour displayed the minor arms of Hungary , but the version without them was also used . Between 1946 and 1949 the crown was removed from the top of the arms serving as the badge . With the onset of Communist rule in 1949 , a new coat of arms featuring a Communist red star was placed on the flag as the badge . During the anti-Soviet uprising in 1956 , revolutionaries cut out the Hammer and Sickle emblem and used the resulting tricolour with a hole in the middle as the symbol of the revolution . For some months the new government changed the flag to bear the minor arms without the crown as the badge again . In 1957 , during the Stalinist restoration after the revolution was defeated by the Soviet Red Army , the new government created a `` new '' coat of arms , which however was never officially put onto the flag . Therefore , the official flag of Hungary has been a pure red - white - green tricolour since 1957 . After the fall of communism in 1989 there was no need to change the flag , as it did not bear any communist insignia . There was a recommendation of the Committee of Symbols in the 2000s , that the coat of arms should be part of the state flag , while the national flag should remain plain ( as is the status quo ) . This has not been implemented in law , though in case of most state use the arms are legally permitted on the flag ( see below ) . Exact description and legislature ( edit ) The Hungarian Constitution does not explicitly state anything about the width : length ratio of the flag ; but , there is a law from 1957 that is in force stating that seagoing merchant vessels shall hoist the red -- white -- green tricolour in 2 : 3 ratio . By a government decree from 2000 , the ratio ( which is neither defined in the Constitution nor in 1995 or 2000 legislation ) of flags used on government building is 1 : 2 .",
"3": "Summarized , this would mean : A red -- white -- green tricolour . Actually many variations might be used though according to 1995 / LXXXIII § 11 ( 3 ) `` ( 3 ) In cases specified in paragraphs ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , the arms and the flag can be used also in their historical forms . '' , as ( 1 ) reads as : 1995 / LXXXIII § 11 ( 1 ) `` ( 1 ) For the purpose of declaring their belonging to the nation , private persons can use the arms and the flag , subject to the limitations in this law . '' red -- white -- green tricolour , ratio 1 : 2 ( by decree from 2000 ) . According to 1995 / LXXXIII § 11 ( 4 ) , the official coat of arms of Hungary might be placed onto it as a badge . White background with green red alternated flammulette ( `` flame tongues '' , triangles with wavy edge ) border , coat of arms in the center , embraced by oak branches from the left , olive branches from the right . Ratio not defined . ( 1995 / LXXXIII § 8 ( 1 ) ) 2 : 3 ( ratio defined by 1957 law ) red - white - green tricolour ( there is a merchant fleet ) Unknown or unspecified ; White background with green red alternated triangle border , coat of arms at 1 / 3 of the flag , nearer to the pole . Ratio not defined . ( 1995 / LXXXIII § 8 ( 2 ) ) Gallery ( edit ) Further information : List of Hungarian flags Unofficial civil flag of Hungary Unofficial state flag of Hungary State flag of Hungary ( vertical version ) Unofficial state flag of Hungary ( vertical version ) Historical flags ( edit ) Standard of the Grand Prince of the Principality of Hungary between 895 -- 1000 . Royal Standard of the Kingdom of Hungary under the rule of Stephen I ( 1000 -- 1038 ) . Royal Standard of Hungary from 1046 to 1172 . Rectangular variant of the royal standard of Hungary used from 1046 to 1172 .",
"4": "Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Béla III ( 1172 -- 1196 ) . Royal Standard of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 13th century . Standard of the Árpád dynasty in the 13th century . Royal Standard of the Kingdom of Hungary under the Angevin dynasty from 1301 -- 1382 . Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Sigismund ( 1387 -- 1437 ) . Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Vladislaus I ( 1440 -- 1444 ) . Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Matthias I ( 1458 -- 1490 ) . Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Matthias I ( 1458 -- 1490 ) . Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Vladislaus II ( 1490 -- 1516 ) . Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Louis II ( 1516 -- 1526 ) . Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary , used from the 18th century to 1848 and between 1849 -- 1867 . Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary , used between 1848 -- 1849 and 1867 -- 1869 . Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1869 to 1874 with the Hungarian small coat of arms . Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1874 to 1896 . Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1896 to 1915 . A variant of the flag of Hungary , used between 1896 -- 1915 , while part of Austria - Hungary . Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1915 to 1918 . A variant of the flag of Hungary used between 1915 -- 1918 . Flag of the short - lived Hungarian People 's Republic , used between 1918 -- 1919 under the rule of Károlyi . Flag of the Hungarian Soviet Republic , used briefly in 1919 . Flag of Hungary , used between 1919 -- 1946 with the Hungarian small coat of arms . Flag of Hungary , used between 1946 -- 1949 and 1956 -- 1957 with the Kossuth coat of arms .",
"5": "Flag of the Hungarian People 's Republic , used between 1949 -- 1956 , bearing the Communist Rákosi coat of arms . This flag , from which the Rákosi era coat of arms has been cut out , became the symbol of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Government ensign of Hungary , used between 1957 -- 1990 . Flag of Hungary , used from 1957 . Head of state standards ( edit ) Ensign of the Regent , used between 1921 -- 1939 . Standard of the Regent as supreme warlord of the Royal Hungarian Army , used between 1939 -- 1944 . Ensign of the President , used between 1948 -- 1950 . Standard of the President , used between 1990 -- 2012 . Standard of the President , used from 2012 . See also ( edit ) List of Hungarian flags Flags of Hungarian history Coat of arms of Hungary Himnusz Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The official Hungarian state flag does not contain the Hungarian coat of arms , but the variant defaced with the coat of arms is often used during solemn occasions . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1957 . évi II . törvény a Magyar Népköztársaság Alkotmányának módosításáról '' ( Act II of 1957 on the Amendment of the Constitution of the Hungarian People 's Republic ) . hu.wikisource.org ( in Hungarian ) . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 . évi XL . törvény a Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmányának módosításáról '' ( Act XL of 1990 on the Amendment of the Constitution of the Hungarian Republic ) . Törvények és országgyűlési határozatok ( in Hungarian ) . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 51 / 1957 . ( VIII. 18 . ) Korm .",
"6": "számú rendelet a magyar tengeri kereskedelmi hajók lobogójáról '' ( Decree of the Government No. 51 / 1957 . ( VIII. 18 . ) on the Ensign of the Hungarian Maritime Merchant Vessels ) . hu.wikisource.org ( in Hungarian ) . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 . évi LXXXIII . törvény a Magyar Köztársaság nemzeti jelképeinek és a Magyar Köztársaságra utaló elnevezésnek a használatáról '' ( Act LXXXIII of 1995 on the usage of the national symbols and name of the Hungarian Republic ) . Törvények és országgyűlési határozatok ( in Hungarian ) . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Magyar Honvédség új felségjelzése és hadilobogói '' ( The new insignia and war ensigns of the Hungarian Defence Forces ) . Haditechnika. 25 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 4 . 1991 . Jump up ^ Halasz , Ivan ; Schweitzer , Gabor ( 16 March 2011 ) . `` National and State Symbols in the Hungarian Legal System ( Excerpts ) '' ( PDF ) . Legal Compass : 3 . Jump up ^ The Fundamental Law of Hungary Jump up ^ Magyarország Alaptörvénye Jump up ^ The Constitution of the Hungarian Republic ^ Jump up to : Law 1995 / LXXXIII Jump up ^ Law 2000 / XXXVIII Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` Flagge Ungarns '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 2002 - 12 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Hungary . Hungary at Flags of the World Flag of Hungary at www.rbvex.it 2011 CCII law ( on the use of Hungary 's coat of arms and flag , as well as awards ) from njt.hu",
"7": "( hide ) Hungary articles History Christianity Economic Military Monarchs Nobility Prehistory Pannonia Principality High Medieval Kingdom Late Medieval Kingdom Ottoman -- Hungarian wars Habsburg Kingdom Rákóczi 's War Revolution of 1848 Austria - Hungary World War I First Republic Treaty of Trianon Interwar period ( Interbellum ) World War II Second Republic People 's Republic Revolution of 1956 Third Republic Geography Administrative divisions Counties Cities and towns Climate Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Regions Rivers Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intelligence Law Law enforcement Military Nationality Parliament Political parties President List Prime Minister List Economy Agriculture Banks Hungarian National Bank Companies Energy Forint ( currency ) Industry Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Unemployment Society Anti-Hungarian sentiment Crime Demographics Education Universities and colleges Health Healthcare Hungarians Hungarian diaspora Irredentism International rankings Languages LGBT Public holidays Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Wine Dance Fashion Festivals Folklore Inventions Hungarian language Literature Media",
"8": "Music Names Spa culture Sport Symbols Television Theatre World Heritage Outline Index Portal Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Hungary&oldid=835898308 '' Categories : Flags introduced in 1957 National symbols of Hungary National flags Hidden categories :",
"9": "CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing Hungarian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages አማርኛ Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語",
"10": "Norsk Norsk nynorsk Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 12 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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4411139568251991249
|
when did the new day win the tag team titles
|
[
"2016"
] |
{
"0": "The New Day ( Wrestling ) - wikipedia The New Day ( Wrestling ) Jump to : navigation , search The New Day From left to right : Woods , Big E , and Kingston at WrestleMania Axxess in April 2016 Stable Members Big E Kofi Kingston Xavier Woods Name ( s ) The New Day Heights Big E : 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Kingston : 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Woods : 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Combined weight 702 lb ( 318 kg ) Debut July 21 , 2014 Years active 2014 -- present Promotions WWE The New Day is a professional wrestling stable performing in WWE , composed of Big E , Kofi Kingston , and Xavier Woods , under the SmackDown brand . They are four - time world tag team champions within the company , having won the WWE ( Raw ) Tag Team Champions twice , with their second reign being the longest for any tag team championship in WWE history at 483 days , and the SmackDown Tag Team Championship twice . As tag team champions , The New Day defends the titles under the Freebird rule , with all three members being recognized as champions . The stable originally debuted on the July 21 , 2014 episode of Raw , but made their official television debut as The New Day in November 2014 . On April 2015 at Extreme Rules , they won their first WWE Tag Team Championship . They lost the championship to The Prime Time Players the following month at Money in the Bank , but won it back in August at SummerSlam ; their second reign became the longest in the title 's history , the first to last more than a year , and the last with the title being the sole tag team championship in WWE . On December 14 , 2016 , they became the longest reigning tag team champions in WWE history ( beating Demolition 's 28 - year - old record of 478 days with WWE 's original World Tag Team Championship ) and the longest reigning champions for any WWE championship over the last two decades ; they lost the renamed Raw Tag Team Championship four days later to Cesaro and Sheamus .",
"1": "After being drafted to SmackDown in April 2017 , they went on to capture the SmackDown Tag Team Championship on two separate occasions . The early months of the stable were marked by negative reactions to their personas from fans and critics alike , but after turning into villains in April 2015 , they began to receive acclaim for being entertaining , as well as for their in - ring performances . In 2015 , the trio were collectively named `` WWE Wrestler of the Year '' by Rolling Stone , while also being recognized as the `` Best Gimmick '' of the year by the Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Additionally , they became the first trio to win the Pro Wrestling Illustrated award for `` Tag Team of the Year '' , doing so in 2015 and 2016 ( the first two wins in a row in this category for two decades ) . Their popularity resulted in the trio reverting to fan favorites in early 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background and formation 1.2 The Rising of The New Day ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 1.3 Longest reigning Tag Team Champions ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1.4 SmackDown Tag Team Champions ( 2017 -- present ) 2 Characters and reception 3 Other media 4 In wrestling 5 Championships and accomplishments 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Background and formation ( edit ) After wrestling in WWE 's developmental territories Deep South Wrestling ( DSW ) , Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) and Florida Championship Wrestling , Kingston made his debut on ECW in January 2008 and has since won many championships in WWE such as the Intercontinental Championship , United States Championship , World Tag Team Championship and WWE Tag Team Championship . Big E began his career in FCW and NXT , becoming the second NXT Champion after defeating Seth Rollins . On the December 17 , 2012 episode of Raw , he made his main roster debut attacking John Cena and aligning himself with Dolph Ziggler and AJ Lee . In November 2013 , he won the Intercontinental Championship . Woods signed to WWE in 2010 and worked in FCW and NXT until the November 18 , 2013 episode of Raw , when he made his main roster debut .",
"2": "The rising of the New Day ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) On the July 21 , 2014 episode of Raw , after Big E and Kingston suffered another loss as a tag team in a recent losing streak , Woods came down to address the two and he declared that they could not `` get ahead by kissing babies and shaking hands '' , and that it would be `` their time to shine '' . The duo then joined Woods and on the following day on Main Event , Woods managed Big E and Kingston to a decisive victory over Slater - Gator ( Heath Slater and Titus O'Neil ) . However , the group disappeared from television soon after ( although they continued to make appearances together at house shows ) . The New Day appearing in their original blue outfits on Main Event in January 2015 From the November 3 episode of Raw , WWE began airing vignettes for Big E , Kingston and Woods , with the stable now being billed as The New Day , displaying a heroic black gospel gimmick . The New Day made their in - ring debut on the November 28 episode of SmackDown in a winning effort against Curtis Axel , Heath Slater and Titus O'Neil . On the December 1 episode of Raw , Kingston and Woods competed in a tag team turmoil match to determine the number one contenders for the WWE Tag Team Championship , eliminating Gold and Stardust , before being eliminated by Tyson Kidd and Cesaro . On the December 5 episode of SmackDown , Kingston and Woods defeated Kidd and Cesaro with a pendulum backbreaker and diving double foot stomp combination . At the TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs pre-show on December 14 , Big E and Kingston defeated Goldust and Stardust . On the January 5 , 2015 episode of Raw , while Big E was on his way to a victory against Adam Rose , the team of Kidd and Cesaro , masquerading as Rosebuds , interfered by laying out Woods on the outside and performing their finisher on Big E in the ring . At the Royal Rumble , The New Day 's winning streak came to an end when Tyson Kidd and Cesaro defeated Big E and Kingston . On the March 27 episode of Superstars , The New Day defeated The Ascension ( Konnor and Viktor ) with their pendulum backbreaker and diving double foot stomp combination .",
"3": "A fatal four - way match for the WWE Tag Team Championship took place on the WrestleMania 31 pre-show on March 29 , including The New Day , but they failed to win the championship . Longest reigning Tag Team Champions ( 2015 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) The following night on Raw , they were involved in an eight - man tag team match alongside The Lucha Dragons ( Kalisto and Sin Cara ) against Kidd , Cesaro and The Ascension . During the match , the live audience responded negatively to The New Day with loud `` New Day sucks ! '' chants which carried over into the following weeks . When asked about the crowd 's disapproval of them in a backstage interview on the April 6 episode of Raw , The New Day claimed that they were hurt and responded in a more aggressive tone and maintained their upbeat nature , but during their following match against The Lucha Dragons , Kingston attempted a cheap shot from the outside , though he was not actually involved in the bout , turning all three men into villains in the process . On the April 20 episode of Raw , The New Day defeated The Lucha Dragons to become number one contenders for the WWE Tag Team Championship at Extreme Rules after Woods held onto the feet of Sin Cara , thus preventing him from answering the ten count . At Extreme Rules on April 26 , The New Day defeated Tyson Kidd and Cesaro to capture the WWE Tag Team Championship ; Big E and Kingston were the participants in the match , but WWE also recognized Woods as champion under the Freebird Rule , in which any two members of a stable can compete for the titles . At Payback on May 17 , Big E and Kingston defeated Kidd and Cesaro in a two - out - of - three falls match . At Elimination Chamber on May 31 , all three New Day members competed in the first ever tag team Elimination Chamber match , where they lastly eliminated The Prime Time Players ( Darren Young and Titus O'Neil ) to successfully defend their title . However , at Money in the Bank on June 14 , Big E and Woods lost the title to The Prime Time Players . The New Day would then win the championship for a second time after they defeated Los Matadores ( Diego and Fernando ) , The Lucha Dragons and The Prime Time Players in a fatal four - way tag team match at SummerSlam on August 23 .",
"4": "The New Day then started a feud with returning The Dudley Boyz , setting up a title defense against The Dudley Boyz at Night of Champions on September 20 , where Big E and Kingston lost to The Dudley Boyz by disqualification and retained their title . Big E and Kingston then went to defeat The Dudley Boyz via pinfall at Hell in a Cell on October 25 to retain the championship , thus ending their feud . The New Day led their own team at Survivor Series including Sheamus and King Barrett , but left the match prematurely to tend to Big E after his elimination . The New Day 's next title defense was at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs on December 13 against The Lucha Dragons and The Usos ( Jimmy and Jey Uso ) in a triple threat ladder match , which The New Day won . The New Day then successful retained their title against The Lucha Dragons on the special December 22 episode of Super SmackDown Live ! and against The Usos in January 2016 at the Royal Rumble event . Kingston , Big E and Woods inducting The Fabulous Freebirds into the WWE Hall of Fame in April 2016 The New Day appearing on the Raw after WrestleMania 32 At Fastlane on February 21 , The New Day began mocking The League of Nations ( Sheamus , Alberto Del Rio Rusev and King Barrett ) , calling them the `` league of booty '' . They then continued to mock The League of Nations in various segments and skits while simultaneously feuding with other teams and turning into fan favorites in the process . The New Day retained their title both at Roadblock ( against Sheamus and Barrett ) on March 12 and the following night on Raw ( against Del Rio and Rusev ) , but were attacked after the match . This led to a six - man non-title tag team match between the two stables at WrestleMania 32 on April 3 , where The New Day was defeated , but Big E and Kingston retained their championship once again against Sheamus and Barrett the following night on Raw .",
"5": "At Payback on May 1 , the final match of the tournament to determine the number one contenders for the WWE Tag Team Championship between Enzo Amore and Colin Cassady and The Vaudevillains ( Aiden English and Simon Gotch ) ended in a no contest after Amore suffered a legitimate concussion during the match . As a result , The New Day faced The Vaudevillains for the WWE Tag Team Championship at Extreme Rules on May 22 , where they successfully retained their championship . On the May 30 episode of Raw , The New Day defeated The Vaudevillains in a non-title match via disqualification after they were attacked by Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson , sparking a feud between them . At Money in the Bank on June 19 , The New Day defeated Gallows and Anderson , The Vaudevillains and Enzo and Cass in a fatal - four way tag team match to retain the WWE Tag Team Championship and , as of that victory , they hold the record for the longest combined reign as a tag team . On the June 20 episode of Raw , The New Day confronted returning The Wyatt Family ( Bray Wyatt , Erick Rowan and Braun Strowman ) and interrupted Wyatt 's promo , thus starting a feud between the two teams that would lead to a non-title six - man tag team match at Battleground on July 24 , where they would lose . The New Day making their entrance in September 2016 During the 2016 WWE draft , The New Day were drafted to the Raw brand , making the WWE Tag Team Championship exclusive to the brand . In parallel to a lengthy feud with Gallows and Anderson for the title , The New Day became the longest reigning WWE Tag Team Champions in the title 's history , breaking the old record of 331 days previously set by Paul London and Brian Kendrick and , after the creation of the SmackDown Tag Team Championship for the SmackDown brand , became the last people to have held their championship as the sole tag team title in WWE and the first to hold it under its new name of Raw Tag Team Championship . The New Day would continue to successfully retain their championship against Gallows and Anderson in the following months , such as SummerSlam on August 21 , Clash of Champions on September 25 and the following night on Raw , ending their feud in the process .",
"6": "After their feud with Gallows and Anderson , The New Day began feuding with Cesaro and Sheamus and at Hell in a Cell on October 30 , The New Day were defeated by Cesaro and Sheamus via disqualification , but they managed to retain the title as a result . On the October 31 episode of Raw , The New Day revealed that they were made captain of Team Raw for the 10 - on - 10 Survivor Series Tag Team Elimination match at Survivor Series . At the event on November 20 , they made the first elimination , but were then eliminated themselves by The Usos . However , Team Raw still managed to win the match thanks to Cesaro and Sheamus . On the two following Raw episodes , The New Day successfully retained their title against Cesaro and Sheamus and then Gallows and Anderson . On the December 12 episode of Raw , after successfully defending their title in two successive triple threat tag team matches -- first against Cesaro and Sheamus and Gallows and Anderson , and then against the team of Chris Jericho and WWE Universal Champion Kevin Owens , and the team of Seth Rollins and United States Champion Roman Reigns -- The New Day broke Demolition 's 28 - year - old record to become the tag team to procure the longest single - run with any tag team championship in WWE history . Demolition held this record with WWE 's original World Tag Team Championship and still hold the specific record for that ( defunct ) version of the title . At Roadblock : End of the Line on December 18 , The New Day 's reign ended at 483 days after they lost the championship to Cesaro and Sheamus . On the December 26 episode of Raw , The New Day received a rematch for the title , but failed to reclaim the championship . The New Day would go on to host WrestleMania 33 , and the following day on Raw , compete against the debuting team The Revival ( Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder ) . Kingston suffered a legitimate ankle injury during a post match assault , after The Revival won . SmackDown Tag Team Champions ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) On April 11 , 2017 , The New Day were moved to the SmackDown brand as part of the Superstar Shake - up ; however , they did not appear for several weeks due to Kingston 's ankle injury .",
"7": "After appearing on Talking Smack , SmackDown Live 's post-show , on May 23 , the trio fully returned on May 30 , announcing their objective to defeat The Usos and win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship . The two teams first faced off at Money in the Bank , where Big E and Kingston won when The Usos purposely got counted out , thus retaining their titles . A rematch took place at Battleground , where Kingston and Woods were successful in capturing the titles ; this marked the first time that Woods was a part of a match where The New Day won a championship , and his first championship - winning pinfall in WWE . They would soon lose the titles back to The Usos as part of the SummerSlam 2017 pre-show , before regaining them on the September 12 episode of SmackDown when Big E and Kingston defeated The Usos in a Sin City Street Fight . The Usos would invoke their rematch at the Hell In a Cell pay - per - view . They would lose the titles back to The Usos in a highly - acclaimed Hell In a Cell match after Woods was pinned ending their reign at only 26 days . Characters and reception ( edit ) Initially characterized as stereotypical black gospel characters , The New Day received overwhelming negative reviews from fans and critics alike . Jim Ross noted that `` today 's wrestling fan may be a little hard on the talented trio '' due to them `` espousing such positivity '' . ProWrestling.net wrote that The New Day `` seem to be all about smiling and dancing ; one of the three racial stereotypes WWE assigns to their African - American performers '' . Entertainment website The A.V. Club called the gimmick `` racist '' because `` they literally pantomime shooting dice when they get into the ring '' . Xavier Woods ' trombone `` Francesca '' , `` Booty - O 's '' cereal , and unicorn horns ( all three appearing here on Woods ) are an integral part of The New Day 's gimmick Upon transitioning away from the gospel aspect , The New Day developed their own unique identity of frequently excited proponents of positivity , which sees them usually encourage live audiences to clap along with them .",
"8": "In 2015 , Woods began bringing a trombone to the ring and playing it during the group 's entrance and matches , later naming the trombone Francesca ; after `` she '' was destroyed by Chris Jericho , Woods replaced her with her sister Francesca II in January 2016 ; he also introduced her Scottish cousin Agnes ( bagpipes ) at a Scotland show on November 2016 . Following Francesca II 's destruction , she was replaced by Francesca II : Turbo , a nod to Street Fighter II : Turbo . Also in late 2015 , a unicorn pony was incorporated into The New Day 's newest shirt , and the trio began making unicorn gestures , using their fingers as horns and even having interviewers claiming to perceive them having `` unicorn magic '' . The group also began wearing plastic unicorn horns during their ring entrance , and using a team signature move named Unicorn Stampede ; this was based on Woods ' love for My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic , of which he is a fan. Also in 2015 , The New Day began using the word `` booty '' as their catchphrase and began occasionally using it to mock other wrestlers and the host city where WWE events would take place , such as calling Birmingham `` Bootyham '' . In 2016 , The New Day introduced their `` Booty - O 's '' cereal , while claiming that `` They make sure you ai n't booty '' , and even had a giant `` Booty - O 's '' box at WrestleMania 32 as part of their entrance , and later `` Booty - O 's '' shirts were created and were a very lucrative success . In vast contrast to the gospel - based version of The New Day , the new positivity - based version of the group began to receive an overwhelming positive reception from fans and critics in mid-2015 after they turned heel and had a series of strong in - ring performances and promos . At times , crowds would chant `` New Day rocks '' along with the team even though they continued to portray villains on - screen . Kenny Herzog of Rolling Stone named the group as WWE 's `` Wrestlers of the Year '' for 2015 , describing them as `` a hat - trick of pro-wrestling awesomeness '' having `` transformed from preachy dreck to a source of constant entertainment '' .",
"9": "In early 2016 , Aaron Oster of The Baltimore Sun described them as `` the most entertaining wrestling act of the past few years '' . Former WWE Champion CM Punk praised The New Day for getting over on their own , and claimed that although he no longer watched WWE - based product , and had also lost his passion for wrestling overall , he would only watch The New Day 's segments . At the end of 2015 , the group won Wrestling Observer 's `` Best Gimmick '' award . However , some remained critical of the group , with both Jim Ross and Jason Powell from ProWrestling.net suggesting that The New Day should be trying to gain `` heel heat '' as opposed to being comedic , and in January 2016 , following the Royal Rumble , James Caldwell of PWtorch noted that the group 's babyface opponents came out `` mainly to boos since New Day was too entertaining '' , adding that the group `` do n't act overly - heelish to get heat . So , their opponents continue to suffer opposite New Day '' . The New Day were so over that they had a presence in the WrestleMania 32 main event between Triple H and Roman Reigns , with the crowd chanting , `` Roman sucks '' , in the same rhythm as `` New Day rocks '' . This got ascended when The Hardy Boyz defended their titles on the April 3 , 2017 edition of Raw against Gallows and Anderson , with the crowd chanting `` obsolete '' in the same rhythm as `` New Day rocks '' . Other media ( edit ) The New Day wrote their first book titled The Book of Booty : Shake It . Love It . Never Be It . The New Day also had a cameo role in the WWE Studios film Countdown .",
"10": "In wrestling ( edit ) Big E and Kofi Kingston about to perform the Midnight Hour on King Barrett Double team finishing moves Midnight Hour ( Big Ending ( Big E ) and diving DDT ( Kingston or Woods ) combination ) UpUpDownDown ( Pendulum backbreaker ( Big E , Kingston or Woods ) and diving double foot stomp ( Kingston or Woods ) combination ) Double team and triple team signature moves Unicorn Stampede ( Multiple stomps to a seated opponent in the corner with frequent tags ) , often followed by an Irish whip - assisted corner dropkick Snapmare by Woods followed by a running soccer kick to a seated opponent by Kingston followed by a sliding clothesline by Woods followed by a running elbow drop by Kingston followed by a diving elbow drop from the second rope by Woods , sometimes followed by a splash by Kingston or Big E Snake eyes ( Big E ) and gamengiri ( Kingston and / or Woods ) combination Big E 's finishing moves Big Ending ( Over the shoulder facebuster ) Running splash -- also used as a signature move Kingston 's finishing moves Trouble in Paradise ( Jumping corkscrew roundhouse kick ) SOS ( Ranhei ) Woods ' finishing moves Lost in the Woods ( Inverted stomp facebreaker ) -- 2014 -- 2015 Shining wizard -- 2015 -- present Entrance themes `` Three Ai n't Enough '' by Jim Johnston ( July 21 , 2014 -- September 12 , 2014 ) `` New Day , New Way '' by Jim Johnston ( November 28 , 2014 -- present ) Championships and accomplishments ( edit ) The New Day are two - time and longest reigning Raw Tag Team Champions at 483 days , as well as having the longest combined reign at 532 days Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year ( 2015 , 2016 ) Ranked Big E No. 24 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2014 Ranked Kofi Kingston No. 42 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2016 Ranked Xavier Woods No.",
"11": "58 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2016 Rolling Stone Comeback of the Year ( 2015 ) WWE Wrestlers of the Year ( 2015 ) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Gimmick ( 2015 ) WWE WWE Raw Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) When champions , Big E , Kingston , and Woods defend the tag team titles under the Freebird Rule . During New Day 's second reign on September 5 , 2016 , the title was renamed the Raw Tag Team Championship after SmackDown established the SmackDown Tag Team Championship . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Wrestler ( s ) of the Year : The New Day '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Ross comments on Jimmy Snuka 's arrest , WWE Tag Champs New Day going for laughs , Dolph Ziggler and Summer Rae locker room segment on Raw '' . prowrestling.net . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pruett , Will ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Pruett 's Pause : WWE Raw - Laptop in charge , Seth Rollins and John Cena set up their main event program , A New Day 's new day , Tag Team Turmoil , Luke Harper , and more ! '' . Prowrestling.net . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` March 30 , 2015 WWE Monday Night Raw TV Review The A.V. Club '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Wrestler ( s ) of the Year : The New Day '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Day 's first Tag Team Championship reign '' . Jump up ^ `` Big E vs. Seth Rollins - NXT Championship Match : WWE NXT , Jan. 9 , 2013 '' . WWE.com . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's WWE Raw Results 11 / 18 ( Hour 3 ) : Big return closes final PPV hype following mega-12 - man tag '' . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` WWE RAW Results - 7 / 21 / 14 ( Brock Lesnar returns ) '' . wrestleview.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` Caldwell 's WWE Main Event results 7 / 22 : Rusev vs. Swagger PPV re-match , Kofi & Big E. reset , tag champ loses , more '' . PWTorch.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parks , Greg . `` Parks 's WWE SmackDown report 8 / 8 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Friday show , including Dean Ambrose choosing the stipulation for his Summerslam match against Seth Rollins `` . PWTorch.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` Caldwell 's WWE Main Event results 8 / 12 : Usos defend the Tag Titles against two teams , Rollins vs. Kofi , more '' . PWTorch.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHOW RESULTS -- 8 / 22 WWE in Stockton , Calif. : Cena 's in - ring return post-Summerslam , three title matches , more '' . PWTorch.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHOW RESULTS -- 9 / 13 WWE in Springfield , Mass. : Cena returns to college in main event , Ushow vs. Wyatts , NXT Title , more '' . PWTorch.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A New Day is coming : Raw , Nov. 3 , 2014 '' . YouTube . November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike . `` WWE Smackdown Results - 11 / 28 / 14 ( Daniel Bryan appears ) '' . wrestleview.com .",
"13": "Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 Contender 's Tag Team Turmoil Match : photos '' . WWE.com . December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WWE SmackDown results , recap , reactions ( Dec. 5 , 2014 ) : Stretcher job ! '' . Cageside Seats . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Smackdown Results ( 12 / 5 ) - The New Day vs Cesaro / Kidd , Ziggler vs Harper , Ryback / Rowan vs Rollins / Big Show '' . Wrestlezone . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Artus , Matthew ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` The New Day def . Gold & Stardust '' . WWE.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big E vs. Adam Rose : photos '' . WWE.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laboon , Jeff ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cesaro & Tyson Kidd def . Kofi Kingston & Big E '' . WWE.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Superstars TV Report 3 - 27 - 15 : The New Day vs The Ascension ; Emma still dancing , still losing '' . F4wonline.com . March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Title Match Set For WrestleMania Kickoff Pre-Show '' . WrestlingInc.com . March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Caldwell 's WWE Raw results 3 / 30 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Raw - WM31 fall - out , Lesnar seeks & destroys , WWE Title match teased , Sting on WWE Network `` . Pro Wrestling Torch .",
"14": "Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tylwak , Nick ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Raw : Lesnar runs wild , as does the crowd '' . Canoe - SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` WWE Raw results : Orton overcomes ' Extreme ' odds to become No. 1 contender '' . WWE.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike . `` WWE RAW Results - 4 / 20 / 15 ( Final hype for Extreme Rules ) '' . wrestleview.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` CALDWELL 'S EXTREME RULES PPV REPORT 4 / 26 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live PPV - Rollins vs. Orton steel cage , Cena vs. Rusev , Last Man Standing , more `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Payback 2015 results and matches '' . Jump up ^ `` WWE Elimination Chamber 2015 results and matches '' . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael . `` WWE Tag Team Champions The New Day vs. The Prime Time Players '' . WWE . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` CALDWELL 'S SUMMERSLAM REPORT 8 / 23 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Lesnar vs. Taker , Title vs. Title , more matches `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Dudley Boyz def . WWE Tag Team Champions The New Day by Disqualification '' . WWE . September 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 10 / 25 Live HIAC PPV Report -- CALDWELL 'S Live Coverage '' . Pro Wrestling Torch .",
"15": "Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 11 / 22 SURVIVOR SERIES RESULTS -- Caldwell 's Complete PPV Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 12 / 13 WWE TLC PPV RESULTS -- Caldwell 's Complete Real - Time Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dave ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Smackdown ! : Live Super shows delivers two title matches for the holidays '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 1 / 24 WWE Royal Rumble PPV Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Live PPV Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Mike ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` COMPLETE WWE FAST LANE PPV COVERAGE '' . Pro Wrestling Insider . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New Day Mocks The League Of Nations ( Video ) , WWE Tapout Shoot , New WWE Shop , WWE Stock '' . WrestlingInc . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clapp , John . `` WWE Tag Team Champions Big E & Kofi Kingston def . Sheamus & King Barrett '' . WWE . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike . `` WWE RAW Results - 3 / 14 / 16 ( Undertaker attacks Shane ) '' . wrestleview.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James . `` 4 / 3 WrestleMania 32 PPV Results -- Caldwell 's Complete Live Report on Main PPV '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 4 / 4 WWE Raw Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Report on post-WM32 '' . Pro Wrestling Torch .",
"16": "Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 5 / 1 WWE Payback Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Live Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 / 22 WWE Extreme Rules PPV Results - CALDWELL 'S Complete Live Report '' . pwtorch.com . May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` 5 / 30 WWE Raw Results -- CALDWELL 'S Ongoing Live TV Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 6 / 19 WWE MITB PPV Results -- Caldwell 's Complete Live Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 6 / 20 WWE Raw Results -- Caldwell 's Complete Live TV Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` The New Day vs. The Wyatt Family '' . WWE . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` 7 / 24 WWE Battleground Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 WWE Draft results : WWE officially ushers in New Era '' . WWE . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New Day claims longest WWE Tag Team Championship reign of all time '' . WWE . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown Tag Team Championships '' . WWE . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raw Tag Team Championships '' . WWE . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Artus , Matthew . `` Luke Gallows & Karl Anderson def .",
"17": "WWE Tag Team Champions The New Day via disqualification '' . WWE . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Raw Tag Team Champions The New Day def . Luke Gallows & Karl Anderson '' . WWE . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` 9 / 26 WWE Raw Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Live TV Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Cesaro & Sheamus def . Raw Tag Team Champions The New Day via Disqualification '' . WWE . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tedesco , Mike . `` WWE RAW Results -- 10 / 31 / 16 ( Live from Hartford , Goldberg returns , Hell in a Cell fallout , Survivor Series teams ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Survivor Series 2016 live review : Goldberg vs. Brock Lesnar , three Team Raw vs. Team Smackdown elimination matches , IC and WWE Cruiserweight Title matches '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael . `` Sheamus & Cesaro win the 10 - on - 10 Traditional Survivor Series Tag Team Elimination Match '' . WWE . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 11 / 28 : Live coverage -- Charlotte defends against Sasha Banks , New Day defends against Anderson & Gallows '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 12 / 12 : New Day try to break a record for longest - reigning tag champs in WWE , Roadblock hype continues '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ `` World Tag Team Championships '' . WWE . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael . `` Cesaro & Sheamus win the Raw Tag Team Championships from The New Day '' . WWE . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 12 / 19 : Fallout from Roadblock including Jericho explaining his actions and putting Santa on his list '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dilbert , Ryan . `` WWE Raw Results : Winners , Grades , Reaction and Highlights from April 10 '' . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston undergoes ankle surgery following The Revival 's assault '' . Jump up ^ Rob Goldberg . `` The New Day sent to WWE SmackDown in Superstar Shake - up '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Blanchette , Rob . `` Kofi Kingston Underwent Ankle Surgery , Will Be Out for ' Several Weeks ' '' . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 7 / 23 Powell 's WWE Battleground Live Review : Jinder Mahal vs. Randy Orton in a Punjabi Prison match for the WWE Championship , AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens for the U.S. Championship , John Cena vs. Rusev in a flag match '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Post date : 12 / 23 / 2014 - 4 : 33pm ( 2014 - 12 - 23 ) . `` VADER on Ross Report Podcast Tonight , Lucha Underground , Ken Shamrock , # WrestleKingdom9 & the Sooners , RAW Thoughts , Bones vs. Cromier @ ufc J.R. 's Family Bar - B-Q '' . Jrsbarbq.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` March 30 , 2015 WWE Monday Night Raw TV Review The A.V. Club '' . Avclub.com .",
"19": "Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` PARKS 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 11 / 28 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Friday show , including Luke Harper vs. Dolph Ziggler in an Intercontinental Title match `` . PWTorch.com. 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HITS & MISSES - 12 / 15 WWE Raw : Jericho , Lesnar 's Return , The New Day , Roman Reigns , TLC fall - out , more '' . PWTorch.com. 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2K Tournament of Champions : Xavier Woods '' . March 6 , 2015 . ( wearing a `` BRONY '' shirt ) Xavier Woods here , reigning and defending 2K champion . This year at WrestleMania , people are gon na come and try to take my title , take my championship . That can not be done , you ba n't neat me ! Brony : do n't care , what up ? Step up , and get bought ! Jump up ^ `` 1 / 19 WWE on ESPNews -- New Day introduces new trombone , more '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New Day `` Feel The Power '' Authentic T - Shirt `` . PRODUCT NO : W10497 Jump up ^ `` Superstars and Divas pick Survivor Series dream teams : 2015 edition ( page 4 ) '' . 19 November 2015 . Woods disappeared in a puff of unicorn magic and the booming note of a trombone . ^ Jump up to : Layfield , John . `` Ryback & The Usos vs. The New Day : Raw , November 16 , 2015 '' . This is the Unicorn Stampede , is what this is . Jump up ^ 2K Tournament of Champions : Xavier Woods 6 March 2015 ( wearing a BRONY shirt ) `` Xavier Woods here , reigning and defending 2K champion . This year at WrestleMania , people are gon na come and try to take my title , take my championship . That can not be done , you ba n't neat me !",
"20": "Brony : do n't care , what up ? Step up , and get bought ! '' Jump up ^ `` The Rock returns on Raw '' . The Baltimore Sun . ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Dave ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` January 25 , 2016 Wrestling Observer Newsletter : 2015 Observer Awards Issue '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , California : 46 . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 1 / 24 Royal Rumble PPV Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Live Report '' . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xavier Woods and Kofi Kingston ( The New Day ) - Backbreaker and Top Rope Double Foot Stomp Combo '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 12 / 16 WWE Main Event Results : New Day in Action '' . Wrestlezone.com. 2014 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The New Day vs. The Ascension : WWE Superstars , March 27 , 2015 '' . WWE.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The New Day vs. The Ascension : WWE Superstars , March 27 , 2015 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Big E & Kofi Kingston vs. Heath Slater & Titus O'Neil : WWE Main Event , July 22 , 2014 . YouTube . 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( 17 November 2015 ) . `` WWE RAW Results - 11 / 16 / 15 ( Final Survivor Series hype ) - WWE News and Results , RAW and Smackdown Results , TNA News , ROH News '' . Jump up ^ Clark , Ryan ( 17 November 2015 ) . `` WWE RAW Results ( 11 / 16 ) - The Wyatt Family vs , Kane & The Undertaker , & Lots More ! - Page 4 of 4 - eWrestlingNews.com '' .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` 1Wrestling.com - Pro Wrestling 's Daily News Source '' . Jump up ^ Namako , Jason ( 3 October 2015 ) . `` WWE MSG Results - 10 / 3 / 15 ( Lesnar / Show , Cena / Rollins ) - WWE News and Results , RAW and Smackdown Results , TNA News , ROH News '' . Jump up ^ `` The John Report : WWE Battleground 2015 Review - TJR Wrestling '' . tjrwrestling.net . Jump up ^ Kofi Kingston & Xavier Woods vs. Luke Gallows & Karl Anderson : Raw , Sept. 12 , 2016 . YouTube . 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Cesaro & Sheamus vs. The New Day - Raw Tag Team Championship Match : Raw , Dec. 26 , 2016 . YouTube . 26 Dec 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The New Day vs. Seth Rollins , Chris Jericho & Braun Strowman : Raw , Nov. 14 , 2016 . YouTube . 14 Nov 2016 . Jump up ^ Chris Jericho , AJ Styles & Mark Henry vs. The New Day : SmackDown , February 25 , 2016 . YouTube . 25 Feb 2016 . Jump up ^ The New Day vs. The Social Outcasts : Raw , May 23 , 2016 . YouTube . 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FCW Profile '' . Florida Championship Wrestling . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 4 / 15 FCW TV REPORT '' . Jump up ^ Chiverton , George . `` CHIVERTON 'S WWE NXT EVALUATION -- 8 / 1 '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . The best was undoubtedly where instead of a clothesline , Big E. simply ran into / over Mercer . It was frankly hilarious . The finish came with E. hitting `` The Big Ending , '' which is a powerslam pick - up into a cutter . Jump up ^ `` Just for Kicks : WWE 's top 10 kicks '' . WWE . January 3 , 2014 .",
"22": "Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parks , Greg ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` PARKS 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 1 / 31 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Friday show , including The Shield vs. Daniel Bryan & Sheamus & Rey Mysterio `` . PWTorch . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JAMES 'S WWE NXT RESULTS 6 / 19 : Wyatts vs. Ohno & Graves & Neville six - man tag , Summer Rae wins tourney match , El Generico , Xavier Woods , more '' . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown analysis '' . ProWrestling.Net . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WWE : Three Ai n't Enough ( Big E Langston ) -- Single '' . Jump up ^ `` WWE : New Day , New Way ( The New Day ) - Single '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated ( PWI ) 500 for 2014 '' . The Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated ( PWI ) 500 for 2016 '' . The Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Wrestler ( s ) of the Year '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The New Day . Big E on WWE.com Kofi Kingston on WWE.com Xavier Woods on WWE.com WWE personnel Raw Male wrestlers Apollo Crews Big Cass Big Show Bo Dallas Braun Strowman Bray Wyatt Brock Lesnar Cesaro Curt Hawkins Curtis Axel Darren Young Dash Wilder Dean Ambrose Elias Finn Bálor Goldust Heath Slater Jason Jordan Jeff Hardy John Cena Kane Karl Anderson Luke Gallows Matt Hardy The",
"23": "Miz Rhyno R - Truth Roman Reigns Samoa Joe Scott Dawson Seth Rollins Sheamus Titus O'Neil 205 Live ( Cruiserweights ) Akira Tozawa Ariya Daivari The Brian Kendrick Cedric Alexander Drew Gulak Enzo Amore Gentleman Jack Gallagher Gran Metalik Kalisto Lince Dorado Mustafa Ali Neville Noam Dar Rich Swann TJP Tony Nese Female wrestlers Alexa Bliss Alicia Fox Asuka Bayley Dana Brooke Emma Mickie James Nia Jax Paige Sasha Banks Summer Rae Other on - air talent Bob Backlund Kurt Angle Maryse Paul Heyman Stephanie McMahon Triple H Stables and tag teams Cesaro and Sheamus Gallows and Anderson The Hardy Boyz The Revival The Shield SmackDown Male wrestlers Aiden English AJ Styles Baron Corbin Big E Bobby Roode Chad Gable Chris Jericho Dolph Ziggler Epico Colón Erick Rowan Fandango James Ellsworth Jinder Mahal Kevin Owens Kofi Kingston Konnor Luke Harper Mike Kanellis Mojo Rawley Primo Colón Randy Orton Rusev Sami Zayn Shelton Benjamin Shinsuke Nakamura Sin Cara Tye Dillinger Tyler Breeze Viktor Xavier Woods Zack Ryder Female wrestlers Becky Lynch Carmella Charlotte Flair Lana Naomi Nikki Bella Natalya Tamina",
"24": "Other on - air talent Daniel Bryan Maria Kanellis Shane McMahon Stables and tag teams The Ascension The Colóns The Hype Bros Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn The New Day The Singh Brothers The Usos NXT Male wrestlers Adam Cole Akam Aleister Black Alexander Wolfe Andrade `` Cien '' Almas Angelo Dawkins Bobby Fish Buddy Murphy Drew McIntyre Eric Young Hideo Itami Johnny Gargano Kassius Ohno Killian Dain Kyle O'Reilly Lars Sullivan Lio Rush Mark Andrews Montez Ford Nick Miller No Way Jose Oney Lorcan Otis Dozovic Pete Dunne Rezar Riddick Moss Roderick Strong Sawyer Fulton Shane Thorne Tino Sabbatelli Tommaso Ciampa Trent Seven Tucker Knight Tyler Bate The Velveteen Dream Wesley Blake Wolfgang Live events Babatunde Brennan Williams Bronson Matthews Chad Lail Dijak Fabian Aichner Jeet Rama Marcel Barthel Mr.",
"25": "Bronson Tian Bing Female wrestlers Aliyah Billie Kay Ember Moon Kairi Sane Liv Morgan Mandy Rose Nikki Cross Peyton Royce Ruby Riot Sonya Deville Live events Abbey Laith Bianca Belair Dakota Kai Jessie Elaban Lacey Evans Reina González Sage Beckett Sarah Logan Shayna Baszler Taynara Conti Vanessa Borne Other on - air talent Paul Ellering William Regal Zelina Vega Stables and tag teams The Authors of Pain Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly Sanity TM - 61 Trainers and staff Adam Pearce Canyon Ceman Gerald Brisco Johnny Saint Matt Bloom Norman Smiley Robbie Brookside Sara Amato Sarah Stock Scotty 2 Hotty Seth Petruzelli Shawn Michaels Steve Corino Steve Keirn Terry Taylor Broadcast team Al Bastaki Booker T Byron Saxton Carlos Cabrera Cathy Kelley Corey Graves Dasha Fuentes David Otunga Funaki Gene Okerlund John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield JoJo Marcelo Rodriguez Mauro Ranallo Michael Cole Nigel McGuinness Percy Watson Peter Rosenberg Raymond Rougeau Renee Young Rob Schamberger Scott Stanford Stone Cold Steve Austin Tom Phillips Referees Charles Robinson Dan Engler Darryl Sharma Drake Wuertz Jason Ayers Jessika Carr John Cone Mike Chioda Ryan Tran Unassigned personnel Kacy Catanzaro Kavita Devi The Rock Steffanie Newell Shadia Bseiso The Undertaker Producers and writers Arn Anderson Billy Kidman Dean Malenko D - Von Dudley Finlay Irwin R.",
"26": "Schyster Jamie Noble John Laurinaitis Mark Henry Michael Hayes Pat Patterson Ranjin Singh Road Dogg Robert Evans Ryan Katz Scott Armstrong Tyson Kidd Off - screen personnel CFO $ Howard Finkel Jim Johnston Joseph Maroon Lex Luger Tony Chimel Will Roush Ambassadors Alundra Blayze The Boogeyman Brie Bella Edge Eve Torres Goldberg Jerry Lawler Jim Ross Kelly Kelly Kevin Nash Lita Maria Menounos Mick Foley Ric Flair Ricky Steamboat Sgt .",
"27": "Slaughter Sting Superstar Billy Graham Tatanka Tatsumi Fujinami X-Pac WWE Raw Tag Team Champions Chris Benoit and Kurt Angle Edge and Rey Mysterio Los Guerreros ( Chavo Guerrero and Eddie Guerrero ) Team Angle / The World 's Greatest Tag Team ( Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin ) Eddie Guerrero and Tajiri The Basham Brothers ( Danny Basham and Doug Basham ) Rikishi and Scotty 2 Hotty Charlie Haas and Rico The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray Dudley and D - Von Dudley ) Billy Kidman and Paul London Kenzo Suzuki and René Duprée Rey Mysterio and Rob Van Dam Eddie Guerrero and Rey Mysterio MNM ( Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro ) The Legion of Doom ( Animal and Heidenrich ) Batista and Rey Mysterio Brian Kendrick and Paul London Deuce ' n Domino Matt Hardy and Montel Vontavious Porter The Miz and John Morrison Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder The Colóns ( Carlito and Primo ) Edge and Chris Jericho Jeri - Show ( Big Show and Chris Jericho ) D - Generation X ( Shawn Michaels and Triple H ) ShoMiz ( Big Show and The Miz ) The Hart Dynasty ( David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd ) Cody Rhodes and Drew McIntyre The Nexus ( David Otunga and John Cena ) The Nexus / The Corre ( Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel ) Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov John Cena and The Miz Big Show and Kane The New Nexus ( David Otunga and Michael McGillicutty ) Air Boom ( Evan Bourne and Kofi Kingston ) Epico and Primo Kofi Kingston and R - Truth Team Hell No ( Daniel Bryan and Kane ) The Shield ( Roman Reigns and Seth Rollins ) Cody Rhodes / Stardust and Goldust The New Age Outlaws ( Road Dogg and Billy Gunn ) The Usos ( Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso ) Damien Mizdow and The Miz Cesaro and Tyson Kidd The New Day ( Big E ,",
"28": "Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods ) The Prime Time Players ( Darren Young and Titus O'Neil ) Cesaro and Sheamus Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows The Hardy Boyz ( Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy ) Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins ( current ) WWE SmackDown Tag Team Champions Heath Slater and Rhyno The Wyatt Family ( Bray Wyatt , Luke Harper , and Randy Orton ) American Alpha ( Chad Gable and Jason Jordan ) The Usos ( Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso ) ( current ) The New Day ( Big E , Kofi Kingston , and Xavier Woods ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Day_(wrestling)&oldid=807194868 '' Categories : WWE teams and stables Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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5546821905435239058
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who wrote if she knew what she wants
|
[
"Jules Shear",
"Jules Shear",
"Jules Shear",
"Jules Shear"
] |
{
"0": "If She Knew What She Wants - wikipedia If She Knew What She Wants Jump to : navigation , search `` If She Knew What She Wants '' Single by The Bangles from the album Different Light Released 1986 Format CD single Recorded 1985 ; Sunset Sound Factory Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 49 Label Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Jules Shear Producer ( s ) David Kahne The Bangles singles chronology `` Manic Monday '' ( 1986 ) `` If She Knew What She Wants '' ( 1986 ) `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' ( 1986 ) `` Manic Monday '' ( 1986 ) `` If She Knew What She Wants '' ( 1986 ) `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' ( 1986 ) Alternative cover UK cover Music video `` If She Knew What She Wants '' on YouTube `` If She Knew What She Wants '' is a song by Jules Shear released on his 1985 album The Eternal Return . The song was recorded a year later by The Bangles for their 1986 album , Different Light . Contents ( hide ) 1 Variations 2 Bangles ' hit 3 Music video 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Variations ( edit ) Shear 's song was originally written in the first person as a love song ; the Bangles rewrote the lyrics in the third person , rather than change the subject 's gender . Bangles ' hit ( edit ) The Bangles charted at number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 31 on the UK Singles Chart , and number 31 on the Australian Kent Music Report chart . Music video ( edit ) Two different music videos were created for the song , one that was commonly shown in North America and the other that was commonly shown in Europe . The `` American version '' was produced by Tamar Simon Hoffs , the mother of Bangles guitarist / vocalist Susanna Hoffs , who sings lead in this song . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Bangles version is featured in the 2006 Tim Allen and Courteney Cox superhero comedy Zoom .",
"1": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rock movers & shakers p. 27 . Billboard Publications , Inc. , 1989 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Bangles Susanna Hoffs Vicki Peterson Debbi Peterson Annette Zilinskas Michael Steele Abby Travis Studio albums All Over the Place Different Light Everything Doll Revolution Sweetheart of the Sun Extended plays Bangles Compilations Greatest Hits Ladies and Gentlemen ... The Bangles ! Singles `` Getting Out of Hand '' `` Going Down to Liverpool '' `` Manic Monday '' `` If She Knew What She Wants '' `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' `` Walking Down Your Street '' `` Following '' `` Hazy Shade of Winter '' `` In Your Room '' `` Eternal Flame '' `` Be with You '' `` I 'll Set You Free '' `` Everything I Wanted '' Videography Greatest Hits Related articles Discography The Runaways Kindred Spirit Continental Drifters Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_She_Knew_What_She_Wants&oldid=805433242 '' Categories : 1986 singles The Bangles songs Songs written by Jules Shear Columbia Records singles Song recordings produced by David Kahne 1985 songs Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 10 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"2": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does levi first appear in attack on titan
|
[
"\"Whereabouts of His Left Arm: The Struggle for Trost, Part 5\"",
"Whereabouts of His Left Arm: The Struggle for Trost, Part 5",
"Whereabouts of His Left Arm: The Struggle for Trost, Part 5"
] |
{
"0": "List of Attack on Titan episodes - wikipedia List of Attack on Titan episodes Jump to : navigation , search The logo of Attack on Titan Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Scout Regiment , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans . Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST . From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮 の 弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき 残酷 な 世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由 の 翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit .",
"1": "`` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales . A second season aired from April 1 to June 17 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll streamed the second season on their respective websites , while Adult Swim aired a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓 を 捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れ の 鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for July 22 , 2018 . A trailer for the third season was released on April 27 , 2018 along with confirmation for a 24 - episode long season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Special episodes 3.1 OVA episodes 3.2 Bonus shorts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"2": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ ― シガンシナ 陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Eren Jaeger , of the town called the Shiganshina District , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Scout Regiment , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackermann and their mother Carla Jaeger are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join , which impresses his father Grisha Jaeger . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlelt from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , the Colossal Titan suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to the Shiganshina District , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush back to Carla , only to see her pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as a Smiling Titan eats Carla .",
"3": "`` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ 陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Smiling Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of townsfolk of the Shiganshina District escape to the inner Wall Maria , while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but the Armored Titan rams the gate , breaching the inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace , choose to fight , only to be wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る ― 人類 の 再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Sadies inspects the new recruits of the 104th Cadet Corps and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink .",
"4": "Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police Regiment within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an omni - directional mobility gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertholdt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , but Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 ― 人類 の 再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police Regiment to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police Regiment , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Scout Regiment on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack .",
"5": "5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 May 31 , 2014 The Colossal Titan destroys the wall 's cannons , but it vanishes into a burst of stream before Eren prepares to attack its weak point . The Military Police Regiment scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison Regiment to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation , while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans one by one , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a Bearded Titan and almost swallowed . Eren , recalling when he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . He reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the Bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Conny Springer , Christa Lenz and Ymir .",
"6": "As Armin heads back to the rearguard , he blames himself not being strong enough to save Eren . Meanwhile , an Abnormal Titan approaches the city 's exit gate , which is crowded by refugees . Once Mikasa kills the Abnormal Titan , she threatens a greedy merchant holding cargo to let the refugees pass first . After she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa was targeted by three slave traders , who murdered her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discovered the corpses while making a visit , Eren secretly tracked down the slave traders to a nearby hut and killed two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appeared and began strangling Eren . Encouraged by Eren , Mikasa overcame her fear and gained resolve to kill the third slave trader . After the children are found by the Military Police Regiment , Mikasa was invited to live with Eren and Grisha . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな 刃 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their omni - directional mobility gear being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa seems unfazed after learning from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . She rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , inspiring them to join her in the attack , but Mikasa ends up running out of gas midair and falls into an alleyway . Jean assumes command , but he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans .",
"7": "As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she prepares to attack with her remaining broken blade , but a Mysterious Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Conny show up , shocked to witness the Mysterious Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Mysterious Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Mysterious Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Conny agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the supply depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Conny arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Mysterious Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Conny fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat . As they see the Mysterious Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , they are shocked to watch Eren emerge from its body .",
"8": "Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that Eren 's severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕 の 行方 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Scout Regiment and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . When Eren was eaten and swallowed by the Bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the Bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming himself into the Mysterious Titan and going on a rampage against them . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Mysterious Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men aim their weapons at Eren . Armin and Mikasa try to defend Eren , but to no avail . As Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Mysterious Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs .",
"9": "10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 July 12 , 2014 Eren climbs out of the partially transformed Titan , telling Mikasa and Armin about the basement in his former house . He believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts once again orders the cannon to be loaded out of fear . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for Eren to retreat as the Mysterious Titan and criminalize himself in the eyes of humanity , and the second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset rather than a danger . Armin comes to the conclusion that he can still defend his friends despite being cowardice , deciding to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control himself as the Mysterious Titan . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families .",
"10": "Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren as the Mysterious Titan carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison , them being Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in as the Mysterious Titan , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his omni - directional mobility gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him .",
"11": "As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初 的 欲求 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of omni - directional mobility gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Conny and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren as the Mysterious Titan carrying the boulder towards the gate , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and Rico fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans , but Levi saves them in the nick of time . All Titans remaining in the Trost Districts are eliminated except two , which are captured for research . Jean , Sasha and Annie all mourn the deaths of their fellow comrades among several casualties . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police Regiment , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Scout Regiment . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの 日 から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes .",
"12": "14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない ― 反撃 前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 August 9 , 2014 The populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Dhalis Zachary , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police Regiment or the Scout Regiment , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police Regiment wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Scout Regiment wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . Becoming furious upon hearing from a merchant that Mikasa is accused of being a Titan as well , Eren calls out the Military Police Regiment and their supporters for their cowardice . Levi brutally beats down Eren in retaliation , but Eren does not transform into the Mysterious Titan . Levi uses this to show to the court that the Scout Regiment can control Eren , and proposes that Eren is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zachary gives Eren to the Scout Regiment , where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out after being beaten down by Levi .",
"13": "15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別 作戦 班 ― 反撃 前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Eld Gin , Oruo Bozad , Petra Rall and Günther Schultz , bring Eren to the old Scout Regiment headquarters , where Eren will learn to control his Titan powers under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that Levi does care about the people under his command despite his rude and harsh demeanor . Meanwhile , Erwin and Miche Zacharius discuss the new recruits joining the Scout Regiment and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . Hange asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . She has an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . It is revealed that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . The next day , the Scout Regiment discover that Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Scout Regiment deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their omni - directional mobility gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is .",
"14": "16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか ― 反撃 前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police Regiment later , gives advice to Armin and Conny that it is their choice to decide on which military division they should join . The 104th Cadets are later greeted by Erwin at the Decision Ceremony , where he tells them that the goal of the Scout Regiment 's expedition on the following month is to reclaim the Shiganshina District and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Scout Regiment 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Scout Regiment in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertholdt , Conny , Sasha , Christa and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Scout Regiment prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Scout Regiment begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls .",
"15": "17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 September 6 , 2014 As the 57th Expedition gets underway , the Scout Regiment assemble into their Long - Range Scouting Formation , wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if Titans are nearby so the group can steer to avoid conflict with them if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Female Titan suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin , but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize not only was it the Female Titan 's work , but also is she possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the center group .",
"16": "18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Christa , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover that their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . The whole formation soon reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it , while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . Eren starts remembering when he was unable to transform into the Mysterious Titan for experimental purposes in front of Hange , Levi and his squad .",
"17": "During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , leading Hange to deduce that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush , where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks to trap the Female Titan . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Scout Regiment before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Scout Regiment 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Scout Regiment member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther .",
"18": "21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all Titan Shifters are like Eren , since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice . Elsewhere , the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes that the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into the Mysterious Titan , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Eld , Oruo and Petra manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms . However , the Female Titan quickly regenerates her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into the Mysterious Titan . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired .",
"19": "22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者 達 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 October 11 , 2014 While Mikasa distracts the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , Levi debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but Levi injures his leg when saving Mikasa from leaving herself vulnerable . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Scout Regiment retrieves the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . One their way back into town , the Scouts are chased by two Titans , one of which is killed by Mikasa . They outrun the other Titan after Levi reluctantly orders to dispose some of the corpses in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past and finds himself and the Scout Regiment back at town safely behind Wall Sina . The townspeople not only berate the Scout Regiment 's ineptitude , but also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス 区 急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District , the Military Police Regiment are ordered to escort the Scout Regiment convoy once they enter the capital .",
"20": "Annie 's colleagues Hitch Dreyse and Marlo Sand joined the Military Police Regiment for opposite reasons , one for its current corruption and the other its possible reformation . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin begs for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although declining at first , she finally agrees when Armin believes that she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel , but Annie refuses to enter . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's omni - directional mobility gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the 57th Expedition . After Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , she laughs and soon transforms using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin told him about a plan to capture Annie , the person shockingly believed to be the Female Titan . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie as the Female Titan . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dawk of the Military Police Regiment demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Scout Regiment distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble .",
"21": "Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Mysterious Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths . Erwin , who accepts responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , is arrested by Nile , who orders the Military Police Regiment to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , Annie is overpowered by Eren and attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina , but Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers and sends her falling . Eren prepares to eat Annie , but he stops when she starts to cry . Her body starts encasing itself in crystal before he recuperates in human form . Erwin attends a government inquiry to clear his name , explaining that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks , despite the casualties during his plans . His new plan is to find Titan Shifters and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . Eren stays with the Scout Regiment , and Annie is put under the custody of the Scout Regiment . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"22": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣 の 巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 April 22 , 2017 Hange Zoë and her team discover the Wall Titan sealed inside the wall . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult arrives and urges the team to cover it from sunlight with sheets . However , Pastor Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him , leading Hange to suspect that there are more Wall Titans hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin Smith is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . Twelve hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Cadets are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Miche Zacharius orders the soldiers and cadets to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . Miche buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a Beast Titan , which is apelike in appearance and capable of speaking . Miche hesitates to respond when the Beast Titan inquires him about his omni - directional mobility gear , so the Beast Titan strips Miche of his omni - directional mobility gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 April 29 , 2017 Armin Arlelt and Hange each deduce that the Wall Titans sealed within the walls provide its strength . The Scout Regiment depart from the Stohess District to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along , intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha Braus rushes to Dauper in order to warn her father and the villagers . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees , but they are chased by the Titan .",
"23": "Deciding to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away , Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Conny Springer and his group arrive at Ragako , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Conny discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside , and he wonders how it was able to travel so far from the walls since its legs seem too feeble to support its body . 28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西 へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 May 6 , 2017 Conny learns from Lynne and Gelgar that his family could still be alive since there are no traces of carnage , but before Conny rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , he is startled when the Titan in his house faintly speaks and welcomes him back home . Elsewhere , Christa Lenz tells Ymir not to worry about her when the latter asks Nanaba and Henning to allow the two to leave their group . Both groups eventually meet up at nighttime , discovering that no breaches occurred at the walls and deciding to rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Eren Jaeger learns from Hange he could learn how to seal the breach in the Shiganshina District , seeing as the crystallized skin from Annie Leonhart as the Female Titan is the same material from the walls . Pastor Nick eventually reveals to Hange that Christa is the key to finding all the answers . Soon after , Sasha arrives and hands Hange a scroll from Erwin , advising Hange and the Scouts to head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , the Beast Titan leads the other Titans to attack Castle Utgard . This prompts Nanaba , Henning , Lynne and Gelgar to defend the 104th Cadets . 29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Cadets rest as their seniors keep watch .",
"24": "Conny mentions that the Titan he encountered at Ragako resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner Braun becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can labeled herring . The Titans soon appear , and the senior soldiers hold them off from the outside while the 104th Cadets defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower which the unarmed 104th Cadets are on , Ymir jumps off the tower and transforms into a Titan in order to honor a promise that she made with Christa . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 May 20 , 2017 In the past , Christa and Ymir became lost in a blizzard during their winter training in the mountains as cadets , while trying to save fellow cadet Daz . Ymir accused Christa of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She was also aware that Christa is an unwanted illegitimate daughter of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Ymir then made Christa promise that she must live her own life if she ever reveals her true name . Back in the present , Ymir transforms into the Dancing Titan and fights off the other Titans . Christa tells Ymir to destroy the tower in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Christa and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir , but Hange and the other Scouts arrive on time to save the 104th Cadets . With the battle over , Christa attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Cadets learn that Ymir is a Titan Shifter .",
"25": "Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Christa reveals that her real name is Historia Reiss . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 June 3 , 2017 The Scouts prepare to take the comatose Ymir to the Trost District for medical attention . Later , Hannes comes with his vanguard and reports that the walls were never breached . Before leaving for the Trost District , Eren learns that Reiner and Bertholdt are the Armored Titan and the Colossal Titan , respectively . Reiner explains that the mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply join them . Twelve hours earlier in the Ehrmich District , Hange explained that the scroll received from Sasha contained a background report on Annie , suggesting a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little information available . The Scouts eventually realized that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Therefore , Hange ordered the others to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their Titan forms , despite a quick intervention by Mikasa Ackermann . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and slides down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , Eren shifts into the Mysterious Titan and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat ( Strike ・ Throw ・ Submit ) '' `` Da - Tō - Kyoku '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 June 10 , 2017 As Eren and the Armored Titan engage in battle , the Colossal Titan consumes Ymir and another Scout . Hange and the other Scouts move in for an attack , but the Colossal Titan releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . The Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and the situation seems desperate even with assistance from Mikasa .",
"26": "However , Eren uses hand - to - hand combat techniques that he learned from Annie during their recruit training , enabling him to give serious damage to the Armored Titan . Eren obliges when Armin implores him to fall back to the wall for his own safety . As the Armored Titan charges Eren once more , Eren utilizes grappling techniques advised by Hange in order to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . Eren is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . The Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫 う 者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of steam . The Armored Titan frees itself from being grasped and extracts Eren from the Mysterious Titan , while Bertholdt carries the still unconscious Ymir and uses stolen omni - directional mobility gear to leave with the Armored Titan . Five hours later in the Trost District , the military divisions are informed about the recent battle that took place . Back at the walls , an unconscious Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she tried to protect Eren from the neighborhood delinquents , but she is distraught to find him gone when she awakes . Armin tells Mikasa that Eren and Ymir were captured , but nothing can be done in their current state . Hannes reminds Mikasa and Armin that Eren has a steadfast resolve . As Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements , Hange posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the Forest of Giant Trees nearby to safely rest until nightfall , assuming that their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their limbs , while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The Scouts depart from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation .",
"27": "34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , Hange requests a horseback ride to Ragako to see the immobilized Titan , but Moblit decides to go in her stead since she is badly injured . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , as Eren and Ymir continue to regenerate their limbs , Ymir points out that not only are they are surrounded by Titans , but also Reiner and Bertholdt stole their omni - directional mobility gear . Reiner and Bertholdt plan to take Eren and Ymir to their hometown , but are waiting until nightfall when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren is reminded by Ymir that they are in no position to fight or flee until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and as a warrior , which Ymir deduces that there is confusion between his undercover and real personas . Ymir is highly concerned about the Beast Titan , who caused the recent Titan invasion and may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Eren and Ymir . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供 達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 July 8 , 2017 Moblit arrives at Ragako and recognizes the disabled Titan as Conny 's mother after seeing a portrait of Conny 's parents . At the Forest of Giant Trees , after Eren is restrained , Ymir says that Reiner and Bertholdt must take Christa with them . In a flashback , Ymir was worshiped by a cult as a child under supposed royalty . The cult was later apprehended and punished by soldiers , in which Ymir was injected with something and thrown off a wall , resulting in her transforming into the Dancing Titan .",
"28": "Ymir spent the next sixty years as a Titan , and she ate Marcel , a childhood friend of Reiner , Bertholdt and Annie , before returning to human form . She realized that her freedom of accepting her true identity was why she developed such empathy with Christa . In the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to transform into the Dancing Titan and take Christa with them . When the Scouts enter the forest , Ymir finds and swallows Christa before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . Reiner transforms as the Armored Titan , while Bertholdt , Eren and Ymir climb on its shoulders , as they flee at the edge of the forest with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir regurgitates Christa and exits her Titan form in order to explain her seemingly selfish actions to Christa . The Scouts close in on the Armored Titan , but Mikasa is foiled when the Armored Titan blocks her from attacking Bertholdt and saving Eren . The other 104th Cadets arrive to reason with Bertholdt , but he professes that there is no turning back from their mission , despite being their comrade . Erwin uses himself as bait to lure a group of Titans charging towards the Scouts chasing the Armored Titan , and the Scouts are ordered to scatter their formation and charge at the Titans . The Armored Titan is consequently attacked by the Titans , forcing it to defend itself and release Eren and Bertholdt . Armin , Erwin and Mikasa work together to distract Bertholdt , cut Eren free and rescue Eren . Conny and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying about her recent actions . The Scouts are hampered from retreating when the Armored Titan throws Titans at them , knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Eren and Mikasa then come face - to - face with the Smiling Titan , the same one that ate Carla Jaeger .",
"29": "37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 July 22 , 2017 The Scouts are at a loss as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position . Hannes sacrifices himself protecting Eren and Mikasa from the Smiling Titan . After Eren breaks down from failing to transform , he rekindles his spirit by vowing to protect Mikasa , activating an unknown power within him that causes the surrounding Titans to devour the Smiling Titan . Ymir realizes that Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the Coordinate , the ability to control other Titans . The surviving Scouts escape after Eren causes the Titans to go after the Armored Titan . Ymir decides to leave Christa in order to save the Armored Titan and Bertholdt from the Titans . A week later , Hange and Conny give a report to Erwin , Levi and Dot Pyxis , which reveals that the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were the citizens of Ragako . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria , as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' after a series of flashforward scenes similar in style to those appearing in the finale of the first season . Special episodes ( edit ) Ova episodes ( edit ) For the No Regrets OVAs , see Attack on Titan : No Regrets § Episode list . For the Lost Girls OVAs , see Attack on Titan : Lost Girls § Anime . The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga . No .",
"30": "Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 ― ある 調査 兵 団員 の 手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family .",
"31": "3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然 の 来訪 者 ― 苛ま れる 青春 の 呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Reiner and Conny teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their omni - directional mobility gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Christa hostage along with their equipment .",
"32": "Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Christa at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along . Bonus shorts ( edit ) Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ち み キャラ 劇場 と んで け ! 訓練 兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon . No . Title Original air date `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日 目 / 02 日 目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日 目 / 04 日 目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日 目 / 06 日 目 / 07 日 目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness .",
"33": "`` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日 目 / 9 日 目 / 10 日 目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Christa and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日 目 / 12 日 目 / 13 日 目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertholdt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日 目 / 15 日 目 / 16 日 目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Conny and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Conny when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日 目 / 18 日 目 / 19 日 目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the omni - directional mobility gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag .",
"34": "8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日 目 / 21 日 目 / 22 日 目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hange tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日 目 / 24 日 目 / 25 日 目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Cadet Corps takes place . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal List of Attack on Titan chapters List of Attack on Titan light novels Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren 's surname as Jaeger . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa 's surname as Ackermann . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin 's surname as Arlelt . References ( edit ) Sources `` Japanese dates '' . Tokyo MX ( in Japanese ) . `` List of Attack on Titan episode titles '' . Shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . `` Attack of Titan Anime Episodes '' . Funimation . References ^ Jump up to : Ferreira , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan 's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes '' . Anime Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 製作 委員 会 . `` 放送 情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) .",
"35": "shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日 より 毎週 土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日 は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston '' . Funimation . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience ! Attack on ... '' Facebook . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2nd Season 's New Visual , Linked Horizon Song Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV アニメ 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 Season 3 '' . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Season 3 - Official Subtitled Trailer IT 'S OFFICIALLY COMING TO FUNIMATION , JULY 2018 ! '' . Twitter . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 作品 情報 ( シリーズ ) -- 進撃 の 巨人 attack on titan '' ( Work information ( series ) -- Attack on Titan ) . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere ! '' . Toonami Tumblr . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Season2 ( Attack on Titan Season 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 .",
"37": "External links ( edit ) Attack on Titan on Funimation Attack on Titan on Crunchyroll ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Live - action Attack on Titan Counter Rockets Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Attack on Titan 2 Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_episodes&oldid=838527589 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 15 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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11
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-7724688015982273680
|
where does the last name tavarez come from
|
[
"Spanish"
] |
{
"0": "Tavarez - wikipedia Tavarez Jump to : navigation , search Tavarez is a Spanish surname , the Portuguese version of this surname is Tavares . It may refer to : Christopher Tavarez ( born 1992 ) , American actor Elisa Tavárez ( 1879 -- 1960 ) , Puerto Rican pianist Jesús Tavárez ( born 1971 ) , Dominican - American professional baseball player Julián Tavárez ( born 1973 ) , Dominican - American professional baseball player Manuel Gregorio Tavárez ( 1843 -- 1883 ) , Puerto Rican composer Rosa Tavarez ( born 1939 ) , Dominican painter Rosanna Tavarez ( born 1977 ) , Dominican - American entertainment reporter Shannon Tavarez ( 1999 -- 2010 ) , American child actress and singer Suzy Tavarez ( born 1975 ) , American radio personality This page lists people with the surname Tavarez . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tavarez&oldid=760884096 '' Categories : Surnames Spanish - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2017 , at 17 : 05 . About Wikipedia",
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is coca cola a public or private company
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{
"0": "The Coca - Cola company - wikipedia The Coca - Cola company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the company . For the carbonated beverage , see Coca - Cola . The Coca - Cola Company Coca - Cola 's corporate headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia , United States Type Public Traded as NYSE : KO DJIA Component S&P 100 Component S&P 500 Component Industry Beverage Founded May 8 , 1886 ; 131 years ago ( 1886 - 05 - 08 ) Atlanta , Georgia , U.S. Founders John Pemberton as Coca - Cola Asa Griggs Candler as The Coca - Cola Company Headquarters One Coca - Cola Plaza , Atlanta , Georgia , United States Area served Worldwide Key people Muhtar Kent ( Chairman ) James Quincey ( President and CEO ) Products List of The Coca - Cola Company products Revenue US $ 41.863 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income US $8.626 billion ( 2016 ) Net income US $6.527 billion ( 2016 ) Total assets US $87.270 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity US $23.062 billion ( 2016 ) Number of employees 123,200 ( 2016 ) Subsidiaries List of The Coca - Cola Company subsidiaries Website Coca-ColaCompany.com The Coca - Cola Company , which is headquartered in Atlanta , Georgia , but incorporated in Wilmington , Delaware , is an American multinational beverage corporation , and manufacturer , retailer , and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups . The company is best known for its flagship product Coca - Cola , invented in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in Columbus , Georgia . The Coca - Cola formula and brand were bought in 1889 by Asa Griggs Candler ( December 30 , 1851 -- March 12 , 1929 ) , who incorporated The Coca - Cola Company in 1892 . The company has operated a franchised distribution system since 1889 , wherein The Coca - Cola Company only produces syrup concentrate , which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold exclusive territories .",
"1": "The Coca - Cola Company owns its anchor bottler in North America , Coca - Cola Refreshments . The company 's stock is listed on the NYSE ( NYSE : KO ) and is part of DJIA , the S&P 500 index , the Russell 1000 Index , and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index . Muhtar Kent serves as chairman of the company with James Quincey as president and chief executive officer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Acquisitions 2 Revenue and sales 3 Stock 4 Staff and management 5 Bottlers 6 Consumer relations and civic involvement 7 Criticism 8 Advertising 9 Products and brands 9.1 Non-food assets 9.1. 1 Columbia Pictures 9.1. 2 World of Coca - Cola 9.2 Brands 9.2. 1 Tab 9.2. 2 Other soft drinks 9.2. 3 BreakMate 9.2. 4 Healthy beverages 9.2. 5 Best selling 9.2. 6 Information 9.2. 7 Green tea 9.2. 8 Glaceau 9.2. 9 Huiyuan Juice 9.2. 10 Coke Mini can 9.2. 11 Holiday can 9.2. 12 Stake in Monster Beverage 10 Sponsorship 10.1 Sports 10.2 Television 10.3 Theme parks 11 See also 12 References 13 Notes 14 Further reading 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Coca - Cola Acquisitions ( edit ) The company has a long history of acquisitions . Coca - Cola acquired Minute Maid in 1960 , the Indian cola brand Thums Up in 1993 , and Barq 's in 1995 . In 2001 , it acquired the Odwalla brand of fruit juices , smoothies , and bars for $181 million . In 2007 , it acquired Fuze Beverage from founder Lance Collins and Castanea Partners for an estimated $250 million .",
"2": "The company 's 2009 bid to buy a Chinese juice maker ended when China rejected its $2.4 billion bid for the Huiyuan Juice Group , on the grounds the resulting company would be a virtual monopoly . Nationalism was also thought to be a reason for aborting the deal . In 1982 , Coca - Cola purchased Columbia Pictures for $692 million . It sold the movie studio to Sony , for $3 billion , in 1989 . In 2013 , Coca - Cola finalized its purchase of ZICO , a coconut water company . In 2011 , the Coca - Cola company bought the rest of the organic tea company Honest Tea , after buying a 40 % stake in the company in 2008 . In 2015 , the company took a minority stake ownership in the cold pressed juice manufacturer , Suja Life LLC . Revenue and sales ( edit ) The Coca - Cola Company 's Minute Maid group North America offices in Sugar Land Town Square , Sugar Land , Texas , United States According to The Coca - Cola Company 's 2005 Annual Report , the firm at that time sold beverage products in more than 200 countries . The 2005 report further states that of the more than 50 billion beverage servings of all types consumed worldwide , daily , beverages bearing the trademarks owned by or licensed to Coca - Cola account for approximately 1.5 billion . Of these , beverages bearing the trademark `` Coca - Cola '' or `` Coke '' accounted for approximately 78 % of the company 's total gallon sales . According to the 2007 Annual Report , Coca - Cola had gallon sales distributed as follows : 43 % in the United States , 37 % in Mexico , India , Pakistan , Brazil , Japan , and the People 's Republic of China , and 20 % spread throughout the rest of the world . The figure in 2010 showed that they sold 1.6 billion drinks every day . In 2010 , it was announced that Coca - Cola had become the first brand to top £ 1 billion in annual UK grocery sales . In 2017 , Coke sales were down 11 % from a year ago due to consumer tastes shifting away from sugary drinks and due to health risks associated with artificial sweeteners in Diet drinks .",
"3": "Stock ( edit ) Certificate of Purchase Class A Stock for 20 Shares of The Coca - Cola Company , issued 20 . February 1929 Since the 1920s , Coca - Cola has been a publicly traded company . One share of stock purchased in 1919 for $40 , with all dividends reinvested , would be worth $9.8 million in 2012 , a 10.7 % annual increase , adjusted for inflation . In 1987 , Coca - Cola once again became one of the 30 stocks which makes up the Dow Jones Industrial Average , which is commonly referenced as a proxy for stock market performance ; it had previously been a Dow stock from 1932 to 1935 . Coca - Cola has paid a dividend , increasing each year for 49 years . Stock is available from a direct purchase program , through Computershare Trust Company , but unlike many programs , has investment fees . Staff and management ( edit ) Main page : Category : Coca - Cola people The following are key management as of May 2017 ( excluding VP positions and regional leaders ) : Muhtar Kent ( Chairman of the Board ) James Quincey ( President and Chief Executive Officer ) Marcos de Quinto ( Chief Marketing Officer ) J. Alexander M. Douglas , Jr . ( President , Coca ‐ Cola North America ) Ceree Eberly ( Chief People Officer ) Irial Finan ( President , Bottling Investments Group ) Bernhard Goepelt ( General Counsel and Chief Legal Counsel ) Julie Hamilton ( Chief Customer and Commercial Leadership Officer ) Brent Hastie ( Senior Vice President , Strategy and Planning ) Ed Hays ( Chief Technical Officer ) Barry Simpson ( Chief Information Officer ) Clyde C. Tuggle ( Chief Public Affairs and Communications Officer ) Kathy N. Waller ( Chief Financial Officer ) Craig Williams ( President , The McDonald 's Division ) The following are all directors as of November 2016 : See also : Category : Directors of The Coca - Cola Company Muhtar Kent ( Chairman ) Herbert A. Allen Jr .",
"4": "Ronald W. Allen Marc Bolland Ana Botín Howard G. Buffett Richard M. Daley Barry Diller Helene D. Gayle Alexis M. Herman Bobby Kotick Maria Elena Lagomasino Sam Nunn David B. Weinberg Bottlers ( edit ) Coca - Cola In general , The Coca - Cola Company and its subsidiaries only produce syrup concentrate , which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold a local Coca - Cola franchise . Coca - Cola bottlers , who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company , produce the finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate , in combination with filtered water and sweeteners . The bottlers then sell , distribute , and merchandise the resulting Coca - Cola product to retail stores , vending machines , restaurants , and food service distributors . Outside the United States , these bottlers also control the fountain business . Since the early 1980s , the company has actively encouraged the consolidation of bottlers , with the company often owning a share of these `` anchor bottlers '' . Outside North America The company 's largest bottlers outside North America are : Coca - Cola Amatil , based in Australia ( Australia , New Zealand , Indonesia , South Pacific nations ) ( Company owns a share ) Coca - Cola European Partners PLC , based in the United Kingdom ( western Europe ) ( Company owns share ) Coca - Cola Bottling Shqipëria , based in Albania Coca - Cola Bottlers Philippines , Inc.",
"5": ", based in the Philippines , a joint venture between the company and Coca - Cola FEMSA Coca - Cola FEMSA , based in Mexico ( parts of Mexico and Latin America ) ( Company owns share ) Arca Continental , also based in Mexico ( parts of Mexico and Latin America ) ( independent ) Embotelladora Andina S.A , based in Chile ( southern South America ) ( independent ) Coca - Cola Beverages Africa , based in Port Elizabeth , South Africa ( southern and eastern Africa ) ( company owns share ) Coca - Cola Korea , based in South Korea ( independent ) Coca - Cola HBC AG , originally based in Greece but now located in Switzerland ( Greece , Eastern Europe , Russia , and Nigeria ) ( Company owns share ) Coca - Cola Icecek , based in Turkey ( Turkey , southwest Asia , Arabia ) ( Company owns share ) Swire Group , based in Hong Kong ( China , Taiwan , Hong Kong ) ( independent ) Kirin Company , based in Japan ( independent ) In the United States Houston Coca - Cola Bottling Company In the United States , the company bypasses bottlers and is responsible for the manufacture and sale of fountain syrups directly to authorized fountain wholesalers and some fountain retailers . After purchasing the North American assets of Coca - Cola Enterprises , as of 2014 the company directly owns 100 % of Coca - Cola Refreshments , the anchor bottler of Coca - Cola products in North America , representing about 90 % of Canada and 80 % of the United States . Other major bottlers in the United States are : Coca - Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated , based in Charlotte , North Carolina ( company owns share ) Coca - Cola Bottling Company of Northern New England based in Bedford , New Hampshire and owned by Kirin Company Coca - Cola Bottling Company United , based in Birmingham , Alabama ( independent ) Swire Coca - Cola USA , based in Salt Lake City , Utah and owned by Swire Group In September 2015 , the company announced the sale of several production plants and territories to Swire , Consolidated , and United , and creation of the Coca - Cola National Product Supply System which controls 95 % of the territory in the United States . Consumer relations and civic involvement ( edit ) After Martin Luther King , Jr.",
"6": "won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize , plans for an interracial celebratory dinner in still - segregated Atlanta were not initially well supported by the city 's business elite until Coca - Cola intervened . J. Paul Austin , the chairman and CEO of Coca - Cola , and Mayor Ivan Allen summoned key Atlanta business leaders to the Commerce Club 's eighteenth floor dining room , where Austin told them flatly , ' It is embarrassing for Coca - Cola to be located in a city that refuses to honor its Nobel Prize winner . We are an international business . The Coca - Cola Company does not need Atlanta . You all need to decide whether Atlanta needs the Coca - Cola Company . ' Within two hours of the end of that meeting , every ticket to the dinner was sold . -- Andrew Young Throughout 2012 , Coca - Cola contributed $1,700,500 to a $46 million political campaign known as `` The Coalition Against The Costly Food Labeling Proposition , sponsored by Farmers and Food Producers '' . This organization was set up to oppose a citizen 's initiative , known as Proposition 37 , demanding mandatory labeling of foods containing genetically modified ingredients . In 2012 , Coca - Cola was listed as a partner of the ( RED ) campaign , together with other brands such as Nike , Girl , American Express , and Converse . The campaign 's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 ( the campaign 's byline is `` Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation '' ) . Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of Coca - Cola Since the early 2000s , the criticisms over the use of Coca - Cola products as well as the company itself , escalated with concerns over health effects , environmental issues , animal testing , economic business practices and employee issues . The Coca - Cola Company has been faced with multiple lawsuits concerning these various criticisms . Advertising ( edit ) 1996 -- 2002 Chevrolet Express wagon from The Coca - Cola Company . Coca - Cola advertising has `` been among the most prolific in marketing history '' , with a notable and major impact on popular culture and society as a whole . The logo , bottle design , and brand image are internationally recognizable .",
"7": "Their product is ranked the number one soft drink , repeatedly , internationally , and has notoriety as the first soft drink consumed by astronauts in space . Coca - Cola employs a diverse range of integrated marketing communications to advertise through direct marketing , web based media , social media , and sales promotions ( Stringer , 2015 ) . The company carefully considers all touch points a consumer ( or prospective consumer ) has with the brand as potential delivery channels for the brand 's message , and makes use of all relevant communication systems . This well established , long standing , consistent approach has created a longing for the product that by far `` superseded the desire for that typically associated with a drink to quench one 's thirst '' ( Dudovskiy , 2015 ) . Direct marketing They have exclusive vendor company partnerships , which eliminates competition , e.g. cinemas and restaurants only serving Coca - Cola over Pepsi . At sponsored sporting events , they again eliminate competition by attaining sole sale rights as well as VIP sales opportunities to important clients , e.g. , baseball fields . Viral marketing The company also markets via mobile marketing in text messages , e.g. viral marketing campaigns ( Stringer , 2015 ) . Web and social media They set the industry benchmark as the brand so universally recognized that audience building is unnecessary . Their fan engagement spans 86 million globally across social media channels . They deliver a consistently unified message whether it be through new products , online interaction , and social , cultural , or sporting events ( Stringer , 2015 ) . Sales and promotions In the retail setting , direct store beverage delivery trucks ( mobile advertising ) as well as point of sale coolers and vending machines have bright red logo blazoned branding . In terms of food service , Coca - Cola is a food pairing suggestion that is now ingrained as a food match , e.g. , for popcorn , burgers , fries , and hot dog combos ( Stringer , 2015 ) . Products and brands ( edit ) Main article : List of Coca - Cola brands See also : List of assets owned by The Coca - Cola Company Coca - Cola Company 's office building in Madrid ( Spain ) The Coca - Cola Company offers more than 350 brands in over 200 countries , aside from its namesake Coca - Cola beverage .",
"8": "Non-food assets ( edit ) Columbia Pictures ( edit ) Coca - Cola bought Columbia Pictures in 1981 owing to the low monetary value of the studio . The film company was the first and only studio ever owned by Coca - Cola . During its ownership of the studio , the studio released many popular films including Ghostbusters , Stripes , The Karate Kid , and some others . However , after the 1987 film Ishtar , Columbia was sold to Tokyo - based Sony . World of Coca - Cola ( edit ) Main article : World of Coca - Cola Coca - Cola operates a soft drink themed tourist attraction in Atlanta , Georgia ; the World of Coca - Cola is a multi-storied exhibition . It features flavor sampling and a history museum , with locations in Las Vegas , Nevada and Lake Buena Vista , Florida . Brands ( edit ) Tab ( edit ) Tab was Coca - Cola 's first attempt to develop a diet soft drink , using saccharin as a sugar substitute . Introduced in 1963 , the product is still sold today , although its sales have dwindled since the introduction of Diet Coke . The Tab soft drink is difficult to locate in recent times , due to its de facto replacement by Diet Coke . Other soft drinks ( edit ) The Coca - Cola Company also produces a number of other soft drinks including Fanta ( introduced circa 1941 ) and Sprite . Fanta 's origins date back to World War II during a trade embargo against Germany on cola syrup , making it impossible to sell Coca - Cola in Germany . Max Keith , the head of Coca - Cola 's German office during the war , decided to create a new product for the German market , made from products only available in Germany at the time , which they named Fanta . The drink proved to be a hit , and when Coke took over again after the war , it adopted the Fanta brand as well . Fanta was originally an orange flavored soft drink which can come in plastic bottles or cans . It has become available in many different flavors now such as grape , peach , grapefruit , apple , pineapple , and strawberry . In 1961 , Coca - Cola introduced Sprite , a lemon - lime soft drink , and another of the company 's bestsellers and its response to 7 Up .",
"9": "An ad in Berlin , Germany . Coca - Cola South Africa also released Valpre Bottled `` still '' and `` sparkling '' water . In 1969 , the company released Simba , which was a take on Mountain Dew , and had packaging that was African desert themed , replete with an African Lion as the symbol of the brand . The tagline was `` Simba - It Cures the African Thirst . '' Also in 1969 , the company released a line of products under the name of Santiba , which was targeted for mixing cocktails and party usage , products including Quinine water and Ginger Ale . Like the above - mentioned Simba , the Santiba line of products was short lived in the marketplace . BreakMate ( edit ) Main article : BreakMate No longer manufactured , the Coca - Cola BreakMate was a three - flavour dispenser introduced by Coca - Cola and Siemens in 1988 . Intended for use in offices with five to fifty people , its refrigerated compartment held three individual one - litre plastic containers of soda syrup and a CO tank . Like a soda fountain , it mixed syrup in a 1 : 5 ratio with carbonated water . In North America , Coca - Cola discontinued spare BreakMate parts in 2007 and stopped distributing the syrup in 2010 . Healthy beverages ( edit ) During the 1990s , the company responded to the growing consumer interest in healthy beverages by introducing several new non-carbonated beverage brands . These included Minute Maid Juices to Go , Powerade sports beverage , flavored tea Nestea ( in a joint venture with Nestlé ) , Fruitopia fruit drink , and Dasani water , among others . In 2001 , Minute Maid division launched the Simply Orange brand of juices including orange juice . 2016 , Coca - Cola India introduced Vio ( flavoured milk ) to enter into the value added dairy category , the product lays the foundation for Coca - Cola 's new segment after Carbonated beverages : Water and Juices . In 2004 , perhaps in response to the burgeoning popularity of low - carbohydrate diets such as the Atkins diet , Coca - Cola announced its intention to develop and sell a low - carbohydrate alternative to Coke Classic , dubbed C2 Cola .",
"10": "C2 contains a mix of high fructose corn syrup , aspartame , sucralose , and Acesulfame potassium . C2 is designed to more closely emulate the taste of Coca - Cola Classic . Even with less than half of the food energy and carbohydrates of standard soft drinks , C2 is not a replacement for zero - calorie soft drinks such as Diet Coke . C2 went on sale in the U.S. on June 11 , 2004 , and in Canada in August 2004 . C2 's future is uncertain due to disappointing sales . Starting in 2009 , The Coca - Cola Company invested in Innocent Drinks , first with a minor stake , increasing to 90 % in the first quarter of 2013 . It was in May 2014 when Finley , a sparkling fruit - flavoured drink , was launched in France . It was launched in other countries later , including Belgium and Luxembourg in September . The drink had first been developed to start by Coca - Cola in 2001 in Belgium . The drink it targeted for adults , and is low in sugar with four flavors in 2014 . Best selling ( edit ) Coca - Cola is the best - selling soft drink in most countries , and was recognized as the number one global brand in 2010 . While the Middle East is one of the only regions in the world where Coca - Cola is not the number one soda drink , Coca - Cola nonetheless holds almost 25 % marketshare ( to Pepsi 's 75 % ) and had double - digit growth in 2003 . Similarly , in Scotland , where the locally produced Irn - Bru was once more popular , 2005 figures show that both Coca - Cola and Diet Coke now outsell Irn - Bru . In Peru , the native Inca Kola has been more popular than Coca - Cola , which prompted Coca - Cola to enter in negotiations with the soft drink 's company and buy 50 % of its stakes . In Japan , the best selling soft drink is not cola , as ( canned ) tea and coffee are more popular . As such , The Coca - Cola Company 's best selling brand there is not Coca - Cola , but Georgia .",
"11": "In May 2016 , The Coca - Cola Company temporarily halted production of its signature drink in Venezuela due to sugar shortages . Since then , The Coca - Cola Company has since been using `` minimum inventories of raw material '' to make their drinks at two production plants in Venezuela . Information ( edit ) On July 6 , 2006 , a Coca - Cola employee and two other people were arrested and charged with trying to sell trade secrets information to the soft drink maker 's competitor , PepsiCo for $1.5 million . The recipe for Coca - Cola , perhaps the company 's most closely guarded secret , was never in jeopardy . Instead , the information was related to a new beverage in development . Coca - Cola executives verified that the documents were valid and proprietary . At least one glass vial containing a sample of a new drink was offered for sale , court documents said . The conspiracy was revealed by PepsiCo , which notified the authorities when they were approached by the conspirators . Green tea ( edit ) The company announced a new `` negative calorie '' green tea drink , Enviga , in 2006 , along with trying coffee retail concepts Far Coast and Chaqwa . Glaceau ( edit ) On May 25 , 2007 , Coca - Cola announced it would purchase Glaceau , a maker of flavored vitamin - enhanced drinks ( vitamin water ) , flavored waters , and Burn energy drinks , for $4.1 billion in cash . Huiyuan juice ( edit ) On September 3 , 2008 , Coca - Cola announced its intention to make cash offers to purchase China Huiyuan Juice Group Limited ( which has a 42 % share of the Chinese pure fruit juice market ) for US $2.4 bn ( HK $12.20 per share ) . China 's ministry of commerce blocked the deal on March 18 , 2009 , arguing that the deal would hurt small local juice companies , could have pushed up juice market prices , and limited consumers ' choices . Coke mini can ( edit ) In October 2009 , Coca - Cola revealed its new 90 - calorie mini can that holds 7.5 fluid ounces . The mini can is often sold in 8 packs .",
"12": "Despite costing nearly 30 percent more per ounce , the mini cans have been met with positive sales figures . Holiday can ( edit ) In November 2011 , Coca - Cola revealed a seasonal design for their regular Coke cans as part of a partnership with the World Wildlife Fund . However it was withdrawn only a month after release due to consumer complaints about the similar look to the silver cans commonly used for Diet Coke . There were also complaints about deviating from traditional red as the color of Coca - Cola cans previously . Stake in Monster beverage ( edit ) It was announced on August 14 , 2014 , that Coca - Cola Co is making a cash payment of $2.15 billion for a 16.7 percent stake in Monster Beverage Corp to expand its market for energy drinks . Coke 's ownership in Full Throttle and Burn will be transferred to Monster . In return , Monster will transfer its ownership in Hansen 's Natural Sodas and Peace Iced Tea to Coke . Muhtar Kent , Coke 's Chief Executive Officer , stated that the company has the option to increase its stake to 25 percent but can not exceed that percentage in the next four years . Sponsorship ( edit ) Coca - Cola 's advertising expenses accounted for US $3.256 billion in 2011 . Sports ( edit ) Coca - Cola sponsored the English Football League from the beginning of the 2004 -- 05 season ( beginning August 2004 ) to the start of 2010 / 11 season , when the Football League replaced it with NPower . Along with this , Coca - Cola sponsored the Coca - Cola Football Camp , that took place in Pretoria , South Africa during the 2010 FIFA World Cup , during which hundreds of teenagers from around the world were able to come together and share their love of the game , partly due to Best Buy 's efforts through their @ 15 program . Other major sponsorships include NHRA ; NASCAR ; the PGA Tour ; NCAA Championships ; the Olympic Games ; the NRL ; the FIFA World Cups ; and the UEFA European Championships . Each Fall , Coca - Cola is the sponsor of the TOUR Championship by Coca - Cola held at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta , GA . The TOUR Championship is the season ending tournament of the PGA TOUR .",
"13": "In the Philippines , it has a team in the Philippine Basketball Association , the Powerade Tigers . Television ( edit ) The company sponsored the popular Fox singing - competition series American Idol from 2002 until 2014 . Coca - Cola is a sponsor of the nightly talk show on PBS , Charlie Rose in the US . Coca - Cola are also executive producers of Coke Studio ( Pakistan ) . There are various adaptations of Coke Studio such as Coke Studio ( India ) and Coke Studio ( Middle East ) . Theme Parks ( edit ) While not necessarily having naming rights to anything in all locations , the company does sponsor and provide beverages in many theme parks , usually in an exclusive capacity . This includes the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , Merlin Entertainment , Universal Parks & Resorts , Six Flags , Cedar Fair , and SeaWorld Entertainment which are six of the nine largest theme park operators worldwide ( it is unknown whether OCT Parks China , the Chimelong Group , or Fantawild , the fourth , seventh , and eighth largest theme park operators respectively , use Coca - Cola ) . The company also directly sponsors , with naming rights , the Coca - Cola London Eye and the Coca - Cola Orlando Eye . The company also operates `` Coca - Cola '' visitor centers in Israel and Turkey . See also ( edit ) List of assets owned by The Coca - Cola Company Stepan Company -- produces coca leaf extract Atlanta portal Companies portal Food portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 annual results '' . The Coca - Cola Co . Jump up ^ `` How Delaware Thrives as a Corporate Tax Haven '' , Leslie Wayne . New York Times . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 17 feb 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Coca - Cola Brands '' . coca-colacompany.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who Invented Coca Cola ? '' . Whoinventedit.net . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of The Minute Maid Company '' . Fundinguniverse.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Strong Cola Taste , Macho Personality '' .",
"14": "Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barq 's Root Beer : History , Coca - Cola , retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola , Form SC TO - T , Filing Date Oct 30 , 2001 '' . secdatabase.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coke Buys Odwalla '' . ( October 30 , 2001 ). CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola , Form 10 - K , Annual Report , Filing Date Feb 21 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . secdatabase.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Buys Fuze Beverage '' . ( February 12 , 2007 ) Boulder Daily Camera . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola , Form 10 - Q , Quarterly Report , Filing Date Apr 30 , 2009 '' . secdatabase.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coke 's China juice move collapses '' . BBC News . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sellers , Patricia ; Woods , Wilton ( October 13 , 1997 ) . `` WHERE COKE GOES FROM HERE '' . Fortune . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coke Finishes Buyout of Zico ; Uzzell Becomes President , Rampolla to Advise - BevNET.com '' . BevNET.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola all in on coconut water maker '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZICO TM Beverages Joins The Coca - Cola Family '' . The Coca - Cola Company . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cocacola-honesttea-idUSTRE72055U20110301 Jump up ^ Esterl , Mike . `` Coca - Cola Buys Minority Stake in Suja Life '' .",
"15": "Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Organic Juice Startup Suja Adds Unlikely Partners : Coca - Cola , Goldman Sachs '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coca - Cola Company Form 10 - K 2005 '' . SEC . Retrieved May 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Coke sales first to top £ 1bn '' . Edinburgh Evening News . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola to cut 1,200 jobs as sales slump '' . CNN Money . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://heritage.coca-cola.com/ Jump up ^ Wiederman , Adam J. ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` One Share of Stock Now Worth $9.8 Million -- Is It Really Possible ? '' . DailyFinance.com . Jump up ^ `` Decades of Great Performance From 9 Dow Stocks '' . DailyFinance.com . November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dividends '' . The Coca - Cola Company . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola shareholders OK 2 - for - 1 stock split '' . USATODAY.COM . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola ( KO ) DRIP '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-company/leadership Jump up ^ Harris , Rosemary . `` From humble beginnings '' . Brent Wheeler Group Limited . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COCA - COLA COMPANY at a Glance '' . The Vault . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kossovsky , Nir ( 2012 ) . Reputation , Stock Price , and You . Apress . p. 108 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Zacks Investment Research ( December 7 , 2015 ) .",
"16": "`` Coca - Cola ( KO ) to Sell 9 US Plants to Independent Bottlers '' . Zacks Investment Research . Jump up ^ `` NOBEL PEACE PRIZE : In 1964 , award to King stirred a storm '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . December 10 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Andrew Young ( 1996 ) . An Easy Burden . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092890 - 2 . OCLC 34782719 . Jump up ^ Who 's Funding Prop 37 , Labeling for Genetically Engineered Foods ? Propositions Elections 2012 . KCET . Retrieved on December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Westervelt , Amy ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Monsanto , DuPont Spending Millions to Oppose California 's GMO Labeling Law '' . Forbes . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( RED ) Partners '' . ( RED ) . The ONE Campaign. 2012 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stringer , G. ( 2015 ) . Case Study : Coca Cola Integrated Marketing Communications . Jump up ^ Dudovskiy , J. ( 2015 ) . `` Coca - Cola Marketing Communications : A Critical Analysis '' . Research Methodology . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Store '' . World of Coca - Cola . World of Coca - Cola . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Caslin , Yvette ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Creative artists , social media masters inspire new World of Coca - Cola gallery '' . Rolling Out . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Estes , Adam . `` A Brief History of Racist Soft Drinks '' . The Wire . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Reich Stuff ? '' .",
"17": "Snopes . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola seeping into coffee breaks '' . Eugene Register - Guard . November 19 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola Refreshments Discontinues BreakMate Syrup '' . VendingMarketWatch . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola India Enters Dairy Market With VIO Flavored Milk '' . The Coca - Cola Company . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neate , Rupert ( February 22 , 2013 ) , Coca - Cola takes full control of Innocent , London ( I believe ) : ' ' The Guardian ' ' , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 ^ Jump up to : Inge , Sophie ( 5 / 5 / 2014 ) , Coca - Cola launches new soft drink in France , thelocal.fr , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bouchkley , Ben ( 4 / 9 / 2014 ) , Coke Launches adult soft drink Finley in Belgium to stem adult soft drinks age decline , Beverage Daily , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Best Global Brands Ranking for 2010 '' . Interbrand.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coke and Pepsi battle it out '' . AME Info. April 8 , 2004 . Retrieved May 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Terry Murden ( January 30 , 2005 ) . `` Coke adds life to health drinks sector '' . The Scotsman . Scotland On Sunday . UK . Retrieved May 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Japan Soft Drink Association Jump up ^ Coca - Cola West Japan IR report ( in Japanese ) , 2008 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/business-36365336 Jump up ^ http://elestimulo.com/elinteres/coca-cola-lanza-en-venezuela-bebida-libre-de-azucar/ Jump up ^ Day , Kathleen ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` 3 Accused In Theft Of Coke Secrets '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stanford , Duane ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Coke to buy Glaceau in $4 billion deal '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Sundeep ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Coca - Cola 's $2.4 bn China deal at risk '' . Financial Times . Hong Kong . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE COCA - COLA COMPANY Media Center '' . Jump up ^ Tucker , Sundeep ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` China blocks Coca - Cola bid for Huiyuan '' . Financial Times . Hong Kong . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Tierney ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` Coca - Cola to unveil mini cans in D.C. '' . Washington Business Journal / Bizjournals.com . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Brad . `` How Coke Convinced Us to Pay More ... for Less Soda '' . MONEY.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Esterl , Mike ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` A Frosty Reception for Coca - Cola 's White Christmas Cans '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ ATHAVALEY , ANJALI ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Coca - Cola pays $2.2 billion for major stake in Monster Beverage '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelles , David ( August 14 , 2014 ) .",
"19": "`` Coke to Buy Stake in Monster Beverage for $2.15 Billion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2011 Annual Report ( PDF ) , retrieved January 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Teens Gear up for Soccer in South Africa '' . NewsBlaze.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola ends 13 - year partnership with American Idol as ratings slide and the talent show 's advertising spending ' drops $387 M in two years ' '' . Daily Mail UK . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the program '' . Charlie Rose . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PepsiCo Chairman & CEO Congratulates Disney on Grand Opening of the World - Class Shanghai Disney Resort '' . PepsiCo . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Jourdan , Adam ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` PepsiCo re-enters ' Magic Kingdom ' with Shanghai Disney deal '' . Reuters . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2015 Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Eye is renamed the Coca - Cola Orlando Eye '' . 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Dineen , Caitlin . `` Orlando Eye officially flies Coca - Cola banner '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview about the attractions park for Coca - Cola Turkey '' . cafe.themarker.com . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Visitors Centre Turkey '' . mefik.co.il . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shanghai Disney Resort uses Pepsi . It is the only Disney Parks location to serve Pepsi and not Coca - Cola . Further reading ( edit ) `` History of Bottling '' . The Coca - Cola Company . August W. Giebelhaus ( May 13 , 2008 ) .",
"20": "`` Coca - Cola Company '' . The New Georgia Encyclopedia . Georgia Humanities Council . `` Robinson , William E. : Papers , 1935 -- 69 '' ( PDF ) . Abilene , Kansas : Dwight D. Eisenhower Library . `` Coca - Cola Co '' . Lobbying Database . The Center for Responsive Politics . Zyman , Sergio ( June 1 , 1999 ) . The End of Marketing as We Know It . New York : HarperBusiness . ISBN 0 - 88730 - 986 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Coca - Cola Company . Official website The Coca - Cola Company companies grouped at OpenCorporates Business data for The Coca - Cola Co : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings The Coca - Cola Company List of Coca - Cola brands Soft drinks A&W Root Beer ( Canada only ) Ambasa Ameyal Barq 's Beat Beverly Bjäre Julmust Cannings Chinotto Citra Coca - Cola Fanta Fioravanti Fresca Fruktime Frutonic Gold Spot Guaraná Jesus Hit Inca Kola Iron Brew Joya Kinley Kola Inglesa Krest Kuat Lemon & Paeroa Lift Lilt Limca Mare Rosso Mello Yello Mezzo Mix Mr.",
"21": "Pibb Nordic Mist OK Soda Pibb Xtra Pibb Zero Portello Quatro Quwat Jabal Ramblin ' Root Beer RimZim Red Flash Royal Tru Santiba Sarsi Seagram 's Senzao Smart Sparkle Sparletta Sprite Stoney Surge Tab Tanora Thums Up Tiky Urge Vault VegitaBeta Victoria Yoli Juices and teas Ayataka Cappy Capri Sun Delaware Punch Enviga Far Coast Five Alive Fruitopia Frutonic Fuze Glaceau Gold Peak Hi - C Honest Tea Innocent Maaza Matte Leão Minute Maid Nestea Oasis Odwalla Qoo Royal Tru Simply Sokenbicha Sparkle Tum - E Yummies VitaminWater ZICO Sports drinks Aquarius Powerade Monster Beverage ( 17.9 % stake ) BPM Energy Burn Formula 50 Full Throttle Lift Plus Monster Mother NOS RAC 124 Relentless Tab Energy Vault Von Dutch Bottled water AdeS Arwa Ciel Dasani Deep River Rock Malvern Water Smart Water Topo Chico Valpre Coffee - based Caribou Coffee Georgia illy Dairy - based Fairlife Swerve Vio Joint ventures Beverage Partners Worldwide Coca - Cola FEMSA Philippines ( 49 % ) Coca - Cola Hellenic ( 23.2 % ) Coca - Cola European Partners ( 18 % ) Coca - Cola Beverages Africa ( 11.3 % ) Former holdings Columbia Pictures TriStar Pictures Legal Escola v. Coca - Cola Bottling Co. ( 1944 ) POM Wonderful v. Coca - Cola ( 2014 ) Sinaltrainal v. Coca - Cola ( 2001 ) U.S. v.",
"22": "40 Barrels & 20 Kegs of Coca - Cola ( ( 1916 ) Other Coca - Cola buildings and structures Criticism of Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Freestyle Limca Book of Records My Coke Rewards Varieties of Coca - Cola Regular Coca - Cola Mexican Coke New Coke ( Coke II ) Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Cherry Coca - Cola with Lime Coca - Cola Vanilla Coca - Cola Citra Coca - Cola Black Cherry Vanilla Coca - Cola BlāK Coca - Cola with Lemon Coca - Cola Raspberry Coca - Cola Orange Coca - Cola Life White Coke Low - calorie TaB Diet Coke / Coke Light Coca - Cola C2 Coca - Cola Zero Coca - Cola Light Sango Diet Coke Plus Coca - Cola buildings and structures Office buildings Candler Building ( Atlanta ) Candler Building ( Kansas City ) Candler Building ( New York City ) Coca - Cola Headquarters Bottling plants Atlanta Baltimore Charlottesville , Virginia Cincinnati Columbia , Missouri Elmira , New York Fort Lauderdale Los Angeles Ocala , Florida Placerville , California Trenton , Florida Winchester , Virginia CCE Wakefield Sports arenas Coca - Cola Field Coca - Cola Park ( Allentown ) Coca - Cola Park ( Johannesburg ) Minute Maid Park Billboard signs Kings Cross , Sydney Piccadilly Circus , London Punto Obelisco , Buenos Aires Times Square , New York Olympia Building , Five Points , Downtown Atlanta Other venues Biedenharn Museum and Gardens Coca Cola Airport Coca - Cola Dome Coca - Cola Museum Coca - Cola Olympic City Epcot Club Cool World of Coca - Cola Components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average 3M American Express Apple Boeing Caterpillar Chevron Cisco Systems Coca - Cola Disney DowDuPont ExxonMobil General Electric Goldman Sachs The Home Depot Intel IBM Johnson & Johnson JPMorgan Chase McDonald 's Merck & Co .",
"23": "Microsoft Nike Pfizer Procter & Gamble Travelers UnitedHealth Group United Technologies Verizon Communications Visa Walmart Soft drink topics Brands Cola Wars List of brand name soft drinks products List of soft drink flavors List of soft drinks by country Types Cola Cherry cola Cream soda Diet drink Energy drink Frozen carbonated beverage Ginger ale Ginger beer Grape soft drink Ice cream float Lemon - lime drink Lemonade Orange soft drink Root beer Sports drink Health Sugary drinks tax Fat tax Companies List of soft drink producers The Coca - Cola Company Cott Dr Pepper Snapple Group PepsiCo VIAF : 144240631 LCCN : n80020347 ISNI : 0000 0001 0668 7948 SUDOC : 029333814 BNF : cb12098235f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Coca-Cola_Company&oldid=807345749 '' Categories : Coca - Cola Drink companies of the United States Multinational food companies Manufacturing companies based in Atlanta 1886 establishments in Georgia ( U.S.",
"24": "state ) Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Multinational companies headquartered in the United States American companies established in 1886 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from July 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 OpenCorporates groupings Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 吴语 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 11 : 21 .",
"25": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "The Greatest Showman - wikipedia The Greatest Showman Jump to : navigation , search The Greatest Showman Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Gracey Produced by Laurence Mark Peter Chernin Jenno Topping Screenplay by Jenny Bicks Bill Condon Story by Jenny Bicks Starring Hugh Jackman Zac Efron Michelle Williams Rebecca Ferguson Zendaya Music by John Debney Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Tom Cross Robert Duffy Joe Hutshing Michael McCusker Jon Poll Spencer Susser Production company Chernin Entertainment Seed Productions Laurence Mark Productions TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) ( RMS Queen Mary 2 ) December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $84 million Box office $427.2 million The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut , written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman , Zac Efron , Michelle Williams , Rebecca Ferguson , and Zendaya . The film is inspired by the story of P.T. Barnum 's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions . Principal photography began in New York City in November 2016 . The film premiered on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 . It was released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox and has grossed $427 million worldwide , making it the fifth - highest grossing live - action musical of all time . The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews , with praise for the performances , music , and production values , but criticism for its artistic license , with some reviewers calling it `` faux - inspiring and shallow '' . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy for Jackman .",
"1": "For the song `` This Is Me '' , the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Musical numbers 4.2 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) P.T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus . ( `` The Greatest Show '' ) In a flashback to Barnum 's childhood where he and his father Philo , a tailor , work for the Hallett family , and he becomes infatuated with their daughter , Charity . Though Charity is being sent to finishing school , Barnum reassures her they will not be separated . The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ( `` A Million Dreams '' ) , eventually marrying and raising two daughters , Caroline and Helen , in New York City ( `` A Million Dreams '' reprise ) . They live a humble life ; though Charity is happy , Barnum dreams of more . Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt . Taking a risky bet , he takes out a large loan from a bank , deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer 's lost ships as collateral . He uses this loan to buy Barnum 's American Museum in downtown Manhattan , an attraction showcasing various wax models . Initially , sales are slow ; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something `` alive '' , Barnum searches for `` freaks '' to serve as performers for his museum ( `` Come Alive '' ) . This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews , prompting Barnum to rename his venture `` Barnum 's Circus '' . Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class , Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ( `` The Other Side '' ) .",
"2": "Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler , an African - American trapeze artist , but he hides his feelings . During a trip Carlyle arranged for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria , Barnum meets Jenny Lind , a famed Swedish singer , whom he convinces to perform in America , with him serving as her manager . Lind 's first American performance is a rousing success ( `` Never Enough '' ) . While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons , he begins to distance himself from his original troupe , refusing to socialize with them . Dejected , they decide to stand against their local harassers ( `` This Is Me '' ) . Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theatre together one night , only to run into Carlyle 's parents , who insult Wheeler 's lowly status , causing her to leave . Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together , but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ( `` Rewrite the Stars '' ) . As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour , Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ( `` Tightrope '' ) . While on tour , Lind begins falling in love with Barnum , but when he refuses her advances , she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show , which is photographed by the press ( `` Never Enough '' reprise ) . Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire , caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe . Carlyle , who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped , is rescued amid the chaos by Barnum but suffers severe burns . Most of the sets and props are destroyed . Word of Lind 's cancellation and Barnum 's public intimacy also reaches New York , resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen back to her parents ' home . Depressed , Barnum retreats to a local pub , where his troupe find him there and persuade him to rebuild the circus . Barnum has an epiphany that causes him to realize the circus was for his friends and family rather than for himself ( `` From Now On '' ) . Meanwhile , the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Wheeler by his side and they share a kiss .",
"3": "Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife , and they decide to mend their relationship . Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus , the recovering Carlyle steps in , offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus 's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners , which Barnum happily accepts . As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive , Barnum rebuilds it as an open - air tent circus by the docks . The revamped circus is a huge success , and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ( `` The Greatest Show '' reprise ) . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , an ambitious showman and entrepreneur . Ellis Rubin as Young P.T. Barnum Ziv Zaifman provides Young P.T. Barnum 's singing voice . Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle , a playwright who becomes Barnum 's partner . His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey . Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett Barnum , the wife of P.T. Barnum . Skylar Dunn as Young Charity Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind , a famous Swedish singer known as the `` Swedish Nightingale '' . Loren Allred provides Lind 's singing voice . Zendaya as Anne Wheeler , an acrobat , trapeze artist , W.D. 's sister and Phillip Carlyle 's love interest Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz , a bearded lady . She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as W.D. Wheeler , an acrobat and Anne 's brother . Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan , a Chinese blade - specialist . Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett , the founder , editor and publisher of the New York Herald . Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton , a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name , General Tom Thumb . James Babson provides Stratton 's speaking and singing voice . Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum , one of Barnum 's daughters . Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum , one of Barnum 's daughters . Eric Anderson as Mr.",
"4": "O'Malley , a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus . Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds , The Huge Man . Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine , The Tattooed Man . Luciano Acuna Jr. as Fedor Jeftichew , The Dog Boy . Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker , The `` Siamese Twins '' Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini , The Three - Legged Man . Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris , The Juggler Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria . Will Swenson as Philo Barnum , a tailor and the father of P.T. Barnum . Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett , father of Charity and abusive father - in - law of Barnum . Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett , mother of Charity and mother - in - law of Barnum . Production ( edit ) The project was first announced in 2009 , with Jackman already set for the title role . In August 2011 , Michael Gracey was chosen to direct . In 2013 , Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs . On June 15 , 2016 , Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film , and in July 2016 , Michelle Williams was cast . The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen . Filming ( edit ) Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City , and principal photography began on November 22 , 2016 . Post-production ( edit ) In December 2017 , it was reported that James Mangold , who had worked with Jackman on several projects ( including 2017 's Logan ) , had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film 's post-production . In an interview , director Michael Gracey noted , `` There were eight producers on this film , and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker . '' Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote nine songs .",
"5": "`` The Greatest Show '' -- Hugh Jackman , Keala Settle , Zac Efron , Zendaya `` A Million Dreams '' -- Ziv Zaifman , Jackman , Michelle Williams `` A Million Dreams '' ( Reprise ) -- Austyn Johnson , Cameron Seely , Jackman `` Come Alive '' -- Jackman , Settle , Daniel Everidge , Zendaya `` The Other Side '' -- Jackman & Efron `` Never Enough '' -- Loren Allred `` This Is Me '' -- Settle `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Efron & Zendaya `` Tightrope '' -- Williams `` Never Enough '' ( Reprise ) -- Allred `` From Now On '' -- Jackman Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells , Justin Paul , and Benj Pasek , featuring eleven tracks performed by the cast . In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1 . The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele 's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years . The cast album is now at 465,000 combined units , according to the Official Charts Company , made up of 197,000 physical copies , 107,000 downloads and 35 % streaming . Release ( edit ) The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 , while it was docked in New York City . The film was then released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 . Like Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast , a sing - along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23 , 2018 . The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2 . Marketing ( edit ) On June 28 , 2017 , 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film . On November 13 , 2017 , the second trailer was released . On December 17 , 2017 , Fox televised a live performance of `` Come Alive '' from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live !",
"6": "( which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story : The Musical ) . The number featured the film 's stars and a cast of 150 dancers . Home media ( edit ) In the United States , the film was released via digital download on March 20 , 2018 , and was released on Blu - ray , DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10 , 2018 . In the United Kingdom , the film will be released first on digital download on April 27 , 2018 , while Blu - ray , 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies go on sale on May 14 . These versions will include the sing - along version , two hours of behind - the - scenes footage and music machine jukebox features . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 24 , 2018 , The Greatest Showman has grossed $173.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $253.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $427.2 million , against a production budget of $84 million . It is the fourth - and fifth - highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally , respectively , and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film should turn a profit between $50 -- 100 million . In the United States and Canada , The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days . It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second . Over the three day weekend , it grossed $9 million ( for a six - day total of $19 million ) , finishing fourth at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3 . In its second weekend , the film grossed $15.5 million , again finishing 4th at the box office . The weekend - to - weekend increase of 76.3 % marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters , and the fourth biggest ever . In its third week , the film dropped 11 % to $14 million .",
"7": "The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth , finishing 4th and 5th at the box office , respectively . The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release , grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place , and again finished fourth in its seventh week , this time grossing $7.8 million ( a drop of just 18 % ) . It is the 13th highest - grossing film to never top the American box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 56 % based on 207 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum - style sense of wonder -- but at the expense of its complex subject 's far more intriguing real - life story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while it earned a 70 % `` definite recommend '' from comScore . Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review , writing , `` The Greatest Showman is a concoction , the kind of film where all the pieces click into place , yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by , and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 / 4 stars , saying , `` With all that corn and cheese and old - timey sentiment , The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments . P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand . '' Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an ' A ' , and said , `` The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs , '' while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9 / 10 , and called the film , `` wildly entertaining . ''",
"8": "Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said , `` The story is interesting and the beats are well - acted , but it 's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman . '' Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10 / 10 and wrote , `` You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen . The film has a message that should resonate with today 's world concerning acceptance and courage . '' Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said , `` The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd - pleaser . An undemanding spectacle for all the family . '' Alan Jones of Radio Times called it `` A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence , stylish choreography and solid gold magic , one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered . '' Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5 / 4 , stating `` The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs . '' Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film , `` An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack , a movie that dazzles and delights . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3 / 4 score , and said , `` The film has show - stopping well - choreographed numbers with catchy tunes , '' and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film `` highly enjoyable . '' Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an ' A ' , calling it `` Groundbreaking & grandly innovative . '' Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5 / 4 stars , stating , `` A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized , tune - filled biography . '' Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4 / 5 , saying , `` The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic . The film 's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life - affirming . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it , `` A fantasia of song and dance , a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd . ''",
"9": "Conversely , Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review , criticizing the songs and characters and saying `` There 's idiotic , and there 's magnificent , but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes . It 's magnificently idiotic . It 's an awful mess , but it 's flashy . The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers , because it 's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided -- and yet it 's well - made . '' In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter , David Rooney wrote `` This ersatz portrait of American big - top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors , no substance . It hammers pedestrian themes of family , friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , spare no expense in production values , add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman ? Ask first - time director Michael Gracey , who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film 's failures `` are rooted in something deeper : a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience 's intelligence , and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy . You 've rarely seen a more straight - laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Bernard Telsey ,",
"10": "Tiffany Little Canfield , Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Dorian Awards February 24 , 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Make - up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Original Song -- Motion Picture `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Musical Jen Monnar , Jim Harrison , Jeff Carson , Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for a Film `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann ,",
"11": "Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Action or Adventure Film The Greatest Showman Pending Best Costume Design Ellen Mirojnick Pending Best Music John Debney and Joseph Trapanese Pending See also ( edit ) The Greatest Show on Earth Barnum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman on The Greatest Showman , Saying Goodbye to Wolverine and Turning Down Bond '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review round - up : A `` crowd - pleaser '' with a `` sinister '' side `` . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nourrie , Doug ( December 25 , 2017 ) . `` This Rotten Week : Predicting All The Money In The World Reviews '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Heather ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Discover Utah 's Loren Allred , the voice behind the hit song ' Never Enough ' from The Greatest Showman soundtrack '' . Deseret News . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allred , Loren ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ( post ) '' . Instagram .",
"12": "Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Gracey To Direct Hugh Jackman Musical The Greatest Showman On Earth '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Kit , Borys ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Gracey to Direct The Greatest Showman on Earth '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Songwriters Benj Pasek & Justin Paul On The Revitalization Of The Original Hollywood Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Zac Efron in Talks to Join Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams in Talks for Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman on Earth '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams and Zac Efron sought for PT Barnum biopic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams In Talks To Join The Greatest Showman With Hugh Jackman '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giroux , Jack ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams Joins Hugh Jackman in The Greatest Showman on Earth '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gold , Sylvaine ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Man Behind Hugh Jackman 's Moves in The Greatest Showman '' . Dance Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Christine ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` The Greatest Showman , starring Hugh Jackman & Zac Efron , begins filming in NYC soon ! '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ La Cioppa , Bianca ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` A personal touch : Hugh Jackman sings happy birthday to good pal Zac Efron '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Director On The Epic Musical Numbers And If It Could Head To Broadway '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Me ' From The Greatest Showman Is an Anthem for Outcasts '' . Variety . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Showman soundtrack equals Adele 's massive UK chart record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Greatest Showman Matches Adele 's Record Atop U.K. Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cunard Line ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Cunard to Broadcast Live Red Carpet from The Greatest Showman World Premiere on Flagship Queen Mary 2 '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Trailer : Hugh Jackman 's Singing & Dancing Ringmaster '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Sing - Along ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ Rivera , Joshua ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman Is Fun Again in The Greatest Showman Trailer '' . GQ . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Live Movie Trailer Electrifies During A Christmas Story Live '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natividad , Angela ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's Live Ad Last Night for The Greatest Showman Was Quite the Circus '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Movie Plus Sing - Along '' . Amazon . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Showman home release dates REVEALED for Blu - ray , DVD and Digital Download '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is $400 M+ : The Greatest Showman Hits WW Milestone On Feel - Good Legs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji , Greatest Showman , Pitch Perfect to Challenge the Star Wars Box Office Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood .",
"15": "Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' & ' Jumanji ' Duel For No. 1 Over New Year 's Weekend As 2017 Box Office Closes With $11.1 B -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drop : 1982 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's The Greatest Showman Just Set A New Box Office Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As Jumanji Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics 12 Strong & Den Of Thieves In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By Maze Runner & Oscar Holdovers ; Hostiles Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jumanji Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic Of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 , the Top 5 or Top 10 '' . Box Office Mojo .",
"16": "Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : The Greatest Showman '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Catchy songs steal the show in The Greatest Showman '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Persall , Steve ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Why The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review '' . IGN . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peele , Britton ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Catchy musical The Greatest Showman , like its central character , reshapes truth for entertainment '' . The Dallas Morning News -- GuideLive . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Jackie K ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Is Movie Magic '' . HuffPost . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review -- An undemanding spectacle for all the family '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review : `` pure musical entertainment of a sumptuous vintage '' `` . Radio Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Sheila ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman '' . RogerEbert.com .",
"17": "Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Douglas ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman is an undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack '' . CLTure . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman film review '' . ReelViews . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Calvin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman shines in The Greatest Showman '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Carl ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman provide an eclectic feast for the senses '' . Pasadena Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Means , Sean P. ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman and some Utah - grown talent deliver Barnum 's bravado in musical The Greatest Showman '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lazic , Manuela ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review '' . Little White Lies . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review : Hugh Jackman Sings And Dances His Way Into Holiday Hearts In Lively Family Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Greatest Showman starring Hugh Jackman as Barnum magnificently idiotic '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 19 , 2017 ) .",
"18": "`` Review : The Greatest Showman Is ' a Shrill Blast of Nothing ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman turns Hugh Jackman 's P.T. Barnum into a hero , and cons the audience in the process '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards '' . Movies for Grownups . AARP . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Academy Award Winners 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ; Caranicas , Peter ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Black Mirror ' Among Winners at Casting Society Artios Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' .",
"19": "The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Dorian Awards : ' Call Me by Your Name ' Hailed as Film of the Year '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . CNN . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` MPSE Golden Reel Awards : Baby Driver , Dunkirk Among Sound Editors ' Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety staff ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens , Greatest Showman , Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland Film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman on IMDb The Greatest Showman at AllMovie The Greatest Showman at Box Office Mojo The Greatest Showman at Metacritic The Greatest Showman at Rotten Tomatoes The Greatest Showman at History vs. Hollywood P.T. Barnum Acts and exhibits Ringling Bros.",
"21": "and Barnum & Bailey Circus Anna Haining Bates Eli Bowen Chang and Eng Bunker Cardiff Giant Circassian beauties Henry Alexander Cooper Captain George Costentenus Nala Damajanti John Diamond ( dancer ) Admiral Dot Colonel Routh Goshen Fiji mermaid Joice Heth Fedor Jeftichew Annie Jones ( bearded woman ) Jumbo William S. Hutchings Nellie Keeler Jenny Lind Count Primo Magri Master Juba Maximo and Bartola Millie and Christine McKoy Edmund Newell Commodore Nutt Isaac W. Sprague General Tom Thumb Charles B. Tripp Lavinia Warren Minnie Warren Wild Men of Borneo Zip the Pinhead Related articles James `` Grizzly '' Adams Barnum ( musical ) Barnum 's American Museum Barnum 's Aquarial Gardens Barnum Museum Bridgeport half dollar William C. Coup The Herald of Freedom Iranistan The Mighty Barnum Moses Kimball `` There 's a sucker born every minute '' The Greatest Showman The Greatest Show on Earth Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr.",
"22": "Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) The Good Liar ( TBA ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Greatest_Showman&oldid=838311146 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films 2010s musical films American films American biographical films American musical drama films 20th Century Fox films Biographical films about businesspeople Circus films Directorial debut films Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films scored by John Debney Films scored by Joseph Trapanese Films produced by Peter Chernin Films produced by Laurence Mark Screenplays by Bill Condon Cultural depictions of P.T. Barnum Cultural depictions of Jenny Lind Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria on film Musical films based on actual events Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 06 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"23": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
10,
22,
11,
4,
9,
21,
15,
5,
12,
6,
3,
19,
0,
2,
18,
13,
20,
14,
17,
1,
8,
7,
16,
23
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[
10,
22,
11,
4,
9
] |
-5702657710806575402
|
who sang nice day for a white wedding
|
[
"Billy Idol",
"Billy Idol"
] |
{
"0": "White wedding ( song ) - wikipedia White wedding ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` White Wedding '' Single by Billy Idol from the album Billy Idol A-side `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' B - side `` White Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Released 21 June 1982 Format 12 - inch single Recorded 1982 Length 4 : 12 ( album version ) 3 : 30 ( 7 - inch version ) 8 : 19 ( 12 - inch version ) Label Chrysalis Songwriter ( s ) Billy Idol Producer ( s ) Keith Forsey Billy Idol singles chronology `` Hot in the City '' ( 1982 ) `` White Wedding '' ( 1982 ) `` Rebel Yell '' ( 1983 ) `` Hot in the City '' ( 1982 ) `` White Wedding '' ( 1982 ) `` Rebel Yell '' ( 1983 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` White Wedding Pt 1 '' on YouTube `` White Wedding '' is a song by Billy Idol that appeared on his album Billy Idol in 1982 . It is often considered one of his most recognisable songs , although other Idol songs charted higher . It peaked at No. 108 on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 on its original release , and reached No. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 when it was re-issued in 1983 . In the UK it reached No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart upon its re-release there in 1985 and 1988 , when it was re-issued to promote the Vital Idol remix album . Contents ( hide ) 1 1982 release 2 1983 release 3 1985 re-issue 4 Music video 5 Other versions and appearances 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links 1982 release ( edit )",
"1": "7 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 2656 ( UK ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Hole in the Wall '' ( 4 : 14 ) 12 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 12 2656 ( UK ) `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Hole in the Wall '' ( 4 : 14 ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 2648 ( US ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Dead on Arrival '' ( 3 : 54 ) 12 '' : Chrysalis - EPC 5002 ( US ) `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` White Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' ( 4 : 27 ) 1983 release ( edit ) 12 '' : Chrysalis - 4V9 42685 ( US ) `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` White Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' ( 4 : 27 ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 42697 ( US ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Dead on Arrival '' ( 3 : 54 ) 1985 re-issue ( edit ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - IDOL 5 ( UK ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Mega-Idol Mix '' ( 5 : 34 ) 7 '' Mega-Idol comprises `` Flesh For Fantasy '' and `` Hot in the City '' 12 '' : Chrysalis - IDOLX 5 ( UK ) `` White Wedding Parts I & II ( Shot Gun Mix ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` Mega-Idol Mix '' ( 7 : 50 ) 12 '' Mega-Idol",
"2": "comprises `` Flesh For Fantasy , '' `` Hot in the City '' and `` Dancing With Myself '' Music video ( edit ) The music video , featuring Idol attending a gothic wedding , is one of his best - known . The bride is played by Perri Lister , Idol 's real - life girlfriend at the time . She is also one of the three dancers clad in black leather , who slap their buttocks in time with the clap track in the song as they shimmy downwards near the end . `` That 's the kind of thing they love in England '' , says Idol . In one scene from the video , Idol forces the barbed - wire wedding ring onto the bride 's finger and cuts her knuckle . Lister insisted that her knuckle actually be cut in order for the scene to appear more realistic . MTV initially removed this scene from the video . Also controversial were the apparent Nazi salutes made by the crowd toward the couple . Director David Mallet says he was merely `` playing with the power of crowd imagery '' when he had the extras reach toward the bride and did not realize how it looked until later . The MTV - edited version of the video is included on the DVD portion of The Very Best of Billy Idol : Idolize Yourself CD / DVD package . Other versions and appearances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been covered by many bands including the Young Werewolves , Murderdolls , Umbra et imago , Deathstars , Doro , Rowland S. Howard , Sentenced , Aiden and the band Queens of the Stone Age . Serbian punk rock band KBO ! recorded a version on their 2001 cover album ( Ne ) Menjajte Stanicu ( which translates as ( Do Not ) Change the Station ) . Post-hardcore band Aiden recorded a version of `` White Wedding '' for their EP Rain in Hell . Part of it is included in Franz Ferdinand 's cover of Gwen Stefani 's `` What You Waiting For ? '' .",
"3": "Also , the gothic rock / steampunk band Abney Park recorded a cover on their 2005 album Taxidermy . The Swedish rock singer Jay Smith recorded a version , included on his first album , self - titled Jay Smith . Metal band Powderburn recorded a cover as part of a medley with `` Rebel Yell '' for their Come and Take It EP . Herman 's Hermits did a version released on the album When Pigs Fly : Songs You Never Thought You 'd Hear . It was featured in the 1998 film The Wedding Singer ( in which Idol appears ) , on the American TV series My Name Is Earl and on the British TV series Blackpool . It was also featured in the 1993 film True Romance during the scene where Alabama is being tattooed . It was also featured in the skate video CKY . The line , `` It 's a nice day to start again '' , was featured on the sticker on the front of Idol 's 2005 album , Devil 's Playground . The song was remixed as ( Trashcan Jack vs Billy Idol ) `` Club Wedding '' ( Frenetic ) under Digital Dog 's Jack Rokka guise . It has appeared on numerous dance compilations such as Wild Bassline ( CD2 Mixed by Brooklyn Bounce ) and Clubland 12 . The song is included in the video games Rock Band 2 , Rock Band Unplugged , Guitar Hero Van Halen , Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas and as DLC in Rocksmith . The song was also used in an advertisement for British soap opera Hollyoaks , promoting the week of a wedding storyline . It also featured in an episode of the 2004 BBC miniseries Blackpool as part of the story . The track also appeared on an advert for Coronation Street in 2003 , promoting the climax of a bigamous storyline involving the character Peter Barlow . Barlow , portrayed by Chris Gascoyne , was seated at a table , reflectively spinning his two wedding rings around . On The Colbert Report , a couple who had been prevented from wedding at the Jefferson Memorial , by the 2013 government shutdown , were married . The couple 's first dance was to Audra McDonald singing the song . H.P.",
"4": "Baxxter , frontman of German band Scooter occasionally sings this song unplugged on TV events . A version sung in Greek by George Kostoglou appeared in My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 . The American rock band In This Moment was set to collaborate with Idol on the track `` Black Wedding '' off their sixth album Ritual ; the song 's chorus contains the line , `` it 's a nice night for a black wedding , '' an obvious homage to Idol 's 1982 hit `` White Wedding . '' Due to claimed scheduling difficulties , Rob Halford will instead be featured on the track . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 6 * U.S. Billboard Hot 100 36 U.S. Billboard Top Tracks U.S. Billboard Dance / Disco Top 80 10 Can . RPM RPM Top 50 Singles 5 Notes : * UK re-release in 1985 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marks , Craig ; Tannenbaum , Rob ( 2011 ) . I Want My MTV : The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution . New York , NY : Dutton . pp. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 95230 - 5 . Jump up ^ Billy Idol , Biography , A & E Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( 2013 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Stephen Colbert marries couple whose wedding was shut out by shutdown '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) . `` In This Moment 's Ritual Album to Feature Guest Appearance by Judas Priest 's Rob Halford '' . blabbermouth.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 266 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy Idol Awards '' .",
"5": "AllMusic. 1955 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Billy Idol Discography Studio albums Billy Idol Rebel Yell Whiplash Smile Charmed Life Cyberpunk Devil 's Playground Happy Holidays Kings & Queens of the Underground Live albums VH1 Storytellers Singles & EPs Do n't Stop ( EP ) `` Dancing with Myself '' `` Mony Mony '' `` Hot in the City '' `` White Wedding '' `` Rebel Yell '' `` Eyes Without a Face '' `` Flesh for Fantasy '' `` Catch My Fall '' `` To Be a Lover '' `` Do n't Need a Gun '' `` Sweet Sixteen '' `` Soul Standing By '' ( Aus & NZ only ) `` Mony Mony ( Live ) '' `` Cradle of Love '' `` L.A. Woman '' `` Prodigal Blues '' `` Heroin '' `` Shock to the System '' `` Adam in Chains '' `` Speed '' `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' `` Scream '' Compilations Vital Idol Idol Songs : 11 of the Best Greatest Hits The Very Best of Billy Idol : Idolize Yourself Video albums The Very Best of Billy Idol : Idolize Yourself Related articles Generation X Steve Stevens Book : Billy Idol Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Wedding_(song)&oldid=835125701 '' Categories : 1982 singles Billy Idol songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Billy Idol 1982 songs Chrysalis Records singles Songs about marriage Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 18 : 29 . About Wikipedia",
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who is the authority or governing body of mca
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"0": "Ministry of Corporate Affairs - Wikipedia Ministry of Corporate Affairs Jump to : navigation , search Ministry of Corporate Affairs कॉर्पोरेट मामलों के मंत्रालय Emblem of India Agency overview Jurisdiction Republic of India Headquarters Shastri Bhawan , New Delhi 28 ° 36 ′ 50 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 32 '' E / 28.61389 ° N 77.20889 ° E / 28.61389 ; 77.20889 Agency executives Arun Jaitley , Minister of Corporate Affairs PP Choudhary , Minister of State for Corporate Affairs Child agencies Registrar of Companies Serious Fraud Investigation Office ( SFIO ) Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs ( IICA ) Competition Commission of India National Company Law Tribunal ( NCLT ) National Company Law Appelate Tribunal ( NCLAT ) Website www.mca.gov.in The Ministry of Corporate Affairs ( MCA ) is an Indian government ministry. This Ministry is primarily concerned with administration of the Companies Act 2013 , the Companies Act 1956 , the Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 & other allied Acts and rules & regulations framed there - under mainly for regulating the functioning of the corporate sector in accordance with law . It is responsible mainly for regulation of Indian enterprises in Industrial and Services sector . The current minister of corporate affairs is Arun Jaitley . The current Minister of State for Corporate Affairs is Mr. PP Choudhary .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Administration 2 See also 3 Notes and references 4 External links Administration ( edit ) The ministry administers the following acts : The Companies Act , 2013 The Companies Act , 1956 The Companies Act , 2002 The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969 The Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 ( As amended by the Chartered Accountants ( Amendment ) Act , 2006 ) The Company Secretaries Act , 1980 ( As amended by The Company Secretaries ( Amendment ) Act , 2006 ) Cost and Works Accountants Act 1959 ( As Amended By The Cost And Works Accountants ( Amendment ) Act , 2006 ) Companies ( Donation to National ) Fund Act 1951 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act 1860 The Companies Amendment Act , 2006 The Limited liability Partnership Act , 2008 In August 2013 The Companies Act , 2013 passed . It will regulate fraud by corporations and is intended to avoid the accounting scandals such as the Satyam scandal which have plagued India . It replaces The Companies Act , 1956 which has proven outmoded in terms of handling 21st century problems . The Ministry has constituted a Committee for framing of National Competition Policy ( India ) and related matters ( formulate amendments in the Act ) under the Chairmanship of Dhanendra Kumar , former Chairman of Competition Commission of India . See also ( edit ) Registrar of Companies , India List of company registers Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/about_mca.html Jump up ^ Jen Swanson ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` India Seeks to Overhaul a Corporate World Rife With Fraud '' ( `` Dealbook '' blog ) . The New York Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament passes Companies Bill 2012 ( Update ) '' . Yahoo ! News India . ANI. 8 Aug 2013 . Retrieved 16 Aug 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MCA draft - Ministry Of Corporate Affairs '' .",
"2": "Jump up ^ `` Second Round of Consultations on the Revised Version of National Competition Policy Begins Tomorrow '' . External links ( edit ) Ministry of Corporate Affairs Official Website ( hide ) Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region This article about government in India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Corporate_Affairs&oldid=805418031 '' Categories : Government ministries of India Ministry of Corporate Affairs Indian government stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 07 : 35 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Speed of sound - wikipedia Speed of sound Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Speed of sound ( disambiguation ) . Sound measurements Characteristic Symbols Sound pressure p , SPL , L Particle velocity v , SVL Particle displacement δ Sound intensity I , SIL Sound power P , SWL , L Sound energy Sound energy density w Sound exposure E , SEL Acoustic impedance Z Speed of sound Audio frequency AF Transmission loss TL The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium . In dry air at 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) , the speed of sound is 331.2 metres per second ( 1,087 ft / s ; 1,192 km / h ; 741 mph ; 644 kn ) . At 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , the speed of sound is 343 metres per second ( 1,125 ft / s ; 1,235 km / h ; 767 mph ; 667 kn ) , or a kilometre in 2.91 s or a mile in 4.69 s . The speed of sound in an ideal gas depends only on its temperature and composition . The speed has a weak dependence on frequency and pressure in ordinary air , deviating slightly from ideal behavior . In common everyday speech , speed of sound refers to the speed of sound waves in air . However , the speed of sound varies from substance to substance : sound travels most slowly in gases ; it travels faster in liquids ; and faster still in solids . For example , ( as noted above ) , sound travels at 343 m / s in air ; it travels at 1,484 m / s in water ( 4.3 times as fast as in air ) ; and at 5,120 m / s in iron ( about 15 times as fast as in air ) . In an exceptionally stiff material such as diamond , sound travels at 12,000 metres per second ( 26,843 mph ) ; ( about 35 times as fast as in air ) which is around the maximum speed that sound will travel under normal conditions .",
"1": "Sound waves in solids are composed of compression waves ( just as in gases and liquids ) , and a different type of sound wave called a shear wave , which occurs only in solids . Shear waves in solids usually travel at different speeds , as exhibited in seismology . The speed of compression waves in solids is determined by the medium 's compressibility , shear modulus and density . The speed of shear waves is determined only by the solid material 's shear modulus and density . In fluid dynamics , the speed of sound in a fluid medium ( gas or liquid ) is used as a relative measure for the speed of an object moving through the medium . The ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in the fluid is called the object 's Mach number . Objects moving at speeds greater than Mach 1 are said to be traveling at supersonic speeds . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Basic concepts 2.1 Compression and shear waves 3 Equations 4 Dependence on the properties of the medium 5 Altitude variation and implications for atmospheric acoustics 6 Practical formula for dry air 7 Details 7.1 Speed of sound in ideal gases and air 7.2 Effects due to wind shear 7.3 Tables 8 Effect of frequency and gas composition 8.1 General physical considerations 8.2 Practical application to air 9 Mach number 10 Experimental methods 10.1 Single - shot timing methods 10.2 Other methods 10.3 High - precision measurements in air 11 Non-gaseous media 11.1 Speed of sound in solids 11.1. 1 Three - dimensional solids 11.1. 2 One - dimensional solids 11.2 Speed of sound in liquids 11.2. 1 Water 11.2. 2 Seawater 11.3 Speed of sound in plasma 12 Gradients 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Sir Isaac Newton computed the speed of sound in air as 979 feet per second ( 298 m / s ) , which is too low by about 15 % , .",
"2": "Newton 's analysis was good save for neglecting the ( then unknown ) effect of rapidly - fluctuating temperature in a sound wave ( in modern terms , sound wave compression and expansion of air is an adiabatic process , not an isothermal process ) . This error was later rectified by Laplace . During the 17th century , there were several attempts to measure the speed of sound accurately , including attempts by Marin Mersenne in 1630 ( 1,380 Parisian feet per second ) , Pierre Gassendi in 1635 ( 1,473 Parisian feet per second ) and Robert Boyle ( 1,125 Parisian feet per second ) . In 1709 , the Reverend William Derham , Rector of Upminster , published a more accurate measure of the speed of sound , at 1,072 Parisian feet per second . Derham used a telescope from the tower of the church of St Laurence , Upminster to observe the flash of a distant shotgun being fired , and then measured the time until he heard the gunshot with a half second pendulum . Measurements were made of gunshots from a number of local landmarks , including North Ockendon church . The distance was known by triangulation , and thus the speed that the sound had travelled was calculated . Basic concepts ( edit ) The transmission of sound can be illustrated by using a model consisting of an array of spherical objects interconnected by springs . In real material terms , the spheres represent the material 's molecules and the springs represent the bonds between them . Sound passes through the system by compressing and expanding the springs , transmitting the acoustic energy to neighboring spheres . This helps transmit the energy in - turn to the neighboring sphere 's springs ( bonds ) , and so on . The speed of sound through the model depends on the stiffness / rigidity of the springs , and the mass of the spheres . As long as the spacing of the spheres remains constant , stiffer springs / bonds transmit energy quicker , while larger spheres transmit the energy slower . Effects like dispersion and reflection can also be understood using this model . In a real material , the stiffness of the springs is known as the `` elastic modulus '' , and the mass corresponds to the material density .",
"3": "Given that all other things being equal ( ceteris paribus ) , sound will travel slower in spongy materials , and faster in stiffer ones . For instance , sound will travel 1.59 times faster in nickel than in bronze , due to the greater stiffness of nickel at about the same density . Similarly , sound travels about 1.41 times faster in light hydrogen ( protium ) gas than in heavy hydrogen ( deuterium ) gas , since deuterium has similar properties but twice the density . At the same time , `` compression - type '' sound will travel faster in solids than in liquids , and faster in liquids than in gases , because the solids are more difficult to compress than liquids , while liquids in turn are more difficult to compress than gases . Some textbooks mistakenly state that the speed of sound increases with increasing density . This is usually illustrated by presenting data for three materials , such as air , water and steel , which also have vastly different levels compressibilities which more than make up for the density differences . An illustrative example of the two effects is that sound travels only 4.3 times faster in water than air , despite enormous differences in compressibility of the two media . The reason is that the larger density of water , which works to slow sound in water relative to air , nearly makes up for the compressibility differences in the two media . A practical example can be observed in Edinburgh , when the `` One o ' Clock Gun '' is fired at the eastern end of Edinburgh Castle . Standing at the base of the western end of the Castle Rock , the sound of the Gun can be heard through the rock , slightly before it arrives by the air route , partly delayed by the slightly longer route . It is particularly effective if a multi-gun salute such as for `` The Queen 's Birthday '' is being fired . Compression and shear waves ( edit ) Pressure - pulse or compression - type wave ( longitudinal wave ) confined to a plane . This is the only type of sound wave that travels in fluids ( gases and liquids ) . A pressure - type wave may also travel in solids , along with other types of waves ( transverse waves , see below ) Transverse wave affecting atoms initially confined to a plane .",
"4": "This additional type of sound wave ( additional type of elastic wave ) travels only in solids , for it requires a sideways shearing motion which is supported by the presence of elasticity in the solid . The sideways shearing motion may take place in any direction which is at right - angle to the direction of wave - travel ( only one shear direction is shown here , at right angles to the plane ) . Furthermore , the right - angle shear direction may change over time and distance , resulting in different types of polarization of shear - waves In a gas or liquid , sound consists of compression waves . In solids , waves propagate as two different types . A longitudinal wave is associated with compression and decompression in the direction of travel , and is the same process in gases and liquids , with an analogous compression - type wave in solids . Only compression waves are supported in gases and liquids . An additional type of wave , the transverse wave , also called a shear wave , occurs only in solids because only solids support elastic deformations . It is due to elastic deformation of the medium perpendicular to the direction of wave travel ; the direction of shear - deformation is called the `` polarization '' of this type of wave . In general , transverse waves occur as a pair of orthogonal polarizations . These different waves ( compression waves and the different polarizations of shear waves ) may have different speeds at the same frequency . Therefore , they arrive at an observer at different times , an extreme example being an earthquake , where sharp compression waves arrive first , and rocking transverse waves seconds later . The speed of a compression wave in fluid is determined by the medium 's compressibility and density . In solids , the compression waves are analogous to those in fluids , depending on compressibility and density , but with the additional factor of shear modulus which affects compression waves due to off - axis elastic energies which are able to influence effective tension and relaxation in a compression . The speed of shear waves , which can occur only in solids , is determined simply by the solid material 's shear modulus and density . Equations ( edit ) The speed of sound in mathematical notation is conventionally represented by c , from the Latin celeritas meaning `` velocity '' .",
"5": "For fluids in general , the speed of sound c is given by the Newton -- Laplace equation : c = K s ρ , ( \\ displaystyle c = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( K_ ( s ) ) ( \\ rho ) ) ) , ) where K is a coefficient of stiffness , the isentropic bulk modulus ( or the modulus of bulk elasticity for gases ) ; ρ is the density . Thus the speed of sound increases with the stiffness ( the resistance of an elastic body to deformation by an applied force ) of the material , and decreases with increase in density . For ideal gases the bulk modulus K is simply the gas pressure multiplied by the dimensionless adiabatic index , which is about 1.4 for air under normal conditions of pressure and temperature . For general equations of state , if classical mechanics is used , the speed of sound c is given by c = ( ∂ p ∂ ρ ) s , ( \\ displaystyle c = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial p ) ( \\ partial \\ rho ) ) \\ right ) _ ( s ) ) ) , ) where p is the pressure ; ρ is the density and the derivative is taken isentropically , that is , at constant entropy s . If relativistic effects are important , the speed of sound is calculated from the relativistic Euler equations . In a non-dispersive medium , the speed of sound is independent of sound frequency , so the speeds of energy transport and sound propagation are the same for all frequencies . Air , a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen , constitutes a non-dispersive medium . However , air does contain a small amount of CO which is a dispersive medium , and causes dispersion to air at ultrasonic frequencies ( > 28 kHz ) . In a dispersive medium , the speed of sound is a function of sound frequency , through the dispersion relation . Each frequency component propagates at its own speed , called the phase velocity , while the energy of the disturbance propagates at the group velocity . The same phenomenon occurs with light waves ; see optical dispersion for a description . Dependence on the properties of the medium ( edit ) The speed of sound is variable and depends on the properties of the substance through which the wave is travelling .",
"6": "In solids , the speed of transverse ( or shear ) waves depends on the shear deformation under shear stress ( called the shear modulus ) , and the density of the medium . Longitudinal ( or compression ) waves in solids depend on the same two factors with the addition of a dependence on compressibility . In fluids , only the medium 's compressibility and density are the important factors , since fluids do not transmit shear stresses . In heterogeneous fluids , such as a liquid filled with gas bubbles , the density of the liquid and the compressibility of the gas affect the speed of sound in an additive manner , as demonstrated in the hot chocolate effect . In gases , adiabatic compressibility is directly related to pressure through the heat capacity ratio ( adiabatic index ) , while pressure and density are inversely related to the temperature and molecular weight , thus making only the completely independent properties of temperature and molecular structure important ( heat capacity ratio may be determined by temperature and molecular structure , but simple molecular weight is not sufficient to determine it ) . In low molecular weight gases such as helium , sound propagates faster as compared to heavier gases such as xenon . For monatomic gases , the speed of sound is about 75 % of the mean speed that the atoms move in that gas . For a given ideal gas the molecular composition is fixed , and thus the speed of sound depends only on its temperature . At a constant temperature , the gas pressure has no effect on the speed of sound , since the density will increase , and since pressure and density ( also proportional to pressure ) have equal but opposite effects on the speed of sound , and the two contributions cancel out exactly . In a similar way , compression waves in solids depend both on compressibility and density -- just as in liquids -- but in gases the density contributes to the compressibility in such a way that some part of each attribute factors out , leaving only a dependence on temperature , molecular weight , and heat capacity ratio which can be independently derived from temperature and molecular composition ( see derivations below ) . Thus , for a single given gas ( assuming the molecular weight does not change ) and over a small temperature range ( for which the heat capacity is relatively constant ) , the speed of sound becomes dependent on only the temperature of the gas .",
"7": "In non-ideal gas behavior regimen , for which the van der Waals gas equation would be used , the proportionality is not exact , and there is a slight dependence of sound velocity on the gas pressure . Humidity has a small but measurable effect on the speed of sound ( causing it to increase by about 0.1 % -- 0.6 % ) , because oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the air are replaced by lighter molecules of water . This is a simple mixing effect . Altitude variation and implications for atmospheric acoustics ( edit ) Density and pressure decrease smoothly with altitude , but temperature ( red ) does not . The speed of sound ( blue ) depends only on the complicated temperature variation at altitude and can be calculated from it , since isolated density and pressure effects on the speed of sound cancel each other . Speed of sound increases with height in two regions of the stratosphere and thermosphere , due to heating effects in these regions . In the Earth 's atmosphere , the chief factor affecting the speed of sound is the temperature . For a given ideal gas with constant heat capacity and composition , the speed of sound is dependent solely upon temperature ; see Details below . In such an ideal case , the effects of decreased density and decreased pressure of altitude cancel each other out , save for the residual effect of temperature . Since temperature ( and thus the speed of sound ) decreases with increasing altitude up to 11 km , sound is refracted upward , away from listeners on the ground , creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source . The decrease of the speed of sound with height is referred to as a negative sound speed gradient . However , there are variations in this trend above 11 km . In particular , in the stratosphere above about 20 km , the speed of sound increases with height , due to an increase in temperature from heating within the ozone layer . This produces a positive speed of sound gradient in this region . Still another region of positive gradient occurs at very high altitudes , in the aptly - named thermosphere above 90 km . Practical formula for dry air ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"8": "( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Approximation of the speed of sound in dry air based on the heat capacity ratio ( in green ) against the truncated Taylor expansion ( in red ) . The approximate speed of sound in dry ( 0 % humidity ) air , in meters per second , at temperatures near 0 ° C , can be calculated from c a i r = ( 331.3 + 0.606 ⋅ θ ) m / s , ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( air ) ) = ( 331.3 + 0.606 \\ cdot \\ vartheta ) ~ ~ ~ \\ mathrm ( m / s ) , ) where θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ vartheta ) is the temperature in degrees Celsius ( ° C ) . This equation is derived from the first two terms of the Taylor expansion of the following more accurate equation : c a i r = 331.3 1 + θ 273.15 m / s . ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( air ) ) = 331.3 ~ ( \\ sqrt ( 1 + ( \\ frac ( \\ vartheta ) ( 273.15 ) ) ) ) ~ ~ ~ ~ \\ mathrm ( m / s ) . ) Dividing the first part , and multiplying the second part , on the right hand side , by √ 273.15 gives the exactly equivalent form c a i r = 20.05 θ + 273.15 m / s . ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( air ) ) = 20.05 ~ ( \\ sqrt ( \\ vartheta + 273.15 ) ) ~ ~ ~ ~ \\ mathrm ( m / s ) . ) which can also be written as c a i r = 20.05 T / K m / s ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( air ) ) = 20.05 ~ ( \\ sqrt ( T / K ) ) ~ ~ ~ ~ \\ mathrm ( m / s ) ) where T denotes the thermodynamic temperature .",
"9": "The value of 331.3 m / s , which represents the speed at 0 ° C ( or 273.15 K ) , is based on theoretical ( and some measured ) values of the heat capacity ratio , γ , as well as on the fact that at 1 atm real air is very well described by the ideal gas approximation . Commonly found values for the speed of sound at 0 ° C may vary from 331.2 to 331.6 due to the assumptions made when it is calculated . If ideal gas γ is assumed to be 7 / 5 = 1.4 exactly , the 0 ° C speed is calculated ( see section below ) to be 331.3 m / s , the coefficient used above . This equation is correct to a much wider temperature range , but still depends on the approximation of heat capacity ratio being independent of temperature , and for this reason will fail , particularly at higher temperatures . It gives good predictions in relatively dry , cold , low pressure conditions , such as the Earth 's stratosphere . The equation fails at extremely low pressures and short wavelengths , due to dependence on the assumption that the wavelength of the sound in the gas is much longer than the average mean free path between gas molecule collisions . A derivation of these equations will be given in the following section . A graph comparing results of the two equations is at right , using the slightly different value of 331.5 m / s for the speed of sound at 0 ° C . Details ( edit ) Speed of sound in ideal gases and air ( edit ) For an ideal gas , K ( the bulk modulus in equations above , equivalent to C , the coefficient of stiffness in solids ) is given by K = γ ⋅ p , ( \\ displaystyle K = \\ gamma \\ cdot p , ) thus , from the Newton -- Laplace equation above , the speed of sound in an ideal gas is given by c = γ ⋅ p ρ , ( \\ displaystyle c = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ gamma \\ cdot ( p \\ over \\ rho ) ) ) , ) where γ is the adiabatic index also known as the isentropic expansion factor .",
"10": "It is the ratio of specific heats of a gas at a constant - pressure to a gas at a constant - volume ( C p / C v ( \\ displaystyle C_ ( p ) / C_ ( v ) ) ) , and arises because a classical sound wave induces an adiabatic compression , in which the heat of the compression does not have enough time to escape the pressure pulse , and thus contributes to the pressure induced by the compression ; p is the pressure ; ρ is the density . Using the ideal gas law to replace p with nRT / V , and replacing ρ with nM / V , the equation for an ideal gas becomes c i d e a l = γ ⋅ p ρ = γ ⋅ R ⋅ T M = γ ⋅ k ⋅ T m , ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( ideal ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ gamma \\ cdot ( p \\ over \\ rho ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ gamma \\ cdot R \\ cdot T \\ over M ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ gamma \\ cdot k \\ cdot T \\ over m ) ) , ) where c is the speed of sound in an ideal gas ; R ( approximately 8.314 , 5 J mol K ) is the molar gas constant ( universal gas constant ) ; k is the Boltzmann constant ; γ ( gamma ) is the adiabatic index . At room temperature , where thermal energy is fully partitioned into rotation ( rotations are fully excited ) but quantum effects prevent excitation of vibrational modes , the value is 7 / 5 = 1.400 for diatomic molecules , according to kinetic theory . Gamma is actually experimentally measured over a range from 1.399 , 1 to 1.403 at 0 ° C , for air . Gamma is exactly 5 / 3 = 1.6667 for monatomic gases such as noble gases ; T is the absolute temperature ; M is the molar mass of the gas . The mean molar mass for dry air is about 0.028 , 964 , 5 kg / mol ; n is the number of moles ; m is the mass of a single molecule .",
"11": "This equation applies only when the sound wave is a small perturbation on the ambient condition , and the certain other noted conditions are fulfilled , as noted below . Calculated values for c have been found to vary slightly from experimentally determined values . Newton famously considered the speed of sound before most of the development of thermodynamics and so incorrectly used isothermal calculations instead of adiabatic . His result was missing the factor of γ but was otherwise correct . Numerical substitution of the above values gives the ideal gas approximation of sound velocity for gases , which is accurate at relatively low gas pressures and densities ( for air , this includes standard Earth sea - level conditions ) . Also , for diatomic gases the use of γ = 1.4000 requires that the gas exists in a temperature range high enough that rotational heat capacity is fully excited ( i.e. , molecular rotation is fully used as a heat energy `` partition '' or reservoir ) ; but at the same time the temperature must be low enough that molecular vibrational modes contribute no heat capacity ( i.e. , insignificant heat goes into vibration , as all vibrational quantum modes above the minimum - energy - mode , have energies too high to be populated by a significant number of molecules at this temperature ) . For air , these conditions are fulfilled at room temperature , and also temperatures considerably below room temperature ( see tables below ) . See the section on gases in specific heat capacity for a more complete discussion of this phenomenon . For air , we introduce the shorthand R ∗ = R / M a i r . ( \\ displaystyle R_ ( * ) = R / M_ ( \\ mathrm ( air ) ) . ) In addition , we switch to the Celsius temperature θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ vartheta ) = T − 273.15 , which is useful to calculate air speed in the region near 0 ° C ( about 273 kelvin ) .",
"12": "Then , for dry air , c i d e a l = γ ⋅ R ∗ ⋅ T = γ ⋅ R ∗ ⋅ ( θ + 273.15 ) , ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( ideal ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ gamma \\ cdot R_ ( * ) \\ cdot T ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ gamma \\ cdot R_ ( * ) \\ cdot ( \\ vartheta + 273.15 ) ) ) , ) c i d e a l = γ ⋅ R ∗ ⋅ 273.15 ⋅ 1 + θ 273.15 , ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( ideal ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ gamma \\ cdot R_ ( * ) \\ cdot 273.15 ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ sqrt ( 1 + ( \\ frac ( \\ vartheta ) ( 273.15 ) ) ) ) , ) where θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ vartheta ) ( theta ) is the temperature in degrees Celsius ( ° C ) . Substituting numerical values R = 8.314 510 J / ( m o l ⋅ K ) ( \\ displaystyle R = 8.314 \\ , 510 ~ \\ mathrm ( J / ( mol \\ cdot K ) ) ) for the molar gas constant in J / mole / Kelvin , and M a i r = 0.028 964 5 k g / m o l ( \\ displaystyle M_ ( \\ mathrm ( air ) ) = 0.028 \\ , 964 \\ , 5 ~ \\ mathrm ( kg / mol ) ) for the mean molar mass of air , in kg ; and using the ideal diatomic gas value of γ = 1.4000 , we have c a i r = 331.3 1 + θ 273.15 m / s . ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( air ) ) = 331.3 ~ ~ ( \\ sqrt ( 1 + ( \\ frac ( \\ vartheta ) ( 273.15 ) ) ) ) ~ ~ ~ \\ mathrm ( m / s ) . )",
"13": "Finally , Taylor expansion of the remaining square root in θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ vartheta ) yields c a i r = 331.3 ( 1 + θ 2 ⋅ 273.15 ) m / s , ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( air ) ) = 331.3 ~ ( 1 + ( \\ frac ( \\ vartheta ) ( 2 \\ cdot 273.15 ) ) ) ~ ~ ~ \\ mathrm ( m / s ) , ) c a i r = ( 331.3 + 0.606 ⋅ θ ) m / s . ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( air ) ) = ( 331.3 + 0.606 \\ cdot \\ vartheta ) ~ ~ ~ \\ mathrm ( m / s ) . ) The above derivation includes the first two equations given in the `` Practical formula for dry air '' section above . Effects due to wind shear ( edit ) The speed of sound varies with temperature . Since temperature and sound velocity normally decrease with increasing altitude , sound is refracted upward , away from listeners on the ground , creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source . Wind shear of 4 m / ( s km ) can produce refraction equal to a typical temperature lapse rate of 7.5 ° C / km . Higher values of wind gradient will refract sound downward toward the surface in the downwind direction , eliminating the acoustic shadow on the downwind side . This will increase the audibility of sounds downwind . This downwind refraction effect occurs because there is a wind gradient ; the sound is not being carried along by the wind .",
"14": "For sound propagation , the exponential variation of wind speed with height can be defined as follows : U ( h ) = U ( 0 ) h ζ , ( \\ displaystyle U ( h ) = U ( 0 ) h ^ ( \\ zeta ) , ) d U d H ( h ) = ζ U ( h ) h , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ mathrm ( d ) U ) ( \\ mathrm ( d ) H ) ) ( h ) = \\ zeta ( \\ frac ( U ( h ) ) ( h ) ) , ) where U ( h ) is the speed of the wind at height h ; ζ is the exponential coefficient based on ground surface roughness , typically between 0.08 and 0.52 ; dU / dH ( h ) is the expected wind gradient at height h . In the 1862 American Civil War Battle of Iuka , an acoustic shadow , believed to have been enhanced by a northeast wind , kept two divisions of Union soldiers out of the battle , because they could not hear the sounds of battle only 10 km ( six miles ) downwind . Tables ( edit ) In the standard atmosphere : T is 273.15 K ( = 0 ° C = 32 ° F ) , giving a theoretical value of 331.3 m / s ( = 1086.9 ft / s = 1193 km / h = 741.1 mph = 644.0 kn ) . Values ranging from 331.3 to 331.6 m / s may be found in reference literature , however ; T is 293.15 K ( = 20 ° C = 68 ° F ) , giving a value of 343.2 m / s ( = 1126.0 ft / s = 1236 km / h = 767.8 mph = 667.2 kn ) ; T is 298.15 K ( = 25 ° C = 77 ° F ) , giving a value of 346.1 m / s ( = 1135.6 ft / s = 1246 km / h = 774.3 mph = 672.8 kn ) .",
"15": "In fact , assuming an ideal gas , the speed of sound c depends on temperature only , not on the pressure or density ( since these change in lockstep for a given temperature and cancel out ) . Air is almost an ideal gas . The temperature of the air varies with altitude , giving the following variations in the speed of sound using the standard atmosphere -- actual conditions may vary . Effect of temperature on properties of air Temperature T ( ° C ) Speed of sound c ( m / s ) Density of air ρ ( kg / m ) Characteristic specific acoustic impedance z ( Pa s / m ) 35 351.88 1.1455 403.2 30 349.02 1.1644 406.5 25 346.13 1.1839 409.4 20 343.21 1.2041 413.3 15 340.27 1.2250 416.9 10 337.31 1.2466 420.5 5 334.32 1.2690 424.3 0 331.30 1.2922 428.0 − 5 328.25 1.3163 432.1 − 10 325.18 1.3413 436.1 − 15 322.07 1.3673 440.3 − 20 318.94 1.3943 444.6 − 25 315.77 1.4224 449.1 Given normal atmospheric conditions , the temperature , and thus speed of sound , varies with altitude : Altitude Temperature m / s km / h mph kn Sea level 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 340 1,225 761 661 11,000 m − 20,000 m ( Cruising altitude of commercial jets , and first supersonic flight ) − 57 ° C ( − 70 ° F ) 295 1,062 660 573 29,",
"16": "000 m ( Flight of X-43A ) − 48 ° C ( − 53 ° F ) 301 1,083 673 585 Effect of frequency and gas composition ( edit ) General Physical considerations ( edit ) The medium in which a sound wave is travelling does not always respond adiabatically , and as a result the speed of sound can vary with frequency . The limitations of the concept of speed of sound due to extreme attenuation are also of concern . The attenuation which exists at sea level for high frequencies applies to successively lower frequencies as atmospheric pressure decreases , or as the mean free path increases . For this reason , the concept of speed of sound ( except for frequencies approaching zero ) progressively loses its range of applicability at high altitudes . The standard equations for the speed of sound apply with reasonable accuracy only to situations in which the wavelength of the soundwave is considerably longer than the mean free path of molecules in a gas . The molecular composition of the gas contributes both as the mass ( M ) of the molecules , and their heat capacities , and so both have an influence on speed of sound . In general , at the same molecular mass , monatomic gases have slightly higher speed of sound ( over 9 % higher ) because they have a higher γ ( 5 / 3 = 1.66 ... ) than diatomics do ( 7 / 5 = 1.4 ) . Thus , at the same molecular mass , the speed of sound of a monatomic gas goes up by a factor of c g a s , m o n a t o m i c c g a s , d i a t o m i c = 5 / 3 7 / 5 = 25 21 = 1.091 ... ( \\ displaystyle ( c_ ( \\ mathrm ( gas , monatomic ) ) \\ over c_ ( \\ mathrm ( gas , diatomic ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( ( 5 / 3 ) \\ over ( 7 / 5 ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( 25 \\ over 21 ) ) = 1.091 \\ ldots ) This gives the 9 % difference , and would be a typical ratio for speeds of sound at room temperature in helium vs. deuterium , each with a molecular weight of 4 .",
"17": "Sound travels faster in helium than deuterium because adiabatic compression heats helium more , since the helium molecules can store heat energy from compression only in translation , but not rotation . Thus helium molecules ( monatomic molecules ) travel faster in a sound wave and transmit sound faster . ( Sound travels at about 70 % of the mean molecular speed in gases ; the figure is 75 % in monatomic gases and 68 % in diatomic gases ) . Note that in this example we have assumed that temperature is low enough that heat capacities are not influenced by molecular vibration ( see heat capacity ) . However , vibrational modes simply cause gammas which decrease toward 1 , since vibration modes in a polyatomic gas gives the gas additional ways to store heat which do not affect temperature , and thus do not affect molecular velocity and sound velocity . Thus , the effect of higher temperatures and vibrational heat capacity acts to increase the difference between the speed of sound in monatomic vs. polyatomic molecules , with the speed remaining greater in monatomics . Practical application to air ( edit ) By far the most important factor influencing the speed of sound in air is temperature . The speed is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature , giving an increase of about 0.6 m / s per degree Celsius . For this reason , the pitch of a musical wind instrument increases as its temperature increases . The speed of sound is raised by humidity but decreased by carbon dioxide . The difference between 0 % and 100 % humidity is about 1.5 m / s at standard pressure and temperature , but the size of the humidity effect increases dramatically with temperature . The carbon dioxide content of air is not fixed , due to both carbon pollution and human breath ( e.g. , in the air blown through wind instruments ) . The dependence on frequency and pressure are normally insignificant in practical applications . In dry air , the speed of sound increases by about 0.1 m / s as the frequency rises from 10 Hz to 100 Hz . For audible frequencies above 100 Hz it is relatively constant . Standard values of the speed of sound are quoted in the limit of low frequencies , where the wavelength is large compared to the mean free path . Mach number ( edit ) Main article : Mach number U.S. Navy F / A-18 traveling near the speed of sound .",
"18": "The white halo consists of condensed water droplets formed by the sudden drop in air pressure behind the shock cone around the aircraft ( see Prandtl - Glauert singularity ) . Mach number , a useful quantity in aerodynamics , is the ratio of air speed to the local speed of sound . At altitude , for reasons explained , Mach number is a function of temperature . Aircraft flight instruments , however , operate using pressure differential to compute Mach number , not temperature . The assumption is that a particular pressure represents a particular altitude and , therefore , a standard temperature . Aircraft flight instruments need to operate this way because the stagnation pressure sensed by a Pitot tube is dependent on altitude as well as speed . Experimental methods ( edit ) A range of different methods exist for the measurement of sound in air . The earliest reasonably accurate estimate of the speed of sound in air was made by William Derham , and acknowledged by Isaac Newton . Derham had a telescope at the top of the tower of the Church of St Laurence in Upminster , England . On a calm day , a synchronized pocket watch would be given to an assistant who would fire a shotgun at a pre-determined time from a conspicuous point some miles away , across the countryside . This could be confirmed by telescope . He then measured the interval between seeing gunsmoke and arrival of the sound using a half - second pendulum . The distance from where the gun was fired was found by triangulation , and simple division ( distance / time ) provided velocity . Lastly , by making many observations , using a range of different distances , the inaccuracy of the half - second pendulum could be averaged out , giving his final estimate of the speed of sound . Modern stopwatches enable this method to be used today over distances as short as 200 -- 400 meters , and not needing something as loud as a shotgun . Single - shot timing methods ( edit ) The simplest concept is the measurement made using two microphones and a fast recording device such as a digital storage scope . This method uses the following idea . If a sound source and two microphones are arranged in a straight line , with the sound source at one end , then the following can be measured : The distance between the microphones ( x ) , called microphone basis . The time of arrival between the signals ( delay ) reaching the different microphones ( t ) .",
"19": "Then v = x / t . Other methods ( edit ) In these methods the time measurement has been replaced by a measurement of the inverse of time ( frequency ) . Kundt 's tube is an example of an experiment which can be used to measure the speed of sound in a small volume . It has the advantage of being able to measure the speed of sound in any gas . This method uses a powder to make the nodes and antinodes visible to the human eye . This is an example of a compact experimental setup . A tuning fork can be held near the mouth of a long pipe which is dipping into a barrel of water . In this system it is the case that the pipe can be brought to resonance if the length of the air column in the pipe is equal to ( 1 + 2n ) λ / 4 where n is an integer . As the antinodal point for the pipe at the open end is slightly outside the mouth of the pipe it is best to find two or more points of resonance and then measure half a wavelength between these . Here it is the case that v = fλ . High - precision measurements in air ( edit ) The effect from impurities can be significant when making high - precision measurements . Chemical desiccants can be used to dry the air , but will in turn contaminate the sample . The air can be dried cryogenically , but this has the effect of removing the carbon dioxide as well ; therefore many high - precision measurements are performed with air free of carbon dioxide rather than with natural air . A 2002 review found that a 1963 measurement by Smith and Harlow using a cylindrical resonator gave `` the most probable value of the standard speed of sound to date . '' The experiment was done with air from which the carbon dioxide had been removed , but the result was then corrected for this effect so as to be applicable to real air . The experiments were done at 30 ° C but corrected for temperature in order to report them at 0 ° C. The result was 331.45 ± 0.01 m / s for dry air at STP , for frequencies from 93 Hz to 1,500 Hz .",
"20": "Non-gaseous media ( edit ) Speed of sound in solids ( edit ) Three - dimensional solids ( edit ) In a solid , there is a non-zero stiffness both for volumetric deformations and shear deformations . Hence , it is possible to generate sound waves with different velocities dependent on the deformation mode . Sound waves generating volumetric deformations ( compression ) and shear deformations ( shearing ) are called pressure waves ( longitudinal waves ) and shear waves ( transverse waves ) , respectively . In earthquakes , the corresponding seismic waves are called P - waves ( primary waves ) and S - waves ( secondary waves ) , respectively . The sound velocities of these two types of waves propagating in a homogeneous 3 - dimensional solid are respectively given by c s o l i d , p = K + 4 3 G ρ = E ( 1 − ν ) ρ ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) , ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( solid , p ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( K+ ( \\ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) G ) ( \\ rho ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( E ( 1 - \\ nu ) ) ( \\ rho ( 1 + \\ nu ) ( 1 - 2 \\ nu ) ) ) ) , ) c s o l i d , s = G ρ , ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( solid , s ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( G ) ( \\ rho ) ) ) , ) where K is the bulk modulus of the elastic materials ; G is the shear modulus of the elastic materials ; E is the Young 's modulus ; ρ is the density ; ν is Poisson 's ratio . The last quantity is not an independent one , as E = 3K ( 1 − 2ν ) . Note that the speed of pressure waves depends both on the pressure and shear resistance properties of the material , while the speed of shear waves depends on the shear properties only . Typically , pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves , and in earthquakes this is the reason that the onset of an earthquake is often preceded by a quick upward - downward shock , before arrival of waves that produce a side - to - side motion .",
"21": "For example , for a typical steel alloy , K = 170 GPa , G = 80 GPa and ρ = 7,700 kg / m , yielding a compressional speed c of 6,000 m / s . This is in reasonable agreement with c measured experimentally at 5,930 m / s for a ( possibly different ) type of steel . The shear speed c is estimated at 3,200 m / s using the same numbers . One - dimensional solids ( edit ) The speed of sound for pressure waves in stiff materials such as metals is sometimes given for `` long rods '' of the material in question , in which the speed is easier to measure . In rods where their diameter is shorter than a wavelength , the speed of pure pressure waves may be simplified and is given by : c s o l i d = E ρ , ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( E ) ( \\ rho ) ) ) , ) where E is Young 's modulus . This is similar to the expression for shear waves , save that Young 's modulus replaces the shear modulus . This speed of sound for pressure waves in long rods will always be slightly less than the same speed in homogeneous 3 - dimensional solids , and the ratio of the speeds in the two different types of objects depends on Poisson 's ratio for the material . Speed of sound in liquids ( edit ) Speed of sound in water vs temperature . In a fluid the only non-zero stiffness is to volumetric deformation ( a fluid does not sustain shear forces ) . Hence the speed of sound in a fluid is given by c f l u i d = K ρ , ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( \\ mathrm ( fluid ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( K ) ( \\ rho ) ) ) , ) where K is the bulk modulus of the fluid . Water ( edit ) In fresh water , sound travels at about 1481 m / s at 20 ° C ( see the External Links section below for online calculators ) . Applications of underwater sound can be found in sonar , acoustic communication and acoustical oceanography .",
"22": "Seawater ( edit ) See also : Sound speed profile Speed of sound as a function of depth at a position north of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean derived from the 2005 World Ocean Atlas . The SOFAR channel is centred on the minimum in the speed of sound at ca . 750 - m depth . In salt water that is free of air bubbles or suspended sediment , sound travels at about 1500 m / s ( 1500.235 m / s at 1000 kilopascals , 10 ° C and 3 % salinity by one method ) . The speed of sound in seawater depends on pressure ( hence depth ) , temperature ( a change of 1 ° C ~ 4 m / s ) , and salinity ( a change of 1 ‰ ~ 1 m / s ) , and empirical equations have been derived to accurately calculate the speed of sound from these variables . Other factors affecting the speed of sound are minor . Since temperature decreases with depth while pressure and generally salinity increase , the profile of the speed of sound with depth generally shows a characteristic curve which decreases to a minimum at a depth of several hundred meters , then increases again with increasing depth ( right ) . For more information see Dushaw et al .",
"23": "A simple empirical equation for the speed of sound in sea water with reasonable accuracy for the world 's oceans is due to Mackenzie : c ( T , S , z ) = a 1 + a 2 T + a 3 T 2 + a 4 T 3 + a 5 ( S − 35 ) + a 6 z + a 7 z 2 + a 8 T ( S − 35 ) + a 9 T z 3 , ( \\ displaystyle c ( T , S , z ) = a_ ( 1 ) + a_ ( 2 ) T + a_ ( 3 ) T ^ ( 2 ) + a_ ( 4 ) T ^ ( 3 ) + a_ ( 5 ) ( S - 35 ) + a_ ( 6 ) z + a_ ( 7 ) z ^ ( 2 ) + a_ ( 8 ) T ( S - 35 ) + a_ ( 9 ) Tz ^ ( 3 ) , ) where T is the temperature in degrees Celsius ; S is the salinity in parts per thousand ; z is the depth in meters .",
"24": "The constants a , a , ... , a are a 1 = 1 , 448.96 , a 2 = 4.591 , a 3 = − 5.304 × 10 − 2 , a 4 = 2.374 × 10 − 4 , a 5 = 1.340 , a 6 = 1.630 × 10 − 2 , a 7 = 1.675 × 10 − 7 , a 8 = − 1.025 × 10 − 2 , a 9 = − 7.139 × 10 − 13 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) a_ ( 1 ) & = 1,448.96 , &a_ ( 2 ) & = 4.591 , &a_ ( 3 ) & = - 5.304 \\ times 10 ^ ( - 2 ) , \\ \\ a_ ( 4 ) & = 2.374 \\ times 10 ^ ( - 4 ) , &a_ ( 5 ) & = 1.340 , &a_ ( 6 ) & = 1.630 \\ times 10 ^ ( - 2 ) , \\ \\ a_ ( 7 ) & = 1.675 \\ times 10 ^ ( - 7 ) , &a_ ( 8 ) & = - 1.025 \\ times 10 ^ ( - 2 ) , &a_ ( 9 ) & = - 7.139 \\ times 10 ^ ( - 13 ) , \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) with check value 1550.744 m / s for T = 25 ° C , S = 35 parts per thousand , z = 1,000 m . This equation has a standard error of 0.070 m / s for salinity between 25 and 40 ppt . See Technical Guides . Speed of Sound in Sea - Water for an online calculator . Other equations for the speed of sound in sea water are accurate over a wide range of conditions , but are far more complicated , e.g. , that by V.A. Del Grosso and the Chen - Millero - Li Equation .",
"25": "Speed of sound in plasma ( edit ) The speed of sound in a plasma for the common case that the electrons are hotter than the ions ( but not too much hotter ) is given by the formula ( see here ) c s = ( γ Z k T e / m i ) 1 / 2 = 9.79 × 10 3 ( γ Z T e / μ ) 1 / 2 m / s , ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( s ) = ( \\ gamma ZkT_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) / m_ ( \\ mathrm ( i ) ) ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) = 9.79 \\ times 10 ^ ( 3 ) ( \\ gamma ZT_ ( e ) / \\ mu ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ~ \\ mathrm ( m / s ) , ) where m is the ion mass ; μ is the ratio of ion mass to proton mass μ = m / m ; T is the electron temperature ; Z is the charge state ; k is Boltzmann constant ; γ is the adiabatic index . In contrast to a gas , the pressure and the density are provided by separate species , the pressure by the electrons and the density by the ions . The two are coupled through a fluctuating electric field . Gradients ( edit ) Main article : Sound speed gradient When sound spreads out evenly in all directions in three dimensions , the intensity drops in proportion to the inverse square of the distance . However , in the ocean there is a layer called the ' deep sound channel ' or SOFAR channel which can confine sound waves at a particular depth . In the SOFAR channel , the speed of sound is lower than that in the layers above and below . Just as light waves will refract towards a region of higher index , sound waves will refract towards a region where their speed is reduced . The result is that sound gets confined in the layer , much the way light can be confined in a sheet of glass or optical fiber . Thus , the sound is confined in essentially two dimensions . In two dimensions the intensity drops in proportion to only the inverse of the distance . This allows waves to travel much further before being undetectably faint . A similar effect occurs in the atmosphere .",
"26": "Project Mogul successfully used this effect to detect a nuclear explosion at a considerable distance . See also ( edit ) Acoustoelastic effect Elastic wave Second sound Sonic boom Sound barrier Underwater acoustics Vibrations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Speed of Sound Jump up ^ `` The Speed of Sound '' . mathpages.com . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bannon , Mike ; Kaputa , Frank . `` The Newton -- Laplace Equation and Speed of Sound '' . Thermal Jackets . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murdin , Paul ( 25 December 2008 ) . Full Meridian of Glory : Perilous Adventures in the Competition to Measure the Earth . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 35 -- 36 . ISBN 9780387755342 . Jump up ^ Fox , Tony ( 2003 ) . Essex Journal . Essex Arch & Hist Soc . pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Dean , E.A. ( August 1979 ) . Atmospheric Effects on the Speed of Sound , Technical report of Defense Technical Information Center ^ Jump up to : Everest , F. ( 2001 ) . The Master Handbook of Acoustics . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 136097 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` CODATA Value : molar gas constant '' . Physics.nist.gov . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Standard Atmosphere , 1976 , U.S. Government Printing Office , Washington , D.C. , 1976 . Jump up ^ Uman , Martin ( 1984 ) . Lightning . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 64575 - 4 . Jump up ^ Volland , Hans ( 1995 ) . Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics . Boca Raton : CRC Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8647 - 0 . Jump up ^ Singal , S.",
"27": "( 2005 ) . Noise Pollution and Control Strategy . Oxford : Alpha Science International . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84265 - 237 - 0 . It may be seen that refraction effects occur only because there is a wind gradient and it is not due to the result of sound being convected along by the wind . Jump up ^ Bies , David ( 2004 ) . Engineering Noise Control , Theory and Practice . London : Spon Press . p. 235 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26713 - 7 . As wind speed generally increases with altitude , wind blowing towards the listener from the source will refract sound waves downwards , resulting in increased noise levels . Jump up ^ Cornwall , Sir ( 1996 ) . Grant as Military Commander . New York : Barnes & Noble . p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 56619 - 913 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cozens , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Darkest Days of the War : the Battles of Iuka and Corinth . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5783 - 1 . Jump up ^ AB Wood , A Textbook of Sound ( Bell , London , 1946 ) Jump up ^ `` Speed of Sound in Air '' . Phy.mtu.edu . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 19 August 2007 ) . `` A Sonic Boom '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Zuckerwar , Handbook of the speed of sound in real gases , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : L.E. Kinsler et al. ( 2000 ) , Fundamentals of acoustics , 4th Ed. , John Wiley and sons Inc. , New York , USA . Jump up ^ J. Krautkrämer and H. Krautkrämer ( 1990 ) , Ultrasonic testing of materials , 4th fully revised edition , Springer - Verlag , Berlin , Germany , p.",
"28": "497 Jump up ^ `` Speed of Sound in Water at Temperatures between 32 -- 212 oF ( 0 -- 100 oC ) -- imperial and SI units '' . The Engineering Toolbox . Jump up ^ Wong , George S.K. ; Zhu , Shi - ming ( 1995 ) . `` Speed of sound in seawater as a function of salinity , temperature , and pressure '' . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 97 ( 3 ) : 1732 . Bibcode : 1995ASAJ ... 97.1732 W . doi : 10.1121 / 1.413048 . Jump up ^ APL - UW TR 9407 High - Frequency Ocean Environmental Acoustic Models Handbook , pp. I1 - I2 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Stephen ( 22 Sep 2005 ) . `` Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea - Water '' . National Physical Laboratory . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Fast Does Sound Travel ? '' . Discovery of Sound in the Sea . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dushaw , Brian D. ; Worcester , P.F. ; Cornuelle , B.D. ; Howe , B.M. ( 1993 ) . `` On Equations for the Speed of Sound in Seawater '' . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 93 ( 1 ) : 255 -- 275 . Bibcode : 1993ASAJ ... 93 ... 255D . doi : 10.1121 / 1.405660 . Jump up ^ Kenneth V. , Mackenzie ( 1981 ) . `` Discussion of sea - water sound - speed determinations '' . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 70 ( 3 ) : 801 -- 806 . Bibcode : 1981ASAJ ... 70 ... 801M . doi : 10.1121 / 1.386919 . Jump up ^ Del Grosso , V.A. ( 1974 ) . `` New equation for speed of sound in natural waters ( with comparisons to other equations ) '' .",
"29": "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 56 ( 4 ) : 1084 -- 1091 . Bibcode : 1974ASAJ ... 56.1084 D . doi : 10.1121 / 1.1903388 . Jump up ^ Meinen , Christopher S. ; Watts , D. Randolph ( 1997 ) . `` Further Evidence that the Sound - Speed Algorithm of Del Grosso Is More Accurate Than that of Chen and Millero '' . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 102 ( 4 ) : 2058 -- 2062 . Bibcode : 1997ASAJ ... 102.2058 M . doi : 10.1121 / 1.419655 . External Links ( edit ) Calculation : Speed of Sound in Air and the Temperature Speed of sound : Temperature Matters , Not Air Pressure Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976 The Speed of Sound How to Measure the Speed of Sound in a Laboratory Teaching Resource for 14 - 16 Years on Sound Including Speed of Sound Technical Guides . Speed of Sound in Pure Water Technical Guides . Speed of Sound in Sea - Water Did Sound Once Travel at Light Speed ?",
"30": "Acoustic Properties of Various Materials Including the Speed of Sound Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water ( provides a calculator for the speed in water ) Discovery of Sound in the Sea ( uses of sound by humans and other animals ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_of_sound&oldid=838070490 '' Categories : Fluid dynamics Aerodynamics Acoustics Sound Sound measurements Physical quantities Chemical properties Velocity Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban .",
"31": "Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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-614648021530826336
|
what does aa on a license plate mean
|
[
"cars of the royal family",
"reserved for cars of the royal family"
] |
{
"0": "Vehicle registration plates of Europe - wikipedia Vehicle registration plates of Europe Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Vehicle registration plates of the European Union be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2017 . This article is about registration plates of Europe . For registration plates of members of the European Union , which share a common format , see Vehicle registration plates of the European Union . The common EU format . ( A denotes Austria ) . Norwegian implementation of a format similar to the EU format . Both formats satisfy the Vienna Convention on road traffic . Turkish implementation of a format similar to the EU format . The circle of stars is removed , but no national symbol is added . A European vehicle registration plate is a vehicle registration plate , a metal or plastic plate or plates attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes . The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies the vehicle within the issuing authority 's database . In Europe most countries have adopted a common format for number plates , such as the common EU format issued in EU member states . This format satisfies the requirements in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic , which states that cross-border vehicles must display a distinguishing code for the country of registration on the rear of the vehicle . This sign may either be an oval sticker placed separately from the registration plate or may be incorporated into the vehicle registration plate . When the distinguishing sign is incorporated into the registration plate , it must also appear on the front registration plate of the vehicle , and may be supplemented with the flag or emblem of the national state , or the emblem of the regional economic integration organization to which the country belongs .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Common letter and digit systems between countries 1.2 Differing numbering systems 2 Cross-border traffic 2.1 Countries 2.2 Dependencies , partially recognized and disputed territories 3 List 3.1 Countries 3.2 Dependencies , partially recognized and disputed territories 3.3 Motorcycle plates 3.4 Countries 3.5 Dependencies , partially recognized and disputed territories 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links Format ( edit ) The common EU format of having a blue section on the extreme left with EU circle of stars and the country code was introduced by Council Regulation ( EC ) No 2411 / 98 of 3 November 1998 and entered into force on the 11 November 1998 . It was based on a model registration plate which three member states had already introduced before : Ireland ( 1991 ) , Portugal ( 1992 ) and Germany ( 1994 ) . Luxembourg plates had displayed the European Flag on the left part since 1988 . The common design consists of a blue strip on the left side of the plate . This blue strip has the European flag symbol ( twelve yellow stars ) , along with the country code of the member state in which the vehicle is registered . Danish plates have a small holographic strip to the right of the blue EU strip . EU format plates are either white or yellow , on a plate wider than it is tall . Yellow registration plates are used both front and rear in Luxembourg and the Netherlands . In Gibraltar , the United Kingdom and Cyprus , yellow plates are used at the rear and white at the front . The UK use flat plastic plates ( embossed metal plates are an option in the UK ) , as opposed to metal plates in most other European countries . A mixture of plastic or metal plates is permitted in France and Ireland . Plastic plates have earlier also been used in Sweden and Norway Denmark and Hungary use yellow plates for vehicles registered as commercial vehicles and in Greece , Latvia , Lithuania and Sweden yellow plates are used for taxi vehicles .",
"2": "Belgium uses red characters and is the only country not to use the standard black - on - white or black - on - yellow combination ; with the introduction of European - style plates in November 2010 , a slightly darker shade of red was chosen ( RAL 3003 ) to improve legibility . In Norway , cars with front seats only ( used for cargo ) have green plates with black characters . The EU format is optional in Denmark , Finland , the United Kingdom and also Cyprus . This is because of the way in which the Council Regulation implementing the EU Symbol ( Regulation No. 2411 / 98 ) is drafted . It only requires states that have ratified the Vienna Convention of 1968 on road traffic to enforce the EU symbol . Several non-EU European states have implemented similar formats , replacing the circle of stars with own symbols . Norway is an example of such state , issuing europlates with the Norwegian flag replacing the circle of stars . Iceland issues plates with the Icelandic flag above the country code on the left side . From those states that joined in the 2004 enlargement of the European Union Malta already used europlates , while Latvia , Poland and Lithuania had used EU number plates displaying the national flag before their accession , as did Bulgaria and Romania before their accession in 2007 . Turkey is not a member of the EU , however uses the blue European strip on the left of the plate as a member of European Customs Union ( only member of the union without EU membership ) , with the country code ( TR ) , but without the 12 - EU stars sign . License plates consist of letters and digits in combinations of 99 AB 999 , 99 A 9999 , 99 ABC 99 , 99 AB 9999 or 99 A 99999 where the first two digits show which province the vehicle is registered from . First two digits numbers go from 01 to 81 ( as there are 81 provinces in Turkey ) and each one is assigned to a province with alphabetical order e.g. 01 is the code of the province Adana or 34 is the code of the province Istanbul . All 81 provinces uses `` 01 AB 123 '' style plates initially until all combinations ran out , then the province starts to use 01 A 1234 then 01 ABC 12 etc . As a result , three largest provinces i.e.",
"3": "Istanbul , Ankara and İzmir are currently issuing 99 AB 9999 style plates since they used all combinations of previous series but the province Sivas for example , still issues 99 AB 999 plates as having a modest population and number of vehicles . 99 A 99999 series are not regular since they are only used in provinces where commercial vehicles are abundant e.g. Bursa to distinguish these vehicles there from passenger cars . Letters `` I '' and `` O '' are only used in the middle 01 ABC 12 series e.g. 34 YOC 34 or 06 TIL 56 to avoid confusion with numerals `` 1 '' and `` 0 '' respectively . Also some letters combinations like `` PKK '' are not issued due to their referring to political organizations or words likely to cause offence . Common letter and digit systems between countries ( edit ) Several countries have made efforts to avoid duplicating registration numbers used by other countries . Nevertheless , this is not completely successful and there are occasional difficulties for example in connection with parking fines and automatic speed cameras . Belgium ( until 2010 ) , Cyprus , Finland , Georgia ( until 2014 ) , Hungary , Lithuania , Malta , Sweden ( since 1974 ) , and Moldova ( since 2014 ) each use combinations of first three letters and then three digits . Bulgaria uses plate numbers in the form A ( A ) - 0000 - A ( A ) , i.e. one or two letters representing the region , then four digits , then one or two more letters . All letters used are intersection of Latin and Cyrillic alphabet , i.e. A , B , C , E , H , K , M , O , P , T , X and Y . Greece uses a combination of three letters ( which are the intersection of Latin and Greek alphabet , i.e.",
"4": "A , B , E , Z , H , I , K , M , N , O , P , T , Y , X in Greek alphabetic order ) and four numbers , in the form of AAA - 0000 , while Spain uses a four number - three letter combination , in the form of 0000 BBB ( vowels and some maybe confusing consonants , like Ñ and Q , are not used ) Denmark and Norway use two letters and five digits ( for trailers in Denmark two letters but just four digits ) . The plates look very similar , but Denmark has a red border around the plate . Use of the country code on the plate may mitigate this problem ( Norway began using the system on 1 November 2006 ) . Denmark has begun running out of combinations in this style and has now introduced combinations previously reserved for Faroe Islands for EU style number plates ( which will use different letters than non-EU style plates ) . The Netherlands and Portugal both use three groups of two characters ( letters or numbers ) in several sequences : AB - 12 - CD , 12 - 34 - AB , 12 - AB - 34 , AB - 12 - 34 , etc . However , Portuguese plates have a white background , while those of Netherlands ( after 1978 - 01 - 01 ) have a yellow one , though both countries also use white letters on blue plates for classic cars . Furthermore , newer plates on Dutch vehicles only contain consonants , to avoid coincidental abbreviations or words . Also some sensitive letter combinations , such as SS or SD , are not used . The combination ' AA ' is reserved for cars of the royal family . Dutch company registered bus , truck and / or minivan plates always start with a B or a V. Dutch taxis use blue registration plates . The number of new combinations ran out in 2008 . By now , new registered cars in the Netherlands use the following format of two digits - three letters - one digit ( 12 - ABC - 3 ) . Belgium used the sequence ABC - 123 between 1973 and 2008 . When these combinations ran out in 2008 , the inverse sequence 123 - ABC was adopted , with the first plate in the new series issued on June 25 , 2008 .",
"5": "With the introduction of the European format on November 15 , 2010 , a seven - character combination 1 - ABC - 234 is used and the previous 123 - ABC was discontinued . However , the six - character plates will remain valid and no date is set for their expiration yet . Since Belgian plates are linked to an owner rather than to a vehicle , these older plates are likely to remain in use for a considerable time . As a way to phase out the six - character plates , future vehicle subscriptions will only be possible on the seven - character plates . Luxembourg plates use two letters and four digits AB 1234 . Older series with only three digits ( AB 123 ) or all - numeric plates with up to five digits are no longer issued but are still in use . Current registrations allocated in Romania and the United Kingdom ( where the registration contains two digits ) are both of the form AB12 CDE ) . The Romanian rear plates are white whereas UK ones are yellow . There is also a difference in the spacing and the font . In 2015 , Bucharest , the capital of Romania , adopted the form B 123 AAA , three digits and three letters , because the number of cars had risen . Sweden . Until 1973 / 74 the Swedish pattern was one letter representing the län ( county ) where the car was first registered , followed by four or five digits . However , in the more populated län , a second letter became introduced over time . F.i. vehicles from southernmost county got the letter M + five digits , later also MA + five digits , MB + five digits etc . A problem was that the two northernmost counties had already been given two letters , the letter prefixes AC and BD , as the number of usable letters exceeded the number of counties . The ABC 123 system was introduced gradually from July 1973 until June 1974 . Slovakia uses AB 123CD and Croatia uses AB 123 - CD ( in both cases also other patterns are possible ) . Both countries use a coat of arms after first two letters , and the fonts and colors also look very similar . The plates can be easily distinguished by country code on the blue strip on left .",
"6": "Montenegro and Serbia , currently not members of the EU , used the following system until 2007 : MM 12 - 34 , MM 123 - 45 or MM 123 - 456 ( MM being two letter abbreviation of municipality ) , and having state flag ( of former Yugoslavia , later Serbia and Montenegro ) between municipality and numbers . Montenegro left that system in 2007 , and introduced new format : MM AB 123 , with Montenegrin coat of arms in circular shape between municipality and letter sequence . Blue strip with MNE country code is placed in the left side , with vacant place for EU stars , in case of joining the Union . Serbia also uses new system with blue strip country code SRB : MM 123 - AB and MM 1234 - AB , with Serbian coat of arms between municipality and number sequence . The first two letters on the Serbian plates represent the municipality code , written in Latin letters , and repeated in Cyrillic characters with small letters under the coat of arms . The following system is used for taxi vehicles : BG 123 TX or BG 1234 TX and recently even BG 12345 TX , where a TX combination is reserved for this purpose only ( another taxi vehicles have private vehicle plates ) . Since 2017 , Serbia stopped issuing plates with last two letters containing W , Q , Y , X ( except TX ) , Č , Ć , Š , Ž , and Đ , however Serbian Latin letters with diacritics are still used to mark the municipality code , like ČA for Čačak or ŠA for Šabac .",
"7": "Differing numbering systems ( edit ) Individual European countries use differing numbering schemes and text fonts : Most countries , including Austria , Bulgaria , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Macedonia , Montenegro , Norway , Poland , Romania , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia and Switzerland ( formerly also Sweden - until 1974 , Italy -- until 1994 , Bosnia and Herzegovina -- until 1998 , Lithuania and Spain -- until 2000 , Estonia - until 2004 and Albania -- until 2011 , of former countries also East Germany - until 1990 , Soviet Union - until 1991 , Czechoslovakia - until 1993 , Yugoslavia - until 1998 and Serbia and Montenegro - until 2011 ) , have systems in which there is a direct link between a letter or letters appearing on the plate and the town or district where the plate was issued ( e.g. `` B '' and `` M '' in Germany for Berlin and Munich , `` TN '' and `` ZV '' in Slovakia for Trenčín and Zvolen , `` BG '' and `` KG '' in Serbia for Belgrade and Kragujevac and `` AX '' and `` KY '' in Greece for Achaea and Corfu ) . Some countries , including Austria , Germany , Slovenia , and Switzerland , even include a regional or municipal coat of arms on the plate , but Croatia , Montenegro , Serbia and Slovakia includes a national coat of arms . In Ireland , all plates have the name of the county of registration in Irish in smaller letters on the top . France ( until 2009 ) , Turkey and Russia ( since October 2013 ) use a system with an indirect number relation to the car 's place of registration . The UK uses a system based on the region where the car was first registered and the date of registration , for example CA52 GJK , where by the `` C '' stands for Wales ( the name of that country in Welsh being Cymru ) , the `` A '' stands for Cardiff ( the letters A-O assigned to the city ) , and the `` 52 '' means that the car was registered in the year 2002 , in or after September .",
"8": "Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Denmark , Iceland , Estonia ( after 2004 ) , Finland , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania ( after 2000 ) , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Portugal and Sweden ( after 1974 ) use plates that do not denote location where the car is registered . Since 2000 Spain no longer uses province codes on plates but codes like ' B ' for Barcelona or ' M ' for Madrid can still be seen , for cars registered before that date . Italy , also , does n't have used the province codes on plates between 1994 and 1999 . Italy , since 1999 , has added a blue strip on either side . On the right one are the two digits of the year when the plate was issued ( e.g. `` 99 '' , `` 05 '' , `` 08 '' ) and below that there may be an optional two - letter code for the province , such as `` MO '' for the Province of Modena . Albania and France have adopted similar formats . Irish license plates also contain the year in which the vehicle was registered . A car registered in 2008 would have the format 08 - XX - XXXX . In 2013 , this was updated to specify which half of the year the registration occurred . So from January to June , the license plate would show ( for 2013 ) 131 - XX - XXXX , whereas from June to December , the plate instead shows 132 - XX - XXXX . Cross-border traffic ( edit ) Vehicles in cross-border traffic are obliged to display a distinguishing sign of the country of registration on the rear of the vehicle . This sign may either be placed separately from the registration plate or may be incorporated into the vehicle registration plate ( such as the EU strip ) . The physical requirements for the separate sign are defined in Annex 3 of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic , which states that the letters shall be in black on a white background having the shape of an ellipse with the major axis horizontal . The distinguishing sign should not be affixed in such a way that it could be confused with the registration number or impair its legibility .",
"9": "When the distinguishing sign is incorporated into the registration plate , it must also appear on the front registration plate of the vehicle , and may be supplemented with the flag or emblem of the national state , or the emblem of the regional economic integration organization to which the country belongs . The distinguishing sign should be displayed on the far left or far right on the registration plate . When a symbol / flag / emblem is also displayed , the distinguishing sign shall obligatory be placed on the far left on the plate . The distinguishing sign shall be positioned so to be easy identifiable and so that it can not be confused with the registration number or impair its legibility . The distinguishing sign shall therefore be at least a different color from the registration number , or have a different background color to that reserved for the registration number , or be clearly separated from the registration number , preferably with a line . Vehicles with EU number plates do not need to display the white oval international vehicle registration code while within the European Economic Area . Because of the way in which the Council Regulation implementing the EU Symbol ( Regulation No. 2411 / 98 ) is drafted , the EU format is optional in Denmark , Finland , the United Kingdom and Cyprus . The regulation only requires states that have ratified the Vienna Convention of 1968 on road traffic to enforce the EU symbol . This can be seen in Article 3 , which reads : `` Member States requiring vehicles registered in another Member State to display a distinguishing registration sign when they are being driven on their territory shall recognise the distinguishing ( EU Symbol ) sign '' The ' requirement ' , `` to display a distinguishing registration sign '' is derived directly from Article 37 of the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic ( this is actually stated in preamble ( 3 ) of Regulation 2411 / 98 ) . So in order for Reg 2411 / 98 to apply , the state must have ratified the 1968 Convention . Since Denmark , Finland and the UK have not ratified it , Regulation 2411 / 98 technically does not apply and therefore the EU symbol is not a mandatory requirement in those states .",
"10": "Countries ( edit ) Dependencies , partially recognized and disputed territories ( edit ) List ( edit ) Vehicle registration plates of each country are described in the following table : Countries ( edit ) Country Code Example Albania AL Andorra AND Armenia AM Austria Azerbaijan AZ Belarus BY Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH Bulgaria BG Croatia HR Cyprus CY Czech Republic CZ Denmark DK Estonia EST Finland FIN France Georgia GE Germany Greece GR Hungary Iceland IS Ireland IRL Italy Latvia LV Liechtenstein FL Lithuania LT Luxembourg Macedonia MK Malta Moldova MD Monaco MC Montenegro MNE Netherlands NL Norway Poland PL Portugal Romania RO Russia RUS San Marino RSM Serbia SRB Slovakia SK Slovenia SLO Spain Sweden Switzerland CH Turkey TR Ukraine UA United Kingdom GB Vatican City V Dependencies , partially recognized and disputed territories ( edit ) Territory Code Example Abkhazia ABH Åland Islands AX Gibraltar GBZ Faroe Islands FO Guernsey GBG Isle of Man GBM Jersey GBJ Kosovo RKS Northern Cyprus CY South Ossetia RSO Transnistria PMR Motorcycle plates ( edit ) These are used for motorcycles and vehicles where mounting space is an issue , such as taxis which display their licence plate beside the registration plate , and vehicles imported from countries where the mounting space was not originally designed to take European - sized plates ( e.g. USA ) .",
"11": "Countries ( edit ) Country Code Example Belarus BY France Germany Italy Latvia LV Macedonia MK Malta Moldova MD Monaco MC Montenegro MD Norway Poland PL Serbia SRB Spain Sweden Turkey TR Ukraine UA United Kingdom GB Dependencies , partially recognized and disputed territories ( edit ) Territory Code Example Kosovo RKS South Ossetia RSO Transnistria PMR See also ( edit ) List of international vehicle registration codes Vehicle registration plates of the European Union Notes and references ( edit ) Notes : a . ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 112 out of 193 United Nations member states . References : Jump up ^ http://www.international-driving-permit.com/Convention-on-Road-Traffic/8-November-1968/EN/Annexex/Annex-3-Distinguishing-Sign-of-Motor-Vehicles-and-Trailers-to-International-Traffic.aspx Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex - 31998R2411 - EN - EUR - Lex '' . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S.I. No. 287 / 1990 - Road Vehicles ( Registration and Licensing ) ( Amendment ) Regulations , 1990 '' . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` License Plates of '' . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` License Plates of Germany '' . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indførelse af danske EU nummerplader i oktober 2009 '' ( in Danish ) .",
"12": "Jump up ^ http://www.international-driving-permit.com/Convention-on-Road-Traffic/8-November-1968/EN/Annexex/Annex-3-Distinguishing-Sign-of-Motor-Vehicles-and-Trailers-to-International-Traffic.aspx Jump up ^ http://matriculasdelmundo.com/europeas.php European license plates External links ( edit ) Media related to License plates of Europe at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Vehicle registration plates of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Europe&oldid=815099304 '' Categories : Vehicle registration plates Road transport in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles to be merged from June 2017 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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