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prior to 1948 north and south vietnam were a part of
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"0": "History of Vietnam since 1945 - wikipedia History of Vietnam since 1945 Jump to : navigation ,",
"1": "search History of Vietnam 2879 -- 258 BC Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879 -- 1913 BC Early Hồng Bàng 1912 -- 1055 BC Mid Hồng Bàng 1054 -- 258 BC Late Hồng Bàng 257 -- 179 BC Thục dynasty 207 -- 111 BC Triệu dynasty 111 BC -- 40 AD 1st Chinese domination 40 -- 43 Trưng Sisters 43 -- 544 2nd Chinese domination 544 -- 602 Early Lý dynasty 602 -- 938 3rd Chinese domination 939 -- 967 Ngô dynasty 968 -- 980 Đinh dynasty 980 -- 1009 Early Lê dynasty 1009 -- 1225 Later Lý dynasty 1225 -- 1400 Trần dynasty 1400 -- 1407 Hồ dynasty 1407 -- 1427 4th Chinese domination 1407 -- 1413 Later Trần dynasty 1428 -- 1788 Later Lê dynasty 1527 -- 1592 Mạc dynasty 1545 -- 1787 Trịnh lords 1558 -- 1777 Nguyễn lords 1778 -- 1802 Tây Sơn dynasty 1802 -- 1945 Nguyễn dynasty 1858 -- 1954 French Indochina 1945 Empire of Vietnam From 1945 Republic 1945 -- 1976 North Vietnam ( Democratic Republic of Vietnam ) 1955 -- 1975 South Vietnam ( Republic of Vietnam ) 1975 -- 1976 Viet Cong - occupied South Vietnam From 1976 Unification of Vietnam Further subjects ( hide ) Champa dynasties ( 192 -- 1832 ) Funan ( 68 -- 550 ) Chenla ( 550 -- 802 ) Historical capitals Prehistoric and ancient cultures List of monarchs Country 's names Economic history Military history After World War II and the collapse of Vietnam 's monarchy ,",
"2": "France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but was ultimately defeated in the First Indochina War . The Geneva Accords in 1954 partitioned the country temporarily in two with a promise of democratic elections in 1956 to reunite the country . However , the United States and South Vietnam insisted on United Nations supervision of any election to prevent fraud , which the Soviet Union and North Vietnam refused . North and South Vietnam therefore remained divided until The Vietnam War ended with the Fall of Saigon in 1975 . After reunification in 1975 , the newly reunified Vietnam faced many difficulties including internal repression and isolation from the international community due to the Cold War , Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and an American economic embargo . In 1986 , the Communist Party of Vietnam changed its economic policy and began a series of reforms to the private sector and to the economy through what is known as Đổi mới , a political movement primarily led by Prime Minister Võ Văn Kiệt . During the 6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam , the country abolished its planned economy system in favor of a market oriented one . Ever since the reforms in the mid-1980s , Vietnam has enjoyed substantial economic growth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Birth of the republic ( 1945 ) 2 Communist North and capitalist South ( 1945 -- 75 ) 2.1 Indochina War ( 1945 -- 54 ) 2.2 Vietnam War ( 1954 -- 75 ) - the South 2.3 Vietnam War ( 1954 -- 75 ) - the North 2.4 The Tet Offensive and the end of the war 3 Socialist Republic ( 1976 -- 1991 ) 3.1 Refugees 3.2 Cambodia and conflict with China 3.3 Government and economy 1975 - 1991 4 Contemporary Vietnam ( since 1991 ) 5 References Birth of the Republic ( 1945 ) ( edit ) Main articles : August Revolution and Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam The Japanese occupied Vietnam during World War II but allowed the French to remain and exert some influence . At the war 's end in August 1945 , a power vacuum was created in Vietnam .",
"3": "Capitalizing on this , the Việt Minh launched the `` August Revolution '' across the country to seize government offices . Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated on August 25 , 1945 , ending the Nguyễn dynasty . On September 2 , 1945 , at Duc Anh Ba Đình Square , Ho Chi Minh , leader of the Viet Minh organization , declared Vietnam 's independence under the new name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( DRVN ) in a speech that invoked the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution 's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . Ho sent several letters to the US government asking to be recognised as the government of Vietnam and offering friendship to America , but none were ever answered . Communist North and capitalist South ( 1945 -- 75 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Democratic Republic of Vietnam , State of Vietnam , Republic of Vietnam , and Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam Indochina war ( 1945 -- 54 ) ( edit ) Main articles : War in Vietnam ( 1945 -- 46 ) and Franco - Vietnamese War The British commander in Southeast Asia , Lord Louis Mountbatten , sent 20,000 troops of the 20th Indian division to occupy Saigon under General Douglas Gracey who landed in southern Vietnam on 6 September 1945 , disarming the Japanese and restoring order . They had to re-arm Japanese prisoners of war known as Gremlin force to keep order until more troops arrived . The British began to withdraw in December 1945 , but this was not completed until June of the following year . The last British soldiers were killed in Vietnam in June 1946 . Altogether 40 British and Indian troops were killed and over a hundred were wounded . Vietnamese casualties were 600 . They were followed by French troops trying to re-establish their rule . In the north , Chiang Kai - shek 's Kuomintang army entered Vietnam from China , also to disarm the Japanese , followed by the forces of the non-Communist Vietnamese parties , such as Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng and Việt Nam Cách Mạng Đồng Minh Hội .",
"4": "In January 1946 , Vietnam had its first National Assembly election ( won by the Viet Minh in central and northern Vietnam ) , which drafted the first constitution , but the situation was still precarious : the French tried to regain power by force ; some Cochinchinese politicians formed a seceding government of the Republic of Cochinchina ( Nam Kỳ Quốc ) while the non-Communist and Communist forces were engaging each other in sporadic battles . Stalinists purged Trotskyists . Religious sects , like the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo , and resistance groups formed their own militias . Under the terms of the Accord between France and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on 6 March 1946 : 1 . The French Government recognizes the Vietnamese Republic as a Free State having its own Government , its own Parliament , its own Army and its own Finances , forming part of the Indochinese Federation and of the French Union . As concerns the reuniting of the three `` Annamite Regions '' Cochinchina , Annam and Tonkin the French Government pledges itself to ratify the decisions taken by the populations consulted by referendum . 2 . The Vietnamese Government declares itself ready to welcome amicably the French Army when , conforming to international agreements , it relieves the Chinese troops . A Supplementary Accord , attached to the present Preliminary Agreement , will establish the means by which the relief operations will be carried out . 3 . The stipulations formulated above will immediately enter into force . Immediately after the exchange of signatures , each of the High Contracting Parties will take all measures necessary to stop hostilities in the field , to maintain the troops in their respective positions , and to create the favorable atmosphere necessary for the immediate opening of friendly and sincere negotiations . These negotiations will deal particularly with : a . diplomatic relations of Viet Nam with Foreign States b . the future law of Indochina c. French interests , economic and cultural , in Viet Nam . The seat of the conference was held at either Hanoi , Saigon or Paris . In 1947 full - scale war broke out between the Viet Minh and France . Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide , France fashioned a semi-independent State of Vietnam , within the French Union , with Bảo Đại as Head of State .",
"5": "Meanwhile , as the Communists under Mao Zedong took over China , the Viet Minh began to receive military aid from China . Beside supplying materials , Chinese cadres also pressured the Vietnamese Communist Party , then under First Secretary Trường Chinh , to emulate their brand of revolution , unleashing a purge of `` bourgeois and feudal '' elements from the Viet Minh ranks , carrying out a ruthless and bloody land reform campaign ( Cải Cách Ruộng Đất ) , and denouncing `` bourgeois and feudal '' tendencies in arts and literature . Many true patriots and devoted Communist revolutionaries in the Viet Minh suffered mistreatment or were even executed during these movements . Many others became disenchanted and left the Viet Minh . The United States became strongly opposed to Hồ Chí Minh . In the 1950s the government of Bảo Đại gained recognition by the United States and the United Kingdom . The Việt Minh force grew significantly with China 's assistance and in 1954 , under the command of General Võ Nguyên Giáp , launched a major siege against French bases in Điện Biên Phủ . The Việt Minh force surprised Western military experts with their use of primitive means to move artillery pieces and supplies up the mountains surrounding Điện Biên Phủ , giving them a decisive advantage . On May 7 , 1954 , French troops at Điện Biên Phủ , under Christian de Castries , surrendered to the Viet Minh and in July 1954 , the Geneva Accord was signed between France and the Viet - Minh , paving the way for the French to leave Vietnam . Vietnam war ( 1954 -- 75 ) - the South ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam War The Geneva Conference of 1954 ended France 's colonial presence in Vietnam and partitioned the country into two states at the 17th parallel pending unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections . Ngô Đình Diệm , a former mandarin with a strong Catholic and Confucian background , was selected as Premier of the State of Vietnam by Bảo Đại . While Diệm was trying to settle the differences between the various armed militias in the South , Bảo Đại was persuaded to reduce his power .",
"6": "Diệm created a referendum in 1955 to depose Bảo Đại and declared himself President of the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) . The Republic of Vietnam ( RVN ) was proclaimed in Saigon on October 26 , 1955 . The United States began to provide military and economic aid to the RVN , training RVN personnel , and sending U.S. advisors to assist in building the infrastructure for the new government . Also in 1954 , Viet Minh forces took over North Vietnam according to the Geneva Accord . One million North Vietnamese civilians emigrated to South Vietnam to avoid persecution from the imminent Communist regime . At the same time , Viet Minh armed forces from South Vietnam were also moving to North Vietnam , as dictated by the Geneva Accord . However , some high - ranking Viet Minh cadres secretly remained in the South to follow the local situation closely , and created a communist insurgency against the Southern government if necessary . The most important figure among those was Lê Duẩn . The Geneva Accord had promised elections to determine the government for a unified Vietnam . Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm 's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference . With respect to the question of reunification , the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam , but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng , who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of `` local commissions '' . The United States countered with what became known as the `` American Plan '' , with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom . It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations , but was rejected by the Soviet delegation . Diệm took strong measures to secure South Vietnam from perceived internal threats , especially from the Viet Cong . He eliminated all private militias from the Bình Xuyên Party and the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects . In October 1955 , he deposed Bảo Đại and proclaimed himself President of the newly established the Republic of Vietnam , after rigging a referendum . He repressed political opposition , arresting the famous writer Nguyễn Tường Tam , who committed suicide while awaiting trial in jail .",
"7": "Diệm also acted aggressively to remove Communist agents still remaining in the South . He formed the Cần Lao Nhân Vị Party , mixing Individualist philosophy with republican and capitalist elements , as well as being anti-Communist and pro-Catholic . Another controversial policy was the Strategic Hamlet Program , which aimed to build fortified villages to remove and lock out Communists . However , it was in some ways ineffective as many covert communists were already part of the population and visually indistinguishable . It became unpopular as it limited the villagers ' freedom and altered their traditional way of life . Although Ngô Đình Diệm personally was respected for his nationalism , political stability and policies triggering rapid economic growth , he ran a nepotistic and authoritarian government . Elections were routinely rigged and Diệm favored of minority Roman Catholics on many issues , believing that Catholics were `` more trustworthy '' , more anti-communist and more impermeable to Viet Cong infiltration . His religious policies sparked protests from the Buddhist community after demonstrators were killed on Vesak , Buddha 's birthday , in 1963 when they were protesting a ban on the Buddhist flag . This incident sparked mass protests calling for religious equality . The most famous case was of Venerable Thích Quảng Đức , who burned himself to death to protest . The images of this event made worldwide headlines and brought extreme embarrassment for Diệm . The tension was not resolved , and on August 21 , the ARVN Special Forces loyal to his brother and chief adviser Ngô Đình Nhu and commanded by Lê Quang Tung raided Buddhist pagodas across the country , leaving a death toll estimated to range into the hundreds . In the United States , the Kennedy administration became worried that the problems of Diệm 's government were undermining the US 's anti-Communist effort in Southeast Asia , and of Diệm 's increasing resistance and non-cooperation with the American government . On November 1 , 1963 , with the planning and backing of the CIA and the Kennedy administration , South Vietnamese generals led by Dương Văn Minh engineered a coup d'état and overthrew Ngô Đình Diệm , killing both him and his brother Nhu .",
"8": "( see also Ngô Đình Cẩn ) Between 1963 and 1965 , South Vietnam was extremely unstable as no government could keep power for long . There were more coups , often more than one every year . The Communist - run Viet Cong expanded their operation and scored some significant military victories during this period . In 1965 , US President Lyndon Johnson sent troops to South Vietnam to secure the country and started to bomb North Vietnam , assuming that if South Vietnam fell to the Communists , other countries in the Southeast Asia would follow , in accordance with the domino theory . Other US allies , such as Australia , New Zealand , South Korea , Thailand , the Philippines , and Taiwan also sent troops to South Vietnam . Although the American - led troops succeeded in containing the advance of Communist forces , the presence of foreign troops , the widespread bombing over all of Vietnam , and the social vices that mushroomed around US bases upset the sense of national pride among many Vietnamese , North and South , causing some to become sympathetic to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong . In 1965 , Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu took power in a coup , and presided over a stable junta , and promised to hold elections under US pressure . In 1967 , South Vietnam managed to conduct a National Assembly and Presidential election with Lt. General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu being elected to the Presidency , bringing the government to some level of stability . Vietnam war ( 1954 -- 75 ) - the North ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam War Between 1953 and 1956 , the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms , including `` rent reduction '' and `` land reform '' , which resulted in significant political oppression . During the land reform , testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents , which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions . Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area , a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time . However , declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time , although likely greater than 13,500 .",
"9": "A Northern democratic literary movement called Nhân văn - Giai phẩm ( from the names of the two magazines which started the movement , based in Hanoi ) developed , which attempted to encourage the democratization of the North and the free expression of thought . Intellectuals were thus lured into criticizing the leadership so they could be arrested later , and many were sent to hard labor camps ( Gulags ) , following the model of Mao Tse - tung 's Hundred Flowers campaign in China . Freedom of speech , freedom of assembly and other basic civilian freedoms were soon revoked after the government 's attempt of destroying the literary movement . A puritan personality cult was also established around Ho Chi Minh , later extended nationwide after the Communist reunification of the Vietnam . During this period , North Vietnam was a Communist state with a centralized command economy , an extensive security apparatus to carry out dictatorship of the proletariat , a powerful propaganda machine that effectively rallied the people for the Party 's causes , a superb intelligence system that infiltrated South Vietnam ( spies such as Phạm Ngọc Thảo climbed to high military government positions ) , and a severe suppression of political opposition . Even some decorated veterans and famed Communist cadres , such as Trần Đức Thảo , Nguyễn Hữu Đang , Trần Dần , Hoàng Minh Chính , were persecuted during the late 1950s Nhân Văn Giai Phẩm events and the 1960s Trial Against the Anti-Party Revisionists ( Vụ Án Xét Lại Chống Đảng ) for speaking their opinions . Nevertheless , this iron grip , together with consistent support from the Soviet Union and China , gave North Vietnam a militaristic advantage over South Vietnam . North Vietnamese leadership also had a steely determination to fight , even when facing massive casualties and destruction at their end . The young North Vietnamese were idealistically and innocently patriotic , ready to give the ultimate sacrifice for the `` liberation of the South '' and the `` unification of the motherland '' . In 1960 , at the Third Party Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party , renamed the Labor Party since 1951 , Lê Duẩn arrived from the South and strongly advocated the use of revolutionary warfare to topple Diệm 's government , unifying the country , and establish communism nationwide .",
"10": "Despite some elements in the Party opposing the use of force , Lê Duẩn won the seat of First Secretary of the Party . As Hồ Chí Minh was aging , Lê Duẩn virtually took the helm of war from him . The first step of his war plan was coordinating a rural uprising in the South ( Đồng Khởi ) and forming the Viet Cong or National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) toward the end of 1960 . The figurehead leader of the Viet Cong was Nguyễn Hữu Thọ , a South Vietnamese lawyer , but the true leadership was the Communist Party hierarchy in South Vietnam . Arms , supplies , and troops came from North Vietnam into South Vietnam via a system of trails , named the Ho Chi Minh trail , that branched into Laos and Cambodia before entering South Vietnam . At first , most foreign aid for North Vietnam came from China , as Lê Duẩn distanced Vietnam from the `` revisionist '' policy of the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev . However , under Leonid Brezhnev , the Soviet Union picked up the pace of aid and provided North Vietnam with heavy weapons , such as T - 54 tanks , artillery , MIG fighter planes , surface - to - air missiles etc . The Tết Offensive and the end of the war ( edit ) In 1968 , the Viet Cong launched a massive and surprise Tết Offensive ( known in South Vietnam as `` Biến Cố Tết Mậu Thân '' or in the North as `` Cuộc Tổng Tấn Công và Nổi Dậy Tết Mậu Thân '' ) , attacking almost all major cities in South Vietnam over the Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) . The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese captured the city of Huế , after which many mass graves were found . Many of the executed victims had relations with the South Vietnamese government or the US , or part of social groups that were considered enemies to the Viet Cong , like Catholics , business owners and intellectuals ( Thảm Sát Tết Mậu Thân ) . Over the course of the year the Viet Cong forces were pushed out of all cities in South Vietnam and nearly decimated . In subsequent major offensives in later years , North Vietnamese regulars with artillery and tanks took over the fighting .",
"11": "In the months following the Tet Offensive , an American unit massacred civilian villagers , suspected to be sheltering Viet Cong guerillas , in the hamlet of My Lai in Central Vietnam , causing an uproar in protest around the world . In 1969 , Hồ Chí Minh died , leaving wishes that his body be cremated . However , the Communist Party embalmed his body for public display and built the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum on Ba Đình Square in Hà Nội , in the style of Lenin 's Mausoleum in Moscow . Although the Tết Offensive was a catastrophic military defeat for the Việt Cộng , it was a stunning political victory as it led many Americans to view the war as unwinnable . U.S. President Richard Nixon entered office with a pledge to end the war `` with honor . '' He normalized US relations with China in 1972 and entered into détente with the USSR . Nixon thus forged a new strategy to deal with the Communist Bloc , taking advantage of the rift between China and the Soviet Union . A costly war in Vietnam begun to appear less effective for the cause of Communist containment . Nixon proposed `` Vietnamization '' of the war , with South Vietnamese troops taking charge of the fighting , yet still receiving American aid and , if necessary , air and naval support . The new strategy started to show some effects : in 1970 , troops from the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) successfully conducted raids against North Vietnamese bases in Cambodia ( Cambodian Campaign ) ; in 1971 , the ARVN made an incursion into Southern Laos to cut off the Ho Chi Minh trail in Operation Lam Son 719 , but the operation failed as most high positions captured by ARVN forces were recaptured by North Vietnamese artillery ; in 1972 , the ARVN successfully held the town of An Lộc against massive attacks from North Vietnamese regulars and recaptured the town of Quảng Trị near the demilitarised zone ( DMZ ) in the center of the country during the Easter Offensive . At the same time , Nixon was pressing both Hanoi and Saigon to sign the Paris Peace Agreement of 1973 , for American military forces to withdraw from Vietnam . The pressure on Hanoi materialized with the Christmas Bombings in 1972 .",
"12": "In South Vietnam , Nguyễn Văn Thiệu vocally opposed any accord with the Communists , but was threatened with withdrawal of American aid . Despite the peace treaty , the North violated the treaty and continued the war as had been envisioned by Lê Duẩn and the South still tried to recapture lost territories . In the U.S. , Nixon resigned after the Watergate scandal . South Vietnam was seen as losing a strong backer . Under U.S. President Gerald Ford , the Democratic - controlled Congress became less willing to provide military support to South Vietnam . In 1974 , South Vietnam also fought and lost the Battle of Hoàng Sa , in defending the islands against the invading Chinese over the control of the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea . Neither North Vietnam nor the U.S. were involved . In early 1975 , North Vietnamese military led by General Văn Tiến Dũng launched a massive attack against the Central Highland province of Buôn Mê Thuột . South Vietnamese troops had anticipated attack against the neighboring province of Pleiku , and were caught off guard . President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ordered the moving of all troops from the Central Highland to the coastal areas , as with shrinking American aid , South Vietnamese forces could not afford to spread too thin . However , due to lack of experience and logistics for such a large troop movement in such a short time , the whole South Vietnamese 2nd Corps got bogged down on narrow mountain roads , flooded with thousands of civilian refugees , and was decimated by ambushes along the way . The South Vietnamese First Corps near the DMZ was cut off , received conflicting orders from Saigon on whether to fight or to retreat , and eventually collapsed . Many civilians tried to flee to Saigon via land , air , and sea routes , suffering massive casualties along the way . In early April 1975 , South Vietnam set up a last - ditch defense line at Xuân Lộc , under commander Lê Minh Đảo . North Vietnamese troops failed to penetrate the line and had to make a detour , which the South Vietnamese failed to stop due to lack of troops . President Nguyễn văn Thiệu resigned . Power fell to Dương Văn Minh .",
"13": "Dương Văn Minh had led the coup against Diệm in 1963 . By the mid-1970s , he had leaned toward the `` Third Party '' ( Thành Phần Thứ Ba ) , South Vietnamese elites who favored dialogues and cooperation with the North . Communist infiltrators in the South tried to work out political deals to let Dương Văn Minh ascend to the Presidency , with the hope that he would prevent a last stand , a destructive battle for Saigon . Although many South Vietnamese units were ready to defend Saigon , and the ARVN 4th Corps was still intact in the Mekong Delta , Dương Văn Minh ordered a surrender on April 30 , 1975 , sparing Saigon from destruction . Nevertheless , the reputation of the North Vietnamese army towards perceived traitors preceded them , and hundreds of thousands of South Vietnamese fled the country by all means : airplanes , helicopters , ships , fishing boats , and barges . Most were picked up by the U.S. Seventh Fleet in the South China Sea or landed in Thailand . The seaborne refugees came to be known as `` boat people '' . In a famous case , a South Vietnamese pilot , with his wife and children aboard a small Cessna plane , landed safely without a tailhook on the aircraft carrier USS Midway . This mass exodus of ( mostly South ) Vietnamese political refugees continued into the 1980s as refugees fled from persecution , political oppression and economic collapse caused by the new Communist regime . Socialist Republic ( 1976 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Further information : Socialist Republic of Vietnam , Communist Party of Vietnam , and Five - Year Plans of Vietnam In 1976 , Vietnam was officially unified and renamed Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( SRVN ) , with its capital in Hà Nội . The Vietnamese Communist Party dropped its front name `` Labor Party '' and changed the title of First Secretary , a term used by China , to General Secretary , used by the Soviet Union , with Lê Duẩn as General Secretary . The Viet Cong was dissolved . The Party emphasized development of heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture . Over the next few years , private enterprises were seized by the government and their owners were often sent to the New Economic Zones -- a communist euphemism for a thick jungle -- to clear land .",
"14": "The farmers were coerced into state - controlled cooperatives . Transportation of food and goods between provinces was deemed illegal except by the government . Within a short period of time , Vietnam was hit with severe shortages of food and basic necessities . The Mekong Delta , once a world - class rice - producing area , was threatened with famine . During the mid-1980s , inflation reached triple figures . In foreign relations , the SRVN became increasingly aligned with the Soviet Union by both joining the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( Comecon ) , and signing a Friendship Pact , which was in fact a military alliance . Tension between Vietnam and China mounted together with China 's rivalry with the Soviet Union and conflict erupted with Cambodia , China 's ally . Vietnam was also subject to trade embargoes by the U.S. and its allies . The SRVN government implemented a Stalinist dictatorship of the proletariat in the South as they had done in the North . The security apparatus network ( Công An : literally `` Public Security '' , a communist term for the security apparatus ) controlled every aspect of people 's lives . Censorship was strict and ultra-conservative , with most pre-1975 works in the fields of music , art , and literature being banned . All religions had to be re-organized into state - controlled churches . Any negative comments toward the Party , the government , Uncle Ho , or anything related to Communism might earn the person the tag of Phản Động ( Reactionary ) , with consequences ranging from being harassed by police , expelled from school or workplace , to being sent to prison . Nevertheless , the Communist authorities failed to suppress the black market , where food , consumer goods , and banned literature could be bought at high prices . The security apparatus also failed to stop a nationwide clandestine network of people trying to escape the country . In many cases , the security officers of entire districts were bribed and even got involved in organizing the escape schemes . Refugees ( edit ) These living conditions resulted in the exodus of over a million Vietnamese people secretly escaping the country either by sea or overland through Cambodia . For the people fleeing by sea , their wooden boats were often not seaworthy , were packed with people like sardines , and lacked sufficient food and water .",
"15": "Many were caught or shot at by the Vietnamese coast guards , and many perished at sea due to boats sinking , capsizing in storms , starvation and thirst . Another major threat was the pirates in the Gulf of Thailand , who viciously robbed , raped , and murdered the boat people . In many cases , they massacred the whole boat . Sometimes the women were raped for days before being sold into prostitution . The people who crossed Cambodia facd equal dangers with mine fields , and the Khmer Rouge and Khmer Serei guerillas , who also robbed , raped , and killed the refugees . Some were successful in fleeing the region and landed in numbers in Malaysia , Indonesia , the Philippines , and Hong Kong , only to wind up in United Nations refugee camps . Some famous camps were Bidong in Malaysia , Galang in Indonesia , Bataan in the Philippines and Songkla in Thailand . Some managed to travel as far as northern Australia in crowded , open boats . All foreign missionaries were expelled from Vietnam , including the most famous Salesian priest , Servant of God Andrej Majcen ( 1907 -- 1999 ) from Yugoslavia ( now Slovenia ) . While most refugees were resettled to other countries within five years , others languished in these camps for over a decade . In the 1990s , refugees who could not find asylum were deported back to Vietnam . Communities of Vietnamese refugees arrived in the US , Canada , Australia , France , West Germany , and the UK . The refugees often sent relief packages packed with necessities , such as medicines and sanitary goods to their relatives in Vietnam to help them survive . Very few would send money as it would be exchanged far below market rates by the Vietnamese government . Cambodia and conflict with China ( edit ) Despite the defeat of South Vietnam , there was no serious demobilization of the Vietnamese People 's Army , which remained one of Asia 's largest militaries at over one million troops , or sign that warfare was coming to an end anytime soon . Not only were Vietnamese soldiers highly experienced from decades of fighting , but also had acquired a large cache of captured US and South Vietnamese armaments . Vietnam soon found itself drawn into conflict with Cambodia , which had been ruled by the communist Khmer Rouge since 1975 .",
"16": "In addition to this , Sino - Vietnamese relations deteriorated quite rapidly following Mao Zedong 's death in 1976 due to Hanoi 's unremitting loyalty to the Soviet Union , which was at odds with China during the 1970s . By 1978 , most trade and material assistance programs between the two countries had ceased and Vietnam forbade Chinese ships from docking at its ports . As the Khmer Rouge were allies of Beijing , this further aggravated tensions and following border skirmishes , the VPA launched a full - scale armed invasion of Cambodia during the first week of 1979 . This had the effect however of causing conflict with China and during a visit to the US in February , Deng Xiaoping stated that `` It may be necessary to teach Vietnam a lesson . '' A large Chinese force invaded the Vietnamese border area , but with China still suffering the effects of the Cultural Revolution , the People 's Liberation Army was seriously deficient in training , equipment , and communications . Over 30,000 Chinese troops were killed or wounded in three weeks of battling Vietnamese border guards and militia ( the VPA was then in Cambodia and had no involvement in the war ) . Shortly afterwards , they withdrew with Beijing proclaiming that the aforementioned `` lesson '' had been taught as in any case , the fighting caused extensive destruction to Vietnam 's infrastructure along the border . In Cambodia , The Vietnamese invasion had stopped the genocide of millions of Cambodians by the Khmer Rouge . The pro-Vietnamese People 's Republic of Kampuchea was created with Heng Samrin as Chairman in January 1979 . Pol Pot 's Khmer Rouge allied with non-Communist guerrilla forces led by Norodom Sihanouk and Son Sann to fight against the Vietnamese forces and the new Phnom Penh regime . Some high - ranking officials of the Heng Samrin regime in the early 1980s resisted Vietnamese control , resulting in a purge that removed Pen Sovan , Prime Minister and General Secretary of the Kampuchean People 's Revolutionary Party . The war lasted until 1989 when Vietnam withdrew its troops and handed the administration of Cambodia to the United Nations . Government and economy 1975 - 1991 ( edit ) Vietnam 's third Constitution , based on that of the USSR , was written in 1980 .",
"17": "The Communist Party was stated by the Constitution to be the only party to represent the people and to lead the country . In 1980 , cosmonaut Phạm Tuân became the first Vietnamese and the first Asian to go into space , traveling on the Soviet Soyuz 37 to service the Salyut 6 space station . During the early 1980s , a number of overseas Vietnamese organizations were created with the aim of overthrowing the Vietnamese Communist government through armed struggle . Most groups attempted to infiltrate Vietnam but eventually were eliminated by Vietnamese security and armed forces . Overall , the first decade after reunification was not a happy time for the country . Nonstop warfare consumed large amounts of Vietnam 's resources , both financially and by depleting the labor force of young men . The country remained internationally isolated , having little contact with nations outside COMECON members , and faced with a huge , hostile neighbor to the north . Despite repeated overtures to the United States , attempts to reestablish diplomatic relation were hampered by the question of missing US soldiers from the war and President Ronald Reagan 's vocal hostility towards the country 's principle benefactor in Moscow . In a 1981 interview with American journalist Stanley Karnow , Premier Phạm Văn Đồng remarked `` Yes , we defeated the United States , but now we are a poor undeveloped nation and barely have enough to eat . Hence the saying that waging war is easy , but running a country is hard . '' Compounding all this was the complete failure of the Five - Year Plan adopted in 1976 , as Vietnam remained one of the world 's poorest countries with a per - capita GDP of less than 300 USD and almost totally dependent on Soviet aid , which reached as much as 3 billion USD a year by 1982 . Moscow faced mounting pressure from its Warsaw Pact allies to reduce outlays to Vietnam . Soviet - Vietnamese relations were also harmed by the former 's wishes to have greater involvement in Vietnam 's economic development and increased access to military facilities . In 1982 , the VCP held its 5th National Congress in which General Secretary Lê Duẩn stated that `` The Party wishes sternly to criticize itself . ''",
"18": "and `` Our nation 's manifold difficulties , while aggravated by outside circumstances that could not be helped , are nonetheless worsened by the various errors and shortcoming of officials . '' Le also expressed his dismay at the average age of the party leadership , noting that there was only one person on the Central Committee under 60 . That year , a general purge of the party ranks began to weed out elderly and inefficient cadres and replace them with younger men . Võ Văn Kiệt , aged 59 , was promoted to head of the State Planning Commission , and 62 - year - old Foreign Minister Nguyễn Cơ Thạch was elevated to Politburo membership . More surprising was the removal of General Võ Nguyên Giáp , considered a national hero , from the Politburo ( it was later speculated that he was removed by political rivals ) This rejuvenation campaign was nonetheless diminished by the fact that the country 's three most powerful individuals , Lê Duẩn , Phạm Văn Đồng , and President Trường Chinh , showed no sign of stepping down any time soon despite their combined age of 226 and clearly failing health ( all of them visited Moscow for medical treatment during 1982 ) . Although they saw the need for reforms and fighting corruption , such change was beyond their ability by this point . The Second Five Year Plan was adopted for 1981 and showed a clear move towards more market reforms and away from the rigid central planning of the 1976 - 80 scheme . Real change would not begin until the second half of the decade when Lê Duẩn died in July 1986 , succeeded as General Secretary by Trường Chinh . However , Trường was expelled only five months later and replaced by Nguyễn Văn Linh , eight years his junior . Phạm Văn Đồng retired as Premier in 1987 . Upon their accession , the country 's new leadership denounced their geriatric predecessors for `` utterly failing to improve the people 's living standards , check corruption , or instill a more flexible , non-dogmatic outlook on life . ''",
"19": "Contemporary Vietnam ( since 1991 ) ( edit ) Main article : Doi Moi See also : Revolutions of 1989 and Dissolution of the Soviet Union During the late 80s , Vietnam began tentative market reforms along the model then being adopted by China . The basis for these experiments were in the south which had a stronger tradition of trade and commerce . The perestroika policies of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev were also a source of motivation . Although communist governments in Eastern Europe were collapsing in 1989 , Vietnam was kept comparatively isolated from these events due to its poverty and geographical distance and a few small pro-democracy protests in Hanoi were quickly suppressed . The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused a thaw in the long hostile Sino - Vietnamese relations as the two nations embraced each other as some of the only surviving communist states . Soon after the Paris Agreement on Cambodia resolved the conflict in October 1991 , however , Vietnam established or reestablished diplomatic and economic relations with most of Western Europe , and several Asian countries . In February 1994 , the United States lifted its economic embargo against Vietnam , and in June 1995 , the United States and Vietnam normalized relations . In June 2005 , a high - level Vietnamese delegation , led by Prime Minister Phan Văn Khải , visited the United States and met with their U.S. counterparts , including President George W. Bush . This was the first such visit in 30 years . Although the visit mostly went well , a few embarrassing events occurred such as the White House 's official website ( www.whitehouse.gov ) accidentally depicting the flag of South Vietnam in its official announcement of the visit . This provoked dismay and hostile comments from the Vietnamese government until the White House officially apologized and corrected the webpage . In addition , a crowd of hostile protesters gathered outside the White House during Phan 's meeting with President Bush denouncing the Vietnamese Communist Party and waving South Vietnamese flags . In late 2005 , a three - person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam .",
"20": "This triumvirate consisted of the VCP general secretary ( Nông Đức Mạnh , 22 April 2001 -- 19 January 2011 ) , the prime minister ( Phan Văn Khải , 25 September 1997 -- 27 June 2006 ) , and the president ( Trần Đức Lương , 24 September 1997 -- 26 June 2006 ) . General Secretary Manh headed up not only the VCP but also the 15 - member Politburo . President Luong was chief of state , and Prime Minister Khai was head of government . The leadership was promoting a `` socialist - oriented market economy '' and friendly relations with the European Union , Russia , and the United States . Although the leadership was presiding over a period of rapid economic growth , official corruption and a widening gap between urban wealth and rural poverty remained stubborn problems that were eroding the VCP 's authority . In 2006 , Vietnam hosted the APEC Annual Summit and became the 150th member state of WTO ( World Trade Organization ) on 11 January 2007 , after concluding bilateral agreements with the United States , Australia , New Zealand , Mexico , and the Dominican Republic in order to qualify for membership . In the summer of 2011 , spontaneous mass demonstrations erupted in Hanoi and Saigon , where thousands of Vietnamese protested China 's increasing military aggression and encroachment into Vietnamese waters and territories in the South China Sea . The authorities moved in to break up the protests after an official complaint was lodged by the Chinese embassy in Hanoi , as the VCP 's official policy since the 1990s has been one of good relations with Beijing and there was no desire on their part to disrupt the status quo . In 2013 , a baby girl named Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung was born and was officially designated Vietnam 's official 90 millionth citizen . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Independent US finally ends Vietnam embargo 04 February 1994 Jump up ^ Collection of Letters by Ho Chi Minh Jump up ^ National Archive Letter from Ho Chi Minh to President Duc Anh .",
"21": "Truman 02 / 28 / 1946 Jump up ^ Neale , Jonathan The American War , page 23 - 24 ISBN 1 - 898876 - 67 - 3 Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War . ABC - CLIO . p. 366 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 040 - 9 . Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley ( 1997 ) . Vietnam : A history . Penguin Books . p. 239 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 84218 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hammer , Ellen J. ( 1987 ) . A Death in November . E.P. Dutton . pp. 154 -- 155 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 24210 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam '' . John F. Kennedy , Library and Museum . Jump up ^ Turner , Robert F. ( 1975 ) . Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Hoover Institution Publications . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0817964313 . Jump up ^ cf . Gittinger , J. Price , `` Communist Land Policy in Viet Nam '' , Far Eastern Survey , Vol. 29 , No. 8 , 1957 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . p. 569 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , p.",
"22": "340 , gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions . Jump up ^ `` Newly released documents on the land reform '' . Vietnam Studies Group . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Vu Tuong : There is no reason to expect , and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate , that the actual executions were less than planned ; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors . First , this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns ( or waves ) that followed during 1954 - 1956 . Second , the decree was meant to apply to free areas ( under the control of the Viet Minh government ) , not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954 - 1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle . Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low - end estimate of the real number . This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper `` Land Reform in North Vietnam , 1953 - 1956 '' presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies , Center for SE Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley ( February 2001 ) . In this paper Moise ( 7 - 9 ) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book ( which was 5,000 ) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions . Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs , but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate . This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more , taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign , the unauthorized killings at the local level , and the suicides following arrest and torture ( the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases , however ) . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) cf . Szalontai , Balazs ( November 2005 ) . `` Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam , 1955 -- 56 '' . Cold War History . 5 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 426 . cf .",
"23": "Vu , Tuong ( 2010 ) . Paths to Development in Asia : South Korea , Vietnam , China , and Indonesia . Cambridge University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9781139489010 . Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China ... Yet the Vietnamese ' land reform ' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere . Jump up ^ Cambodia recovery . AlertNet . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Michael . Vietnam in Military Statistics : A History of the Indochina Wars , 1772 -- 1991 ( McFarland & Co. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 1995 ) Jump up ^ WTO Accession status : Viet Nam Jump up ^ `` South China Sea : Vietnamese hold anti-Chinese protest '' . BBC . 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ruwitch , John ( 21 August 2011 ) . `` Vietnam stops anti-China protest , detains many '' . Reuters .",
"24": "Jump up ^ http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/88162/the-first-images-of-vietnam-s-90-millionth-citizen.html ( hide ) Years in Vietnam ( 1945 -- present ) 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Vietnam_since_1945&oldid=836216377 '' Categories : 20th century in Vietnam 21st century in Vietnam Aftermath of World War II in Vietnam Modern history by country Partition ( politics ) Contemporary history by country History of Vietnam since 1945 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 11 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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wal-mart is a prime example of which type organization
|
[
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{
"0": "Walmart - Wikipedia Walmart This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the retail chain . For other uses , see Walmart ( disambiguation ) . Wal - Mart Stores , Inc . Walmart 's logo since 2008 Walmart 's official headquarters in Bentonville , Arkansas Trading name Walmart Formerly called Wal - Mart , Inc. ( 1969 - 1970 ) Type Public Traded as NYSE : WMT DJIA component S&P 100 component S&P 500 component ISIN US9311421039 Industry Retail Founded July 2 , 1962 ; 55 years ago ( 1962 - 07 - 02 ) Rogers , Arkansas , U.S. Founder Sam Walton Headquarters Bentonville , Arkansas , U.S. Number of locations 11,703 stores worldwide ( October 31 , 2017 ) Area served Worldwide Key people Greg Penner ( Chairman ) Doug McMillon ( President & CEO ) Brett Biggs ( CFO ) Products Electronics movies and music home and furniture home improvement clothing footwear jewelry toys health and beauty pet supplies sporting goods and fitness auto photo finishing craft supplies party supplies grocery Services Walmart - 2 - Walmart Walmart MoneyCard Pickup Today Walmart.com Walmart Pay Revenue US $ 485.87 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income US $22.764 billion ( 2016 ) Net income US $13.643 billion ( 2016 ) Total assets US $198.82 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity US $77.798 billion ( 2016 ) Owner Walton family ( 51 % ) Number of employees 2.3 million , Worldwide ( 2016 ) 1.4 million , U.S. ( 2016 ) Divisions Walmart U.S.",
"1": "Walmart International Sam 's Club Global eCommerce Subsidiaries Walmart Canada Walmart Mexico Walmart Chile Walmart de México y Centroamérica @ WalmartLabs Walmart Neighborhood Market Asda Amigo Supermarkets Vudu Massmart Seiyu Group Bompreço Líder Jet.com Hayneedle Moosejaw ModCloth Website Corporate website Commercial website Footnotes / references Wal - Mart Stores , Inc. , doing business as Walmart , is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores , and grocery stores . Headquartered in Bentonville , Arkansas , the company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31 , 1969 . It also owns and operates Sam 's Club retail warehouses . As of October 31 , 2017 , Walmart has 11,703 stores and clubs in 28 countries , operating under 59 different names . The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada , as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America , as Asda in the United Kingdom , as the Seiyu Group in Japan , and as Best Price in India . It has wholly owned operations in Argentina , Chile , Brazil , and Canada . Walmart is the world 's largest company by revenue -- approximately US $ 480 billion according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2016 -- as well as the largest private employer in the world with 2.3 million employees . It is a publicly traded family - owned business , as the company is controlled by the Walton family . Sam Walton 's heirs own over 50 percent of Walmart through their holding company , Walton Enterprises , and through their individual holdings . Walmart is one of the world 's most valuable companies by market value and was the largest U.S. grocery retailer in 2016 . 62.3 percent of Walmart 's US $ 478.614 billion sales came from its U.S. operations . The company debuted on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972 . By 1988 , Walmart was the most profitable retailer in the U.S. , and by October 1989 , it had become the largest in terms of revenue .",
"2": "Originally geographically limited to the South and lower Midwest , by the early 1990s , the company had stores from coast to coast : Sam 's Club opened in New Jersey in November 1989 and the first California outlet opened in Lancaster in July 1990 . A Walmart in York , Pennsylvania opened in October 1990 : the first main store in the Northeast . Walmart 's investments outside North America have seen mixed results : its operations in the United Kingdom , South America , and China are highly successful , whereas ventures in Germany and South Korea failed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1945 -- 1969 : Early history 1.2 1969 -- 1990 : Incorporation and growth as a regional power 1.3 1990 -- 2005 : Retail rise to multinational status 1.4 2005 -- 2010 : Initiatives 1.5 2011 -- present : Continued developments 1.6 2000s crime problem 2 Operating divisions 2.1 Walmart U.S. 2.1. 1 Walmart Supercenter 2.1. 2 Walmart Discount Store 2.1. 3 Walmart Neighborhood Market 2.1. 4 Former stores and concepts 2.1. 5 Initiatives 2.2 Walmart International 2.2. 1 Latin America 2.2. 1.1 Argentina 2.2. 1.2 Brazil 2.2. 1.3 Central America 2.2. 1.4 Chile 2.2. 1.5 Mexico 2.2. 2 Canada and EMEA 2.2. 2.1 Canada 2.2. 2.2 United Kingdom 2.2. 2.3 Africa 2.2. 3 Asia 2.2. 4 Setbacks 2.2.",
"3": "5 Corruption charges 2.3 Sam 's Club 2.4 Global eCommerce 3 Subsidiaries 3.1 Vudu 3.2 Private label brands 3.3 Entertainment 3.4 Online commerce acquisitions and plans 4 Corporate affairs 4.1 Finance and governance 4.2 Ownership 4.3 Competition 4.4 Customer base 4.5 Technology 4.5. 1 Open source software 4.5. 2 Big data analytics 5 Charity 6 Economic impact 7 Labor relations 7.1 Gender and sexual orientation 8 Animal welfare 9 Criticism and controversies 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Walmart 1945 -- 1969 : early History ( edit ) Sam Walton 's original Walton 's Five and Dime store in Bentonville , Arkansas , now serving as The Walmart Museum In 1945 , businessman and former J. C. Penney employee Sam Walton purchased a branch of the Ben Franklin stores from the Butler Brothers . His primary focus was selling products at low prices to get higher - volume sales at a lower profit margin , portraying it as a crusade for the consumer . He experienced setbacks because the lease price and branch purchase were unusually high , but he was able to find lower - cost suppliers than those used by other stores . He passed on the savings in the product pricing . Sales increased 45 percent in his first year of ownership to US $105,000 in revenue , which increased to $140,000 the next year and $175,000 the year after that . Within the fifth year , the store was generating $250,000 in revenue . When the lease for the location expired , Walton was unable to reach an agreement for renewal , so he opened up a new store at 105 N. Main Street in Bentonville , naming it `` Walton 's Five and Dime '' . That store is now the Walmart Museum .",
"4": "Original logo , 1962 -- 1964 Logo used 1964 -- 1981 Logo used 1981 -- 1992 Logo used 1992 -- 2008 On July 2 , 1962 , Walton opened the first Walmart Discount City store at 719 W. Walnut Street in Rogers , Arkansas . The building is now occupied by a hardware store and an antique mall , while the company 's `` Store # 1 '' has since relocated to a larger discount store and now expanded to a Supercenter several blocks west at 2110 W. Walnut Street . Within its first five years , the company expanded to 24 stores across Arkansas and reached US $12.6 million in sales . In 1968 , it opened its first stores outside Arkansas , in Sikeston , Missouri and Claremore , Oklahoma . 1969 -- 1990 : incorporation and growth as a regional power ( edit ) The company was incorporated as Wal - Mart , Inc. on October 31 , 1969 , and changed its name to Wal - Mart Stores , Inc. in 1970 . The same year , it opened its home office and first distribution center in Bentonville , Arkansas . It had 38 stores operating with 1,500 employees and sales of $44.2 million . It began trading stock as a publicly held company on October 1 , 1970 and was soon listed on the New York Stock Exchange . The first stock split occurred in May 1971 at a price of $47 . By this time , Walmart was operating in five states : Arkansas , Kansas , Louisiana , Missouri , and Oklahoma ; it entered Tennessee in 1973 and Kentucky and Mississippi in 1974 . As it moved into Texas in 1975 , there were 125 stores with 7,500 employees and total sales of $340.3 million . In the 1980s , Walmart continued to grow rapidly , and by its 25th anniversary in 1987 , there were 1,198 stores with sales of $15.9 billion and 200,000 associates . This year also marked the completion of the company 's satellite network , a $24 million investment linking all operating units with the Bentonville office via two - way voice and data transmission and one - way video communication .",
"5": "At the time , it was the largest private satellite network , allowing the corporate office to track inventory and sales and to instantly communicate to stores . In 1988 , Walton stepped down as CEO and was replaced by David Glass . Walton remained as Chairman of the Board . Inside the Walmart Supercenter in West Plains , Missouri With the contribution of its superstores , the company surpassed Toys `` R '' Us in toy sales in the late 1990s . 1990 -- 2005 : retail Rise to multinational status ( edit ) While it was the No. 3 retailer in the U.S. , Walmart was more profitable than rivals Kmart and Sears by the late 1980s . By 1990 , it became the largest U.S. retailer by revenue . Prior to the summer of 1990 , Walmart had no presence on the West Coast or in the Northeast ( except for a single Sam 's Club in New Jersey which opened in November 1989 ) , but in July and October that year , it opened its first stores in California and Pennsylvania , respectively . By the mid-1990s , it was far and away the most powerful retailer in the U.S. and expanded into Mexico in 1991 and Canada in 1994 . Walmart stores opened throughout the rest of the U.S. , with Vermont being the last state to get a store in 1995 . The company also opened stores outside North America , entering South America in 1995 with stores in Argentina and Brazil ; and Europe in July 1999 , buying Asda in the United Kingdom for US $10 billion . In 1998 , Walmart introduced the Neighborhood Market concept with three stores in Arkansas . By 2005 , estimates indicate that the company controlled about 20 percent of the retail grocery and consumables business . In 2000 , H. Lee Scott became Walmart 's President and CEO as the company 's sales increased to $165 billion . In 2002 , it was listed for the first time as America 's largest corporation on the Fortune 500 list , with revenues of $219.8 billion and profits of $6.7 billion . It has remained there every year except 2006 , 2009 , and 2012 .",
"6": "In 2005 , Walmart reported US $312.4 billion in sales , more than 6,200 facilities around the world -- including 3,800 stores in the United States and 2,800 elsewhere , employing more than 1.6 million associates . Its U.S. presence grew so rapidly that only small pockets of the country remained more than 60 miles ( 97 kilometres ) from the nearest store . As Walmart rapidly expanded into the world 's largest corporation , many critics worried about its effect on local communities , particularly small towns with many `` mom and pop '' stores . There have been several studies on the economic impact of Walmart on small towns and local businesses , jobs , and taxpayers . In one , Kenneth Stone , a professor of economics at Iowa State University , found that some small towns can lose almost half of their retail trade within ten years of a Walmart store opening . However , in another study , he compared the changes to what small town shops had faced in the past -- including the development of the railroads , the advent of the Sears Roebuck catalog , and the arrival of shopping malls -- and concluded that shop owners who adapt to changes in the retail market can thrive after Walmart arrives . A later study in collaboration with Mississippi State University showed that there are `` both positive and negative impacts on existing stores in the area where the new supercenter locates . '' In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in September 2005 , Walmart used its logistics network to organize a rapid response to the disaster , donating $20 million , 1,500 truckloads of merchandise , food for 100,000 meals , and the promise of a job for every one of its displaced workers . An independent study by Steven Horwitz of St. Lawrence University found that Walmart , The Home Depot , and Lowe 's made use of their local knowledge about supply chains , infrastructure , decision makers and other resources to provide emergency supplies and reopen stores well before the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) began its response . While the company was overall lauded for its quick response amidst criticism of FEMA , several critics were quick to point out that there still remained issues with the company 's labor relations . 2005 -- 2010 : initiatives ( edit ) Solar modules mounted on a Walmart Supercenter in Caguas , Puerto Rico In October 2005 , Walmart announced several environmental measures to increase energy efficiency .",
"7": "The primary goals included spending $500 million a year to increase fuel efficiency in Walmart 's truck fleet by 25 percent over three years and double it within ten , reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 percent in seven years , reduce energy use at stores by 30 percent , and cut solid waste from U.S. stores and Sam 's Clubs by 25 percent in three years . CEO Lee Scott said that Walmart 's goal was to be a `` good steward of the environment '' and ultimately use only renewable energy sources and produce zero waste . The company also designed three new experimental stores with wind turbines , photovoltaic solar panels , biofuel - capable boilers , water - cooled refrigerators , and xeriscape gardens . Despite much criticism of its environmental record , Walmart took a few steps in what some viewed as a positive direction , which included becoming the biggest seller of organic milk and the biggest buyer of organic cotton in the world , while reducing packaging and energy costs . Walmart also spent nearly a year working with outside consultants to discover the company 's total environmental impact and find areas for improvement . Walmart created its own electric company in Texas , Texas Retail Energy , planned to supply its stores with cheap power purchased at wholesale prices . Through this new venture , the company expects to save $15 million annually and also to lay the groundwork and infrastructure to sell electricity to Texas consumers in the future . In March 2006 , Walmart sought to appeal to a more - affluent demographic . The company launched a new Supercenter concept in Plano , Texas , intended to compete against stores seen as more upscale and appealing , such as Target . The new store has wood floors , wider aisles , a sushi bar , a coffee / sandwich shop with free Wi - Fi Internet access , and more expensive beers , wines , electronics , and other goods . The exterior has a hunter green background behind the Walmart letters , similar to Neighborhood Market by Walmarts , instead of the blue previously used at its supercenters . On September 12 , 2007 , Walmart introduced new advertising with the slogan , `` Save money . Live better . '' , replacing `` Always Low Prices , Always '' , which it had used for the previous 19 years .",
"8": "Global Insight , which conducted the research that supported the ads , found that Walmart 's price level reduction resulted in savings for consumers of $287 billion in 2006 , which equated to $957 per person or $2,500 per household ( up 7.3 percent from the 2004 savings estimate of $2,329 ) . On June 30 , 2008 , Walmart removed the hyphen from its logo and replaced the star with a Spark symbol that resembles a sunburst , flower , or star . The new logo received mixed reviews from design critics , who questioned whether the new logo was as bold as those of competitors , such as the Target bullseye or as instantly recognizable as the previous company logo , which was used for 18 years . The new logo made its debut on the company 's website on July 1 , 2008 . Walmart 's U.S. locations were to update store logos in the fall of 2008 , as part of an ongoing evolution of its brand . Walmart Canada started to adopt the logo for its stores in early 2009 . On March 20 , 2009 , Walmart announced that it was paying a combined US $933.6 million in bonuses to every full and part - time hourly worker . This was in addition to $788.8 million in profit sharing , 401 ( k ) pension contributions , hundreds of millions of dollars in merchandise discounts , and contributions to the employees ' stock purchase plan . While the economy at large was in an ongoing recession , Walmart reported solid financial figures for the most recent fiscal year ( ending January 31 , 2009 ) , with $401.2 billion in net sales , a gain of 7.2 percent from the prior year . Income from continuing operations increased 3 percent to $13.3 billion , and earnings per share rose 6 percent to $3.35 . On February 22 , 2010 , the company confirmed it was acquiring video streaming company Vudu , Inc. for an estimated $100 million . 2011 -- present : continued developments ( edit ) Truck converted to run on biofuel Walmart 's truck fleet logs millions of miles each year , and the company planned to double the fleet 's efficiency between 2005 and 2015 .",
"9": "The truck pictured on the right is one of 15 based at Walmart 's Buckeye , Arizona , distribution center that was converted to run on biofuel from reclaimed cooking grease made during food preparation at Walmart stores . In January 2011 , Walmart announced a program to improve the nutritional value of its store brands over five years , gradually reducing the amount of salt and sugar and completely eliminating trans fat . Walmart also promised to negotiate with suppliers with respect to nutritional issues , reduce prices for whole foods and vegetables , and open stores in low - income areas , so - called `` food deserts '' , where there are no supermarkets . On April 23 , 2011 , the company announced that it was testing its new `` Walmart To Go '' home delivery system where customers will be able to order specific items offered on their website . The initial test was in San Jose , California , and the company has not yet said whether the delivery system will be rolled out nationwide . On November 14 , 2012 , Walmart launched its first mail subscription service called Goodies . Customers pay a $7 monthly subscription for five to eight delivered food samples each month , so they can try new foods . In August 2013 , the firm announced it was in talks to acquire a majority stake in the Kenya - based supermarket chain , Naivas . In June 2014 , some Walmart employees went on strike in major U.S. cities demanding higher wages . In July 2014 , American actor and comedian Tracy Morgan launched a lawsuit against Walmart seeking punitive damages over a multi-car pile - up which the suit alleges was caused by the driver of one of the firm 's tractor - trailers who had not slept for 24 hours . Morgan 's limousine was apparently hit by the trailer , injuring him and two fellow passengers and killing a fourth , fellow comedian James McNair . Walmart settled with the McNair family for $10 million , while admitting no liability . Morgan and Walmart reached a settlement in 2015 for an undisclosed amount , though Walmart later accused its insurers of `` bad faith '' in refusing to pay the settlement . In 2015 , the company closed five stores on short notice for plumbing repairs . However , employees and the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union ( UFCW ) alleged some stores were closed in retaliation for strikes aimed at increasing wages and improving working conditions .",
"10": "The UFCW filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board . All five stores have since reopened . On October 14 , 2015 , Walmart saw its stock fall 10 percent . In 2015 , Walmart was the biggest US commercial producer of solar power with 142 MW capacity , and had 17 energy storage projects . This solar was primarily on rooftops , whereas there is an additional 20,000 m for solar canopies over parking lots . On January 15 , 2016 , Walmart announced it would close 269 stores in 2016 , affecting 16,000 workers . 154 of these stores earmarked for closure were in the U.S. ( 150 Walmart U.S. stores , 115 Walmart International stores , and 4 Sam 's Clubs ) . 95 percent of these U.S. stores were located , on average , 10 miles from another Walmart store . The 269 stores represented less than 1 percent of global square footage and revenue for the company . All 102 locations of Walmart Express , which had been in a pilot program since 2011 , were included in the closures . Walmart planned to focus on `` strengthening Supercenters , optimizing Neighborhood Markets , growing the e-commerce business and expanding pickup services for customers '' . In fiscal 2017 , the company plans to open between 50 and 60 Supercenters , 85 to 95 Neighborhood Markets , 7 to 10 Sam 's Clubs , and 200 to 240 international locations . At the end of fiscal 2016 , Walmart opened 38 Supercenters and relocated , expanded or converted 21 discount stores into Supercenters , for a total of 59 Supercenters , and opened 69 Neighborhood Markets , 8 Sam 's Clubs , and 173 international locations , and relocated , expanded or converted 4 locations for a total of 177 international locations . On August 8 , 2016 , Walmart announced a deal to acquire e-commerce website Jet.com for US $3.3 billion Jet.com co-founder and CEO Marc Lore stayed on to run Jet.com in addition to Walmart 's existing U.S. e-commerce operation . The acquisition was structured as a payout of $3 billion in cash , and an additional $300 million in Walmart stock vested over time as part of an incentive bonus plan for Jet.com executives .",
"11": "On October 19 , 2016 , Walmart announced it would partner with IBM and Tsinghua University to track the pork supply chain in China using blockchain . On February 15 , 2017 , Walmart announced the acquisition of Moosejaw , a leading online active outdoor retailer , for approximately $51 million . The acquisition closed on February 13 , 2017 . On June 16 , 2017 , Walmart agreed to acquire the men 's apparel company Bonobos for $310 million in an effort to expand its fashion holdings . As the deal 's announcement coincided with Amazon 's acquisition of Whole Foods Market , the stock market reacted negatively , with Walmart 's holdings on the NYSE falling by 6 % . On September 29 , 2017 , Walmart acquired Parcel , a technology - based , same - day and last - mile delivery company in Brooklyn . The acquisition announcement saw Walmart shares rise more than 1 % . On December 6 , 2017 , Walmart announced that it will change its corporate name to Walmart Inc. from Wal - Mart Stores Inc. effective February 1 , 2018 2000s crime problem ( edit ) According to an August 2016 report by Bloomberg Businessweek , aggressive cost - cutting decisions that began in 2000 when Lee Scott took over as CEO of the company led to a significant increase in crime in stores across the United States . These included the removal of the store 's famed greeters , which are seen as a theft deterrent at exits , the replacement of many cashiers with self - checkout stations , and the addition of stores at a rate that exceeded the hiring of new employees , which led to a 19 percent increase in space per employee from a decade previous . While these decisions succeeded in increasing profits 23 percent in the decade that followed , it led to an increase in both theft and violent crime . During 2016 , the year the report was published , more than 200 violent crimes , including attempted kidnappings and multiple stabbings , shootings , and murders , occurred at the 4,500 Walmarts in the U.S. , approximately one a day , with petty crimes committed on Walmart properties nationwide predicted to be in the hundreds of thousands by the end of that year .",
"12": "In 2015 , under CEO Doug McMillon , Walmart began a company - wide campaign to reduce crime that includes spot - checking receipts at exits , stationing employees at self - checkout areas , eye - level security cameras in high - theft areas , use of data analytics to detect credit fraud , hiring off - duty police and private security officers , and reducing calls to police with a program by which first - time offenders caught stealing merchandise below a certain value can avoid arrest if they agree to go through a theft - prevention program . Police chiefs and their officers in various locations around the U.S. , however , were quoted in the report stating that the problem was continuing unabated , and that the need for constant police presence at Walmarts was a drain on police resources , one that Walmart needed to address by doing more to combat crime at its stores . Operating divisions ( edit ) See also : List of assets owned by Walmart Map of Walmart stores in the U.S. , as of August 2010 Walmart 's operations are organized into four divisions : Walmart U.S. , Walmart International , Sam 's Club and Global eCommerce . The company offers various retail formats throughout these divisions , including supercenters , supermarkets , hypermarkets , warehouse clubs , cash - and - carry stores , home improvement , specialty electronics , restaurants , apparel stores , drugstores , convenience stores , and digital retail . Walmart U.S. ( edit ) Walmart U.S. is the company 's largest division , accounting for US $298.38 billion , or 62.3 percent of total sales , for fiscal 2016 . It consists of three retail formats that have become commonplace in the United States : Supercenters , Discount Stores , Neighborhood Markets , and other small formats . The discount stores sell a variety of mostly non-grocery products , though emphasis has now shifted towards supercenters , which include more groceries . As of October 31 , 2017 , there are a total of 4,752 Walmart U.S. stores . The president and CEO of Walmart U.S. is Greg Foran .",
"13": "Walmart Supercenter ( edit ) A Walmart Supercenter in North Richland Hills , Texas that opened in 1991 as a discount store , later expanded to a supercenter , in June 2016 Walmart Supercenters , branded simply as `` Walmart '' , are hypermarkets with sizes varying from 69,000 to 260,000 square feet ( 6,400 to 24,200 square meters ) , but averaging about 178,000 square feet ( 16,500 square meters ) . These stock general merchandise and a full - service supermarket , including meat and poultry , baked goods , delicatessen , frozen foods , dairy products , garden produce , and fresh seafood . Many Walmart Supercenters also have a garden center , pet shop , pharmacy , Tire & Lube Express , optical center , one - hour photo processing lab , portrait studio , and numerous alcove shops , such as cellular phone stores , hair and nail salons , video rental stores , local bank branches ( such as Woodforest National Bank branches in newer locations ) , and fast food outlets . Many have featured McDonald 's restaurants , but in 2007 , Walmart announced it would stop opening McDonald 's restaurants at most of their newer stores . Most locations that opened up after the announcement had Subway as their restaurants , and some McDonald 's inside the stores were replaced with Subways . In some Canadian locations , Tim Hortons were opened . Some locations also have fuel stations which sell gasoline distributed by Murphy USA ( which spun off from Murphy Oil in 2013 ) , Sunoco , Inc . ( `` Optima '' ) , the Tesoro Corporation ( `` Mirastar '' ) , USA Gasoline , and even now Walmart - branded gas stations . The first Supercenter opened in Washington , Missouri , in 1988 . A similar concept , Hypermart USA , had opened a year earlier in Garland , Texas . All Hypermart USA stores were later closed or converted into Supercenters . As of October 31 , 2017 , there were 3,552 Walmart Supercenters in 49 of the 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . Hawaii is the only state to not have a Supercenter location .",
"14": "The largest Supercenter in the United States , covering 260,000 square feet ( 24,000 square meters ) on two floors , is located in Crossgates Commons in Albany , New York . A typical supercenter sells approximately 120,000 items , compared to the 35 million products sold in Walmart 's online store . The `` Supercenter '' portion of the name has since been phased out , with these stores now simply referred to as `` Walmart '' , since the company introduced the new Walmart logo in 2008 . The Supercentre name is still used in Canada . Walmart discount store ( edit ) The exterior of the Walmart Discount Store in Charlotte , North Carolina The exterior of a multi-entrance Walmart Discount Store in Bellingham , Washington Walmart Discount Stores , also branded as simply `` Walmart '' , are discount department stores with sizes varying from 30,000 to 206,000 square feet ( 2,800 to 19,100 square meters ) , with the average store covering 104,000 square feet ( 9,700 square meters ) . They carry general merchandise and limited groceries . Some newer and remodeled discount stores have an expanded grocery department , similar to Target 's PFresh department . Many of these stores also feature a garden center , pharmacy , Tire & Lube Express , optical center , one - hour photo processing lab , portrait studio , a bank branch , a cell phone store , and a fast food outlet . Some also have gasoline stations . Discount Stores were Walmart 's original concept , though they have since been surpassed by Supercenters . In 1990 , Walmart opened its first Bud 's Discount City location in Bentonville . Bud 's operated as a closeout store , much like Big Lots . Many locations were opened to fulfill leases in shopping centers as Walmart stores left and moved into newly built Supercenters . All of the Bud 's Discount City stores had closed or converted into Walmart Discount Stores by 1997 . As of October 31 , 2017 , there were 402 Walmart Discount Stores in 41 states and Puerto Rico . Idaho , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , South Carolina , South Dakota , Utah , District of Columbia , West Virginia , and Wyoming are the only states and territories where a discount store does not operate .",
"15": "Walmart Neighborhood Market ( edit ) Walmart Neighborhood Market in Houston , Texas Walmart Neighborhood Market sometimes branded as `` Neighborhood Market by Walmart '' or informally known as `` Neighborhood Walmart '' , is Walmart 's chain of smaller grocery stores ranging from 28,000 to 66,000 square feet ( 2,600 to 6,100 square meters ) and averaging about 42,000 square feet ( 3,900 square metres ) , about a fifth of the size of a Walmart Supercenter . The first Walmart Neighborhood Market opened in 1998 , yet Walmart renewed its focus on the smaller grocery store format in the 2010s . The stores focus on three of Walmart 's major sales categories : groceries , which account for about 55 percent of the company 's revenue , pharmacy , and , at some stores , fuel . For groceries and consumables , the stores sell fresh produce , deli and bakery items , prepared foods , meat , dairy , organic , general grocery and frozen foods , in addition to cleaning products and pet supplies . Some stores offer wine and beer sales and drive - through pharmacies . Some stores , such as one at Midtown Center in Bentonville , Arkansas , offer made - to - order pizza with a seating area for eating . Customers can also use Walmart 's site - to - store operation and pick up online orders at Walmart Neighborhood Market stores . Products at Walmart Neighborhood Market stores carry the same prices as those at Walmart 's larger supercenters . A Moody 's analyst said the wider company 's pricing structure gives the chain of grocery stores a `` competitive advantage '' over competitors Whole Foods , Kroger and Trader Joe 's . Neighborhood Market stores expanded slowly at first as a way to fill gaps between Walmart Supercenters and Discount Stores in existing markets . In its first 12 years , the company opened about 180 Walmart Neighborhood Markets . By 2010 , Walmart said it was ready to accelerate its expansion plans for the grocery stores . As of October 31 , 2017 , there were 701 Walmart Neighborhood Markets , each employing between 90 and 95 full - time and part - time workers .",
"16": "Former stores and concepts ( edit ) 2015 photo of a Walmart Express branded as a Walmart Neighborhood Market in Alma , Georgia that closed in 2016 2009 photo of the now - closed Supermercado de Walmart in Spring Branch , Houston A Walmart Neighborhood Market in San Bernardino , California , parcel now vacant Walmart opened Supermercado de Walmart locations to appeal to Hispanic communities in the United States . The first one , a 39,000 - square - foot ( 3,600 - square - meter ) store in the Spring Branch area of Houston , opened on April 29 , 2009 . The store was a conversion of an existing Walmart Neighborhood Market . In 2009 , another Supermercado de Walmart opened in Phoenix , Arizona . Both locations closed in 2014 . In 2009 , Walmart opened `` Mas Club '' , a warehouse retail operation patterned after Sam 's Club . Its lone store closed in 2014 . Walmart Express was a chain of smaller discount stores with a range of services from groceries to check cashing and gasoline service . The concept was focused on small towns deemed unable to support a larger store , and large cities where space was at a premium . Walmart planned to build 15 to 20 Walmart Express stores , focusing on Arkansas , North Carolina and Chicago , by the end of its fiscal year in January 2012 . As of September 2014 , Walmart re-branded all of its Express format stores to Neighborhood Markets in an effort to streamline its retail offer . It continued to open new Express stores under the Neighborhood Market name . As of October 31 , 2017 , there were 97 small - format stores in the United States . These include Amigo ( 17 locations ) , E-Commerce Acquisition / C - stores ( 61 locations ) , and other store formats ( 19 locations ) , a chain of gas station / convenience stores . On January 15 , 2016 , Walmart announced that it will be closing 269 stores globally , including all 102 U.S. Walmart Express stores , including those branded as Neighborhood Markets . Initiatives ( edit ) In September 2006 , Walmart announced a pilot program to sell generic drugs at $4 per prescription .",
"17": "The program was launched at stores in the Tampa , Florida , area , and by January 2007 had been expanded to all stores in Florida . While the average price of generics is $29 per prescription , compared to $102 for name - brand drugs , Walmart maintains that it is not selling at a loss , or providing them as an act of charity -- instead , they are using the same mechanisms of mass distribution that it uses to bring lower prices to other products . Many of Walmart 's low cost generics are imported from India , where they are made by drug makers that include Ranbaxy and Cipla . On February 6 , 2007 , the company launched a `` beta '' version of a movie download service , which sold about 3,000 films and television episodes from all major studios and television networks . The service was discontinued on December 21 , 2007 due to low sales . In 2008 , Walmart started a pilot program in the small grocery store concept called Marketside in the metropolitan Phoenix , Arizona , area . The four stores closed in 2011 . In 2015 , Walmart began testing a free grocery pickup service , allowing customers to select products online and choose their pickup time . At the store , a Walmart employee loads the groceries into the customer 's car . As of December 17 , 2017 , the service is available in 39 U.S. states . In May 2016 , Walmart announced a change to ShippingPass , its three - day shipping service , and that it will move from a three - day delivery to two - day delivery to remain competitive with Amazon . Walmart priced it at 49 dollars per year , compared to Amazon Prime 's 99 dollar per year price . In June 2016 , Walmart and Sam 's Club announced that they would begin testing a last - mile grocery delivery that used services including Uber , Lyft , and Deliv , to bring customers ' orders to their homes . Walmart customers would be able to shop using the company 's online grocery service at grocery.walmart.com , then request delivery at checkout for a small fee . The first tests were planned to go live in Denver and Phoenix .",
"18": "Walmart international ( edit ) Walmart international locations ( former locations in red ) As of October 31 , 2017 , Walmart 's international operations comprised 6,291 stores and 800,000 workers in 26 countries outside the United States . There are wholly owned operations in Argentina , Brazil , Canada , and the UK . With 2.2 million employees worldwide , the company is the largest private employer in the U.S. and Mexico , and one of the largest in Canada . In fiscal 2016 , Walmart 's international division sales were US $123.408 billion , or 25.8 percent of total sales . International retail units range from 8,900 to 185,000 square feet ( 830 to 17,190 square metres ) , wholesale units range from 35,000 to 70,000 square feet ( 3,300 to 6,500 square metres ) and other units ( including drugstores and convenience stores ) range up to 2,400 square feet ( 220 square metres ) . David Cheesewright is the president and CEO , but will be replaced by Judith McKenna on February 1 , 2018 . Latin America ( edit ) As of October 31 , 2017 , there are a total of 4,043 locations in Latin America , which consists of locations in Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , and Nicaragua . Argentina ( edit ) Walmart Argentina was founded in 1995 and , as of October 31 , 2017 , operates 107 stores under the banners Walmart Supercenter ( 32 locations ) , Changomas ( 52 locations ) , Changomas Express ( 9 locations ) , Mi Changomas ( 8 locations ) , and Walmart Supermercado ( 6 locations ) . Brazil ( edit ) Bompreço in Natal , Brazil In 2004 , Walmart bought the 118 stores in the Bompreço supermarket chain in northeastern Brazil . In late 2005 , it took control of the Brazilian operations of Sonae Distribution Group through its new subsidiary , WMS Supermercados do Brasil , thus acquiring control of the Nacional and Mercadorama supermarket chains , the leaders in the Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná states , respectively . None of these stores were rebranded .",
"19": "As of January 2014 , Walmart operated 61 Super-Bompreço stores , 39 Hiper - Bompreço stores . It also ran 57 Walmart Supercenters , 27 Sam 's Clubs , and 174 Todo Dia stores . With the acquisition of Bompreço and Sonae , by 2010 , Walmart was the third - largest supermarket chain in Brazil , behind Carrefour and Pão de Açúcar . Walmart Brasil , the operating company , has its head office in Barueri , São Paulo State , and regional offices in Curitiba , Paraná ; Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul ; Recife , Pernambuco ; and Salvador , Bahia . As of October 31 , 2017 , Walmart Brasil operates 485 stores under the banners Todo Dia ( 144 locations ) , Naconial ( Sonae ) ( 51 locations ) , Supermarket ( Bompreço ) ( 59 locations ) , Walmart Supercenter ( 54 locations ) , Maxxi Atacado ( Sonae ) ( 44 locations ) , BIG ( Sonae ) ( 37 locations ) , Hypermarket ( Bompreço ) ( 38 locations ) , Sam 's Club ( 27 locations ) , Mercadorama ( Sonae ) ( 10 locations ) , Walmart Posto ( Gas Station ) ( 14 locations ) , Supermercado Todo Dia ( 3 locations ) , and Hiper Todo Dia ( 4 locations ) .",
"20": "Central America ( edit ) Walmart also owns 51 percent of the Central American Retail Holding Company ( CARHCO ) , which , as of October 31 , 2017 , consists of 232 stores in Guatemala ( under the Paiz ( 26 locations ) , Walmart Supercenter ( 10 locations ) , Despensa Familiar ( 153 locations ) , and Maxi Dispensa ( 35 locations ) banners ) , 91 stores in El Salvador ( under the Despensa Familiar ( 60 locations ) , La Despensa de Don Juan ( 17 locations ) , Walmart Supercenter ( 4 locations ) , and Maxi Despensa ( 10 locations ) banners ) , 101 stores in Honduras ( including the Paiz ( 8 locations ) , Walmart Supercenter ( 3 locations ) , Dispensa Familiar ( 66 locations ) , and Maxi Despensa ( 24 locations ) banners ) , 95 stores in Nicaragua ( including the Pali ( 67 locations ) , La Unión ( 8 locations ) , Maxi Pali ( 19 locations ) , and Walmart Supercenter ( 1 location ) banners ) , and 244 stores in Costa Rica ( including the Maxi Pali ( 39 locations ) , Mas X Menos ( 35 locations ) , Walmart Supercenter ( 10 locations ) , and Pali ( 160 locations ) banners ) . Chile ( edit ) In January 2009 , the company acquired a controlling interest in the largest grocer in Chile , Distribución y Servicio D&S SA . In 2010 , the company was renamed Walmart Chile . As of October 31 , 2017 , Walmart Chile operates 371 stores under the banners Lider Hiper ( 85 locations ) , Lider Express ( 84 locations ) , Superbodega Acuenta ( 110 locations ) , Ekono ( 88 locations ) , and Central Mayorista ( 4 locations ) . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Walmart de México y Centroamérica As of October 31 , 2017 , Walmart 's Mexico division , the largest outside the U.S. , consisted of 2,317 stores .",
"21": "Walmart in Mexico operates Walmart Supercenter ( 266 locations ) , Sam 's Club ( 161 locations ) , Bodega Aurrera ( 496 locations ) , Mi Bodega Aurrera ( 335 locations ) , Bodega Aurrera Express ( 954 locations ) , Superama ( 95 locations ) , and Medimart Farmacia de Walmart ( 10 locations ) . Canada and EMEA ( edit ) As of October 31 , 2016 , there are a total of 1,464 stores in Canada and Europe , the Middle East and Africa ( EMEA ) , which the latter consists of locations in the United Kingdom , South Africa , Botswana , Ghana , Kenya , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibia , Nigeria , Swaziland , Tanzania , Uganda , and Zambia . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Walmart Canada Walmart Supercentre in Richmond Hill , Canada Walmart has operated in Canada since it acquired 122 stores comprising the Woolco division of Woolworth Canada , Inc in 1994 . As of October 31 , 2017 , it operates 410 locations ( including 331 supercentres and 79 discount stores ) and , as of June 2015 , it employs 89,358 people , with a local home office in Mississauga , Ontario . Walmart Canada 's first three Supercentres ( spelled in Canadian English ) opened in November 2006 in Hamilton , London , and Aurora , Ontario . The 100th Canadian Supercentre opened in July 2010 , in Victoria , British Columbia . In 2010 , Walmart Canada Bank was introduced with the launch of the Walmart Rewards MasterCard . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Asda Walmart 's UK subsidiary , Asda Walmart 's UK subsidiary Asda ( which retained its name after being acquired by Walmart ) accounted for 42.7 percent of 2006 sales of Walmart 's international division . In contrast to the U.S. operations , Asda was originally and still remains primarily a grocery chain , but with a stronger focus on non-food items than most UK supermarket chains other than Tesco . As of October 31 , 2017 , Asda had 638 stores , including 147 from the 2010 acquisition of Netto UK .",
"22": "In addition to small suburban Asda Supermarkets , which has 209 locations , larger stores are branded Supercentres , which has 32 locations . Other banners include Asda Superstores ( 341 locations ) , Asda Living ( 33 locations ) , and Asda Petrol Fueling Station ( 23 locations ) . In July 2015 , Asda updated its logo featuring the Walmart Asterisks behind the first ' A ' in the Logo . Africa ( edit ) On September 28 , 2010 , Walmart announced it would buy Massmart Holdings Ltd. of Johannesburg , South Africa in a deal worth over US $4 billion giving the company its first footprint in Africa .",
"23": "As of October 31 , 2017 , it has 378 stores in South Africa ( under the banners Game Foodco ( 70 locations ) , CBW ( 48 locations ) , Game ( 49 locations ) , Builders Express ( 43 locations ) , Builders Warehouse ( 33 locations ) , Cambridge ( 39 locations ) , Dion Wired ( 24 locations ) , Rhino ( 20 locations ) , Makro ( 20 locations ) , Builders Trade Depot ( 15 locations ) , Jumbo ( 7 locations ) , and Builders Superstore ( 10 locations ) ) , 11 stores in Botswana ( under the banners CBW ( 7 locations ) , Game Foodco ( 2 locations ) , and Builders Warehouse ( 2 locations ) ) , 2 store in Ghana under the banners Game ( 1 location ) and Game Foodco ( 1 location ) , 1 store in Kenya ( under the Game Foodco banner ) , 3 stores in Lesotho ( under the banners CBW ( 2 locations ) and Game ( 1 location ) ) , 2 stores in Malawi ( under the Game banner ) , 5 stores in Mozambique ( under the banners Builders Warehouse ( 2 locations ) , Game Foodco ( 2 locations ) , and CBW ( 1 location ) ) , 4 stores in Namibia ( under the banners Game Foodco ( 2 locations ) , Game ( 1 location ) , and CBW ( 2 locations ) ) , 5 stores in Nigeria ( under the banners Game ( 4 locations ) and Game Foodco ( 1 location ) , 1 store in Swaziland ( under the CBW banner ) , 1 store in Tanzania ( under the Game banner ) , 1 store in Uganda ( under the Game banner ) , and 5 stores in Zambia ( under the banners CBW ( 1 location ) , Game ( 3 locations ) and Builders Warehouse ( 1 location ) ) . Asia ( edit ) A Walmart in Hangzhou , China As of October 31 , 2017 , there are currently a total of 781 stores in three Asian countries : China , Japan , and India . Walmart has joint ventures in China and several majority - owned subsidiaries .",
"24": "As of October 31 , 2017 , Walmart China ( 沃尔玛 Wò'ērmǎ ) operates 424 stores under the Walmart Supercenter ( 386 locations ) , Sam 's Club ( 18 locations ) , Neighborhood Market ( 2 locations ) and Hypermarket ( 18 locations ) banners . In Japan , Walmart owns 100 percent of Seiyu ( 西友 Seiyū ) as of 2008 . As of October 31 , 2017 , there are 337 stores under the Seiyu ( Hypermarket ) ( 91 locations ) , Seiyu ( Supermarket ) ( 236 locations ) , Seiyu ( General Merchandise ) ( 1 location ) , and Livin ( 9 locations ) banners . In February 2012 , Walmart announced that the company raised its stake to 51 percent in Chinese online supermarket Yihaodian to tap rising consumer wealth and help the company offer more products . Walmart took full ownership in July 2015 . In November 2006 , the company announced a joint venture with Bharti Enterprises to operate in India . As foreign corporations were not allowed to enter the retail sector directly , Walmart operated through franchises and handled the wholesale end of the business . The partnership involved two joint ventures -- Bharti manages the front end , involving opening of retail outlets while Walmart takes care of the back end , such as cold chains and logistics . Walmart operates stores in India under the name Best Price Modern Wholesale . The first store opened in Amritsar on May 30 , 2009 . On September 14 , 2012 , the Government of India approved 51 percent FDI in multi-brand retails , subject to approval by individual states , effective September 20 , 2012 . Scott Price , Walmart 's president and CEO for Asia , told The Wall Street Journal that the company would be able to start opening Walmart stores in India within two years . Expansion into India faced some significant problems . In November 2012 , Walmart admitted to spending US $25 million lobbying the Indian National Congress ; lobbying is conventionally considered bribery in India . Walmart is conducting an internal investigation into potential violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act . Bharti Walmart suspended a number of employees , rumored to include its CFO and legal team , to ensure `` a complete and thorough investigation '' .",
"25": "As of October 31 , 2017 , there are 20 Best Price locations . In October 2013 , Bharti and Walmart separated to pursue business independently . Setbacks ( edit ) In the mid-1990s , Walmart tried with a large financial investment to get a foothold in the German retail market . In 1997 , Walmart took over the supermarket chain Wertkauf with its 21 stores for ( ( currency ) ) -- invalid amount ( help ) and the following year Walmart acquired 74 Interspar stores for ( ( currency ) ) -- invalid amount ( help ) . The German market at this point was an oligopoly with high competition among companies which used a similar low price strategy as Walmart . As a result , Walmart 's low price strategy yielded no competitive advantage . Walmart 's corporate culture was not viewed positively among employees and customers , particularly Walmart 's `` statement of ethics '' , which restricted relationships between employees and led to a public discussion in the media , resulting in a bad reputation among customers . In July 2006 , Walmart announced its withdrawal from Germany due to sustained losses . The stores were sold to the German company Metro during Walmart 's fiscal third quarter . Walmart did not disclose its losses from its German investment , but they were estimated to be around € 3 billion . Corruption charges ( edit ) An April 2012 investigation by The New York Times reported the allegations of a former executive of Walmart de Mexico that , in September 2005 , the company had paid bribes via local fixers to officials throughout Mexico in exchange for construction permits , information , and other favors , which gave Walmart a substantial advantage over competitors . Walmart investigators found credible evidence that Mexican and American laws had been broken . Concerns were also raised that Walmart executives in the United States had `` hushed up '' the allegations . A follow - up investigation by The New York Times , published December 17 , 2012 , revealed evidence that regulatory permission for siting , construction , and operation of nineteen stores had been obtained through bribery . There was evidence that a bribe of US $52,000 was paid to change a zoning map , which enabled the opening of a Walmart store a mile from a historical site in San Juan Teotihuacán in 2004 .",
"26": "After the initial article was released , Walmart released a statement denying the allegations and describing its anti-corruption policy . While an official Walmart report states that it had found no evidence of corruption , the article alleges that previous internal reports had indeed turned up such evidence before the story became public . Forbes magazine contributor Adam Hartung also commented that the bribery scandal was a reflection of Walmart 's `` serious management and strategy troubles '' , stating , `` ( s ) candals are now commonplace ... ( e ) ach scandal points out that Walmart 's strategy is harder to navigate and is running into big problems '' . In 2012 , there was an incident with CJ 's Seafood , a crawfish processing firm in Louisiana that was partnered with Walmart , that eventually gained media attention for the mistreatment of its 40 H - 2B visa workers from Mexico . These workers experienced harsh living conditions in tightly packed trailers outside of the work facility , physical threats , verbal abuse and were forced to work day - long shifts . Many of the workers were afraid to take action about the abuse due to the fact that the manager threatened the lives of their family members in the U.S. and Mexico if the abuse were to be reported . Eight of the workers confronted management at CJ 's Seafood about the mistreatment however the management denied the abuse allegations and the workers went on strike . The workers then took their stories to Walmart due to their partnership with CJ 's . While Walmart was investigating the situation , the workers collected 150,000 signatures of supporters who agreed that Walmart should stand by the workers and take action . In June 2012 , the visa workers held a protest and day - long hunger strike outside of the apartment building where a Walmart board member resided . Following this protest , Walmart announced its final decision to no longer work with CJ 's Seafood . Less than a month later , the Department of Labor fined CJ 's Seafood `` approximately $460,000 in back - pay , safety violations , wage and hour violations , civil damages and fines for abuses to the H - 2B program . The company has since shut down . '' As of December 2012 , internal investigations were ongoing into possible violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act . Walmart has invested US $99 million on internal investigations , which expanded beyond Mexico to implicate operations in China , Brazil , and India .",
"27": "The case has added fuel to the debate as to whether foreign investment will result in increased prosperity , or if it merely allows local retail trade and economic policy to be taken over by `` foreign financial and corporate interests '' . Sam 's Club ( edit ) Main article : Sam 's Club The Sam 's Club store in Maplewood , Missouri Sam 's Club is a chain of warehouse clubs that sell groceries and general merchandise , often in bulk . They range from 94,000 to 161,000 square feet ( 8,700 to 15,000 square meters ) , with an average size of 134,000 square feet ( 12,400 square meters ) . Sam 's Clubs are membership warehouse clubs where most customers buy annual memberships . There are three kinds of memberships at Sam 's Club , each with their own benefits . Non-members can make purchases either by buying a one - day membership or paying a surcharge based on the price of the purchase . Some locations also sell gasoline . The first Sam 's Club opened in 1983 in Midwest City , Oklahoma under the name `` Sam 's Wholesale Club '' . Sam 's Club has found a niche market in recent years as a supplier to small businesses . All Sam 's Clubs are open early hours exclusively for business members and their old slogan was `` We 're in Business for Small Business . '' Their slogan has been `` Savings Made Simple '' since late 2009 , as Sam 's Club attempts to attract a more diverse member base . In March 2009 , the company announced that it plans to enter the electronic medical records business by offering a software package to physicians in small practices for US $25,000 . Walmart is partnering with Dell and eClinicalWorks.com in this new venture . Sam 's Club 's sales were US $56.828 billion , or 11.9 percent of total Walmart sales , during fiscal 2016 . As of October 31 , 2017 , there were 660 Sam 's Clubs in 47 states and Puerto Rico . Oregon , Rhode Island ( the only location closed in 2016 ) , Vermont , and the District of Columbia are the only U.S. states and territories where a Sam 's Club does not operate .",
"28": "Walmart , through Walmart International , also operates 206 international Sam 's Clubs , including 161 in Mexico , 27 in Brazil , and 18 in China . The president and CEO is John Furner . Global e-commerce ( edit ) Based in San Francisco , California , Walmart 's Global eCommerce division provides online retailing for Walmart , Sam 's Club , Asda , and all other international brands . There are several locations in the United States in California and Oregon : San Bruno , Sunnyvale , Brisbane , and Portland . Locations outside of the United States include Shanghai ( China ) , Leeds ( United Kingdom ) , and Bangalore ( India ) . Marc Lore is the president and CEO . Subsidiaries ( edit ) Vudu ( edit ) Vudu logo In February 2010 , Walmart agreed to buy Vudu , a Silicon Valley start - up whose online movie service is being built into an increasing number of televisions and Blu - ray players . Terms of the acquisition were not disclosed , but a person briefed on the deal said the price for the company , which raised US $60 million in capital , was over US $100 million . It is the third-most - popular online movie service , with a market share of 5.3 percent . Private label brands ( edit ) Main article : List of Walmart brands About 40 percent of products sold in Walmart are private label store brands , which are produced for the company through contracts with manufacturers . Walmart began offering private label brands in 1991 , with the launch of Sam 's Choice , a line of drinks produced by Cott Beverages for Walmart . Sam 's Choice quickly became popular and by 1993 , was the third-most - popular beverage brand in the United States . Other Walmart brands include Great Value and Equate in the U.S. and Canada and Smart Price in Britain . A 2006 study talked of `` the magnitude of mind - share Walmart appears to hold in the shoppers ' minds when it comes to the awareness of private label brands and retailers . '' Entertainment ( edit ) In 2010 , the company teamed with Procter & Gamble to produce Secrets of the Mountain and The Jensen Project , two - hour family movies which featured the characters using Walmart and Procter & Gamble branded products .",
"29": "The Jensen Project also featured a preview of a product to be released in several months in Walmart stores . A third movie , A Walk in My Shoes , also aired in 2010 and a fourth is in production . Walmart 's director of brand marketing also serves as co-chair of the Association of National Advertisers 's Alliance for Family Entertainment . Online Commerce acquisitions and plans ( edit ) In September 2016 , Walmart purchased e-commerce company Jet.com , founded in 2014 by Marc Lore , to start competing with Amazon.com . Jet.com has acquired its own share of online retailers such as Hayneedle in March 2016 , Shoebuy.com in December 2016 , and ModCloth in March 2017 . On February 15 , 2017 , Walmart acquired Moosejaw , an online active outdoor retailer , for approximately $51 million . Moosejaw brought with it partnerships with more than 400 brands , including Patagonia , The North Face , Marmot , and Arc'teryx . Marc Lore , Walmart 's U.S. e-commerce CEO , said that Walmart 's existing physical infrastructure of almost 5,000 stores around the U.S. will enhance their digital expansion by doubling as warehouses for e-commerce without increasing overhead . As of 2017 , Walmart offers in - store pickup for online orders at 1,000 stores with plans to eventually expand the service to all of its stores . Corporate affairs ( edit ) Home office in Bentonville , Arkansas Walmart is headquartered in the Walmart Home Office complex in Bentonville , Arkansas . The company 's business model is based on selling a wide variety of general merchandise at low prices . Doug McMillon became Walmart 's CEO on February 1 , 2014 . He has also worked as the head of Sam 's Club and Walmart International . The company refers to its employees as `` associates '' . All Walmart stores in the U.S. and Canada also have designated `` greeters '' at the entrance , a practice pioneered by Sam Walton and later imitated by other retailers . Greeters are trained to help shoppers find what they want and answer their questions . For many years , associates were identified in the store by their signature blue vest , but this practice was discontinued in June 2007 and replaced with khaki pants and polo shirts .",
"30": "The wardrobe change was part of a larger corporate overhaul to increase sales and rejuvenate the company 's stock price . In September 2014 , the uniform was again updated to bring back a vest ( paid for by the company ) for store employees over the same polos and khaki or black pants paid for by the employee . The vest is navy blue for Walmart employees at Supercenters and discount stores , lime green for Walmart Neighborhood Market employees and yellow for self check out associates ; door greeters and customer service managers . Both state `` Proud Walmart Associate '' on the left breast and the `` Spark '' logo covering the back . Reportedly one of the main reasons the vest was reintroduced was that some customers had trouble identifying employees . In 2016 , self - checkout associates , door greeters and customer service managers began wearing a yellow vest to be better seen by customers . By requiring employees to wear uniforms that are made up of standard `` street wear '' , Walmart is not required to purchase or reimbursement employees which is required in some states , as long as that clothing can be worn elsewhere . Businesses are only legally required to pay for branded shirts and pants or clothes that would be difficult to wear outside of work . Unlike many other retailers , Walmart does not charge slotting fees to suppliers for their products to appear in the store . Instead , it focuses on selling more - popular products and provides incentives for store managers to drop unpopular products . On September 14 , 2006 , the company announced that it would phase out its layaway program , citing declining use and increased costs . Layaway ceased on November 19 , 2006 , and required merchandise pickup by December 8 , 2006 . Walmart now focuses on other payment options , such as increased use of six - and twelve - month , zero - interest financing . The layaway location in most stores is now used for Walmart 's Site - To - Store program , which was introduced in March 2007 . This enables walmart.com customers to buy goods online with a free shipping option , and have goods shipped to the nearest store for pickup . Walmart continues to offer seasonal Layaway on select categories from late summer through early Christmas and year - round in their jewelry department .",
"31": "On September 15 , 2017 , Walmart announced that it would build a new headquarters in Bentonville to replace its current 1971 building and consolidate operations that have spread out to 20 different buildings throughout Bentonville . Finance and governance ( edit ) For the fiscal year ending January 31 , 2015 , Walmart reported net income of US $17 billion on $485.7 billion of revenue . The company 's international operations accounted for $197.7 billion , or 40.7 percent , of sales . Walmart is the world 's 18th largest public corporation , according to the Forbes Global 2000 list , and the largest public corporation when ranked by revenue . Walmart is governed by a fifteen - member board of directors elected annually by shareholders . Gregory B. Penner , son - in - law of S. Robson Walton and the grandson - in - law of Sam Walton , serves as chairman of the board . Doug McMillon serves as president and chief executive officer . Members of the board include Aída Álvarez , Jim Breyer , M. Michele Burns , James Cash , Roger Corbett , Douglas Daft , David Glass , Marissa Mayer , Allen Questrom , Arne M. Sorenson , Jim Walton , S. Robson Walton , Christopher J. Williams , and Linda S. Wolf . Notable former members of the board include Hillary Clinton ( 1985 -- 1992 ) and Tom Coughlin ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , the latter having served as vice chairman . Clinton left the board before the 1992 U.S. presidential election , and Coughlin left in December 2005 after pleading guilty to wire fraud and tax evasion for stealing hundreds of thousands of dollars from Walmart . On August 11 , 2006 , he was sentenced to 27 months home confinement and five years of probation , and ordered to pay $411,000 in restitution . After Sam Walton 's death in 1992 , Don Soderquist , Chief Operating Officer and Senior Vice Chairman , became known as the `` Keeper of the Culture '' . Ownership ( edit ) Walmart Inc. is a joint - stock company registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . As of March 2017 , it has 3,292,377,090 outstanding shares .",
"32": "These are held mainly by the Walton family , a number of institutions and funds . 43.00 % ( 1,415,891,131 ) : Walton Enterprises LLC 5.30 % ( 174,563,205 ) : Walton Family Holdings Trust 3.32 % ( 102,036,399 ) : The Vanguard Group , Inc 2.37 % ( 72,714,226 ) : State Street Corporation 1.37 % ( 42,171,892 ) : BlackRock Institutional Trust Company 0.94 % ( 28,831,721 ) : Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund 0.77 % ( 23,614,578 ) : BlackRock Fund Advisors 0.71 % ( 21,769,126 ) : Dodge & Cox Inc 0.68 % ( 20,978,727 ) : Vanguard 500 Index Fund 0.65 % ( 20,125,838 ) : Bank of America Corporation 0.57 % ( 17,571,058 ) : Bank of New York Mellon Corporation 0.57 % ( 17,556,128 ) : Northern Trust Corporation 0.55 % ( 16,818,165 ) : Vanguard Institutional Index Fund - Institutional Index Fund 0.55 % ( 16,800,850 ) : State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co 0.52 % ( 15,989,827 ) : SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust Competition ( edit ) In North America , Walmart 's primary competitors include department stores like Aldi , Kmart , Kroger , Ingles , Publix , Target , Shopko , and Meijer , and Winn Dixie , Canada 's The Real Canadian Superstore and Giant Tiger , and Mexico 's Comercial Mexicana and Soriana . Competitors of Walmart 's Sam 's Club division are Costco and the smaller BJ 's Wholesale Club chain . Walmart 's move into the grocery business in the late 1990s also set it against major supermarket chains in both the United States and Canada . Some retail analysts see regional grocery store chain WinCo Foods as serious competition for Walmart . Several smaller retailers , primarily dollar stores , such as Family Dollar and Dollar General , have been able to find a small niche market and compete successfully against Walmart .",
"33": "In 2004 , Walmart responded by testing its own dollar store concept , a subsection of some stores called `` Pennies - n - Cents . '' Walmart also had to face fierce competition in some foreign markets . For example , in Germany it had captured just 2 percent of the German food market following its entry into the market in 1997 and remained `` a secondary player '' behind Aldi with 19 percent . Walmart continues to do well in the UK , where its Asda subsidiary is the second - largest retailer . In May 2006 , after entering the South Korean market in 1998 , Walmart sold all 16 of its South Korean outlets to Shinsegae , a local retailer , for US $882 million . Shinsegae re-branded the Walmarts as E-mart stores . Walmart struggled to export its brand elsewhere as it rigidly tried to reproduce its model overseas . In China , Walmart hopes to succeed by adapting and doing things preferable to Chinese citizens . For example , it found that Chinese consumers preferred to select their own live fish and seafood ; stores began displaying the meat uncovered and installed fish tanks , leading to higher sales . Customer base ( edit ) A display of folders and notebooks Walmart customers cite low prices as the most important reason for shopping there . The average U.S. Walmart customer 's income is below the national average , and analysts estimated that more than one - fifth of them lack a bank account ; twice the national rate . A 2006 Walmart report also indicated that Walmart customers are sensitive to higher utility costs and gas prices . A poll indicated that after the 2004 US presidential election , 76 percent of voters who shopped at Walmart once a week voted for George W. Bush while only 23 percent supported senator John Kerry . When measured against similar retailers in the U.S. , frequent Walmart shoppers were rated the most politically conservative . Thus , as of 2014 , the `` majority ( 54 percent ) ( of ) Americans who prefer shopping at Walmart report that they oppose same - sex marriage , while 40 percent are in favor of it . '' Due to its prominence in the Bible Belt , Walmart is known for its `` tradition of tailoring its service to churchgoing customers '' .",
"34": "Walmart only carries clean versions of hip - hop audio CDs and in cooperation with The Timothy Plan , places `` plastic sheathes over suggestive women 's periodicals and banned ' lad mags ' such as Maxim '' magazine . In addition , Walmart also caters to its Christian customer base by selling Christian books and media , `` such as VeggieTales videos and The Purpose - Driven Life '' , which earns the company over US $1 billion annually . In 2006 , Walmart took steps to expand its U.S. customer base , announcing a modification in its U.S. stores from a `` one - size - fits - all '' merchandising strategy to one designed to `` reflect each of six demographic groups -- African - Americans , the affluent , empty - nesters , Hispanics , suburbanites , and rural residents . '' Around six months later , it unveiled a new slogan : `` Saving people money so they can live better lives '' . This reflects the three main groups into which Walmart categorizes its 200 million customers : `` brand aspirationals '' ( people with low incomes who are obsessed with big name brands ) , `` price - sensitive affluents '' ( wealthier shoppers who love deals ) , and `` value - price shoppers '' ( people who like low prices and can not afford much more ) . Walmart has also made steps to appeal to more liberal customers , for example , by rejecting the American Family Association 's recommendations and carrying the DVD Brokeback Mountain , a love story between two gay cowboys in Wyoming . Technology ( edit ) Open source software ( edit ) Many Walmart technology projects are coded in the open and available through the Walmart Labs GitHub repository as Open Source software under the OSI approved Apache V2. 0 license . As of November 2016 , 141 public Github projects are listed . During a migration of the walmart.com retail platform to Facebook React and Node. js , the Electrode project was created to power the e-commerce platform which serves 80 million visitors per month and 15 million items . Electrode provides various developer enhancements and tools for the developer including Node. js configuration and feature management . Alex Grigoryan of Walmart Labs released a statement on Medium.com on October 3 , 2016 explaining the details of the applications and the scale that they operate at Walmart .",
"35": "Big data analytics ( edit ) As the largest retailer in the U.S. , Walmart collects and analyzes a large amount of consumer data . The big data sets are mined for use in predictive analytics , which allow the company to optimize operations by predicting customer 's habits . Walmart 's datacenter is unofficially referred to as Area 71 . In April 2011 , Walmart acquired Kosmix to develop software for analyzing real - time data streams . In August 2012 , Walmart announced its Polaris search engine . The amount of data gathered by Walmart has raised privacy concerns . Charity ( edit ) Sam Walton believed that the company 's contribution to society was the fact that it operated efficiently , thereby lowering the cost of living for customers , and , therefore , in that sense was a `` powerful force for good '' , despite his refusal to contribute cash to philanthropic causes . Having begun to feel that his wealth attracted people who wanted nothing more than a `` handout '' , he explained that while he believed his family had been fortunate and wished to use his wealth to aid worthy causes like education , they could not be expected to `` solve every personal problem that comes to ( their ) attention '' . He explained later in his autobiography , `` We feel very strongly that Wal - Mart really is not , and should not be , in the charity business , '' stating `` any debit has to be passed along to somebody -- either shareholders or our customers . '' Since Sam Walton 's death in 1992 , however , Walmart and the Walmart Foundation dramatically increased charitable giving . For example , in 2005 , Walmart donated US $20 million in cash and merchandise for Hurricane Katrina relief . Today , Walmart 's charitable donations approach US $1 billion each year . Economic impact ( edit ) Kenneth Stone , Professor of Economics at Iowa State University , in a paper published in Farm Foundation in 1997 , found that some small towns can lose almost half of their retail trade within ten years of a Walmart store opening . He compared the changes to previous competitors small town shops have faced in the past -- from the development of the railroads and the Sears Roebuck catalog to shopping malls .",
"36": "He concludes that small towns are more affected by `` discount mass merchandiser stores '' than larger towns and that shop owners who adapt to the ever - changing retail market can `` co-exist and even thrive in this type of environment . '' One study found Walmart 's entry into a new market has a profound impact on its competition . When a Walmart opens in a new market , median sales drop 40 percent at similar high - volume stores , 17 percent at supermarkets and 6 percent at drugstores , according to a June 2009 study by researchers at several universities and led by the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College . A Loyola University Chicago study suggested that the impact a Walmart store has on a local business is correlated to its distance from that store . The leader of that study admits that this factor is stronger in smaller towns and does n't apply to more urban areas saying `` It 'd be so tough to nail down what 's up with Wal - Mart '' . These findings are underscored by another study conducted in 2009 by the National Bureau of Economics that showed `` large , negative effects '' for competing businesses within 5 to 10 miles ( 8 to 16 km ) of the newly opening big - box retailer . This same study also found that the local retailers experience virtually no benefit . Walmart 's negative effects on local retailers may be partially explained by studies that find that local firms re-invest nearly 63 percent more of profits in other local businesses compared to chain retailers , as found by the Maine Center of Economic Policy in 2011 . David Merriman , Joseph Persky , Julie Davis and Ron Baiman did a study in Economic Development Quarterly outlining the impacts of Walmart in Chicago . The study draws from three annual surveys of enterprises within a four - mile radius of a new Chicago Walmart and it `` shows that the probability of going out of business was significantly higher for establishments close to that store '' . The study illustrated how approximately 300 jobs were lost due to the opening of the store , which is about equivalent to Walmart 's employment in the area . The overall findings of this study reinforce the `` contention that large - city Walmarts , like those in small towns , absorb retail sales from nearby stores without significantly expanding the market '' as this is one of the first studies of Walmarts economic impacts on local economies .",
"37": "A 2001 McKinsey Global Institute study of U.S. labor productivity growth between 1995 and 2000 concluded that `` Wal - Mart directly and indirectly caused the bulk of the productivity acceleration '' in the retail sector . Robert Solow , a Nobel laureate in economics and an adviser to the study , stated that `` ( b ) y far the most important factor in that ( growth ) is Wal - Mart . '' The Economic Policy Institute estimates that between 2001 and 2006 , Wal - Mart 's trade deficit with China alone eliminated nearly 200,000 U.S. jobs . Another study at the University of Missouri found that a new store increases net retail employment in the county by 100 jobs in the short term , half of which disappear over five years as other retail establishments close . A 2004 paper by two professors at Pennsylvania State University found that U.S. counties with Walmart stores suffered increased poverty compared with counties without Wal - Marts . They hypothesized that this could be due to the displacement of workers from higher - paid jobs in the retailers customers no longer choose to patronize , Wal - Mart providing less local charity than the replaced businesses , or a shrinking pool of local leadership and reduced social capital due to a reduced number of local independent businesses . Dr Raj Patel , author of `` Stuffed and Starved : Markets , Power and the Hidden Battle for the World Food System '' , said in a lecture at the University of Melbourne on September 18 , 2007 , that a study in Nebraska looked at two different Wal - Marts , the first of which had just arrived and `` was in the process of driving everyone else out of business but , to do that , they cut their prices to the bone , very , very low prices '' . In the other Wal - Mart , `` they had successfully destroyed the local economy , there was a sort of economic crater with Wal - Mart in the middle ; and , in that community , the prices were 17 percent higher '' . A 2005 story in The Washington Post reported that `` Wal - Mart 's discounting on food alone boosts the welfare of American shoppers by at least US $50 billion per year . '' A study in 2005 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) measured the effect on consumer welfare and found that the poorest segment of the population benefits the most from the existence of discount retailers .",
"38": "A June 2006 article published by the libertarian Ludwig von Mises Institute suggested that Wal - Mart has a positive impact on small business . It argued that while Wal - Mart 's low prices caused some existing businesses to close , the chain also created new opportunities for other small business , and so `` the process of creative destruction unleashed by Wal - Mart has no statistically significant impact on the overall size of the small business sector in the United States . '' In 2006 , American newspaper columnist George Will named Wal - Mart `` the most prodigious job - creator in the history of the private sector in this galaxy '' and that `` ( b ) y lowering consumer prices , Wal - Mart costs about 50 retail jobs among competitors for every 100 jobs Wal - Mart creates '' . In terms of economic effects , Will states that `` Wal - Mart and its effects save shoppers more than US $200 billion a year , dwarfing such government programs as food stamps ( US $28.6 billion ) and the earned income tax credit US $34.6 billion ) '' . A 2014 story in The Guardian reported that the Wal - Mart Foundation was boosting its efforts to work with U.S. manufacturers . In February 2014 , the Walmart Foundation pledged US $10 billion to support domestic manufacturers and announced plans to buy US $250 billion worth of American - made products in the next decade . Labor Relations ( edit ) Workers speak during Occupy Wall Street With over 2.2 million employees worldwide , Walmart has faced a torrent of lawsuits and issues with regards to its workforce . These issues involve low wages , poor working conditions , inadequate health care , and issues involving the company 's strong anti-union policies . In November 2013 , the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) announced that it had found that in 13 U.S. states Wal - Mart had pressured employees not to engage in strikes on Black Friday , and had illegally disciplined workers who had engaged in strikes . Critics point to Walmart 's high turnover rate as evidence of an unhappy workforce , although other factors may be involved . Approximately 70 percent of its employees leave within the first year . Despite this turnover rate , the company is still able to affect unemployment rates .",
"39": "This was found in a study by Oklahoma State University which states , `` Walmart is found to have substantially lowered the relative unemployment rates of blacks in those counties where it is present , but to have had only a limited impact on relative incomes after the influences of other socio - economic variables were taken into account . '' Walmart is the largest private employer in the United States , employing almost five times as many people as IBM , the second - largest employer . Walmart employs more African Americans than any other private employer in the United States . Gender and sexual orientation ( edit ) In 2007 , a gender discrimination lawsuit , Dukes v. Wal - Mart Stores , Inc. , was filed against Walmart , alleging that female employees were discriminated against in matters regarding pay and promotions . A class action suit was sought , which would have been the nation 's largest in history , covering 1.5 million past and current employees . On June 20 , 2011 , the United States Supreme Court ruled in Wal - Mart 's favor , stating that the plaintiffs did not have enough in common to constitute a class . The court ruled unanimously that because of the variability of the plaintiffs ' circumstances , the class action could not proceed as presented , and furthermore , in a 5 -- 4 decision that it could not proceed as any kind of class action suit . Several plaintiffs , including the lead plaintiff , Betty Dukes , expressed their intent to file individual discrimination lawsuits separately . According to a consultant hired by plaintiffs in a sex discrimination lawsuit , in 2001 , Wal - Mart 's Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filings showed that female employees made up 65 percent of Wal - Mart 's hourly paid workforce , but only 33 percent of its management . Just 35 percent of its store managers were women , compared to 57 percent at similar retailers . Wal - Mart says comparisons with other retailers are unfair , because it classifies employees differently ; if department managers were included in the totals , women would make up 60 percent of the managerial ranks . Others have criticized the lawsuit as without basis in the law and as an abuse of the class action mechanism . In 2007 , Wal - Mart was named by the National Association for Female Executives as one of the top 35 companies for executive women .",
"40": "Wal - Mart 's rating on the Human Rights Campaign 's ( HRC ) Corporate Equality Index , a measure of how companies treat LGBT employees and customers , has increased greatly during the past decade . The company was praised for expanding its anti-discrimination policy protecting gay and lesbian employees , and for a new definition of `` family '' that included same - sex partners . However , they have been criticized by the HRC in other areas , such as not renewing its membership in the National Gay and Lesbian Chamber of Commerce . In January 2006 , Wal - Mart announced that `` diversity efforts include new groups of minority , female and gay employees that meet at Wal - Mart headquarters in Bentonville to advise the company on marketing and internal promotion . There are seven business resource groups : women , African - Americans , Hispanics , Asians , Native Americans , gays and lesbians , and a disabled group . '' Animal welfare ( edit ) In April 2016 , Walmart announced that it plans to eliminate eggs from battery cages from its supply chain by 2025 . The decision was particularly important because of Walmart 's large market share and influence on the rest of the industry . The move was praised by major animal welfare groups and heralded as an `` end of an era '' by Humane Society of the United States President Wayne Pacelle , but a poultry trade group representative expressed skepticism about the decision 's impact . Walmart 's cage - free eggs will not come from free range producers , but rather industrial - scale farms where the birds will be allotted between 1 and 1.5 square feet each , a stressful arrangement which can cause cannibalism . Unlike battery cages , the systems Walmart 's suppliers will use allow the hens to move around , but relative to battery cages they have higher hen mortality rates and present distinct environmental and worker health problems . On November 28 , 2016 Paola Gaviño , in coordination with the animal protection NGOs The Humane League and Mercy For Animals , launched a multinational campaign to raise awareness of Walmart 's failure to produce a policy to source 100 percent cage - free eggs throughout Latin America . Walmart has not committed to phasing out battery cages in Latin America as it has in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Canada . The campaign argues that battery cages are unnecessarily cruel and also increase the risk of food safety issues , including an increased risk of Salmonella contamination .",
"41": "On March 10 , 2017 a Thunderclap campaign reached over one million people and protests have occurred in from Lynn , MA to Seattle , Washington ; as well as Mexico City , where Walmart Mexico 's HQ is located . On March 30 , 2017 , activists traveled to Walmart 's headquarters in Mexico to deliver more than 125,000 petition signatures from campaign supporters . Criticism and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of Walmart Walmart has been subject to criticism from various groups and individuals , including labor unions , community groups , grassroots organizations , religious organizations , environmental groups , and the company 's own customers and employees . They have protested against the company 's policies and business practices , including charges of racial and gender discrimination . Other areas of criticism include the company 's foreign product sourcing , treatment of suppliers , employee compensation and working conditions , environmental practices , the use of public subsidies , the company 's security policies , and slavery . Walmart denies doing anything wrong and maintains that low prices are the result of efficiency . See also ( edit ) Arkansas portal Business and economics portal Companies portal United States portal Big - box store Criticism of Walmart `` Something Wall - Mart This Way Comes '' -- a 2004 episode of Comedy Central 's South Park Wal - Mart camel -- a bone fossil of a prehistoric camel found at a future Wal - Mart store in Mesa , Arizona Wal - Mart First Tee Open at Pebble Beach -- former name of a golf tournament Wal - Mart : The High Cost of Low Price -- a 2005 documentary film by director Robert Greenwald Walmarting -- a neologism Why Wal - Mart Works ; and Why That Drives Some People C-R-A-Z-Y -- a 2005 rebuttal to the Greenwald documentary References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Information for Walmart Investors : Unit Counts & Square Footage '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unit Counts by Country October 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 .",
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"54": "Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mossman , John ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Walmart unveils five new Neighborhood Markets in Denver area '' . Denver Post . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gute , Melissa ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Neighborhood Market opens in Midtown Center '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . While most Neighborhood Markets have a drink bar and a few have a pizza program , this market also has a seating area where people can eat lunch , Kirk said . It 's an amenity included because of location . The pizza program allows customers to either select pre-made pizzas or build their own and have them oven - baked there in 5 minutes . The market has 31,000 square feet and includes a deli and bakery . It offers fresh produce , meat and other groceries , according to a news release . It also includes a pharmacy with a drive - thru window . Jump up ^ Stark , Rachel ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Walmart Neighborhood Market , first on West Coast , opens Firday in West Linn '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birchall , Jonathan ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Walmart takes smaller format path to growth '' . Financial Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . With about 180 stores , the retailer has focused on using them to fill in between Supercenters in areas such as Dallas , Las Vegas and Orlando , rather than to develop new markets . Jump up ^ Darrow , Dennis ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Walmart to build Neighborhood Market '' . Pueblo Chieftain . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart woos Hispanics with new Supermercado '' . Reuters . July 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 .",
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"58": "Jump up ^ ASDA Careers : All about ASDA Stores . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 Archived August 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Daniel , Fran ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Head of Walmart tells WFU audience of plans for growth over next 20 years '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart China -- Official website '' . www.wal-martchina.com . Walmart . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , Matthew ( October 13 , 2009 ) . `` Wal - Mart 's painful lessons '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart Corporate -- Japan '' . Walmart . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jourdan , Adam ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wal - Mart buys out China e-commerce firm Yihaodian in online push '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giridharadas A. , Rai S. `` Walmart to Open Hundreds of Stores in India '' Archived July 1 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . November 27 , 2006 . Retrieved November 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Jerin ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wal - Mart to run India wholesale business single - handedly '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Govt allows FDI in multi-brand retail , aviation '' . The Times Of India . Reuters . September 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 .",
"59": "Jump up ^ `` Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion ( FC - I Section ) , Press Note No. 5 ( 2012 Series ) -- multi brand retail '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Commerce & Industry , Government of India . September 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart hopes to open first India store in 18 months : Report '' . The Times of India . September 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Probe Walmart ' bribe ' , says opposition '' . The Times of India . December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US defends Walmart India lobbying '' . BBC News India . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cilfford , Stephanie ; Barstow , David ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Walmart Inquiry Reflects Alarm on Corruption '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bajaj , Vikas ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` India Unit of Walmart Suspends Employees '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bharti , Wal - Mart end joint venture '' . October 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Metro übernimmt Walmart '' Archived June 18 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( in German ) . ka - news . August 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Schnitte '' Archived March 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( in German ) . Die Zeit . Jump up ^ `` In Deutschland ein Zwerg '' . ( in German ) . Stern . February 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Auch Walmart - Mitarbeiter dürfen lieben '' . Stern ( in German ) .",
"60": "November 15 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart - Mitarbeiter dürfen flirten '' ( in German ) . Die Welt . November 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart Abandons German Venture '' . BBC News . July 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Spiegel : `` Warum der US - Titan scheiterte '' ( in German ) . Der Spiegel . July 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Barstow ( April 21 , 2012 ) . `` Vast Mexican Bribery Case Hushed Up by Walmart After High - Level Struggle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James C. McKinley , Jr . ( September 28 , 2004 ) . `` No , the Conquistadors Are Not Back . It 's Just Walmart '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lydia Dishman ( April 22 , 2012 ) . `` What Walmart Might Do With Allegations of Bribery in Mexico '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hartung , Adam . `` WalMart 's Mexican Bribery Scandal Will Sink It Like an Iceberg Sank the Titanic '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Capron , Chistopher ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Mexican guest workers gain Walmart , federal response , Louisiana , USA , 2012 '' . Global Nonviolent Action Database . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 .",
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"64": "Jump up ^ Berman , Jillian ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` Walmart Workers Complain They Ca n't Afford New Dress Code '' . The Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Emily ( April 20 , 2001 ) . `` Too Many Choices -- Nine Kinds of Kleenex Tissue , Eggo Waffles in 16 Flavors : Blame Brand Managers '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . Wal - Mart Will Phase Out Layaway Program '' Archived November 30 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wal - Mart . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved October 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota - Based Mississippi Valley Fruit Company Teams with Wal - Mart to Celebrate America 's Farmers '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Caroline ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Free Shipping from Walmart.com ... with Store Pickup '' . CNET . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wal - Mart reveals new headquarter plans '' . Northwest Arkansas Democrat Gazette . September 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Public Companies '' . Forbes . April 2011 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew R. ; Rusli , Evelyn M. ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` A Yahoo Search Calls Up a Chief From Google '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 .",
"65": "Jump up ^ Harkavy , Ward ( May 24 , 2000 ) . `` Wal - Mart 's First Lady '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Boulden , Jennifer ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Wal - Mart Former Vice Chairman Coughlin Admits Fraud '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Samedi . `` Wal - Mart Stores , Inc '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Soderquist , Donald ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Wal - mart Way : The Inside Story of the Success of the World 's Largest Company '' ( 2nd ed . ) . Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7852 - 6119 - 3 . Jump up ^ WALMART STORES . `` No Action Letter 2017 '' . SEC Edgar . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WALMART -- DEF 14A '' . www.sec.gov . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WMT Major Holders Insider Transactions Wal - Mart Stores , Inc . Stock -- Yahoo Finance '' . finance.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walmart ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Notice of Annual Shareholders ' Meeting and Proxy Statement '' ( PDF ) . p. 75 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Brad ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Meet the Low - Key , Low - Cost Grocery Chain Being Called ' Walmart 's Worst Nightmare ' '' . TIME .",
"66": "Archived from the original on September 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stilgoe , John ( November 23 , 2003 ) . `` Wal - Mart Giant Can Be Tamed '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2007 . Retrieved January 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Berner , Robert ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` Out - Discounting the Discounter '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Jack ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Wal - Mart : Struggling in Germany '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fairlamb , David ; Laura Cohn ( October 6 , 2003 ) . `` A Bumpy Ride in Europe = '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved July 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( May 23 , 2006 ) . `` Wal - Mart Selling Stores and Leaving South Korea '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ann , Carrie . `` Walmart : Low Prices , Big Numbers '' . IndustryLeaders . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barbaro , Michael ( March 2 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Not Only about Price at Wal - Mart '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wal Mart De Mexico , S.A. De C.V. Business Information , Profile , and History '' . Jrank . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2012 .",
"67": "Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Sheldon . `` Group protests at local Walmart '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Birchall , Jonathan ; Yeager , Holly ( August 17 , 2006 ) . `` A Purchase on Psephology '' ( US ed . ) . Financial Times . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Cox , Daniel ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Target 's Support for Same - sex Marriage Mirrors Customers ' Views '' . Public Religion Research Institute . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gilgoff , Dan ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` 9 religious companies ( besides Chick - fil - A ) '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . And the company 's Arkansas roots helped sensitize it to the shopping habits of churchgoers . It helps explain why Walmart long carries the kind of Christian books that were once the exclusive province of Christian bookstores . `` You do n't find those kinds of things in J.C. Penney , '' Lambert says . But Walmart has been so successful with such material that it 's now become a business threat to Christian booksellers . ^ Jump up to : Sellers , Jeff M. ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Deliver Us from Wal - Mart ? '' . Christianity Today . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Indeed , based in the Bible Belt town of Bentonville , Arkansas , Wal - Mart has a tradition of tailoring its service to churchgoing customers . It sells only the sanitized versions of hip - hop cds bearing warnings of objectionable content .",
"68": "Responding to a campaign by the largest evangelical mutual fund group , The Timothy Plan , to keep Cosmopolitan magazine covers out of view of Wal - Mart customers , the company slapped plastic sheathes over suggestive women 's periodicals and banned `` lad mags '' such as Maxim . ^ Jump up to : Coolidge , Carrie ( September 15 , 2012 ) . `` David Vs. Goliath '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Wal - Mart Stores has seen the light . The world 's biggest retailer has discovered Christian - themed merchandise is one of the fastest - growing categories around . With offerings ranging from best - selling books and videos including The Purpose Driven Life and Veggie Tales , Wal - Mart 's annual sales from Christian - themed merchandise , which is estimated to already exceed $1 billion annually , is growing at a rapid pace . On a company - wide basis , Wal - Mart now offers 550 different Christian music titles and more than 1,200 Christian book titles . Jump up ^ Sellers , Jeff M. ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Deliver Us from Wal - Mart ? '' . Christianity Today . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . In addition , according to Forbes magazine , Wal - Mart has become the largest retailer of Christian - themed merchandise , with well over $1 billion in sales of such items as VeggieTales videos and The Purpose - Driven Life books . Jump up ^ `` Report : Wal - Mart to adopt new custom - fit retail approach '' . Reuters . September 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wal - Mart Hit by ' Brokeback ' Protest '' . Imdb . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alex Grigoryan . `` Walmart Labs -- Github '' . Github . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 .",
"69": "Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Electrode , an open source release from @ WalmartLabs '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Electrode is a platform for building universal React / Node. js applications with standardized structure , best practices , and modern technologies baked in . Electrode focuses on performance , component reusability , and simple deployment to multiple cloud providers -- so you can focus on what makes your app unique . Jump up ^ Grigoryan , Alex. `` Alex Grigoryan -- Medium '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Electrode , an open source release from @ WalmartLabs '' . Medium . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . In less than one year , Walmart.com has completed its migration to React / Node. js and we are proud of that accomplishment ! The goal was to build a new application platform to help @ WalmartLabs and its engineers scale for the future . Jump up ^ Chris V. Nicholson , The New York Times . `` Wal - Mart Buys Social Media Firm Kosmix Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' April 19 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarah Perez , TechCrunch . `` In Battle With Amazon , Walmart Unveils Polaris , A Semantic Search Engine For Products Archived March 8 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HAYS , CONSTANCE L. ( November 14 , 2004 ) . `` What Wal - Mart Knows About Customers ' Habits '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A CASE STUDY OF WALMART '' ( PDF ) . Center for Media Justice . November 2013 .",
"70": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berman , Jillian ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Walmart Now Possesses Info On An Estimated 145 Million Americans : Analysis '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lichtenstein , Nelson ( July 21 , 2009 ) . The Retail Revolution : How Wal - Mart Created a Brave New World of Business . Macmillan . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 8971 - 8 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walton , Sam ( September 12 , 2012 ) . Sam Walton : Made In America . Random House LLC . pp. 299 -- 306 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 76369 - 3 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Featherstone , Liza ( November 21 , 2005 ) . `` Wal - Mart Charity Evaluated : Critics question company 's motives '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julie Wernau ( July 4 , 2010 ) . `` Wal - Mart Impact : Pop Price War Warns of Wal - Mart Impact for Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mui , Ylan Q. ( June 23 , 2008 ) . `` When Wal - Mart Moves In , Neighborhood Businesses Suffer . Right ? '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haltiwanger , John . `` Mom - And - Pop Meet Big Box : Compliments or Substitutes ? '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economics . National Bureau of Economics . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 4 , 2014 .",
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"72": "Retrieved August 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hausman , Jerry ; Ephraim Leibtag ( October 2005 ) . `` Consumer Benefits from Increased Competition in Shopping Outlets : Measuring the Effect of Wal - Mart '' . MIT / United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kirklin , Paul . ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` The Ultimate pro-WalMart Article Archived May 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Ludwig von Mises Institute . Retrieved August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sobel , Russell S. ; Andrea M. Dean . `` Has Wal - Mart Buried Mom and Pop ? : The Impact of Wal - Mart on Self Employment and Small Establishments in the United States Archived June 18 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' West Virginia University . Retrieved August 4 , 2006 . SSRN 986362 Jump up ^ Will , George ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` Democrats Vs. Wal - Mart '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DG McCullough . `` Is ' made in the USA ' really the most sustainable way to manufacture ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Semuels , Alana ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Fully staffed NLRB investigates complaints against Wal - Mart '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Store Wars : When Wal - Mart Comes to Town '' . PBS . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keil , Stanley R. , Spector , Lee C. The Impact of Walmart on Income and Unemployment Differentials in Alabama .",
"73": "Review of Regional Studies ; Winter 2005 , Vol. 35 Issue 3 , p336 - 355 , 20p . Jump up ^ U.S. Largest Employers Archived February 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hiroko Tabuchi and Michael Barbaro ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Walmart Emerges as Unlikely Social Force '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . the nation 's largest private sector employer of African - American workers . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Court approves class - action suit against Wal - Mart '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wal - Mart Stores , Inc. , Petitioner v. Betty Dukes et al '' ( PDF ) . United States Supreme Court . June 20 , 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lennard , Natasha ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Supreme Court sides with Wal - Mart '' . Salon . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Stephanie ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Despite Setback , Plaintiffs to Pursue Wal - Mart Cases '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Conlin , Michelle ( July 16 , 2001 ) . `` Is Wal - Mart hostile to women ? '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zellner , Wendy ( March 3 , 2003 ) .",
"74": "`` No way to treat a lady ? '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malanga , Steven . `` The Tort Plague Hits Wal - Mart '' . City Journal . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moller , Mark ( Summer 2007 ) . `` The Anti - Constitutional Culture of Class Action Law '' ( PDF ) . Regulation . pp. 50 -- 58 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dreiband , Eric S. ( January 7 , 2006 ) . `` Willie Sutton Was a Piker '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wal - Mart Stores , Inc . Recognized As Top Company For Executive Women by the National Association For Female Executives '' ( Press release ) . Wal - Mart Stores , Inc . April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Why Walmart Became LGBT - Friendly '' . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Sarah ( July 2 , 2003 ) . `` Wal - Mart Sets a New Policy That Protects Gay Workers '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` HRC Applauds Wal - Mart 's Inclusive Family Policy ( press release ) '' . Human Rights Campaign . January 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Equality Index '' . Human Rights Campaign. 2006 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2006 . Retrieved November 2 , 2006 .",
"75": "Jump up ^ `` Corporate Equality Index 2016 : Rating American Workplaces on Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Equality '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . Human Rights Campaign . p. 69 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whoopi Defends Sudan Over Muhammad Teddy '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carlisle , John . `` Wal - Mart Embraces Controversial Causes '' ( PDF ) . National Legal and Policy Center . p. 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chan , Melissa . `` Walmart Will Sell Completely Cage - Free Eggs by 2025 '' . TIME . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kell , John . `` Walmart Is the Latest Retailer to Make a Cage - Free Egg Vow '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turner , Nick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wal - Mart Will Switch to All Cage - Free Eggs by 2025 '' . Bloomberg.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Amelinckx , Andrew . `` Walmart Vows to Purchase All Eggs from Cage - Free Sources By 2025 '' . Modern Farmer . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pacelle , Wayne . `` Walmart 's Decision to Switch to Cage - Free Eggs Signals End of Era of Extreme Confinement for Hens '' . AlterNet . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 .",
"76": "Jump up ^ Gelles , David . `` Eggs That Clear the Cages , but Maybe Not the Conscience '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart U.S. Announces Transition to Cage - Free Egg Supply Chain by 2025 '' . news.walmart.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Asda and Lidl Complete UK Cage - Free Revolution '' . The Poultry Site . Jump up ^ `` Walmart Canada -- Animal Welfare '' . www.walmartcanada.ca . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salmonella thrives in cage housing '' . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latin America Deserves Better ! '' . Thunderclap . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Protesters in Lynn want to ruffle Walmart 's feathers -- Itemlive '' . February 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Join the Humane League to protest Walmart 's continued sale of eggs from caged hens -- Living Humane Online '' . livinghumane.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IZQMX '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Activistas piden a Walmart deje de discriminar mexicanos y se sume a `` libre de jaulas '' `` . March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kabel , Marcus . `` Wal - Mart , Critics Slam Each Other on Web Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . The Washington Post . July 18 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sellers , Jeff M. ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Women Against Wal - Mart Archived November 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Christianity Today .",
"77": "Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sellers , Jeff M. ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Deliver Us from Wal - Mart ? Archived October 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Norman , Al ( 2004 ) . The Case Against Wal - Mart . Raphel Marketing , p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 9711542 - 3 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hodal , Kate ; Chris Kelly ; Felicity Lawrence ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Revealed : Asian slave labour producing prawns for supermarkets in US , UK '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Charoen Pokphand ( CP ) Foods , buys fishmeal , which it feeds to its farmed prawns , from some suppliers that own , operate or buy from fishing boats manned with slaves. ... CP Foods admits that slave labour is part of its supply chain . Jump up ^ Copeland , Larry . ( March 13 , 2006 ) . `` Wal - Mart 's hired advocate takes flak Archived September 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rodino Associates . ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` Final Report on Research for Big Box Retail / Superstore Ordinance '' . Los Angeles City Council . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Archived March 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Hedrick . `` Who Calls the Shots in the Global Economy ? Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . '' PBS . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Barstow , Davie ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wal - Mart Abroad '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Fishman , Charles ( 2006 ) .",
"78": "The Wal - Mart Effect : How the World 's Most Powerful Company Really Works -- and How It 's Transforming the American Economy . New York : The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 076 - 2 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Gereffi , Gary ; Michelle , Christian ( 2009 ) . `` The Impacts of Wal - Mart : The Rise and Consequences of the World 's Dominant Retailer '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 35 : 573 -- 591 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - soc - 070308 - 115947 . Ingram , Paul ; Yue , Lori Qingyuan ; Rao , Hayagreeva ( July 2010 ) . `` Trouble in Store : Probes , Protests , and Store Openings by Wal ‐ Mart , 1998 -- 2007 '' . American Journal of Sociology . University of Chicago Press . 116 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 92 . doi : 10.1086 / 653596 . JSTOR 653596 . Lichtenstein , Nelson ( 2009 ) . The Retail Revolution : How Wal - Mart Created a Brave New World of Business . New York : Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7966 - 1 . Vance , Sandra Stringer ; Scott , Roy V. ( 1997 ) . Wal - Mart : A History of Sam Walton 's Retail Phenomenon . New York : Twayne Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8057 - 9832 - 6 . Peled , Micha ( 2001 ) . Store Wars : When Wal - Mart Comes to Town . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wal - Mart . Wikinews has related news : Wal - Mart Official website Wal - Mart Stores Corporate Site Business data for Wal - Mart Stores , Inc. : Google Finance Yahoo !",
"79": "Finance Reuters SEC filings Walmart companies grouped at OpenCorporates Walmart Walton family 1st generation Sam Walton Helen Walton James `` Bud '' Walton 2nd generation S. Robson Walton John T. Walton Christy Walton Jim Walton Alice Walton Ann Walton Kroenke Nancy Walton Laurie 3rd generation Lukas Walton Whitney Ann Kroenke Josh Kroenke Elizabeth Paige Laurie Chairmen Sam Walton S. Robson Walton Greg Penner President / CEO Sam Walton David Glass Lee Scott Mike Duke Doug McMillon Current assets United States @ WalmartLabs Amigo Supermarkets Sam 's Club Vudu Walmart Discount Stores Walmart Neighborhood Market Walmart Supercenter Jet.com Bonobos Hayneedle ModCloth Moosejaw Shoes.com International Asda Asda Mobile Bompreço Massmart Seiyu Walmart Canada Walmart Chile Líder Walmart de México y Centroamérica Bodega Aurrerá Brands List of Walmart brands Sam 's Choice White Stag Great Value Former assets Hypermart USA Marketside Más Club Supermercado de Walmart Walmart Express Yihaodian See also Criticism of Walmart Wal - Mart : The High Cost of Low Price People of Walmart History of Walmart List of assets owned by Walmart Why Wal - Mart Works ; and Why That Drives Some People C-R-A-Z-Y Components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average 3M American Express Apple Boeing Caterpillar Chevron Cisco Systems Coca - Cola Disney DowDuPont ExxonMobil General Electric Goldman Sachs The Home Depot Intel IBM Johnson & Johnson JPMorgan Chase McDonald 's Merck & Co . Microsoft Nike Pfizer Procter & Gamble Travelers UnitedHealth Group United Technologies Verizon Communications Visa Walmart Supermarket chains in the United States Kroger City Market Dillons Baker 's Gerbes Food 4 Less Foods Co .",
"80": "Fred Meyer Fry 's Harris Teeter Jay C Ruler Foods King Soopers Kroger Owen 's Pay Less QFC Ralphs Roundy 's Copp 's Mariano 's Metro Market Pick ' n Save Scott 's Smith 's Albertsons Acme Albertsons Carrs Haggen Jewel - Osco Lucky Pavilions Randalls Safeway Shaw 's and Star Market Super Saver Tom Thumb United Supermarkets Amigos Market Street Vons SuperValu County Market Cub Farm Fresh Hornbacher 's Shop ' n Save Shoppers Ahold Delhaize Food Lion Giant - Carlisle Martin 's Giant - Landover Hannaford Stop & Shop Southeastern Grocers BI-LO Fresco y Más Harveys Supermarkets Winn - Dixie Wakefern PriceRite ShopRite The Fresh Grocer Other national chains Target Walmart Regional chains Asian GW Supermarket H Mart Hong Kong Supermarket Island Pacific Supermarket Lion Supermarket Marina Food Marukai Corporation U.S.A. Mitsuwa Marketplace Nijiya Market Seafood City Shun Fat Supermarket Tawa 99 Ranch Market 168 Market Uwajimaya Hispanic Bravo El Ahorro Supermarket Fiesta Foods Fiesta Mart La Perla Tapatía Supermarkets Más Club Mi Pueblo Food Center Supermercados Teloloapan Vallarta Supermarkets Organic Earth Fare Natural Grocers Sprouts Trader Joe 's Whole Foods Wholesale BJ 's Cash & Carry Costco Sam 's Conventional Acme Fresh Market Aldi Amigo Balducci 's Bashas ' Best Market Big Y Boyer 's Food Markets , Inc . Bristol Farms Brookshire Brothers Brookshire Grocery Company Buehler Food Markets Inc .",
"81": "C - Town Supermarkets Central Market D&W Fresh Market Dave 's Markets Dean & DeLuca DeMoulas Market Basket Dierbergs Markets Don Quijote Times Supermarkets Dorothy Lane Market Easy - Way Store Econofoods Family Fare Fairway Market Fareway Festival Foods Festival Foods ( Minnesota ) Food Giant Food City Foodarama FoodLand Foodtown Pathmark Gelson 's Gerland Corporation Giant Eagle Grand Mart Gristedes Grocery Outlet Harmons Harps Food Stores H-E-B Heinen 's Fine Foods Highland Park Market Homeland Houchens Hugo 's Hy - Vee IGA Ingles Inserra Supermarkets Jerry 's Foods Jungle Jim 's International Market Karns Quality Foods Key Food Super Fresh The Food Emporium King Kullen Kings Super Markets Kuhn 's Quality Foods Lewis Food Town Lidl Lowe 's Market Lowes Foods Lund Food Holdings Magruder 's Marc 's Market Basket Market of Choice Martin 's Super Markets Meijer Met Foods Miracle Mart Mollie Stone 's Markets Morton Williams New Seasons Market Niemann Foods No Frills Supermarkets Nugget Markets PCC Community Markets Petrini 's Piggly Wiggly Piggly Wiggly Carolina Co . Pink Dot Price Chopper / Price Mart Price Chopper Supermarkets Publix Pueblo Raley 's Supermarkets Red Owl Redner 's Markets Remke Markets Rice Epicurean Markets Ridley 's Family Markets Roche Bros . Rosauers Supermarkets Rouses Russ 's Market Save - A-Lot Save Mart Supermarkets SaveRite Schnucks Scolari 's Food and Drug Seafood City Sedano 's Sellers Bros . Sendik 's Food Market Sentry Foods Seven Mile Market Shop ' n Save Smart & Final SpartanNash Stanley Stores Star Market Stater Bros . Stew Leonard 's Strack & Van Til Straub 's Markets Sullivan Family of Companies",
"82": "Foodland Hawaii Supermercados Econo Supermercados Selectos Super Dollar Discount Foods Super One Foods Super Saver Foods ( B&R Stores ) The Fresh Market Tops Friendly Markets United Grocery Outlet URM Stores Valu King Weaver Street Market Wegmans Weis Markets Westborn Market Western Beef WinCo Foods Woodman 's Markets Yoke 's Fresh Market Zabar 's Zupan 's Markets Defunct banners A-Mart A&P Food Basics Pathmark Waldbaum 's ABCO Foods Alpha Beta Andronico 's AppleTree Markets Belle Foods Big Bear Stores Big Star Markets Bloom Bottom Dollar Food Bruno 's Buttrey Food & Drug Byrd 's Carter 's Foods Chatham Clemens Markets Colonial Stores Dahl 's Foods Daniel Reeves Stores David 's Supermarkets Davis Food City Delchamps Deskins Dick 's Supermarket Dominick 's Eagle Food Centers Eberhard 's Eisner Food Stores Farmer Jack Felpausch Finast Fisher Foods Food Fair Food World Food - a-rama Fresh & Easy Furr 's Genuardi 's Giant Open Air Glen 's Markets Grand Union Hamady Brothers Henry 's Farmers Market Hills Supermarkets Hinky Dinky Jitney Jungle Johnnie 's Foodmaster Kessel Food Markets Laneco Marketside Mars Marsh Supermarkets Minyard Food Stores National Supermarkets National Tea Omni Superstore Penn Fruit Penn Traffic Pick - N - Pay Supermarkets Plus Purity Supreme Quality Markets QFI Red Food Reid 's Schaffer Stores Company",
"83": "Seaway Food Town Seessel 's Simon David Skaggs Companies Southern Family Markets Sunflower Farmers Market Sunflower Market Super Duper Sweetbay Supermarket Tidyman 's Twin Valu Ukrop 's Super Markets Victory Supermarkets Warehouse Economy Outlet Weingarten 's Wild Oats Markets Xpect Discounts List of supermarket chains in the United States VIAF : 128951275 ISNI : 0000 0004 0616 1876 SUDOC : 050771116 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walmart&oldid=822180680 '' Categories : Walmart 1962 establishments in Arkansas American companies established in 1962 Bentonville , Arkansas Companies based in Arkansas Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Discount stores of the United States Hypermarkets of the United States Multinational companies headquartered in the United States Online retailers of the United States Retail companies established in 1962 Supermarkets of China Supermarkets of the United States Superstores in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use American English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014",
"84": "Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2016 OpenCorporates groupings Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių",
"85": "Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 21 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where do the florida marlins have spring training
|
[
"Roger Dean Stadium",
"Roger Dean Stadium",
"Roger Dean Stadium"
] |
{
"0": "Roger Dean Stadium - wikipedia Roger Dean Stadium Jump to : navigation , search Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium Roger Dean Stadium pictured in 2009 Full name Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium Location 4751 Main Street Jupiter , Florida 33458 ( 561 ) 775 - 1818 26 ° 53 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 06 ′ 59 '' W / 26.89111 ° N 80.11639 ° W / 26.89111 ; - 80.11639 Owner Palm Beach County Operator Jupiter Stadium Limited Capacity 6,871 Field size Left Field : 335 ft Left - Center : 380 ft Center Field : 400 ft Right - Center : 375 ft Right Field : 325 ft Surface Grass Construction Broke ground March 6 , 1997 Opened February 28 , 1998 Construction cost US $28 million ( $42 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect Populous Structural engineer Bliss & Nyitray , Inc . Services engineer Bredson & Associates , Inc . General contractor Case Contracting Company Tenants GCL Cardinals ( GCL ) ( 1998 -- present ) Jupiter Hammerheads ( FSL ) ( 1998 -- present ) Montreal Expos ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 1998 -- 2002 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 1998 -- present ) Palm Beach Cardinals ( FSL ) ( 2003 -- present ) GCL Marlins ( GCL ) ( 2003 -- present ) Miami Marlins ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 2003 -- present ) Roger Dean Stadium ( officially known as Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium ) is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter , Florida . The stadium was built in 1998 , holds 6,871 people , and features luxury sky - box seating , two levels of permanent seating , parking and concessions . The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams : the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League , and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie - level Gulf Coast League .",
"1": "Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training : the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals ( the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches , which opened in 2017 , hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros ) . In both venues , the teams share the main stadium where the games are played . However , the teams have their own practice fields , outdoor batting cages , several pitching mounds , and state - of - the - art conditioning rooms . History ( edit ) Through 2002 the Montreal Expos shared the stadium with the Cardinals , until they swapped with the Marlins as part of the Marlins sale to Jeffrey Loria . The Expos , now known as the Washington Nationals , then moved to Space Coast Stadium in Viera , Florida . Roger Dean Stadium was badly damaged in 2004 by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne . Cliff Politte threw the first pitch in the stadium 's history in spring training , 1998 . In September 2012 , the stadium hosted a qualifying round for the 2013 World Baseball Classic . Spain , France , Israel , and South Africa took part in the qualifier . Roger Dean Stadium References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Knight , Graham . `` Roger Dean Stadium '' . Baseball Pilgrimages . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jarvis , Gary . `` Roger Dean Stadium '' . Minor League Ballparks . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Baseball Sports Facilities '' . Bredson & Associates , Inc . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2002 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muret , Don ( September 13 , 2004 ) . `` Teams Face Repairs at Spring Training Facilities '' . SportsBusiness Journal . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McGwire Christens New Park for Cards '' . Southeast Missourian . Cape Girardeau , Missouri .",
"2": "March 1 , 1998 . pp. 1B , 4B . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dorado , Juan ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Roger Dean Stadium to Host World Baseball Classic Qualifier '' . TCPalm. Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Roger Dean Stadium Official website Stadium Fact Sheet Miami Marlins Spring training ballpark St. Louis Cardinals Spring training ballpark Roger Dean Stadium Minor League Ball Parks Roger Dean Stadium Views -- Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues Miami Marlins Formerly the Florida Marlins Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Seasons History Expansion Expansion Draft Records No - hitters Award winners and league leaders Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Miami Marlins Radio Network Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Pro Player Stadium Marlins Park Spring training : Cocoa Expo Stadium Space Coast Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Billy the Marlin Fire sale Marlins Man The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) Lore Steve Bartman incident Fort Bragg Game Rivalries Tampa Bay Rays Retired numbers 42 Key personnel Owner : Bruce Sherman Team President : Derek Jeter President of Baseball Operations : Michael Hill General Manager : Michael Hill Manager : Don Mattingly World Series Championships ( 2 ) 1997 2003 National League Pennants ( 2 ) 1997 2003 Division titles National League East : none Wild card berths 1997 2003 Minor League affiliates AAA New Orleans Baby Cakes AA Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp A Adv .",
"3": "Jupiter Hammerheads Greensboro Grasshoppers Short A Batavia Muckdogs Rookie Gulf Coast League Marlins DSL Marlins Seasons ( 26 ) 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Montreal Expos Now the Washington Nationals Based in Montreal , Quebec ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Franchise Seasons Expansion Expansion draft Records No - hitters Players Opening Day starting pitchers Player of the Year Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Jarry Park Olympic Stadium Hiram Bithorn Stadium Spring training City Island Ball Park Municipal Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Space Coast Stadium Culture `` The Happy Wanderer '' Youppi !",
"4": "Expo 67 TSN The Cap Lore Blue Monday Dennis Martínez 's perfect game Meilleure équipe de baseball David Cone 's perfect game Rivalries Toronto Blue Jays Retired numbers 8 10 10 30 42 Championships National League East : 1981 ( second half ) Seasons ( 36 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 St. Louis Cardinals Based in St. Louis , Missouri Franchise Hall of Fame Members of the National Hall of Fame Awards & League Leaders Records No - hitters Roster Players Coaches Managers General Managers and Owners Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor League Players First - round draft picks All articles History 1875 -- 1919 1920 -- 52 1953 -- 89 1990 -- present Seasons Ballparks Robison Field Sportsman 's Park Busch Memorial Stadium Busch Stadium Spring training Whittington Park Herald Park West End Park City Park City Island Ball Park Ninth Street Park Al Lang Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Jack Buck Cardinal Nation Fredbird `` Here Comes the King '' Gashouse Gang KMOX Mike Shannon Rally Squirrel Whiteyball The Pride of St.",
"5": "Louis Death on the Diamond Budweiser Clydesdales Ballpark Village Lore 1946 NL tie - breaker series Slaughter 's Mad Dash Brock for Broglio `` Go Crazy , Folks ! '' The Call Home run chase Fernando Tatís ' two grand slams 2011 World Series Game 6 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Chicago Cubs Kansas City Royals Key personnel Owner : Bill DeWitt , Jr . President of Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak General Manager : Mike Girsch Manager : Mike Matheny Minor league affiliates AAA Memphis Redbirds AA Springfield Cardinals A Adv . Palm Beach Cardinals Peoria Chiefs Short A State College Spikes Rookie Adv . Johnson City Cardinals Rookie Gulf Coast League Cardinals Dominican Summer League Cardinals World Series Championships pre-MLB 1885 1886 MLB 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 League pennants American Association 1885 1886 1887 1888 National League 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 Division titles National League East 1982 1985 National League Central 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013",
"6": "2014 2015 Wild card titles 2001 2011 2012 All Star Games hosted 1940 1957 1966 2009 Seasons ( 137 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947",
"7": "1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Stadiums of the Grapefruit League FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Champion Stadium Charlotte Sports Park Dunedin Stadium Ed Smith Stadium First Data Field George M.",
"8": "Steinbrenner Field Hammond Stadium JetBlue Park at Fenway South LECOM Park Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Spectrum Field Ballparks in the Florida State League North Division Dunedin Stadium Osceola County Stadium Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Radiology Associates Field at Jackie Robinson Ballpark Spectrum Field Steinbrenner Field South Division Charlotte Sports Park First Data Field Hammond Stadium LECOM Park Roger Dean Stadium Current ballparks in the Gulf Coast League East First Data Field Roger Dean Stadium FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Northeast Champion Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Pirate City Complex Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Northwest Bobby Mattick Training Center at Englebert Complex Carpenter Complex George M. Steinbrenner Field Joker Marchant Stadium South Charlotte Sports Park Ed Smith Stadium JetBlue Park at Fenway South Lee County Sports Complex NAIA World Series Ballparks Kokernot Field ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Soos Park ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Phil Welch Stadium ( 1962 -- 1969 , 1974 -- 1978 ) Phoenix Municipal Stadium ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Herschel Greer Stadium ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Chaparral Stadium ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Harris Field ( 1984 -- 1991 ,",
"9": "2000 -- present ) Sec Taylor Stadium ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Lewis and Clark Park ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Drillers Stadium ( 1998 ) Roger Dean Stadium ( 1999 ) Tournaments 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Dean_Stadium&oldid=832534649 '' Categories : Florida State League ballparks Minor league baseball venues Spring training ballparks Grapefruit League venues Miami Marlins spring training venues Montreal Expos spring training venues St. Louis Cardinals spring training venues Baseball venues in Florida Sports venues completed in 1998 Jupiter , Florida Sports venues in Palm Beach County , Florida NAIA World Series venues 1998 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 16 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
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when does star trek discovery season 1 end
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"February 11, 2018",
"February 11, 2018",
"February 11, 2018"
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{
"0": "Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) Promotional poster Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Jason Isaacs Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network CBS ( 1x01 ) CBS All Access Original release September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) List of Star Trek : Discovery episodes The first season of the American television series Star Trek : Discovery is set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series , and follows the crew of the USS Discovery during a Federation -- Klingon war . The season is produced by CBS Television Studios in association with Secret Hideout , Roddenberry Entertainment , and Living Dead Guy Productions , with Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serving as showrunners , and Akiva Goldsman providing producing support . Sonequa Martin - Green stars as Michael Burnham , first officer of the USS Shenzhou , along with Doug Jones , Shazad Latif , Anthony Rapp , Mary Wiseman , and Jason Isaacs . The new series was announced in November 2015 , and Bryan Fuller joined as showrunner the next February . After disagreements with CBS over the direction of the show , and struggles with other commitments , Fuller left the series ; Berg and Harberts took over day - to - day production using a mythology and broad story arc established by Fuller . The Klingon species was redesigned for the season , and its culture and biology was greatly developed . The season premiered on September 19 , 2017 , at ArcLight Hollywood , before debuting on CBS on September 24 . The premiere episode was also made available on CBS All Access , where the rest of the 15 - episode season stream weekly . The season 's release has led to record subscriptions for All Access , and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin - Green 's performance , as well as the series ' production value and its new additions to Star Trek canon . A second season was ordered in October 2017 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.4. 1 Klingons 3.5 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings and viewership 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 Further reading Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Vulcan Hello '' David Semel Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) Investigating a damaged satellite near a binary star system on the edge of Federation space , the crew members of the USS Shenzhou discover an object obscured from their sensors . After First Officer Michael Burnham volunteers to investigate the object , she finds an ancient , carved vessel . She is attacked by a Klingon , and when trying to escape , she accidentally kills him . A group of Klingons mourn the death of their soldier , dubbed the `` Torchbearer '' , before the outcast Voq volunteers to take his place . The Klingons , led by T'Kuvma , reveal themselves in a cloakable ship . T'Kuvma preaches to his followers of the Federation 's attempts to usurp the individuality of the Klingons and their culture , and plans to fulfill an ancient prophecy by uniting the 24 great Klingon houses as was once done by Kahless . Voq activates a beacon that summons the Klingon leaders . Burnham , desperate to prevent a war , attempts to fire on the Klingons first , against the wishes of Captain Philippa Georgiou . Burnham is arrested for mutiny .",
"2": "`` Battle at the Binary Stars '' Adam Kane Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) T'Kuvma convinces the majority of the Klingon leaders that he can lead them to victory over the Federation , as reinforcements for the Shenzhou arrive . Georgiou offers to resolve the situation peacefully , but the Klingons immediately open fire . Starfleet Admiral Anderson arrives and again offers peace to the Klingons , but his ship is rammed by another cloaked Klingon vessel . Anderson has his ship self - destruct , destroying the Klingon ship as well . Starfleet retreats , leaving the Klingons to collect their dead . In the remains of the Shenzhou , Burnham escapes her cell after encouragement from her guardian Sarek via a telepathic connection . She convinces Georgiou to try to take T'Kuvma prisoner , and they create a distraction by sending an explosive into his ship with a Klingon corpse . Boarding the vessel , Burnham overpowers Voq . Georgiou attempts to capture T'Kuvma , but is killed . T'Kuvma is fatally shot by Burnham , who is transported to safety . Voq promises that T'Kuvma's legacy will live on . Burnham is later sentenced to life in prison for her mutiny . `` Context Is for Kings '' Akiva Goldsman Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) Six months into her sentence , Burnham is on an unexpected prison transfer when an emergency forces her shuttle to be rescued by the USS Discovery . Spending several days on the ship , Burnham is ordered by its captain , the mysterious Gabriel Lorca , to assist with a scientific assignment . Burnham overhears Lieutenant Paul Stamets , an astromycologist who is leading the assignment , discuss an upcoming experiment with a colleague serving on another starship ; Lorca is soon informed of an incident on the Discovery 's sister ship , the USS Glenn , that has killed the entire crew .",
"3": "Stamets leads a boarding party to investigate and finds the dead crew hideously twisted and malformed , as well as a group of Klingons killed by an unknown creature . Lorca later asks Burnham to work for him , despite her sentence , explaining that he organized the circumstances that led her to him so she could help develop a new spore - based propulsion system that could win the war she started by killing T'Kuvma . He also secretly has the creature transported aboard the Discovery . `` The Butcher 's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb 's Cry '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) Lorca assigns Burnham to study the creature from the Glenn , dubbed a Tardigrade , to find a way to use its biology as a weapon . Starfleet orders Discovery to the dilithium mining colony Corvan II , which is under Klingon attack . Stamets is reluctant to make such a long jump using the spores , and when the drive is activated the ship nearly collides with a star . Lorca sends Commander Landry to keep Burnham 's research on track , and she attempts to sedate the Tardigrade ( that she names Ripper ) to cut off its claw ; it kills her . Burnham believes that Ripper was acting in self - defense , and is drawn to the spores . Stamets and Burnham transport it to Engineering , where it connects to the spore drive and interfaces with the navigation system . The ship successfully makes the jump to Corvan II and saves the colony . On T'Kuvma's stranded ship , Klingon leader Kol earns the loyalty of T'Kuvma's desperate followers , and leaves Voq to die in the wreckage of the Shenzhou . L'Rell , secretly loyal to Voq , promises a way for them to win the war for the house of T'Kuvma .",
"4": "5 `` Choose Your Pain '' Lee Rose Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers Teleplay by : Kemp Powers October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) After a month of successful operations , Lorca is ordered to protect the spore drive until it can be replicated for other Starfleet ships . As he returns to the Discovery , Lorca is taken captive by the Klingons . Burnham has grown concerned with the toll that the drive has taken on Ripper . Along with Stamets ' partner , medical officer Hugh Culber , Burnham convinces Stamets to find an alternative to run the drive . Lorca is imprisoned with captured Starfleet officer Ash Tyler and human criminal Harry Mudd , and in discussions Lorca reveals that he killed his entire crew during an earlier battle to spare them from the Klingons ' torture , but escaped himself . Lorca is tortured by L'Rell , who wants the secret behind Discovery 's new form of travel , but Lorca and Tyler escape before the Klingons learn anything . For the final jump needed to escape the Klingons , with Lorca and Tyler on - board , Stamets connects to the spore drive himself using Ripper 's DNA . Later , Burnham frees Ripper , while Stamets ' reflection does not walk away from a mirror when he does . 6 `` Lethe '' Douglas Aarniokoski Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) On his way to broker a peace deal with renegade Klingon houses , Sarek is injured when a `` logic extremist '' attempts to assassinate him . Burnham senses this , and Lorca agrees to rescue Sarek . Admiral Katrina Cornwell questions this decision and others that Lorca has been making . Burnham searches for Sarek in a shuttle with her roommate , Cadet Sylvia Tilly , and Tyler . Burnham attempts to connect with Sarek 's mind , and finds him remembering the time that her application for the Vulcan Expeditionary Group was rejected . She learns that the VEG would only admit one of Sarek 's children , and he chose Spock , his half - human son .",
"5": "Spock ultimately chose to join Starfleet , rendering Sarek 's decision futile . Burnham helps him regain consciousness and activate a locator beacon . Lorca and Cornwell sleep together , but she is concerned by his paranoid behavior and plans to remove him from command of Discovery . With Sarek unable to meet the Klingons , Cornwell takes his place ; however , the peace talks are actually a trap , and she is taken captive . 7 `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' David M. Barrett Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) While attending a crew party , Burnham and Tyler are called to the bridge to deal with an endangered space creature that the Discovery has come across . When the creature is brought on board , it is revealed to be carrying a person : Harry Mudd . He plans to kill Lorca and sell the ship to the Klingons , but when he is caught he blows up the ship instead . Time returns to the party earlier , with Burnham and Tyler called to the bridge again . They are intercepted by Stamets , who is aware that they are in a time loop due to his interactions with Ripper . Over several time loops Stamets works with Burnham and Tyler to find a solution to the problem while Mudd gets further in his plan each time . They eventually convince Mudd that he has won , and he ends the time loop . Preparing to receive a boarding party of Klingons , Mudd is instead confronted by his `` beloved '' Stella and her father , from whom he had stolen her dowry . They take Mudd away . Stamets reveals to Burnham and Tyler that in one of the time loops they had danced together and kissed . 8 `` Si Vis Pacem , Para Bellum '' John S. Scott Kirsten Beyer November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) Coming to the aid of another Federation ship , the Discovery is unable to prevent its destruction from a Klingon ship with their cloaking technology .",
"6": "Desperate for a way to detect these ships even when they are cloaked , Burnham , Tyler , and Saru are sent to Pahvo , a seemingly uninhabited planet with a naturally occurring crystalline transmitter that broadcasts the planet 's vibrational frequency into space . They hope to use the transmitter to create a sonar for the hidden Klingon ships . They discover that Pahvo is inhabited with indigenous life that introduce Saru to their higher understanding of peace , and he attempts to force Burnham and Tyler to remain with him on the planet forever . Burnham is able to fight off Saru and broadcast the new signal . However , the Pahvo lifeforms adjust the signal to contact the Klingons as well , hoping to end the war . Kol receives the signal , after sentencing L'Rell to death : she had tried to help Cornwell escape in exchange for protection from Kol , leading to L'Rell apparently killing Cornwell to try save face with Kol . 9 `` Into the Forest I Go '' Chris Byrne Bo Yeon Kim & Erika Lippoldt November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Lorca is ordered to flee before the Klingons arrive , but disobeys orders to protect the lifeforms on Pahvo and their chances of detecting the cloaked ships . When the Klingons arrive , Tyler and Burnham transport to their ship and plant sensors that will help create an algorithm for detecting the cloaked ships . They find an alive Cornwell hidden with L'Rell , but encountering the latter sends Tyler into shock due to PTSD from her torturing and raping him . Lorca has Stamets make 133 micro-jumps in order to provide a three - dimensional reading of the sensors , while Burnham distracts Kol by challenging him to a fight . The jumps are completed , though not without trauma to Stamets . When the algorithm is calculated , Burnham , Tyler , Cornwell , and L'Rell ( who wishes to defect ) are transported back to the Discovery and the Klingon ship is destroyed . Stamets volunteers to make one more jump to safety , but tells Lorca it will be his last . However , Lorca changes the coordinates and they jump to an unknown destination surrounded by debris from Klingon ships .",
"7": "10 `` Despite Yourself '' Jonathan Frakes Sean Cochran January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) Discovery 's crew determines that they have arrived in a parallel Mirror Universe , with Stamets now unconscious and unable to power the spore drive . Tyler confronts L'Rell , and she attempts to use a verbal cue to trigger something within him , though he fights this off . From a data core from a wrecked Klingon ship , they learn that this universe is ruled by the human Terran Empire , who are fighting a resistance that includes species such as Klingons and Vulcans . Here , Burnham is the former captain of the ISS Shenzhou , presumed dead after an attack by the fugitive Lorca . The ISS Discovery is captained by Silvia Tilly 's counterpart , so she and the crew pretend to be their Mirror selves . They deliver Burnham and Lorca to the Shenzhou , under the ruse that Burnham had been hunting Lorca since her presumed death and had now captured him . Tyler accompanies them , after first killing Culber when he informs Tyler that he appears to have undergone major surgical modifications . On the Shenzhou , Lorca is tortured while Burnham assumes command . 11 `` The Wolf Inside '' TJ Scott Lisa Randolph January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) The ISS Shenzhou is given the coordinates of the resistance leadership , and ordered to kill them all . Burnham and Tyler travel as a landing party themselves and instead surrender to the resistance in hopes of learning how the Klingons of this universe have learned to work with other species ; they find that the Mirror Voq is the leader . Burnham offers to give the group time to escape before their base is destroyed , and Mirror Sarek confirms she can be trusted after connecting to her mind . Listening to Voq triggers Tyler 's programming , and he has to be restrained . Back on the ship , he reveals to Burnham that he now knows he was once Voq , and that he underwent surgery to appear human and infiltrate Starfleet . She has him beamed into space , where he is picked up by the USS Discovery .",
"8": "Saru and Tilly imprison him , having earlier found the body of Culber , and apparently failed to heal Stamets using spores . Burnham is reprimanded for not killing the resistance leaders immediately by the Emperor -- the Mirror Georgiou . 12 `` Vaulting Ambition '' Hanelle M. Culpepper Jordon Nardino January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) Burnham and Lorca are summoned to the ISS Charon , the imperial flagship . Georgiou sends Lorca to a torturous agony booth , and has dinner with Burnham . Stamets finds himself within the mycelial network with the consciousness of his Mirror counterpart , learning that the network has been corrupted by the Mirror Stamets ' experiments . Stamets encounters a representation of Culber and accepts his loss , before waking up to find his spore collection infected . Georgiou laments allowing Lorca to become a father figure for Burnham , only for the pair to fall in love and plot to overthrow her . She plans to execute Burnham , who reveals the truth about being from another universe . Explaining how they had crossed over , Georgiou trades the spore drive 's schematics for information on alternative ways to cross between universes , which leads Burnham to realize that the Lorca she knows is actually from the Mirror Universe , and has been manipulating events to get close to her and back to the Mirror Universe . Lorca escapes from the agony booth . 13 `` What 's Past is Prologue '' TBA TBA January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 14 `` The War Without , The War Within '' TBA TBA February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 15 `` Will You Take My Hand ? '' TBA TBA February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) Chelsea Dowling will direct for the season . Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access .",
"9": "Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Main ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham Doug Jones as Saru Shazad Latif as Voq / Ash Tyler Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca Recurring ( edit ) Michelle Yeoh as Philippa Georgiou Mary Chieffo as L'Rell James Frain as Sarek Kenneth Mitchell as Kol Jayne Brook as Katrina Cornwell Wilson Cruz as Hugh Culber Notable guests ( edit ) Mia Kirshner as Amanda Grayson Rainn Wilson as Harry Mudd Katherine Barrell as Stella Mudd Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Co-creator Bryan Fuller did initial work as showrunner on Discovery , establishing the story and mythology , before leaving the series after a difficult relationship with CBS . On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 , to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service . In February 2016 , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner . Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years , and when he first met with CBS about the series , the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be . He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series . CBS told Fuller to just start with a single serialized show and see how that performs first , and he began further developing the prequel concept . In June , Fuller announced that the first season would consist of 13 episodes , and a month later , at Star Trek 's 50th anniversary San Diego Comic - Con panel , he revealed the series ' title to be Star Trek : Discovery , and confirmed that it would be set in the `` Prime Timeline '' of the previous Star Trek series .",
"10": "At the end of July , CBS hired David Semel , a veteran television procedural director who was under an overall deal with the studio , to direct the pilot for Discovery . This was a decision that Fuller was not happy with , believing that Semel `` was wrong for the job '' . Fuller wanted a more visionary director , and had personally reached out to Edgar Wright to direct the pilot before CBS hired Semel . As development and pre-production on the series continued , Fuller and Semel `` clashed '' on the direction of the show . The series was also starting to overrun its per - episode budget , while Fuller was attempting to both design new sets , costumes , and aliens as well as heading the series ' writers and also spending considerable time addressing his commitments as showrunner of another new series , American Gods . This caused frustration among CBS executives that were pushing for a January 2017 debut , a date that others believed was unrealistic . By August 2016 , Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies , to serve as co-showrunners with him . A month later , Fuller and Kurtzman had asked CBS to delay the series ' release so they could realistically meet the high expectations for the series , and the studio announced that the series premiere had been pushed back to May 2017 . The pair said that `` these extra few months will help us achieve a vision we can all be proud of . '' A few weeks after the delay , Fuller met with Sonequa Martin - Green about portraying the series ' lead , a character that had been surprisingly difficult for the production to cast . Fuller `` felt he found the crucial piece of the puzzle '' , but the actress would not be released from a contract at AMC until her character 's death on The Walking Dead which was not set to air until April 2017 , meaning Discovery would have to be delayed again if Martin - Green was cast . At the end of October , CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner .",
"11": "They announced that the production was being restructured to keep Fuller actively involved with the series but not on a day - to - day production level as he shifted his focus fully to American Gods : Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners , working off of a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller ; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers , with Fuller still helping the writers break stories ; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role , similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman , to help the showrunners and other producers `` juggle the demands of the series '' . In a statement , CBS reiterated that they were `` extremely happy with ( Fuller 's ) creative direction '' for the series , and were committed to `` seeing this vision through '' . However , some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped , including some `` more heavily allegorical and complex story '' points and some of his designs . Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved in the series at all , which he said was `` bittersweet ... I can only give them the material I 've given them and hope that it is helpful for them . '' By the end of the year , Martin - Green had indeed been cast as the series ' lead , and in May 2017 , the episode order was expanded to 15 . That June , CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24 . Writing ( edit ) `` One of the driving forces of this war was to not vilify either side . The show is often told from both points of view ... there are significant sections of the narrative that are purely from the Klingon point of view and in Klingon . That allows the audience to participate in the debate of who is right and who is wrong . '' -- Executive producer Akiva Goldsman on approaching the Federation - Klingon war from both sides . Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700 + episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season . He and the writers had completed this arc by the end of June 2016 .",
"12": "The story arc revolves around `` an event in Star Trek history that 's been talked about but never been explored '' , 10 years before the events of the original series , which was revealed to be the Federation - Klingon cold war . Fuller elaborated that the original series episode `` Balance of Terror '' , one of his favorites , would be `` a touchstone '' for the season 's story arc . Because of the season 's focus on Klingons and their culture , the producers decided that members of the species would speak their own language with subtitles throughout the show , which Berg said was `` very important for us ... They have their own pride . They have their own interests and talent . It 's a very fascinating culture . '' Noting that the Klingons historically represented the Soviet Union , becoming friendlier with the protagonists of Star Trek as the Cold War ended , Harberts stated that in Discovery they and Starfleet would represent different factions within the modern United States , explaining that `` what we really wanted to do too is understand two differing points of view and really explore it ... making sure they are n't just the enemy . And then finding a way to come together . How do we bring everyone back together ? ( That ) is what season one is all about . '' Berg elaborated that `` one of the themes we are exploring is universal and is a lesson I feel like as human beings we have to learn over and over again -- is you think you know ' the other , ' but you really do n't . You have to sort of cognitively re-frame or break or deviate from your own point of view to really understand . You have to forget what you knew before . One of the big steps in that journey is how to understand yourself . You have to understand yourself before you can better see others . The show is called Discovery and it is called Discovery for a reason , because our characters are on a journey . '' Goldsman said the story of the Klingon War would cover only the first season of the series , ending with the creation of the Neutral Zone , something Goldsman said is `` sufficiently inexact that we can now fill in how we got there . ''",
"13": "He noted that the season is set in a time period that has been mentioned a lot in Star Trek previously , and that has been widely covered by previous Star Trek novels , and explained that the writers considered those novels to be non-canon , `` but we are aware of them . And , we are going to cross paths with components that Trek fans are familiar with '' . Discussing some of the characters ' relationships , the showrunners noted that previous Star Trek series revolved around the relationships between central male characters , but Discovery focuses more on female characters with a `` friendship structure '' that goes from Captain Georgiou to First Officer Burnham , and from Burnham to Cadet Tilly . They also explained that the two main Starfleet captains in the series , Georgiou and Lorca , are `` metaphors for how people and institutions act in times of conflict and desperation '' , with Georgiou responding to war as would be expected of a Starfleet officer from previous series , but Lorca `` represents a more mysterious , complicated version of a Starfleet captain who can almost only exist during a time of war '' . Rather than begin the season with Burnham boarding the USS Discovery and revealing her backstory through flashbacks , which a more traditional series may have done , the writers wanted to have a prologue that explored Burnham initial actions and her relationship to Georgiou . Feeling that at least `` two hours '' were needed to convey this , the first two episodes of the season ( released as the two - part premiere of the series ) cover this prologue , with the season 's main story beginning with the third episode , which was considered to be the series ' equivalent of a pilot episode . It begins six months after the prologue episodes , which was inspired by film sequels that begin with significant events having transpired since the previous installment such as Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . The third episode reveals that the season 's story involves the development of a new form of space travel that could win the war for the Federation . When it was noted that this form of travel is not known in the previous Star Trek series ( set later in the canon ) , actor Jason Isaacs stated that the writers were aware of this , and were `` very clear , in not a cop - out way , to both incorporate this stuff which is exciting and very visual , to make sure that it did n't rankle canon . ''",
"14": "The season 's story is split into two `` micro-arcs '' , covering the first nine episodes and then the rest of the season , with a break in airing between the two . Casting ( edit ) In addition to Martin - Green as Michael Burnham , the series also stars Doug Jones as Saru , an alien lieutenant commander ; Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler , a former prisoner of war ; Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets , an astromycologist ; Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly , a cadet ; and Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca , captain of the USS Discovery . Not all of the show 's characters are introduced immediately , with the writers taking advantage of the streaming , serialized format to take their time introducing each character and spend time with them as they are introduced . Tyler is revealed to actually be the Klingon Voq disguised as a human ; Voq was initially credited as being portrayed by the invented actor Javid Iqbal , named for Latif 's father , to hide the fact that Latif was portraying both Voq and Tyler . In November 2016 , series ' writer and consulting producer Nicholas Meyer mentioned that Michelle Yeoh had been cast in Discovery , and she was soon confirmed to be portraying Captain Georgiou of the USS Shenzhou . With Latif 's initial casting in December 2016 , Mary Chieffo was cast as the Klingon L'Rell . In April 2017 , Kenneth Mitchell was cast as Kol , the character that Latif was originally cast to play before he was given the role of Tyler . That July , Rapp revealed that Wilson Cruz , whom Rapp had previously worked with on the musical Rent , would portray Stamets ' love interest Hugh Culber . Jayne Brook also has a recurring role in the season , as Admiral Katrina Cornwell . Additionally , appearing throughout the season are Emily Coutts as Keyla Detmer , Sara Mitich as Airiam , and Ali Momen as Kamran Gant , Chris Violette as Britch Weeton , Romain Waite as Troy Januzzi , Oyin Oladejo as Joann Owosekun , Conrad Coates as Terral , Patrick Kwok - Choon as Rhys , as well as Tasia Valenza and Julianne Grossman as the computer voices for the Shenzhou and the Discovery , respectively .",
"15": "Fuller said in August 2016 that `` once we get through this first season and establish our own Star Trek universe '' and characters , the series could look `` to open up to more familiar characters and how they can feed into the ( show ) . '' He did express interest in including the character Amanda Grayson , saying , `` there 's much to be told about that '' . She was later confirmed to be appearing in the season . By January 2017 , James Frain was cast as Grayson 's husband Sarek . Rainn Wilson was cast as another original series character , Harry Mudd , that March . In September , Harberts revealed that Mia Kirshner had been cast as Grayson . Katherine Barrell portrays Mudd 's wife Stella . Design ( edit ) The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek : Planet of the Titans . The USS Shenzhou was designed to look older than the Discovery , and was described as being closer to a submarine from The Hunt for Red October than previously seen Star Trek spaceships . The Shenzhou is a Walker - class starship , a new designation created for the series that is named for test pilot Joe Walker . Sets for the Shenzhou and the Discovery 's interiors were built for the series , described as a `` tangle of corridors and rooms '' . Because the bridge of the Shenzhou is on the bottom of that ship , the `` massive '' set for that room was built 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) off the ground and upside down , and became a challenge for the crew to work in . In some cases , such as the transporter rooms and corridors , the same sets were used for both ships , though dressed differently with alternate lighting , graphics , and paint . The `` turn over '' process took up to a week . Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom - dyed in Switzerland ; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by costume designer Gersha Phillips and her department . For officers in combat situations or hazardous away missions , jumpsuit - versions of the main uniform are paired with armored vests .",
"16": "Also designed for the series was a Starfleet long haul space suit , which was built in the United Kingdom from sections of high - density foam that were then covered in fiberglass . Phillips designed traditional Vulcan robes for Sarek which were meant to reflect his devotion to logic and `` serious intellectual pursuits '' . Vulcan pendants celebrating `` Infinite Diversity in Infinite Combinations '' were 3D printed and hand painted . For Harry Mudd 's costume , primarily made of leather , Phillips was inspired by Adam Ant . Klingons ( edit ) Fuller had `` really , really wanted '' to redesign the Klingons , which he felt had inconsistent designs throughout the franchise 's history . He wanted to portray the race as `` sexy and vital and different '' rather than `` the thugs of the universe '' , and spent months working with prosthetics designer Neville Page and production designer Mark Worthington on the new look . Page noted that changing the look of the Klingons would be controversial with Star Trek fans . The idea was to `` create a high level of sophisticated detail -- for a race that had long been perceived as brutal , one - minded , and simplistic -- in order to breathe new life into the Klingon race '' . They first designed a generic , realistic Klingon skull , based on real biology . The different Klingons were developed from that base in a `` practical evolutionary '' way . The skull design assumed that the Klingons are `` an apex predator '' and have heightened senses , `` specifically extra sensory receptors running from the top of their heads to their backs . '' Page explained that because of this , it made more sense for the Klingons to be bald `` because of these heightened senses on the top of their heads . '' He added that the Klingons being bald was a `` mandate '' from Fuller . Different designs for the Klingons clothing , weapons , and armor were then created for the 24 different Klingon houses . It was important to the producers to show diversity within the Klingons as well , so the series depicts both light and dark skinned members of the species . Elaborating on the differences between the houses , Glenn Hetrick , co-founder of Alchemy Studios with Page , said , `` The ( Klingon ) empire is very big . They do n't all grow up on Qo'noS .",
"17": "They do n't all live on the same planets and certainly those different planets would have different environments . So how would the cultures have evolved differently ? '' Armor and weapons were created by Hetrick and Page using 3D printing , as well as hand carving models of weapons to then be cast from aluminum . Some props , such as helmets , were also designed to be augmented with CGI . Weapons like Klingon ceremonial blades and gun - like `` disruptors '' were reimagined versions of props from The Next Generation and other Star Trek films and series , with the overall design for weapons , helmets , and armor being based on the culture notes created for the Klingons in the original series , which included influences from Middle Eastern , Mongolian , and Byzantine culture . Recurring design elements for the Klingons ' weapons and armor include their skull and vertebrae , `` Klingons poised to thrust themselves into the honor of battle '' , and `` a Klingon sacrificing himself for the honor of battle '' which harkens to the emblem of the Klingon Empire . Phillips and Larlarb created the clothing worn by the Klingon T'Kuvma and his followers , inspired more by `` ancient Klingon ways '' than the costumes seen previously in Star Trek . T'Kuvma's wears a tunic created from three different types of leather and a chest plate made with 3D printed beads , decorated with Swarovski crystals . Costumes for his followers were created with individually stained , painted , modelled , and hand - pressed pieces of leather , with each suit taking ten costumers 110 hours to complete . Different colored leather was used to differentiate males and females . A notable set of armor created for the season is the Torchbearer armor , which is part of a sacred ritual to unite the Klingon houses , and consists of a hundred individually 3D printed pieces . When first describing the Torchbearer armor , Fuller referred to baroque and samurai styles . For Kol , a member of the house of Kor that previously appeared in the original series , his look is much closer to that of previously seen Klingons , wearing `` more leather and a different set of armor '' . US $3 million was spent on a `` massive '' ship set for T'Kuvma's house , designed as an alien cathedral .",
"18": "Known as the `` Klingon sarcophagus ship '' , it had `` to be a church , a ritual space , and a functioning bridge for the Klingon Empire . '' The outside of the ship is covered in coffins , `` some are 300 years old , some are just two days old . Downstairs is the death room , where they prepare their dead ; then the coffins get raised up and put on the outside . '' The set is 40 feet ( 12 m ) tall , 100 feet ( 30 m ) long , and 50 feet ( 15 m ) wide , and includes multiple levels , mezzanines , and cantilevers . The set also includes Klingon text and glyphs inspired by the novel The Final Reflection , from which the designers also took details such as the strategy game Klin zha and Klingon bloodwine cups . Research was done on how written languages evolve to accurately depict the ancient form of Klingon written on the ship . Instead of physical displays like the Federation ships , the sarcophagus ship uses holographic displays created with visual effects . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began at Pinewood Toronto Studios on January 24 , 2017 , with cinematographers including Guillermo Navarro , working on the pilot , and Colin Hoult . Set construction had initially been set to begin within a month of June 2016 , for a filming period of that September to around March 2017 , but by that September , production was not expected to begin until November . After Fuller stepped down as showrunner , set construction was expected to be completed by the end of 2016 , with filming to begin `` shortly thereafter '' . By mid-May 2017 , filming for scenes set on an unidentified planet had taken place on location in Jordan . Some of the series ' sets took over six weeks to create , and new sets were being built up until the end of production on the season . Some episodes for the season were filmed solely on existing sets , making them bottle episodes , though Harberts said the series would not do anything `` as bottle - y as ' everyone is stuck in the mess hall ! ' '' Filming for the season concluded on October 11 , 2017 .",
"19": "Robyn Stewart , an expert in the Klingon language , and linguist Rea Nolan worked closely with the Klingon actors to ensure they could both speak and understand their lines in the language , having the actors practice while their makeup and prosthetics were being applied , which took three hours each day . They would first rehearse their lines in English , and worked to `` inhabit ( the lines ) emotionally '' . Chieffo felt that `` it makes sense that when we are speaking to each other we are speaking in our native tongue and really adding a fluidity and nuance '' , while Mitchell said , `` It 's an incredibly complex language ... it feels alien . Because it is incredibly difficult and I do n't speak the language it takes a lot of muscle memory to memorize each separate syllable over and over and over . '' Release ( edit ) Star Trek : Discovery premiered at the ArcLight Hollywood on September 19 , 2017 . The first episode aired in a `` preview broadcast '' on CBS in the United States on September 24 , and was made available with the second episode on CBS All Access . Subsequent first - run episodes , making up the first chapter of the season , will be streamed weekly on All Access through November 5 . The second chapter began streaming in January 2018 . CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada , and to Netflix for another 188 countries . In Canada , the premiere was broadcast on September 24 , 2017 , on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channels Space ( English ) and Z ( French ) before being streamed on CraveTV , with subsequent episodes just broadcast or streamed through Space , Z , and CraveTV . In the other countries , Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut . This agreement also saw Bell and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety . Marketing ( edit ) With the announcement of the series ' title in July 2016 came a promotional video giving a first look at the USS Discovery . The video did not feature final designs , as the producers had `` three weeks to throw that together .",
"20": "We wanted to show fans ... The concepts of the ship are totally what we 're going for and they 'll be honed up until , I think , the day we deliver '' . In January 2017 , a YouTube video presented by Alcatel was released , using 360 ° technology to showcase digital models of previous Star Trek ships . The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017 . Chris Harnick of E ! News described the trailer as `` gorgeous '' and `` truly cinematic '' , and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage , `` this is the Star Trek you know and love . '' Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer 's visuals `` sumptuous '' and `` modern , but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series '' . She continued , `` What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series ' overarching plot '' . In July 2017 , Discovery had an `` extensive '' presence at San Diego Comic - Con , including a panel featuring Martin - Green , Isaacs , Jones , Latif , Wiseman , Rapp , Frain , Kurtzman , Berg , Kadin , Harberts , and Goldsman , and moderated by Wilson . Footage from the series was screened at the panel , with a new trailer released online soon afterwards . CBS also created a `` fully immersive '' art experience at the Michael J. Wolf Fine Arts Gallery , featuring the USS Discovery 's captain 's chair and other props , costumes , and sketches from the series , as well as limited edition posters for the show and a shop selling item exclusive to Comic - Con . Pedicabs inspired by the series will give free rides through the Gaslamp District , while a ' # TrekDiscovery Challenge ' competition will see fans have to take pictures with `` authentically costumed Trek ambassadors '' , one each representing the crews of the five previous Star Trek series , as well as the captain 's chair at the art gallery , and post them online with the hashtag # TrekDiscovery to be eligible to win a Roku streaming stick and a subscription to CBS All Access . At the convention , Gentle Giant Studios revealed that they had just picked up the license to create mini-busts and statues based on the series , and planned to particularly focus on the series ' Klingons .",
"21": "At the beginning of August , an afternoon of four panels at the Star Trek Las Vegas event was dedicated to the series , featuring producers and writers , actors who were not present at Comic - Con , creature designers , and writers involved with related books and comics . By the beginning of September , promotion for the series was taking place around the world : Isaacs was involved in the launch of the Blackpool Illuminations festival in the UK to promote Discovery ; cast and crew promoted the series at the Fan Expo Canada ; a USS Shenzhou - themed photobooth , that took pictures of fans as Klingons , was in operation at the IFA consumer electronics trade show in Berlin ; and an outdoor campaign of posters and billboards was underway for the show , including a large billboard on the roof of an LAX Airport building . The night before the series premiered on CBS , a model of the USS Discovery was flown above the Hudson River on Manhattan 's west side . Created by Remarkable Media , the 50 feet ( 15 m ) rig consisted of a truss skeleton covered in LEDs , and was suspended from a Black Hawk helicopter . On October 7 , panels for the series were held at both the PaleyFest television festival and at New York Comic Con . Reception ( edit ) Ratings and viewership ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a `` decent '' audience of 9.5 million viewers . The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access , with the service having its biggest day of signups , as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series . According to `` app analytics specialist '' App Annie , the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double , with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in - app revenue during the previous 30 days . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 82 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.14 / 10 based on 57 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff , Star Trek : Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation -- boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin - Green . ''",
"22": "The average rating for each of the series ' individual episodes is 89 % . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on reviews from 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 1 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture praised the series ' premiere , feeling it `` stands tall alongside the best - regarded incarnations of the Trek franchise ... with an almost entirely new slate of characters ... and casts them with actors you ca n't help but like even when they 're getting on your last nerve . '' Writing for Vox , Todd VanDerWerff noted `` the best thing about Discovery is that Michael Burnham , played beautifully by Martin - Green , does stuff . She gets in trouble . She breaks rules . She violates Starfleet protocol . She has emotions that get the best of her , even as she knows they should n't . She is , in other words , very human '' . Overall , he declared that `` Star Trek is best when it 's hopeful , but hope shines brightest amid horror . On some level , Discovery knows both of those things , and that 's why it 's a show I 'm eager to keep watching . '' Writing for TVLine , Dave Nemetz graded the episode a B+ , saying , `` the nail - bitingly tense premiere delivered a cracking good action story , eye - popping special effects and a number of gasp - worthy twists '' that was worth the wait . Maureen Ryan of Variety , after watching the first two episodes , said the series `` has yet to prove itself a worthy successor to The Next Generation or Deep Space Nine . But there are reasons to hope that Discovery will be a promising addition to the Trek canon '' . Chaim Gartenberg for The Verge also criticized the `` extended prologue '' , but called the two - part premiere `` surprisingly satisfying '' . He praised the uniqueness of Burnham in comparison to previous Trek protagonists , saying , `` She 's a far more rounded , human character than any of the previous captains , with some serious trauma from a Klingon attack in her youth that 's left her predisposed to hate the warrior race .",
"23": "And while Star Trek has plumbed the ' main character has demons ' well in the past -- most notably with Sisko in Deep Space Nine , and Picard in the later films , when it comes to the Borg -- Burnham feels far more compelling for not being a flawless human being in other respects , as her series - protagonist predecessors were . '' Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Darren Franich gave the two - part premiere a B grade , praising Martin - Green 's performance as the lead and the production design as well as commenting on the `` undeniable appeal '' of the `` introduction of a new ship , the revelation that we 're watching that ship 's final voyage , the cliffhanger possibility that our new hero is a fallen angel . '' However , he felt that the series third episode retroactively made the two episode prologue `` feel even more overextended '' . Patrick Cooley of cleveland.com criticized the first two episodes for having `` bad dialogue , poor storytelling and wooden , bewilderingly stupid characters . '' Brian Lowry from CNN called the first three episodes `` Star Trek Lite '' , missing the interplay between characters , criticizing the bridge crew and lore , and further calling them an `` unspectacular addition to the existing fleet of Trek - branded series ( that ) makes for an awkward liftoff , one perhaps most notable for its commercial mission , which is to entice new subscribers to CBS All Access . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result Ref . 2018 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` The Wolf Inside '' Sonequa Martin - Green Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Sci - Fi / Fantasy Television Gersha Phillips Pending Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Jason Michael Zimmerman , Aleksandra Kochoska , Ante Dekovic and Mahmoud Rahnama for `` The Vulcan Hello '' Pending Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Phil Prates , Rex Alerta , John Dinh and Karen Cheng Pending Empire Awards Best TV Actor Jason Isaacs Pending GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Star Trek : Discovery Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( October 23 , 2017 ) .",
"24": "`` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Renewed for Season 2 by CBS All Access '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets September Premiere Date On CBS & CBS All Access , Season 1 Split In Two '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek 's Return to the Small Screen Was Ambitious and Emotional , if Not Always Logical '' . Slate . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - star trek : discovery on cbsaa '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Duchak , John ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Star Trek : Discovery '' to Begin Shooting on January 24th `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sonequa Martin - Green Beams Aboard Discovery '' . StarTrek.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : hercules ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! ! More STAR TREK DISCOVERY Scoop ! ! Lead Will Be Called ' Number One ' ! ! Nick Meyer Scripts Hour Two ! ! Bryan Fuller Hires Co-Showrunners ! ! More ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 .",
"25": "^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts 3 actors , adds gay character '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Recasts Klingon Amid Flurry of New Additions '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kayla , Iacovino ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC Interview : Shazad Latif On Playing A POW In Pain On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Britt , Ryan ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Shazad Latif Reveals Which of His Three ' Star Trek ' Characters He Likes Best '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Exhibit Reveals Starfleet , Klingon and Vulcan Props , Costumes & Ships ( Comic - Con 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Isaacs And Mary Wiseman Cast In Star Trek : Discovery '' . CBS.com . March 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kayla , Iacovino ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 Interview : Mary Wiseman Reveals Connection Between Cadet Tilly And Michael Burnham on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com .",
"26": "Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts Jason Isaacs as captain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ; Patten , Dominic ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Casts Michelle Yeoh In Captain Role '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery reveals first photo of two cast members '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Chris Obi & Mary Chieffo Join Shazad Latif As Klingons '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts Spock 's father , pushes premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery @ Comic - Con : New Footage and Sarek Secret Revealed , Stamets ' Love Interest Cast and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 .",
"27": "^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jaimie ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Did ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Secretly Introduce Another ' Original Series ' Character ? '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Goes All in With Gay Storyline -- and There 's a ' Rent ' Connection ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Executive Producers Reveal Who Is Playing Amanda And Talk Season 2 '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Casts Rainn Wilson as Original Series Character Harry Mudd '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery episode 7 review : Magic To Make The Sanest Man Go Mad '' . Den of Geek ! . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' TV Series : Bryan Fuller To Serve As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : StarTrek.com Staff ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` International Broadcasters Set for New Star Trek Series '' .",
"28": "StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New EW Issue Details Bryan Fuller 's DISCOVERY Departure '' . TrekCore.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : New ' Star Trek ' Showrunner Bryan Fuller on Progressiveness , Number of Episodes , Filming Details , and Much More '' . Collider.com . United States : Complex Media Inc . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery Announced As Name Of New Series '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . July 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trendacosta , Katharine ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Officially Takes Place in the Prime Universe '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Star Trek ' Series : David Semel Set To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Fuller 's Original Pitch For ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Included Going Beyond TNG Era '' . TrekMovie.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ; Ryan , Maureen ; Littleton , Cynthia ( October 26 , 2016 ) .",
"29": "`` Bryan Fuller Stepping Back From Showrunner Role on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Delayed on CBS All Access Until May , ' Good Wife ' Spinoff Moved Up '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Producer Bryan Fuller on His ' Bittersweet ' Departure From the New ' Star Trek ' TV Series '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Sonequa Martin - Green Cast As The Lead '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Order Increase & Companion Show On CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Katie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Official Trailer Unveiled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Writers Talk Technobabble , Timelines And How ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Is Telling Our War Story '' . TrekMovie.com .",
"30": "Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Major details revealed about new TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Star Trek : Discovery will be set in the ' Prime Universe ' ( so in the timeline of the original shows , not the J.J. Abrams reboot films ) , about a decade before Captain Kirk 's five - year mission . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Bryan ( @ @ BryanFuller ) ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` A Favorite TOS Episode `` Balance of Terror '' is a Touchstone for the # StarTrekDiscovery Story Arc # StarTrek50 # LLAP50 '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Kayla , Iacovino ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 Interview : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunners On Why The Klingons Are n't The Russians Anymore '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Heard the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Theme Music ; New Details on the Show 's Serialized Storytelling ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carollo , Lilly ( September 22 , 2017 ) .",
"31": "`` Star Trek : Discovery 's showrunners on what to expect from the first Trek TV series in 16 years '' . Vox . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` O Discovery , Where Art Thou ? '' . After Trek . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 24 , 2017 . CBS All Access . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' EPs Alex Kurtzman & Akiva Goldsman On `` Burnham 's Dilemma '' & Michelle Yeoh Shocker `` . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery 's Jason Isaacs Says Not to Dismiss Lorca 's ' Doomed ' Plan : ' The Writers ' Room Is Full of Diehards ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andosca , Joe ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Goldsman Explains Episode 9 Switch And Why Star Trek : Discovery Is TV - MA '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iacovino , Kayla ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` PaleyFest : More Canon Characters Coming To ' Star Trek : Discovery ' + Tardigrade Was Bridge Officer '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Michelle Yeoh Boards Star Trek : Discovery '' . ComingSoon.net . United States : Atomic Media , Inc . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 .",
"32": "^ Jump up to : Goldsman , Akiva ; Fuller , Bryan ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Vulcan Hello '' . Star Trek : Discovery . Season 1 . Episode 1 . CBS Television Network . ^ Jump up to : Berg , Gretchen J. ; Harberts , Aaron ; Sweeny , Craig ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Context Is for Kings '' . Star Trek : Discovery . Season 1 . Episode 3 . CBS All Access . ^ Jump up to : Berg , Gretchen J. ; Harberts , Aaron ; Powers , Kemp ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` Choose Your Pain '' . Star Trek : Discovery . Season 1 . Episode 5 . CBS All Access . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery showrunners explain show 's delays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recap : Fan Expo Canada 's DISCOVERY Production Panel '' . TrekCore.com . September 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alexander ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` 23 Secrets We Learned on the Star Trek : Discovery Set '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DISCOVERY 's USS Shenzhou is a ' Walker - Class ' Starship '' . TrekCore.com . August 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Help CBS Boldly Go Into a Streaming Future ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 .",
"33": "Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Korporaal , Angie ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Designers Reveal Look and Colors Will Evolve To Be More Like TOS '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Matt ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See The Federation and Starfleet Costumes and Props From ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Exhibit Reveals Starfleet , Klingon and Vulcan Props , Costumes & Ships ( Comic - Con 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allessandro , Anthony ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Star Trek : Discovery ' EPs Kept Bryan Fuller 's Vision Alive After His Departure From Show -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Named the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Lead and Redesigned the Klingons ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Matt ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Designers Explain Why ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingons Are Bald And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 .",
"34": "^ Jump up to : StarTrek.com Staff ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` 10 Things We Learned About Discovery '' . StarTrek.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Actors Discuss Different Klingon Houses In ' Star Trek : Discovery ' + First Image of Kol Revealed '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ulster , Laurie ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingon Costumes And Props '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More Details On Klingon And Starfleet Ships Revealed In Latest Issue Of SFX '' . TrekMovie.com . September 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Surging Hollywood Shoots Forces Hunt for New Toronto Soundstages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Team Talk War , Roddenberry , Space Mushrooms , And A Reimagined Mudd '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to Begin Filing in Early 2017 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2016 .",
"35": "Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aaron Harberts ( @ AaronHarberts ) ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap on Season 1 @ startrekcbs . Thanks to cast , crew , and fans . You have made this show soar . # startrekdiscovery '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Mary Chieffo Talks Discovery , Becoming a Klingon & More '' . StarTrek.com . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Red Alert ! All The Red Carpet Arrivals At The Star Trek : Discovery Premiere '' . CBS . September 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Star Trek : Discovery Producers on Ship 's Design , Show 's Themes '' . TrekMovie.com . United States : Blogger . July 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Charles ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Releases 360 ° Star Trek : Discovery Ad '' . Red Shirts Always Die . United States : Fansided . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch First Trailer for CBS All Access ' ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery First Look Is Finally Here & It Is Gorgeous '' . E ! News .",
"36": "Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery 's first trailer brings a new ship , new characters , and old conflicts '' . Vox . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : StarTrek.com Staff ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Discovery Beams Into Comic - Con '' . StarTrek.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iacovino , Kayla ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : Klingon ' Torchbearer ' Revealed + Gentle Giant Announces ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Collectibles '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Promoting Globally With Isaacs In Blackpool , Shenzhou In Berlin And More '' . TrekMovie.com . September 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dileo , Adam ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Watch the Starship Discovery Fly Over New York City '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Mitchell Calls Kol An Alpha Klingon , and More Updates On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . September 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Star Trek : Discovery Has Decent Premiere on CBS '' . Screener .",
"37": "Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and NFL adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery Fuels Record Sign - Ups for CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Almost Doubled CBS All Access Mobile Subscription Revenue ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Is a Stirring , Rare Work of Science Fiction '' . New York ( Vulture.com ) . New York Media , LLC . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery nails the important stuff in a surprisingly terrific debut '' . Vox . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( September 24 , 2017 ) .",
"38": "`` Star Trek : Discovery Review : The Tense , Dazzling New Trek Is Worth the Wait '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Star Trek : Discovery on CBS and CBS All Access '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Boldly Goes Where No Star Trek Show Has Gone Before '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sonequa Martin - Green Gives Star Trek : Discovery Its Heart : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Patrick ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Is Beyond Disappointing '' . The Cleveland Plain Dealer at cleveland.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' barely achieves liftoff '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Sonequa Martin - Green '' . TVLine . January 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Medina , Marcy ( January 10 , 2018 ) .",
"39": "`` 2018 Costume Designers Guild Award nominees include ' Phantom Thread , ' ' Lady Bird ' and ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars The Last Jedi and Thor Ragnarok Lead Empire Awards 2018 Nominations '' . EmpireOnline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dina - Ray ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees : ' Call Me By Your Name ' , ' Lady Bird ' , ' This Is Us ' Among Those Recognized '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Star Trek Discovery : Official Collector 's Edition . Bankside , London , England , United Kingdom : Titan Books . November 14 , 2017 . ISBN 1785861905 . ( hide ) Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Other After Trek Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery_(season_1)&oldid=822305367 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek seasons Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"40": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the director of nightmare before christmas
|
[
"Henry Selick",
"Henry Selick",
"Henry Selick",
"Henry Selick",
"Henry Selick"
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{
"0": "The Nightmare Before Christmas - wikipedia The Nightmare Before Christmas Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see The Nightmare Before Christmas ( disambiguation ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas Theatrical release poster Directed by Henry Selick Produced by Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Screenplay by Caroline Thompson Story by Michael McDowell ( adaptation ) Based on Story and characters by Tim Burton Starring Chris Sarandon Danny Elfman Catherine O'Hara William Hickey Glenn Shadix Paul Reubens Ken Page Ed Ivory Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Pete Kozachik Edited by Stan Webb Production companies Touchstone Pictures Skellington Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date October 29 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 29 ) Running time 76 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $76.2 million The Nightmare Before Christmas ( also known as Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas ) is a 1993 American stop - motion animated musical dark fantasy film directed by Henry Selick , and produced and conceived by Tim Burton . It tells the story of Jack Skellington , a resident from `` Halloween Town '' who stumbles through a portal to `` Christmas Town '' and decides to celebrate the holiday , with some dastardly and comical consequences . Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score , and provided the singing voice of Jack . The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon , Catherine O'Hara , William Hickey , Ken Page , Paul Reubens , and Glenn Shadix . The Nightmare Before Christmas originated in a poem written by Tim Burton in 1982 , while he was working as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation . With the success of Vincent in the same year , Walt Disney Studios began to consider developing The Nightmare Before Christmas as either a short film or 30 - minute television special . Over the years , Burton 's thoughts regularly returned to the project , and in 1990 , he made a development deal with Disney .",
"1": "Production started in July 1991 in San Francisco ; Disney released the film through its Touchstone Pictures banner because the studio believed the film would be `` too dark and scary for kids '' . The film was met with both critical and financial success , grossing over $76 million during its initial run . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , a first for an animated film . The film has since been reissued by Walt Disney Pictures , and was re-released annually in Disney Digital 3 - D from 2006 until 2009 , making it the first stop - motion animated feature to be entirely converted to 3D . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Possible sequel 8 Related media 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Halloween Town is a fantasy world filled with citizens such as deformed monsters , ghosts , ghouls , goblins , zombies , mummies , vampires , werewolves , and witches . Jack Skellington , the `` Pumpkin King '' and leader of the town , leads them in organizing the annual Halloween celebrations . However , privately Jack has grown weary of the same routine year after year , and wants something new . Wandering in the woods the morning after Halloween , he stumbles across seven trees containing doors leading to towns representing various holidays , and opens a portal to Christmas Town . Awed by the unfamiliar holiday , Jack returns to Halloween Town to show the residents his findings , but they fail to grasp the idea of Christmas and compare everything to their ideas of Halloween . Jack sequesters himself in his tower to study Christmas and find a way to rationally explain it , but can not . He ultimately decides that it 's unfair for Christmas Town alone to enjoy the holiday and announces that he and the citizens of Halloween Town will take over Christmas this year .",
"2": "Jack assigns the citizens of Halloween Town Christmas - themed jobs , including singing carols , making presents , and building a sleigh to be pulled by skeletal reindeer . Sally , a beautiful rag doll woman that is secretly in love with Jack , feels that their efforts will end in disaster , but Jack dismisses her and assigns her the task of sewing him a red coat to wear . He also tasks Lock , Shock and Barrel , a trio of mischievous trick - or - treating children , to abduct Santa Claus and bring him back to Halloween Town . Jack tells Santa he will be bringing Christmas to the world in his place this year . Jack orders the trio to keep Santa safe , but the children instead deliver Santa to Oogie Boogie , a gambling - addict bogeyman , who plots to play a game with Santa 's life at stake . Sally attempts to rescue Santa so he can stop Jack , but Oogie captures her as well . Jack departs to deliver presents to the world , but the Halloween - styled gifts terrify and attack the populace . As concerns over `` Santa 's '' behavior grows , the military takes action and shoot down Jack , causing him to crash in the cemetery . As Jack bemoans the disaster he has made of Christmas , he finds he enjoyed the experience nonetheless , reigniting his love of Halloween . Jack returns to Halloween Town and finds Oogie 's lair . Oogie tries to kill Jack , but Jack pulls apart the thread holding his cloth form together , revealing a massive pile of bugs that fall into Oogie 's cauldron and are killed . Jack apologizes to Santa for his actions , and Santa assures Jack that he can fix things and returns to Christmas Town . As Santa replaces the Halloween - style presents with genuine ones , the townspeople of Halloween Town celebrate Jack 's return . Santa then visits Halloween Town and brings them a snowfall for the residents to play with . In the graveyard , Jack and Sally declare their love for each other . Voice cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Nightmare Before Christmas characters Chris Sarandon , the speaking voice of Jack Skellington . Chris Sarandon ( speaking voice ) and Danny Elfman ( singing voice ) as Jack Skellington , a skeleton known as the `` Pumpkin King '' of Halloween Town .",
"3": "He owns a ghost dog named Zero , who has a small , glowing jack - o ' - lantern nose . Danny Elfman also voices Barrel , one of the trick - or - treaters working for Oogie Boogie . Elfman was initially cast as Jack 's singing voice and , after the songs were recorded , Sarandon was cast to match Elfman 's voice style . Catherine O'Hara as Sally , a rag doll - like creation of Finklestein , and the growing love interest of Jack . She is an amateur toxicologist that uses various types of poison to liberate herself from the captivity of Finklestein . She 's also psychic and has premonitions when anything bad is about to happen . O'Hara also voices Shock , one of the trick - or - treaters working for Oogie Boogie . She had previously co-starred in Burton 's Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) . William Hickey as Doctor Finklestein , a mad scientist , and the `` father '' of Sally . He is listed in the credits only as `` Evil Scientist '' and is only mentioned by name once in the film . Glenn Shadix as Mayor of Halloween Town , an enthusiastic leader who conducts town meetings . His wild mood swings from happy to distraught cause his head to spin between a `` happy '' and `` sad '' face ; where some career politicians are figuratively two - faced , the Mayor is literally so . Burton and Shadix previously worked on Beetlejuice . Ken Page as Oogie Boogie , a villainous bogeyman in Halloween Town , who has a passion for gambling . Ed Ivory as Santa Claus , the leader of Christmas Town . Santa Claus is responsible for the annual celebration of Christmas , at which time he delivers presents to children around the world . Ivory also does the brief narration at the start of the film . Paul Reubens as Lock , one of the trick - or - treaters working for Oogie Boogie . Reubens and Burton previously worked on Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) and Batman Returns ( 1992 ) . The cast also features Kerry Katz , Carmen Twillie , Randy Crenshaw , Debi Durst , Glenn Walters , Sherwood Ball , and Greg Proops voicing various characters .",
"4": "Patrick Stewart recorded narration for a prologue and epilogue . While not used in the final scene of the film , the narration is included on the soundtrack album . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) As writer Tim Burton 's upbringing in Burbank , California was associated with the feeling of solitude , the filmmaker was largely fascinated by holidays during his childhood . `` Anytime there was Christmas or Halloween , ( ... ) it was great . It gave you some sort of texture all of a sudden that was n't there before '' , Burton would later recall . After completing his short film Vincent in 1982 , Burton , who was then - employed at Walt Disney Feature Animation , wrote a three - page poem titled The Nightmare Before Christmas , drawing inspiration from television specials of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! and the poem A Visit from St. Nicholas . Burton intended to adapt the poem into a television special with the narration spoken by his favorite actor , Vincent Price , but also considered other options such as a children 's book . He created concept art and storyboards for the project in collaboration with Rick Heinrichs , who also sculpted character models ; Burton later showed his and Heinrichs ' works - in - progress to Henry Selick , also a Disney animator at the time . After the success of Vincent in 1982 , Disney started to consider developing The Nightmare Before Christmas as either a short film or 30 - minute holiday television special . However , the project 's development eventually stalled , as its tone seemed `` too weird '' to the company . As Disney was unable to `` offer his nocturnal loners enough scope '' , Burton was fired from the studio in 1984 , and went on to direct the commercially successful films Beetlejuice and Batman . Director Henry Selick ( left ) and producer Tim Burton ( right ) on the Nightmare Before Christmas set . Over the years , Burton regularly thought about the project . In 1990 , Burton found out that Disney still owned the film rights . He and Selick committed to produce a full - length film with the latter as director . Disney was looking forward to Nightmare `` to show capabilities of technical and storytelling achievements that were present in Who Framed Roger Rabbit . '' Nightmare marked Burton 's third film in a row to have a Christmas setting .",
"5": "Burton could not direct because of his commitment to Batman Returns and he did not want to be involved with `` the painstakingly slow process of stop motion '' . To adapt his poem into a screenplay , Burton approached Michael McDowell , his collaborator on Beetlejuice . McDowell and Burton experienced creative differences , which convinced Burton to make the film as a musical with lyrics and compositions by frequent collaborator Danny Elfman . Elfman and Burton created a rough storyline and two - thirds of the film 's songs . Elfman found writing Nightmare 's eleven songs as `` one of the easiest jobs I 've ever had . I had a lot in common with Jack Skellington . '' Caroline Thompson still had yet to be hired to write the screenplay . With Thompson 's screenplay , Selick stated , `` there are very few lines of dialogue that are Caroline 's . She became busy on other films and we were constantly rewriting , re-configuring and developing the film visually . '' Filming ( edit ) Selick and his team of animators began production in July 1991 in San Francisco , California with a crew of over 120 workers , utilizing 20 sound stages for filming . Joe Ranft was hired from Disney as a storyboard supervisor , while Eric Leighton was hired to supervise animation . At the peak of production , 20 individual stages were simultaneously being used for filming . In total , there were 109,440 frames taken for the film . The work of Ray Harryhausen , Ladislas Starevich , Edward Gorey , Étienne Delessert , Gahan Wilson , Charles Addams , Jan Lenica , Francis Bacon , and Wassily Kandinsky influenced the filmmakers . Selick described the production design as akin to a pop - up book . In addition , Selick stated , `` When we reach Halloween Town , it 's entirely German Expressionism . When Jack enters Christmas Town , it 's an outrageous Dr. Seuss-esque setpiece . Finally , when Jack is delivering presents in the ' Real World ' , everything is plain , simple and perfectly aligned . '' Vincent Price , Don Ameche , and James Earl Jones were considered to provide the narration for the film 's prologue ; however , all proved difficult to cast , and the producers instead hired local voice artist , Ed Ivory .",
"6": "On the direction of the film , Selick reflected , `` It 's as though he ( Burton ) laid the egg , and I sat on it and hatched it . He was n't involved in a hands - on way , but his hand is in it . It was my job to make it look like ' a Tim Burton film ' , which is not so different from my own films . '' When asked on Burton 's involvement , Selick claimed , `` I do n't want to take away from Tim , but he was not in San Francisco when we made it . He came up five times over two years , and spent no more than eight or ten days in total . '' Walt Disney Feature Animation contributed with some use of second - layering traditional animation . Burton found production somewhat difficult because he was directing Batman Returns and in pre-production of Ed Wood . The filmmakers constructed 227 puppets to represent the characters in the movie , with Jack Skellington having `` around four hundred heads '' , allowing the expression of every possible emotion . Sally 's mouth movements `` were animated through the replacement method . During the animation process , ( ... ) only Sally 's face ' mask ' was removed in order to preserve the order of her long , red hair . Sally had ten types of faces , each made with a series of eleven expressions ( e.g. eyes open and closed , and various facial poses ) and synchronized mouth movements . '' The stop motion figurine of Jack was reused in James and the Giant Peach ( also directed by Selick ) as Captain Jack . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main articles : The Nightmare Before Christmas ( soundtrack ) and Nightmare Revisited The film 's soundtrack album was released in 1993 on Walt Disney Records . For the film 's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3 - D , a special edition of the soundtrack was released , featuring a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film 's songs by Fall Out Boy , Panic ! at the Disco , Marilyn Manson , Fiona Apple , and She Wants Revenge . Four original demo tracks by Elfman were also included .",
"7": "On September 30 , 2008 , Disney released the cover album Nightmare Revisited , featuring artists such as Amy Lee , Flyleaf , Korn , Rise Against , Plain White T 's , The All - American Rejects , and many more . American gothic rock band London After Midnight featured a cover of `` Sally 's Song '' on their 1998 album Oddities . LiLi Roquelin did a French cover of `` Sally 's Song '' which was released on her album Will you hate the rest of the world or will you renew your life ? in 2010 . Another soundtrack released in 2003 was the Disneyland Haunted Mansion Holiday CD . Although most were not original songs from the movie , one song provided on the CD is a medley of `` Making Christmas '' , `` What 's This ? '' , and `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' . Other songs included are original holiday songs changed to incorporate the theme of the movie . The last song on the list , however , is the soundtrack for the Disneyland Haunted Mansion Holiday ride . Release ( edit ) Disney decided to release the film under their Touchstone Pictures banner because they thought the film would be `` too dark and scary for kids '' , Selick remembered . `` Their biggest fear , and why it was kind of a stepchild project , ( was ) they were afraid of their core audience hating the film and not coming . '' To convey Burton 's involvement and attract a wider audience , Disney marketed the film as Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas . Burton explained that , `` ... it turned more into more of a brand - name thing , it turned into something else , which I 'm not quite sure about . '' The film premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 9 , and was given a limited release on October 15 , 1993 , before its wide theatrical release on October 29 . The Nightmare Before Christmas was reissued by Disney under the Walt Disney Pictures banner and re-released on October 20 , 2006 , with conversion to Disney Digital 3 - D. Industrial Light & Magic assisted in the process . The film subsequently received annually releases in October 2007 and 2008 .",
"8": "The El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California has been showing the film in 4 - D screenings annually in October , ending on Halloween , since 2010 . The reissues have led to a reemergence of 3 - D films and advances in RealD Cinema . Home media ( edit ) With years of successful home video sales , Nightmare subsequently achieved the ranks of a cult film . Touchstone Home Video first released the film on VHS on September 30 , 1994 , and on DVD on December 2 , 1997 . The DVD release contained no special features . Nightmare was released a second time on October 3 , 2000 as a special edition . The release included an audio commentary by Selick and cinematographer Pete Kozachik , a 28 - minute making - of documentary , a gallery of concept art , storyboards , test footage and deleted scenes . Burton 's Vincent and Frankenweenie were also included . Both DVDs were non-anamorphic widescreen releases . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on DVD again ( this time with an anamorphic transfer ) and on Blu - ray Disc ( for the first time ) on August 26 , 2008 as a two - disc digitally remastered `` collector 's edition '' , but still containing the same special features . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Nightmare Before Christmas on Blu - ray 3D on August 30 , 2011 . The release included a Blu - ray 3D disc , Blu - ray Disc and a DVD that includes both a DVD and digital copy of the film . Marketing ( edit ) Disney has undertaken an extensive marketing campaign of these characters across many media . Since 2001 , Disneyland has held a seasonal Nightmare Before Christmas theme for its Haunted Mansion Holiday attraction . The attraction , an overlay of the park 's Haunted Mansion , features characters , decorations and music from the film . In addition to Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party and Mickey 's Halloween Party featuring the film 's characters , Jack Skellington , Sally , Pajama Jack , and the Mayor have been made into Bendies figures , while Jack and Sally even appear in fine art . Moreover , Sally has been made into an action figure and a Halloween costume .",
"9": "A Jack Skellington figurine is available for the Disney Infinity video game , allowing the character to be playable in the game 's `` Toy Box Mode '' . Jack is also the titular character in the short story `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Jack 's Story '' , and also appeared in HalloWishes and Halloween Screams fireworks at Magic Kingdom ( where the host is Ghost Host ) and Disneyland ( where the host is Jack itself ) . Nightmare has inspired video game spin - offs , including Oogie 's Revenge and The Pumpkin King , and is among the many Disney - owned franchises that contribute to the mythology of the Kingdom Hearts series . A trading card game is also available . Jim Edwards contends that `` Tim Burton 's animated movie The Nightmare Before Christmas is really a movie about the marketing business . The movie 's lead character , Jack Skellington , the chief marketing officer ( CMO ) for a successful company , decides that his success is boring and he wants the company to have a different business plan . '' Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Around the release of the film , Disney executive David Hoberman was quoted , `` I hope Nightmare goes out and makes a fortune . If it does , great . If it does n't , that does n't negate the validity of the process . The budget was less than any Disney blockbuster so it does n't have to earn Aladdin - sized grosses to satisfy us . '' The film earned $50 million in the United States on its first theatrical run . and was regarded as a moderate `` sleeper hit '' . The Nightmare Before Christmas made a further $8.7 million in box office gross in its 2006 reissue . The 2007 and 2008 reissues earned $14.5 million and $1.1 million , respectively , increasing the film 's total box office gross to $75 million . Critical response ( edit ) The film initially received positive reviews from critics ; it has since gone on to receive widespread critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 95 % , based on 88 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` The Nightmare Before Christmas is a stunningly original and visually delightful work of stop - motion animation . ''",
"10": "On Metacritic the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 16 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave a highly positive review for Nightmare . Ebert believed the film 's visual effects were as revolutionary as Star Wars , taking into account that Nightmare was `` filled with imagination that carries us into a new world '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it a restoration of `` originality and daring to the Halloween genre . This dazzling mix of fun and fright also explodes the notion that animation is kid stuff. ... It 's 74 minutes of timeless movie magic . '' James Berardinelli stated `` The Nightmare Before Christmas has something to offer just about everyone . For the kids , it 's a fantasy celebrating two holidays . For the adults , it 's an opportunity to experience some light entertainment while marveling at how adept Hollywood has become at these techniques . There are songs , laughs , and a little romance . In short , The Nightmare Before Christmas does what it intends to : entertain . '' Desson Thomson of The Washington Post enjoyed stylistic features in common with Oscar Wilde , German Expressionism , the Brothers Grimm and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . Michael A. Morrison discusses the influence of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! on the film , writing that Jack parallels the Grinch and Zero parallels Max , the Grinch 's dog . Philip Nel writes that the film `` challenges the wisdom of adults through its trickster characters '' , contrasting Jack as a `` good trickster '' with Oogie Boogie , whom he also compares with Dr. Seuss ' Dr. Terwilliker as a bad trickster . Entertainment Weekly reports that fan reception of these characters borders on obsession , profiling Laurie and Myk Rudnick , a couple whose `` degree of obsession with ( the ) film is so great that ... they named their son after the real - life person that a character in the film is based on . '' This enthusiasm for the characters has also been profiled as having spread beyond North America to Japan . Yvonne Tasker notes `` the complex characterization seen in The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . Danny Elfman was worried the characterization of Oogie Boogie would be considered racist by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) .",
"11": "Elfman 's predictions came true ; however , director Henry Selick stated the character was inspired by the Betty Boop cartoon The Old Man of the Mountain . `` Cab Calloway would dance his inimitable jazz dance and sing ' Minnie the Moocher ' or ' Old Man of the Mountain ' , and they would rotoscope him , trace him , turn him into a cartoon character , often transforming him into an animal , like a walrus , '' Selick continued . `` I think those are some of the most inventive moments in cartoon history , in no way racist , even though he was sometimes a villain . We went with Ken Page , who is a black singer , and he had no problem with it '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . Nightmare won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film , while Elfman won Best Music . Selick and the animators were also nominated for their work . Elfman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score . Most recently , the film ranked # 1 on Rotten Tomatoes ' `` Top 25 Best Christmas Movies '' list . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Animation Film Possible sequel ( edit ) In 2001 , Disney began to consider producing a sequel , but rather than using stop motion , Disney wanted to use computer animation . Burton convinced Disney to drop the idea . `` I was always very protective of Nightmare not to do sequels or things of that kind , '' Burton explained . `` You know , ' Jack visits Thanksgiving world ' or other kinds of things just because I felt the movie had a purity to it and the people that like it ... Because it 's a mass - market kind of thing , it was important to kind of keep that purity of it . '' The 2004 video game The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge did serve as a sequel of the film , with Capcom 's crew of developers going after Burton for advice , and having the collaboration of the film 's art director , Deane Taylor . In 2009 , Selick said he would do a film sequel if he and Burton could create a good story for it .",
"12": "Related media ( edit ) A collectible card game based on the film called The Nightmare Before Christmas TCG was released in 2005 by NECA . The game was designed by Quixotic Games founder Andrew Parks and Kez Shlasnger . It consists of a Premiere set and 4 Starter Decks based on four characters , Jack Skellington , the Mayor , Oogie Boogie , and Doctor Finklestein . Each Starter Deck contains a rule book , a Pumpkin King card , a Pumpkin Points card , and a 48 - card deck . The game has four card types : Characters , Locales , Creations , and Surprises . The Cards ' rarities are separated into four categories : Common , Uncommon , Rare , Ultra Rare . Quixotic Games also developed The Nightmare Before Christmas Party Game that was released in 2007 by NECA . A collector 's edition The Nightmare Before Christmas - themed Jenga game was issued with orange , purple and black blocks with Jack Skellington heads on them . The set comes in a coffin - shaped box instead of the normal rectangular box . A 168 - card Munchkin Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas - themed Munchkin was developed by USAopoly featuring the citizens of Halloween Town such as Jack Skellington , Oogie Boogie , Doctor Finklestein , and Lock , Shock and Barrel . The game comes with a custom die similar to the ones used by Oogie Boogie in the film . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Animation portal Film portal List of ghost films Notes ( edit ) ^ The Nightmare Before Christmas was reissued as a Walt Disney Pictures release in 2006 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 18 , 1994 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Salisbury , Tim Burton ( 2006 ) . Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 121 -- 127 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22926 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 .",
"13": "^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Nightmare Before Christmas ' Turns 20 : From Shameful Spawn To Disney 's Pride '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 66th Academy Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Marlow ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Henry Selick on Directing ' The Nightmare Before Christmas ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lammers , Tim ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sarandon remains proud of ' Nightmare Before Christmas ' as film classic turns 20 '' . Strictly Cinema . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Blaise ( October 10 , 1993 ) . `` The Concept : Jack - o ' - Santa : Tim Burton 's new movie for Disney is n't exactly a steal - Christmas - kind - of - thing . It 's more like a borrow - it - and - give - it - a-weird - twist - kind - of - thing '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Tim Burton , Henry Selick , The Making of Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas , 2000 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Carr , Jay ( October 17 , 1993 ) . `` Tim Burton 's Big Adventure '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Thompson , Frank T. ( October 14 , 1993 ) . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Film , The Art , The Vision . p. 8 . ISBN 9780786880669 . OCLC 28294626 . ^ Jump up to : Avins , Mimi ( November 1993 ) . `` Ghoul World '' . Premiere : pp. 24 -- 30 . Retrieved on September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 25 , 2008 ) .",
"14": "`` Director Henry Selick Interview -- The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . About.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Salisbury , Burton , p. 115 -- 120 ^ Jump up to : Broeske , Pat H. ( January 20 , 1991 ) . `` Dusting Off Burton '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Blaise ( October 10 , 1993 ) . `` The Concept : Jack - o ' - Santa : Tim Burton 's new movie for Disney is n't exactly a steal - Christmas - kind - of - thing . It 's more like a borrow - it - and - give - it - a-weird - twist - kind - of - thing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BV toons up down under '' . Variety . February 18 , 1993 . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : David Helpern ( December 1994 ) . `` Animated Dreams '' , Sight & Sound , pp. 33 -- 37 . Retrieved on September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jones , Bill ( October 22 , 1993 ) . `` He Kept His Nightmare Alive '' . The Phoenix Gazette . ^ Jump up to : Scott Collura ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas 3 - D : 13 Years and Three Dimensions Later '' . IGN . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nightmare : Truly the Stuff of Dreams '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly ( 53 ) . EGM Media , LLC . December 1993 . p. 357 . Jump up ^ Henry Selick , Pete Kozachik , DVD audio commentary , 2000 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Jump up ^ Richard Rickitt , Special Effects : The History and Technique ( Watson - Guptill , 2000 ) , 159 - 160 . Jump up ^ Maureen Furniss , Art in motion : animation aesthetics ( 1998 ) , 168 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( August 28 , 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy , Panic , Marilyn Manson Add To New ' Nightmare Before Christmas ' Soundtrack '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas 3 - D : 13 Years and Three Dimensions Later '' . IGN . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Evan Prook ( August 18 , 1993 ) . `` Christmas comes to N.Y. Film Fest '' . Variety . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas '' , Releases , Box Office Mojo , Retrieved September 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton 's ' The Nightmare Before Christmas ' To Use 4D in Special Event '' . Geeksofdoom.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cam Shea ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` Real D: The Future of Cinema '' . IGN . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Adler ; Larry Carroll ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` How Burton 's Fever Dream Spawned Nightmare Before Christmas '' . MTV . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( Special Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 2 - Disc Collector 's Edition + Digital Copy ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( Blu - ray ) + Digital Copy ( 1993 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Nightmare Before Christmas - 3D ' Dated and Detailed for Blu - ray 3D ! '' . highdefdigest.com .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Ramin Setoodeh , `` Haunted Parks '' , Newsweek 144.16 ( October 18 , 2004 ) : 73 . Jump up ^ Frederick J. Augustyn , Dictionary of Toys and Games in American Popular Culture ( Haworth Press , 2004 ) , 18 . Jump up ^ `` New Disney Fine Art : Tim Burton 's Nightmare Before Christmas Limited Edition by Artist Jim Salvati , '' TechWhack ( November 3 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ For an image of a Sally costume , see Bobwilson , `` Halloween gives teens a chance to scare , be silly , '' Lubbock Avalanche - Journal ( October 31 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Disney Infinity : Jack Skellington '' . Jump up ^ tk , `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Jack 's story '' , Disney Scary Storybook Collection ( New York : Disney Press , 2003 . ) , 5 . Jump up ^ Jim Edwards , `` Jack Skellington , Brand Manager '' , Brandweek 47.40 ( October 30 , 2006 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas in 3 - D ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( October 22 , 1993 ) . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( April 11 , 2001 ) . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . ReelViews . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Desson Thomson ( October 22 , 1993 ) .",
"17": "`` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Morrison , Trajectories of the Fantastic : Selected Essays from the Fourteenth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1997 ) , 154 . Jump up ^ Philip Nel , Dr. Seuss : American Icon ( Continuum International Publishing Group , 2004 ) , 95 . Jump up ^ `` Obsessive Fans of the Week ! '' in Entertainment Weekly 909 ( 12 / 1 / 2006 ) : 6 . Jump up ^ Stephen Jones , The Mammoth Book of Best New Horror ( Carroll & Graf Publishers , 2002 ) , 75 . Jump up ^ Yvonne Tasker , Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers ( Routledge , 2002 ) , 76 . Jump up ^ Ken Hanke ( 1999 ) . `` Burtonland '' . Tim Burton : An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Renaissance Books . pp. 137 -- 148 . ISBN 1 - 58063 - 162 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hugo Awards : 1994 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : 1994 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 51st Golden Globe Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) : Rank 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Fred Topel ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Director Henry Selick Interview -- The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . About.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ `` CYNAMATIC : EXCLUSIVE : Masato Yoshino Gets Oogie 's Revenge '' . MovieWeb . October 7 , 2005 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge -- Deane Taylor Interview '' . TeamXbox . September 19 , 2005 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Otto , Jack ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` How possible is a sequel to Nightmare Before Christmas ? '' . Blastr . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Quixotic Games - About Quixotic '' . quixoticgames.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quixotic Games - Ludography '' . quixoticgames.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nightmare Before Christmas Jenga '' . craziestgadgets.com . Jump up ^ `` Munchkin ® The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . worldofmunchkin.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MUNCHKIN : Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . usaopoly.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Frank Thompson ( July 2002 ) . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Film , the Art and the Vision ( Paperback ) . Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 5378 - 6 . Jun Asaga ( July 2002 ) . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas ( Paperback ) . Disney Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 3849 - 3 . Manga adaptation of the film . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Nightmare Before Christmas .",
"19": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Nightmare Before Christmas Official website The Nightmare Before Christmas on IMDb The Nightmare Before Christmas at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Nightmare Before Christmas at AllMovie The Nightmare Before Christmas at Box Office Mojo The Nightmare Before Christmas at Rotten Tomatoes The Nightmare Before Christmas at The Tim Burton Collective John Scalzi ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` Why Tim Burton 's Recurring Nightmare Remains So Popular '' . AMC . Nightmare Before Christmas Behind The Scenes A time lapse of the stop - motion animation process . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Characters ( Jack Skellington ) Film The Nightmare Before Christmas Video games Oogie 's Revenge The Pumpkin King Kingdom Hearts Music The Nightmare Before Christmas Nightmare Revisited `` This Is Halloween '' Attraction Haunted Mansion Holiday Portal Films directed by Henry Selick The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Monkeybone ( 2001 ) Moongirl ( 2005 ) Coraline ( 2009 ) The Shadow King ( TBA ) Tim Burton Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Directorial works Feature films Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks !",
"20": "( 1996 ) Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor ( 1971 ) Stalk of the Celery Monster ( 1979 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1982 ) Vincent ( 1982 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Stainboy ( 2000 ) Music videos `` Bones '' `` Here with Me '' Produced only The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Cabin Boy ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) 9 ( 2009 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literature The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories ( 1997 ) Television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( `` The Jar '' , 1986 ) Faerie Tale Theatre ( `` Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp '' , 1986 ) Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 91 ) Family Dog ( 1993 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter",
"21": "Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action",
"22": "films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 )",
"23": "The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck -",
"24": "It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E.",
"25": "Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 )",
"26": "Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Disney Christmas films Theatrical shorts Empty Socks ( 1927 ) Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) Santa 's Workshop ( 1932 ) Mickey 's Good Deed ( 1932 ) The Night Before Christmas ( 1933 ) Broken Toys ( 1935 ) Toy Tinkers ( 1949 ) Pluto 's Christmas Tree ( 1952 ) The Small One ( 1978 ) Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) The Little Matchgirl ( 2006 ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( 2017 ) Theatrical features Babes in Toyland ( 1961 ) One Magic Christmas ( 1985 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) I 'll Be Home for Christmas ( 1998 ) The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) The Santa Clause 3",
"27": ": The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) Disney 's A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Direct - to - video Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Santa Buddies ( 2009 ) The Search for Santa Paws ( 2010 ) Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups ( 2012 ) Made for TV Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( special , 1991 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( DCOM , 2000 ) ' Twas the Night ( DCOM , 2001 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( special , 2008 ) Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation ( episode , 2009 ) Prep & Landing ( special 2009 ) Prep & Landing : Operation : Secret Santa ( special 2010 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( DCOM , 2011 ) Prep & Landing : Naughty vs.",
"28": "Nice ( special , 2011 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( special , 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( special , 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas&oldid=837646752 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films The Nightmare Before Christmas 1993 animated films 1990s American animated films American 3D films American films American animated fantasy films American Christmas films Animated musical films Dark fantasy films Directorial debut films Disney animated films Films about Halloween Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films based on poems Films directed by Henry Selick Films scored by Danny Elfman Musical fantasy films Parallel universes in fiction Santa Claus in film Screenplays by Caroline Thompson Witchcraft in film Touchstone Pictures animated films Walt Disney Pictures films Films produced by Denise Di Novi Stop - motion animated films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from September 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 03 : 25 .",
"29": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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tiger shroff and shraddha kapoor new movie name
|
[
"Baaghi (English: Rebel)"
] |
{
"0": "Baaghi ( 2016 film ) - Wikipedia Baaghi ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Baaghi : A Rebel for Love or Baaghi ( 2000 film ) . Baaghi Theatrical release poster Directed by Sabbir Khan Produced by Sajid Nadiadwala Written by Sanjeev Datta Based on Varsham Starring Tiger Shroff Shraddha Kapoor Sunil Grover Sudheer Babu Music by Songs : Meet Bros Amaal Mallik Ankit Tiwari Manj Musik Pranaay Rijia Background Score : Julius Packiam Cinematography Binod Pradhan Edited by Manan Sagar Production company Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment Pvt. Ltd . Distributed by UTV Motion Pictures Release date 29 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) Running time 138 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 37 crore Box office est . ₹ 126.96 crore Baaghi ( English : Rebel ) is a 2016 Indian martial arts film directed by Sabbir Khan and produced by Sajid Nadiadwala under his banner Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment . It features Tiger Shroff and Shraddha Kapoor in lead roles , with Sudheer Babu and Sunil Grover in supporting roles . Journalists noted similarities between the film and the 2011 Indonesian film The Raid : Redemption and the 2004 Telugu - language Indian film Varsham . The film was released worldwide on 29 April 2016 . Made on a budget of ₹ 37 crore ( US $5.7 million ) , Baaghi has earned over ₹ 127 crore ( US $19 million ) worldwide . The film has grossed 100 crores from India .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot The movie starts with martial arts champion Raghav ( Sudheer Babu ) kidnapping Sia ( Shraddha Kapoor ) from her film 's set in Hyderabad and taking her to Bangkok . Sia 's father P.P. Khurana ( Sunil Grover ) goes to government offices and the police for help but no one is ready to assist them since Raghav is an influential man . Khurana then turns to Sia 's ex-boyfriend , Ronny Singh ( Tiger Shroff ) . In a flashback , Ronny and Sia meet on a train . Raghav sees Sia at the train station and starts to like her . He tells his men to get information about her . Ronny visits the school of Guruswamy in Kerala . In a letter to Guruswamy , Ronny 's father explains that Ronny is a Baaghi ( rebel ) , and asks him to make Ronny a good human being . Ronny and Sia fall in love , and Sia gives him a ring she got from her father , asking him to always keep it . Raghav asks for Sia 's hand from Khurana , and Khurana is so lost by greed when he sees how much money Raghav offers for Sia . He agrees to hand Sia over to Raghav but when he sees that Ronny has Sia 's ring , he realises she is in love with Ronny . He informs Raghav , who decides to kill Ronny . Ronny beats up Raghav 's men when they manhandle Subbu , a mute little boy Ronny is close to , only for Raghav to get him arrested later on . Guruswamy tries to persuade Raghav , his son , to stop pursuing Sia , but Raghav poisons and kills him to get him out of the way . Ronny is heartbroken to hear of Guruswamy 's death , since he had seen him as a father figure . Khurana then creates a misunderstanding between Sia and Ronny to separate them , which works , and the two part ways .",
"2": "In the present , Ronny reaches Bangkok and visits Raghav 's fight club , beating the strongest fighter there to get Raghav 's attention . The next day , Ronny breaks into the house of Raghav 's right - hand man , Biju , and threatens Biju 's wife at gunpoint , forcing him to reveal Sia 's location . Finding out she was at the hospital , Ronny saves Sia and escapes with her under both of them being disguised as a doctor and nurse . The two stop at an island on their way back to India , where Sia discovers her father 's deceit when she sees that Ronny is still wearing her ring . The couple reconciles but Raghav and his men attack them . Biju shoots Ronny , who falls off a cliff . Raghav takes Sia back to his place . It is then revealed that Ronny is alive . It turns out that Biju had used blank bullets in his gun , sparing him as Ronny had spared his wife 's life earlier . Raghav kills Biju when Biju says that he believes Ronny to be right . Ronny storms Raghav 's building and single - handedly fights off all of the killers and swordsmen in Raghav 's employ . He reaches Raghav , who initially overpowers him , but when Raghav reveals that he was the one who murdered Guruswamy , Ronny becomes enraged and uses Guruswamy 's signature moves to kill Raghav . At the end , Ronny , now happily together with Sia , becomes the new teacher in Guruswamy 's school , where a statue of Guruswamy now stands .",
"3": "Cast Tiger Shroff as Ronny Singh Shraddha Kapoor as Sia Khurana Sudheer Babu as Raghav Shetty ( Viraj Adhav as the dubbing voice ) Paras Arora Shaurya Bhardwaj as Guruswami Sourav Chakraborty as Biju Sunil Grover as PP Khurrana ( Sia 's father ) Sumit Gulati as Sukhi Jagdish Kansara as Lawyer Kota Srinivasa Rao as Film Producer Buddya Sunari Magar as Refree Sanjay Mishra as Harry Prashant Singh as Gopi Ron Smoorenburg as Fight Club Fighter - Jack Chivpatrick Tang as Yong Kazu Patrick Tang as Yong Jason Tham as Kim Aryan Prajapati as Subbu Production Shroff trained and took up stunt classes for the film . Sajid Nadiadwala hired a special team of 50 people to keep Shroff 's look under wraps . The makers did not want his look to be revealed because of his role in the film being distinct from his role in Heropanti . Telugu actor Sudheer Babu was signed to play a negative role , making his Bollywood debut . Shooting for Baaghi started on 27 May 2015 . The shooting of the film completed on 21 February 2016 . The film was extensively shot in India and Thailand . Soma Kerala Palace , Kochi was shown in the movie as the KARMA Institute ( school of Guruswamy ) . Song Sab Tera was shot in the exotic Poda Island .",
"4": "Soundtrack Baaghi Soundtrack album by Meet Bros , Amaal Mallik , Ankit Tiwari , Manj Musik and Pranaay Rijia Released 29 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 25 : 42 Language Hindi Label T - Series Producer Sajid Nadiadwala Singles from Baaghi `` Sab Tera '' Released : 18 March 2016 `` Let 's Talk About Love '' Released : 25 March 2016 The music of the film is composed by Meet Bros , Amaal Mallik , Ankit Tiwari , Manj Musik and Pranaay Rijia while the background score is given by Julius Packiam . The lyrics of the movie are penned by Kumaar , Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay , Sanjeev Chaturvedi , Raftaar , Sabbir Khan and Rahul B. Seth . The first song of the film Sab Tera was released on 18 March 2016 which is sung by Shraddha Kapoor and Armaan Malik . The second song of the film titled as Let 's Talk About Love which is sung by Raftaar and Neha Kakkar was released on 25 March 2016 . The full Soundtrack album of the film was released on 29 March 2016 which includes 6 songs . Track listing No . Title Lyrics Music Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Agar Tu Hota '' Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay Ankit Tiwari Ankit Tiwari 5 : 28 2 . `` Cham Cham '' Kumaar Meet Bros Meet Bros , Monali Thakur 4 : 44 3 . `` Girl I Need You '' Kumaar Meet Bros Meet Bros , Arijit Singh , Roach Killa , Khushboo Grewal 4 : 57 4 . `` Let 's Talk About Love '' Raftaar , Sabbir Khan Manj Musik Raftaar , Neha Kakkar 3 : 21 5 .",
"5": "`` Sab Tera '' Sanjeev Chaturvedi Amaal Mallik Armaan Malik , Shraddha Kapoor 3 : 48 6 . `` Get Ready To Fight '' Rahul B. Seth , Sabbir Khan Pranaay Rijia Benny Dayal , Siddharth Basrur 3 : 24 Total length : 25 : 42 Sequel Main article : Baaghi 2 On 1 May 2017 , Tiger Shroff posted the first look poster of the film on his Twitter account . The producer of the film , Sajid Nadiadwala , collaborated with Fox Star Studios and the film was released under Fox Star Studios and Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment . The film is directed by Ahmed Khan . The film was released worldwide on 30 March 2018 . A third installment was also announced under the title of Baaghi 3 , with Nadiadwala the producer , Khan the director , and Shroff in the lead role . References Jump up ^ https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3271 Jump up ^ https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3271 Jump up ^ `` Baaghi similar to The Raid , producer Guneet Monga files injunction '' . Hindustan Times , New Delhi . 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Here 's Proof : Tiger Shroff - Shraddha Kapoor 's ' Baaghi ' copied from ' Varsham ' and ' The Raid : Redemption ' ! . DNA India ( 15 March 2016 ) Jump up ^ Mehta , Ankita ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` Box office collection : ' Baaghi ' grosses Rs. 100 crore in India ; Tiger - Shraddha 's film set to beat ' Kapoor and Sons ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Shrofs training hard for his upcoming film ' Bghi ' '' . The Indian Express . 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ `` Sajid Nadiadwala : The story of Tiger 's Baaghi came from me '' . Roshmila Bhattacharya. 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sajid Nadiadwala provides additional security for ' Baaghi ' '' . Mohar Basu. 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shraddha Kapoor , Tiger Shroff to start shooting for ' Baaghi ' soon '' . Dimple Bajwa. 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Shroff 's ' Baaghi ' starts shooting tomorrow '' . PTI. 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood Movie Baaghi Shooting Locations '' . www.bollylocations.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Shraddha Kapoor lends voice to high - pitch Sab Tera song in ' Baaghi ' '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baaghi ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) -- EP by Ankit Tiwari , Amaal Mallik , Manj Musik & Meet Bros on iTunes '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Shroff reveals crackling new look from Baaghi 2 and drops release date '' . Deccan Chronicle. 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The third instalment in # Baaghi film series announced : # Baaghi3 ... Here 's the official announcement '' . 19 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 .",
"7": "External links Baaghi on IMDb Baaghi at Bollywood Hungama http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/cast-crew/baaghi/15978 India portal 2010s portal Film portal Bollywood portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baaghi_(2016_film)&oldid=838253931 '' Categories : 2016 films Hindi - language films Indian films 2010s Hindi - language films Indian action films Indian martial arts films Indian romance films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with input errors Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाली Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 21 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many episodes is ash vs evil dead season 3
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"0": "Ash vs Evil Dead - wikipedia Ash vs Evil Dead Jump to : navigation , search Ash vs Evil Dead Genre Supernatural Comedy horror Fantasy Action Based on Characters by Sam Raimi Developed by Sam Raimi Ivan Raimi Tom Spezialy Starring Bruce Campbell Ray Santiago Dana DeLorenzo Jill Marie Jones Lucy Lawless Michelle Hurd Ted Raimi Pepi Sonuga Arielle Carver - O'Neill Lindsay Farris Composer ( s ) Joseph LoDuca Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 29 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Robert Tapert Sam Raimi Bruce Campbell Craig DiGregorio Producer ( s ) Chloe Smith Aaron Lam Rick Jacobson Sean Clements Dominic Dierkes Location ( s ) Auckland , New Zealand Cinematography Dave Garbett John Cavill Editor ( s ) Bob Murawski Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 37 minutes 41 minutes ( pilot ) Production company ( s ) Renaissance Pictures Starz Originals Release Original network Starz Picture format 4K ( UHDTV ) Original release October 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 31 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Army of Darkness External links Website Ash vs Evil Dead is an American comedy horror television series developed by Sam Raimi , Ivan Raimi , and Tom Spezialy for the Starz network filmed in New Zealand . It is set in Raimi 's Evil Dead universe , with Bruce Campbell reprising his role as Ash Williams , and acts as a sequel to the original trilogy . Ray Santiago , Dana DeLorenzo , and Lucy Lawless also star . The series is executive produced by Campbell , Raimi , Craig DiGregorio , and Robert Tapert , who produced all four Evil Dead films . The series premiered on October 31 , 2015 . Three days before the series ' premiere , Starz renewed it for a second season , which premiered on October 2 , 2016 .",
"1": "On October 7 , 2016 , while at the New York Comic Con , Starz announced that the series had been renewed for a third season , which premiered on February 25 , 2018 . On April 20 , 2018 , it was announced that the series had been cancelled after three seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guests 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 5 Music 6 Reception 6.1 Critical 6.2 Accolades 7 Media releases 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series is set approximately 30 years after the first three Evil Dead films , and serves as a sequel to that trilogy . Ash Williams works at the `` Value Stop '' as a simple stock boy . Also working at the store is his friend Pablo and the object of Pablo 's affections , Kelly . Ash has seemingly done very little with his life since returning from 1300 AD at the end of Army of Darkness , and the beginning of the series sees him living in a trailer and drinking alone in bars . However , Ash must soon renounce his routine existence and become a hero once more by taking up arms and facing the titular Evil Dead . Pablo and Kelly decide to join him on his quest to save humanity . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Bruce Campbell as Ash Williams : Ash has changed in the 30 years since Army of Darkness . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Campbell stated , `` Ash has survivor 's guilt . You could have a heyday with his PTSD . He 's a war vet . He does n't want to talk about it , and he 'll lie about that stump on his hand to impress the ladies . This is a guy who 's got some issues . He 's emotionally stunted . But , he 's the guy you want in the foxhole next to you . ''",
"2": "Over the course of season one , it is revealed that following the events of the film trilogy , Ash spent thirty years drifting from town to town , living in a mobile home trailer , with his pet lizard , Eli , and working a series of dead - end jobs at different branches of Value Stop . Ash has attempted to destroy the Necronomicon on multiple occasions . Unable to be rid of the book , he instead becomes its de facto caretaker . In season two , it is revealed that Ash had returned to his hometown of Elk Grove , Michigan , after the events of the films . The people of Elk Grove refused to believe his stories of Deadites , and instead accused him of murdering his friends and his sister in the cabin , shunned him , and dubbed him `` Ashy Slashy '' . Ray Santiago as Pablo Simon Bolivar : A co-worker who became Ash 's loyal sidekick . Pablo believed that Ash is a true hero , and called him `` El Jefe '' ( `` The Boss '' ) as a mark of respect . Santiago describes his character as an `` El Jefe in - training '' . He was raised by his uncle , a shaman , who told him stories of an evil power which can only be defeated by `` El Jefe '' . He fights valiantly alongside Ash and Kelly before being torn to ribbons by the demon Baal , but was resurrected thereafter . Dana DeLorenzo as Kelly Maxwell / Sorceress Kaya : An occasionally moody and initially reluctant young woman , Kelly is dragged into the fight against evil with Ash and Pablo after she is orphaned . She and her family are Jewish , and she temporarily worked at the Value Stop with Ash and Pablo . Her mother died in a car accident some six months prior to the beginning of the series . Jill Marie Jones as Amanda Fisher ( season 1 ) A Michigan State Trooper who set out to find Ash following the death of her partner . Lucy Lawless as Ruby Knowby / Rebecca Prevett : A mysterious figure who is on a quest to hunt down the source of the recent evil outbreaks . She claims to be the daughter of Professor Raymond Knowby and sister of Annie Knowby from Evil Dead II . She is later revealed to be an immortal being who wrote the Necronomicon .",
"3": "Michelle Hurd as Linda Bates - Emery ( season 2 ) : Ash 's high school girlfriend who is now married to Emery , the sheriff of Elk Grove , and has a daughter , Lacey . She is one of the few people in Elk Grove happy to see Ash return . Ted Raimi as Chet Kaminski ( season 2 ) A hard - partying old childhood friend of Ash 's who was secretly intimate with Ash 's sister , Cheryl , thirty years prior , and pays the ultimate price for it . Pepi Sonuga as Lacey Emery ( season 2 ) Thomas ' and Linda 's 17 - year - old daughter who becomes possessed by Kandarian spirits and is killed by Kelly . Arielle Carver - O'Neill as Brandy Barr ( season 3 ) Ash 's long - lost daughter , a smart middle - class American high school senior whose life is upended when she finds herself caught up in violent demonic events that result in her mother 's death . Lindsay Farris as Dalton ( season 3 ) A member of the Knights of Sumeria , an ancient order dedicated to battling evil . Recurring cast ( edit ) Samara Weaving as Heather ( season 1 ) The sole survivor of a hiking group , she is rescued by Pablo and Kelly when they reach the cabin . She is later indirectly killed by Ruby when the evil is set loose . Hemky Madera as El Brujo ( season 1 , 3 ) Pablo 's shaman uncle , Ash , Pablo and Kelly go to him for help against the Kandarian Demon . He is killed by the demon Eligos when he performs an exorcism on Kelly to release her from Eligos ' thrall . Lee Majors as Brock Williams ( season 2 , 3 ) Ash 's father , whom Ash has not seen in 30 or so years , since the events of Evil Dead . It is from his father that Ash got his bad habits ( debauchery , etc . ) , and it 's hinted that he has stolen girls / women from Ash in the past ( i.e. his son 's old high school P.E. teacher , Lillian Pendergrast ) . His day job is as a hardware store owner ; his slogan is `` Brock Williams - has wood - call me . ''",
"4": "He blames Ash for the death of his daughter , Cheryl , but then , minutes before being killed by his son 's possessed Oldsmobile 88 , comes to realize that his boy was actually a hero . Stephen Lovatt as Sheriff Thomas Emery ( season 2 ) The husband of Linda whom Ash used to pick on in highschool . He is now the strict sheriff of Elk Grove . Joel Tobeck as Baal ( season 2 ) A diabolical demon and Ruby 's ex-husband who wants the Necronomicon for his own nefarious purposes . His abilities include using lust to manipulate others , possessing human bodies and the ability to slow down time near a target where he can converse with or injure said target . When Baal is using this power nobody seems to be able to see him besides the person he is interacting with . Ruby has also mentioned that he is impervious to physical attacks and can only be harmed through mystic or spiritual means . Emilia Burns as Zoë ( Season 3 ) , a Knight of Sumeria who helps Ash in his crusade . She ends up being the sole survivor of her knight squadron . Katrina Hobbs as Candace Barr ( Season 3 ) , An ex-girlfriend of Ash 's who is the mother of their daughter Brandy . Ash married Candace in Las Vegas when they were drunk . She was later killed by a deadite before becoming one herself at her own funeral . Samantha Young as Natalie ( Season 3 ) , A woman who Ruby kidnaps and hold hostage be a sort - of babysitter for her spawn . She is later killed by the demonic baby . Special guests ( edit ) Rebekkah Farrell as Linda ( season 1 ) Ellen Sandweiss returning as Cheryl Williams ( season 2 ) from the original Evil Dead movie . Nicholas Hope as Professor Raymond Knowby ( season 2 ) Alison Quigan ( normal form ) and Ted Raimi ( Deadite form ) as Henrietta Knowby ( season 2 ) Kelvin Taylor as an Orderly Production ( edit ) The series first started life as two competing ideas for a fourth Evil Dead film . However at the time the Raimi brothers did not know how to get funding for the film and so it was instead written as a TV show .",
"5": "Writing for the medium presented new challenges for Sam as he had to make the series accessible to new viewers as well as create new characters to `` bounce off of '' . The project was first officially revealed by Raimi at a surprise appearance at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con That November Starz announced that they officially put an order in for the series . Campbell said the channel was the only network that would give them the ability to be unrated and unrestricted ; Campbell has stated that Starz does not require the crew to create alternate , `` wimpy '' versions for television . The pilot episode of the series was written by Sam Raimi ( who also directed ) , Ivan Raimi and Tom Spezialy . In February 2015 , original film series producer Robert Tapert returned to produce along with Raimi , Campbell and Craig DiGregorio . Ray Santiago and Dana DeLorenzo were cast in the lead roles of Pablo Simon Bolivar and Kelly Maxwell , and Jill Marie Jones was cast as Amanda Fisher , a Michigan State Trooper . In March 2015 , Lucy Lawless was cast as Ruby , a mysterious figure who 's on a quest to stop the evil outbreak and believes that Ash is the one who 's the cause of it . In April 2015 , Starz released a new graphic teaser advertising the TV show is coming in the fall of 2015 , along with a new poster for the series . Filming commenced in Auckland , New Zealand later that month . Due to legal issues with Universal Pictures , the events from Army of Darkness could not specifically be mentioned in the first season . In April 2015 , the producers made it clear that they wanted to resolve the issue , and in mid-2016 , producer Robert Tapert stated that the rights issue had been solved and that references to Army of Darkness would appear from season two onward .",
"6": "Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 October 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 31 ) January 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) 10 October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 10 February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` El Jefe '' Sam Raimi Sam Raimi & Ivan Raimi and Tom Spezialy October 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 31 ) 0.437 Thirty years after his epic battle against the evil Deadites , Ash Williams ( Bruce Campbell ) is living in a trailer park , working in a Value Stop department store , and spending his evenings womanizing in dive bars . After seeing a demonic visage appear on a woman 's face , Ash recalls having a recent Marijuana - addled `` poetry read '' with a young prostitute , from the Necronomicon , which he still keeps locked in a trunk . Elsewhere in town , Michigan state police detective Amanda Fisher , ( Jill Marie Jones ) , investigates a disturbance at an abandoned house and encounters Ash 's demon - possessed friend who kills her partner . After defeating the possessed woman , she is then forced to put down her undead partner who attacks her . Later , Amanda meets the mysterious Ruby Knowby , ( Lucy Lawless ) , who seems almost too understanding about the horrors Amanda has witnessed . As more evil happenings occur around him , Ash realizes he unwittingly reawakened the horrible curse again and decides to slip out of town , but he is stopped by his co-workers , Pablo ( Ray Santiago ) and Kelly , ( Dana DeLorenzo ) , who realize he 's to blame for what is going on .",
"7": "After having to kill his possessed neighbor , Ash reluctantly decides to resume his old chainsaw - wielding persona once again . `` Bait '' Michael J. Bassett Dominic Dierkes November 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 07 ) 0.276 Pablo and Ash help Kelly who is worried about a strange call from her father and the sudden return of her lost mother , ( Mimi Rogers ) , who was feared dead months ago . Ash remains suspicious of the mother , believing she 's a Deadite impostor . Meanwhile Amanda follows leads that Ash Williams is behind the recent deaths and strange happenings around town , and decides to track him down . Ash and Pablo arrive at Kelly 's father 's house to find Kelly 's mother acting normal . However , after being provoked at the dinner table by Ash , Kelly 's mother reveals herself as a Deadite and kills Kelly 's father with a fork . After a madcap fight between her and Ash , the Deadite tries to convince Kelly that she 's fine now , but shows herself again and Ash kills her . After burying the two bodies , Kelly agrees to accompany Ash and Pablo , and the three drive away . `` Books from Beyond '' Michael J. Bassett Sean Clements November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) 0.383 With the mysterious Ruby one step behind them , Ash and his friends seek out Lionel , the owner of an occult bookstore , `` Books from Beyond , '' to find a way to undo the evil curse . Lionel uses the Necronomicon to summon the demon Eligos in hopes of compelling it to give the answers Ash seeks . The ceremony goes awry when Amanda arrives to arrest Ash and Eligos escapes the summoning circle . In all the chaos , Ash does manage to get a cryptic response that the solution to his predicament resides within him . `` Brujo '' David Frazee James E. Eagan November 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 21 ) 0.448 After dealing with the demon , Ash leaves the uncooperative Amanda handcuffed in the bookstore and trapped with a Deadite Lionel .",
"8": "She is saved however by Ruby , and after learning of her interest in Ash , the two join forces in hunting him down . Meanwhile Pablo takes Ash to meet his shaman uncle , a `` Brujo '' , who may be able to help . Along the way , Kelly gets sick and acts strangely , having been unknowingly possessed by Eligos . Eventually the Brujo gives Ash a drug - induced vision of himself relaxing on a pier in Jacksonville , Florida , ( Ash 's idealized vacation spot ) , where his pet lizard Eli appears and tells him he must bury the Necronomicon deep in the place where everything started -- the cabin in the woods . During the trip , a possessed Kelly attacks Ash . 5 5 `` The Host '' David Frazee Zoë Green November 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 28 ) 0.430 The Eligos - possessed Kelly convinces Pablo and his uncle that Ash is the one possessed . Elsewhere , Amanda and Ruby close in on Ash by using Ash 's severed undead hand to guide them . The Brujo prepares for an exorcism while , back in Ash 's trailer , Kelly tries to seduce Pablo and later kill him . Once the demon reveals himself the Brujo performs the exorcism on Kelly , forcing Eligos to leave , but not before the Brujo is killed . During a funeral for the Brujo , Pablo takes his uncle 's sacred medallion . Back at the trailer , Pablo gives Ash a new mechanical hand that he had been working on . 6 6 `` The Killer of Killers '' Michael Hurst Nate Crocker December 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 05 ) 0.402 Ruby and Amanda arrive at the Brujo 's ranch just having missed Ash , but the charred skeleton of the Brujo emerges from the funeral pyre and confronts Ruby telling her that she 'll never have the book for herself . The two fall into the pyre which then explodes . Amanda leaves in Ruby 's car but notices Ash 's hand has disappeared . On their way to the cabin , Ash , Pablo and Kelly stop at a roadside diner to meet Lem , a old militia friend of Ash , and ask for help in acquiring some weapons .",
"9": "While Ash tries to scam his way out of paying the diner check , Pablo and Kelly return to the trailer and deal with the Necronomicon which comes alive and reacts to the Brujo 's medallion . Meanwhile , Amanda confronts Ash and arrests him , just as her police chief arrives . Soon , however , the evil Kandarian force attacks the diner , spontaneously turning the police chief and a waitress into Deadites . Having barely escaped the horror , Lem calls his militia buddies to `` arm up '' but he is soon attacked by the force himself . Back at the smoldering diner , Amanda agrees to join up with Ash 's group . 7 7 `` Fire in the Hole '' Michael Hurst Sean Clements , Dominic Dierkes and Ivan Raimi December 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) 0.452 Ash and his group go to meet the militiamen but find they have been attacked by a demon - possessed Lem . Lem attacks again , and Ash and Amanda become trapped in the militia 's bunker with him . Meanwhile , Kelly and Pablo escape to the woods but the militiamen , ( thinking the two are government agents and their friend Lem is infected with a government virus ) , hunt them down . Back at the Brujo 's ranch , Ruby emerges from the funeral pyre unharmed ; she goes to the diner and resumes her search for Ash . Eventually Pablo and Kelly rescue Ash and Amanda and get the weapons from the militia . Ash then unexpectedly vanishes . A closing scene shows Ash 's severed hand crawling through the woods toward the cabin . 8 8 `` Ashes to Ashes '' Tony Tilse Michael J. Bassett December 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 19 ) 0.465 Armed with his chainsaw , shotgun and the Necronomicon , Ash returns to the sinister cabin after 30 years . He finds Amanda behind him who convinces him that he should n't face the evil alone . Meanwhile Kelly and Pablo are lost in the woods but find a group of hikers consisting of Brad , his fiancée and Heather , who lead them toward the cabin .",
"10": "At the cabin , Ash is taunted by the severed head of his old girlfriend Linda that he left in the work shed three decades ago . In the cabin , Amanda listens to the old tape recorder about the Necronomicon . Ash suddenly appears and tells her that they should just leave and be together , but Amanda notices his putrid hand and he attacks her . She manages to cut off and destroy the hand , but imposter - Ash impales her on the antlers of the deer head in the living room . The real Ash then finds Amanda just before she dies . Pablo and Kelly return and Ash tells them that she was killed by another Evil Ash that is running around somewhere . 9 9 `` Bound in Flesh '' Tony Tilse Rob Wright December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 0.343 Pablo and Kelly confront the two Ashes and , once they realize who the impostor is , they kill him . Ash decides to chop up the bodies of the impostor and Amanda before they turn into Deadites , but the hikers return . Pablo and Kelly lead them away while Ash dismembers his clone . Suddenly the Necronomicon starts talking to him , trying to convince him not to bury it . He throws the book in the refrigerator then notices Amanda has disappeared . Amanda , now a Deadite , attacks Pablo , Kelly and the hikers . She kills Brad and his fiancée and Heather breaks her leg . Ruby arrives and Amanda runs off . Returning to the cabin , Ruby confronts Ash , introducing herself as the one who 's been cleaning up his mess . She explains that the book can not be simply buried but needs to be dismantled . Ash agrees to destroy the book and cuts off its face , but once he hands it over Ruby begins a ritual to unleash the evil upon the entire world . Ruby claims to have written the Necronomicon and the face of the book animates and attaches itself to Pablo . 10 10 `` The Dark One '' Rick Jacobson Craig DiGregorio January 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) 0.508 Before Ash can react to what is going on , Amanda returns and attacks him .",
"11": "He manages to defeat her but notices Ruby and Pablo have disappeared into the cellar . He goes down to find them but the Kandarian force pounds the cabin and Ash falls down the steps . He suddenly finds himself back in his trailer with the Necronomicon . Ruby appears and tells him that he was destined to stand against her , and then tries to broker a truce by offering him what he desires the most -- a peaceful retirement in Jacksonville . Refusing the offer , Ash finds himself back in the cellar and under attack by a demonic child that was belched up by Pablo who is under the control of the Necronomicon . Meanwhile , Kelly and Heather attempt to survive a demonic onslaught . Heather is killed while Kelly is locked out of the cabin . Ash again confronts Ruby , who promises to leave Ash and his friends alone in exchange for allowing her to release evil spirits ( which she claims she can control ) from the Necronomicon . Ash accepts the deal and starts driving to Jacksonville with Kelly and Pablo , while sinkholes begin to open up around the world . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Home '' Rick Jacobson Craig DiGregorio September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) ( online ) October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) ( broadcast ) 0.436 While enjoying his time at Jacksonville , Ash is forced to come out of retirement after being attacked by Deadites summoned by Ruby . Ash ( still in possession of the Kandarian Dagger ) , Pablo and Kelly return to Ash 's hometown in Michigan , Elk Grove , where they meet up with his father , Brock ( Lee Majors ) , who criticizes him for running away from the town after the events that transpired 30 years ago . While searching around town for Ruby , Ash encounters his former love , Linda Bates , who is married to the town 's sheriff , Thomas Emery . Emery mocks Ash , and promises to take him in when he can .",
"12": "Pablo receives a vision , prompting the gang to head to the town 's crematorium , where Ash finds an injured Ruby , claiming that her children have betrayed her , forcing her to hide the Necronomicon . After saving her from her three demon children , Ash and Ruby form a temporary alliance . 12 `` The Morgue '' Tony Tilse Cameron Welsh October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 0.333 Ruby reveals to the group that she hid the Necronomicon inside a corpse at the town morgue , which prompts Ash and Kelly to go retrieve it , while Pablo stays with her at Brock 's house in order to find out about his visions . While attempting to get the book , Ash discovers that his old high school P.E. teacher , who is dating Brock , turns out to have been dead and is now a Deadite . Ash returns home just in time to stop the Deadite from raising hell . Meanwhile , Pablo 's grasp on reality is tested when Ruby reveals that the Necronomicon has gifted him with premonitions , a detail seen in one from which Ruby deduces that her ex-husband , Baal , is the reason behind why all of her children have turned on her . At the end , Ash 's car , the Delta , is stolen by two teenagers , while still carrying the Necronomicon in it . 13 `` Last Call '' Tony Tilse Noelle Valdivia October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 0.321 In an attempt to lure the teenagers who stole his car to his place , Ash and his best buddy , Chet , devise a plan to throw a party at the bar , lure the thieves in , and get the Delta and the Necronomicon back . The plan backfires , however , as one of the teenagers ' friends accidentally reads from the Necronomicon , allowing evil to possess her as well as the Delta , leading to a mass killing spree . The possessed teenager , Amber , heads to Ash 's party , where she almost kills Brock before Ash intervenes . Brock realizes the truth about his son and shows his pride , but before he could reveal a secret to Ash , he is run over by the Delta .",
"13": "Meanwhile , Ruby attempts to convince Kelly that she is the one Ruby was supposed to be looking for . 14 `` DUI '' Michael J. Bassett Ivan Raimi October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 0.274 The possessed Delta continues its rampage holding one of the teenagers , Lacey , hostage . It comes back and kidnaps Pablo as well . Ash takes Chet in tow , driving his car and pursues the Delta . Meanwhile , Ruby and Kelly head back to Ash 's trailer to pick up weapons , where Ruby reveals that Baal can get into an individual 's mind and manipulate them , and that she has been manipulated before . While they go back to the crematorium and kill the rest of her spawn , Ash continues chasing down Pablo , and Chet drops him off at an abandoned Demolition derby park . The Delta lets go of Pablo and Lacey , facing Ash by itself . While Pablo tries to deface the book , it tells him to read a passage . Ash stops the Delta , and they throw the book into the trunk of the car , a portal to hell , seemingly destroying it . Ruby , sensing the book 's disappearance , runs back along with Kelly . A demon jumps out of the trunk at the end . 15 5 `` Confinement '' Michael J. Bassett William Bromell October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 0.274 Baal arrives on Earth and seduces a police officer before killing her and removing her skin . Ash is arrested for Amber 's murder but is freed from his cell by Baal , disguised as the police officer . Pablo , Kelly and Ruby arrive at the police station to free Ash , while Lacey and Linda come looking for Sheriff Emery . Before going to look for the Kandarian Dagger , Ruby warns the group of Baal 's ability to disguise himself by wearing peoples ' skin , which sets the group on edge as they come to realise that any one of them could be Baal . Pablo reveals a strange rash to Ash and Kelly . Seeing Pablo 's condition worsen , Emery believes that he is Baal , leading him to pull out his gun and threaten the group .",
"14": "Ruby returns with Ash 's weapons and Ash defeats the reanimated flesh of a fallen police officer . On examining Pablo 's rash , Ruby declares that he might be their only chance to stop Baal . 16 6 `` Trapped Inside '' Mark Beesley James E. Eagan November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 0.330 Ash , Kelly , Ruby , Linda and Lacey take Pablo back to Ash 's house , where Ruby reveals that if they wait long enough , the required spell to send Baal back to hell will emerge on Pablo 's skin . Baal uses his powers to convince Emery to lead a mob of Elk Grove townspeople to capture Ash . As the townspeople surround Ash 's house , Ash hears a noise coming from Cheryl 's room . Inside he sees Chet , who had come to warn him about the mob . The required spell emerges from Pablo 's skin , while Ruby reveals to Kelly that birthing her demon `` children '' cost her her immortality . A Deadite Cheryl appears and fights Ash , killing Chet in the process . The fight is taken outside , where the townspeople are surprised to see Cheryl , seemingly alive . Ash kills her and reveals her to be a Deadite , thus convincing the people that he is not a murderer . Ash is then knocked out by Baal . 17 7 `` Delusion '' Mark Beesley Hank Chilton November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 0.337 Ash wakes up from a nightmare only to find himself in an asylum , where a man calling himself Doctor Peacock claims that Ash has been locked up since the murder of his friends at the cabin , and that everything about the Necronomicon was a delusion he made up to deny responsibility for his actions . Ash realizes that Peacock is none other than Baal , who is trying to break his mind through an illusion . Within the illusion he sees Ruby , as a nurse , Kelly as a fellow inmate , and Pablo as an orderly . Ash attempts to fight through the illusions , but fails time after time .",
"15": "After meeting with Linda , and seeing Ruby , Pablo and Kelly arrive outside the asylum , Ash then seemingly agrees to follow Baal 's command to destroy the Necronomicon . 18 8 `` Ashy Slashy '' Tony Tilse Suzanne Keilly and Aaron Lam November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 0.237 Ruby , Pablo and Kelly enter the asylum and encounter Sheriff Emery , who got Linda to help him capture Ash in exchange for Lacey 's freedom from Baal . Lacey , however , turns up as a Deadite and murders Emery , and is later killed by Kelly . Ruby and Pablo encounter Ash , who then tracks them down and takes Pablo to Baal . Kelly later meets up with Linda , who learns about the deaths of both her husband and daughter . She then resolves to take down Baal for good . They reach Pablo , where Ash reveals that he was never broken by Baal , and it was all part of his plan to get Pablo and Baal in the same room . Pablo then recites the incantation to send Baal back to Hell , but before disappearing , Baal slashes Pablo in the stomach , cutting him in half . 19 9 `` Home Again '' Rick Jacobson Jennifer Ames & Steve Turner December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 0.266 Distraught over the loss of Pablo , Ash and the gang attempt to travel back in time to ensure that young Ash will never see the Necronomicon . They return to the year 1982 , before young Ash went to the cabin . As they travel to the woods , the gang is chased down by the Kandarian Demon , and Ruby and Kelly are separated from Ash , who run into the cabin . After a brief altercation with an evil foetus that attempts to infect Ash from his leg , Ash hears a faint voice crying for help from the cellar . He finds the voice to be coming from Henrietta Knowby , who claims to have been trapped and tortured here by her husband . While initially not believing her , Ash eventually discovers as Professor Knowby returns with one of his students , Tanya , who he plans to use to transfer the Kandarian Demon from within Henrietta onto her .",
"16": "Ash then frees Henrietta , just as he realizes he 's been tricked , allowing her to run amok . In the midst of the chaos , Professor Knowby escapes with the Necronomicon and locks Ash and Tanya down in the cellar with Henrietta . Meanwhile , Ruby and Kelly are attacked by possessed trees , as well as being followed by a mysterious being . 20 10 `` Second Coming '' Rick Jacobson Luke Kalteux December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 0.269 As Professor Knowby attempts to escape the cabin , he is killed by the Ruby of year 1982 , who then retrieves the Necronomicon . Henrietta murders Tanya , and battles Ash , but is ultimately defeated . As Ash reunites with present - day Ruby and Kelly , past Ruby learns of their involvement and then kills present - day Ruby , while Ash and Kelly attempt to escape . The effects of the timeline alteration take place as Ash notices the return of his missing right hand , and Pablo seemingly returning to life . However , he turns out to be Baal , who has secretly taken over Pablo 's corpse rather than being banished . Baal and the alternate Ruby take Ash and Kelly back to the cabin , where they begin to perform rituals to give birth to their spawns . Ash proposes a fair fight between him and Baal , without the use of any magic or weapon . Baal gains the upper hand by using his powers to change form into Chet , Cheryl and Brock , tricking Ash and removing his right hand once more . As Baal prepares to execute Ash , however , he is outwitted and defeated . As the cabin begins to burn down and crumble , Baal , Ruby , their spawns , and the Necronomicon are seemingly banished to the underworld as part of the deal , while Pablo is brought back to life . Ash returns to his time , where Elk Grove reveres him as a hero , while the alternate Ruby watches him from afar . In a post-credit scene , the Necronomicon is picked up by an unknown traveler from the remains of the cabin . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S.",
"17": "viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Family '' Mark Beesley Mark Verheiden February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 0.225 After the Necronomicon is once again found and read , evil makes a return to Elk Grove . Ash reunites with Candace Barr , a former lover with whom he had a daughter , Brandy . Ash , Pablo and Candace rush to Kenward County High School in search of Brandy , who is being hunted down by evil . They find Brandy and her friend Rachel in the music classroom , but a possessed Rachel then attacks and manages to decapitate Candace . Ash kills Rachel and then battles the possessed school mascot , Cougie , but Kelly , along with Dalton , a Knight of Sumeria , arrive and save Ash . Ruby , after retrieving the Necronomicon , performs a ritual , smearing her blood over a drawing of Ash and drinking it , causing her to be impregnated . 22 `` Booth Three '' Mark Beesley Rob Fresco March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 0.171 While driving on the road , Ruby is forced to stop to give birth to her new demonic spawn , which she claims to be modeled after Ash 's image . She kidnaps Natalie , a Norwegian woman and uses her partner 's corpse as food to feed the spawn . Ash takes Brandy to school , where she meets up with Ruby , who is disguised as the school 's guidance counselor , Ms. Prevett . Ruby attempts to persuade her in distrusting Ash . Pablo is visited by a female spirit who warns him of evil taking over his body , and that he must embrace his destiny as the next Brujo . Dalton notices the Sumerian writing on Pablo 's body , and attempts to convince Kelly that he must be killed to prevent future risks . Ash later goes to the local sperm bank to investigate whether his sperm had been used , but Ruby summons evil to the bank to destroy his seeds . Ash manages to prevail , but realizes that he must now protect Brandy at all cost .",
"18": "23 `` Apparently Dead '' Diego & Andres Meza - Valdes Ivan Raimi March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 0.160 While Ash is attending Candace 's funeral , she becomes possessed and fights him . Brandy 's distrust for Ash grows further . Ash , upon discovering Ruby 's involvement , informs the gang to find the Kandarian dagger . Pablo receives another vision from the female spirit , pointing them toward the cabin . Pablo , Kelly and Dalton return to the cabin and start digging through the remains ; eventually Kelly finds the knife , but evil then comes after them and impales Dalton through a tree branch . He quickly turns Deadite and demands the knife , but Pablo attempts to run him over with a truck . Ruby goes to the cemetery and resurrects Brock , who then returns to his home and meets Brandy . Later , Ash returns and has a fight with Brock , ending with the latter being killed right in front of Brandy . 24 `` Unfinished Business '' Daniel Nettheim Nicki Paluga March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 0.176 Ash is visited by the ghost of the real Brock , who shows him a vision of the past in 2012 when he was visited by a Knight of Sumeria , who carried the missing pages of the Necronomicon . Brock incapacitated the knight and locked him under the hardware store 's cellar after thinking he was dead . Back in present day , Ash enters the cellar and finds the knight 's skeleton , as well as Sumerian writing on the wall . Ruby is contacted by the sorceress Kaya , who is imprisoned in the Netherworld ; the latter warns her of the inevitable prophecy and the opening of the Rift . She travels to the cabin and finds Dalton , who she temporarily revives in order to learn of what he knew . Dalton reveals to Ruby of their finding of the dagger , but then shoots himself in the head to prevent himself from turning once more . Kelly returns to Ash 's home and finds Brandy , who she attempts to convince to stay . They are however attacked by Pablo , who has been possessed ; in the ensuing struggle , Pablo bites Kelly in her leg and infects her .",
"19": "The two girls retreat to Ash 's trailer and barricade themselves in , but Kelly 's infection worsens and mutates further . Ash arrives at Ruby 's hideout , where he finds Natalie and Ruby 's spawn , who has grown considerably . Ash tries to break Natalie free , but ends up waking the spawn from his sleep . 25 5 `` Baby Proof '' Daniel Nettheim Luke Kalteaux March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 0.179 Pablo manages to enter the trailer , but Brandy stabs him with the Kandarian dagger . He then finds himself in a realm between life and death , where he meets the Brujo , who explains that Pablo must now perform a ritual to return to life and succeed him . He successfully completes the ritual and comes back to life , but then runs off to find Ash . Kelly determines to make Ruby pay for what she 's done . Meanwhile , at Ruby 's hideout , Ash realizes that her spawn is made in his image , and attempts to capture him to prove his story to Brandy . The spawn goes on the loose , and kills Natalie . It attempts to manipulate her corpse to fight Ash but eventually Ash traps it inside . He then takes the spawn to the hardware store , but it manages to consume Natalie 's corpse and free himself . He attempts to explain the situation to Brandy and a local police officer , but fails . However , Brandy chooses to believe her father and runs off together with him , leaving the spawn in Ruby 's possession once more . 26 6 `` Tales from the Rift '' Regan Hall Aaron Lam April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 0.196 Ash is contacted by a group of Knights of Sumeria , who he then takes to his hardware store to investigate the Sumerian writing . They deduce that the Knight who died in the cellar , Gary , had figured out a way to open the gateway to the Rift , a dimension between the human world and Hell . Pablo arrives at the store and is able to decipher the text , opening the portal .",
"20": "One of the Knights , Marcus , travels through the portal to scout ahead , but comes back a Deadite and slaughters the rest of the Knights except one . Ash manages to take down the Deadite , then instructs Pablo to find out how to close down the rift for good . Kelly goes to Ruby 's hideout with the dagger , intending to kill her ; Ruby overpowers Kelly , however , and kills her with the Kandarian dagger . She then uses Kelly 's body as a vessel for Kaya . Ash returns home later that night and receives the dagger from Kaya , who now poses as Kelly in order to sabotage Ash 's plan . 27 7 `` Twist and Shout '' Mark Beesley Caitlin Meares April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 0.136 Back at the hardware store , Pablo sees the real Kelly in the Rift through an opening in the Sumerian writing and learns of her death . He rushes to find Ash to break the news . Ash and Kaya take Brandy to the school dance , in hope of confronting Ruby . Unbeknownst to them , Ruby also takes her spawn , now having fully grown into a clone of Ash , to the school in an attempt to break Brandy 's trust in her father . The Ash clone terrorizes the school and murders many students , fooling Brandy into believing that her father is a demon . When Ash finally gets to Brandy , Ruby provokes her by plunging herself into Ash 's chainsaw and faking her death . However , Brandy ca n't bring herself to kill Ash . Pablo arrives at the school and encounters Kaya , but manages to escape . He and the Ash clone fight momentarily , before the real Ash kills the clone . Ruby , frustrated at Ash 's continuous streak of victory , wakes up and throws the Kandarian dagger at him , but Brandy blocks the attack by jumping in front of him and dies instead . She then wakes up in the Rift , and runs away from a lurking threat .",
"21": "28 8 `` Rifting Apart '' Mark Beesley Bryan Hill April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 0.175 Ash and Pablo hijack the coroner 's van to steal Brandy 's body and make it back to the hardware store , where they then use the Kandarian dagger to kill Ash and send him to the Rift , in hope of rescuing Brandy and Kelly . At the Rift , Brandy finds Kelly and Dalton , who have been evading a shadow creature lurking the dimension and consuming any spirit it comes across . Ash arrives in the Rift with both of his hands intact , and finds the other three . They attempt to run for the hardware store , but with the shadow creature blocking their path , Dalton volunteers to sacrifice himself as a distraction . Back at the hardware store , Pablo struggles with one of the possessed corpses from the coroner 's van , whom Ash accidentally retrieved instead of Brandy 's corpse . Pablo manages to open the portal in time , but Kelly is unable to make it back due to her body still being used by Kaya . Meanwhile , Kaya captures the surviving Knight , Zoe , who Ruby attempts to use in order to help both her and Kaya survive the forthcoming wrath of the Dark Ones . 29 9 `` Judgement Day '' Rick Jacobson Rick Jacobson April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 0.130 Ruby and Kaya use Zoe 's body to make a new page for the Necronomicon , in order to hide their presence from the Dark Ones . Pablo discovers a connection between him and the Necronomicon , allowing him to see through its eyes . Ash determines to go back to their hideout and end Ruby 's life . Pablo goes back to the hardware store only to find the Rift already open . The Dark Ones then come through and take the lost Necronomicon pages from Pablo , but spare his life . Back at Ash 's house , Brandy fends off against the invading evil , but in the process , her phone is possessed and bites off her left thumb . Ash arrives at Ruby 's place and attempts to fight them , but is quickly overpowered .",
"22": "Ruby destroys Ash 's chainsaw and demands the location of the Rift , but the Dark Ones arrive and claim their souls , allowing Ash to retreat with the Necronomicon and Kelly 's body . Ash returns to town , only to find that evil has terrorized it . The Dark Ones reclaim the Necronomicon , and begin chanting a spell , summoning a gigantic creature from the underground . 30 10 `` The Mettle of Man '' Rick Jacobson Rick Jacobson April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) TBD Music ( edit ) Joseph LoDuca , a frequent Sam Raimi collaborator who composed the scores for the Evil Dead films , contributes the original music for Ash vs Evil Dead . The series also leverages excerpts from various 1970s and ' 80s popular songs , particularly featuring artists ( e.g. , Alice Cooper , Ted Nugent and Frijid Pink ) from the greater Detroit area where Season One 's action is based ( and where Raimi , Campbell and Tapert grew up ) . In an interview , Sam Raimi states that the music selected for the series is based on the lack of growth the Ash character has progressed over the past 30 -- 35 years , and that , `` the music should reflect the last time he was engaged in society , and living '' . On November 11 , 2015 , it was announced that the Joseph LoDuca music score entitled Ash vs Evil Dead : Music from the STARZ Original Series would be released by Varèse Sarabande digitally on December 11 , 2015 and via audio CD on December 18 , 2015 . The following are the tracks that are on that album : Further more , in the season two finale , a marching band plays Victory for MSU , the official fight song of Michigan State University , where Raimi and Tapert attended college . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Sheet Show / Main Title '' 4 : 25 2 . `` Ai n't for Shabbas '' 3 : 22 3 . `` Linda / Where It Began '' 2 : 20 4 .",
"23": "`` Ash 's Trip '' 2 : 49 5 . `` It Did Happen / Outta Here '' 2 : 50 6 . `` A Foul Wind Bloweth / Mom Returns '' 2 : 47 7 . `` Deer Amanda / Shut Up Linda '' 3 : 50 8 . `` The Handyman Ca n't '' 0 : 46 9 . `` Adios , Tio Brujo '' 2 : 28 10 . `` Soave Pablo / She Got Him '' 2 : 34 11 . `` Offer to Fisher / Handy Escape / She Was Ruby '' 2 : 18 12 . `` Let 's Start Over / Pablo 's Process '' 2 : 06 13 . `` Kill Me Now / Perp 's Getting Away '' 2 : 07 14 . `` No Accident '' 1 : 59 15 . `` Evil Catches Up '' 1 : 11 16 . `` Missed Ya ' '' 1 : 38 17 . `` Amanda Returns '' 2 : 38 18 . `` Ritual '' 2 : 17 19 . `` Not My Boyfriend / Burn the Cabin '' 1 : 22 20 . `` Burn Baby / Mortal Toys '' 3 : 52 21 . `` Without Evil There Is No Good '' 2 : 37 22 . `` Ash 's Theme '' 1 : 35 Total length : 53 : 51 Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) The first season of Ash vs Evil Dead has received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 98 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating based on 49 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reading : `` True to the movies that spawned it , Ash vs Evil Dead is a gory , hilarious , and audacious resurrection of Sam Raimi 's beloved horror franchise . ''",
"24": "Metacritic gave the season a rating of 75 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' The second season has received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a score of 100 % , based on 16 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus currently reads , `` Ash vs. Evil Dead 's sophomore season proves the show is in command of its characters and tone , turning up the gore , fun , and energy to deliver even more grisly , action - packed thrills and laughs . '' On Metacritic , the season has a rating of 82 out of 100 , based on 5 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Category Nominee ( s ) Result 2016 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Won Best Actor on Television Bruce Campbell Won Best Supporting Actress on Television Dana DeLorenzo Nominated Saturn Awards Best Horror Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Nominated Best Actor on Television Bruce Campbell Won Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards Best TV Presentation Ash vs Evil Dead ( Episode : `` Brujo '' ) Won 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Ash vs Evil Dead Nominated Best TV Actor Bruce Campbell Won Best TV Supporting Actor Ray Santiago Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Dana DeLorenzo Nominated Best TV SFX Roger Murray Won Saturn Awards Best Horror Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Nominated Best Actor on a Television Series Bruce Campbell Nominated Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Lee Majors Nominated 2018 Best Horror Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Pending Best Actor on a Television Series Bruce Campbell Pending Media releases ( edit ) Subscribers to Starz can stream episodes of the show on Amazon Video . Season two is not yet available for purchase or rental on Amazon without a Starz account . On August 23 , 2016 , Anchor Bay Entertainment released the first season of the series on Blu - ray and DVD .",
"25": "The second season hit home media in the fall of 2017 . On December 11 , 2017 , seasons one and two were made available to stream in certain regions on Netflix . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elavksy , Cindy ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Celebrity Extra '' . Florida Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Steven ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Comcast Readies Xi4 Ultra HD Set - Top Box with 4K Content from Starz , Syfy , USA and More '' . Highdef Digest . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Starz Orders ' Evil Dead ' TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Starz Renews ' Ash Vs. Evil Dead ' For Third Season -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Starz 's ' Ash Vs. Evil Dead ' Sets Season 3 Premiere Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) . `` ' Ash vs. Evil Dead ' Canceled at Starz After Three Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Evil Dead ' scoop : Bruce Campbell reveals series details '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Maas , Jennifer ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Ray Santiago , Dana DeLorenzo join Ash vs Evil Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Mr Disgusting ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking : `` Ash Vs Evil Dead '' Casting and Details ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . ^ Jump up to : Decker , Sean ( February 11 , 2015 ) .",
"26": "`` Lead Actress Announced for ' Ash Vs Evil Dead ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Lucy Lawless to Co-Star in ' Evil Dead ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Ep 104 -- Brujo '' . Encore . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ash Vs Evil Dead ' Adds Lee Majors & Ted Raimi To Season 2 Cast On Starz '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Lee Majors Makes His Comic - Con Debut At ' Ash Vs Evil Dead ' Panel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mancuso , Vinnie . `` Interview : Bruce Campbell and Sam Raimi , The Face and Mind of `` Evil Dead '' `` . Observer.com . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi . `` Sam Raimi writing ' Evil Dead ' TV series '' . The Verge . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura . `` Starz Orders ' Evil Dead ' Sequel Series for 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Tedder , Michael ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Campbell On Ash vs Evil Dead , Fargo and Why He 's Not As Typecast As You Think '' . Paper . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Decker , Sean ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Campbell Talks Ash vs Evil Dead with Dread Central '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ Lealos , Shawn . `` Ash vs Evil Dead Teaser '' . Renegade Cinema . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( July 10 , 2015 ) .",
"27": "`` On the set of ' Ash vs Evil Dead ' in New Zealand '' . TV Trippin.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` '' Ash vs Evil Dead `` : Why Does n't Ash Work At S - Mart ? '' . Bloody Disgusting.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Starz ' Ash vs. Evil Dead ' Summons New Photo , May Ignore ' Army of Darkness ' '' . Screen Crush . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ash vs Evil Dead showrunner on Ash 's `` zero '' progression , his time travel history and more `` . IGN . Jump up ^ Collider Videos ( October 26 , 2015 ) . Bruce Campbell on Making ' Ash vs. Evil Dead ' without the Rights to ' Army of Darkness '. 2 : 23 minutes in -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ash vs. Evil Dead Season 2 Will Reference Army of Darkness '' . ScreenRant.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - ash vs evil dead on starz '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.31. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.7. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.14.",
"28": "2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` Expanded Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.21. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.28. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.5. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.26. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eddy , Cheryl ( September 27 , 2016 ) .",
"29": "`` How to Catch an Early Viewing of the Ash vs Evil Dead Season Two Premiere '' . Gizmodo . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) .",
"30": "`` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs Evil Dead -- Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Vs Evil Dead -- Crew -- Season 3 '' . Starz . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily .",
"31": "Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sagers , Aaron ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Maybe they like it ! - Sam Raimi on audience reaction to Ash vs Evil Dead , and his own future as a filmmaker '' . Blastr . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Ash vs Evil Dead '' Original Soundtrack Details Revealed ( Exclusive ) `` . Bloody Disgusting . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs. Evil Dead - Music from the STARZ Original Series - Joseph LoDuca '' . Varese Sarabande . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ `` Ash vs Evil Dead : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs Evil Dead - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash vs. Evil Dead : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs. Evil Dead - Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2016 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . Fangoria . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners announced in the ( Gasp ! ) 14th Annual Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards '' . RondoAward.com . February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . Fangoria . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films '' . saturnawards.org . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Ash vs Evil Dead : Bruce Campbell , Ray Santiago , Dana Delorenzo , Sam Raimi '' . January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs. Evil Dead Season 1 '' . Anchor Bay Entertainment . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs Evil Dead : The Complete Second Season '' . Amazon . October 23 , 2017 .",
"33": "Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Both Seasons of `` Ash vs. Evil Dead '' Just Arrived On Netflix Streaming ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ash vs. Evil Dead Official website Ash vs Evil Dead at Deadites Online . Ash vs Evil Dead on IMDb The Evil Dead Chronicles Evil Dead Films Feature films The Evil Dead Evil Dead II Army of Darkness Evil Dead Short film Within the Woods Television Ash vs Evil Dead Video games The Evil Dead Hail to the King A Fistful of Boomstick Regeneration Army of Darkness : Defense Comics Shop till You Drop Dead Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash Freddy vs. Jason vs.",
"34": "Ash : The Nightmare Warriors Musical Evil Dead : The Musical The Elvis Dead Characters Ash Williams Related films My Name Is Bruce Evil Head Unofficial sequels Ghosthouse Witchery Beyond Darkness House II : The Second Story The Horror Show Book Category Starz original programming Current Power ( since 2014 ) Outlander ( since 2014 ) The Missing ( since 2014 ) Ash vs Evil Dead ( since 2015 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( since 2016 ) American Gods ( since 2017 ) Counterpart ( since 2017 ) Howards End ( since 2018 ) Former 2000s debuts The Bronx Bunny Show ( 2007 ) Head Case ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hollywood Residential ( 2008 ) Crash ( 2008 -- 09 ) Party Down ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Spartacus : Blood and Sand ( 2010 ) Gravity ( 2010 ) The Pillars of the Earth ( 2010 ) Spartacus : Gods of the Arena ( 2011 ) Camelot ( 2011 ) Torchwood : Miracle Day ( 2011 ) Boss ( 2011 -- 12 ) Spartacus : Vengeance ( 2012 ) Magic City ( 2012 -- 13 ) Spartacus : War of the Damned ( 2013 ) Da Vinci 's Demons ( 2013 -- 15 ) Black Sails ( 2014 -- 17 ) Survivor 's Remorse ( 2014 -- 17 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) Flesh and Bone ( 2015 ) Close to the Enemy ( 2016 ) The White Princess ( 2017 ) Upcoming Sweetbitter ( 2018 ) Vida ( 2018 ) The Continental ( TBA ) Now Apocalypse ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"35": "php?title=Ash_vs_Evil_Dead&oldid=838457747 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American black comedy television series The Evil Dead ( franchise ) American action television series American fantasy television series American horror fiction television series English - language television programs Television programs based on films Television shows set in Michigan Starz network shows Zombies and revenants in popular culture Zombies in television Television series about viral outbreaks Demons in television Sequel television series Television shows filmed in New Zealand Television series created by Sam Raimi Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 03 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the term social justice first used
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{
"0": "Social justice - Wikipedia Social justice This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For the early - 20th - century periodical , see Social Justice ( periodical ) . College students live in tents for a week to call attention to perceived social injustice Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society . This is measured by the explicit and tacit terms for the distribution of wealth , opportunities for personal activity and social privileges . In Western as well as in older Asian cultures , the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive what was their due from society . In the current global grassroots movements for social justice , the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for social mobility , the creation of safety nets and economic justice . Social justice assigns rights and duties in the institutions of society , which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation . The relevant institutions often include taxation , social insurance , public health , public school , public services , labour law and regulation of markets , to ensure fair distribution of wealth , and equal opportunity . Interpretations that relate justice to a reciprocal relationship to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions , some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use . Hence , social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as Bartolomé de las Casas , in philosophical debates about differences among human beings , in efforts for gender , racial and social equality , for advocating justice for migrants , prisoners , the environment , and the physically and mentally disabled . While the concept of social justice can be traced through the theology of Augustine of Hippo and the philosophy of Thomas Paine , the term `` social justice '' became used explicitly from the 1840s . A Jesuit priest named Luigi Taparelli is typically credited with coining the term , and it spread during the revolutions of 1848 with the work of Antonio Rosmini - Serbati . In the late industrial revolution , progressive American legal scholars began to use the term more , particularly Louis Brandeis and Roscoe Pound .",
"1": "From the early 20th century it was also embedded in international law and institutions ; the preamble to establish the International Labour Organization recalled that `` universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice . '' In the later 20th century , social justice was made central to the philosophy of the social contract , primarily by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) . In 1993 , the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of human rights education . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contemporary theory 2.1 Philosophical perspectives 2.1. 1 Cosmic values 2.1. 2 John Rawls 2.1. 3 Thomas Pogge 2.1. 4 United Nations 3 Religious perspectives 3.1 Hinduism 3.2 Islam 3.3 Judaism 3.4 Christianity 3.4. 1 Methodism 3.4. 2 Catholicism 4 Criticism 5 Social justice movements 5.1 Liberation theology 5.2 Health care 5.3 Human rights education 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Articles 8.2 Books 9 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : Social contract , Justice , Corrective justice , and Distributive justice The different concepts of justice , as discussed in ancient Western philosophy , were typically centered upon the community . Plato Plato wrote in The Republic that it would be an ideal state that `` every member of the community must be assigned to the class for which he finds himself best fitted . '' In an article for J.N.V University , author D.R. Bhandari says , `` Justice is , for Plato , at once a part of human virtue and the bond , which joins man together in society . It is the identical quality that makes good and social . Justice is an order and duty of the parts of the soul , it is to the soul as health is to the body . Plato says that justice is not mere strength , but it is a harmonious strength . Justice is not the right of the stronger but the effective harmony of the whole .",
"2": "All moral conceptions revolve about the good of the whole - individual as well as social '' . Aristotle Aristotle believed rights existed only between free people , and the law should take `` account in the first instance of relations of inequality in which individuals are treated in proportion to their worth and only secondarily of relations of equality . '' Reflecting this time when slavery and subjugation of women was typical , ancient views of justice tended to reflect the rigid class systems that still prevailed . On the other hand , for the privileged groups , strong concepts of fairness and the community existed . Distributive justice was said by Aristotle to require that people were distributed goods and assets according to their merit . Socrates Socrates ( through Plato 's dialogue Crito ) is attributed with developing the idea of a social contract , whereby people ought to follow the rules of a society , and accept its burdens because they have accepted its benefits . During the Middle Ages , religious scholars particularly , such as Thomas Aquinas continued discussion of justice in various ways , but ultimately connected being a good citizen to the purpose of serving God . After the Renaissance and Reformation , the modern concept of social justice , as developing human potential , began to emerge through the work of a series of authors . Baruch Spinoza in On the Improvement of the Understanding ( 1677 ) contended that the one true aim of life should be to acquire `` a human character much more stable than ( one 's ) own '' , and to achieve this `` pitch of perfection ... The chief good is that he should arrive , together with other individuals if possible , at the possession of the aforesaid character . '' During the enlightenment and responding to the French and American Revolutions , Thomas Paine similarly wrote in The Rights of Man ( 1792 ) society should give `` genius a fair and universal chance '' and so `` the construction of government ought to be such as to bring forward ... all that extent of capacity which never fails to appear in revolutions . '' Social justice was coined by Jesuit priest Luigi Taparelli in the 1840s The first modern usage of the specific term `` social justice '' is typically attributed to Catholic thinkers from the 1840s , including the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in Civiltà Cattolica , based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas .",
"3": "He argued that rival capitalist and socialist theories , based on subjective Cartesian thinking , undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics as neither were sufficiently concerned with moral philosophy . Writing in 1861 , the influential British philosopher and economist , John Stuart Mill stated in Utilitarianism his view that `` Society should treat all equally well who have deserved equally well of it , that is , who have deserved equally well absolutely . This is the highest abstract standard of social and distributive justice ; towards which all institutions , and the efforts of all virtuous citizens , should be made in the utmost degree to converge . '' In the later 19th and early 20th century , social justice became an important theme in American political and legal philosophy , particularly in the work of John Dewey , Roscoe Pound and Louis Brandeis . One of the prime concerns was the Lochner era decisions of the US Supreme Court to strike down legislation passed by state governments and the Federal government for social and economic improvement , such as the eight - hour day or the right to join a trade union . After the First World War , the founding document of the International Labour Organization took up the same terminology in its preamble , stating that `` peace can be established only if it is based on social justice '' . From this point , the discussion of social justice entered into mainstream legal and academic discourse . In the late 20th century , a number of liberal and conservative thinkers , notably Friedrich von Hayek rejected the concept by stating that it did not mean anything , or meant too many things . However the concept remained highly influential , particularly with its promotion by philosophers such as John Rawls . Contemporary Theory ( edit ) Philosophical Perspectives ( edit ) Cosmic values ( edit ) Hunter Lewis ' work promoting natural healthcare and sustainable economies advocates for conservation as a key premise in social justice . His manifesto on sustainability ties the continued thriving of human life to real conditions , the environment supporting that life , and associates injustice with the detrimental effects of unintended consequences of human actions .",
"4": "Quoting classical Greek thinkers like Epicurus on the good of pursuing happiness , Hunter also cites ornithologist , naturalist , and philosopher Alexander Skutch in his book Moral Foundations : The common feature which unites the activities most consistently forbidden by the moral codes of civilized peoples is that by their very nature they can not be both habitual and enduring , because they tend to destroy the conditions which make them possible . Pope Benedict XVI cites Teilhard de Chardin in a vision of the cosmos as a ' living host ' embracing an understanding of ecology that includes humanity 's relationship to others , that pollution affects not just the natural world but interpersonal relations as well . Cosmic harmony , justice and peace are closely interrelated : If you want to cultivate peace , protect creation . John Rawls ( edit ) Main article : John Rawls Political philosopher John Rawls draws on the utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill , the social contract ideas of John Locke , and the categorical imperative ideas of Kant . His first statement of principle was made in A Theory of Justice where he proposed that , `` Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole can not override . For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others . '' A deontological proposition that echoes Kant in framing the moral good of justice in absolutist terms . His views are definitively restated in Political Liberalism where society is seen `` as a fair system of co-operation over time , from one generation to the next '' . All societies have a basic structure of social , economic , and political institutions , both formal and informal . In testing how well these elements fit and work together , Rawls based a key test of legitimacy on the theories of social contract . To determine whether any particular system of collectively enforced social arrangements is legitimate , he argued that one must look for agreement by the people who are subject to it , but not necessarily to an objective notion of justice based on coherent ideological grounding . Obviously , not every citizen can be asked to participate in a poll to determine his or her consent to every proposal in which some degree of coercion is involved , so one has to assume that all citizens are reasonable .",
"5": "Rawls constructed an argument for a two - stage process to determine a citizen 's hypothetical agreement : The citizen agrees to be represented by X for certain purposes , and , to that extent , X holds these powers as a trustee for the citizen . X agrees that enforcement in a particular social context is legitimate . The citizen , therefore , is bound by this decision because it is the function of the trustee to represent the citizen in this way . This applies to one person who represents a small group ( e.g. , the organiser of a social event setting a dress code ) as equally as it does to national governments , which are ultimate trustees , holding representative powers for the benefit of all citizens within their territorial boundaries . Governments that fail to provide for welfare of their citizens according to the principles of justice are not legitimate . To emphasise the general principle that justice should rise from the people and not be dictated by the law - making powers of governments , Rawls asserted that , `` There is ... a general presumption against imposing legal and other restrictions on conduct without sufficient reason . But this presumption creates no special priority for any particular liberty . '' This is support for an unranked set of liberties that reasonable citizens in all states should respect and uphold -- to some extent , the list proposed by Rawls matches the normative human rights that have international recognition and direct enforcement in some nation states where the citizens need encouragement to act in a way that fixes a greater degree of equality of outcome . According to Rawls , the basic liberties that every good society should guarantee are : Freedom of thought ; Liberty of conscience as it affects social relationships on the grounds of religion , philosophy , and morality ; Political liberties ( e.g. , representative democratic institutions , freedom of speech and the press , and freedom of assembly ) ; Freedom of association ; Freedoms necessary for the liberty and integrity of the person ( namely : freedom from slavery , freedom of movement and a reasonable degree of freedom to choose one 's occupation ) ; and Rights and liberties covered by the rule of law . Thomas Pogge ( edit ) Thomas Pogge 's arguments pertain to a standard of social justice that creates human rights deficits . He assigns responsibility to those who actively cooperate in designing or imposing the social institution , that the order is foreseeable as harming the global poor and is reasonably avoidable .",
"6": "Pogge argues that social institutions have a negative duty to not harm the poor . Pogge speaks of `` institutional cosmopolitanism '' and assigns responsibility to institutional schemes for deficits of human rights . An example given is slavery and third parties . A third party should not recognize or enforce slavery . The institutional order should be held responsible only for deprivations of human rights that it establishes or authorizes . The current institutional design , he says , systematically harms developing economies by enabling corporate tax evasion , illicit financial flows , corruption , trafficking of people and weapons . Joshua Cohen disputes his claims based on the fact that some poor countries have done well with the current institutional design . Elizabeth Kahn argues that some of these responsibilities should apply globally . United Nations ( edit ) The United Nations ' 2006 document Social Justice in an Open World : The Role of the United Nations , states that `` Social justice may be broadly understood as the fair and compassionate distribution of the fruits of economic growth ... '' The term `` social justice '' was seen by the U.N. `` as a substitute for the protection of human rights ( and ) first appeared in United Nations texts during the second half of the 1960s . At the initiative of the Soviet Union , and with the support of developing countries , the term was used in the Declaration on Social Progress and Development , adopted in 1969 . '' The same document reports , `` From the comprehensive global perspective shaped by the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , neglect of the pursuit of social justice in all its dimensions translates into de facto acceptance of a future marred by violence , repression and chaos . '' The report concludes , `` Social justice is not possible without strong and coherent redistributive policies conceived and implemented by public agencies . '' The same UN document offers a concise history : `` ( T ) he notion of social justice is relatively new . None of history 's great philosophers -- not Plato or Aristotle , or Confucius or Averroes , or even Rousseau or Kant -- saw the need to consider justice or the redress of injustices from a social perspective . The concept first surfaced in Western thought and political language in the wake of the industrial revolution and the parallel development of the socialist doctrine .",
"7": "It emerged as an expression of protest against what was perceived as the capitalist exploitation of labour and as a focal point for the development of measures to improve the human condition . It was born as a revolutionary slogan embodying the ideals of progress and fraternity . Following the revolutions that shook Europe in the mid-1800s , social justice became a rallying cry for progressive thinkers and political activists ... By the mid-twentieth century , the concept of social justice had become central to the ideologies and programmes of virtually all the leftist and centrist political parties around the world ... '' Religious Perspectives ( edit ) Hinduism ( edit ) The present - day Jāti hierarchy is undergoing changes for a variety of reasons including ' social justice ' , which is a politically popular stance in democratic India . Institutionalized affirmative action has promoted this . The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour of the jātis -- exclusive , endogamous communities centred on traditional occupations -- has led to various reform movements in Hinduism . While legally outlawed , the caste system remains strong in practice . Islam ( edit ) The Quran contains numerous references to elements of social justice . For example , one of Islam 's Five Pillars is Zakāt , or alms - giving . Charity and assistance to the poor -- concepts central to social justice -- are and have historically been important parts of the Islamic faith . In Muslim history , Islamic governance has often been associated with social justice . Establishment of social justice was one of the motivating factors of the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads . The Shi'a believe that the return of the Mahdi will herald in `` the messianic age of justice '' and the Mahdi along with the Isa ( Jesus ) will end plunder , torture , oppression and discrimination . For the Muslim Brotherhood the implementation of social justice would require the rejection of consumerism and communism . The Brotherhood strongly affirmed the right to private property as well as differences in personal wealth due to factors such as hard work . However , the Brotherhood held Muslims had an obligation to assist those Muslims in need . It held that zakat ( alms - giving ) was not voluntary charity , but rather the poor had the right to assistance from the more fortunate . Most Islamic governments therefore enforce the zakat through taxes .",
"8": "Though monetary donations are the most practiced way of zakat , Islam is deeply rooted in the tenets of volunteerism and social activism . Areas of one 's communities which require assistance and beneficiaries must be a Muslim 's foci if need be , rather than strictly her or his personal or superficial wants . For example , the ecological well - being of the planet ( i.e. : animal rights , global warming , natural resources degradation ) ; locally , nationally , globally , is a campaign to which every Muslim must adhere . Many Muslims practice this today by ensuring that they produce minimal waste , give to charity what they no longer need , and spend time in prayer and meditation upon the bounties of nature so as to more mindfully approach all that is provided by nature , and ultimately , Allah . Other areas of society in need may be the safety and security of minority populations , i.e. : women or persons of color , children , the elderly , the developmentally or physically disabled , animals , et al . Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Tikkun olam In To Heal a Fractured World : The Ethics of Responsibility , Rabbi Jonathan Sacks states that social justice has a central place in Judaism . One of Judaism 's most distinctive and challenging ideas is its ethics of responsibility reflected in the concepts of simcha ( `` gladness '' or `` joy '' ) , tzedakah ( `` the religious obligation to perform charity and philanthropic acts '' ) , chesed ( `` deeds of kindness '' ) , and tikkun olam ( `` repairing the world '' ) . Christianity ( edit ) Methodism ( edit ) From its founding , Methodism was a Christian social justice movement . Under John Wesley 's direction , Methodists became leaders in many social justice issues of the day , including the prison reform and abolition movements . Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights attracting significant opposition . Today , social justice plays a major role in the United Methodist Church .",
"9": "The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church says , `` We hold governments responsible for the protection of the rights of the people to free and fair elections and to the freedoms of speech , religion , assembly , communications media , and petition for redress of grievances without fear of reprisal ; to the right to privacy ; and to the guarantee of the rights to adequate food , clothing , shelter , education , and health care . '' The United Methodist Church also teaches population control as part of its doctrine . Catholicism ( edit ) Main article : Catholic social teaching Catholic social teaching consists of those aspects of Roman Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dealing with the respect of the individual human life . A distinctive feature of Catholic social doctrine is its concern for the poorest and most vulnerable members of society . Two of the seven key areas of `` Catholic social teaching '' are pertinent to social justice : Life and dignity of the human person : The foundational principle of all `` Catholic Social Teaching '' is the sanctity of all human life and the inherent dignity of every human person , from conception to natural death . Human life must be valued above all material possessions . Preferential option for the poor and vulnerable : Catholics believe Jesus taught that on the Day of Judgement God will ask what each person did to help the poor and needy : `` Amen , I say to you , whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine , you did for me . '' The Catholic Church believes that through words , prayers and deeds one must show solidarity with , and compassion for , the poor . The moral test of any society is `` how it treats its most vulnerable members . The poor have the most urgent moral claim on the conscience of the nation . People are called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor . '' Even before it was propounded in the Catholic social doctrine , social justice appeared regularly in the history of the Catholic Church : Pope Leo XIII , who studied under Taparelli , published in 1891 the encyclical Rerum novarum ( On the Condition of the Working Classes ; lit . `` On new things '' ) , rejecting both socialism and capitalism , while defending labor unions and private property . He stated that society should be based on cooperation and not class conflict and competition .",
"10": "In this document , Leo set out the Catholic Church 's response to the social instability and labor conflict that had arisen in the wake of industrialization and had led to the rise of socialism . The Pope advocated that the role of the State was to promote social justice through the protection of rights , while the Church must speak out on social issues in order to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony . The encyclical Quadragesimo anno ( On Reconstruction of the Social Order , literally `` in the fortieth year '' ) of 1931 by Pope Pius XI , encourages a living wage , subsidiarity , and advocates that social justice is a personal virtue as well as an attribute of the social order , saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just . Pope John Paul II added much to the corpus of the Catholic social teaching , penning three encyclicals which focus on issues such as economics , politics , geo - political situations , ownership of the means of production , private property and the `` social mortgage '' , and private property . The encyclicals Laborem exercens , Sollicitudo rei socialis , and Centesimus annus are just a small portion of his overall contribution to Catholic social justice . Pope John Paul II was a strong advocate of justice and human rights , and spoke forcefully for the poor . He addresses issues such as the problems that technology can present should it be misused , and admits a fear that the `` progress '' of the world is not true progress at all , if it should denigrate the value of the human person . He argued in Centesimus annus that private property , markets , and honest labor were the keys to alleviating the miseries of the poor and to enabling a life that can express the fullness of the human person . Pope Benedict XVI 's encyclical Deus caritas est ( `` God is Love '' ) of 2006 claims that justice is the defining concern of the state and the central concern of politics , and not of the church , which has charity as its central social concern . It said that the laity has the specific responsibility of pursuing social justice in civil society and that the church 's active role in social justice should be to inform the debate , using reason and natural law , and also by providing moral and spiritual formation for those involved in politics .",
"11": "The official Catholic doctrine on social justice can be found in the book Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church , published in 2004 and updated in 2006 , by the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax . The Catechism ( § 1928 -- 1948 ) contain more detail of the Church 's view of social justice . Criticism ( edit ) Many authors criticize the idea that there exists an objective standard of social justice . Moral relativists deny that there is any kind of objective standard for justice in general . Non-cognitivists , moral skeptics , moral nihilists , and most logical positivists deny the epistemic possibility of objective notions of justice . Political realists believe that any ideal of social justice is ultimately a mere justification for the status quo . Many other people accept some of the basic principles of social justice , such as the idea that all human beings have a basic level of value , but disagree with the elaborate conclusions that may or may not follow from this . One example is the statement by H.G. Wells that all people are `` equally entitled to the respect of their fellowmen . '' On the other hand , some scholars reject the very idea of social justice as meaningless , religious , self - contradictory , and ideological , believing that to realize any degree of social justice is unfeasible , and that the attempt to do so must destroy all liberty . Perhaps the most complete rejection of the concept of social justice comes from Friedrich Hayek of the Austrian School of economics : There can be no test by which we can discover what is ' socially unjust ' because there is no subject by which such an injustice can be committed , and there are no rules of individual conduct the observance of which in the market order would secure to the individuals and groups the position which as such ( as distinguished from the procedure by which it is determined ) would appear just to us . ( Social justice ) does not belong to the category of error but to that of nonsense , like the term ' a moral stone ' . Ben O'Neill of the University of New South Wales argues that , for proponents of `` social justice '' : the notion of `` rights '' is a mere term of entitlement , indicative of a claim for any possible desirable good , no matter how important or trivial , abstract or tangible , recent or ancient .",
"12": "It is merely an assertion of desire , and a declaration of intention to use the language of rights to acquire said desire . In fact , since the program of social justice inevitably involves claims for government provision of goods , paid for through the efforts of others , the term actually refers to an intention to use force to acquire one 's desires . Not to earn desirable goods by rational thought and action , production and voluntary exchange , but to go in there and forcibly take goods from those who can supply them ! Janusz Korwin - Mikke states , `` Either ' social justice ' has the same meaning as ' justice ' -- or not . If so -- why use the additional word ' social ? ' We lose time , we destroy trees to obtain paper necessary to print this word . If not , if ' social justice ' means something different from ' justice ' -- then ' something different from justice ' is by definition ' injustice . ' '' Sociologist Carl L. Bankston has argued that a secular , leftist view of social justice entails viewing the redistribution of goods and resources as based on the rights of disadvantaged categories of people , rather than on compassion or national interest . Bankston maintains that this secular version of social justice became widely accepted due to the rise of demand - side economics and to the moral influence of the civil rights movement . Social justice movements ( edit ) Part of a series on Progressivism History ( show ) Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age Ideas ( show ) Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage People ( show ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette , Sr .",
"13": "Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun By region ( show ) In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States Philosophy portal Politics portal Social justice is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world , e.g. , the Global Justice Movement . In this context , social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality , and can be defined as `` the way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society '' . A number of movements are working to achieve social justice in society . These movements are working towards the realization of a world where all members of a society , regardless of background or procedural justice , have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society . Liberation theology ( edit ) Main article : Liberation theology Liberation theology is a movement in Christian theology which conveys the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic , political , or social conditions . It has been described by proponents as `` an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor 's suffering , their struggle and hope , and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor '' , and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism . Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement , it began as a movement within the Catholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s -- 1960s . It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injustice in that region . It achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s . The term was coined by the Peruvian priest , Gustavo Gutiérrez , who wrote one of the movement 's most famous books , A Theology of Liberation ( 1971 ) . According to Sarah Kleeb , `` Marx would surely take issue , '' she writes , `` with the appropriation of his works in a religious context ... there is no way to reconcile Marx 's views of religion with those of Gutierrez , they are simply incompatible .",
"14": "Despite this , in terms of their understanding of the necessity of a just and righteous world , and the nearly inevitable obstructions along such a path , the two have much in common ; and , particularly in the first edition of ( A Theology of Liberation ) , the use of Marxian theory is quite evident . '' Other noted exponents are Leonardo Boff of Brazil , Carlos Mugica of Argentina , Jon Sobrino of El Salvador , and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay . Health care ( edit ) Social justice has more recently made its way into the field of bioethics . Discussion involves topics such as affordable access to health care , especially for low income households and families . The discussion also raises questions such as whether society should bear healthcare costs for low income families , and whether the global marketplace is the best way to distribute healthcare . Ruth Faden of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and Madison Powers of Georgetown University focus their analysis of social justice on which inequalities matter the most . They develop a social justice theory that answers some of these questions in concrete settings . Social injustices occur when there is a preventable difference in health states among a population of people . These social injustices take the form of health inequities when negative health states such as malnourishment , and infectious diseases are more prevalent in impoverished nations . These negative health states can often be prevented by providing social and economic structures such as primary healthcare which ensures the general population has equal access to health care services regardless of income level , gender , education or any other stratifying factors . Integrating social justice with health inherently reflects the social determinants of health model without discounting the role of the bio-medical model . Human rights education ( edit ) Main article : Human rights education The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirm that `` Human rights education should include peace , democracy , development and social justice , as set forth in international and regional human rights instruments , in order to achieve common understanding and awareness with a view to strengthening universal commitment to human rights . '' See also ( edit ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' , an anti-Vietnam war and pro-social justice speech delivered by Martin Luther King , Jr.",
"15": "in 1967 Counterculture of the 1960s Climate justice Environmental justice Environmental racism Essentially contested concept Labour law and labour rights Left - wing politics Resource justice Right to education Right to health Right to housing Right to social security Socialism Social justice art Social justice warrior Social law Social work Solidarity World Day of Social Justice All pages beginning with `` Social justice '' All pages with a title containing Social justice Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aristotle , The Politics ( ca 350 BC ) ^ Jump up to : Clark , Mary T. ( 2015 ) . `` Augustine on Justice , '' a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice . Lexington Books . pp. 3 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0918 - 3 . Jump up ^ Banai , Ayelet ; Ronzoni , Miriam ; Schemmel , Christian ( 2011 ) . Social Justice , Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives . Florence : Taylor and Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 81929 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kitching , G.N. ( 2001 ) . Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective . University Park , Pa : Pennsylvania State University Press . pp. 3 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02377 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Arye L. ( 2008 ) . `` Globalization and Social Justice '' . The Singapore Economic Review . 53 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Agartan , Kaan ( 2014 ) . `` Globalization and the Question of Social Justice '' . Sociology Compass. 8 ( 6 ) : 903 -- 915 . doi : 10.1111 / soc4. 12162 . Jump up ^ El Khoury , Ann ( 2015 ) . Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach . Florence : Taylor and Francis . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 50480 - 1 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Lawrence , Cecile & Natalie Churn ( 2012 ) . Movements in Time Revolution , Social Justice , and Times of Change . Newcastle upon Tyne , UK : : Cambridge Scholars Pub . pp. xi -- xv . ISBN 1 - 4438 - 4552 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Rawls , A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) 4 , `` the principles of social justice : they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation . '' Jump up ^ Aiqing Zhang ; Feifei Xia ; Chengwei Li ( 2007 ) . `` The Antecedents Of Help Giving In Chinese Culture : Attribution , Judgment Of Responsibility , Expectation Change And The Reaction Of Affect '' . Social Behavior and Personality . 35 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Jalata , Asafa ( 2013 ) . `` Indigenous Peoples and the Capitalist World System : Researching , Knowing , and Promoting Social Justice '' . Sociology Mind . 3 ( 2 ) : 156 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Smith , Justin E.H. ( 2015 ) . Nature , Human Nature , and Human Difference : Race in Early Modern Philosophy . Princeton University Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 6631 - 1 . Jump up ^ Trương , Thanh - Đạm ( 2013 ) . Migration , Gender and Social Justice : Perspectives on Human Insecurity . Springer . pp. 3 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 28012 - 2 . Jump up ^ Teklu , Abebe Abay ( 2010 ) . `` We Cannot Clap with One Hand : Global Socio -- Political Differences in Social Support for People with Visual Impairment '' . International Journal of Ethiopian Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas . Agrarian Justice .",
"17": "Jump up ^ J. Zajda , S. Majhanovich , V. Rust , Education and Social Justice , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 4721 - 5 Jump up ^ The Preamble of ILO Constitution Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action , Part II , D . Jump up ^ Plato , The Republic ( ca 380BC ) Jump up ^ `` 20th WCP : Plato 's Concept Of Justice : An Analysis '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicomachean Ethics V. 3 Jump up ^ Plato , Crito ( ca 380 BC ) Jump up ^ B Spinoza , On the Improvement of the Understanding ( 1677 ) para 13 Jump up ^ T Paine , Rights of Man ( 1792 ) 197 Jump up ^ JS Mill , Utilitarianism ( 1863 ) Jump up ^ FA Hayek , Law , Legislation and Liberty ( 1973 ) vol II , ch 3 Jump up ^ Hunter Lewis ( 14 October 2009 ) . `` Sustainability , The Complete Concept , Environment , Healthcare , and Economy '' ( PDF ) . ChangeThis . Jump up ^ John Allen Jr. ( 28 July 2009 ) . `` Ecology -- The first stirring of an ' evolutionary leap ' in late Jesuit 's official standing ? '' . National Catholic Reporter . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandro Magister ( 11 January 2010 ) . `` Benedict XVI to the Diplomats : Three Levers for Lifting Up the World '' . www. chiesa , Rome . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ John Rawls , A Theory of Justice ( 2005 reissue ) , Chapter 1 , `` Justice as Fairness '' -- 1 . The Role of Justice , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ John Rawls , Political Liberalism 15 ( Columbia University Press 2003 ) Jump up ^ John Rawls , Political Liberalism 291 -- 92 ( Columbia University Press 2003 ) Jump up ^ James , Nickel . `` Human Rights '' . stanford.edu .",
"18": "The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pogge , Thomas Pogge . `` World Poverty and Human Rights '' . thomaspogge.com . Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ North , James . `` The Resource Privilege '' . thenation.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pogge , Thomas . `` Human Rights and Just Taxation -- Global Financial Transparency '' . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Alison M. Jaggar1 by , ed. ( 2010 ) . Thomas Pogge and His Critics ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 4258 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Elizabeth ( June -- December 2012 ) . `` Global Economic Justice : A Structural Approach '' . Public Reason . 4 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 48 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Justice in an Open World : The Role of the United Nations '' , The International Forum for Social Development , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Division for Social Policy and Development , ST / ESA / 305 '' ( PDF ) . New York : United Nations . 2006 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Patil , Vijaykumar . `` Caste system hindering the goal of social justice : Siddaramaiah '' . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 1998 ) . Islam and Politics . Syracuse University Press . p. 17 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 1998 ) . Islam and Politics . Syracuse University Press . p. 205 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 1998 ) . Islam and Politics . Syracuse University Press . pp. 147 -- 8 .",
"19": "^ Jump up to : `` The Eco Muslim '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ S.R. Valentine , John Bennet & the Origins of Methodism and the Evangelical revival in England , Scarecrow Press , Lanham , 1997 . Jump up ^ Carey , Brycchan . `` John Wesley ( 1703 -- 1791 ) . '' The British Abolitionists . Brycchan Carey , 11 July 2008 . 5 October 2009 . Brycchancarey.com Archived 29 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wesley John , `` Thoughts Upon Slavery , '' John Wesley : Holiness of Heart and Life . Charles Yrigoyen , 1996 . 5 October 2009 . Gbgm-umc.org Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church -- 2012 ¶ 164 V , umc.org Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church -- 2008 ¶ 162 K , umc.org Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Seven Key Themes of Catholic Social Teaching '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthew 25 : 40 . Jump up ^ Option for the Poor , Major themes from Catholic Social Teaching Archived 16 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Office for Social Justice , Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis . Jump up ^ Popularised by John A. Ryan , although see Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb , Industrial Democracy ( 1897 ) Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church -- Social justice '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rights of Man '' , Daily Herald , London , February 1940 Jump up ^ Hayek , F.A. ( 1982 ) .",
"20": "Law , Legislation and Liberty , Vol. 2 . Routledge . p. 78 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Ben ( 16 March 2011 ) The Injustice of Social Justice Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Mises Institute Jump up ^ Suresh Murugan ( 1 December 2013 ) . Social Problems And Social Legislation . Social work department , PSGCAS . p. 22 . GGKEY : KUBPEL1FG8Q . Jump up ^ Social Justice : Cultural Origins of a Theory and a Perspective By Carl L. Bankston III , Independent Review vol. 15 no . 2 , pp. 165 -- 178 , 2010 Jump up ^ Just Comment -- Volume 3 Number 1 , 2000 Jump up ^ Capeheart , Loretta ; Milovanovic , Dragan . Social Justice : Theories , Issues , and Movements . Jump up ^ In the mass media , ' Liberation Theology ' can sometimes be used loosely , to refer to a wide variety of activist Christian thought . This article uses the term in the narrow sense outlined here . Jump up ^ Berryman , Phillip , Liberation Theology : essential facts about the revolutionary movement in Latin America and beyond ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ `` ( David ) Horowitz first describes liberation theology as ' a form of Marxised Christianity , ' which has validity despite the awkward phrasing , but then he calls it a form of ' Marxist - Leninist ideology , ' which is simply not true for most liberation theology ... '' Robert Shaffer , `` Acceptable Bounds of Academic Discourse Archived 4 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Organization of American Historians Newsletter 35 , November 2007 . URL retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberation Theology and Its Role in Latin America . Elisabeth Erin Williams . Monitor : Journal of International Studies . The College of William and Mary . Jump up ^ Sarah Kleeb , `` Envisioning Emancipation : Karl Marx , Gustavo Gutierrez , and the Struggle of Liberation Theology `` ; Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Religion ( CSSR ) , Toronto , 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ Richard P. McBrien , Catholicism ( Harper Collins , 1994 ) , chapter IV . Jump up ^ Gustavo Gutierrez , A Theology of Liberation , First ( Spanish ) edition published in Lima , Peru , 1971 ; first English edition published by Orbis Books ( Maryknoll , New York ) , 1973 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Paul E. , Bruce Nizeye , Sara Stulac , and Salmaan Keshavjee. 2006 . Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine . PLoS Medicine , 1686 -- 1691 Jump up ^ Cueto , Marcos . 2004 . The ORIGINS of Primary Health Care and SELECTIVE Primary Health Care . Am J Public Health 94 ( 11 ) : 1868 Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action , Part II , paragraph 80 References ( edit ) Articles ( edit ) LD Brandeis , ' The Living Law ' ( 1915 -- 1916 ) 10 Illinois Law Review 461 A Etzioni , ' The Fair Society , Uniting America : Restoring the Vital Center to American Democracy ' in N Garfinkle and D Yankelovich ( eds ) ( Yale University Press 2005 ) pp.",
"22": "211 -- 223 Otto von Gierke , The Social Role of Private Law ( 2016 ) translated and introduced by E McGaughey , originally Die soziale Aufgabe des Privatrechts M Novak , ' Defining Social Justice ' ( 2000 ) First Things B O'Neill , ' The Injustice of Social Justice ' ( Mises Institute ) R Pound , ' Social Justice and Legal Justice ' ( 1912 ) 75 Central Law Journal 455 M Powers and R Faden , ' Inequalities in health , inequalities in health care : four generations of discussion about justice and cost - effectiveness analysis ' ( 2000 ) 10 ( 2 ) Kennedy Inst Ethics Journal 109 -- 127 M Powers and R Faden , ' Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care : An Ethical Analysis of When and How They Matter , ' in Unequal Treatment : Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care ( National Academy of Sciences , Institute of Medicine , 2002 ) 722 -- 38 United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , ' Social Justice in an Open World : The Role of the United Nations ' ( 2006 ) ST / ESA / 305 Books ( edit ) AB Atkinson , Social Justice and Public Policy ( 1982 ) previews Gad Barzilai , Communities and Law : Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities ( University of Michigan Press ) analysis of justice for non-ruling communities TN Carver , Essays in Social Justice ( 1915 ) Chapter links .",
"23": "C Quigley The Evolution Of Civilizations : An Introduction to Historical Analysis ( 1961 ) 2nd edition 1979 P Corning , The Fair Society : The Science of Human Nature and the Pursuit of Social Justice ( Chicago UP 2011 ) R Faden and M Powers , Social Justice : The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy ( OUP 2006 ) J Franklin ( ed ) , Life to the Full : Rights and Social Justice in Australia ( Connor Court 2007 ) FA Hayek , Law , Legislation and Liberty ( 1973 ) vol II , ch 3 G Kitching , Seeking Social Justice through Globalization : Escaping a Nationalist Perspective ( 2003 ) JS Mill , Utilitarianism ( 1863 ) John Rawls , A Theory of Justice ( Harvard University Press 1971 ) John Rawls , Political Liberalism ( Columbia University Press 1993 ) C Philomena , B Hoose and G Mannion ( eds ) , Social Justice : Theological and Practical Explorations ( 2007 ) A Swift , Political Philosophy ( 3rd edn 2013 ) ch 1 Michael J. Thompson , The Limits of Liberalism : A Republican Theory of Social Justice ( International Journal of Ethics : vol. 7 , no .",
"24": "3 ( 2011 ) External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutSocial justiceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Library resources about Social justice Resources in your library Social work and related concepts Concepts Primary Social work Secondary Anti-oppressive practice Crisis intervention Community practice Community organization Critical social work Gerontology Group development Leadership Management New Public Management Policy analysis Program evaluation Performance measurement Psychometrics Psychosocial assessment Cognitive behavioral therapy Recreational therapy Health psychology Solution focused brief therapy Strength - based practice Systems thinking Social justice Social actions Social medicine Social learning ( social pedagogy ) Types of social work Social case worker Child protection Forensic social worker Medical social worker Psychiatric social worker Rehabilitation worker School social worker Social work in the military Social group worker Social planning Welfare worker Licensed Clinical Social Worker ( LCSW ) Qualifications Qualifications for professional social work Bachelor of Social Work ( BA , BSc or BSW ) degree Socionom ( Scandinavia ) Master of Social Work degree ( MA , MSc or MSW ) Doctor of Social Work degree ( Ph.",
"25": "D or DSW ) International Association of Schools of Social Work Council on Social Work Education Schools of social work Social workers by nationality American Argentine Austrian Australian Bangladeshi Belgian British Canadian Dutch French German Guyanese Hong Kong Indian Indonesian Israeli Japanese Nepalese New Zealand Norwegian Pakistani Polish Swedish Trinidad and Tobago Ugandan Professional associations International Federation of Social Workers ( IFSW ) National Association of Social Workers ( American ) Australian Association of Social Workers British Association of Social Workers Institute of Medical Social Workers ( British ) Canadian Association of Social Workers Scottish Children 's Reporter Administration Biographies Jane Addams Amartya Sen Harry Hopkins Social Welfare and Social Work portal Types of justice In philosophy Commutative Distributive Divine Interactional Global Natural Organizational Procedural Restorative Retributive Social Transformative Victor 's Substantive areas Climate Criminal Environmental Gender Military Racial Resource Spatial Trade Other Frontier Poetic LCCN : sh85123969 GND : 4236433 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"26": "php?title=Social_justice&oldid=818057526 '' Categories : Social justice Counterculture of the 1960s Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2013 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use American English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Pages using div col with small parameter Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 07 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) - wikipedia The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) iTunes digital art Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network CBS Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 List of The Big Bang Theory episodes The eleventh season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday , September 25 , 2017 . It returned to its regular Thursday time slot on November 2 , 2017 , after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended . In March 2017 , CBS renewed the series for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Just like the previous three seasons , the first five episodes aired on Mondays due to CBS ' contractual rights to air the Thursday Night Football games . After Thursday Night Football ended , the series returned to its regular Thursday schedule starting on November 2 , 2017 . Filming for the eleventh season began on August 15 , 2017 ; it was also announced with the taping report that the premiere for the eleventh season would be titled `` The Proposal Proposal '' . Before the season premiered , five episodes were filmed from August 15 to September 19 , 2017 . According to TV Guide , Steve Holland announced on September 22 , 2017 that both Bob Newhart and Wil Wheaton would return this season since their absences from Season 10 . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main cast ( edit ) Johnny Galecki as Dr. Leonard Hofstadter Jim Parsons as Dr.",
"1": "Sheldon Cooper Kaley Cuoco as Penny Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz Kunal Nayyar as Dr. Rajesh `` Raj '' Koothrappali Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler Melissa Rauch as Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom Recurring cast ( edit ) Laurie Metcalf as Mary Cooper Christine Baranski as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter Stephen Hawking as himself Regina King as Janine Davis Brian Posehn as Dr. `` Bert '' Bertram Kibbler Wil Wheaton as himself Bob Newhart as Dr. Arthur Jeffries / Professor Proton John Ross Bowie as Dr. Barry Kripke Dean Norris as Colonel Richard Williams Brian Thomas Smith as Zack Johnson Brian George as Dr. V.M. Koothrappali Guest cast ( edit ) Ira Flatow as himself Riki Lindhome as Ramona Nowitzki Swati Kapila as Ruchi Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 232 `` The Proposal Proposal '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) T12. 15601 17.65 Amy enthusiastically accepts Sheldon 's marriage proposal . However , when dining with Amy 's colleagues later that night , Sheldon is offended that they are more impressed with Amy 's work than his own . With help from Stephen Hawking , Sheldon later comes to grips with the fact that he will not always be the center of attention in the marriage . Bernadette is shocked to realize that she is pregnant again . She and Howard are not thrilled at the idea of having another baby so soon after their first . They attempt to convince Leonard and Penny to have a child as well , but are rebuffed .",
"2": "Title reference : Sheldon 's proposal of marriage 233 `` The Retraction Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) T12. 15602 14.06 Leonard gives an interview on public radio where he admits physics research might be at a dead end . The university is furious and , while trying to think of reasons to put in a retraction , he depresses Sheldon into thinking he might be right . Howard and Raj come over and end up just as depressed . Getting drunk with Penny , the guys go to the grave of Richard Feynman and realize there is hope for physics as long as they believe in it . Leonard accidentally sends a drunken email to Human Resources . Meanwhile , Amy and Bernadette agree with each other to keep quiet about the success in their careers so as not to upset Sheldon and Howard . While bragging to each other , they end up arguing which of their fields is better . Title reference : Leonard 's depression while writing a retraction of his statements on the radio . 234 `` The Relaxation Integration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Andy Gordon & Tara Hernandez October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T12. 15603 13.13 Sheldon can not find the perfect wedding date and begins talking in his sleep , like a laid - back person who just goes with the flow . Amy and Penny believe that his subconscious mind is trying to tell him to be more relaxed ; his attempt to be so while wearing flip - flops ends in disaster . He decides to leave all the wedding planning to Amy while he wears a Star Trek uniform underneath his tuxedo . Meanwhile , Stuart and Raj both become interested in Bernadette 's new coworker Ruchi . While she likes them both as friends , she does not want a relationship with anyone , and Stuart apologizes to her . Title reference : Sheldon trying to embrace the relaxed side of his personality .",
"3": "235 `` The Explosion Implosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T12. 15604 13.07 Bernadette and Howard learn their second child will be a boy , leading Howard to doubt whether he can be a good father to a son . He and Sheldon go out in the desert to test launch a model rocket , but it explodes , causing him further doubt . On the way home , Howard does a good job coaching Sheldon to drive them home , for which Sheldon tells him he will be a good teacher to his son . Leonard 's mother Beverly begins talking to Penny as a friend and confidant , troubling Leonard , especially when he learns that Beverly told Penny that she is proud of her , a level of praise she never bestowed upon Leonard himself . When Leonard confronts Beverly , he is touched when she says that of all of her children 's spouses , Penny is the one she is most impressed by , and that for this , she is indeed proud of him . Meanwhile , Raj helps Bernadette turn baby girl clothes into boy ones . Title reference : The fate of Sheldon and Howard 's model rocket . 236 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T12. 15605 13.20 Amy and Howard begin collaborating on a neuroprosthetics project , upsetting Sheldon and Raj , who feel they are not spending as much time with them . When they seek solace with an annoyed Bernadette , she exploits the situation to trick Sheldon into doing Howard 's chores . Penny employs the approaches recommended in one of Bernadette 's parenting books to deal with Sheldon with success , but Leonard believes she is coddling Sheldon too much . Sheldon and Raj resolve the issue of missing their significant others by spending time together . Title reference : Amy and Howard 's collaboration contaminating Sheldon and Raj 's moods .",
"4": "237 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro , Dave Goetsch , Alex Yonks Teleplay by : Dave Steve Holland , Andy Gordon , Jeremy Howe November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T12. 15606 14.14 Sheldon 's childhood science show with Professor Proton is being rebooted . After unsuccessfully auditioning for the part , he goes to Wil Wheaton for acting tips only to find out Wil has taken the role . Talking it over with Arthur in his dreams he is still upset his idol is replaced and considers Wil an enemy again . Meanwhile , Howard gets a vasectomy while Bernadette is on bed rest . Penny offers to take care of Halley for them but they insult her by saying Penny is irresponsible . Halley ends up saying her first word by calling Penny `` Mama . '' Title reference : The announced reboot of the Professor Proton series . 238 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T12. 15607 13.80 Bert asks for Sheldon 's help in a geology research project relating to dark matter . Sheldon secretly agrees , but is too embarrassed to admit he is working with rocks . Bert finds out about this and ends their partnership . After talking with Amy , Sheldon goes to apologize , only to find Leonard has taken his place . Meanwhile , Raj runs into Ruchi again and goes out with her , but she does not believe in romantic love . After Bernadette and Howard tell Raj that he can just have sex with Ruchi , he agrees to keep it casual . Title reference : Sheldon working in geology with Bert . 239 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T12.",
"5": "15608 13.44 After learning Sheldon went behind their backs to work with the military again , Leonard and Howard say Sheldon is like Thomas Edison , taking credit for other 's ideas , while they are more like Nikola Tesla . Leonard and Howard bring in Barry Kripke to help create a better idea than Sheldon 's , but Kripke goes to the military himself cutting all three of them out . Meanwhile , Bernadette fears Ruchi is trying to steal her projects at work while she is on maternity leave , and hires Raj to spy on her . Though he finds proof that Ruchi may be stealing from Bernadette , Raj tries to defend Ruchi like a boyfriend would , pointing out Bernadette 's hypocrisy as she would 've most likely stolen from other people 's projects as well . Ruchi is not happy about this and promptly dumps Raj . Title reference : The guys discussion of Tesla and Edison . 240 9 `` The Bitcoin Entanglement '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Andy Gordon & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) T12. 15609 13.84 In 2010 , Leonard , Raj and Howard mined a lot of Bitcoin , worth thousands of dollars seven years later , though Sheldon chose not to participate due to tax consequences . Flashbacks are shown of how the Bitcoin ended up on an old laptop of Leonard 's , which Penny gave to her old boyfriend Zack after she and Leonard broke up . In 2017 , Leonard and Penny retrieve the computer from Zack , who first shows them a video of a drunken Penny apologizing for breaking up with Leonard . The Bitcoin is not found on the laptop . Sheldon had moved it to a flash drive on Leonard 's keychain to teach them a lesson , but Leonard lost the keychain years ago . A final flashback to 2013 shows Stuart discovering the flash drive , which he decides to erase and sell for $10 . Title reference : The guys trying to find their old Bitcoin investment .",
"6": "241 10 `` The Confidence Erosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T12. 15610 14.41 When Raj loses a job interview at a planetarium , his father says he has no confidence because Howard always makes fun of him . Raj distances himself from Howard and later gets the job . Howard is hurt by this ( even after apologizing to him ) and tries to make amends with Raj after his first talk at the planetarium , but when he sees him get a date , he leaves without speaking to him , thinking that the latter 's life is better without him . Meanwhile , Sheldon and Amy try randomly dividing up wedding tasks , but they keep arguing . The only thing they can agree on is to get married so they decide to just get married at City Hall . However , Sheldon decides that he wants a first dance with his new wife , and they go home to plan their wedding . Title reference : Howard eroding Raj 's confidence . 242 11 `` The Celebration Reverberation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Alex Ayers Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) T12. 15611 13.74 Raj and Howard are still fighting so Howard dis - invites Raj to Halley 's birthday party . However , when Howard 's designated party planner Stuart pulls out at the last minute , Raj agrees to plan the party , which does n't turn out too well due to Halley being asleep , Bernadette on bed rest and no people turning up . When Raj and Howard get into a shoving match in the party 's bounce house , they end up letting out their frustrations with each other , but also having fun and reconciling . Leonard is depressed upon receiving his successful brother 's Christmas card and attempts to make a list of what he and Penny accomplished this year , but does n't come up with much .",
"7": "This prompts them to think about their plans for the future , so they decide to go on trips and achieve more out of life together before starting a family . Sheldon cooks Amy a Little House on the Prairie - themed birthday dinner , which gives them both food poisoning . They eventually recover enough to attend Halley 's birthday party with the others , where they decide to have fun in the bouncy castle and then have sex in Howard and Bernadette 's house . Title reference : Amy and Halley 's birthday celebrations . 243 12 `` The Matrimonial Metric '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Andy Gordon January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) T12. 15612 16.16 Sheldon and Amy struggle to choose a best man and maid of honor from their friends . They secretly decide to test and score them , allowing everyone to have an equal shot at either role . Once the gang finds out , none of them apart from Bernadette and Stuart want to be in the wedding . Sheldon settles for Stuart as best man , but once Leonard tells Sheldon that as the groom , the decision is his alone , he picks Leonard . Amy is set to call Bernadette but once Penny realizes Amy is her best friend , she immediately pitches herself for the position and Amy enthusiastically chooses her . Amy later makes Penny tell Bernadette the bad news . Title reference : Sheldon and Amy scoring their friends for roles in the wedding . 244 13 `` The Solo Oscillation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) T12. 15613 TBD 245 14 `` The Separation Triangulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) No .",
"8": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Proposal Proposal '' September 25 , 2017 4.1 / 16 17.65 1.7 5.42 5.8 23.08 `` The Retraction Reaction '' October 2 , 2017 3.2 / 12 14.06 1.8 5.14 5.0 19.20 `` The Relaxation Integration '' October 9 , 2017 2.9 / 11 13.13 1.6 4.77 4.5 17.90 `` The Explosion Implosion '' October 16 , 2017 2.8 / 11 13.07 1.6 4.64 4.4 17.71 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' October 23 , 2017 2.8 / 10 13.20 1.6 4.76 4.4 17.96 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' November 2 , 2017 2.7 / 11 14.14 1.8 5.14 4.5 19.28 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' November 9 , 2017 2.8 / 11 13.80 1.6 4.76 4.4 18.56 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' November 16 , 2017 2.6 / 11 13.44 1.7 4.84 4.3 18.28 9 `` The Bitcoin Entanglement '' November 30 , 2017 2.5 / 10 13.84 1.7 4.70 4.2 18.",
"9": "54 10 `` The Confidence Erosion '' December 7 , 2017 2.8 / 10 14.41 1.7 4.95 4.5 19.36 11 `` The Celebration Reverberation '' December 14 , 2017 2.6 / 11 13.74 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` The Matrimonial Metric '' January 4 , 2018 3.1 / 12 16.16 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces New 2017 -- 2018 Fall Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Fall 2017 - 2018 Primetime Premiere Dates '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Officially Renewed for Two Seasons as Mayim Bialik , Melissa Rauch Await Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taping Report Thread '' . The Big Bang Theory Forums . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory 's New Boss on Young Sheldon Crossovers and Season 11 '' . TVGuide.com . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # T12. 15606 ) The Proton Regeneration '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings.aspx?id=20171116cbs07 ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' .",
"10": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 .",
"11": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' adjusts up , still at season low : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four , ' ' Will & Grace , ' everything else unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # T12. 15613 ) `` The Solo Oscillation '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Separation Triangulation '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) .",
"12": "`` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on CBS '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . `` The Big Bang Theory : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . `` The Big Bang Theory Episode Guide '' . Zap2It . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 .",
"13": "External links ( edit ) List of The Big Bang Theory episodes on IMDb The Big Bang Theory : Season 11 at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"14": "php?title=The_Big_Bang_Theory_(season_11)&oldid=819450077 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Big Bang Theory seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 12 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
12,
9,
4,
10,
8,
11,
6,
14,
3,
5,
2,
0,
7,
1,
13
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[
12,
9,
4,
10,
8
] |
8229835206359765152
|
when did it become law to stand for the national anthem
|
[
"June 22, 1942"
] |
{
"0": "The Star - Spangled Banner - wikipedia The Star - Spangled Banner Jump to : navigation , search `` Star - Spangled Banner '' redirects here . For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry , see Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . For the present flag , see Flag of the United States . The Star - Spangled Banner The earliest surviving sheet music of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , from 1814 . National anthem of the United States Lyrics Francis Scott Key , 1814 Music John Stafford Smith , c. 1773 Adopted March 4 , 1931 ; 86 years ago ( 1931 - 03 - 04 ) Audio sample `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' instrumental file help `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States of America . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large American flag , the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory . The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known American patriotic song . With a range of 19 semitones , it is known for being difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C.",
"1": "§ 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the United Kingdom national anthem , also served as a de facto anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , as well as `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Modern history 2.1 Performances 2.2 200th anniversary celebrations 2.3 Adaptations 3 Lyrics 3.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 3.2 Alternative lyrics 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute 6.2 2016 protests 6.3 NAACP call to remove the national anthem 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history ( edit ) Francis Scott Key 's lyrics ( edit ) Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers .",
"2": "Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes , but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' .",
"3": "Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when Britain and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use , and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . ''",
"4": "John Stafford Smith 's music ( edit ) Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased , and its first public performance took place in October , when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch .",
"5": "An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . National anthem ( edit ) Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as July 4th celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the US Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem .",
"6": "The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Modern history ( edit ) Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest .",
"7": "During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States , as well as other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations ( edit ) The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States .",
"8": "A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations ( edit ) See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 .",
"9": "Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . Lyrics ( edit ) O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ?",
"10": "And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics ( edit ) In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era .",
"11": "When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics ( edit ) In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . References in film , television , literature ( edit ) Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled `` The Song of a Nation '' from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law ( edit ) Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932 , there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . ( The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem , but not if the flag was not present . ) On December 23 , 1942 the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played .",
"12": "That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegence versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform .",
"13": "The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute ( edit ) Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . NAACP call to remove the National anthem ( edit ) In November 2017 , the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove The Star - Spangled Banner as the national anthem .",
"14": "Alice Huffman , California NAACP president said `` it 's racist ; it does n't represent our community , it 's anti-black . '' The third stanza of the anthem , which is rarely sung and few know , contains the words , `` No refuge could save the hireling and slave , From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : '' , which some interpret as racist . The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement . Translations ( edit ) As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media ( edit ) The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1944 ) Play media ( 1940 ) See also ( edit ) In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off Music portal United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov .",
"15": "Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My country ' tis of thee ( Song Collection ) '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Lois Leo ( 1990 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 167 - 2 . Jump up ^ British Rockets at the US National Park Service , Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine . Retrieved February 2008 . Archived April 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` When the Warrior Returns - Key '' . Potw.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Robin ( 1988 ) . The Overthrdow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 . pp. 288 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Clague ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' critics miss the point '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know : The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery '' . Theintercept.com. 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Is the National Anthem Racist ? Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick '' . The New York Times . 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' and Slavery '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clague , Mark , and Jamie Vander Broek . `` Banner moments : the national anthem in American life '' . University of Michigan , 2014 . 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oratorio Society of New York - Star Spangled Banner '' . Oratoriosocietyofny.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` Standardization Manuscript for `` The Star Spangled Banner '' Antiques Roadshow `` . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Plaque , Fort Meade , erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Ray ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Star - Spangled Banner : an American anthem with a very British beginning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series : A Tradition is Born '' . Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News - Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 .",
"17": "^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A-Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA TODAY Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' .",
"18": "Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1986 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2004 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Jump up ^ `` Public Laws , June 22 , 1942 '' . June 22 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Congress , 2nd session '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public law , July 7 , 1976 '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- United States Code '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code '' . Uscode.house.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Circle School v. Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com .",
"20": "Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : the Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links ( edit ) `` New book reveals dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . ''",
"22": "NPR 's `` Hear and Now , '' July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By WILLIAM ROBIN JUNE 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio ( edit ) The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( U.S. ) Cook Islands ( N.Z. ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( U.S. ) Hawaii ( U.S. )",
"23": "New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( N.Z. ) Northern Mariana Islands ( U.S. ) Pitcairn Islands ( U.K. ) Tokelau ( N.Z. ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( U.S. ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Portal National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country ,",
"24": "' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park VIAF : 186293289 LCCN : n50081577 GND : 4756592 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=819445177 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Songs based on actual events Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk",
"25": "Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski /",
"26": "српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 12 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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2516731105847401467
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who has the most international goals of all time
|
[
"Ali Daei",
"Ali Daei"
] |
{
"0": "List of top International association football goal scorers by country - wikipedia List of top International association football goal scorers by country Jump to : navigation , search This page lists the top all - time male goal scorer for each national football team where the top scorer has a minimum 20 goals in official international matches for his country . Players who are currently active at international level are indicated in bold type . This list is not an all - time top international goal scorers list , as some country 's second - top scorer could have scored more than another country 's top scorer . It lists only the top scorer for each country . This list is for Men 's association football only . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of players 2 Other countries ' players 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of Players ( edit ) As of 27 March 2018 . Players in bold are still active at international level . Players in italics also hold the record for most caps for their nation . # Country Name International goals Caps Goals per match Ref Iran Ali Daei 109 149 0.73 Hungary Ferenc Puskás 84 89 0.94 Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo 81 149 0.54 Japan Kunishige Kamamoto 80 84 0.95 5 Zambia Godfrey Chitalu 79 111 0.71 6 Iraq Hussein Saeed 78 137 0.57 7 Brazil Pelé 77 92 0.84 8 Kuwait Bashar Abdullah 75 133 0.56 9 Malawi Kinnah Phiri 71 115 0.61 Saudi Arabia Majed Abdullah 71 116 0.60 Thailand Kiatisuk Senamuang 71 134 0.53 Germany Miroslav Klose 71 137 0.52 13 Trinidad and Tobago John , Stern Stern John 70 115 0.",
"1": "61 Egypt Hassan , Hossam Hossam Hassan 70 178 0.38 15 Guatemala Ruiz , Carlos Carlos Ruiz 68 132 0.52 Republic of Ireland Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane 68 146 0.46 17 Ivory Coast Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba 65 105 0.62 18 Sweden Ibrahimović , Zlatan Zlatan Ibrahimović 62 116 0.53 19 Argentina Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi 61 123 0.50 20 Spain Villa , David David Villa 59 98 0.61 21 South Korea Cha Bum - kun 58 134 0.43 22 Honduras Pavón , Carlos Carlos Pavón 57 101 0.56 United States Dempsey , Clint Clint Dempsey / Landon Donovan 57 / 57 141 / 157 0.40 / 0.36 24 India Chhetri , Sunil Sunil Chhetri 56 97 0.58 Cameroon Eto'o , Samuel Samuel Eto'o 56 118 0.48 26 Czech Republic Koller , Jan Jan Koller 55 91 0.60 Singapore Ahmad , Fandi Fandi Ahmad 55 101 0.54 East Germany Streich , Joachim Joachim Streich 55 102 0.54 29 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney 53 119 0.44 30 Denmark Poul Nielsen / Jon Dahl Tomasson 52 / 52 38 / 112 1.37 / 0.46 Maldives Ashfaq , Ali Ali Ashfaq 52 78 0.65 Bosnia and Herzegovina Džeko , Edin Edin Džeko 52 89 0.",
"2": "60 Poland Robert Lewandowski 52 93 0.56 United Arab Emirates Talyani , Adnan Al Adnan Al Talyani 52 161 0.32 . 35 Vietnam Vinh , Lê Công Lê Công Vinh 51 83 0.61 Ghana Asamoah Gyan 51 106 0.49 Turkey Şükür , Hakan Hakan Şükür 51 112 0.46 France Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry 51 123 0.41 39 Uruguay Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez 50 97 0.52 Philippines Younghusband , Phil Phil Younghusband 50 97 0.52 Netherlands Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie 50 102 0.49 Australia Cahill , Tim Tim Cahill 50 104 0.49 43 Mexico Hernández , Javier Javier Hernández 49 101 0.48 44 Bulgaria Dimitar Berbatov / Hristo Bonev 48 / 48 78 / 96 0.62 / 0.50 Ukraine Andriy Shevchenko 48 111 0.43 46 Costa Rica Fonseca , Rolando Rolando Fonseca 47 113 0.42 47 Croatia Šuker , Davor Davor Šuker 45 69 0.65 48 Austria Polster , Toni Toni Polster 44 95 0.46 49 Oman Al - Dhabit , Hani Hani Al - Dhabit 43 102 0.42 Panama Tejada , Luis Luis Tejada 43 105 0.41 51 Morocco Faras , Ahmed Ahmed Faras 42 77 0.",
"3": "55 Antigua and Barbuda Peter Byers 42 82 0.52 Switzerland Frei , Alexander Alexander Frei 42 84 0.50 Soviet Union Blokhin , Oleh Oleh Blokhin 42 112 0.38 55 China PR Hao Haidong 41 107 0.38 56 Qatar Soria , Sebastián Sebastián Soria 40 119 0.33 Malta Mifsud , Michael Michael Mifsud 40 127 0.31 58 El Salvador Díaz Arce , Raúl Raúl Díaz Arce 39 72 0.54 Angola Akwá 39 78 0.50 Chile Sánchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez 39 121 0.32 Bahrain Ismail Abdul - Latif 39 112 0.35 62 Yugoslavia / Serbia Bobek , Stjepan Stjepan Bobek 38 63 0.60 Indonesia Pamungkas , Bambang Bambang Pamungkas 38 86 0.44 Estonia Oper , Andres Andres Oper 38 134 0.28 Zimbabwe Ndlovu , Peter Peter Ndlovu 38 unk unk 66 Nigeria Yekini , Rashidi Rashidi Yekini 37 58 0.64 Hong Kong Chan Siu Ki 37 67 0.55 68 Tunisia Jemâa , Issam Issam Jemâa 36 84 0.43 Northern Ireland Healy , David David Healy 36 95 0.38 70 Italy Riva , Luigi Luigi Riva 35 42 0.83 Jamaica Shelton , Luton Luton Shelton 35 75 0.47 Romania Adrian Mutu / Hagi ,",
"4": "Gheorghe Gheorghe Hagi 35 / 35 77 / 125 0.45 / 0.28 Slovenia Zahovič , Zlatko Zlatko Zahovič 35 80 0.44 74 Czechoslovakia Antonín Puč 34 60 0.57 Uzbekistan Shatskikh , Maksim Maksim Shatskikh 34 61 0.56 Kenya Oliech , Dennis Dennis Oliech 34 72 0.47 Algeria Tasfaout , Abdelhafid Abdelhafid Tasfaout 34 79 0.43 Burkina Faso Dagano , Moumouni Moumouni Dagano 34 83 0.41 79 Norway Juve , Jørgen Jørgen Juve 33 45 0.73 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samuel , Shandel Shandel Samuel 33 63 0.52 Belgium Romelu Lukaku 33 66 0.50 Israel Spiegler , Mordechai Mordechai Spiegler 33 83 0.40 Peru Paolo Guerrero 33 85 0.39 84 Bermuda Goater , Shaun Shaun Goater 32 36 0.89 Syria Rafe , Raja Raja Rafe 32 77 0.42 South Africa McCarthy , Benni Benni McCarthy 32 80 0.40 Cyprus Konstantinou , Michalis Michalis Konstantinou 32 84 0.38 Paraguay Santa Cruz , Roque Roque Santa Cruz 32 111 0.29 Finland Litmanen , Jari Jari Litmanen 32 137 0.23 90 Ecuador Delgado , Agustín Agustín Delgado 31 70 0.44 Macedonia Pandev ,",
"5": "Goran Goran Pandev 31 92 0.34 92 Scotland Denis Law / Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish 30 / 30 55 / 102 0.55 / 0.29 Togo Adebayor , Emmanuel Emmanuel Adebayor 30 77 0.38 Jordan Abdel - Fattah , Hassan Hassan Abdel - Fattah 30 88 0.34 Russia Kerzhakov , Aleksandr Aleksandr Kerzhakov 30 91 0.32 96 Cuba Lester Moré 29 69 0.42 Wales Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale 29 69 0.42 Colombia Falcao , Radamel Radamel Falcao 29 71 0.40 Greece Anastopoulos , Nikos Nikos Anastopoulos 29 73 0.39 Senegal Camara , Henri Henri Camara 29 99 0.29 Latvia Māris Verpakovskis 29 104 0.28 102 New Zealand Coveny , Vaughan Vaughan Coveny 28 64 0.44 Yemen Al - Nono , Ali Ali Al - Nono 28 unk unk Guinea Feindouno , Pascal Pascal Feindouno 28 unk unk 105 Solomon Islands Commins Menapi 27 35 0.77 Mozambique Tico - Tico 27 unk unk Sri Lanka Jayasuriya , Kasun Kasun Jayasuriya 27 unk unk 108 Georgia Arveladze , Shota Shota Arveladze 26 60 0.43 Iceland Eiður Guðjohnsen 26 88 0.30 110 Armenia Mkhitaryan , Henrikh Henrikh Mkhitaryan 25 70 0.36 Mali Keita ,",
"6": "Seydou Seydou Keita 25 102 0.24 112 Montenegro Jovetić , Stevan Stevan Jovetić 24 48 0.50 Botswana Ramatlhakwane , Jerome Jerome Ramatlhakwane 24 58 0.31 Tanzania Ngasa , Mrisho Mrisho Ngasa 24 100 0.24 Rwanda Karekezi , Olivier Olivier Karekezi 24 unk unk 116 Gabon Aubameyang , Pierre - Emerick Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang / Nzue Nguema , Théodore Théodore Nzue Nguema 23 / 23 55 / 77 0.41 / 0.30 Malaysia Sali , Safee Safee Sali 23 74 0.31 Slovakia Vittek , Róbert Róbert Vittek 23 81 0.28 Venezuela Arango , Juan Juan Arango 23 129 0.18 120 Belize McCaulay , Deon Deon McCaulay 22 42 0.52 Canada De Rosario , Dwayne Dwayne De Rosario 22 81 0.27 122 Ethiopia Kebede , Getaneh Getaneh Kebede 21 40 0.52 Grenada Charles , Ricky Ricky Charles 21 50 0.42 Benin Omotoyossi , Razak Razak Omotoyossi / Sessègnon , Stéphane Stéphane Sessègnon 21 / 21 55 / 68 0.38 / 0.31 Fiji Masi , Esala Esala Masi 21 unk unk 126 New Caledonia Kaï , Bertrand Bertrand Kaï 20 31 0.64 Sudan Haytham Tambal 20 41 0.49 Bolivia Botero ,",
"7": "Joaquín Joaquín Botero 20 48 0.42 Lebanon Antar , Roda Roda Antar 20 58 0.34 Belarus Romaschenko , Maksim Maksim Romaschenko 20 63 0.32 Other countries ' Players ( edit ) As of 27 March 2018 . Players in bold are still active at international level . Players in italics also hold the record for most caps for their nation . Country Name International goals Caps Goals per match Ref Afghanistan Balal Arezou 9 22 0.41 Albania Erjon Bogdani 18 74 0.24 American Samoa Ramin Ott 14 0.21 Andorra Ildefons Lima 11 111 0.10 Anguilla Richard O'Connor 5 6 0.83 Azerbaijan Gurban Gurbanov 14 68 0.21 Bahamas Lesly St. Fleur 6 11 0.54 Bangladesh Jahid Hasan Ameli 15 64 0.23 Barbados Norman Forde 16 69 0.23 Bhutan Chencho Gyeltshen 10 28 0.36 Brunei Shahrazen Said 8 18 0.44 Cambodia Chan Vathanaka 13 37 0.35 Cape Verde Héldon Ramos 15 47 0.32 Cayman Islands Mark Ebanks 5 9 0.55 Central African Republic Hilaire Momi 6 24 0.25 Comoros El Fardou Ben Nabouhane 12 0.33 Congo Thievy Bifouma 12 24 0.50 Cook Islands Taylor Saghabi 6 10 0.",
"8": "60 Curaçao Felitciano Zschusschen 9 13 0.69 DR Congo Dieumerci Mbokani 18 40 0.45 Djibouti Ahmed Daher 14 0.29 Dominica Kurlson Benjamin 14 23 0.61 Dominican Republic Jonathan Faña 19 37 0.52 Eritrea Berhane Aregai 8 0.50 Faroe Islands Rógvi Jacobsen 10 53 0.18 Gibraltar Lee Casciaro / Jake Gosling / Liam Walker 18 / 11 / 22 0.11 / 0.18 / 0.10 Guam Jason Cunliffe 17 40 0.42 Guinea - Bissau Cícero Semedo 6 14 0.43 Guyana Nigel Codrington 17 33 0.51 Haiti Golman Pierre 18 23 0.79 Kazakhstan Ruslan Baltiev 13 73 0.18 Kosovo Elba Rashani / Albert Bunjaku 4 / 6 0.75 / 0.50 Kyrgyzstan Anton Zemlianukhin 12 25 0.47 Laos Visay Phaphouvanin 18 51 0.35 Liechtenstein Mario Frick 16 125 0.13 Lithuania Tomas Danilevicius 19 72 0.26 Luxembourg Leon Mart 16 24 0.67 Macau Chan Kin Seng 17 27 0.63 Madagascar Faneva Imà Andriatsima 11 29 0.38 Mauritania Cheikh Moulaye Ahmed 10 37 0.27 Mauritius Kersley Appou 10 24 0.",
"9": "42 Moldova Serghei Cleșcenco 11 69 0.16 Mongolia Donorovyn Lümbengarav 8 35 0.29 Montserrat Jaylee Hodgson 7 0.57 Myanmar Soe Myat Min 19 57 0.33 Namibia Rudolf Bester 13 46 0.28 Nepal Nirajan Rayamajhi 12 19 0.63 Nicaragua Juan Barrera 12 44 0.27 Niger Moussa Maâzou 11 43 0.26 North Korea Jong Il - gwan 17 57 0.28 Pakistan Muhammad Essa 11 37 0.23 Palestine Fahed Attal 14 40 0.35 Puerto Rico Héctor Ramos 11 27 0.41 Saint Lucia Titus Elva 14 24 0.58 Samoa Desmond Fa'aiuaso 7 12 0.58 San Marino Andy Selva 8 74 0.11 São Tomé and Príncipe Luis Leal 10 0.40 Seychelles Philip Zialor 11 28 0.39 Sierra Leone Umaru Bangura 43 0.10 South Sudan James Moga 6 17 0.36 Suriname Stefano Rijssel 10 31 0.32 Swaziland Felix Badenhorst 11 24 0.46 Tahiti Teaonui Tehau 16 26 0.62 Tajikistan Manuchekhr Dzhalilov 15 23 0.64 Timor - Leste Murilo de Almeida 6 7 0.86 Tonga Unaloto Feao 7 17 0.",
"10": "41 Turkmenistan Çariýar Muhadow 13 ? ? Turks and Caicos Islands Gavin Glinton 10 0.40 Vanuatu Richard Iwai 19 32 0.59 Notes ( edit ) Number is a count of nations . Seven nations ( Benin , Bulgaria , Denmark , Gabon , Romania , Scotland , and the United States ) have a pair of players tied for national leader . These are counted as one nation each . See also ( edit ) List of men 's association football players with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps References ( edit ) General Roberto Mamrud , Karel Stokkermans . `` Players with 100 + Caps and 30 + International Goals '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Ali Daei -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ferenc Puskás -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godfrey Chitalu -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ 80 days to go -- With 80 goals in 84 appearances , Kunishige Kamamoto is Japan 's all - time leading goalscorer . ( FIFA.com ) Jump up ^ `` Kunishige Kamamoto -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godfrey Chitalu -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hussein Saeed Mohammed -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ PELÉ ( Edson Arantes do Nascimento ) -- The King of football ( FIFA.com ) Jump up ^ `` Edson Arantes do Nascimento `` Pelé '' -- Goals in International Matches `` .",
"11": "www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bashar Abdullah Salem Abdulaziz -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kinnah Phiri -- Century of International Appearances '' . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Majed Abdullah Mohammed - Century of International Appearances '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kiatisuk Senamuang -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stern John -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hossam Hassan -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Humberto Ruiz -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Keane -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Didier Yves Drogba Tébily - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zlatan Ibrahimovic -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Villa -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bum - Kun Cha -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com .",
"12": "Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Alberto Pavón - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Landon Timothy Donovan -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunil Chhetri -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samuel Eto'o Fils -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jan Koller -- International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandi Ahmad -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joachim Streich -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Mark Rooney -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Poul `` Tist '' Nielsen - Goals in International Matches `` . Jump up ^ `` Jon Dahl Tomasson - Century of International Appearances '' . Jump up ^ `` Ali Ashfaq -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Edin Dzeko -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Lewandowski -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adnan Khamees Al - Talyani -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robin van Persie -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com .",
"13": "Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Asamoah Gyan -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hakan Sükür - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Luis SUAREZ -- Profile at FIFA.com Jump up ^ `` Luis Alberto Suárez - Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philip James Placer `` Phil '' Younghusband -- Goals in International Matches `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timothy Filiga `` Tim '' Cahill -- Century of International Appearances `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito sets Mexico 's all - time goal record -- Goal.com '' . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dimitar Berbatov -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andriy Shevchenko -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rolando Fonseca Jiménez - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Davor Suker -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anton `` Toni '' Polster -- Goals in International Matches `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hani Al - Dhabit Faraj Bait Al - Noobi -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` Luis Carlos Tejada Hansell -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 13 March 2016 ) . `` Faras : Our generation is unique '' . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Byers -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Frei -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oleg Blokhin -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hao Haidong -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Strack - Zimmermann , Benjamin . `` Sebastián Soria Quintana '' . national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Mifsud -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raúl Ignacio Díaz Arce - International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fabrice Alcebiades Maieco ' Akwá ' - International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Alexis Sanchez shining brightest for Chile 's golden generation -- Goal.com '' . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ismail Abdullatif Hasan -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stjepan Bobek -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bambang Pamungkas -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com .",
"15": "Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andres Oper -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Ndlovu -- International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rashidi Yekini -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Siu - Ki Chan -- International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Issam Jemaa -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Healy -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luigi Riva -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luton Shelton -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gheorghe Hagi -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Mutu -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zlatko Zahovic -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Antonin Puc -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maksim Shatskikh -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Oguta Oliech -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Abdelhafid Tasfaout -- Goals in International Matches '' .",
"16": "www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moumouni Dagano -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jørgen Juve -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shandel Samuel -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ההתאחדות לכדורגל בישראל '' . football.org.il . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Benedict Saul `` Benni '' McCarthy - International Appearances `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michalis Konstandinou -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roque Luis Santa Cruz -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jari Litmanen -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agustín Delgado - Goals in International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Macedonia -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Mathieson `` Kenny '' Dalglish -- Century of International Appearances `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denis Law -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emmanuel Sheyi Adebayor -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hassan Abdel Fattah Mahmoud -- Goals in International Matches '' .",
"17": "www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aleksandr Anatolyevich Kerzhakov -- International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moré -- International Goals '' . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wales vs China live '' . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Henri Camara -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maris Verpakovskis -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vaughan Coveny -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ali Al - Nono -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pascal Feindouno -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commins Menapi -- International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manuel José Luis `` Tico - Tico '' Bucuane - Goals in International Matches `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kasun Nadika Jayasuriya Weerarathne -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com .",
"18": "Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seydou Keïta - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevan Jovetić -- Goals in International Matches Jump up ^ Roberto Mamrud . `` Jerome Ontiretse `` Jay - Jay '' Ramatlhakwane - Goals in International Matches `` . RSSSF . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mrisho Khalfani Ngasa -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier Kerekezi -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang -- International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Théodore Nzué Nguéma - International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Safee Sali -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Vittek -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Arango Saez -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Belize -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dwayne DeRosario -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Haytham Tambal '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joaquín Botero - Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon -- Record International Players '' .",
"19": "www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maksim Romashchenko -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lesly St Fleur -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norman Forde '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chencho Gyeltshen '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shahrazen Said '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heldon Ramos -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Ebanks '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hilaire Momi '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Fardou Ben Nabouhane '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Saghabi '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Felitciano Zschusschen '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dieumerci Mbokani '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kurlson Benjamin -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Berhane Aregai '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Cunliffe -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ `` Cicero Semedo '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Codrington -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruslan Baltiev -- International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anton Zemlianukhin '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Visay Phaphouvanin -- International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Frick -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Danilevicius -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leon Mart -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chan Kin Seng -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Faneva Andriatsima '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moulaye Ahmed Bessam '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kersley Appou '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serghei Clescenco -- International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donorovyn Lumbengarav -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaylee Hodgson '' . www.caribbeanfootballdatabase.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ min - intlg. html `` Soe Myat Min -- Goals in International Matches '' Check url = value ( help ) . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolf Bester -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nirajan Raymajhi '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Palacios -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moussa Maazou '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammad Essa '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fahed Attal -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hector Ramos '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Titus Elva '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Desmond Fa'aiuaso '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Selva -- International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Zialor '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stefano Rijssel '' . www.caribbeanfootballdatabase.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Badenhorst '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teaonui Tehau '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MMurilo de Almeida '' .",
"22": "www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unaloto Feao '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` International Goals of Turkmenistan '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Iwai -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) RSSSF More goals than caps . FIFA. 3 June 2009 Europe 's all - time top international goalscorers UEFA. 8 November 2011 Top 10 premier league - goals . 30 December 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_top_international_association_football_goal_scorers_by_country&oldid=838009872 '' Categories : National association football team records and statistics Lists of association football top scorers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with URL errors Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 11 : 22 . About Wikipedia",
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how many gold medals won by india in 2018 commonwealth games
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{
"0": "2018 Commonwealth Games medal table - Wikipedia 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on 2018 Commonwealth Games ( show ) Bids Venues ( Athletes ' Village ) Concerns and controversies Queen 's Baton Relay Opening ceremony ( Parade of Nations ) Participating teams Medal table Chronological summary Closing ceremony Mascot Festival 2018 CGF CGA The 2018 Commonwealth Games ( officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games ) , were a multi-sport event held in Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , between 4 and 15 April 2018 . 275 medal events were held at these games . Australia , serving as the host nation , dominated the games with 80 gold , 59 silver and 59 bronze , for a total of 198 medals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Firsts 2 Medal table 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Firsts ( edit ) The Solomon Islands won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal , a bronze won by Jenly Tegu Wini in the women 's 58 kg weightlifting event . The Cook Islands won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal , a bronze won by Taiki Paniani and Aidan Zittersteijn in the men 's pairs lawn bowls event . Vanuatu won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal , a bronze won by para athlete Friana Kwevira in the women 's javelin throw ( F46 ) event . Dominica won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal when Thea LaFond won a bronze medal in the women 's triple jump event . A few days later , Dominica won its first ever silver medal when Yordanys Duranona Garcia came second in the men 's triple jump event . British Virgin Islands won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal when Kyron McMaster won the men 's 400m hurdles . Saint Lucia won its first ever Commonwealth Games gold medal when Levern Spencer won the women 's high jump event . Medal table ( edit ) The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables .",
"1": "By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won ( in this context , a `` nation '' is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If nations are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three - letter country code . Australia tops the medal table rank with 80 gold , second England with 45 gold and third India with 26 gold . Key * Host nation ( Australia ) 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Rank CGA Gold Silver Bronze Total Australia ( AUS ) * 80 59 59 198 England ( ENG ) 45 45 46 136 India ( IND ) 26 20 20 66 Canada ( CAN ) 15 40 27 82 5 New Zealand ( NZL ) 15 16 15 46 6 South Africa ( RSA ) 13 11 13 37 7 Wales ( WAL ) 10 12 14 36 8 Scotland ( SCO ) 9 13 22 44 9 Nigeria ( NGR ) 9 9 6 24 10 Cyprus ( CYP ) 8 5 14 11 Jamaica ( JAM ) 7 9 11 27 12 Malaysia ( MAS ) 7 5 12 24 13 Singapore ( SGP ) 5",
"2": "9 14 Kenya ( KEN ) 7 6 17 15 Uganda ( UGA ) 6 16 Botswana ( BOT ) 5 17 Samoa ( SAM ) 0 5 18 Trinidad and Tobago ( TTO ) 0 19 Namibia ( NAM ) 0 0 20 Northern Ireland ( NIR ) 7 12 21 Bahamas ( BAH ) 0 22 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) 0 23 Fiji ( FIJ ) 24 Pakistan ( PAK ) 0 5 25 Grenada ( GRN ) 0 26 Bermuda ( BER ) 0 0 Guyana ( GUY ) 0 0 British Virgin Islands ( IVB ) 0 0 Saint Lucia ( LCA ) 0 0 30 Bangladesh ( BAN ) 0 0 31 Sri Lanka ( SRI ) 0 5 6 32 Cameroon ( CMR ) 0 33 Dominica ( DMA ) 0 34 Isle of Man",
"3": "( IOM ) 0 0 Mauritius ( MRI ) 0 0 Nauru ( NRU ) 0 0 37 Malta ( MLT ) 0 0 Vanuatu ( VAN ) 0 0 39 Cook Islands ( COK ) 0 0 Ghana ( GHA ) 0 0 Norfolk Island ( NFI ) 0 0 Seychelles ( SEY ) 0 0 Solomon Islands ( SOL ) 0 0 Total ( 43 CGAs ) 275 276 289 840 See also ( edit ) Commonwealth Games portal 2010s portal Gold Coast portal Queensland portal Australia portal All - time Commonwealth Games medal table References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sport : Solomon Islands win first Comm Games medal '' . Radio New Zealand . Wellington , New Zealand . 7 April 2018 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Persico , Christina ; Mitchell , Stephanie ( 9 April 2018 ) . `` Taranaki teen wins Cook Islands ' first Commonwealth Games medal '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick ( 9 April 2018 ) . `` Simbine stuns Blake to win Commonwealth Games 100 metres '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : Thea Lafond wins bronze for Dominica at Commonwealth Games '' . Dominica News Online . Retrieved 10 April 2018 .",
"4": "Jump up ^ `` Athletics Event Schedule Women 's Triple Jump - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . results.gc2018.com . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelner , Martha ( 12 April 2018 ) . `` Kyron McMaster lets the tears flow after gold follows coach 's death '' . The Guardian . London , England . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Chris ( 12 April 2018 ) . `` A year after Hurricane Irma , Kyron McMaster wins BVI 's first Commonwealth medal '' . CNN . Atlanta , Georgia , United States . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official medal table ( hide ) Commonwealth Games medal tables 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Commonwealth_Games_medal_table&oldid=838341120 '' Categories : 2018 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games medal tables Queensland - related lists Hidden categories : Use Australian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch हिन्दी 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 11 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who changed the role of the first lady
|
[
"Dolley Madison"
] |
{
"0": "First Lady of the United States - wikipedia First Lady of the United States Jump to : navigation , search For a complete list of the first ladies , see List of First Ladies of the United States . `` FLOTUS '' redirects here . For the Lambchop album , see FLOTUS ( album ) . First Lady of the United States of America Incumbent Melania Trump since January 20 , 2017 Style Mrs. Trump Abbreviation FLOTUS Residence White House Inaugural holder Martha Washington Formation April 30 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 04 - 30 ) Website WhiteHouse.gov The First Lady of the United States ( FLOTUS ) is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States , concurrent with the president 's term of office . Although the first lady 's role has never been codified or officially defined , she figures prominently in the political and social life of the nation . Melania Trump is the current First Lady . While the title was not in general use until much later , Martha Washington , the wife of George Washington , the first U.S. President ( 1789 -- 1797 ) , is considered to be the inaugural First Lady of the United States . During her lifetime , she was often referred to as `` Lady Washington '' . Since the 1790s , the role of first lady has changed considerably . It has come to include involvement in political campaigns , management of the White House , championship of social causes , and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions . Because first ladies now typically publish their memoirs , which are viewed as potential sources of additional information about their husbands ' administrations , and because the public is interested in these increasingly independent women in their own right , first ladies frequently remain a focus of attention long after their husbands ' terms of office have ended . Additionally , over the years individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors , from fashion to public opinion on policy . Historically , should a president be unmarried , or a widower , the president usually asks a relative or friend to act as White House hostess . There are five living former first ladies : Rosalynn Carter , wife of Jimmy Carter ; Barbara Bush , wife of George H.W.",
"1": "Bush ; Hillary Clinton , wife of Bill Clinton ; Laura Bush , wife of George W. Bush ; and Michelle Obama , wife of Barack Obama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the title 1.1 Non-spouses in the role 2 Role 3 Office of the First Lady 4 Exhibitions and collections 5 First Lady and fashion 6 Living former First Ladies 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Origins of the title ( edit ) Dolley Madison was said to be the first President 's wife to be referred to as `` First Lady '' at her funeral in 1849 . The use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States . In the early days of the republic , there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president . Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed , including the use of such titles as `` Lady '' , `` Mrs. President '' , and `` Mrs. Presidentress '' ; Martha Washington was often referred to as `` Lady Washington . '' One of the earliest uses of the term `` First Lady '' was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the St. Johnsbury Caledonian , the author , `` Mrs. Sigourney '' , discussing how Martha Washington had not changed , even after her husband George became president , wrote that `` The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life . Indulging in no indolence , she left the pillow at dawn , and after breakfast , retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion '' . Dolley Madison was reportedly referred to as `` First Lady '' in 1849 at her funeral in a eulogy delivered by President Zachary Taylor ; however , no written record of this eulogy exists , nor did any of the newspapers of her day refer to her by that title . Sometime after 1849 , the title began being used in Washington , D.C. , social circles . One of the earliest known written examples comes from November 3 , 1863 , diary entry of William Howard Russell , in which he referred to gossip about `` the First Lady in the Land , '' referring to Mary Todd Lincoln .",
"2": "The title first gained nationwide recognition in 1877 , when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as `` the First Lady of the Land '' while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes . The frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes ' activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington . A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger , titled The First Lady in the Land , popularized the title further . By the 1930s , it was in wide use . Use of the title later spread from the United States to other nations . When Edith Wilson took control of her husband 's schedule in 1919 after he had a debilitating stroke , one Republican senator labeled her `` the Presidentress who had fulfilled the dream of the suffragettes by changing her title from First Lady to Acting First Man . '' The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States , but this title is much less common . Non-spouses in the role ( edit ) Several women ( at least thirteen ) who were not presidents ' wives have served as First Lady , as when the president was a bachelor or widower , or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the First Lady herself . In these cases , the position has been filled by a female relative or friend of the president , such as Martha Jefferson Randolph during Jefferson 's presidency , Emily Donelson and Sarah Yorke Jackson during Jackson 's , Mary Elizabeth ( Taylor ) Bliss during Taylor 's , Mary Harrison McKee during Benjamin Harrison 's presidency , upon her mother 's death , Harriet Lane during Buchanan 's , and Rose Cleveland prior to Cleveland 's marriage . Ivanka Trump temporarily took over the duties of First Lady during the beginning of the presidency of Donald Trump as his wife stayed in New York to finish their sons school year . Melania Trump took over her role of First Lady in June of 2017 . Role ( edit ) First Lady Barbara Bush , joined by Missouri Governor John Ashcroft , with a `` Parents as Teachers '' group at the Greater St. Louis Ferguson - Florissant School District in October 1991 . Mrs. Bush , who championed literacy as first lady , is reading Brown Bear , Brown Bear to the children .",
"3": "First Ladies Nancy Reagan , Barbara Bush ( standing , left to right ) , Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , Rosalynn Carter , and Betty Ford ( seated , left to right ) at the dedication of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library , November 1991 The position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties . Nonetheless , first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society . The role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries . She is , first and foremost , the hostess of the White House . She organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with , or in place of , the president . Lisa Burns identifies four successive main themes of the first ladyship : as public woman ( 1900 -- 1929 ) ; as political celebrity ( 1932 -- 1961 ) ; as political activist ( 1964 -- 1977 ) ; and as political interloper ( 1980 -- 2001 ) . Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital ( New York and Philadelphia ) . This socializing became known as `` the Republican Court '' and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role . Both Martha Washington and Abigail Adams were treated as if they were `` ladies '' of the British royal court . Dolley Madison popularized the First Ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women , by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage , and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the War of 1812 . Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every First Lady until Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1930s . She traveled widely and spoke to many groups , often voicing personal opinions to the left of the president 's . She authored a weekly newspaper column and hosted a radio show . Jacqueline Kennedy led an effort to redecorate and restore the White House . Many first ladies became significant fashion trendsetters . Some have exercised a degree of political influence by virtue of being an important adviser to the president . Over the course of the 20th century , it became increasingly common for first ladies to select specific causes to promote , usually ones that are not politically divisive . It is common for the First Lady to hire a staff to support these activities .",
"4": "Lady Bird Johnson pioneered environmental protection and beautification . Pat Nixon encouraged volunteerism and traveled extensively abroad ; Betty Ford supported women 's rights ; Rosalynn Carter aided those with mental disabilities ; Nancy Reagan founded the Just Say No drug awareness campaign ; Barbara Bush promoted literacy ; Hillary Clinton sought to reform the healthcare system in the U.S. ; Laura Bush supported women 's rights groups , and encouraged childhood literacy . Michelle Obama became identified with supporting military families and tackling childhood obesity ; and Melania Trump has stated that she wants to use her position to help children , including prevention of cyberbullying and supporting children whose lives are affected by drugs . Near the end of her husband 's presidency , Clinton became the first First Lady to run for political office . During the campaign , her daughter , Chelsea , took over much of the First Lady 's role . Victorious , Clinton served as U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 , when she resigned in order to become President Obama 's Secretary of State . Clinton was the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 2016 election , but lost to Donald Trump . Office of the First Lady ( edit ) First Ladies ( from left to right ) Nancy Reagan , Lady Bird Johnson , Hillary Clinton , Rosalynn Carter , Betty Ford , and Barbara Bush at the `` National Garden Gala , A Tribute to America 's First Ladies '' , May 11 , 1994 . Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis , absent due to illness , died a week after this photograph was taken . For more details on this topic , see Office of the First Lady of the United States . The Office of the First Lady of the United States is accountable to the First Lady for her to carry out her duties as hostess of the White House , and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House . The First Lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff , press secretary , White House Social Secretary , Chief Floral Designer , etc . The Office of the First Lady is an entity of the White House Office , a branch of the Executive Office of the President . When First Lady Hillary Clinton decided to pursue a run for Senator of New York , she set aside her duties as first lady and moved to Chappaqua , New York to establish state residency .",
"5": "She resumed her duties as First Lady after winning her senatorial campaign , and retained her duties as both first lady and U.S. Senator for the seventeen - day overlap before Bill Clinton 's term came to an end . Despite the significant responsibilities usually handled by the First Lady , the First Lady does not receive a salary . This has been criticized by both Ronald Reagan and Barack Obama . Exhibitions and collections ( edit ) Established in 1912 , the First Ladies Collection has been one of the most popular attractions at the Smithsonian Institution . The original exhibition opened in 1914 and was one of the first at the Smithsonian to prominently feature women . Originally focused largely on fashion , the exhibition now delves deeper into the contributions of first ladies to the presidency and American society . In 2008 , `` First Ladies at the Smithsonian '' opened at the National Museum of American History as part of its reopening year celebration . That exhibition served as a bridge to the museum 's expanded exhibition on first ladies ' history that opened on November 19 , 2011 . `` The First Ladies '' explores the unofficial but important position of first lady and the ways that different women have shaped the role to make their own contributions to the presidential administrations and the nation . The exhibition features 26 dresses and more than 160 other objects , ranging from those of Martha Washington to Michelle Obama , and includes White House china , personal possessions and other objects from the Smithsonian 's unique collection of first ladies ' materials . First Lady and fashion ( edit ) Some first ladies have garnered attention for their dress and style . Jacqueline Kennedy , for instance , became a global fashion icon : her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and imitated by many young women , and she was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965 . Michelle Obama has also received significant attention for her fashion choices : style writer Robin Givhan praised her in The Daily Beast , arguing that the First Lady 's style has helped to enhance the public image of the office . Living former First Ladies ( edit ) M. Obama , L. Bush , H. Clinton , B. Bush , and R. Carter in 2013 . As of January 2018 , there are five living former First Ladies , as seen below .",
"6": "Rosalynn Carter served 1977 -- 81 born 1927 ( age 90 ) wife of Jimmy Carter Barbara Bush served 1989 -- 93 born 1925 ( age 92 ) wife of George H.W. Bush Hillary Clinton served 1993 -- 2001 born 1947 ( age 70 ) wife of Bill Clinton Laura Bush served 2001 -- 09 born 1946 ( age 71 ) wife of George W. Bush Michelle Obama served 2009 -- 17 born 1964 ( age 53 ) wife of Barack Obama See also ( edit ) First Ladies : Influence & Image First Ladies National Historic Site ( Canton , Ohio ) List of current United States first spouses References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Caroli , Betty Boyd . `` First Lady : United States title '' . Britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Figueroa , Acton ( January 1 , 2003 ) . Washington , . World Almanac Library . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8368 - 5162 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Martha Washington '' . St. Johnsbury Caledonian . August 7 , 1838 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Biography : Dolley Madison '' . National First Ladies ' Library . Jump up ^ Creeden , Sharon ( 1999 ) . In Full Bloom : Tales of Women in Their Prime . August House . p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Carl Sferrazza ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Role of the First Lady '' . America.gov . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burns , Lisa M. ( 2008 ) . First Ladies and the Fourth Estate : Press Framing of Presidential Wives . DeKalb , IL : Northern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0875803913 . Jump up ^ Shields , David S. & Teute , Fredrika J.",
"7": "( 2015 ) . `` The Republican Court and the Historiography of a Women 's Domain in the Public Sphere '' . Journal of the Early Republic . 35 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 183 . Jump up ^ O'Farrell , Brigid ( 2010 ) . She was one of us : Eleanor Roosevelt and the American worker . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . Jump up ^ Troy , Gil ( 2001 ) . `` Jacqueline Kennedy 's White House renovations '' . White House Studies . 1 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 404 . Jump up ^ Gould , Lewis L. ( 1988 ) . Lady Bird Johnson and the environment . University Press of Kansas . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Obama '' . The White House . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Superville , Darlene ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Melania Trump Filling Out Her Agenda as First Lady '' . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Office of the President '' . The White House . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton Makes a Historic Move '' . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Clinton to Be Official New Yorker '' . The New York Times . November 24 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` The Race Won , the Senator - Elect Resumes Her First Lady Duties at the White House '' . The New York Times . November 10 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` A Day of Firsts As Mrs. Clinton Takes the Oath '' . The New York Times . January 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Sarina ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Want to Fix Wage Inequality ? Start With the First Lady '' . Money . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The First Ladies '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ VF Staff ( 1965 ) . `` World 's Best Dressed Women '' . The International Hall of Fame : Women .",
"8": "Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zilkha , Bettina ( 2004 ) . Ultimate Style : The Best of the Best Dressed List . New York , NY : Assouline . pp. 64 -- 69 , 90 . ISBN 2 - 84323 - 513 - 8 . Jump up ^ Givhan , Robin ( 2012 ) . `` First Lady Fashion Fatigue '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Anthony , Carl Sferrazza ( 1992 ) . First Ladies : The Saga of the Presidents Wives and Their Power 1789 -- 1961 . New York : Quill / William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0688112721 . excerpt and text search Bailey , Tim ( Spring 2013 ) . `` America 's First Ladies on Twentieth - Century Issues : A Common Core Unit '' . History Now . 35 . Curriculum unit based on primary sources . Berkin , Carol , ed . ( Spring 2013 ) . `` America 's First Ladies '' . History Now . 35 . Popular essays by scholars . Böck , Magdalena ( 2009 ) . The Role of First Ladies : A Comparison Between the US and Europe ( eBook ed . ) . Munich : GRIN Verlag . ISBN 9783640421534 . Deppisch , Ludwig M. ( 2015 ) . The Health of the First Ladies : Medical Histories from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama . McFarland . Hummer , Jill Abraham . First Ladies and American Women : In Politics and at Home ( UP of Kansas , 2017 ) ; 269 pages ; Lugo - Lugo , Carmen R. & Bloodsworth - Lugo , Mary K. ( 2011 ) . `` Bare Biceps and American ( In ) Security : Post-9 / 11 Constructions of Safe ( ty ) , Threat , and the First Black First Lady '' . Women 's Studies Quarterly .",
"9": "39 ( 1 ) : 200 -- 217 . doi : 10.1353 / wsq. 2011.0030 . On media images of Michelle Obama . Pastan , Amy ( 2008 ) . First Ladies . London : DK . ISBN 9780789473981 . Heavily illustrated . Roberts , John B. ( 2004 ) . Rating The First Ladies : The Women Who Influenced the Presidency ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Citadel Press . ISBN 978 - 0806526089 . excerpt and text search Schwartz , Marie Jenkins . Ties That Bound : Founding First Ladies and Slaves ( U of Chicago Press , 2017 ) , 420 pp . Troy , Gil ( 1997 ) . Affairs of State The Rise and Rejection of the Presidential Couple Since World War II . By a leading political historian . Truman , Margaret ( 1996 ) . First Ladies : An Intimate Group Portrait of White House Wives . New York : Facett Columbine . ISBN 978 - 0449223239 . excerpt and text search Watson , Robert P. ( 2003 ) . `` Toward the Study of the First Lady : The State of Scholarship '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 33 ( 2 ) : 423 -- 441 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2003. tb00038. x . External links ( edit ) Alphabetical List of First Ladies of the United States -- Library of Congress website Office of the First Lady -- WhiteHouse.gov First Lady 's Gallery -- WhiteHouse.gov The National First Ladies ' Library The First Ladies at the Smithsonian -- an online exhibition from the National Museum of American History ,",
"10": "Smithsonian Institution First Ladies of the United States Martha Washington Abigail Adams Martha Jefferson Randolph Dolley Madison Elizabeth Monroe Louisa Adams Emily Donelson Sarah Jackson Angelica Van Buren Anna Harrison Jane Harrison Letitia Tyler Priscilla Tyler Julia Tyler Sarah Polk Margaret Taylor Abigail Fillmore Jane Pierce Harriet Lane Mary Todd Lincoln Eliza Johnson Julia Grant Lucy Hayes Lucretia Garfield Mary McElroy Rose Cleveland Frances Cleveland Caroline Harrison Mary Harrison Frances Cleveland Ida McKinley Edith Roosevelt Helen Taft Ellen Wilson Margaret Wilson Edith Wilson Florence Harding Grace Coolidge Lou Hoover Eleanor Roosevelt Bess Truman Mamie Eisenhower Jacqueline Kennedy Lady Bird Johnson Pat Nixon Betty Ford Rosalynn Carter Nancy Reagan Barbara Bush Hillary Clinton Laura Bush Michelle Obama Melania Trump First Lady of the United States National Historic Site First Ladies : Influence & Image Spouses of heads of state by country Afghanistan Albania Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Botswana Brazil Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Chile China Costa Rica Croatia Czech Republic Djibouti Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyzstan Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Malta Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Mozambique Namibia New Zealand Nigeria Panama Pakistan Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Singapore Slovakia South Africa South Korea Sri Lanka Sweden Tanzania Taiwan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States list Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe List of spouses of heads of state List of spouses of heads of government Family of Donald Trump Spouses and children Ivana Trump ( first wife ) Donald Trump Jr.",
"11": "( son ) Ivanka Trump ( daughter ) Eric Trump ( son ) Marla Maples ( second wife ) Tiffany Trump ( daughter ) Melania Trump ( third wife , First Lady ) Barron Trump ( son ) Parents and relatives Fred Trump ( father ) Mary Anne MacLeod Trump ( mother ) Maryanne Trump Barry ( sister ) Frederick Trump ( grandfather ) Elizabeth Christ Trump ( grandmother ) John G. Trump ( uncle ) Jared Kushner ( son - in - law ) Lara Trump ( daughter - in - law ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Lady_of_the_United_States&oldid=819482607 '' Categories : First Ladies of the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 16 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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5261178826676259974
|
who is the best director in bollywood 2017
|
[
"Nitesh Tiwari"
] |
{
"0": "Filmfare Award for Best Director - wikipedia Filmfare Award for Best Director Jump to : navigation , search Filmfare Award for Best Director Awarded for Best Director Country India Presented by Filmfare First awarded Bimal Roy , Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Currently held by Nitesh Tiwari , Dangal ( 2017 ) Website Filmfare Awards The Filmfare Best Director Award is one of the main awards presented given by the annual Filmfare Awards to recognise directors working in the Hindi film Industry . It was first presented in 1954 in the inaugural year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Superlatives 2 Multiple nominations 3 Winner and nominees 3.1 1950s 3.2 1960s 3.3 1970s 3.4 1980s 3.5 1990s 3.6 2000s 3.7 2010s 4 See also 5 External links Superlatives ( edit ) Yash Chopra holds the record of highest nominations ( 12 ) for this award Category Name Superlative Year ( s ) Notes Most Awards Bimal Roy 7 awards 1954 -- 1964 Awards resulted from 7 nominations Most Nominations Yash Chopra 12 nominations 1966 -- 2005 Nominations resulted in 4 awards Most Nominations without a Win Mahesh Bhatt 6 nominations 1984 -- 1994 -- Bimal Roy has the record of winning most Awards 7 and distinction of winning the Award thrice in a row , on two separate occasions ( 1954 -- 1956 and 1959 -- 1961 ) . He won the Award whenever he was nominated . Yash Chopra , Raj Kapoor and Sanjay Leela Bhansali have received the Award four times each . Yash Chopra received 12 nominations , while Raj Kapoor and Sanjay Leela Bhansali have received 6 nominations each . Mahesh Bhatt was nominated thrice in a row ( 1984 -- 1986 ) .",
"1": "However , he has n't received any Award even after receiving 6 nominations . Also , no Director has ever won if one has been nominated twice in the same year -- Gulzar in 1974 , Basu Chatterjee in 1977 and Hrishikesh Mukherjee in 1980 . Sai Paranjpye was the first of two women to have ever won the Award , the second being Zoya Akhtar . Sai Paranjpye won it for Sparsh in 1985 . Paranjpye had earlier been nominated for Chashme Buddoor in 1982 and Zoya Akhtar won it for Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara in 2012 . Other women Directors to have been nominated are Mira Nair for Salaam Bombay ! in 1990 , Farah Khan for Main Hoon Na in 2005 and for Om Shanti Om in 2008 , Gauri Shinde for English Vinglish in 2013 and Meghna Gulzar for Talvar in 2016 Rajkumar Santoshi remains the only Director to have won the Award for his first two films , Ghayal and Damini Only once have two siblings been nominated in the same year ; Zoya Akhtar and Farhan Akhtar in 2012 . Multiple nominations ( edit ) The following Directors have received multiple Best Director nominations . The list is sorted by the number of total awards ( with the number of total nominations listed in parentheses ) . 7 : Bimal Roy ( 7 ) 4 : Yash Chopra ( 12 ) 4 : Raj Kapoor ( 6 ) 4 : Sanjay Leela Bhansali ( 6 ) 2 : Rakesh Roshan ( 5 ) 2 : Rajkumar Santoshi ( 5 ) 2 : Karan Johar ( 5 ) 2 : Ashutosh Gowariker ( 3 ) 2 : Manoj Kumar ( 3 ) 2 : Govind Nihalani ( 2 ) 2 : Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra ( 2 ) 1 : Subhash Ghai ( 6 ) 1 : Gulzar ( 6 ) 1 : B.R.",
"2": "Chopra ( 5 ) 1 : Mansoor Khan ( 4 ) 1 : Rajkumar Hirani ( 4 ) 1 : Shyam Benegal ( 3 ) 1 : Basu Chatterjee ( 3 ) 1 : Aditya Chopra ( 3 ) 1 : Vidhu Vinod Chopra ( 3 ) 1 : Sohanlal Kanwar ( 3 ) 1 : Mukul Anand ( 2 ) 1 : Sooraj Barjatya ( 2 ) 1 : J.P. Dutta ( 2 ) 1 : Shekhar Kapur ( 2 ) 1 : Mehboob Khan ( 2 ) 1 : Sai Paranjpye ( 2 ) 1 : Ramanand Sagar ( 2 ) 1 : Asit Sen ( 2 ) 1 : V. Shantaram ( 2 ) 1 : Sujoy Ghosh ( 1 ) 1 : Aamir Khan ( 1 ) 1 : Zoya Akhtar ( 1 ) 1 : Vikas Bahl ( 1 ) 1 : Kunal Kohli ( 1 ) 1 : Vijay Anand ( 1 ) 1 : Abrar Alvi ( 1 ) 1 : Satyajit Ray ( 1 ) 1 : Muzaffar Ali ( 1 ) Winner and nominees ( edit ) In the list below , the winner of the award for each year is shown first , followed by the other nominees . The films are listed by the years when the award was presented . The announcing of nominations became regular after 1959 . 1950s ( edit ) 1954 Bimal Roy -- Do Bigha Zamin 1955 Bimal Roy -- Parineeta 1956 Bimal Roy -- Biraj Bahu 1957 V. Shantaram -- Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje 1958 Mehboob Khan -- Mother India 1959 Bimal Roy -- Madhumati 1960s ( edit ) 1960 Bimal Roy -- Sujata L.V.",
"3": "Prasad -- Chhoti Bahen V. Shantaram -- Navrang 1961 Bimal Roy -- Parakh K. Asif -- Mughal - e-Azam Kishore Sahu -- Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai 1962 B.R. Chopra -- Kanoon Nitin Bose -- Gunga Jumna Radhu Karmakar -- Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai 1963 Abrar Alvi -- Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam Biren Nag -- Bees Saal Baad Mehboob Khan -- Son of India 1964 Bimal Roy -- Bandini B.R. Chopra -- Gumrah C.V. Sridhar -- Dil Ek Mandir 1965 Raj Kapoor -- Sangam Khwaja Ahmad Abbas -- Shehar Aur Sapna Satyen Bose -- Dosti 1966 Yash Chopra -- Waqt Chetan Anand -- Haqeeqat Ramanand Sagar -- Arzoo 1967 Vijay Anand -- Guide Asit Sen -- Mamta Hrishikesh Mukherjee -- Anupama 1968 Manoj Kumar -- Upkar A. Bhimsingh -- Mehrbaan A. Subba Rao -- Milan 1969 Ramanand Sagar -- Ankhen Bhappi Soni -- Brahmachari Ram Maheshwari -- Neel Kamal 1970s ( edit ) 1970 Yash Chopra -- Ittefaq L.V.",
"4": "Prasad -- Jeene Ki Raah Shakti Samanta -- Aradhana 1971 Asit Sen -- Safar Raj Khosla -- Do Raaste Sohanlal Kanwar -- Pehchaan 1972 Raj Kapoor -- Mera Naam Joker Hrishikesh Mukherjee -- Anand Shakti Samanta -- Kati Patang 1973 Sohanlal Kanwar -- Be-Imaan Kamal Amrohi -- Pakeezah Manoj Kumar -- Shor 1974 Yash Chopra -- Daag Gulzar -- Achanak Gulzar -- Koshish Raj Kapoor -- Bobby Rajendra Bhatia -- Aaj Ki Taaza Khabar 1975 Manoj Kumar -- Roti Kapda Aur Makaan Anil Ganguly -- Kora Kagaz Basu Bhattacharya -- Avishkaar M.S.",
"5": "Sathyu -- Garm Hava Shyam Benegal -- Ankur 1976 Yash Chopra -- Deewar Gulzar -- Aandhi Ramesh Sippy -- Sholay Shakti Samanta -- Amanush Sohanlal Kanwar -- Sanyasi 1977 Gulzar -- Mausam Basu Chatterjee -- Chhoti Si Baat Basu Chatterjee -- Chitchor Rajkumar Kohli -- Nagin Yash Chopra -- Kabhi Kabhie 1978 Basu Chatterjee -- Swami Asrani -- Chala Murari Hero Banne Bhimsain -- Gharaonda Gulzar -- Kinara Manmohan Desai -- Amar Akbar Anthony 1979 Satyajit Ray -- Shatranj Ke Khilari Prakash Mehra -- Muqaddar Ka Sikandar Raj Khosla -- Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki Raj Kapoor -- Satyam Shivam Sundaram Yash Chopra -- Trishul 1980s ( edit ) 1980 Shyam Benegal -- Junoon Hrishikesh Mukherjee -- Jurmana Hrishikesh Mukherjee -- Gol Maal Manmohan Krishna -- Noorie Yash Chopra -- Kaala Patthar 1981 Govind Nihalani -- Aakrosh B.R. Chopra -- Insaaf Ka Tarazu Esmayeel Shroff -- Thodisi Bewafaii Hrishikesh Mukherjee -- Khubsoorat J. Om Prakash -- Aasha 1982 Muzaffar Ali -- Umrao Jaan K. Balachander -- Ek Duuje Ke Liye Rabindra Dharamraj -- Chakra Ramesh Talwar -- Baseraa Sai Paranjpye -- Chashme Buddoor Shyam Benegal -- Kalyug 1983 Raj Kapoor -- Prem Rog B.R.",
"6": "Chopra -- Nikaah Ramesh Sippy -- Shakti Sagar Sarhadi -- Bazaar Subhash Ghai -- Vidhaata 1984 Govind Nihalani -- Ardh Satya Mahesh Bhatt -- Arth Mohan Kumar -- Avtaar Rahul Rawail -- Betaab Shekhar Kapur -- Masoom 1985 Sai Paranjpye -- Sparsh Kundan Shah -- Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro Mahesh Bhatt -- Saaransh Prakash Mehra -- Sharaabi Ravi Chopra -- Aaj Ki Awaaz 1986 Raj Kapoor -- Ram Teri Ganga Maili Mahesh Bhatt -- Janam Rahul Rawail -- Arjun Ramesh Sippy -- Saagar 1987 No Award 1988 No Award 1989 Mansoor Khan -- Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak N. Chandra -- Tezaab Rakesh Roshan -- Khoon Bhari Maang 1990s ( edit ) 1990 Vidhu Vinod Chopra -- Parinda Mira Nair -- Salaam Bombay ! Sooraj Barjatya -- Maine Pyar Kiya Subhash Ghai -- Ram Lakhan Yash Chopra -- Chandni 1991 Rajkumar Santoshi -- Ghayal Mahesh Bhatt -- Aashiqui Mukul Anand -- Agneepath Ravi Raja -- Pratibandh 1992 Subhash Ghai -- Saudagar Yash Chopra -- Lamhe Lawrence D'Souza -- Saajan Mahesh Bhatt -- Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin Randhir Kapoor -- Henna 1993 Mukul S. Anand -- Khuda Gawah Indra Kumar -- Beta Mansoor Khan -- Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar 1994 Rajkumar Santoshi -- Damini David Dhawan -- Aankhen Mahesh Bhatt -- Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke Subhash Ghai -- Khalnayak Yash Chopra -- Darr 1995 Sooraj Barjatya -- Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... !",
"7": "Mehul Kumar -- Krantiveer Rajiv Rai -- Mohra Rajkumar Santoshi -- Andaz Apna Apna Vidhu Vinod Chopra -- 1942 : A Love Story 1996 Aditya Chopra -- Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Indra Kumar -- Raja Mansoor Khan -- Akele Hum Akele Tum Rakesh Roshan -- Karan Arjun Ram Gopal Varma -- Rangeela 1997 Shekhar Kapur -- Bandit Queen Dharmesh Darshan -- Raja Hindustani Gulzar -- Maachis Parto Ghosh -- Agni Sakshi Rajkumar Santoshi -- Ghatak 1998 J.P. Dutta -- Border Priyadarshan -- Virasat Rajiv Rai -- Gupt Subhash Ghai -- Pardes Yash Chopra -- Dil To Pagal Hai 1999 Karan Johar -- Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Abbas - Mustan -- Soldier Ram Gopal Varma -- Satya Sohail Khan -- Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya Vikram Bhatt -- Ghulam 2000s ( edit ) 2000 Sanjay Leela Bhansali -- Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam David Dhawan -- Biwi No.",
"8": "1 John Matthew Matthan -- Sarfarosh Mahesh Manjrekar -- Vaastav Subhash Ghai -- Taal 2001 Rakesh Roshan -- Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai Aditya Chopra -- Mohabbatein Dharmesh Darshan -- Dhadkan Mansoor Khan -- Josh Vidhu Vinod Chopra -- Mission Kashmir 2002 Ashutosh Gowariker -- Lagaan Anil Sharma -- Gadar : Ek Prem Katha Farhan Akhtar -- Dil Chahta Hai Karan Johar -- Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... Santosh Sivan -- Asoka 2003 Sanjay Leela Bhansali -- Devdas Abbas - Mustan -- Humraaz Ram Gopal Varma -- Company Sanjay Gupta -- Kaante Vikram Bhatt -- Raaz 2004 Rakesh Roshan -- Koi ... Mil Gaya J.P. Dutta -- LOC Kargil Nikhil Advani -- Kal Ho Naa Ho Rajkumar Hirani -- Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.",
"9": "Ram Gopal Varma -- Bhoot Satish Kaushik -- Tere Naam 2005 Kunal Kohli -- Hum Tum Ashutosh Gowariker -- Swades Farah Khan -- Main Hoon Na Farhan Akhtar -- Lakshya Rajkumar Santoshi -- Khakee Yash Chopra -- Veer - Zaara 2006 Sanjay Leela Bhansali -- Black Madhur Bhandarkar -- Page 3 Nagesh Kukunoor -- Iqbal Pradeep Sarkar -- Parineeta Ram Gopal Varma -- Sarkar 2007 Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra -- Rang De Basanti Karan Johar -- Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna Rakesh Roshan -- Krrish Rajkumar Hirani -- Lage Raho Munna Bhai Sanjay Gadhvi -- Dhoom 2 Vishal Bhardwaj -- Omkara 2008 Aamir Khan -- Taare Zameen Par Anurag Basu -- Life in a ... Metro Farah Khan -- Om Shanti Om Imtiaz Ali -- Jab We Met Mani Ratnam -- Guru Shimit Amin -- Chak De ! India 2009 Ashutosh Gowariker -- Jodhaa Akbar A.R. Murugadoss -- Ghajini Abhishek Kapoor -- Rock On ! ! Aditya Chopra -- Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi Madhur Bhandarkar -- Fashion Neeraj Pandey -- A Wednesday ! 2010s ( edit ) 2010 Rajkumar Hirani -- 3 Idiots Anurag Kashyap -- Dev.",
"10": "D Ayan Mukerji -- Wake Up Sid Imtiaz Ali -- Love Aaj Kal R. Balki -- Paa Vishal Bhardwaj -- Kaminey 2011 Karan Johar -- My Name Is Khan Abhinav Kashyap -- Dabangg Manish Sharma -- Band Baaja Baaraat Sanjay Leela Bhansali -- Guzaarish Vikramaditya Motwane -- Udaan 2012 Zoya Akhtar -- Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara Abhinay Deo -- Delhi Belly Farhan Akhtar -- Don 2 Imtiaz Ali -- Rockstar Milan Luthria -- The Dirty Picture Raj Kumar Gupta -- No One Killed Jessica 2013 Sujoy Ghosh -- Kahaani Anurag Basu -- Barfi ! Anurag Kashyap -- Gangs of Wasseypur Gauri Shinde -- English Vinglish Shoojit Sircar -- Vicky Donor 2014 Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra -- Bhaag Milkha Bhaag Anand L. Rai -- Raanjhanaa Abhishek Kapoor -- Kai Po Che ! Ayan Mukerji -- Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani Sanjay Leela Bhansali -- Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela Rohit Shetty -- Chennai Express 2015 Vikas Bahl -- Queen Abhishek Varman -- 2 States Anurag Kashyap -- Ugly Rajkumar Hirani -- PK Vishal Bhardwaj -- Haider 2016 Sanjay Leela Bhansali -- Bajirao Mastani Kabir Khan -- Bajrangi Bhaijaan Anand L. Rai -- Tanu Weds Manu Returns Meghna Gulzar -- Talvar Shoojit Sircar -- Piku Sriram Raghavan -- Badlapur 2017 Nitesh Tiwari -- Dangal Abhishek Chaubey -- Udta Punjab Ali Abbas Zafar -- Sultan Karan Johar -- Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Ram Madhvani -- Neerja Shakun",
"11": "Batra -- Kapoor & Sons See also ( edit ) Filmfare Awards Bollywood Cinema of India External links ( edit ) The Official Site Filmfare Awards Category History of film Merit awards Best Film Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Best Performance in a Negative Role Best Performance in a Comic Role Male Debut Female Debut Debut Director Music Director Lyricist Male Playback Singer Female Playback Singer Critics ' awards Best Film Best Actor Best Actress Documentary Technical awards Story Screenplay Dialogue Action Art Direction Background Score Cinematographer Editing Choreography Sound Design Special Effects Costume Design Special awards Lifetime Achievement RD Burman Award Special Award New Face of the Year Scene of the Year Power Award Award ceremonies 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000",
"12": "2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 The Times Group Filmfare Awards Category Filmfare Records and facts South awards East awards Filmfare Award for Best Director 1954 - 1960 Bimal Roy ( 1954 ) Bimal Roy ( 1955 ) Bimal Roy ( 1956 ) V. Shantaram ( 1957 ) Mehboob Khan ( 1958 ) Bimal Roy ( 1959 ) Bimal Roy ( 1960 ) 1961 - 1980 Bimal Roy ( 1961 ) B.R.",
"13": "Chopra ( 1962 ) Abrar Alvi ( 1963 ) Bimal Roy ( 1964 ) Raj Kapoor ( 1965 ) Yash Chopra ( 1966 ) Vijay Anand ( 1967 ) Manoj Kumar ( 1968 ) Ramanand Sagar ( 1969 ) Yash Chopra ( 1970 ) Asit Sen ( 1971 ) Raj Kapoor ( 1972 ) Sohanlal Kanwar ( 1973 ) Yash Chopra ( 1974 ) Manoj Kumar ( 1975 ) Yash Chopra ( 1976 ) Gulzar ( 1977 ) Basu Chatterjee ( 1978 ) Satyajit Ray ( 1979 ) Shyam Benegal ( 1980 ) 1981 - 2000 Govind Nihalani ( 1981 ) Muzaffar Ali ( 1982 ) Raj Kapoor ( 1983 ) Govind Nihalani ( 1984 ) Sai Paranjpye ( 1985 ) Raj Kapoor ( 1986 ) Mansoor Khan ( 1989 ) Vidhu Vinod Chopra ( 1990 ) Rajkumar Santoshi ( 1991 ) Subhash Ghai ( 1992 ) Mukul S. Anand ( 1993 ) Shekhar Kapur ( 1994 ) Sooraj Barjatya ( 1995 ) Aditya Chopra ( 1996 ) Rajkumar Santoshi ( 1997 ) J.P.",
"14": "Dutta ( 1998 ) Karan Johar ( 1999 ) Sanjay Leela Bhansali ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Rakesh Roshan ( 2001 ) Ashutosh Gowariker ( 2002 ) Sanjay Leela Bhansali ( 2003 ) Rakesh Roshan ( 2004 ) Kunal Kohli ( 2005 ) Sanjay Leela Bhansali ( 2006 ) Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra ( 2007 ) Aamir Khan ( 2008 ) Ashutosh Gowariker ( 2009 ) Rajkumar Hirani ( 2010 ) Karan Johar ( 2011 ) Zoya Akhtar ( 2012 ) Sujoy Ghosh ( 2013 ) Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra ( 2014 ) Vikas Bahl ( 2015 ) Sanjay Leela Bhansali ( 2016 ) Nitesh Tiwari ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Director&oldid=818980312 '' Categories : Filmfare Awards Film directing awards Best Director National Film Award winners Lists of Indian film directors Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 18 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Middle - Eastern cuisine - wikipedia Middle - Eastern cuisine Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hummus , a Levantine and Egyptian dip made from mashed chickpeas Serving in Jerusalem restaurant including falafel , hummus , and salad Tahchin , an Iranian rice cake popular in Iran Middle Eastern cuisine is the cuisine of the various countries and peoples of the Middle East . The cuisine of the region is diverse while having a degree of homogeneity . It includes Arab , Iranian / Persian , Israeli , Assyrian , Armenian , Kurdish , Greek , Cypriot , Azerbaijani and Turkish cuisines . In 2017 , Middle Eastern cuisine was claimed by many sources to be one of the most popular and fastest growing ethnic cuisines in the US . Some commonly used ingredients include olives and olive oil , pitas , honey , sesame seeds , dates , sumac , chickpeas , mint , rice , and parsley . Some popular dishes include kebabs , dolma , baklava , yogurt , doner kebab , shawarma and Mulukhiyah . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and influences 2 Elements 2.1 Grains 2.2 Flavorings 2.3 Meat 2.4 Vegetables 2.5 Dishes 3 Beverages 4 Etiquette 4.1 Dining etiquette in Arab countries 4.2 Dining etiquette in non-Arab countries of Middle East 4.3 Iran 4.3.",
"1": "1 Turkey 4.4 Month of Ramadan 5 Globalization 6 Geographical varieties of Arab cuisine of Middle East 7 Geographical varieties of non-Arab cuisines of Middle East 8 See also 9 References History and influences ( edit ) Doner kebab The Middle East includes the region formerly known as the Fertile Crescent ( the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers - Sumeria , Akkad , Assyria and Babylonia ) , where wheat was first cultivated , followed by barley , pistachios , figs , pomegranates , dates and other regional staples . Fermentation was also discovered here to leaven bread and make beer in Mesopotamia , and the earliest written recipes come from that region also . As a crossroads between Europe , Asia , the Caucasus and North Africa , this area has long been a hub of food and recipe exchange . During the first Persian Empire ( ca . 550 -- 330 BCE ) , the foundation was laid for modern Middle Eastern food when rice , poultry and various fruits were incorporated into the local diets . Figs , dates and nuts were brought by merchants to conquered lands , and spices were brought back from the Orient . The area was also influenced by dumplings from Mongol invaders ; turmeric , cumin , garlic and other spices from India ; cloves , peppercorns and allspice from the Spice Islands ; okra from Africa ; and tomatoes from the New World , via the Moors of Spain . Religion has also influenced the cuisine ; neither Jews nor Muslims eat pork , making lamb the primary meat . Since the Qur'an forbids alcohol consumption , the region is n't noted much for its wine -- except in religiously mixed Lebanon , where vineyards like Chateau Ksara , Chateau Kefraya and Chateau Masaya have gained international fame for their wines . Chateau Ksara is also very popular for its arak , an alcoholic drink produced in the Levant and Iraq . Al - Maza is Lebanon 's primary brewery , which was also , at one time , the Middle East 's only beer - producing factory . Lebanon has always been well known in the region for its wines and arak , making it an exception when it comes to lack of alcohol in the region .",
"2": "Under the Ottoman Empire , sweet pastries of paper thin phyllo dough and dense coffee were brought to the area . Elements ( edit ) Grains ( edit ) Grains constitute the basis of the Middle Eastern diet , both historically and today . Wheat and rice are the major and preferred sources of staple foods . Barley is also widely used in the region and maize has become common in some areas as well . Bread is a universal staple -- eaten in one form or another by all classes and groups -- practically at every meal . Aside from bread , wheat is also used in the forms of bulghur and couscous . Burghul is cracked wheat , made by partially cooking the wheat grains in water , drying it in an oven or in the sun , then breaking it into pieces , in different grades of size . Typically , it is cooked in water , with flavorings , much like rice . Burghul is also used in making meat pies and as an ingredient in salads , notably in tabbouleh , with chopped parsley , tomato , lemon , and oil . Freekeh is another common grain , made from immature green wheat . There are many types of rice produced and consumed in the region . Plain rice is served under grilled meats or with meat / vegetable stews . In more complex rice dishes , there are layers of meat , vegetables , sauces , nuts , or dried fruits . Flavorings ( edit ) Butter and clarified butter ( also known as smen ) are , traditionally , the preferred medium of cooking . Olive oil is prevalent in the Mediterranean coastal areas . Christians use it during Lent , when meat and dairy products are excluded , and Jews use it in place of animal fats such as butter to avoid mixing meat and dairy products . Most regions in the Middle East use spices . Typically , a stew will include a small amount of cinnamon , nutmeg , cloves , cumin , and coriander . Black pepper is common , and chili peppers are used occasionally , especially as a separate sauce or as a pickle . Parsley and mint are commonly used both in cooking and in salads . Thyme and thyme blends ( za'atar ) are common in Syria , Lebanon , Jordan and Israel , and a mixture of dried thyme and sumac ( crushed sour berries ) is a common breakfast item with oil and bread .",
"3": "Sumac is also sprinkled over grilled meat . Garlic is common to many dishes and salads . Meat ( edit ) Kebab koobideh Lamb and mutton have always been the favored meats of the Middle East . Pork is prohibited in both Islam and Judaism , and as such is rarely eaten in the region . Prominent among the meat preparations are grilled meats , or kebabs . There are a wide variety of these grills , with many regional specialties and styles . The most common are the cubed cuts on skewers , known as shish kebab in most places . Chicken may also be grilled in the same fashion . Another common variety is kofta kebab , made from ground meat , sometimes mixed with onions and spices , shaped around the skewer like a long sausage and grilled . Kebabs are typically a street or restaurant food , served with bread , salad , and pickles . It is not usually prepared in domestic kitchens . Meat and vegetable stews , served with rice , bulgur , or bread , are another form of meat preparation in the region . Kibbeh is a pie or dumpling made with meat and cereal . The most common are made with ground meat ( typically lamb ) and burghul , worked together like a dough , then stuffed with minced meat that has been fried with onion , aromatics , and , sometimes , pine nuts or almonds and raisins . This can either be in the form of individual small dumplings ( usually shaped like a torpedo ) , or in slices like a cake , baked on an oven tray with the stuffing placed between two layers of the dough . One variation is kibbeh naye , raw kibbeh , which is made by pounding raw meat and burghul together with seasoning and served with dips of lemon juice and chili sauce . Vegetables ( edit ) Tursu are the pickled vegetables of the cuisines of many Balkan and Middle East countries . Vegetables and pulses are the predominant staple of the great majority of the people in the Middle East . They are boiled , stewed , grilled , stuffed , and cooked with meat and with rice . Among the green leaf vegetables , many varieties of cabbage , spinach , and chard are widely used .",
"4": "Root and bulb vegetables , such as onions and garlic , as well as carrots , turnips , and beets are equally common . Squash , tomato , eggplants , and okra are distinctive elements in the cookery of the region . ( Use your own discretion with this commentary , as Squash and tomatoes originate from the Americas , and are not ' distinctive ' to the region as the above suggested . ) Eggplant is often fried in slices and dressed in yogurt and garlic , or roasted over an open fire , then pulped and dressed with tahini ( sesame paste ) , lemon juice , garlic , and cumin , a dish known as baba ghanoush . Tomato is the most ubiquitous ingredient in Middle Eastern cookery . It is used fresh in a variety of salads , cooked in almost every stew and broth , and grilled with kebab . Beans and pulses are crucial to the diet of the region , second only to cereals . Fava beans are eaten both green and dried . Dried , they are boiled into one of the most popular Egyptian foods : ful medames , a domestic and street food , eaten for breakfast or any other meal , mashed and dressed in oil , lemon , and chili . Similar dishes are found in all other parts of the region . The famous Falafel , now popular in Europe and America , was originally made from dried fava , crushed and formed into a rissole with herbs and spices , then fried . It is also made from chickpeas or a mixture of the two . Green fava are cooked like other green beans , boiled and dressed in oil , or stewed with meat . The haricot beans and black - eyed beans are also common . Lentils , split peas , and chickpeas are widely used in soups , with rice , in salads , or with meat . Hummus , made from chickpeas and sesame paste , originated in Syria and Lebanon . Dishes ( edit ) Meze is a selection of small dishes served to accompany alcoholic drinks as a course or as appetizers before the main dish in Arab countries , Turkic countries , and Iran . Stuffed vegetables are a dish most associated with the Middle East in the popular mind . They are commonly called dolma , the Turkish word meaning `` stuffed , '' but also the Arabic mahshi .",
"5": "Grape leaves , chard , and cabbage are stuffed with rice , ground meat , pine nuts , and spices , and then stewed in oil and tomato . Many vegetables are similarly stuffed and stewed or baked , such as squash , onion , tomato , eggplant , peppers , and even carrots . Mezze is common throughout the Middle East . It consists of a number of small dishes that are picked at leisure : cheese , melon , nuts , various salads and dips , such as tabbouleh , hummus and mutabbal , pickles , and also more substantial items , such as grilled meat , kibbeh , and sausage . Arabs commonly consume milk , fresh or soured . Yogurt , a Turkish contribution , is commonly consumed plain , used in cooking , used in salad dressing , or diluted as a drink . White cheeses , like the Greek feta and haloumi , are the most common in the region . Beverages ( edit ) Turkish coffee Turkish coffee is the most well known beverage of the region . It is thicker than regular coffee and is made by boiling finely ground coffee in water and then letting the grounds settle . In the 1980s , instant coffee also became popular . Aside from coffee , there is also an alcoholic drink called arak . It is most famous for its potency and milky - white color when water is added , producing the drink nicknamed `` the milk of lions '' . Water and ice are almost always added because of an alcohol content between 30 % and 60 % . Arak is colorless in its pure form and is aniseed - flavored . In the Middle East , arak is served in social settings and with mezze . Some Christians in the Middle East , such as the Assyrians and Armenians produce their own home made beer and wine . A common drink among Muslims served during Ramadan is Qamar El Deen , a thick and sweet apricot drink . The apricots are boiled with sugar and water until they are thick and placed on wooden planks left in the sun until dry . A fruit leather is left , which is then melted with water and sugar and drunk . Another popular drink is Jallab . It is made by diluting a mixture grape molasses , dates , and rose water and served with crushed ice .",
"6": "Some also serve it with raisins or pine nuts . Ayran ( and Doogh ) is a beverage made from yogurt very popular in certain Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey and Iran . Etiquette ( edit ) See also : Etiquette in the Middle East Dining etiquette in Arab countries ( edit ) In Arab countries of the Middle East , especially in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , it is common for people to take their food from a communal plate in the center of the table . Rather than employing forks or spoons , people traditionally dine without utensils ; they scoop up food with their thumb and two fingers or pita bread . In the Arab culture , the left hand is considered unclean . This however is changing now with utensils being widely used for dining . Even left - handed people eat only with the right hand . A common exception is that the left hand may be used to hold a drinking glass when eating greasy food with the right . It is proper etiquette to compliment the host on the food and her hospitality . Similarly , it is important to try every plate on the table . If a guest does not leave food on his plate , the host generally fills it immediately . The Middle East places emphasis on enjoying meals with family and friends . Dining etiquette in non-Arab countries of Middle East ( edit ) Iran ( edit ) In Iranian Azerbaijan the term `` eliz ağırmasın '' ( literally ' may your hand not hurt ' ) is used to thank someone . The language spoken in Iranian Azerbaijan is Azeri Turkish , a Turkic language . Turkey ( edit ) Tea is usually served in little curved glasses that you hold not by the stem , but by the lip : you never add milk , but you can add water as you drink it to dilute the tea , which is sometimes still steeping when you get it . Coffee is generally available . The coffee is drunk carefully ( there are grounds on the bottom ) ; it is also thick and black , and each cup is individually brewed , often with the sugar already in it , and milk is usually not to be added . Since it is offered all the time and everywhere , it is a gesture of hospitality and you must always take the coffee or tea , even if you only put it to your lips or just take a few sips .",
"7": "Your cup will always be refilled if it is less than half full . Because you must never pour your own drink , you must always be alert throughout the meal as to whether your neighbor 's cup or glass needs refilling . If it is less than half full , it needs refilling ; alternately , if yours is less than half full , your neighbor is obliged to refill it . If he or she does not , do not refill it yourself , for this will cause him or her to lose face ; instead , diplomatically indicate your need by pouring a little more drink into your neighbor 's glass , even if it does n't really need it . If you are the honored guest , you will be expected to make a toast , usually soon after the host does or at the end of the meal , just before everyone departs . Dining is done with forks and spoons and knives , Western style . The knife is held in the right hand , and the fork in the left . Do not switch hands for knives and forks . Smoking is ubiquitous in Turkey . People smoke between courses during dinner . The host sits at the head of the table , with the honored guest seated next to the host . In addition , the honored guest sits on the side of the table farthest from the door . ( At business meetings , the key people sit in the middle , flanked on either side in descending order by their aides , with the least important people sitting at the ends of the table farthest from the middle , and closest to the door ; the arrangement is mirrored on the other side . ) Men and women eating at someone 's home might dine in separate areas ( and spend the entire evening separated ) or at separate times , with the men dining first The honored guest is served first , then the oldest man , then the rest of the men , then children , and finally women . Do not begin to eat or drink until the oldest man at the table has been served and has begun . You may want to ask your host when it is appropriate to begin . At the end of the meal , it is appropriate to thank the host or hostess for a wonderful meal . In restaurants , you often order each dish as you want it , so that they are not ordered all at once at the beginning of the meal . In informal restaurants , you may be required to share a table .",
"8": "If so , do not force conversation : act as if you are seated at a private table . Waitstaff may be summoned by making eye contact ; waving or calling their names is very impolite . Dining etiquette for business meals . Most business meals are lunches . Business meals are generally not good times to discuss business or make business decisions ; they are intended to build the more important personal relationship . Take your cue from your Turkish associates : if they bring up business , then it 's okay to discuss it , but wait to take your lead from their conversation . Water , and other drinks , may not be served until after the meal is over , as some believe that drinking while eating is not healthy . When you are at a colleague 's home for a formal meal , you will be invited to sit anywhere you like at the table ; resist the impulse to sit down , and wait until your host gives you further instructions . These will generally come after the host or oldest man is seated , and often you will be placed at his side . It is a great honor to be invited into a Turkish home . Once inside , you may need to remove your shoes ( this is not the custom in restaurants , however ) . If you move from room to room in a Turkish home , be sure to always allow the more senior members of your party to enter the room ahead of you . It is customary to say `` Afiyet olsun '' ( `` May what you eat bring well - being '' ) before or after eating , and to say `` Elinize sağlik '' ( it is a compliment to the hostess , meaning `` Bless your hand '' ) after the meal . Month of Ramadan ( edit ) During the month of Ramadan , food consumption increases dramatically throughout Muslim communities . Breaking the fast becomes a banquet , with exchanges of invitations between kin and friends , and public banquets held by charities and associations . Cafes and pastry shops are open at night , and a carnival atmosphere prevails in the streets . Many Muslims , following the reported example of Muhammad , break their fast with a date , followed by a variety of dishes . Sweet pastries and puddings are always present on Ramadan nights everywhere . The end of Ramadan is marked by a festival , Id ' al - Fitr , a feast that breaks the fast , during which a great quantity and variety of sweets and pastries are consumed .",
"9": "The other major Muslim feast is that of ' Id al - Adha , the feast of the sacrifice , which occurs during the pilgrimage month . At this time an animal , usually a sheep or a goat , is slaughtered in every household that can afford it , and great banquets are prepared , with an obligation to give food to the poor . Globalization ( edit ) In North America , Middle Eastern food first came became popular in the 1990s with the so - called Mediterranean diet . According to the Mayo Clinic , the benefits included reduced risks of heart disease , Alzheimer 's disease and cancer . Geographical varieties of Arab cuisine of Middle East ( edit ) Bahraini cuisine Emirati cuisine Egyptian cuisine Iraqi cuisine Jordanian cuisine Kuwaiti cuisine Lebanese cuisine Omani cuisine Palestinian cuisine Qatari cuisine Saudi Arabian cuisine Syrian cuisine Yemeni cuisine Geographical varieties of non-Arab cuisines of Middle East ( edit ) Assyrian cuisine Armenian cuisine Azerbaijani cuisine Cypriot cuisine Kurdish cuisine Greek cuisine Georgian cuisine Iranian cuisine ( Persian cuisine ) Israeli cuisine ( Jewish cuisine ) Turkish cuisine ( Ottoman cuisine ) See also ( edit ) Middle East portal Food portal Arab cuisine Caucasian cuisine Central Asian cuisine Greek cuisine Jewish cuisine Levantine cuisine Mediterranean cuisine Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews Ottoman cuisine Islamic dietary laws Jewish dietary laws References ( edit ) Wikivoyage has travel information for Middle Eastern cuisine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Middle East : Background & History '' . Archived from the original on 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Middle Eastern Cuisine Became The ' It ' Food Of 2017 '' . The RushOrder Blog. 2017 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Middle Eastern cuisines : gain ground . Bnet UK . January 2003 ^ Jump up to : `` Crisis in the Middle East : layout your solution to bring peace to the region '' . eNotes . Retrieved 20 November 2014 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ Arak : Middle Eastern Alcoholic Beverage , About.com , Jump up ^ `` In pictures : Turkey 's Assyrian wine - makers '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Devour Blog : Qamar El Deen '' . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Mayssam Samaha . `` Jallab -- A Refreshingly Sweet Summer Drink -- Honest Cooking '' . Honest Cooking . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Getcustoms.com Archived September 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cross Cultural Dining Etiquette '' . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Cuisines Regional African North West list Americas North South list Asian Central South list Caribbean Caucasian European Central Eastern list Global Latin American Mediterranean Middle - Eastern Levantine Oceanic National Afghan Albanian Algerian Angolan Argentine Armenian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani Bahraini Bangladeshi Barbadian Belarusian Belgian Belizean Beninese Bhutanese Bissau - Guinean Bolivian Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazilian British English Scottish Welsh Cornish Bruneian Bulgarian Burkinabé Burmese Burundian Cambodian Cameroonian Canadian Canadian Chinese Quebec Central African Republic Chadian Chilean Chinese Tibetan Colombian Congolese Croatian Cuban Cypriot Czech Danish Djiboutian Dominican Dominican Republic Dutch East Timorese",
"11": "Ecuadorian Egyptian Emirati Equatorial Guinean Eritrean Estonian Ethiopian Fijian Filipino Finnish French Occitania Gabonese Gambian Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guatemalan Guianan Guinean Haitian Honduran Hong Kong Hungarian Icelandic Indian Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Irish Israeli Italian Sicilian Ivorian ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Jamaican Japanese Jordanian Kazakh Kenyan Korean Kosovan Kuwaiti Kyrgyz Lao Latvian Lebanese Lesotho Liberian Libyan Liechtensteiner Lithuanian Luxembourg Macau Macedonian Malagasy Malawian Malaysian Malay Chinese Indian Eurasian Sabahan Sarawakian Maldivian Malian Maltese Mauritanian Mauritian Mexican Moldovan Monégasque Mongolian Moroccan Mozambican Namibian Nauruan Nepalese New Zealand Nigerian Nigerien Norwegian Niuean Omani Pakistani Palestinian Panamanian Peruvian Chinese Polish Portuguese Qatari Romanian Russian Rwandan Salvadoran Saint Helena Saint Lucian Sammarinese São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabian Senegalese Serbian Seychelles Sierra Leonean Singaporean Slovak Slovenian Somali South African Spanish Andalusian Asturian Basque Catalan Galician Valencian Sri Lankan Sudanese",
"12": "Swazi Swedish Swiss Syrian Taiwanese Tajik Tanzanian Thai Togolese Tunisian Turkish Trinidadian and Tobagonian Ugandan Ukrainian United States California Cuisine Hawaiian New American Puerto Rican Soul food Uruguayan Uzbek Venezuelan Vietnamese Vatican Western Saharan Yemeni Zambian Zimbabwean Ethnic and religious Ainu American Chinese Anglo - Indian Arab Assyrian Balochi Balinese Batak Bengali Berber Betawi Buddhist Cajun Cantonese Chechen Chinese Indonesian Chinese Islamic Christian Circassian Crimean Tatar Greek American Hindu Inuit Italian American Jain Javanese Jewish Sephardic Mizrahi American Bukharan Syrian Komi Kurdish Livonian Louisiana Creole Malay Manado Maharashtrian Mordovian Native American Okinawan Ossetian Padang Parsi Pashtun Pennsylvania Dutch Peranakan Punjabi Sami Sikh Sindhi Soul food Sundanese Tatar Udmurt Yamal Yup'ik Zanzibari Historical Ancient Egyptian Ancient Greek Ancient Israelite Ancient Roman Aztec Byzantine Early modern European Historical Chinese Historical South Asian History of seafood History of vegetarianism Inca Mayan Medieval Ottoman Peasant Soviet Thirteen Colonies Styles Cuisine classique Fast food Fusion Haute Molecular gastronomy Note by Note Nouvelle",
"13": "Lists List of cuisines Lists of prepared foods Food portal Drink portal Commons Cookbook WikiProject Middle East Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Cinema Conflicts Cuisine Dance Demography Etiquette History timeline Music Religion Irreligion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle-Eastern_cuisine&oldid=819114412 '' Categories : Middle Eastern cuisine Cuisine by region Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Deutsch Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Русский ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 14 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-801969127480774190
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who played the girl in silence of the lambs
|
[
"Jodie Foster",
"Masha Skorobogatov"
] |
{
"0": "The Silence of the Lambs ( film ) - wikipedia The Silence of the Lambs ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Silence of the Lambs Theatrical release poster Directed by Jonathan Demme Produced by Kenneth Utt Edward Saxon Ron Bozman Screenplay by Ted Tally Based on The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris Starring Jodie Foster Anthony Hopkins Scott Glenn Ted Levine Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Edited by Craig McKay Production company Strong Heart / Demme Production Distributed by Orion Pictures Release date January 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 30 ) ( New York City ) February 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $272.7 million The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American horror - thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster , Anthony Hopkins , and Scott Glenn . It was adapted by Ted Tally from Thomas Harris 's 1988 novel of the same name . The novel was Harris 's second to feature the character of Dr. Hannibal Lecter , a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer . The film was the second adaptation of a Harris novel to feature Lecter , preceded by the Michael Mann - directed Manhunter in 1986 . In the film , Clarice Starling , a young U.S. FBI trainee , seeks the advice of the imprisoned Dr. Lecter to apprehend another serial killer , known only as `` Buffalo Bill '' . The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14 , 1991 , and grossed $272.7 million worldwide against its $19 million budget . It was only the third film , the other two being It Happened One Night and One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , to win Academy Awards in all the top five categories : Best Picture , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director , and Adapted Screenplay .",
"1": "It is also the first ( and so far only ) Best Picture winner widely considered to be a horror film , and only the third such film to be nominated in the category , after The Exorcist in 1973 and Jaws in 1975 . The film is considered `` culturally , historically or aesthetically '' significant by the U.S. Library of Congress and was selected to be preserved in the National Film Registry in 2011 . A sequel titled Hannibal was released in 2001 , in which Hopkins reprised his role . It was followed by two prequels : Red Dragon ( 2002 ) and Hannibal Rising ( 2007 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Accolades 5 Accusations of homophobia , transphobia and sexism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot FBI trainee and UVA graduate , Clarice Starling , is pulled from her training at the FBI Academy at Quantico , Virginia by Jack Crawford of the Bureau 's Behavioral Science Unit . He assigns her to interview Hannibal Lecter , a former psychiatrist and incarcerated cannibalistic serial killer , whose insight might prove useful in the pursuit of a serial killer nicknamed `` Buffalo Bill '' , who skins his female victims ' corpses . Starling travels to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane , where she is led by Dr. Frederick Chilton to Lecter 's solitary quarters . Although initially pleasant and courteous , Lecter grows impatient with Starling 's attempts at `` dissecting '' him and rebuffs her . As she is leaving , one of the prisoners flicks semen at her . Lecter , who considers this act `` unspeakably ugly '' , calls Starling back and tells her to seek out an old patient of his . This leads her to a storage shed , where she discovers a man 's severed head with a sphinx moth lodged in its throat . She returns to Lecter , who tells her that the man is linked to Buffalo Bill .",
"2": "He offers to profile Buffalo Bill on the condition that he may be transferred away from Chilton , whom he detests . Buffalo Bill abducts a Senator 's daughter , Catherine Martin . Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal , promising a prison transfer if he provides information that helps them find Buffalo Bill and rescue Catherine . Instead , Lecter demands a quid pro quo from Starling , offering clues about Buffalo Bill in exchange for personal information . Starling tells Lecter about the murder of her father when she was ten years old . Chilton secretly records the conversation and reveals Starling 's deceit before offering Lecter a deal of Chilton 's own making . Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis , Tennessee , where he verbally torments Senator Ruth Martin , and gives her misleading information on Buffalo Bill , including the name `` Louis Friend '' . Starling notices that `` Louis Friend '' is an anagram of `` iron sulfide '' -- fool 's gold . She visits Lecter , who is now being held in a cage - like cell in a Tennessee courthouse , and asks for the truth . Lecter tells her that all the information she needs is contained in the case file . Rather than give her the real name , he insists that they continue their quid pro quo and she recounts a traumatic childhood incident where she was awakened by the sound of spring lambs being slaughtered on a relative 's farm in Montana . Starling admits that she still sometimes wakes thinking she can hear lambs screaming , and Lecter speculates that she is motivated to save Catherine in the hope that it will end the nightmares . Lecter gives her back the case files on Buffalo Bill after their conversation is interrupted by Chilton and the police , who escort her from the building . Later that evening , Lecter kills his guards , escapes from his cell , and disappears . Starling analyzes Lecter 's annotations to the case files and realizes that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim personally . Starling travels to the victim 's hometown and discovers that Buffalo Bill was a tailor , with dresses and dress patterns identical to the patches of skin removed from each of his victims .",
"3": "She telephones Crawford to inform him that Buffalo Bill is trying to form a `` woman suit '' out of real skin , but Crawford is already en route to make an arrest , having cross-referenced Lecter 's notes with hospital archives and finding a transsexual man named Jame Gumb , who once applied unsuccessfully for a sex - change operation . Starling continues interviewing friends of Buffalo Bill 's first victim in Ohio , while Crawford leads an FBI HRT team to Gumb 's address in Illinois . The house in Illinois is empty , and Starling is led to the house of `` Jack Gordon '' , whom she realizes is actually Jame Gumb , again by finding a sphinx moth . She pursues him into his multi-room basement , where she discovers that Catherine is still alive , but trapped in a dry well . After turning off the basement lights , Gumb stalks Starling in the dark with night - vision goggles , but gives his position away when he cocks his revolver . Starling reacts just in time and fires all of her rounds at Gumb , killing him . Sometime later , at the FBI Academy graduation party , Starling receives a phone call from Lecter , who is at an airport in Bimini . He assures her that he does not plan to pursue her and asks her to return the favor , which she says she can not do . Lecter then hangs up the phone , saying that he is `` having an old friend for dinner '' , and starts following a newly arrived Chilton before disappearing into the crowd . Cast Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling Masha Skorobogatov as young Clarice Anthony Hopkins as Dr. Hannibal Lecter Scott Glenn as Jack Crawford Ted Levine as Jame `` Buffalo Bill '' Gumb Anthony Heald as Dr. Frederick Chilton Brooke Smith as Catherine Martin Diane Baker as U.S. Senator Ruth Martin Kasi Lemmons as Ardelia Mapp Frankie Faison as Barney Matthews Tracey Walter as Lamar Charles Napier as Lt. Boyle Danny Darst as Sgt . Tate Alex Coleman as Sgt .",
"4": "Jim Pembry Dan Butler as Roden Paul Lazar as Pilcher Ron Vawter as Paul Krendler Roger Corman as FBI Director Hayden Burke Chris Isaak as SWAT Commander Harry Northup as Mr. Bimmel Production Development The Silence of the Lambs is based on Thomas Harris ' 1988 novel of the same name and is the second film to feature the character Hannibal Lecter following the 1986 film Manhunter . Prior to the novel 's release , Orion Pictures partnered with Gene Hackman to bring the novel to the big screen . With Hackman set to direct and possibly star in the role of Crawford , negotiations were made to split the $500,000 cost of rights between Hackman and the studio . In addition to securing the rights to the novel , producers also had to acquire the rights to the name `` Hannibal Lecter '' , which were owned by Manhunter producer Dino De Laurentiis . Owing to the financial failure of the earlier film , De Laurentiis lent the character rights to Orion Pictures for free . In November 1987 , Ted Tally was brought on to write the adaptation ; Tally had previously crossed paths with Harris many times , with his interest in adapting The Silence of the Lambs originating from receiving an advance copy of the book from Harris himself . When Tally was about halfway through with the first draft , Hackman withdrew from the project and financing fell through . However , Orion Pictures co-founder Mike Medavoy assured Tally to keep writing as the studio itself took care of financing and searched for a replacement director . As a result , Orion Pictures sought director Jonathan Demme to helm the project . With the screenplay not yet completed , Demme signed on after reading the novel . From there , the project quickly took off , as Tally explained , `` ( Demme ) read my first draft not long after it was finished , and we met , then I was just startled by the speed of things . We met in May 1989 and were shooting in November . I do n't remember any big revisions . '' Casting Jodie Foster was interested in playing the role of Clarice Starling immediately after reading the novel .",
"5": "However , despite Foster 's having just won an Academy Award for her performance in the 1988 film The Accused , Demme was not convinced that she was right for the part . Having previously collaborated on Married to the Mob , Demme 's first choice for the role of Starling was Michelle Pfeiffer , who turned it down , later saying , `` It was a difficult decision , but I got nervous about the subject matter '' . As a result , Foster was awarded the role due to her passion towards the character . For the role of Dr. Hannibal Lecter , Demme originally approached Sean Connery . After the actor turned it down , Anthony Hopkins was then offered the part based on his performance in The Elephant Man . Other actors considered for the role included Al Pacino , Robert De Niro , Dustin Hoffman , Derek Jacobi and Daniel Day - Lewis . Gene Hackman was originally going to play Jack Crawford , the Agent - in - Charge of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI in Quantico , Virginia but he found the script `` too violent . '' Scott Glenn was then cast in the role . To prepare for the role , Glenn met with John E. Douglas , after whom the character is modeled . Douglas gave Glenn a tour of the Quantico facility and also played for him an audio tape containing various recordings that serial killers Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris had made of themselves raping and torturing a 16 - year - old girl . According to Douglas , Glenn wept as he experienced the recordings and even changed his liberal stance on the death penalty . Filming Principal photography for The Silence of the Lambs began on November 15 , 1989 and concluded on March 1 , 1990 . Filming primarily took place in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , with some scenes shot in nearby northern West Virginia . The home of Buffalo Bill used for exterior scenes was in Layton , Pennsylvania . The exterior of the Western Center near Canonsburg , Pennsylvania served as the setting for Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane . In what was a rare act of cooperation at the time , the FBI allowed scenes to be filmed at the FBI Academy in Quantico ; some FBI staff members even acted in bit parts .",
"6": "Music The Silence of the Lambs : The Original Motion Picture Score Film score by Howard Shore Released February 5 , 1991 Recorded August , 1990 in Munich Length 57 : 09 Label MCA Records Producer Howard Shore Howard Shore chronology Big ( 1988 ) Big 1988 The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Naked Lunch ( 1991 ) Naked Lunch 1991 Hannibal Lecter chronology Manhunter ( 1986 ) Manhunter 1986 The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Silence of the Lambs1991 Hannibal ( 2001 ) Hannibal 2001 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Filmtracks.com The musical score for The Silence of the Lambs was composed by Howard Shore , who would also go on to collaborate with Demme on Philadelphia . Recorded in Munich during the latter half of the summer of 1990 , the score was performed by the Munich Symphony Orchestra . `` I tried to write in a way that goes right into the fabric of the movie , '' explained Shore on his approach . `` I tried to make the music just fit in . When you watch the movie you are not aware of the music . You get your feelings from all elements simultaneously , lighting , cinematography , costumes , acting , music . Jonathan Demme was very specific about the music . '' A soundtrack album was released by MCA Records on February 5 , 1991 . Music from the film was later used in the trailers for its sequel , Hannibal . The Silence of the Lambs : The Original Motion Picture Score No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title '' 5 : 04 2 . `` The Asylum '' 3 : 53 3 . `` Clarice '' 3 : 03 4 . `` Return to the Asylum '' 2 : 35 5 . `` The Abduction '' 3 : 01 6 . `` Quid Pro Quo '' 4 : 41 7 . `` Lecter in Memphis '' 5 : 41 8 .",
"7": "`` Lambs Screaming '' 5 : 34 9 . `` Lecter Escapes '' 5 : 06 10 . `` Belvedere , Ohio '' 3 : 32 11 . `` The Moth '' 2 : 20 12 . `` The Cellar '' 7 : 02 13 . `` Finale '' 4 : 50 Total length : 57 : 09 Release The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14 , 1991 , grossing $14 million during its opening weekend . At the time it closed on October 10 , 1991 , the film had grossed $131 million domestically with a total worldwide gross of $273 million . It was the fourth highest - grossing film of 1991 . Critical reception The Silence of the Lambs was a sleeper hit that gradually gained widespread success and critical acclaim . Hopkins , Foster , and Levine garnered much acclaim for their performances . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95 % of 84 film critics have given the film a positive review , with an average rating of 8.7 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` Director Jonathan Demme 's smart , taut thriller teeters on the edge between psychological study and all - out horror , and benefits greatly from stellar performances by Anthony Hopkins and Jodie Foster . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 , based on 19 reviews from mainstream critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert , of Chicago Sun - Times , specifically mentioned the `` terrifying qualities '' of Hannibal Lecter . Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies , recognizing the film as a `` horror masterpiece '' alongside such classics as Nosferatu , Psycho , and Halloween . However , the film is also notable for being one of two multi-Academy Award winners ( the other being Unforgiven ) disapproved of by Ebert 's colleague , Gene Siskel .",
"8": "Writing for Chicago Tribune , Siskel said , `` Foster 's character , who is appealing , is dwarfed by the monsters she is after . I 'd rather see her work on another case . '' Accolades Academy Awards record Best Picture , Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt , Ronald M. Bozman Best Director , Jonathan Demme Best Actor , Anthony Hopkins Best Actress , Jodie Foster Best Adapted Screenplay , Ted Tally Golden Globe Awards record Best Actress , Jodie Foster British Academy Film Awards record Best Actor , Anthony Hopkins Best Actress , Jodie Foster The film won the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director ( Demme ) , Best Actor ( Hopkins ) , Best Actress ( Foster ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Ted Tally ) , making it only the third film in history to accomplish that feat . It was also nominated for Best Sound Mixing ( Tom Fleischman and Christopher Newman ) and Best Film Editing , but lost to Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and JFK , respectively . Other awards include being named Best Film by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures , CHI Awards and PEO Awards . Demme won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film was nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association . It was also nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Film . Screenwriter Ted Tally received an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay . The film was awarded Best Horror Film of the Year during the 2nd Horror Hall of Fame telecast , with Vincent Price presenting the award to the film 's executive producer Gary Goetzman . In 1998 , the film was listed as one of the 100 greatest films in the past 100 years by the American Film Institute . In 2006 , at the Key Art Awards , the original poster for The Silence of the Lambs was named best film poster `` of the past 35 years '' . The Silence of the Lambs placed seventh on Bravo 's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments for Lecter 's escape scene .",
"9": "The American Film Institute named Hannibal Lecter ( as portrayed by Hopkins ) the number one film villain of all time and Clarice Starling ( as portrayed by Foster ) the sixth - greatest film hero of all time . In 2011 , ABC aired a prime - time special , Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , that counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine . The Silence of the Lambs was selected as the No. 1 Best Suspense / Thriller and Dr. Hannibal Lecter was selected as the No. 4 Greatest Film Character . The film and its characters have appeared in the following AFI `` 100 Years '' lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 65 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 5 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Hannibal Lecter -- # 1 Villain Clarice Starling -- # 6 Hero `` Buffalo Bill '' ( Jame Gumb ) -- Nominated Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` A census taker once tried to test me . I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chianti . '' -- # 21 `` I do wish we could chat longer , but I 'm having an old friend for dinner . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 74 In 2015 , Entertainment Weekly 's 25th anniversary year , it included The Silence of the Lambs in its list of the 25 best movies made since the magazine 's beginning .",
"10": "Organization / Association Award Actor / Crew Outcome Remarks 64th Academy Awards Best Actor Anthony Hopkins Won Best Actress Jodie Foster Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Won Adapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris Best Director Jonathan Demme Won Best Picture Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt , Ron Bozman Won Best Film Editing Craig McKay Nominated Best Sound Mixing Tom Fleischman , Christopher Newman Nominated 49th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Jodie Foster Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Anthony Hopkins Nominated Best Director Jonathan Demme Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Drama Kenneth Utt Nominated Best Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated 45th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Anthony Hopkins Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Jodie Foster Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated Best Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Nominated Best Direction Jonathan Demme Nominated Best Editing Craig McKay Nominated Best Film Ron Bozman , Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt Nominated Best Film Music Howard Shore Nominated Best Sound Skip Lievsay , Christopher Newman , Tom Fleischman Nominated Accusations of homophobia , transphobia and sexism Upon its release , The Silence of the Lambs was criticized by members of the LGBT community for its portrayal of Buffalo Bill as bisexual and transsexual . In response to the critiques , Demme replied that Buffalo Bill `` was n't a gay character . He was a tormented man who hated himself and wished he was a woman because that would have made him as far away from himself as he possibly could be . '' Demme added that he `` came to realize that there is a tremendous absence of positive gay characters in movies '' . In a 1992 interview with Playboy magazine , notable feminist and women 's rights advocate Betty Friedan stated , `` I thought it was absolutely outrageous that The Silence of the Lambs won four ( sic ) Oscars . ( ... ) I 'm not saying that the movie should n't have been shown .",
"11": "I 'm not denying the movie was an artistic triumph , but it was about the evisceration , the skinning alive of women . That is what I find offensive . Not the Playboy centerfold . '' See also List of films based on crime books Silence ! The Musical , an unauthorized parody musical adaptation of the film . List of Academy Award records United States portal Crime portal Film portal References Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Facts About ' The Silence of the Lambs ' You Did n't Know '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silence of the Lambs added to U.S. film archive '' . BBC . 28 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Tiech , John ( June 20 , 2012 ) . Pittsburgh Film History : On Set in the Steel City . Stroud , Gloucestershire : The History Press . p. 63 . ISBN 1 - 60949 - 709 - 0 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jill ( February 8 , 2001 ) . `` How Ridley Scott 's Hannibal came to be made '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Medavoy , Mike ( June 25 , 2013 ) . You 're Only as Good as Your Next One : 100 Great Films , 100 Good Films , and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot ( Reprint ed . ) . New York City : Atria Books . p. 183 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Konow , David ( October 2 , 2012 ) .",
"12": "Reel Terror : The Scary , Bloody , Gory , Hundred - Year History of Classic Horror Films . London : St. Martin 's Press . p. 459 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 66883 - X . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Engel , Joel ( February 12 , 2013 ) . Screenwriters on Screen - Writing : The Best in the Business Discuss Their Craft ( Kindle ed . ) . New York City : Hyperion Books . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kapsis , Robert E. ( December 19 , 2008 ) . Jonathan Demme : Interviews ( Conversations With Filmmakers Series ) . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 71 -- 75 . ISBN 1 - 60473 - 118 - 4 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , Kevin Conroy ( April 28 , 2006 ) . Screenwriters ' Masterclass : Screenwriters Discuss their Greatest Films . New York City : HarperCollins . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Total Film Interview -- Jodie Foster '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . December 1 , 2005 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Cindy ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Mindhole Blowers : 20 Facts About The Silence of the Lambs That Might Make You Crave a Nice Chianti '' . Pajiba . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Barbara Walters Special , American Broadcast Company , 1992 Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( February 19 , 1991 ) . `` How to Film a Gory Story With Restraint '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Odam , Matthew ( October 26 , 2013 ) . `` AFF panel wrap : Jonathan Demme in conversation with Paul Thomas Anderson '' . Austin American - Statesman . Cox Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 .",
"13": "^ Jump up to : White , Peter ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Jodie Foster Lifts The Lid On ' The Silence Of The Lambs ' At BFI -- Q&A '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Derek Jacobi , Daniel Day - Lewis Almost Played Hannibal Lecter in ' Silence of the Lambs ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael . `` Lawrence Bittaker & Roy Norris : Killing Time '' . Crime Library . TruTV . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( October 1 , 1993 ) . The FBI . New York City : Pocket Books . p. 258 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 78657 - 1 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , John E. ; Mark Olshaker ( October 31 , 1995 ) . Mindhunter : Inside the FBI 's Elite Serial Crime Unit . New York City : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80376 - 3 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) -- Miscellaneous Notes '' . Leonard Maltin 's Classic Movie Guide . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City lands good share of movies '' . The Vindicator. 10 December 1995 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Silence of the Lambs ' House Ca n't Find a Buyer '' . New York Times . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ The house used in the film sold in July 2016 for $195,000 , reported USA Today on July 12th , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Tom .",
"14": "`` Western Center -- Abandoned Photography '' . Opacity . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Carl N. ( January 2 , 2001 ) . Responsibilities and Dispensations : Behavior , Science , & American Justice . Dover , Massachusetts : Four Oaks Press . p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 9705128 - 8 - 0 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lurie , Rod ( June 1991 ) . `` Dr. Lecter Will See You Now '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Shore -- The Silence Of The Lambs ( The Original Motion Picture Score ) '' . Discogs . Zink Media , Inc . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Büdinger , Matthias ; Luc Van de Ven ( 1991 ) . `` Howard Shore on The Silence of the Lambs '' . Soundtrack Magazine . 10 ( 37 ) . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : The Silence of the Lambs ( Howard Shore ) '' . Filmtracks.com . November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer Music : Hannibal ( 2001 ) '' . Soundtrack.net . Autotelics , LLC . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Jim ( 1992 ) . Film Theory Goes to the Movies . Routledge . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90576 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive .",
"15": "Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 14 , 1991 ) . `` The Silence of the Lambs Movie Review ( 1991 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 18 , 2001 ) . `` The Silence of the Lambs Movie Review ( 1991 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( February 15 , 1991 ) . `` Jodie Foster Appealing , But Not ' Silence Of The Lambs ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pristin , Terry ( March 31 , 1992 ) . `` ' Silence of the Lambs ' Sweeps 5 Major Oscars '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 64th Academy Awards ( 1992 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Berlinale : 1991 Prize Winners '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ 2nd Annual Horror Hall of Fame Telecast , 1991 Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Accessed 14 March 2007 . Archived March 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Sin City ' place to be at Key Art Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 9 October 2006 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 ^ Jump up to : AFI 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Accessed 14 March 2007 . Archived March 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` EW 's 25 Best Movies in 25 Years '' . ew.com .",
"16": "Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmalz , Jeffrey ( 28 February 1993 ) . `` From Visions of Paradise to Hell on Earth '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Interview of Friedan '' by David Sheff , Playboy , September 1992 , pp. 51 -- 54 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 149 ; reprinted in full in Interviews with Betty Friedan , Janann Sherman , ed . Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 57806 - 480 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Silence of the Lambs The Silence of the Lambs on IMDb The Silence of the Lambs at the TCM Movie Database The Silence of the Lambs at Box Office Mojo The Silence of the Lambs at Rotten Tomatoes The Silence of the Lambs at Metacritic Criterion Collection Essay by Amy Taubin Thomas Harris ' Hannibal Lecter Characters Hannibal Lecter Will Graham Clarice Starling Jack Crawford Frederick Chilton Francis Dolarhyde Buffalo Bill Mason Verger Freddy Lounds Bedelia Du Maurier Novels Red Dragon ( 1981 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1988 ) Hannibal ( 1999 ) Hannibal Rising ( 2006 ) Films Manhunter ( 1986 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) Red Dragon ( 2002 ) Hannibal Rising ( 2007 ) Television Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) episodes `` Apéritif '' `` Amuse - Bouche '' `` Potage '' `` Oeuf '' Related productions The Silence of the Hams ( 1994 ) Silence ! The Musical ( 2005 ) Films directed by Jonathan Demme Caged Heat ( 1974 ) Crazy Mama ( 1975 ) Fighting Mad ( 1976 ) Handle with Care ( 1977 ) Last Embrace ( 1979 ) Melvin and Howard ( 1980 ) Who Am I This Time ?",
"17": "( 1982 ) Swing Shift ( 1984 ) Stop Making Sense ( 1984 ) Something Wild ( 1986 ) Swimming to Cambodia ( 1987 ) Married to the Mob ( 1988 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Cousin Bobby ( 1992 ) Philadelphia ( 1993 ) Storefront Hitchcock ( 1998 ) Beloved ( 1998 ) The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) The Agronomist ( 2003 ) The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) Neil Young : Heart of Gold ( 2006 ) Man from Plains ( 2007 ) Rachel Getting Married ( 2008 ) Neil Young Trunk Show ( 2009 ) Neil Young Journeys ( 2011 ) A Master Builder ( 2013 ) Ricki and the Flash ( 2015 ) Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids ( 2016 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs.",
"18": "Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence",
"19": "of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator (",
"20": "2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Horror Film Blacula ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 / 75 ) Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1977 ) The Wicker Man ( 1978 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) The Howling ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Fright Night ( 1985 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Arachnophobia ( 1989 / 90 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Army of Darkness ( 1993 ) Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Final Destination ( 2000 ) The Others ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later (",
"21": "2003 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Descent ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) VIAF : 215347338 LCCN : n93121265 GND : 4324289 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)&oldid=837311927 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films Crime horror films 1990s crime drama films 1990s crime thriller films 1990s horror thriller films 1990s serial killer films 1991 horror films American crime drama films American crime thriller films American films American horror thriller films American serial killer films BAFTA winners ( films ) Best Picture Academy Award winners Cannibalism in fiction Edgar Award - winning works Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Films scored by Howard Shore Films about abduction Films about psychopaths Films based on thriller novels Films directed by Jonathan Demme Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films set in Baltimore Films set in Illinois Films set in Memphis , Tennessee Films set in Ohio Films set in Virginia Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in West Virginia Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Hannibal Lecter",
"22": "Johns Hopkins Hospital in fiction Orion Pictures films Police detective films Transgender in film United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം",
"23": "मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 01 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the name of the compound p4010
|
[
"Phosphorus pentoxide",
"Phosphorus pentoxide",
"Phosphorus pentoxide",
"Phosphorus pentoxide",
"Phosphorus pentoxide"
] |
{
"0": "Phosphorus pentoxide - wikipedia Phosphorus pentoxide Jump to : navigation , search Phosphorus pentoxide Names Other names Diphosphorus pentoxide Phosphorus ( V ) oxide Phosphoric anhydride Tetraphosphorus decaoxide Tetraphosphorus decoxide Identifiers CAS Number 1314 - 56 - 3 16752 - 60 - 6 ( P O ) 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 37376 ChemSpider 14128 ECHA InfoCard 100.013. 852 PubChem CID 14812 RTECS number TH3945000 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / P6o5 / c1 - 11 - 5 - 12 ( 2 ) 8 - 13 ( 3 , 6 - 11 ) 10 - 14 ( 4 , 7 - 11 ) 9 - 12 Key : DLYUQMMRRRQYAE - UHFFFAOYSA - N SMILES ( show ) O = P13OP2 ( = O ) OP ( = O ) ( O1 ) OP ( = O ) ( O2 ) O3 Properties Chemical formula P O Molar mass 283.886 g mol Appearance white powder very deliquescent pungent odour Density 2.39 g / cm Melting point sublimes Boiling point 360 ° C ( 680 ° F ; 633 K ) Solubility in water exothermic hydrolysis Vapor pressure 1 mmHg @ 385 ° C ( stable form ) Hazards Safety data sheet MSDS EU classification ( DSD ) ( outdated ) not listed NFPA 704 0 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P O ( with its common name derived from its empirical formula , P O ) .",
"1": "This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid . It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Preparation 3 Applications 4 Related phosphorus oxides 5 Hazards 6 Fiction 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Phosphorus pentoxide crystallizes in at least four forms or polymorphs . The most familiar one , a metastable form , shown in the figure , comprises molecules of P O. Weak van der Waals forces hold these molecules together in a hexagonal lattice ( However , in spite of the high symmetry of the molecules , the crystal packing is not a close packing ) . The structure of the P O cage is reminiscent of adamantane with T symmetry point group . It is closely related to the corresponding anhydride of phosphorous acid , P O . The latter lacks terminal oxo groups . Its density is 2.30 g / cm . It boils at 423 ° C under atmospheric pressure ; if heated more rapidly it can sublimate . This form can be made by condensing the vapor of phosphorus pentoxide rapidly , the result is an extremely hygroscopic solid . The other polymorphs are polymeric , but in each case the phosphorus atoms are bound by a tetrahedron of oxygen atoms , one of which forms a terminal P =O bond involving the donation of the terminal oxygen p - orbital electrons to the antibonding phosphorus - oxygen single bonds . The macromolecular form can be made by heating the compound in a sealed tube for several hours , and maintaining the melt at a high temperature before cooling the melt to the solid . The metastable orthorhombic , `` O '' - form ( density 2.72 g / cm , melting point 562 ° C ) , adopts a layered structure consisting of interconnected P O rings , not unlike the structure adopted by certain poly silicates . The stable form is a higher density phase , also orthorhombic , the so - called O ' form . It consists of a 3 - dimensional framework , density 3.5 g / cm . The remaining polymorph is a glass or amorphous form ; it can be made by fusing any of the others .",
"2": "part of an o ′ - ( P O ) layer o ′ - ( P O ) layers stacking Preparation ( edit ) P O is prepared by burning elemental phosphorus with sufficient supply of air : P + 5 O → P O For most of the 20th century , phosphorus pentoxide was used to provide a supply of concentrated pure phosphoric acid . In the thermal process , the phosphorus pentoxide obtained by burning white phosphorus was dissolved in dilute phosphoric acid to produce concentrated acid . Improvements in filter technology is leading to the `` wet phosphoric acid process '' taking over from the thermal process , obviating the need to produce white phosphorus as a starting material . The dehydration of phosphoric acid to give phosphorus pentoxide is not possible as on heating metaphosphoric acid will boil without losing all its water . Applications ( edit ) Phosphorus pentoxide is a potent dehydrating agent as indicated by the exothermic nature of its hydrolysis : P O + 6 H O → 4 H PO ( -- 177 kJ ) However , its utility for drying is limited somewhat by its tendency to form a protective viscous coating that inhibits further dehydration by unspent material . A granular form of P O is used in desiccators . Consistent with its strong desiccating power , P O is used in organic synthesis for dehydration . The most important application is for the conversion of primary amides into nitriles : P O + RC ( O ) NH → P O ( OH ) + RCN The indicated coproduct P O ( OH ) is an idealized formula for undefined products resulting from the hydration of P O . Alternatively , when combined with a carboxylic acid , the result is the corresponding anhydride : P O + RCO H → P O ( OH ) + ( RC ( O ) ) O The `` Onodera reagent '' , a solution of P O in DMSO , is employed for the oxidation of alcohols . This reaction is reminiscent of the Swern oxidation . The desiccating power of P O is strong enough to convert many mineral acids to their anhydrides .",
"3": "Examples : HNO is converted to N O ; H SO is converted to SO ; HClO is converted to Cl O ; CF SO H is converted to ( CF ) S O . Related phosphorus oxides ( edit ) Between the commercially important P O and P O , phosphorus oxides are known with intermediate structures . Hazards ( edit ) Phosphorus pentoxide is not flammable . It reacts vigorously with water and water - containing substances like wood or cotton , liberates much heat and may even cause fire . It is corrosive to metal and is very irritating -- it may cause severe burns to the eye , skin , mucous membrane , and respiratory tract even at concentrations as low as 1 mg / m . Fiction ( edit ) In Anthony Burgess ' The Wanting Seed , phosphorus pentoxide is a highly prized compound . In Detective Comics # 825 , Batman notices that phosphorus pentoxide was at the scene of a fire , indicating that the villain Dr. Phosphorus was involved . In Aldous Huxley 's Point Counter Point , Lord Edward bemoans societal loss of phosphorous pentoxide to his assistant Illidge . In Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World , Henry Foster tells Lenina about the recovery of phosphorus pentoxide . In The Tunnel , ( season 1 , episode 6 ) , a victim was consumed by a fire started with phosphorus pentoxide . See also ( edit ) Eaton 's reagent References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cruickshank , D.W.J. ( 1964 ) . `` Refinements of Structures Containing Bonds between Si , P , S or Cl and O or N : V. P O '' . Acta Crystallogr. 17 ( 6 ) : 677 -- 9 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X64001669 . Jump up ^ D.E.C.",
"4": "Corbridge `` Phosphorus : An Outline of its Chemistry , Biochemistry , and Technology '' 5th Edition Elsevier : Amsterdam . ISBN 0 - 444 - 89307 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : . Catherine E. Housecroft ; Alan G. Sharpe ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 15 : The group 15 elements '' . Inorganic Chemistry , 3rd Edition . Pearson . p. 473 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 175553 - 6 . Jump up ^ D. Stachel , I. Svoboda and H. Fuess ( June 1995 ) . `` Phosphorus Pentoxide at 233 K '' . Acta Crystallogr. C. 51 ( 6 ) : 1049 -- 1050 . doi : 10.1107 / S0108270194012126 . Jump up ^ Threlfall , Richard E. , ( 1951 ) . The story of 100 years of Phosphorus Making : 1851 - 1951 . Oldbury : Albright & Wilson Ltd Jump up ^ Podger , Hugh ( 2002 ) . Albright & Wilson : The Last 50 Years . Studley : Brewin Books . ISBN 1 - 85858 - 223 - 7 Jump up ^ Meier , M.S. `` Phosphorus ( V ) Oxide '' in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis ( Ed : L. Paquette ) 2004 , J. Wiley & Sons , New York . doi : 10.1002 / 047084289 . Jump up ^ Joseph C. Salamone , ed. ( 1996 ) . Polymeric materials encyclopedia : C , Volume 2 . CRC Press . p. 1417 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2470 - X . Jump up ^ Tidwell , T.T. `` Dimethyl Sulfoxide -- Phosphorus Pentoxide '' in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis ( Ed : L. Paquette ) 2004 , J. Wiley & Sons , New York . doi : 10.1002 / 047084289 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ Luer , B. ; Jansen , M. `` Crystal Structure Refinement of Tetraphosphorus Nonaoxide , P O '' Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 1991 , volume 197 , pages 247 - 8 . Jump up ^ Phosphorus pentoxide MSDS External links ( edit ) OSHA Spec sheet Definition Website of the Technische Universität Darmstadt and the CEEP about Phosphorus Recovery Phosphorus compounds PBr PBr PCl PCl PF PF PI InP PH PN P O P O P O AlP Ca P Zn P CuP HfP FeP Fe P BP YP Oxides Mixed oxidation states Antimony tetroxide ( Sb O ) Cobalt ( II , III ) oxide ( Co O ) Europium ( II , III ) oxide ( Eu O ) Iron ( II , III ) oxide ( Fe O ) Lead ( II , IV ) oxide ( Pb O ) Manganese ( II , III ) oxide ( Mn O ) Silver ( I , III ) oxide ( Ag O ) Triuranium octoxide ( U O ) Carbon suboxide ( C O ) Mellitic anhydride ( C O ) Praseodymium ( III , IV ) oxide ( Pr O ) Terbium ( III , IV ) oxide ( Tb O ) + 1 oxidation state Copper ( I ) oxide ( Cu O ) Dicarbon monoxide ( C O ) Dichlorine monoxide ( Cl O ) Gallium ( I ) oxide ( Ga O ) Lithium oxide ( Li O ) Potassium oxide ( K O ) Rubidium oxide ( Rb O ) Silver oxide ( Ag O ) Thallium ( I ) oxide ( Tl O ) Sodium oxide ( Na O ) Water ( hydrogen oxide ) ( H O ) + 2 oxidation state Aluminium ( II ) oxide ( Al O ) Barium oxide ( Ba O ) Beryllium oxide ( Be O ) Cadmium oxide ( Cd",
"6": "O ) Calcium oxide ( Ca O ) Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Chromium ( II ) oxide ( Cr O ) Cobalt ( II ) oxide ( Co O ) Copper ( II ) oxide ( Cu O ) Europium ( II ) oxide ( Eu O ) Germanium monoxide ( Ge O ) ) Iron ( II ) oxide ( Fe O ) Lead ( II ) oxide ( Pb O ) Magnesium oxide ( Mg O ) Manganese ( II ) oxide ( Mn O ) Mercury ( II ) oxide ( Hg O ) Nickel ( II ) oxide ( Ni O ) Nitric oxide ( N O ) Palladium ( II ) oxide ( Pd O ) Silicon monoxide ( Si O ) Strontium oxide ( Sr O ) Sulfur monoxide ( S O ) Disulfur dioxide ( S O ) Tin ( II ) oxide ( Sn O ) Titanium ( II ) oxide ( Ti O ) Vanadium ( II ) oxide ( V O ) Zinc oxide ( Zn O ) + 3 oxidation state Aluminium oxide ( Al O ) Antimony trioxide ( Sb O ) Arsenic trioxide ( As O ) Bismuth ( III ) oxide ( Bi O ) Boron trioxide ( B O ) Cerium ( III ) oxide ( Ce O ) Dibromine trioxide ( Br O ) Chromium ( III ) oxide ( Cr O ) Dinitrogen trioxide ( N O ) Dysprosium ( III ) oxide ( Dy O ) Erbium ( III ) oxide ( Er O ) Europium ( III ) oxide ( Eu O ) Gadolinium ( III ) oxide ( Gd O ) Gallium ( III ) oxide ( Ga O ) Holmium ( III ) oxide ( Ho O ) Indium ( III ) oxide ( In O ) Iron ( III ) oxide ( Fe O ) Lanthanum oxide ( La O ) Lutetium ( III ) oxide ( Lu O ) Manganese ( III ) oxide ( Mn O ) Neodymium",
"7": "( III ) oxide ( Nd O ) Nickel ( III ) oxide ( Ni O ) Phosphorus trioxide ( P O ) Praseodymium ( III ) oxide ( Pr O ) Promethium ( III ) oxide ( Pm O ) Rhodium ( III ) oxide ( Rh O ) Samarium ( III ) oxide ( Sm O ) Scandium oxide ( Sc O ) Terbium ( III ) oxide ( Tb O ) Thallium ( III ) oxide ( Tl O ) Thulium ( III ) oxide ( Tm O ) Titanium ( III ) oxide ( Ti O ) Tungsten ( III ) oxide ( W O ) Vanadium ( III ) oxide ( V O ) Ytterbium ( III ) oxide ( Yb O ) Yttrium ( III ) oxide ( Y O ) + 4 oxidation state Americium dioxide ( Am O ) Carbon dioxide ( C O ) Carbon trioxide ( C O ) Cerium ( IV ) oxide ( Ce O ) Chlorine dioxide ( Cl O ) Chromium ( IV ) oxide ( Cr O ) Dinitrogen tetroxide ( N O ) Germanium dioxide ( Ge O ) Hafnium ( IV ) oxide ( Hf O ) Lead dioxide ( Pb O ) Manganese dioxide ( Mn O ) Neptunium ( IV ) oxide ( Np O ) Nitrogen dioxide ( N O ) Osmium dioxide ( Os O ) Plutonium ( IV ) oxide ( Pu O ) Praseodymium ( IV ) oxide ( Pr O ) Protactinium ( IV ) oxide ( Pa O ) Rhodium ( IV ) oxide ( Rh O ) Ruthenium ( IV ) oxide ( Ru O ) Selenium dioxide ( Se O ) Silicon dioxide ( Si O ) Sulfur dioxide ( S O ) Tellurium dioxide ( Te O ) Terbium ( IV ) oxide ( Tb O ) Thorium dioxide ( Th O ) Tin dioxide ( Sn O ) Titanium dioxide ( Ti O )",
"8": "Tungsten ( IV ) oxide ( W O ) Uranium dioxide ( U O ) Vanadium ( IV ) oxide ( V O ) Zirconium dioxide ( Zr O ) + 5 oxidation state Antimony pentoxide ( Sb O ) Arsenic pentoxide ( As O ) Dinitrogen pentoxide ( N O ) Niobium pentoxide ( Nb O ) Phosphorus pentoxide ( P O ) Protactinium ( V ) oxide ( Pa O ) Tantalum pentoxide ( Ta O ) Vanadium ( V ) oxide ( V O ) + 6 oxidation state Chromium trioxide ( Cr O ) Molybdenum trioxide ( Mo O ) Rhenium trioxide ( Re O ) Selenium trioxide ( Se O ) Sulfur trioxide ( S O ) Tellurium trioxide ( Te O ) Tungsten trioxide ( W O ) Uranium trioxide ( U O ) Xenon trioxide ( Xe O ) Iridium trioxide ( Ir O ) + 7 oxidation state Dichlorine heptoxide ( Cl O ) Manganese heptoxide ( Mn O ) Rhenium ( VII ) oxide ( Re O ) Technetium ( VII ) oxide ( Tc O ) + 8 oxidation state Osmium tetroxide ( Os O ) Ruthenium tetroxide ( Ru O ) Xenon tetroxide ( Xe O ) Iridium tetroxide ( Ir O ) Hassium tetroxide ( Hs O ) Related Oxocarbon Suboxide Oxyanion Ozonide Peroxide Superoxide Oxides are sorted by oxidation state .",
"9": "Category : Oxides Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus_pentoxide&oldid=816094955 '' Categories : Inorganic phosphorus compounds Acid anhydrides Acidic oxides Glass compositions Dehydrating agents Adamantane - like molecules Hidden categories : Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers Articles without InChI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Articles with changed CASNo identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed InChI identifier Chembox having DSD data Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 06 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is a home run with a girl
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[
"\"full\" sexual intercourse",
"\"full\" sexual intercourse",
"\"full\" sexual intercourse",
"\"full\" sexual intercourse",
"\"full\" sexual intercourse"
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{
"0": "Baseball metaphors for sex - wikipedia Baseball metaphors for sex This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Among American adolescents , baseball metaphors for sex are often used as euphemisms for the degree of physical intimacy achieved in sexual encounters or relationships . In the metaphor , first prevalent in the aftermath of World War II , sexual activities are described as if they are actions in a game of baseball . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details and popularity 2 Sex education 3 Alternative views 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Details and popularity ( edit ) Among the most commonly used metaphors are the bases describing levels of physical intimacy ( generally from a heterosexual perspective ) . Definitions vary , but the following are typical usages of the terms : First base -- mouth - to - mouth kissing , especially French kissing ; Second base -- skin - to - skin touching / kissing of the breasts ; in some contexts , it may instead refer to touching any erogenous zones through the clothes ( i.e. , not actually touching the skin ) , or manual stimulation of the genitals ; Third base -- touching below the waist ( without sexual intercourse ) ; in some contexts , it may instead refer to oral stimulation of the genitals ; Home run ( home base or scoring ) -- `` full '' sexual intercourse . Additionally , Strikeout -- a failure to engage in any form of foreplay or other sexual activity ; Additionally , there are two metaphors used to refer to men who have sex with men : Pitching -- the man performing anal sex Catching -- the man receiving anal sex Other similar metaphors include : Switch hitter -- a bisexual individual , referencing a player who can bat from either side Playing for the other team -- usually indicating a person is gay or lesbian Playing for both teams -- usually indicating a person is bisexual The metaphors are found variously in popular American culture , with one well - known example in the Meat Loaf song `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' , which describes a young couple `` making out '' , with a voice - over commentary , by baseball announcer Phil Rizzuto , of a portion of a baseball game as a metaphor for the couple 's activities .",
"1": "A similar example can be found in Billy Joel 's song `` Zanzibar '' in which he compares himself to Pete Rose and sings the lines `` Me , I 'm trying just to get to second base and I 'd steal it if she only gave the sign . She 's gon na give the go ahead , the inning is n't over yet for me . '' David Letterman chronicled many of these in his `` Top Ten Baseball Euphemisms for Sex '' -- a recurring theme on the Top Ten Lists featured on the late - night talk shows he hosted before his retirement . Sex education ( edit ) Educators have found the baseball metaphor an effective instructional tool when providing sex education to middle school students . Leman and Bell , in their book A Chicken 's Guide to Talking Turkey With Your Kids About Sex , make use of it to aid parents in the discussion of puberty with their children , dividing the topics into `` first base '' ( `` Changes from the neck up '' ) , `` second base '' ( `` Changes from the neck to the waist '' ) , `` third base '' ( `` Changes from the waist down '' ) , and `` home plate '' ( `` The Big ' It ' '' ) . Alternative views ( edit ) This sequence of `` running the bases '' is often regarded as a script , or pattern , for young people who are experimenting with sexual relationships . The script may have slightly changed since the 1960s . Kohl and Francoeur state that with the growing emphasis in the 1990s on safe sex to expand sex beyond heterosexual penetrative intercourse , the `` home run '' has taken on the additional dimension of oral sex . Richters and Rissel conversely state that `` third base '' is now sometimes considered to comprise oral sex as part of the accepted pattern of activities , as a precursor to `` full '' ( i.e. penetrative ) sex . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Sexuality portal Glossary of English - language idioms derived from baseball References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hellermann , Steven L. ; Markovits , Andrei S. ( 2001 ) . Offside : Soccer and American Exceptionalism . Princeton University Press . p. 66 . ISBN 069107447X . Jump up ^ Romaine , Suzanne ( 1999 ) .",
"2": "Communicating Gender . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . p. 210 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 2926 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jezer , Marty ( 1982 ) . The Dark Ages , Life in the United States , 1945 -- 1960 . South End Press . p. 248 . ISBN 0 - 89608 - 127 - 3 . Jump up ^ Levkoff , Logan ( 2012 ) . `` Sex Talk Among Teens '' . Third Base Ai n't What it Used to Be : What Your Kids Are Learning About Sex Today -- and How to Teach Them to Become Sexually Healthy Adults . Open Road Media . ISBN 9781453262924 . Dalzell , Tom ( 2008 ) . The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English . Routledge . ISBN 9781134194780 . Rutter , Virginia & Schwartz , Pepper ( 2012 ) . The Gender of Sexuality : Exploring Sexual Possibilities . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780742570030 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Jeff ( 2007 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Phil and Meat Loaf will always have `` Paradise '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bielen , Ken ( 2011 ) . The Words and Music of Billy Joel . Praeger . p. 50 . ISBN 9780313380167 . Jump up ^ Letterman , David ( 2001 - 09 - 19 ) . Top Ten Baseball Euphemisms for Sex . Late Show with David Letterman . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . ( Search the `` Top Ten '' archive by the show date here . ) Jump up ^ Hall , Alvin L. ; Altherr , Thomas L. ( 2002 ) . `` Eros at the Bat : American Baseball and Sexuality in Historical Context '' . The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture 1998 . McFarland & Company . pp. 157 -- 182 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0954 - 1 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ Leman , Kevin ; Bell , Kathy Flores ( 2004 ) . A Chicken 's Guide to Talking Turkey With Your Kids About Sex . Zondervan . ISBN 031025096X . Jump up ^ Juliet Richters and Chris Rissel ( 2005 ) . Doing it Down Under : The Sexual Lives of Australians . Allen & Unwin . p. 32 . ISBN 1 - 74114 - 326 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kohl , James V. ; Francoeur , Robert T. ( 2002 ) . The Scent of Eros : Mysteries of Odor in Human Sexuality . iUniverse . pp. 153 -- 154 . ISBN 059523383X . External links ( edit ) Dale , David ( 2004 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Strike me lucky , it just is n't cricket '' . The Sun - Herald . Sexual slang General Anilingus Banjee Bareback Baseball metaphors for sex Blue balls Bottom Camel toe Chickenhead Circle jerk Cock tease Cornhole Cougar Cunt Daisy chain Deep - throating Dick Dirty Sanchez Dogging Donkey punch Douche Felching Fuck Girlfriend experience Glory hole Hogging Hot Karl Italian profanity Latin profanity Mama - san Mammary intercourse Mat Mile high club Motherfucker Nookie Party and play Pearl necklace Pegging Pirate Pussy Quickie Red wings Rusty trombone Saddlebacking Serosorting Shemale Slut Snowballing Soggy biscuit Switch Teabagging Tits Top Top , bottom and versatile Turkey slap Twat Voulez - vous coucher avec moi ?",
"4": "Wanker Whale tail Whore LGBT - specific Bara Bear Beard Bi-curious Breeder Bugchasing Chicken Chickenhawk Chub Daddy Down - low Dyke Fag hag Fruit Gay - for - pay Lipstick lesbian Queen Soft butch Swish Trade Troll Twink U-Haul lesbian In pornography Ass to mouth Bukkake Centerfold Clothed female , naked male ( CFNM ) Clothed male , naked female ( CMNF ) Creampie Cum shot Deep - throating Downblouse Facial Felching Fluffer Gang bang Gokkun Golden Age of Porn Insert MILF / DILF Money shot Paysite Point - of - view Rosebud Stunt cock Upskirt In popular culture List of films that most frequently use the word `` fuck '' Human sexuality Sexology Sexual slur Terminology of homosexuality Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baseball_metaphors_for_sex&oldid=829908955 '' Categories : American slang Baseball culture Metaphors referring to sport Sexual acts Sexual slang Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6185099521013996598
|
who owns spirit of the suwannee music park
|
[
"The Cornett family",
"The Cornett family"
] |
{
"0": "Spirit of the Suwannee Music park - wikipedia Spirit of the Suwannee Music park Jump to : navigation , search This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park is located in North Central Florida , in Suwannee County , United States . Overview ( edit ) Situated on the banks of the historic Suwannee River , the park consists of over 800 acres ( 2.4 km2 ) of camping areas , concert venues , recreational facilities and unspoiled forests . The park hosts numerous major events each year , including Suwannee Hulaween , the AURA Music and Arts Festival , Suwannee River Jam , the Magnoliafest , Wanee Music Festival , Blackwater Music Festival , Purple Hatter 's Ball , and Suwannee Springfest . Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park , nestled in Live Oak , Florida , with 3 miles of the Suwannee river bordering the park , hosts over 25 diverse , fun events throughout the year . AURA Music and Arts Festival , Suwannee Hulaween , Wanee Music Festival , Springfest , Suwannee Festival of Lights , and Suwannee River Jam are some of these annual festivals . The park offers multiple stages , miles of trails and over 800 acres ( 3.2 km ) for camping , hiking , canoe and kayak rentals on the river , horseback riding , a restaurant and country store . Besides a variety of other flora and fauna it includes a large bat house which has become a home to an increasing number of bats . The Cornett family has been making improvements to the park to enhance and improve its entertainment , hiking , canoeing , camping and other activities . The park offers varied camping options including primitive camping , RV camping and furnished park models . A tree house is also available for different occasions and events . External links ( edit ) Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park References ( edit ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"1": "( January 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 30 ° 23 ′ 40 '' N 82 ° 56 ′ 38 '' W / 30.39444 ° N 82.94389 ° W / 30.39444 ; - 82.94389 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirit_of_the_Suwannee_Music_Park&oldid=739207731 '' Categories : Parks in Suwannee County , Florida Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from December 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Articles lacking sources from January 2007 All articles lacking sources Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 September 2016 , at 11 : 17 . About Wikipedia",
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583026970021621830
|
who invented the first home video security system
|
[
"Marie Van Brittan Brown",
"Marie Van Brittan Brown",
"Marie Van Brittan Brown",
"her husband Albert Brown"
] |
{
"0": "Marie Van Brittan Brown - Wikipedia Marie Van Brittan Brown Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marie Van Brittan Brown ( 1922 - 10 - 30 ) 30 October 1922 2 February 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 02 ) ( aged 76 ) Marie Van Brittan Brown ( October 30 , 1922 -- February 2 , 1999 ) was an African - American inventor , becoming the originator of the home security system ( patent number 3,482,037 ) in 1966 , along with her husband Albert Brown , a patent was granted in 1969 . Brown was born in Jamaica , Queens , New York ; she died there at the age of 76 . Brown 's system had a set of four peep - holes and a camera that could slide up and down to look at each one . Anything and everything the camera picked up would appear on a monitor . Also , a resident could unlatch the door by remote control . Although the system was originally intended for domestic uses , many businesses began to adopt her system due to its effectiveness . For her invention she received an award from the National Science Committee . The system included a device that enabled a homeowner to use a television set to view the person at the door and hear the caller 's voice . Brown cited the inspiration for her invention as the long time it would take for police to arrive at a house after being called by residents . Sources ( edit ) Social Security Death Index United States Patent Office Black Stars : African American Women Scientists and Inventors , by Sullivan et al. , publ . Jossey - Bass , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 38707 - X References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marie Van Brittan Brown biography at African American Registry . ^ Jump up to : `` Inventor Marie Van Brittan Brown born African American Registry '' . www.aaregistry.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Webster , Raymond B. ( 1999 ) .",
"1": "African American firsts in science & technology . Detroit ( u.a. ) : Gale . p. 127 . ISBN 0787638765 . This article about an American scientist is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Van_Brittan_Brown&oldid=817537733 '' Categories : 1922 births 1999 deaths American inventors Women inventors African - American inventors American scientist stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 01 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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2600444691979393902
|
i only want to be with you in french
|
[
"A Présent Tu Peux t'en Aller"
] |
{
"0": "I Only Want to Be with You - wikipedia I Only Want to Be with You Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Only Wanna Be with You . `` I Only Want to Be with You '' Single by Dusty Springfield from the album Stay Awhile / I Only Want to Be with You B - side `` Once Upon a Time '' Released 8 November 1963 Format 7 '' Recorded 1963 , Olympic Studios , London Genre Pop Length 2 : 37 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Mike Hawker and Ivor Raymonde Producer ( s ) Johnny Franz Dusty Springfield singles chronology `` I Only Want to Be with You '' ( 1963 ) `` Stay Awhile '' ( 1964 ) `` I Only Want To Be With You '' ( 1963 ) `` Stay Awhile '' ( 1964 ) `` I Only Want to Be with You '' is a rock and roll song written by Mike Hawker and Ivor Raymonde . The debut solo single released by British singer Dusty Springfield under her long - time producer Johnny Franz , `` I Only Want to Be with You '' peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles chart in January 1964 . Three remakes of the song have been UK chart hits , the first two by the Bay City Rollers ( 1976 ) and the Tourists ( 1979 ) matching the number 4 peak of the Dusty Springfield original , while the 1989 remake by Samantha Fox peaked at number 16 . In the US on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , `` I Only Want to Be with You '' has been a Top 40 hit three times , with both the Dusty Springfield original and the Bay City Rollers ' remake peaking at number 12 while the Samantha Fox remake peaked at number 31 . `` I Only Want to Be with You '' has also been recorded by a wide range of artists , several of whom sing the song with lyrics translated from the original English . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dusty Springfield version 1.1 Background 1.2 Chart performance 1.3 Weekly charts 2 Bay City Rollers version 2.1 Background 2.2 Chart performance 2.2.",
"1": "1 Weekly charts 2.2. 2 Year - end charts 3 The Tourists version 3.1 Background 3.2 Chart performance 4 Samantha Fox version 4.1 Chart performance 4.2 Track listings 5 Luis Miguel version 5.1 Background 5.2 Music videos 5.3 Chart performance 6 Other versions 7 Uses on television 8 References 9 External links Dusty Springfield version ( edit ) Background ( edit ) According to Jean Ryder , the ex-wife of songwriter Mike Hawker , `` I Only Want to Be With You '' was written soon after she and Hawker married on 1 December 1961 , being inspired by Hawker 's intense romantic feelings for his new bride . Ryder , who would later be a member of the Breakaways , had been a member of a vocal chorale , the Vernons Girls . Reportedly , she and Hawker had intended that she herself would record `` I Only Want to Be With You '' . However , no formal arrangement for this eventuality had apparently been made by the autumn of 1963 , when Hawker received a phone call from Philips A&R director Johnny Franz . Ryder paraphrases Franz as saying `` Look we need something which is going to put this girl into the charts , because everybody is knocking her , everybody is saying she 'll never make it ( solo ) - have you got a song that 's a guaranteed hit ? '' Springfield had already recorded nine solo tracks , none of which was deemed the right vehicle to launch her solo career . With Ryder 's permission , Hawker submitted `` I Only Want to Be With You '' to Franz , having made a demo featuring Ryder singing while keeping the beat by tapping on a biscuit tin lid . Franz , and then Springfield , approved the song , which Springfield recorded in a 25 October 1963 session at Olympic Studios , arranged and conducted by Ivor Raymonde , and recorded by engineer Keith Grant . Jean Ryder was included in the vocal chorale on the session . For unknown reasons , a version with ( Dusty 's ) unadulterated vocals was rejected .",
"2": "Released in November 1963 , three weeks after the Springfields ' final concert , `` I Only Want to Be With You '' was a global success , reaching number 4 UK , number 12 US , number 6 Australia , and number 21 Canada . In the US , Dusty Springfield was the second artist of the British Invasion , after the Beatles , to have a hit , entering the Billboard chart at number 77 in the last week of January 1964 ( the Beatles having `` She Loves You '' at number 69 and `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' at number 3 ) . Raymonde 's arrangement is unmistakable , with its relentless `` ticker - ticker '' beat and cascading drum rolls , full - on choirs and `` Tower of Power '' horn section pitched against soaring rock strings . It set the production standard for Springfield 's later hits , such as `` Stay Awhile '' and `` Little by Little '' . Springfield also recorded the song with an almost identical arrangement in German , with the title `` Auf dich nur wart ' ich immerzu '' . The song was performed by Springfield on the first - ever edition of the BBC 's Top of the Pops , on 1 January 1964 . The song was re-released in 1988 , coinciding with its use in a soft - drink commercial , as a 7 '' & 12 '' single ( see cover in infobox ) . It peaked at number 83 in the UK .",
"3": "Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Charts 6 Canadian Singles Chart 21 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Cash Box Top 100 14 Bay City Rollers version ( edit ) `` I Only Want to Be with You '' Single by Bay City Rollers from the album Dedication B - side `` Write a Letter '' ( North America ) `` Rock N ' Roller '' ( Europe / International ) Released August 29 , 1976 ( US ) 3 September 1976 ( UK ) Format Vinyl , 12 `` , 7 '' Recorded June 1976 Soundstage Studio , Toronto Genre Rock , Power Pop Length 3 : 27 Label Arista ( North America ) Bell ( Europe / International ) Songwriter ( s ) Mike Hawker , Ivor Raymonde Producer ( s ) Jimmy Ienner Bay City Rollers singles US singles chronology `` Rock and Roll Love Letter '' ( 1976 ) `` I Only Want to Be with You '' ( 1976 ) `` Yesterday 's Hero '' ( 1976 ) `` Rock and Roll Love Letter '' ( 1976 ) `` I Only Want to Be with You '' ( 1976 ) `` Yesterday 's Hero '' ( 1976 ) Background ( edit ) The Bay City Rollers recorded `` I Only Want to Be with You '' for their 1976 album Dedication in June and July 1976 at Soundstage Studio in Toronto with producer Jimmy Ienner . Dedication was the first Bay City Rollers recorded under the auspices of Arista Records , and it was Arista president Clive Davis who suggested that the group remake `` I Only Want to Be with You . '' Jimmy Ienner was chosen by Davis to produce the Bay City Rollers on the basis of Ienner 's work with the Raspberries .",
"4": "In the US `` I Only Want to Be with You '' was issued as advance single from Dedication in August 1976 : that October the track reached a Billboard Hot 100 peak of number 12 , besting the number 28 peak of the precedent Bay City Rollers ' single `` Rock and Roll Love Letter '' while failing to match the Top Ten success the group had enjoyed in 1975 - 1976 with `` Saturday Night '' and in 1976 with `` Money Honey '' . `` I Only Want to Be with You '' appeared to wrap up the group 's burst of North American stardom as their next three US single releases were Top 40 shortfalls : however the group 's fourth US single release subsequent to `` I Only Want to Be With You '' : `` You Made Me Believe in Magic '' , did afford the group a final Top Ten hit . Issued in the UK as a non-album single on 3 September 1976 , `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' - so entitled - reached number 4 UK , affording the Bay City Rollers ' a tenth and final Top Ten hit . It 's noteworthy that the US and UK chart peaks of the Bay City Rollers ' 1976 remake of `` I Only Want to Be with You '' exactly match the US and UK chart peaks achieved in 1964 by the Dusty Springfield original . However the Springfield original version had had a significantly stronger UK chart run holding at number 4 for 4 weeks - as opposed to the Bay City Rollers remake 's one week chart peak - with the original 's Top 50 tenure of 18 weeks being twice as long as the remake 's . Conversely in the US the Bay City Rollers ' remake had a Billboard Hot 100 tenure of 15 weeks while the Springfield original had maintained a Hot 100 presence for 10 weeks in total . ( Comparisons between the chart impact of singles issued in distinct time periods should be considered imprecise , the methodology behind both the UK and US chart rankings having been frequently revised . )",
"5": "Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia 8 Austrian Singles Chart 17 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 14 Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 9 German Singles Chart 9 Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 5 New Zealand Singles Chart 12 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 27 US Cash Box Top 100 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia 58 Canada 82 Netherlands 80 New Zealand 49 UK 49 The Tourists version ( edit ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' Single by The Tourists from the album Reality Effect Released November 1979 Genre Pop Label Logo Songwriter ( s ) Mike Hawker , Ivor Raymonde Tourists singles chronology `` The Lonliest Man in the World '' ( 1979 ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' ( 1979 ) `` So Good to Be Back Home Again '' ( 1980 ) `` The Lonliest Man in the World '' ( 1979 ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' ( 1979 ) `` So Good to Be Back Home Again '' ( 1980 ) Background ( edit ) In 1979 , the song was also covered by The Tourists , a band which included Annie Lennox on vocals . This was the band 's biggest hit . The song was used on a montage of stars when Thames Television went off the air in 1992 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 -- 80 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 6 Canadian Singles Chart 50 Irish Singles Chart 13 UK Singles Chart U.S.",
"6": "Billboard Hot 100 83 Samantha Fox version ( edit ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' Single by Samantha Fox from the album I Wanna Have Some Fun B - side `` Confession '' Released January 1989 Format Vinyl , 12 `` , 7 '' ; CD Recorded PWL , The Borough , London Genre Pop Length 2 : 45 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Mike Hawker and Ivor Raymonde Producer ( s ) Stock Aitken Waterman Samantha Fox singles chronology `` I Wanna Have Some Fun '' ( 1988 ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' ( 1989 ) `` ( Hurt Me , Hurt Me ) But the Pants Stay On '' ( 1991 ) `` I Wanna Have Some Fun '' ( 1988 ) `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' ( 1989 ) `` ( Hurt Me , Hurt Me ) But the Pants Stay On '' ( 1991 ) Music video `` I Only Want to Be with You '' on YouTube In 1988 , Samantha Fox covered the song as `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' for her album I Wanna Have Some Fun . It was released as the second single in the United States and Europe from her third studio album I Wanna Have Some Fun ( 1988 ) . The song was another hit for Fox , reaching number 16 in the United Kingdom and number 31 in the United States . The music video includes scenes of Fox hunting through trash cans , dancing , fireworks , and the singer in bed with her bespectacled lover . Television shows Fox performed the song on include Top of the Pops in 1989 and Viva el espectáculo on TVE1 in 1990 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Charts 19 Austrian Singles Chart 19 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 13 French Singles Chart 9 German Singles Chart 25 Irish Singles Chart 9 New Zealand Singles Chart 28 Swiss Singles Chart 24 UK Singles Chart 16 U.S.",
"7": "Billboard Hot 100 31 Canadian Singles Chart 12 Track listings ( edit ) UK 7 '' Vinyl ( FOXY X11 ) Jive `` I Only Wanna Be With You '' 2 : 45 `` Confession '' 4 : 40 US Maxi Single ( 1195 - 2 - JDJ ) Jive `` I Only Wanna Be with You ( Single Edit ) '' 2 : 45 `` I Only Wanna Be with You ( Special Single Edit ) '' 3 : 19 `` I Only Wanna Be with You ( Extended Mix ) '' 4 : 56 UK 12 '' Vinyl ( FOXY T 11 ) Jive `` I Only Wanna Be with You ( Extended Mix ) '' 4 : 56 `` I Only Wanna Be with You ( Acapella Mix ) '' 3 : 17 `` I Only Wanna Acid with You ( Mix 1 ) '' 6 : 20 `` Confession '' 4 : 40 Luis Miguel version ( edit ) `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' Single by Luis Miguel from the album Soy Como Quiero Ser B - side `` Sunny '' Released 1987 ( 1987 ) Format Airplay Promo single Recorded 1986 - 1987 Record One ( Sherman Oaks , California ) Metropolis Studios George Tobin Studios Sunset Sound Studios ( Hollywood , California ) Genre Latin Length 3 : 15 Label WEA Latina Songwriter ( s ) Mike Hawker Ivor Raymonde Luis Gómez Escolar Producer ( s ) Juan Carlos Calderón Luis Miguel singles chronology `` Todo El Amor del Mundo '' ( 1986 ) `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' ( 1987 ) `` Sin Hablar '' ( 1987 ) `` Todo El Amor del Mundo '' ( 1986 ) `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' ( 1987 ) `` Sin Hablar '' ( 1987 ) Background ( edit ) Mexican singer Luis Miguel recorded a cover version of the song ,",
"8": "titled `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' ( `` Now You Can Leave '' ) which was released as the first single from his Grammy - nominated album Soy Como Quiero Ser ( 1987 ) , the first album recorded by the singer under the WEA record label . It was produced by Juan Carlos Calderón and adapted by Luis Gomez Escolar . This single became very successful , peaking at number - one in the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart for three non-consecutive weeks in 1987 , being the first chart topper for the singer on the chart . At the time , Luis Miguel was the youngest to score a number - one hit on the Hot Latin Tracks at the age of 17 , ironically replacing veteran Julio Iglesias at the summit . In 2005 , Luis Miguel included this song on his compilation album Grandes Éxitos . This version ranked at number 28 in the Hot Latin Tracks Year - End Chart of 1988 . thumb Music videos ( edit ) Two music videos were shot . The first one was shot with Angélica Rivera , while the second one was shot dancing in a bridge . The second one was included in Grandes Exitos Videos . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks Preceded by `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' by Julio Iglesias U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Tracks number - one single ( Luis Miguel version ) ( first run ) August 22 , 1987 Succeeded by `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' by Julio Iglesias Preceded by `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' by Julio Iglesias U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Tracks number - one single ( Luis Miguel version ) ( second run ) September 12 , 1987 Succeeded by `` La Bamba '' by Los Lobos Preceded by `` La Bamba '' by Los Lobos U.S.",
"9": "Billboard Hot Latin Tracks number - one single ( Luis Miguel version ) ( third run ) November 7 , 1987 Succeeded by `` Qué No Se Rompa la Noche '' by Julio Iglesias Other versions ( edit ) 1964 Les Surfs as `` A Présent Tu Peux t'en Aller ' '' French also recorded by Richard Anthony Les Surfs as `` E adesso te ne puoi andar '' # 2 ( Italy ) Lill - Babs as `` Jag Vill Vara Nära Dig '' Swedish Donna Lynn on her eponymous album Capitol LP 2085 Lita Torelló ( es ) as `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' Spanish also recorded by Silvana Velasco ( es ) 1965 Enrique Guzman on his album Éxitos internacionalesas `` Solo quiero estar contigo '' Spanish also recorded by Juan Ramón ( es ) on his album Más corazón que nunca 1966 Les Surfs as `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' Spanish 1967 Helena Vondráčková as `` Chytila jsem na pasece motýlka '' Czech 1969 Elin as `` Det har jeg altid ønsket mig '' Danish Agneta Zelán as `` Jag Ville Vara Nära Dig '' Swedish 1975 Chelsia Chan on her debut album Dark Side Of Your Mind Rauli ' Badding ' Somerjoki on his album Sydän lämpöä täys as `` Jykevää on rakkaus '' Finnish 1976 Howard Carpendale as `` Ab Heute Weht Ein Neuer Wind '' ( German ) James Fung as `` 天賜 良緣 '' Cantonese 1982 Barbara Dickson on her album Here We Go ... Barbara Dickson Live on Tour in medley with `` Dancing in the Street '' / `` He 's a Rebel '' / `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' Nicolette Larson # 53 U.S.",
"10": ", ( A / C # 15 ) parent album All Dressed Up & No Place to Go 1983 The Flirts on their album Flirts Tony Hatch & His Orchestra on his album Quiet Nights 1986 Southside Johnny & The Jukes on their album At Least We Got Shoes 1989 Danny Chan on his album Yat sang ho kau as `` 流浪 者 / lau long tze '' Cantonese 1991 Maywood on their Walking Back to Happiness album 1992 Paula Koivuniemi on her album Se kesäni mun as `` Haluun olla luonas sun '' Finnish Wenche Myhre as `` Hvis Bare Jeg Får Bli Hos Deg '' Norwegian 1993 Beatriz Rico ( es ) on her album Baila Sin Parar as `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' Spanish 1997 Ash covered the song for a promotional tour 1998 * Twiggy & Twiggy on the soundtrack of Dead Man on Campus Annette Klingenberg on her album Weep No More 1999 Argema ( cs ) on their album Milion Snů as `` Žába '' Czech Elton John performed the song in concert at the Peoria ( IL ) Civic Center Arena after learning of Dusty Springfield 's death on March 2 , 1999 . John introduced the song saying `` Dusty , wherever you are , this one 's for you , my love , with all my love . ''",
"11": "Ville Valo with the Agents on the Agents ' album Laulava Sydän as `` Jykevää on rakkaus '' Finnish 2001 Me First and the Gimme Gimmes on their album Blow in the Wind 2002 Vonda Shepard on her album Songs from Ally McBeal 2003 Maleewan Jemina ( th ) on her 2003 album Me & Moment in Time 2004 Tommy February on her single L ・ O ・ V ・ E ・ L ・ Y ~ 夢見る LOVELY BOY ~ 2005 Taiwanese female group 7 Flowers on their eponymous album Volbeat on their 2005 debut album The Strength / The Sound / The Songs Susan Wong on her album These Foolish Things 2007 Tina Arena on her album Songs of Love & Loss The Shakers ( Uruguayan band ) as `` Solo quiero estar contigo '' Spanish : bonus track on re-issue of band 's 1965 album Los Shakers 2008 Shelby Lynne on her Dusty Springfield tribute album Just a Little Lovin ' 2009 Jessica Andersson as `` I Only Wanna Be With You '' on her album Wake Up Barbee ( hu ) as `` Ámor nyila '' Hungarian 2011 Amy Macdonald : recorded 2008 for canceled multi-artist Dusty Springfield tribute album : track first released on album Reworked , a multi-artist fundraiser for Save the Children featuring songs used in John Lewis ad campaigns 2013 Lodovica Comello ( it / es ) as `` I Only Want To Be With You '' on her album Universo Uses on television ( edit ) Was used in the opening for the TV series Arli $ $ The Tourists ' version of the song was played along with TV clips on final week of broadcasting of Thames Television in December 1992 before Carlton Television took over The song was used in the British soap opera EastEnders when the character Sam Mitchell dug up the body of Den Watts The song was used by TVNZ to promote TV2 changing the words to `` I only want to be with 2 ! '' The song was also used as soundtrack in Greek Comedy TV series `` Tilempora '' ( TV Storm ) on Mega Channel in 2004 .",
"12": "The song was used by CBC Television to promote its programming between 1989 and 1991 , while the network 's slogan was `` CBC and you '' . The song featured in a John Lewis television ad highlighting how the company had been selling electronic equipment for a substantial number of years . The song was used in a swimwear advert for Boux Avenue in 2014 . The ad featured Jamelia , who also sang the song , with the chorus changed to `` I only want to be with Boux '' . A television ad campaign for Dogs Trust which launched in February 2016 features Hope Russell - Winter singing `` I Only Want to Be With You '' . The song was also featured in an episode of `` that 70 's show '' when Fez and Donna were having scenes where they pretended to be dating . Me First And The Gimme Gimmes ' version of the song was used in an episode of Shameless ( USA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mike Hawker - obituary '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Karen ( 2015 ) . Dusty : an intimate portrait of a musical legend . London : The Robson Press . ISBN 9781849548762 . Jump up ^ Howes , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Complete Dusty Springfield . London : Titan Books . ISBN 978 - 0857681409 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Only Want to Be with You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ Whitman , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 . Record Research . p. 294 . ISBN 9780898201550 . Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie. 1962 - 10 - 01 .",
"13": "Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : B '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RPM - Library and Archives Canada RPM - Bibliothèque et Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1976 Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1976 ) Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1976 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1963 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles of 1976 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 25 . 25 December 1976 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know > Search results for ' Tourists ' '' . Fireball Media . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts > Tourists '' . The Official UK Charts Company .",
"14": "Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / The Tourists > Chart History > The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ I Only Want to Be with You at AllMusic Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Viva el espectáculo '' Episode # 1.15 ( TV episode 1990 ) - IMDb Jump up ^ `` Samantha Fox - I Only Wanna Be With You ( TOTP ' 89 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Fox - I Only Wanna Be With You ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Fox - I Only Wanna Be With You ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Fox - I Only Wanna Be With You ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Soy Como Quiero Ser '' . Allmusic . Macromedia Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Miguel - Charts & Awards '' . Allmusic . Macromedia Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Grandes Éxitos - Luis Miguel '' . Allmusic . Macromedia Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ash 7 '' info `` . Eil.com. 2004 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CBC & You 1990 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 .",
"15": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Samantha Fox Discography Studio albums Touch Me Samantha Fox I Wanna Have Some Fun Just One Night 21st Century Fox Angel with an Attitude Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 1992 ) Watching You , Watching Me Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) Remix albums Watching You , Watching Me Singles `` Touch Me ( I Want Your Body ) '' `` Do Ya Do Ya ( Wanna Please Me ) '' `` Hold On Tight '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Me Now '' `` I Surrender ( To the Spirit of the Night ) '' `` I Promise You ( Get Ready ) '' `` True Devotion '' `` Naughty Girls ( Need Love Too ) '' `` Love House '' `` I Only Wanna Be with You '' `` I Wanna Have Some Fun '' `` ( Hurt Me , Hurt Me ) But the Pants Stay On '' `` Santa Maria '' `` Perhaps '' `` Tomorrow ( Is Another Day ) '' `` Call Me '' Luis Miguel singles Soy Como Quiero Ser `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' `` Cuando Calienta El Sol '' `` Yo Que No Vivo Sin Ti '' Busca Una Mujer `` La Incondicional '' `` Fría Como el Viento '' 20 Años `` Tengo Todo Excepto a Ti '' `` Entrégate '' `` Será Que No Me Amas '' Romance `` Inolvidable '' `` No Sé Tú '' `` Contigo en la Distancia '' América & En Vivo `` América , América '' Aries `` Hasta Que Me Olvides '' `` Suave '' Segundo Romance `` El Día Que Me Quieras '' `` La Media Vuelta '' Nada Es Igual . `` Dame '' `` Cómo Es Posible Que a Mi Lado '' Romances `` Por Debajo de la Mesa '' `` Sabor a Mí '' `` Bésame Mucho '' Amarte Es un Placer `` Sol , Arena y Mar '' `` O Tú o Ninguna '' `` Dormir Contigo '' `` Amarte Es un Placer '' Mis Romances `` Amor , Amor ,",
"16": "Amor '' Navidades `` Santa Claus Llegó a La Ciudad '' `` Mi Humilde Oración '' Cómplices `` Si Tú Te Atreves '' `` Te Desean '' Luis Miguel `` Labios de Miel '' As featured artist `` Me Gustas Tal Como Eres '' Other songs `` Sueña '' Dèja Vu The Tourists Peet Coombes David A. Stewart Annie Lennox Eddie Chin Jim Toomey Studio albums The Tourists ( 1979 ) Reality Effect ( 1979 ) Luminous Basement ( 1980 ) Songs `` I Only Want to Be with You '' Nicolette Larson Studio albums Nicolette ( 1978 ) In the Nick of Time ( 1979 ) Shadows of Love ( 1988 ) Singles `` Lotta Love '' `` I Only Want to Be with You '' `` Building Bridges '' `` That 's How You Know When Love 's Right '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Only_Want_to_Be_with_You&oldid=838206946 '' Categories : 1963 singles 1987 singles 1989 singles Luis Miguel songs Dusty Springfield songs Samantha Fox songs Southside Johnny & The Asbury Jukes songs Billboard Hot Latin Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Stock Aitken Waterman 1963 songs Song recordings produced by Johnny Franz Philips Records singles Jive Records singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Warner Music Latina singles Songs written by Ivor Raymonde Songs written by Mike Hawker ( songwriter ) Bubblegum pop songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 ,",
"17": "at 15 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-1715459847782748773
|
when will the 2018 oscar nominations be announced
|
[
"Tuesday, January 23, 2018",
"Tuesday, January 23, 2018",
"Tuesday, January 23, 2018",
"January 23, 2018",
"Tuesday, January 23, 2018"
] |
{
"0": "90th Academy Awards - wikipedia 90th Academy Awards Jump to : navigation , search 90th Academy Awards Official poster Date March 4 , 2018 Site Dolby Theatre Hollywood , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Hosted by Jimmy Kimmel Produced by Michael De Luca Jennifer Todd Directed by Glenn Weiss TV in the United States Network ABC ← 89th Academy Awards 91st → The 90th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , will honor the best films of 2017 and will take place at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California at 5 : 00 p.m. PST on March 4 , 2018 . The ceremony will take place after its usual late - February date to avoid conflicting with the 2018 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , AMPAS will present Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony will be televised in the United States by ABC , produced by Michael De Luca and Jennifer Todd and directed by Glenn Weiss . Comedian Jimmy Kimmel will host for a second consecutive year , making Kimmel the first person to host back - to - back ceremonies since Billy Crystal in 1997 and 1998 . In related events , the Academy held its 9th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 11 , 2017 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Schedule 1.1 Governors Awards 2 Ceremony information 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Schedule ( edit ) Date Event Friday , January 12 , 2018 Nominations polls close Tuesday , January 23 , 2018 Nominations announced Monday , February 5 , 2018 Nominees Luncheon Saturday , February 10 , 2018 Scientific and Technical Achievement Awards presentation Tuesday , February 20 , 2018 Final voting begins Tuesday , February 27 , 2018 Final polls close Sunday , March 4 , 2018 90th Annual Academy Awards presentation Governors Awards ( edit ) The Academy held its ninth annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 11 , 2017 , during which the following awards were presented : Academy Honorary Awards Main article : Academy Honorary Award Agnès Varda -- French film director , writer , editor and producer . Charles Burnett -- American director , writer , producer , editor and cinematographer . Donald Sutherland -- Canadian actor . Owen Roizman -- American cinematographer . Special Achievement Academy Award Main article : Special Achievement Academy Award Alejandro González Iñárritu for his virtual reality project Carne y arena . Ceremony information ( edit ) On December 4 , 2017 , it was announced that the ceremony and its pre-show 's timings has been changed and are scheduled to broadcast a half - hour earlier than prior telecasts . See also ( edit ) Academy Award portal 45th Annie Awards 71st British Academy Film Awards 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards 75th Golden Globe Awards 38th Golden Raspberry Awards 21st Hollywood Film Awards 33rd Independent Spirit Awards 22nd Satellite Awards 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards List of submissions to the 90th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 90TH ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Josh Rottenberg . `` Academy Awards dates set through 2021 ; Winter Olympics bump 2018 Oscars to March '' . Los Angeles Times . Tronc .",
"2": "Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Oscar Host Jimmy Kimmel , Producers Return for Academy Awards 2018 '' . IndieWire . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Kimmel Returning to Host the 2018 Oscars '' . Collider . Complex . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Micheline ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Academy to Honor Charles Burnett , Owen Roizman , Donald Sutherland and Agnes Varda with Oscars at 2017 Governors Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars Dates Set For 2018 And Beyond '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Oscars : Charles Burnett , Owen Roizman , Donald Sutherland , Agnes Varda Set for Academy 's Governors Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Agnes Varda '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 2017 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Burnett '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 2017 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Sutherland '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 2017 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Owen Roizman '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 2017 - 10 - 17 .",
"3": "Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Alejandro González Iñárritu 's incredible VR experience is getting a special Oscar award '' . The Verge . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inarritu awarded Oscar for VR show '' . BBC News . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dove , Steve ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` New broadcast time for the 90th Oscar announced '' . Oscar . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Will Start 30 Minutes Earlier This Year '' . PopCulture.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Academy Awards official website The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences official website ( hide ) Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject ,",
"4": "Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 .",
"5": "Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=90th_Academy_Awards&oldid=819484357 '' Categories : Academy Awards ceremonies 2018 film awards 2018 in Los Angeles 2018 in American cinema 2018 awards in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 16 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
5,
1,
0,
2,
3,
4
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[
5,
1,
0,
2,
3,
4
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1754802809667665408
|
when is the new dumping ground coming out 2017
|
[
"15 December 2017",
"20 January (2017-01-20) – 15 December 2017"
] |
{
"0": "The Dumping Ground ( Series 5 ) - wikipedia The Dumping Ground ( Series 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Dumping Ground ( series 5 ) Series Five Title Card Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBBC CBBC HD Original release 20 January ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) -- 15 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 4 Next → Series 6 List of The Dumping Ground episodes The fifth series of the British children 's television series The Dumping Ground began broadcasting on 20 January 2017 on CBBC . The series follows the lives of the children living in the fictional children 's care home of Ashdene Ridge , nicknamed by them `` The Dumping Ground '' . It consists of twenty - two , thirty - minute episodes , airing in two halves , respectively in January and October 2017 ; it is the thirteenth series in the Tracy Beaker franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Guest 2.3 Casting 3 Episodes 4 References Series synopsis ( edit ) In the first half of the series , long - running characters Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) , Mischief ( Sage ) and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) departed the show , in episodes 2 and 12 respectively . Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) joins the show as a regular character , after being recurring in the previous two series . In the second half of the series , Billie and Toni Trent ( Gwen and Nelly Currant ) left the series in episode 16 . Former regular cast members Mia McKenna - Bruce , Joe Maw and Jessica Revell all return for guest appearances in episodes 21 and 22 in the second half of the series , reprising their roles as Tee Taylor , Johnny Taylor and Elektra Perkins . Chris Slater returned in episode 22 as Frank Matthews . New neighbours , The Umbleby 's , move in and are surprised that they are living next to Ashdene Ridge , prompting them to record a crime log and hold a meeting .",
"1": "Sasha is annoyed with Bailey hanging around with Dexter , so gets her stepbrother Roddy to coach Dexter 's football . Sasha finds out Roddy is a bad influence on Dexter by getting Dexter to help break in and that her mother is involved . Bailey and Mischief leave for college in the USA , taking Roddy 's place . Ryan overhears a conversation between Mike and May - Li and thinks he is leaving and encourages the young people to hold a vote to choose who leaves , wanting Joseph to go . Joseph volunteers to go , but it 's revealed Ryan was picked to represent the home at a theme park and Chloe tells Ryan she does not trust him . Chloe meets Candi - Rose , whilst shopping and Chloe claims she goes to boarding school , like her . Candi - Rose moves into The Dumping Ground and both are hurt with telling each other lies . Mr Umbleby is annoyed with Edward spending time on his guitar and with Kazima and Kazima chooses to keep away so Edward gets his guitar back . Jody and Tyler are surprised the young people see them as a couple , so Jody and Tyler arrange for him to ask Sophie from the skate park out , but they argue , however , Jody and Tyler want to remain friends . Archie becomes attached to May - Li , seeing her as a mum , but is reassured he is special and his phase is normal . Floss gets a part in a commercial and struggles to play a daughter without ever having a mother . The young people want money , so Mike suggests they split in teams to come up with and pitch a business . Floss decides she wants to be adopted , accepting her mum wo n't come for her . A parcel for Archie goes missing and Sasha decides to catch the culprit , who turns out to be Dexter . Billie and Toni suspect Archie is ageing backwards after singing an old song , but the parcel , from his father , explains why he believed he was ageing backwards . Sam , a careworker , is brought in to cover May - Li whilst she goes on holiday and Kazima makes friends with a homeless boy , Alex , who is living in a squat . Floss pretends she has magic powers after falling down the steps .",
"2": "Tyler undertakes work experience at a radio station and meets Ralph , a man who is refusing to sell his home to property developers , and Tyler 's boss , Ms Bloomfield , shows Tyler what Ralph is being offered . Ralph tells Tyler he has memories of his late wife in the house . A public meeting about the potential closure of the skate park is held and the young people resort to banging pots and pans , but Chloe tells everyone what the skate park means to them . Alex turns up unexpectedly at The Dumping Ground with George , who is poorly , whilst on a farm trip , Dexter and Sam develop crushes on a farm employee , Anjli and try to impress her . Candi - Rose lets the animals out of their enclosures , but they are rounded up and George harshly rejects Alex , but tells Kazima he did it for Alex 's sake . The young people are n't happy that Alex is allowed to stay . A new wardrobe for Kazima arrives , which Mike says is cursed , but Joseph gets trapped inside . Manny , a friend of Mike 's relative , takes away the wardrobe with Joseph inside and Kazima and Ryan go to the docks to get Joseph . They think they are late when the boat leaves , but Joseph says he escaped through the back . Kazima receives a message on her online appeal from someone claiming to know where her father is and she later receives a video call from him . Kazima finds out he is in Denmark and wants her to join him , which she agrees to . Alex is hurt that Kazima is leaving , but Kazima gives him advice and in Denmark , she is reunited with her father and brother . Floss is pleased when she has nits and May - Li is the one who passed them on from her own children . Mike forces the young people to hand over their electronics after their excessive usage and May - Li gives Floss a book , prompting Floss to decide the young people should go on an adventure , but Floss gets stuck down a tunnel and uses a radio to communicate . Ryan wants Alex to leave and sets up Mike catching him stealing . Alex changes his mind on running away and rescues Floss from the tunnel and Floss wants to be Alex 's best friend . A new girl Taz arrives at The Dumping Ground and Jody is chosen to look after her .",
"3": "After complaining about Taz , Jody remembers her first day and organises some activities for Taz . Some of the young people go to the beach and the boys believe in a story on a legend , so Mike organises clues to find buried treasure and others are assigned activities . Sasha falls out with Candi - Rose when Ryan remarks that Candi - Rose is making her softer . New night manager Mimi Blunt looks after some of the young people who choose not to go to a Galloween show . Upon finding a journal written by a former young person that mentions a ghost , the young people embark on a ghost hunt . After being chased by a mysterious figure , which they believe to be a ghost , and are lead to a painting , they connect Mimi to it all who was the young person and returned to finish the clues to get the painting with her sister . Billie and Toni spend time with potential adoptive parents , but Toni is n't keen on being adopted and Billie and Floss try to convince her into agreeing , but Toni finds out and insists on telling the social worker she does n't want to live with the Harper 's . Toni is locked into a shed whilst Billie pretends to be Toni as well as herself to the social worker , but is caught and after being angry with Billie , Toni agrees to live with the Harper 's .",
"4": "Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Tracy Beaker series characters Main ( edit ) Connor Byrne as Mike Milligan Stacy Liu as May - Li Wang Miles Butler - Hughton as Tyler Lewis Kia Pegg as Jody Jackson Sarah Rayson as Floss Guppy Kasey McKellar as Bailey Wharton Akuc Bol as Kazima Tako Lewis Hamilton as Ryan Reeves Gwen Currant as Billie Trent Nelly Currant as Toni Trent Sage as Mischief Ruben Reuter as Finn McLaine Annabelle Davis as Sasha Bellman Alexander Aze as Dexter Bellman Hannah Moncur as Chloe Reeves Yousef Naseer as Joseph Stubbs Jethro Baliba as Archie Able Carma Hylton as Candi - Rose Connor Lawson as Alex Walker Jasmine Uson as Taz De Souza Emily Burnett as Charlie Morris Guest ( edit ) Simon Ludders as Peter Umbleby Alison Pargeter as Janet Umbleby Jaimie Boubezari as Edward Umbleby Mark Homer as Kev Sandy Foster as Kelly Bellman Alfie Browne - Sykes as Roddy Nigel Planer as Professor Caitlan Barrett Ward as Sophie Julia Haworth as Katherine Andrew Hanratty as Adam Lawrence Neale as Steve Oliver Wellington as Sam Paul Barber as George Lucy Benjamin as Ms Bloomfield Mike Grady as Ralph Manpreet Bambra as Anjli Steffen Peddie as Manny Richard Pepple as Hakim Tako Stirling Gallacher as Mimi Blunt Samantha Morris as Sally Harper Phil Yarrow as Dom Harper Poppy Jhakra as Diane Dylan Barnes as Police Officer Sykes Bailey Hayden as Josh Joe Maw as Johnny Taylor Mia McKenna - Bruce as Tee Taylor Rayna Campbell as TV Journalist Jessica Revell as Elektra Perkins Christopher Slater as Frank Matthews Casting ( edit ) 18 - year - old Connor Lawson , 19 - year - old Emily Burnett , 9 - year - old Jasmine Uson and 12 - year - old Carma Hylton were cast as Alex , Charlie , Taz and Candi - Rose respectively . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"5": "in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) Part 1 68 `` Miscreants , Robots and Bullies ( Back In The Game - Part 1 ) '' Duncan Foster Dawn Harrison 20 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 0.24 Bailey finds out Mo has gone to live with his grandfather and he finds Dexter in Mo 's old room . Billie and Toni take a doll , Harriet , from next door , where people are moving in . The young people , Mike and May - Li are invited to meet their new neighbours , The Umbleby 's . The young people are mistaken for Mike and May - Li 's children , but they tell the Umbleby 's they are a children 's home . Floss tells Peter and Janet about the young people 's lives and Mike stops their son , Edward , choking on a cherry stone and the Umbleby 's tell them to leave . Sasha thinks Bailey is winding her up by playing football with Dexter . Everyone finds out the Umbleby 's are holding a public meeting about Ashdene Ridge . Bailey discovers a former team mate , Roddy , Sasha and Dexter 's stepbrother , will be coaching Dexter. Bailey and Roddy organise a football match and Mike joins the meeting at the Umbleby 's . The young people decide to become the perfect neighbours , but when Kazima discovers Billie and Tony took Harriet , she and Toni return it and Edward helps them leave . Roddy gets Dexter to lie that a 17 - year - old player is his age and they lose the match against Roddy 's team . Kev , Sasha and Dexter 's stepfather , talks to Bailey about taking up coaching and going to college in America . Bailey finds the Umbleby 's house broken into and Dexter in the garage . Dexter confides in Bailey about Roddy threatens him if he does n't do what he says . Archie and Joseph are caught in the Umbleby 's garden , accused of intruding , but Edward admits who was responsible . Kazima , Billie and Toni are taken to the police by Mike , witnessed by Dexter and Bailey .",
"6": "69 `` Back in the Game ( Back In The Game - Part 2 ) '' Duncan Foster Dawn Harrison 20 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 0.24 Bailey stops Dexter from handing himself into the police and Kev takes Dexter home . Some of the young people decide to collect things for the Umbleby 's to replace their stolen things , whilst some decide to stop the crime . Sasha finds texts from Dexter on Bailey 's phone as they have planned a set up and she takes his phone . Roddy catches Dexter flattening the van 's tyres and Roddy warns Bailey to back off . Bailey tells Sasha about the trouble Dexter has got into and they find Dexter and Roddy . Peter is unimpressed with the young people for getting them things as nothing had been taken , but Janet gives Mike the doll for Billie and Toni . Sasha finds out Sandy is involved in Roddy 's plans and she takes Dexter with Bailey . Sasha calls the police and Kev offers Bailey a reference for a college in America in place of Roddy . Dexter is pleased to be placed under a voluntary care order and Mike persuades Bailey to go to America and Billie and Toni offer to sell the doll and give the money to Bailey so Mischief can go . Bailey leaves The Dumping Ground with Mischief . Final Appearances : Kasey McKellar as Bailey Wharton and Sage as Mischief 70 `` One Giant Leap '' Duncan Foster Owen Lloyd - Fox 27 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 0.23 Ryan tells Joseph he can work out all the young people , apart from him and Joseph questions Ryan over everyone hating him and whether he minds . Mike and May - Li find out they could have another OFSTED inspection and Ryan overhears them say he is going . Ryan announces to the others that any one of them could be leaving . Joseph and Finn research moon landings to find out if they were fake . Joseph and Finn try yo ask Mike if they can go out , but leave without his permission . Ryan suggests to the young people that they decide who should leave . Joseph and Finn visit an observatory whilst Ryan tries to encourage people to vote his way .",
"7": "Joseph and Finn come across a professor , who allows them to use his telescope whilst he works on an equation . When it comes to voting , Chloe tells everyone that Ryan wants Joseph out and Ryan turns the young people against each other with what they said . Joseph volunteers to leave The Dumping Ground , but the young people find out Ryan was selected to represent Ashdene Ridge at a theme park and Joseph is chosen to go instead . Chloe tells Ryan that while she is his sister , they can not be friends as she does not trust him . 71 `` The Fairytale Princess '' Duncan Foster Owen Lloyd - Fox and Jessica Lea 3 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 0.21 Ryan takes Chloe shopping where she meets a girl named Candi - Rose . Chloe and Candi - Rose ditch Ryan and back at The Dumping Ground , Edward crashes his drone into Kazima 's cake and Edward has to help Kazima bake another one . Chloe pretends she attends boarding school , like Candi - Rose . Mike and May - Li contact the police when Ryan reveals Chloe is missing and when she returns , she tells them about her new friend . Kazima decides to help Edward stand up to his father and when Chloe is out with Candi - Rose , the young people notice her from the minibus and Chloe denies knowing them . Mr Umbleby is annoyed with Edward spending time with Kazima and playing his guitar . May - Li introduces Candi - Rose to the young people and both she and Chloe are shocked and hurt by the lies that they told . Chloe admits to May - Li she does n't like herself , but later joins Candi - Rose 's karaoke . Kazima offers Edward 's parents to stay away from him and Edward gets his guitar back . First Appearance : Carma Hylton as Candi - Rose 72 `` Sittin ' in a Tree '' Delyth Thomas Sarah - Louise Hawkins 10 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 0.27 Jody and Tyler are surprised the young people see them as a couple , so to put an end to it , Jody claims Tyler has a girlfriend he is taking to a kids in care forum dinner .",
"8": "Archie injures himself during a game of football and May - Li helps him . Jody and Tyler decide to ask a girl from the skate park to be his girlfriend . At the skate park , Tyler attempts to ask Sophie to the dinner . Archie shows May - Li plans for the garden and is slightly jealous at Toni 's involvement . Candi - Rose shows Tyler how to get Sophie 's attention and after talking to her , Tyler gets Sophie 's number and Jody later smudges the number . After taking a magazine quiz , Candi - Rose realises the quiz concluded Tyler is perfect for her . Jody tries to convince Sophie to give Tyler a chance , but she decides things wo n't work . Ryan sensitively talks to Archie about May - Li , thinking he 's confusing her as his mum , but Archie insists he does n't feel that way . Archie is hurt to learn May - Li went to the garden centre with Toni and in retaliation , he trashes the garden , which is initially blamed on Ryan . Archie opens up to May - Li and that he wanted to feel special and is reassured that he is , whilst Ryan reasures him that attachment to careworkers is common and a phase . Jody and Tyler admit their friendship is important and they do n't want it to change . 73 6 `` Faking It '' Delyth Thomas Matt Evans 17 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 0.17 On Billie and Toni 's birthday , they receive £ 20 each off Mike and May - Li and they choose Floss and Candi - Rose to go out with . Using a coin , they plan to go shopping . The other young people go to Mike , wanting money to do what they want and Mike agrees to give them £ 50 , on the condition they pitch a business and make £ 100 . At the shops , Floss is bored and tries to hurry them up . The young people split into teams for their business and decide Finn should be the one they pitch to . The girls come across an audition tent for a commercial , and Candi - Rose , Billie and Toni decide to audition , however , Floss is picked for the part .",
"9": "Jody , Tyler and Ryan decide to do an adventure park in the garden and Candi - Rose does Floss ' make up . The young people fail to impress Mike and Finn with their businesses , telling them they need more time to think . After speaking to Ryan about the audition , Candi - Rose stops Floss ' clock , glues her shoes to the floor and takes her scrapbook on her mum , Katherine . At the commercial filming , Floss meets her screen mother and Finn gives £ 10 to a man who 's car breaks down . Archie swaps Kazima , Sasha and Dexter 's sugar for salt and Floss asks May - Li how she can play a daughter without never having a mother , but Katherine encourages Floss . Floss is nasty to Candi - Rose when she finds out she was responsible for gluing her shoes , but gets her into the commercial and Katherine gives Floss a bracelet . Later , Floss tells Mike and May - Li that she knows her mum is n't coming back and wants to be adopted . Steve , the man , who Finn helped , gives him £ 100 . 74 7 `` Sasha Bellman P.I. '' Delyth Thomas Jeff Povey 24 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 0.20 Tyler brings in a parcel for Archie and he and Sasha find it has been stolen from the office . Tyler gets Toni to keep Archie away , inviting him on a trip with her and Billie . The young people are gathered together and Sasha and Tyler inform them about the parcel theft and Jody suspects Dexter as the culprit . Dexter insists he is innocent and allows them to search his room . Archie sings along to a song and the twins discover it 's an old song and they believe Archie is ageing backwards . The young people go through their movements in the 9 minutes the parcel theft occurred and Mike asks them if the parcel arrived . Sasha suggests an amnesty , but it fails when they hear the office door click shut and Floss is hiding in the office to catch the culprit . Archie tells the twins about the things he thinks he 's done and Sasha follows a trail of sherbert to the bathroom . She figures out Dexter was responsible and he admits it .",
"10": "Archie , Billie and Toni devise a list of things for Archie to do before he disappears . Sasha is forced into Jody 's room when she hears Mike and when Jody finds the package , she is caught by Ryan , but Tyler decides to take the blame . Sasha wants Dexter to confess what he did after overhearing Tyler , but when Tyler owns up to taking it , all the other young people insist they took it . Mike gives Archie the package , which are gifts from his father , explaining why Archie and twins believed he was ageing backwards . Sasha warns Dexter he ca n't do what he did again . 75 8 `` Belief '' Delyth Thomas Ian Kershaw 3 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 0.20 May - Li is going on holiday , so a temporary careworker is brought in , Sam . Floss falls down the steps and is taken to hospital . Kazima goes shopping in order to meet a homeless boy , Alex . When Floss returns , she convinces some of the young people she has magical powers by guessing correctly the cards Chloe has . Kazima tracks Alex down and he runs off with the food shopping . Floss thinks her powers are getting stronger and Toni finds out Floss cheated with the cards by using the mirror reflection . Floss takes a file on the young people for Sam and Sam sends Kazima to her room when he does n't believe the shopping was stolen . Kazima and Tyler sneak out to find Alex , whilst Candi - Rose distracts Mike and Sam . They go to a building , where they find Alex squatting and an ill man , George . Toni realises Floss took Sam 's file to convince the others she can mind read and Kazima sneaks Alex into The Dumping Ground . Floss struggles to convince the others she has powers when Ryan blocks the mirror and Toni takes the file . Alex reveals to Kazima and Tyler that he was put into care and Mike and Sam find out about Alex when Finn lets it slip . Floss admits she does n't have powers and the young people are annoyed with Kazima when Alex takes their things . Kazima and Sam go to the squat to find Alex and retrieve the young people 's things .",
"11": "Mike gives Sam a warning . First Appearance : Connor Lawson as Alex 76 9 `` Vox Populi '' Jordan Hogg Gareth Sergeant 10 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 0.19 Tyler runs into a woman on his way to work experience as a journalist , who happens to be Tyler 's boss . Tyler 's boss , Ms Bloomfield , sends Tyler out to investigate an incident by the river . Ryan and Dexter spot Peter Umbleby in the park , who has put a notice up about a public meeting to close the skate park and Tyler meets a man , Ralph . Chloe suggests they go to the meeting about the skate park and the young people want Chloe as their spokesperson and she agrees . Tyler meets Ralph again at his house , who is the one who phoned about the incident and Ralph explains to Tyler that developers want him to sell his house and shows him the vandalism in his garden . Tyler shows Jody what the developers want to build and Chloe decides she does n't want to be a spokesperson when the young people are unconvinced with what she 'll say . Tyler discovers the radio station he is doing work experience is sponsored by the developers , the reason they wo n't look into Ralph 's story and Ms Bloomfield warns Tyler to drop the matter with Ralph . The young people apologise to Chloe and Chloe admits she is scared of letting them down , but she chooses to be the spokesperson again . Tyler meets with Ralph again and Ms Bloomfield talks with Mike and she shows Tyler what Ralph is being offered . At the meeting , Mr Umbleby undermines the young people and the other young people start hitting pots and pans. Tyler sees Ralph and Ralph explains he ca n't leave his home due to the memories he has had with his late wife . Chloe gets the young people to stop with the pots and pans and Chloe explains what the skate park means to them and Ms Bloomfield invites Tyler to be a guest on the radio the following day to talk about his work experience . 77 10 `` Free '' Jordan Hogg Ian Kershaw 17 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 0.21 Kazima prepares for a college meeting , hoping to do engineering , but Alex turns up .",
"12": "Kazima threatens to phone the police , but he tells her that George is in a bad way . The other young people , Mike and Sam go to a farm and both Dexter and Sam are attracted to farm employee , Anjli . Alex brings George to The Dumping Ground and lets her and Tyler know they 've been thrown out of their squat and Alex blames Kazima , but he later apologises . Candi - Rose screams when her mascara runs on the tractor ride , scaring the animals whilst some of the others have to muck out . Alex and George refuse to leave from the attic , as they have nowhere to go and promised to stay together . Candi - Rose takes a liking to the baby sheep and May - Li returns to The Dumping Ground from her holiday . May - Li decides to stay with Kazima and Tyler and Candi - Rose asks Ryan on his opinion on whether the animals are happy , but he reckons they 're not . Kazima sneaks Alex out of The Dumping Ground to get George some medicine . Kazima thinks George and Alex 's pact to stay together is preventing George from getting well and Alex getting proper care and George reveals to Kazima he was brought up in care . May - Li is suspicious of what 's going on , but Kazima refuses to tell her and May - Li decides to trust her . The animals are let out and Sam helps Anjli round them up and Dexter helps get the bull into his enclosure and Mike and Anjli find Candi - Rose with a sheep and she gives him back when they reassure her he is looked after . When George disappears , Alex , Kazima , Tyler and May - Li find him , but George orders Alex to leave him alone and he tells Kazima he did it for Alex . Anjli invites Candi - Rose back to the farm to help out . The young people return home and are not pleased with Alex being there and that children 's services have given him permission to stay , but Kazima persuades them to give him a chance . Candi - Rose decides to become vegetarian and Kazima considers a career in the caring profession .",
"13": "78 11 `` The Wardrobe '' Jordan Hogg Jeff Povey 24 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 0.16 Kazima , Ryan and Joseph remain at The Dumping Ground on their own whilst the other young people out with Mike . Before May - Li arrives , Kazima , Ryan and Joseph have to move Kazima 's wardrobe , which is being picked up by a friend of Mike 's relative , Manny , for another wardrobe , which Mike says is cursed . Ryan refuses to help Kazima , so Kazima takes a medal belonging to Ryan 's grandfather until he helps . The new wardrobe arrives and they are shocked with the size and they struggle to get it inside . Kazima and Ryan disagree with the wardrobe being cursed , but Joseph gets stuck in the wardrobe . When Kazima and Ryan find things to help get Joseph out , Manny arrives and takes the new wardrobe , so Kazima and Ryan try and find him . Joseph tries to give them clues to where he is on the phone whilst Manny decides to sell the wardrobe instead of giving it to charity . Joseph tells Kazima and Ryan he 's at the docks and his phone dies . The wardrobe is put into a storage container and Joseph uses Ryan 's medal as a screwdriver . Kazima and Ryan reach the docks and find Manny and they realise Manny did n't hear Joseph shouting as he wore headphones . Kazima and Ryan find the boat has gone and as they leave , Ryan spots his medal and Joseph appears , explaining that he escaped through the back . 79 12 `` Farvel '' Jordan Hogg Ian Kershaw 31 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 0.16 Kazima checks her online appeal she set up to find her father and brother and she receives a message from someone claiming to know the whereabouts of her father . Alex is upset at the realisation that Kazima would leave if she found her family whilst Floss is pleased she has nits , so May - Li applies nit shampoo . Kazima tells Alex it wo n't harm to open up to people and Kazima is emotional when she receives a video call from her father , who is now living in Denmark and wants Kazima to join him .",
"14": "Kazima 's announcement that she is leaving the following day upsets the other young people , but Tyler persuades them to be happy for Kazima and that they should throw her a party . Kazima 's clothes are thrown out of the window by Alex , but Kazima reminds everyone that Alex needs care and Alex tells her that everyone he trusts always leaves him . Kazima introduces Alex to her father by video call and Kazima gives him her necklace . At her party , Kazima gives the young people a present and card and tells them that she will miss them . The young people have to have another lot of nit shampoo on and they think Alex has nits and Candi - Rose tells them she thinks he stole Kazima 's necklace , not knowing she gave it to him . On her last day , Kazima says goodbye to the young people and May - Li drives her to the airport . Alex trashes the mural with paint and Tyler tells them that he did n't steal Kazima 's necklace and Tyler tells the young people that they are a family . May - Li realises she passed on headlice , catching it from her own children and Alex reads his letter from Kazima . Kazima arrives in Denmark and is reunited with her father and brother Amir . Final Appearance : Akuc Bol as Kazima Tako Part 2 80 13 `` Choose Your Own Adventure '' David Innes Edwards Owen Lloyd - Fox 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 0.25 Mike finds all the young people on their technology and forces them to hand over their electronics . Ryan tells Alex that he should run away , but refuses to give in to Alex 's demand of money and his phone , but tells him he can get all sorts of gadgets . May - Li gives Floss a book from her childhood and after reading it , Floss suggests to the young people they should go an adventure . Floss is annoyed that Mike has followed them and the young people soon decide to leave . Floss finds a tunnel in the garden and Alex is caught in the drawers , where the young people 's electronics and Alex tells Mike that Ryan set him up and threatens to leave . Floss gets locked in the tunnel and uses a radio to communicate .",
"15": "Alex hangs up on Mike 's phone call , thinking of leaving , but returns home . Alex gets Floss out of the tunnel . Mike gives the young people their technology back , who tell Mike that they have declared Tuesday 's as technology free and Mike tells Alex that despite Ryan not admitting to setting him up , he believes Alex . Floss wants to be best friends with Alex and gives him Jeff . 81 14 `` Making Waves '' David Innes Edwards Ella Greenhill 20 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 0.19 Some of the young people are going out to the beach whilst some are remaining behind for the new girl Taz , with Jody selected to look after her . May - Li convinces Taz to go inside . At the beach , Finn , Dexter , Archie and Joseph are taken in by a legend story . Mike assigns the young people at the beach some different activities and Floss watches Taz unpack in her room as they are sharing . Taz knocks over some snacks when she overhears Jody complain about her to May - Li and Taz throws mud over Jody . Jody covers tape over the cold tap and Taz trashes Sasha 's room . At the beach , Finn , Dexter , Archie and Joseph find a message in the bottle and want to find the missing gold . Taz does n't want to share with Floss , demanding Jody 's room . Jody reminisces about her first day and how Tracy made it fun . Tyler tells Ryan that his behaviour is horrible towards the others and Candi - Rose questions how Sasha behaves . Sasha destroys her and Candi - Rose 's sculpture when he makes remarks about how Candi - Rose makes Sasha softer and Candi - Rose runs off when Sasha insults her . The boys dicover something buried in the sand and Jody offers to give her room up for Taz until she settles in before showing her the assault course she did for her . The boys find a chest of gold coins and Taz decides to share with Floss .",
"16": "First Appearance : Jasmine Uson as Taz De Souza 82 15 `` The Phantom of Ashdene Ridge '' David Innes Edwards Vincent Lund & Matthew Cooke 27 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 0.24 On Halloween , the young people are introduced to the new night manager , Mimi Blunt . Some of the young people opt out of going to a Halloween show . Mimi demands that Alex empties the vacuum after he refuses to her request and she assigns other chores to the young people . Tyler finds an old journal behind the skirting board in the kitchen and shares the content of the journal with the others , realising it was written by a young person in care in the 1980s that mentions a ghost and has missing pages . Mimi confiscates the journal and Tyler suggests the young people do a ghost hunt . Tyler and Joseph hunt for clues in the attic and with Alex , they find an entrance to another attic . Mimi catches Chloe and Candi - Rose looking for the journal in the office , but they manage to talk their way out of trouble and Candi - Rose is freaked out when she thinks she hears a ghost . Chloe and Candi - Rose get the journal and Tyler and Alex are scared when a mysterious figure chases after them . Chloe and Candi - Rose end up trapped in Chloe 's bedroom whilst Tyler and Alex hide in the bathroom . Candi - Rose opens up about her sister to Chloe and when Mimi gets the young people together , Chloe accuses Mimi of being behind everything as she tried to distract them and wanted all the young people out of the house . Tyler recognises Mimi 's locket and the young people establish a connection between a picture from the secret attic and the ghost . The young people lock Mimi into a bedroom and find lamps in the attic that affects the moonlight , which leads them to finding a painting . They are chased by the mysterious figure and unmask it , who is a woman and they tell Mimi they know she is a former young person named Kerren who tried to figure out the clues when she was a resident and found out about the painting 's worth . The mysterious figure woman is revealed to be Kerren 's sister and Mimi unintentionally destroys the painting .",
"17": "83 16 `` The Switch '' David Innes Edwards Sarah - Louise Hawkins 3 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 0.23 Billie and Toni spend time with potential adoptive parents , Sally and Dom Harper , at The Dumping Ground and at their house . An electrician is needed to fix wires in Jody 's room , so she has to share with Sasha , which does n't impress either of them . When Billie and Toni return , Floss plants the doubt that Toni is n't keen on the adoption and Floss tells Billie that she has to make sure that Toni does n't change her mind . Sasha is annoyed with Jody 's snoring and records it , but in the morning , pours water over her . Billie and Floss try to convince Toni that living with lots of other people is annoying . Sasha threatens to play the recording when Jody messes Sasha 's things and refuses to tidy up . Toni announces to Billie that she does n't want to be fostered and Jody hides Sasha 's jacket when Sasha refuses to delete the recording until Jody leaves her room . Billie and Floss lock Toni in the shed and Billie pretends to be herself and Toni to the social worker . Dexter and Archie let Toni out of the shed and the social worker realises what Billie has done and Billie and Toni are both annoyed with each other . Toni refuses to talk to Billie and May - Li loses patience with Jody and Sasha 's constant arguing . Floss tells Toni that despite having a mother , she would like a family and Jody and Sasha apologise to one another . When the Harper 's visit so Billie can talk to them , Toni decides she wants to live with the Harper 's and they move in with the Harper 's . Final Appearances : Gwen Currant as Billie Trent and Nelly Currant as Toni Trent 84 17 `` Mission Totally Impossible '' Simon Massey Keith Brumpton 10 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) -- The young people try to fool Mike that Ashdene Ridge has been sold and bought by a property developer , with Jody filming it .",
"18": "When Mike finds out it is a prank , he confiscates Jody 's phone and he is challenged to pull a prank . Jody almost gets her phone back from the safe , but Mike catches her and May - Li brings new girl Charlie to The Dumping Ground , who wants to set up equipment to look at wildlife . Mike decides to upgrade the security and Gary Bradford from the security firm arrives to install a new safe . To retrieve her phone , Jody gets all the young people in to help her and Ryan decides to help them , but tells them they need Gary 's help . Sasha convinces Gary to help them with the new security and after Gary helps them disable the cameras and alarms . When they open the safe , May - Li arrives with a police officer to arrest Gary , stating he is responsible for robberies and Gary turns out to be Mike in disguise . Mike explains how he did his plan and Charlie returns Jody 's phone , which was hidden in the shed by Mike . First Appearances : Emily Burnett as Charlie Morris 85 18 `` Sick '' Simon Massey Kim Millar 17 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 0.24 Sasha gets locked in the bathroom when the handle comes off and the young people notice that Floss smells . Apprentice Josh gets Sasha out and Floss has a spot on her nose . Josh takes a liking to her and he invites Sasha to a gig whilst Floss uses spot cream , but asks her to a warehouse to see some art . Joseph tells Dexter and Archie that puberty and hormones are the reason Floss and Sasha are being the way they are . Dexter is hurt when Sasha can not help with his homework , choosing Josh over him . When Sasha returns home , Mike reprimands her for not having his permission to go out and when Mike refuses to let Sasha go out again with Josh , she argues that she has permission from her mum and social worker . Josh tells Sasha that he got turned down from an art course and Floss sprays herself with deodorant . Mike invites Josh to stay for dinner and questions him about his education and social life and Dexter does a lie detector test on Josh . Mike gives his consent to Sasha to go to the gig and Sasha dispels Dexter 's doubts that she will leave him .",
"19": "Jody and Charlie confront Floss over taking their deodorant and spot cream , but May - Li asks them to take it easy as Floss is going through puberty . Sasha is upset when Josh fails to show up at the gig . When May - Li finds Floss meditating in her room , May - Li talks to Floss about her body changing and to come to her . Josh apologises to Sasha for missing the gig , but he was offered a place at college and Jody and Charlie give Floss a puberty kit . 86 19 `` Rough Justice '' Simon Massey Matt Evans 24 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) 0.18 The young people set up a kangaroo court after money is stolen and Jody and Joseph are the prime suspects . Alex sorts through things from his mum . When Mike takes the stand , he explains the money stolen was raised from a jumble sale organised by Joseph for a trip to the planetarium and during the jumble sale , Finn breaks an ornament . Floss , who is acting as defence for the prosecution , accuses Mike of eating a packet of doughnuts . Finn asks Alex along to the library with him . Archie tells Sasha , who is defending Jody and Joseph , that he and Joseph were working on making the solar system , but Floss presents images of Joseph and Archie in the garden trying solar powersl . When Candi - Rose is questioned , the young people are furious that she kept her make up instead of selling it at the jumble sale . Finn takes Alex to the park and they talk about Alex 's mum and Alex disagrees with Finn that his mum may be sorry . When Floss shows Joseph his technology catalogue with a £ 25 item marked , Floss accuses Joseph of having the opportunity to steal when he was in the garden . When Floss presents a letter from Jody 's brother Kingsley , Jody reveals that he wrote for money , giving her motive to steal . Alex retells the day he was abandoned by his mum outside his dad 's work . The young people who are acting as a jury deliberate who took the money and Ryan is determined to convince them Jody and Joseph are guilty . When the jury are about to give their verdict , Joseph tells them that Floss told her to blame Floss .",
"20": "When Finn returns back , Mike finds a note on him saying that he owes £ 25 , which he used to replace Alex 's ornament . 87 20 `` Where You Belong '' Simon Massey Furquan Akhtar 1 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 0.23 Dexter is overseeing some of the young people cleaning the minibus . May - Li is annoyed with the mess and is further annoyed when she is soaked by the young people and Mike playing with water guns and buckets of water . Mike tells off Jody , Ryan , Sasha and Alex when they cause mess and Ryan suggests they use Mike and May - Li arguing to their advantage . The young people complain about Dexter bossing them about and being selfish and Charlie joins Floss , Finn and Archie with a game of badminton . Dexter annoys Floss and Candi - Rose by taking the tablet why they are using it and Dexter decides he wants to get his own . Whilst Mike is doing May - Li 's appraisal , May - Li complains about the young people 's behaviour and out of frustration , Mike notes down May - Li 's worst qualities . Ryan reads what Mike has wrote and shares it with Jody and Sasha , which May - Li overhears and May - Li is hurt . Dexter is fired by the young people and Ryan owns up to what he said to Jody and Sasha . The young people make a meal for Mike and May - Li to talk and when May - Li does n't believe things are progressing , Mike asks if she is quitting and May - Li furiously agrees to quit . When the others find out , Charlie tells May - Li that she and Mike are the closest they all have to a mum and dad and the young people tell May - Li they do n't want her to go . May - Li takes back what she said and explains that she and Mike lost their tempers . Mike shows May - Li his positive appraisal and May - Li joins in in a water fight .",
"21": "88 21 `` # SaveTheDG '' Steve Brett Dawn Harrison 8 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) N / A Mike comes across a letter from a development firm in the garden and everyone is horrified to learn that they are planning to knock The Dumping Ground down and build flats . When Mike is told they received a written notice , Taz reveals she hid the post . After a visit to the council , Mike and Tyler tell everyone the decision was taken to close The Dumping Ground was down to money . Candi - Rose frets to May - Li about her needs in another placement and wants to be with Chloe . May - Li tells Mike there was a meeting about the development , which she thought was for care leavers . Sasha posts a vlog whilst the others go through contacting old residents , Joseph does things online and Tyler does the PR . Charlie explains where the young people would go if The Dumping Ground was shut and Candi - Rose encourages Chloe to write a letter to her social worker to make sure they stay together . When there 's a visit by the mayor , Ryan borrows Mike 's MBE to help keep The Dumping Ground open , but Alex eggs the Mayor and Peter and the pair of them are returned to Mike after being told they could have been charged with public disorder . The Dumping Ground appears on the news and Mike is horrified that Peter is head of building planning and Janet exaggerates the young people 's behaviour . Everyone 's delighted when Tee and Johnny visit to help save The Dumping Ground and they suggest spreading it online , but Joseph suggests crowdfunding to buy The Dumping Ground . Chloe decides she should go to London to see the royal family and the young people decide to sacrifice their Christmas money . Tyler finds out from Peter that contracts are being signed in a week whilst the young people talk Mike and May - Li through their crowdfunding idea . Mike 's MBE goes missing , as does the money and Mike proceeds to searching the young people 's bedrooms whilst the young people put up Christmas decorations . Candi - Rose is revealed to be the one to have taken the MBE , admitting that she took it because she fears being separated from Chloe and Mike reports the money missing to the police .",
"22": "Alex is taken to the station by the police after matching a description of someone breaking in and Peter reveals that the sale has been brought forward to the following day due to the management of The Dumping Ground . Tee texts Elektra , who leaves a garage on her motorbike . 89 22 `` What Lies Beneath '' Steve Brett Dawn Harrison 15 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) TBD Elektra returns to The Dumping Ground and greets everyone before sarcastically insulting the Umblebys . The Umblebys receive an email about the sale being put on hold due to the reports of Roman remains on the site , which the young people , Mike and May - Li are delighted about . Peter comes across Frank at the council whilst trying to find the boss , but Frank tells him his boss is away and is working on the site report . Elektra emerges when Peter leaves , unimpresssed with how things are going . Alex overhears Peter and Janet discussing their own hired archaeological expert , who he will bribe with money to get his own way . Tyler , Jody and Alex find Frank in the garden taking photos and realises that everything about the Roman remains is a scam and Elektra is in on it . The young people decide to buy Roman coins to fake Roman remains and Floss talks to Janet , who confides in Floss that Edward was forced to go to music college by Peter . At the museum , Jody stops Alex from stealing a Roman artefact . When the TV journalist arrives to film the news on the Roman remains , she exposes it as a con when she finds one of the coins that is professionally cleaned . May - Li tells Chloe and Candi - Rose they can not be placed together as the placement suitable for Chloe and Ryan is where Candi - Rose used to live . Finn does n't want to be in a foster family and Floss wants Elektra to foster her , but May - Li insists Finn and Floss are going to live with foster families . Frank and Tyler look into Peter 's plans and realise that Peter and Janet will gain a luxury house for the development . Mike cooks Christmas dinner for the young people and Mike tries to encourage happiness amongst the young people . Janet returns the stolen money to Tyler and the theft was arranged by Peter .",
"23": "Janet tells Tyler that she wants to remain where she is and Tyler gets Frank to search something . Mike tricks Peter inside and the young people tell him they know he is getting a new house . Peter gives in and the young people celebrate Christmas and Tee and Elektra realise that they always had family Christmases . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20 January 2017 CBBC schedule '' . BBC . 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBBC Productions announce new commissions and recommissions '' . BBC Media Centre . 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Dumping Ground Heroes And Villains '' . BBC . 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 4 - 1 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 2 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 1 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground Series 5 Episode 2 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 3 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 3 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 4 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 4 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 5 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 5 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 6 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 6 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 7 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 7 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 8 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 8 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 9 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 9 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 10 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 10 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 11 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 11 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 12 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 12 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 13 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 13 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 14 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 14 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 15 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ The Dumping Ground - Series 5 Episode 15 - CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 16 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 17 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 18 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 19 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 20 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 21 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dumping Ground Series 5 - 22 '' . Radio Times . 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Whetstone , David ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` Series five of The Dumping Ground is taking shape in Morpeth with some new stars '' . Chronice Live . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ May , Luke ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` Orpington starlet lands role in Bafta - winning comedy drama '' . Bromley Times . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dumping_Ground_(series_5)&oldid=817505207 '' Categories : 2017 British television seasons The Dumping Ground Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 21 : 00 .",
"26": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Presidential succession Act - wikipedia Presidential succession Act Jump to : navigation , search A Presidential Succession Act is a federal statute establishing who shall exercise the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States in the event that neither a President nor Vice President is able to do so . Such acts have been enacted in 1792 , 1886 , and most recently in 1947 . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 of the United States Constitution authorizes Congress to enact such a statute . The role of Congress regarding presidential succession is also addressed by the Twentieth Amendment and by the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current text 2 Previous acts 2.1 Presidential Succession Act of 1792 2.1. 1 Provisions 2.1. 2 Potential implementation 2.2 Presidential Succession Act of 1886 2.2. 1 Provisions 2.2. 2 Potential implementation 3 Presidential Succession Act of 1947 3.1 Potential implementations 3.2 Revisions 4 Constitutionality 4.1 Meaning of `` officer '' 4.2 Bumping 4.3 Political question 5 Twenty - fifth Amendment 6 Next in line 6.1 Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 6.2 Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1886 6.3 Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 6.3. 1 Invocations of the Twenty - fifth Amendment 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Current text ( edit ) Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) ( a ) ( 1 ) If , by reason of death , resignation , removal from office , inability , or failure to qualify , there is neither a President nor Vice President to discharge the powers and duties of the office of President , then the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall , upon his resignation as Speaker and as Representative in Congress , act as President . ( 2 ) The same rule shall apply in the case of the death , resignation , removal from office , or inability of an individual acting as President under this subsection .",
"1": "( b ) If , at the time when under subsection ( a ) of this section a Speaker is to begin the discharge of the powers and duties of the office of President , there is no Speaker , or the Speaker fails to qualify as Acting President , then the President pro tempore of the Senate shall , upon his resignation as President pro tempore and as Senator , act as President . ( c ) An individual acting as President under subsection ( a ) or subsection ( b ) of this section shall continue to act until the expiration of the then current Presidential term , except that -- ( 1 ) if his discharge of the powers and duties of the office is founded in whole or in part on the failure of both the President - elect and the Vice-President - elect to qualify , then he shall act only until a President or Vice President qualifies ; and ( 2 ) if his discharge of the powers and duties of the office is founded in whole or in part on the inability of the President or Vice President , then he shall act only until the removal of the disability of one of such individuals . ( d ) ( 1 ) If , by reason of death , resignation , removal from office , inability , or failure to qualify , there is no President pro tempore to act as President under subsection ( b ) of this section , then the officer of the United States who is highest on the following list , and who is not under disability to discharge the powers and duties of the office of President shall act as President : Secretary of State , Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of Defense , Attorney General , Secretary of the Interior , Secretary of Agriculture , Secretary of Commerce , Secretary of Labor , Secretary of Health and Human Services , Secretary of Housing and Urban Development , Secretary of Transportation , Secretary of Energy , Secretary of Education , Secretary of Veterans Affairs , Secretary of Homeland Security . ( 2 ) An individual acting as President under this subsection shall continue so to do until the expiration of the then current Presidential term , but not after a qualified and prior - entitled individual is able to act , except that the removal of the disability of an individual higher on the list contained in paragraph ( 1 ) of this subsection or the ability to qualify on the part of an individual higher on such list shall not terminate his service .",
"2": "( 3 ) The taking of the oath of office by an individual specified in the list in paragraph ( 1 ) of this subsection shall be held to constitute his resignation from the office by virtue of the holding of which he qualifies to act as President . ( e ) Subsections ( a ) , ( b ) , and ( d ) of this section shall apply only to such officers as are eligible to the office of President under the Constitution . Subsection ( d ) of this section shall apply only to officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate , prior to the time of the death , resignation , removal from office , inability , or failure to qualify , of the President pro tempore , and only to officers not under impeachment by the House of Representatives at the time the powers and duties of the office of President devolve upon them . ( f ) During the period that any individual acts as President under this section , his compensation shall be at the rate then provided by law in the case of the President . Previous acts ( edit ) Presidential succession Act of 1792 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 consisted of sections 9 and 10 of a larger federal statute . Provisions ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 Section 9 declared that , in the event of the removal , resignation , death , or inability of both the President and Vice President , the President pro tempore of the United States Senate was next in line of succession after the Vice President , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . If both the President and Vice President were removed , resigned , or died , section 10 required there to be a presidential election in December of the year in which section 9 was invoked ( or in December of the next year , if there was less than two months to go until December and the presidential term was not about to expire ) . Potential implementation ( edit ) While the 1792 Act was never implemented , there were ten instances when the Vice Presidency was vacant . Had the President died , resigned , been removed from office , or been disabled , the President pro tempore of the Senate would have become the Acting President of the United States : Vice Presidents John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Andrew Johnson and Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the Presidency following the deaths of their predecessors .",
"3": "George Clinton , Elbridge Gerry , William R. King , Henry Wilson and Thomas A. Hendricks died in office , and John C. Calhoun resigned . The Act came very close to being implemented on three occasions : In 1844 , President John Tyler narrowly missed being killed by the explosion of a bow gun on board USS Princeton while sailing on a demonstration in the Potomac River below Washington ; had this occurred , President pro tempore Willie Person Mangum would have become Acting President . In 1865 , President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth . Two of Booth 's accomplices also intended to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward . Seward 's would - be assassin , Lewis Powell , attacked but failed to kill him , whereas George Atzerodt , who planned to murder Johnson , never acted . If Atzerodt had assassinated Johnson , President pro tempore Lafayette S. Foster would have become Acting President . In 1868 , after President Andrew Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives , the Senate came one vote short of removing him from office ; if Johnson had been removed , President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become Acting President . Presidential succession Act of 1886 ( edit ) Provisions ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1886 , following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks in the previous year , a new Presidential Succession Act was adopted , replacing the President `` pro tempore '' of the United States Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives on the list with the members of the Presidential Cabinet . The order of succession was determined by the order in which each cabinet department had been created -- with the Secretary of State being first in line after the Vice President . Six former Secretaries of State went on to be elected President ; only one Congressional leader , Speaker of the House of Representatives James K. Polk , had done so to that time . The change to the order of succession was widely accepted . The 1886 Act did not require a special presidential election to be held . Potential implementation ( edit ) Like the 1792 Act , the 1886 Act was never implemented during its 61 years , but there were five instances where the Vice Presidency was vacant .",
"4": "Had the President died , resigned , been removed from office , or been disabled , the Secretary of State would have become Acting President : Vice Presidents Theodore Roosevelt , Calvin Coolidge , and Harry S. Truman assumed the Presidency following the deaths of their predecessors . Vice Presidents Garret Hobart and James S. Sherman died in office . President Woodrow Wilson drew up a plan whereby , given the turmoil of World War I , if his Republican opponent Charles Evans Hughes had won the 1916 election then Wilson would have appointed Hughes to be the Secretary of State . Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would have then immediately resigned to allow Hughes to serve as Acting President until the end of the lame - duck period on March 4 , 1917 . Wilson 's narrow victory over Hughes rendered the plan moot . Presidential succession Act of 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 ( original version ) Shortly after President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's death , President Harry S. Truman lobbied for a revision of the law and consequently the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 was passed . The 1947 Act restored the Congressional officers to places directly after the Vice President , but switched their order from the 1792 Act , placing the Speaker of the House first and the President pro tempore second . The Presidential Cabinet officers then follow in the order in which their respective departments were created . In 1947 , the Secretary of Defense was created , along with the United States Department of Defense , following the reorganization and removal from the cabinet of the Secretary of War ( renamed the Secretary of the Army ) and Secretary of the Navy , along with the creation of a new Department of the Air Force , also with its own Secretary . In 1948 , the new Secretary of Defense replaced the longtime historic offices of the old Secretaries of War and the Navy in the line of presidential succession . Potential implementations ( edit ) Like its predecessors , the 1947 Act has not been implemented . There have been seven instances where it would have been if the President or Acting President had died , resigned , been removed from office , or been disabled : During the first two years of this Act being in effect there was no Vice President . Harry S. Truman had become President upon Franklin D. Roosevelt 's death in 1945 .",
"5": "Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 , Lyndon B. Johnson became President . There was no Vice President until January 20 , 1965 , when Hubert H. Humphrey became Vice President . There was no Vice President during the two months in 1973 between Spiro Agnew 's resignation and Gerald Ford 's confirmation as Vice President . In 1974 , there was no Vice President during the four - month period between Ford 's succession to the Presidency and the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller . In 1985 , President Ronald Reagan invoked Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , making Vice President George H.W. Bush Acting President for approximately eight hours . In 2002 and 2007 , President George W. Bush invoked Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , making Vice President Dick Cheney Acting President for a little over two hours each time . In the 1973 and 1974 cases , implementation of the 1947 Act was put off by Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment providing the ability to fill the two Vice Presidential vacancies . During the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , several people holding offices in the line of succession ( among them Speaker Dennis Hastert and Senate President pro tempore Robert Byrd ) were taken to `` secure locations '' in order to guarantee that at least one officer in the line of succession would survive the attacks . When the President attends an event with the Vice-President , Speaker of the House , President pro tempore of the Senate , and the Cabinet , one member of the Cabinet does not attend , being the `` designated successor '' . This ensures there is always someone remaining to exercise the powers of the presidency , even if all the other officers are killed at the event . During the inauguration of President Barack Obama on January 20 , 2009 , the Bush and Obama transition teams agreed to name Secretary of Defense Robert Gates as the `` designated successor '' and he was taken to a secure location instead of attending the ceremony . Revisions ( edit ) The Act has been modified several times with the addition of new cabinet positions , but the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002 caused controversy that delayed its secretary being placed in the succession order .",
"6": "Many in the Congress felt the Secretary of Homeland Security should have been placed higher in the order -- the rationale being that , as the officer responsible for disaster relief and security , the Secretary would be more capable of acting as President than , say , the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development . It was proposed that he be granted the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the formation of the Department of Defense . In the 109th Congress , legislation was introduced to place the Secretary of Homeland Security into the line of succession after the Attorney General , but the bill expired at the end of the 109th Congress and was not reintroduced . The matter remained unresolved until March 9 , 2006 , when the Act was amended to add the Secretary of Homeland Security after the Secretary of Veterans Affairs . Constitutionality ( edit ) The constitutionality of the Act is disputed . Yale Law School Professor Akhil Reed Amar says the current Act is `` a disastrous statute , an accident waiting to happen '' . There are two main areas of concern . Meaning of `` Officer '' ( edit ) There are concerns regarding the constitutionality of having members of Congress in the line of succession . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 of the Constitution specifies that only an `` Officer '' may be designated as a Presidential successor . Constitutional scholars from James Madison to the present day have argued that the term `` Officer '' refers to an `` Officer of the United States , '' a term of art that excludes members of Congress . In testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee on September 16 , 2003 , Miller Baker said : The 1947 Act is probably unconstitutional because it appears that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are not `` Officers '' eligible to act as President within the meaning of the Succession Clause . This is because in referring to an `` Officer '' , the Succession Clause , taken in its context in Section 1 of Article II , probably refers to an `` Officer of the United States '' , a term of art under the Constitution , rather than any officer , which would include legislative and state officers referred to in the Constitution ( e.g. , the reference to state militia officers found in Article I , Section 8 ) .",
"7": "In the very next section of Article II , the President is empowered to `` require the Opinion , in writing , of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments '' and to appoint , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate , `` Officers of the United States '' . These are the `` Officers '' to whom the Succession Clause probably refers . This contextual reading is confirmed by Madison 's notes from the Constitutional Convention , which reveal that the Convention 's Committee of Style , which had no authority to make substantive changes , substituted `` Officer '' in the Succession Clause in place of `` Officer of the United States , '' probably because the Committee considered the full phrase redundant . In Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional , Akhil Reed Amar and Vikram Amar refer to Article I , Section 6 , Clause 2 ( a.k.a. , Incompatibility Clause ) as evidence that members of the Congress can not be in the Presidential line of succession . That clause states : No Senator or Representative shall , during the Time for which he was elected , be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States , which shall have been created , or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under the United States , shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office . Bumping ( edit ) The Act is also controversial because it provides that a cabinet officer can serve as Acting President only until a new Speaker of the House or a new President Pro Tempore of the Senate is chosen , who would then replace him as Acting President . This is sometimes referred to as `` bumping '' and appears to contradict the text of the Constitution , which says ( in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 ) : `` ... and such Officer shall act accordingly , until the Disability be removed , or a President shall be elected . '' The Continuity of Government Commission argued that as well as going against the language of the Constitution , bumping violates the doctrine of separation of powers by undermining the independence of the executive from the Congress : `` The Constitution on its face seems to stipulate that once a person is deemed to be acting president by the Presidential Succession Act , he or she can not be replaced by a different person .",
"8": "This interpretation makes some logical sense as the provision would presumably prevent the confusion that would arise if the presidency were transferred to several different individuals in a short period of time . It would also seemingly prevent Congress from exercising influence on the executive branch by threatening to replace a cabinet member acting as president with a newly elected Speaker of the House . '' Political question ( edit ) Even if a court heard a case regarding whether the Act is unconstitutional , a court may decide not to rule on the merits of such a case . For example , in The Political Question of Presidential Succession , Northwestern University Professor Steven G. Calabresi suggests that this Act 's constitutionality may be a political question . Twenty - fifth Amendment ( edit ) Main article : Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment allows the President to nominate a new Vice President when the office of Vice President is vacant . The nominee becomes Vice President if confirmed by each house of the Congress . Section 2 has been invoked twice : 1973 -- Gerald Ford became Vice President following Spiro Agnew resigning 1974 -- Nelson Rockefeller became Vice President following President Richard Nixon 's resignation and Ford becoming President . In addition , Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment provides that whenever the President of the United States transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office , the powers and duties of the presidency shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President , until the President transmits to the President pro tempore and the Speaker a written declaration that he has recovered . During such time , the Vice President would not be able to exercise his duties as President of the Senate , which would make the President pro tempore of the Senate the body 's presiding officer . Section 3 has been invoked three times : July 13 , 1985 -- President Ronald Reagan underwent surgery to remove cancerous polyps from his colon . Prior to undergoing surgery , he transmitted a letter to Speaker of the House of Representatives Tip O'Neill and President pro tempore of the Senate Strom Thurmond declaring his incapacity . Vice President George H.W. Bush was Acting President from 11 : 28 a.m. until 7 : 22 p.m.",
"9": ", when Reagan transmitted a second letter to resume the powers and duties of the office . June 29 , 2002 -- President George W. Bush declared himself temporarily unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office prior to undergoing a colonoscopy , which was done under sedation . He invoked Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment in letters given to White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales , who transmitted them by fax to Speaker of the House of Representatives Dennis Hastert and President pro tempore of the Senate Robert Byrd . Gonzales called Hastert 's and Byrd 's offices to confirm receipt of the letters , and then contacted Vice President Dick Cheney to advise him of the transfer . Cheney was Acting President from 7 : 09 a.m. to 9 : 24 a.m. , whereupon Bush transmitted a second letter to resume the powers and duties of the office . July 21 , 2007 -- Under the same circumstances as the 2002 invocation , President George W. Bush transmitted a letter to President pro tempore of the Senate Robert Byrd and Speaker of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi declaring himself temporarily unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office prior to undergoing a colonoscopy , which was done under sedation . Vice President Cheney was Acting President from 7 : 16 a.m. to 9 : 21 a.m. that day . Next in line ( edit ) The following people have been next in line for the powers and duties of the Presidency ( i.e.",
"10": ", to become Acting President , in the event of the death , resignation , removal , or disability of the President ) when there was either no Vice President or the Vice President was Acting President : Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 ( edit ) # Name Office Title Party Dates Reason President William Harris Crawford President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic - Republican April 20 , 1812 -- March 4 , 1813 Death of Vice President George Clinton Madison Langdon Cheves Speaker of the House Democratic - Republican November 23 , 1814 -- November 25 , 1814 Death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry Madison John Gaillard President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic - Republican November 25 , 1814 -- March 4 , 1817 Elected President pro tempore Madison Hugh Lawson White President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 28 , 1832 -- March 4 , 1833 Resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun Jackson 5 Samuel L. Southard President pro tempore of the Senate Whig April 4 , 1841 -- May 31 , 1842 Death of President William Henry Harrison Tyler 6 Willie P. Mangum President pro tempore of the Senate Whig May 31 , 1842 -- March 4 , 1845 Elected President pro tempore upon the resignation of President pro tempore Samuel L. Southard Tyler Vacant / Howell Cobb July 9 , 1850 -- July 11 , 1850 Death of President Zachary Taylor ; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate ; Speaker of the House Howell Cobb was not yet 35 years old and so might not have been eligible , depending on whether the qualifications for the presidency apply to becoming Acting President . Fillmore 7 William R. King President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic July 11 , 1850 -- December 20 , 1852 Elected President pro tempore Fillmore 8 David Rice Atchison President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 20 , 1852 -- March 4 ,",
"11": "1853 Elected President pro tempore Fillmore 9 David Rice Atchison President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic April 18 , 1853 -- December 4 , 1854 Death of Vice President William R. King Pierce 10 Lewis Cass President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 4 , 1854 -- December 5 , 1854 Elected President pro tempore Pierce 11 Jesse D. Bright President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 5 , 1854 -- June 9 , 1856 Elected President pro tempore Pierce 12 Charles E. Stuart President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic June 9 , 1856 -- June 10 , 1856 Elected President pro tempore Pierce 13 Jesse D. Bright President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic June 11 , 1856 -- January 6 , 1857 Elected President pro tempore Pierce 14 James M. Mason President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic January 6 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1857 Elected President pro tempore Pierce 15 Lafayette S. Foster President pro tempore of the Senate Republican April 15 , 1865 -- March 2 , 1867 Death of President Abraham Lincoln A. Johnson 16 Benjamin F. Wade President pro tempore of the Senate Republican March 2 , 1867 -- March 4 , 1869 Elected President pro tempore A. Johnson 17 Thomas W. Ferry President pro tempore of the Senate Republican November 22 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1877 Death of Vice President Henry Wilson Grant Vacant September 19 , 1881 -- October 10 , 1881 Death of President James A. Garfield ; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House Arthur 18 Thomas F. Bayard President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic October 10 , 1881 -- October 13 ,",
"12": "1881 Elected President pro tempore Arthur 19 David Davis III President pro tempore of the Senate Independent October 13 , 1881 -- March 3 , 1883 Elected President pro tempore Arthur 20 George F. Edmunds President pro tempore of the Senate Republican March 3 , 1883 -- March 3 , 1885 Elected President pro tempore Arthur Vacant November 25 , 1885 -- December 7 , 1885 Death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks ; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House Cleveland 21 John Sherman President pro tempore of the Senate Republican December 7 , 1885 -- January 19 , 1886 Elected President pro tempore Cleveland Under the Presidential succession Act of 1886 ( edit ) # Name Office Title Party Dates Reason President 22 Thomas F. Bayard Secretary of State Democratic January 19 , 1886 -- March 4 , 1889 Change in line of succession Cleveland 23 John Hay Secretary of State Republican November 21 , 1899 -- March 4 , 1901 Death of Vice President Garret Hobart McKinley 24 John Hay Secretary of State Republican September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1905 Death of President William McKinley T. Roosevelt 25 Philander C. Knox Secretary of State Republican October 30 , 1912 -- March 4 , 1913 Death of Vice President James S. Sherman Taft 26 Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State Republican August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 Death of President Warren G. Harding Coolidge 27 Edward Stettinius , Jr . Secretary of State Democratic April 12 , 1945 -- June 27 , 1945 Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt Truman 28 Henry Morgenthau , Jr .",
"13": "Secretary of the Treasury Democratic June 27 , 1945 -- July 3 , 1945 Resignation of Secretary of State Edward Stettinius , Jr . Truman 29 James F. Byrnes Secretary of State Democratic July 3 , 1945 -- January 21 , 1947 Appointed Secretary of State Truman 30 George Marshall Secretary of State Democratic January 21 , 1947 -- July 17 , 1947 Appointed Secretary of State upon the resignation of James F. Byrnes Truman Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( edit ) # Name Office Title Party Dates Reason President 31 Joseph William Martin , Jr . Speaker of the House Republican July 17 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 Change in line of succession Truman 32 Sam Rayburn Speaker of the House Democratic January 3 , 1949 -- January 20 , 1949 Elected Speaker of the House Truman 33 John William McCormack Speaker of the House Democratic November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1965 Death of President John F. Kennedy L. Johnson Invocations of the Twenty - fifth Amendment ( edit ) # Name Office Title Party Dates Reason President Acting President 34 Carl Albert Speaker of the House Democratic October 10 , 1973 -- December 6 , 1973 Resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew ; Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment Nixon N / A 35 Carl Albert Speaker of the House Democratic August 9 , 1974 -- December 19 , 1974 Resignation of President Richard Nixon ; Sections 1 and 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment Ford N / A 36 Thomas P. O'Neill Jr . Speaker of the House Democratic July 13 , 1985 Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment Ronald Reagan George H.W.",
"14": "Bush 37 Dennis Hastert Speaker of the House Republican June 29 , 2002 Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment George W. Bush Dick Cheney 38 Nancy Pelosi Speaker of the House Democratic July 21 , 2007 Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment George W. Bush Dick Cheney See also ( edit ) Acting Vice President of the United States United States presidential line of succession References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 80 -- 199 , S. 564 , 61 Stat. 380 , enacted July 18 , 1947 ^ Jump up to : An Act relative to the Election of a President and Vice President of the United States , and declaring the Officer who shall act as President in case of Vacancies in the offices both of President and Vice President , 1 Stat. 239 , § 9 -- 10 ( March 1 , 1792 ) Jump up ^ The American Heritage Book of the presidents and Famous Americans , Vol. 4 ( American Heritage Publishing Co. , 1967 ) , pp. 298 -- 299 . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed , Amar ; Vikram David Amar ( November 1995 ) . `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' . Stanford Law Review . 48 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 139 . doi : 10.2307 / 1229151 . JSTOR 1229151 . Jump up ^ 24 Stat. 1 , ch. 4 ( 1886 ) Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link and William M. Leary Jr. , `` Election of 1916 '' in Israel , Fred L. , Arthur M. Schlesinger , and Gil Troy. 2012 . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 - 2008 . New York : Facts on File , Inc , 2012 . eBook Collection ( EBSCOhost ) , EBSCOhost ( accessed August 27 , 2017 ) , p. 929 . Jump up ^ `` Gates is designated successor on Inauguration Day '' . Bloomberg News . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` Defense Secretary Robert Gates to be Obama 's ' Designated Successor , ' '' Los Angeles Times , January 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ S. 442 , February 17 , 2005 Jump up ^ § 503 of Pub. L. 109 -- 177 Jump up ^ Ornstein , Norman J. ( February 9 , 2004 ) . `` It 's Armageddon '' . American Enterprise Institute . Jump up ^ Pike , John . `` Ensuring the Continuity of the United States Government : The Presidency '' . Jump up ^ 48 Stan . L. Rev. 113 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Article I - U.S. Constitution - FindLaw '' . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Succession Act '' . Jump up ^ Second Report of the Continuity of Government Commission , 2009 Archived May 23 , 2012 , at WebCite Jump up ^ 48 Stan . L. Rev. 155 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Feerick , John ( 2014 ) . `` 1 '' . The Twenty - Fifth Amendment ( Third ed . ) . Fordham University Press . pp. 44 , fn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 5201 - 5 .",
"16": "External links ( edit ) ' Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation , Congressional Research Service Report for Congress , Order Code RL31761 , September 27 , 2004 Presidential Succession : An Overview with Analysis of Legislation Proposed in the 109th Congress , Congressional Research Service Report for Congress , Order Code RL32969 , June 29 , 2005 Amendment25.com Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession Testimony of M. Miller Baker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Succession_Act&oldid=837772643 '' Categories : 1792 in American law 2nd United States Congress 1886 in American law 49th United States Congress 1947 in American law 80th United States Congress United States federal government administration legislation United States presidential succession Vice Presidency of the United States Continuity of government in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Use mdy dates from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 23 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is under the mask of darth vader
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"0": "Sebastian Shaw ( actor ) - wikipedia Sebastian Shaw ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Sebastian Shaw Shaw in a 1979 episode of Rumpole of the Bailey Sebastian Lewis Shaw ( 1905 - 05 - 29 ) 29 May 1905 Holt , Norfolk , England 23 December 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 23 ) ( aged 89 ) Brighton , Sussex , England Education Slade School of Fine Art Alma mater Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts Occupation Actor director novelist playwright poet Years active 1914 -- 1991 Spouse ( s ) Margaret Kate S Wellesley Lynn ( stage name Delamere ) ( 1929 -- 1956 ) Sebastian Lewis Shaw ( 29 May 1905 -- 23 December 1994 ) was an English actor , director , novelist , playwright and poet . During his 65 - year career , he appeared in dozens of stage performances and more than 40 film and television productions . Shaw was born and brought up in Holt , Norfolk , and made his acting debut at age eight at a London theatre . He studied acting at Gresham 's School and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Although he worked primarily on the London stage , he made his Broadway debut in 1929 , when he played one of the two murderers in Rope 's End . He appeared in his first film , Caste , in 1930 and quickly began to create a name for himself in films . He described himself as a `` rotten actor '' as a youth and said his success was primarily due to his good looks . He claimed to mature as a performer only after returning from service in the Royal Air Force during World War II . Shaw was particularly known for his performances in productions of Shakespeare plays which were considered daring and ahead of their time . In 1966 , he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company , where he remained for a decade and delivered some of his most acclaimed performances . He also wrote several poems and a novel , The Christening , in 1975 .",
"1": "He is also known for his brief but important performance in Return of the Jedi , the original third installment in the Star Wars franchise , in which he portrayed an unmasked and redeemed Anakin Skywalker ( formerly Darth Vader ) , and his ghost in the original version of the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 World War II and post-war career 3 Royal Shakespeare Company 4 Writing career 5 Return of the Jedi 6 Later career and death 7 TV and filmography 8 References 9 External links Early Life and career ( edit ) Shaw was one of three children born to Dr. Geoffrey Shaw , the music master at Gresham 's School , a Norfolk independent boarding school , where Shaw began his education . His uncle , Martin Shaw , was a composer of church music , and his family 's love of music heavily influenced Shaw 's career path . Shaw made his acting debut at age eight on the London stage as one of the juvenile band in The Cockyolly Bird at the Royal Court Theatre in Chelsea on New Year 's Day of 1914 . During his time at Gresham 's , he also played Petruchio in The Taming of the Shrew , his first of many performances from the works of William Shakespeare ; schoolmate W.H. Auden , who would go on to become a highly regarded poet , portrayed Katherina in the play opposite him . After Gresham 's , Shaw planned to become a painter and spent two years at the Slade School of Fine Art before switching his interests to acting ; regarding the change , his father informed him , `` I wondered when you would come to your senses . '' He earned a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in Bloomsbury , London . Actor Charles Laughton enrolled in the Academy at the same time as Shaw , who later said his first impression of Laughton was `` a poor fat boy '' . Although Shaw and his fellow students initially felt pity for Laughton , they were quickly impressed with his talent . A young Sebastian Shaw Shaw appeared in regional theatres in Bristol , Liverpool and Hull . In 1925 , he performed in London as the Archangel in The Sign of the Sun , and played first Lewis Dodd and then the Major in separate productions of The Constant Nymph .",
"2": "He received instruction in verse speaking under famed theatre director William Bridges - Adams in the Stratford Festival Company at Stratford - upon - Avon , where he played some of his early Shakespeare roles , including Romeo in Romeo and Juliet , Ferdinand in The Tempest and Prince Hal in Henry IV in 1926 . He was criticised for the audacity he displayed in the latter role . When Prince Hal takes on his kingship and rejects the self - indulgent character Falstaff , convention of the day called for Prince Hal to change from a jovial drinking partner to an arrogant snob , but Shaw saw the view as simple - minded and contradictory toward Shakespeare 's script . Instead , he displayed inward regrets about leaving Falstaff and accepting the new responsibilities . The interpretation was criticised at the time but , years later , became the standard approach to the character . Shaw made his Broadway debut in 1929 , when he played the murderer Wyndham Brandon in Patrick Hamilton 's stage thriller , Rope 's End . In 1929 , he married Margaret Delamere and lived with her in the Albany , an apartment complex off of Piccadilly in London . The two would eventually have a daughter together named Drusilla ( born 1932 ) . He returned to the works of William Shakespeare in 1931 , playing Claudio in Measure for Measure at London 's Fortune Playhouse . In 1932 he once again played Romeo at the Embassy Theatre . Other works around this period included productions of Ivor Novello 's Sunshine Sisters in 1933 , Double Door alongside actress Sybil Thorndike in 1934 , J.M. Barrie 's A Kiss for Cinderella in 1937 , and Robert Morley 's Goodness , How Sad in 1938 . The first film Shaw appeared in was Caste in 1930 . He soon began to make a name for himself in films such as Brewster 's Millions in 1935 , Men Are Not Gods in 1936 and Farewell Again in 1937 . He was making about £ 300 a week during this stage of his career , a significant sum higher than the salary of the British Prime Minister of the time .",
"3": "He brought what the Daily Telegraph described as a `` smooth villainy '' to the role of Frank Sutton in The Squeaker in 1937 , while in 1939 he played the hero Cmdr . David Blacklock alongside Conrad Veidt and Valerie Hobson in The Spy in Black , Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger 's first collaboration . Shaw described himself as a film buff and called Academy Award - winning actor Spencer Tracy his `` great god of all screen actors '' ; he was so impressed by Tracy 's technique that he claimed to become depressed while watching his films because Tracy made acting look simple , while Shaw claimed to find it so difficult to master himself . World War II and post-war career ( edit ) When World War II broke out , Shaw took a break from acting and joined the Royal Air Force . He was commissioned as an Acting - Pilot Officer on probation in the Administrative and Special Duties Branch on 25 April 1941 and over the next three months was promoted to Pilot Officer on probation , then Flying Officer and then Flight Lieutenant . According to his obituary in the Guardian , he saw little action in the service and was told the only chance he would have to fly would be as a rear gunner . Some of his fellow airmen hounded Shaw for autographs while others mocked his posh accent , to which he retaliated with an excellent and unflattering imitation of their less refined speech . He continued to hold a Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve commission after the war until he resigned the commission on 10 February 1954 ; he was permitted to retain his rank . Immediately upon returning to London after the war , Shaw lost his Albany flat and his acting contract , and essentially had to restart his acting career . Although he made 20 films before the war and had already begun to develop a reputation as a strong leading man , in later years he would describe himself as `` a rotten actor '' in the 1930s who landed roles based mainly on his good looks . He used the phrase `` a piece of cinema beefcake '' to describe himself as an actor during that period . He felt that after his return home from military service , he learned to act properly and began to mature as a performer .",
"4": "Shaw 's Royal Air Force experience was put to good use when he played a pilot in Journey Together , the 1946 RAF training film in which actor Edward G. Robinson coached actor Richard Attenborough in the rudiments of flying . In 1945 , Shaw returned to the Embassy Theatre to direct Fyodor Dostoevsky 's The Gambler . Significant theatre roles that decade included Hercules in The Thracian Horses at the Lyric Theatre , Hammersmith in 1946 , Mr. Hern - Lawrence in Florida Scott - Maxwell 's experimental I Said to Myself at the Mercury Theatre , Notting Hill Gate in 1947 , Sir James Kirkham in His Excellency at Prince 's Theatre in 1950 , and Filmer Jesson , MP , in Arthur Wing Pinero 's His House In Order at New Theatre in 1951 . In 1956 , he played the title role in the first British production of Hugo von Hofmannsthal 's Everyman . That same year , he wrote the lyrics to his father 's ballad - opera , All at Sea , which played at the Royal College of Music . In 1957 , he played Lucifer in Brother Lucifer in Shrewsbury , Shropshire , and a sinister Venetian agent in Jonathan Griffin 's The Hidden King in Edinburgh . As Shaw grew older , his reputation as a dramatic actor grew stronger , and he became known for a sharp intelligence and dignified style . Although his good looks diminished , reviewers felt that he used his florid and weatherbeaten face well in evoking grandeur and self - assuredness in such roles as generals , priests and his familiar Shakespearean parts . In 1956 , his wife Margaret Delamere died ; she was survived by their daughter Drusilla . Shaw began a romantic relationship in the mid-1950s with Joan Ingpen , the well - known classical music and opera talent agent who had previously represented him . The two were romantically involved , to the point that she took his surname , until Shaw 's death . During the 1980s , however , Shaw also had a brief relationship with Harriet Ravenscroft , the mother of the disc jockey John Peel , whom he met while performing at Ludlow Castle at Ludlow .",
"5": "He split his time between Ingpen and Ravenscroft on a four - day rotating basis to which both women consented . Although Peel got along with Shaw and said he made his mother happy , he said he did not feel comfortable with the arrangement . He felt it disrupted his mother 's friendships and prospects for a more stable relationship . In 1965 , British theatre director William Gaskill was named artistic director of the Royal Court Theatre , where he hoped to re-establish a repertoire . He approached Shaw , who had made his acting début at the Royal Court Theatre as a youth , and Shaw agreed to return . There he delivered several performances over the next year , including General Conrad von Hotzendorf in John Osborne 's A Patriot for Me ; various roles in Ann Jellicoe 's Shelley ; Sir Francis Harker in N.F. Simpson 's The Cresta Run and Pte Atterclife in John Arden 's Serjeant Musgrave 's Dance . Royal Shakespeare Company ( edit ) In 1966 , Shaw joined the Royal Shakespeare Company , where he spent the next decade of his career and eventually became an associate artist . He mostly appeared in Shakespeare plays , including the title role in Cymbeline , Edmund of Langley in Richard II , the King in All 's Well That Ends Well , Ulysses in Troilus and Cressida , and Leonato in Much Ado About Nothing . The Times described his performance in the title role of Cymbeline as `` awe - inspiring '' , and The Independent described his performance as Polonius in Hamlet as `` unrivalled in his complacency and sense of circumstance '' . The Telegraph described his performance of Gloucester in King Lear as `` doleful '' and his performance of Duncan in Macbeth as `` decent '' . Many of the company 's Shakespearean productions at the time were considered interpretive and modern , which drew criticism from some traditionalists , but Shaw defended the experimental nature of the shows and rejected the notion that plays should be restricted to preconceived interpretations . During his time with the company , he also demonstrated what the Daily Telegraph called a `` crusty charm '' as Sir Oblong Fitz Oblong in Robert Bolt 's children 's play The Thwarting of Baron Bolligrew .",
"6": "He was also noted as possessing a gift for dry comedy during this period of his acting career , exemplified by his roles in Maxim Gorky 's plays Enemies and Summerfolk . He demonstrated a particular knack for Russian comedy in Jonathan Miller 's productions of the Anton Chekhov plays Three Sisters and Ivanov . In 1978 , Shaw earned acclaim for his performance as a judge in the stage debut of Whose Life Is It Anyway ? at the Mermaid Theatre . The production won Laurence Olivier Awards for Best Play and Best Actor ( Tom Conti ) . Although 73 years old , Shaw did not let his age slow down his career . During the run of this production a mugger tried to steal his money , but Shaw chased him down , tackled him and recovered his property . Later that year , he was painted in the nude by his nephew , Brian Ocean . During his later years , Shaw suffered a physical disability that made him tremble , which had a negative impact on his television roles , particularly when handling cups or trays of drinks . One of his later television appearances was in The Old Curiosity Shop , a 1979 mini-series based on the novel by Charles Dickens . Around this time , he also voiced the part of Squire Beltham in a radio production of The Adventures of Harry Richmond , which the Daily Telegraph said was `` remembered with affection '' . He lent his voice to several radio performances , both Shakespearean and modern , including protagonist John Tanner in the five - hour Man and Superman by George Bernard Shaw . Writing career ( edit ) Shaw wrote Take a Life , his first play , in 1961 . He directed a production of the show at London 's Mermaid Theatre , where he also played the lead role of the Detective . That same year he played two lead roles in George Bernard Shaw plays at the Dublin Theatre Festival : Mrs. Warren 's Profession and Candida . Around this time , he also wrote an outline for a television comedy series about four girls sharing a flat , inspired by his real - life daughter , who was in her early twenties and living in a flat with other girls her age . The series was submitted to the Granada Television company , which expressed interest in the show and said it was one of two under consideration for television . The company ultimately chose the other show , the long - running British soap opera Coronation Street .",
"7": "Shaw agreed to take certain roles only on the condition that he have complete freedom to rewrite his dialogue . When he appeared in It Happened Here , a 1966 World War II film , he wrote many of his own lines , which the filmmakers later said `` gave his dialogue an individual slant which enhanced his performance '' . He also helped in other aspects of the filmmaking , including casting ; he introduced the filmmakers to Fiona Leland , who would be cast as Shaw 's wife in It Happened Here . He wrote other plays , including The Ship 's Bell , The Cliff Walk , The Glass Maze and Cul de Sac . He also wrote Poems , a collection of his personal poetry , which saw a limited print of 300 editions by publisher Exeter University . Shaw wrote The Christening , his only novel , in 1975 . It centres around Miles Madgwick , who believes that he is bisexual but is too timid to find out through physical intercourse , so he instead describes his most intimate thoughts in his diary . He then meets a married woman named Alice and her son , Rodney ; he comes to identify with Rodney 's childhood innocence , and in Alice sees a symbol both of his mother and a heterosexual lover . Alice starts to tire of her husband and grow fonder of Madgwick , who experiences mixed emotions in his continued interactions with her and Rodney . One night , Rodney stays overnight at Madgwick 's house and , when he takes the boy home in a taxicab , the driver observes their strange behaviour and accuses Madgwick of being a pederast . When Alice asks Madgwick to become the godfather to her new child , the driver threatens to expose Madgwick , creating a conflict between losing his first feelings of intimacy with others or facing humiliation and ridicule at the driver 's exposure . A description in the book cover flap reads , `` In this tender , sensitive and blackly comic novel , Sebastian Shaw , the distinguished Shakespearean actor , explores areas of sexual and emotional encounter that are rarely seen and , unfortunately , too rarely understood . '' Shaw originally planned to call the novel The Godfather , but later said he was glad he did not due to the popularity of Mario Puzo 's book of that name . He was said to have been working on another novel shortly after The Christening was completed , but no others were ever published .",
"8": "Return of the Jedi ( edit ) Shaw in his portrayal as redeemed Anakin Skywalker , unmasked in Return of the Jedi In 1982 , Shaw was chosen for the small but crucial role of redeemed , unmasked and dying Anakin Skywalker in Return of the Jedi , the third and final film in the original Star Wars trilogy . Although David Prowse played the costumed scenes and James Earl Jones voiced Darth Vader , just as they had in the first two films , Shaw was cast in a single scene with Mark Hamill , during the moment aboard Death Star II when Luke Skywalker unmasks his dying father . Since the scene was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film , the casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role . When Shaw arrived at the set for filming , he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid , the actor playing Emperor Palpatine . When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there , Shaw responded , `` I do n't know , dear boy , I think it 's something to do with science - fiction . '' His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew , and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any film secrets with anyone , even his family . The unmasking scene , directed by Richard Marquand , was filmed in one day and required only a few takes , with no alteration from the original dialogue . When the film was re-released on DVD in 2004 , a few changes were made : the unmasking scene with Hamill remained mostly the same , but Shaw 's eyebrows were digitally removed to tie in with the injuries Darth Vader suffers at the end of Revenge of the Sith . Shaw 's eyes were also digitally coloured to look like those of Hayden Christensen , the actor who played Anakin in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . Star Wars creator George Lucas personally directed Shaw for his appearance in the final scene of the film , in which he is a Force Ghost of Anakin . Shaw 's image in this scene was replaced with that of Christensen in the 2004 release . This last attempt to tie the prequel and original trilogies together proved to be possibly the most controversial change in the Star Wars re-releases .",
"9": "Although Shaw 's unmasking scene lasted only two minutes and seven seconds and included just 24 words of dialogue spoken by Shaw , he received more fan mail and autograph requests from Return of the Jedi than he had for any role in the rest of his career . He later reflected that he very much enjoyed his experience filming for Return of the Jedi and expressed particular surprise that an action figure was made of him from the film . Later career and death ( edit ) Shaw remained active in his later years ; along with fellow Royal Shakespeare Company actors Ian Richardson , John Nettles , Martin Best and Ann Firbank , he engaged in discussions and workshops with acting teachers and students in the early 1980s . Although appearances in films became far less common in his later career , he received much acclaim for his performance as the Cold War spy Sharp in Clare Peploe 's High Season at the New York Film Festival in 1987 ; The San Diego Union - Tribune said Shaw played the role with `` endearing , sweet gravity '' . One of his last performances was in the Christmas season of 1988 and 1989 , when he played the wizard in a stage production of The Wizard of Oz at the Barbican Centre . The Times said audiences were `` delighted to recognise his honeyed threats from behind the great carapace that disguised the Wizard of Oz '' . Shaw became an honorary life - member at the Garrick Club , which included such past members as writers Charles Dickens , J.M. Barrie , Kingsley Amis and A.A. Milne ; artists Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais ; and composer Edward Elgar . Shaw died of natural causes on 23 December 1994 at age 89 in Brighton , Sussex , England . A memorial service was held 15 February 1995 at St Paul 's , Covent Garden , commonly known as the Actors ' Church due to its long association with the theatre community . Actors Ian Richardson and Ben Kingsley read works by William Shakespeare , stage actress Estelle Kohler read How Do I Love Thee ? by Victorian poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning , actress Sheila Allen read Life by Welsh poet George Herbert and actor Kenneth Branagh read from the works of Canon Henry Scott Holland . One of Shaw 's own poems , Gemini , was also read .",
"10": "Baritone Stephen Varcoe sang Wie bist du meine Königin by Johannes Brahms , accompanied by Graham Johnson on the piano , and guitarist Martin Best performed and sang his composition of Ariel 's Songs from The Tempest . Shaw was survived by his partner Joan Ingpen , daughter Drusilla MacLeod , sisters Susan Bonner - Morgan and Penelope Harness , and sister - in - law Olga Young . TV and filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1930 Caste Hon . George d'Alroy 1933 Little Miss Nobody Pat Carey 1933 House of Dreams Unknown 1933 Taxi to Paradise Tom Fanshawe 1934 The Way of Youth Alan Marmon 1934 The Four Masked Men Arthur Phillips 1934 Get Your Man Robert Halbean 1934 Adventure Ltd . Bruce Blandford 1935 Brewster 's Millions Frank 1935 The Lad Jimmy 1935 The Ace of Spades Trent 1935 Three Witnesses Roger Truscott 1935 Jubilee Window Peter Ward 1935 Department Store John Goodman Johnson 1936 Tomorrow We Live Eric Morton 1936 Birds of a Feather Jack Wortle 1936 Jury 's Evidence Philip 1936 Men Are Not Gods Edmund Davey 1937 Farewell Again Capt .",
"11": "Gilbert Reed 1937 The Squeaker Frank Sutton 1938 Julius Caesar Marcus Brutus 1939 Too Dangerous to Live Jacques Leclerc 1939 Prison Without Bars Doctor 1939 Table d'Hote Adam `` Doubting Hall '' section 1939 The Spy in Black Lieutenant Ashington Commander David Blacklock 1940 Now You 're Talking Charles Hampton 1940 Three Silent Men Sir James Quentin 1940 Bulldog Sees It Through Derek Sinclair 1940 The Flying Squad Inspector Bradley 1941 East of Piccadilly Tamsie Green 1945 Journey Together Squadron Leader Marshall 1947 Hamlet Claudius 1949 The Glass Mountain Bruce McLeod 1949 Landfall Wing Commander Dickens 1952 BBC Sunday Night Theatre Archdeacon Adam Brandon Episode : `` The Cathedral '' 1953 Laxdale Hall Hugh Marvell , MP 1958 Armchair Theatre Unknown Episode : `` The Terrorist '' 1960 Here Lies Miss Sabry James `` Cracker '' Talbot 1966 It Happened Here Dr. Richard Fletcher 1966 Out of the Unknown Major Gregory Episode : `` Walk 's End '' 1968 All 's Well That Ends Well King of France 1968 A Midsummer Night 's Dream Quince 1972 Thirty - Minute Theatre Judge Episode : `` The Judge 's Wife '' 1972 Dead of Night Powys Jubb Episode : `` Death Cancels All Debts '' Village Hall Ralph Episode : `` Lot 23 '' 1977 Play for Today Abbot General Episode : `` A Choice of Evils '' 1978 BBC2 Play of the Week Unknown Episode : `` Liza '' 1979 Rumpole of the Bailey Mr. Justice Skelton Episode : `` Rumpole and the Show Folk '' 1979 The Old Curiosity Shop Grandfather 1981 Nanny Mr.",
"12": "Starkie Episode : `` Goats and Tigers '' 1981 Timon of Athens Old Athenian Reilly : Ace of Spies Reverend Thomas Episode : `` An Affair with a Married Woman '' The Weather in the Streets Mr. Curtis Return of the Jedi Anakin Skywalker Also appears as Skywalker 's ghost in original release and 1997 Special Edition The Nation 's Health Dr. Thurson Episodes : `` Collapse '' and `` Decline '' 1984 Crown Court Justice Bewes Episodes : `` There Was an Old Woman '' and `` Drunk , Who Cares '' High Season Sharp 1988 The Master Builder Knut Brovik 1988 Casualty Charles Howlett Episode : `` Drake 's Drum '' Chelworth Lord Toller 1991 Chernobyl : The Final Warning Grandpa 1991 Chimera Dr. Liawski References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sebastian Shaw Obituary , '' the Daily Telegraph , 2 January 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Leech , Richard . `` Better Than Beefcake : Sebastian Shaw , '' The Guardian , 29 December 1994 , Features ( section ) , pg . T12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sebastian Shaw , '' The Times , 30 December 1994 , Features ( section ) . ^ Jump up to : Kernan , Michael . `` Sebastian Shaw & the Shades of the Bard '' The Washington Post , 1 March 1980 , Style ( section ) , pg . B2 . ^ Jump up to : Seaton , Ray . `` Mr. Shaw 's Voyage of Discovery , '' Express and Star , 29 April 1974 . ^ Jump up to : `` IN MEMORIAM Mr. Sebastian Shaw , '' The Daily Telegraph , 15 February 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Pirani , Adam . `` Sebastian Shaw : The Return of Anakin Skywalker , '' Starlog , July 1987 , Vol. 11 , Iss. 120 , pg. 56 -- 57 , + 96 . Jump up ^ `` No. 35171 '' . The London Gazette.",
"13": "23 May 1941 . p. 2952 . Jump up ^ `` No. 35391 '' . The London Gazette. 23 December 1941 . p. 7255 . Jump up ^ `` No. 35606 '' . The London Gazette. 23 June 1942 . p. 2767 . Jump up ^ `` No. 36618 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 18 July 1944 . pp. 3402 -- 3403 . Jump up ^ `` No. 40271 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 3 September 1954 . pp. 5138 -- 5140 . ^ Jump up to : Benedick , Adan . `` Sebastian Shaw , '' The Independent , 13 February 1995 Gazette ( section ) , pg. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Classified Advertising : Theatre '' . The Times . London ( 50803 ) : 10 . 3 July 1947 . Jump up ^ Sutcliffe , Tom . `` Obituary : Joan Ingpen , Inspirational artistic organiser at Covent Garden , Paris Opera and the New York Met , '' Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . the Guardian , 14 January 2008 , Obituaries Pages ( section ) , pg. 34 . Jump up ^ Peel , John and Ravenscroft , Sheila ( 2007 ) . Margrave of the Marches , Chicago : Chicago Review Press , pg. 87 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 652 - 7 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Sebastian ( 1969 ) . Poems -- Sebastian Shaw , Exeter : University of Exeter . ISBN n / a . Jump up ^ Shaw , Sebastian ( 1975 ) . The Christening , London : W.H. Allen Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 491 - 01823 - 4 . Jump up ^ Chernoff , Scott . `` Ian McDiarmid : An Interview with the Emperor . '' Star Wars Insider , iss. 37 , April / May 1998 , pg. 33 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Derek .",
"14": "`` Star Wars fans , DVD , and cultural ownership : an interview with Will Brooker ; Interview , '' Velvet Light Trap , 22 September 2005 , pg. 36 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Anakin 's fans strike back , '' Chicago Sun - Times , 1 May 2005 , Sunday Showcase ( section ) , pg. 3 . Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , written by George Lucas and Lawrence Kasdan , directed by Richard Marquand . Jump up ^ Lardner , James . `` Theatre Notes '' The Washington Post , 28 February 1980 , Style ( section ) , pg . D9 . Jump up ^ Elliott , David . `` Paradise found in witty , sensual ' High Tension ' , '' The San Diego Union - Tribune , 6 July 1988 , Lifestyle ( section ) , pg . D - 1 .",
"15": "External links ( edit ) Biography portal Sebastian Shaw on IMDb Sebastian Shaw at AllMovie Sebastian Shaw at Find a Grave VIAF : 68493236 LCCN : no91017519 ISNI : 0000 0001 1664 8141 GND : 106205430X SUDOC : 178278696 BNF : cb16602730c ( data ) BNE : XX4441445 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Shaw_(actor)&oldid=836316303 '' Categories : 1905 births 1994 deaths Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors People educated at Gresham 's School People from Holt , Norfolk Royal Air Force personnel of World War II Royal Shakespeare Company members 20th - century English male actors Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from April 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 00 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays justin on the haves and the have nots
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{
"0": "The Haves and the Have Nots ( tv series ) - wikipedia The Haves and the Have Nots ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the 2011 play , see The Haves and the Have Nots ( play ) . The Haves and the Have Nots Genre Soap opera Crime thriller Created by Tyler Perry Written by Tyler Perry Directed by Tyler Perry Starring Tika Sumpter Crystal Fox Renee Lawless Tyler Lepley Aaron O'Connell Peter Parros Angela Robinson Gavin Houston Eva Tamargo John Schneider Jaclyn Betham Shari Headley Allison McAtee Danielle Deadwyler Brett Davis Jon Chaffin Presilah Nunez Nicholas James Antoinete Robertson Theme music composer Elvin Ross Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 113 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Ozzie Areu Mark E. Swinton Will Areu Camera setup Multiple camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Release Original network Oprah Winfrey Network Picture format 480i HDTV 1080i Original release May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Production website The Haves and the Have Nots is an American crime drama and soap opera created , executive produced , written , and directed by Tyler Perry . The premise of the series is based on Perry 's 2011 play The Haves and the Have Nots . The show premiered on May 28 , 2013 on the Oprah Winfrey Network . It is the first scripted television series to air on the network . Both the show 's first and second episodes aired back - to - back on its premiere night . Each episode is one hour long . Variety has recognized The Haves and the Have Nots as `` OWN 's most popular series to date . ''",
"1": "In addition , the drama series has been acclaimed as being `` one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun , filled with the typical betrayals , affairs , manipulations , and a bitch slap or two . '' The series set ratings record for OWN , scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere and the highest overall ratings in the network 's history . The second season premiered on January 7 , 2014 . To date , the series is still OWN 's highest rated broadcast . The mid-season 2 finale , aired on March 11 , 2014 , was the most watched broadcast in OWN 's history , and also came in first among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for the night it aired . The mid-season 2 premiere aired on May 27 , 2014 . The third season of the series premiered on January 6 , 2015 . The second half premiered on June 30 , 2015 . The fourth season of the series premiered on January 5 , 2016 and the second half premiered on June 21 , 2016 and aired through September 6 , 2016 . The fifth season premiered on January 3 , 2017 and ended with the mid-season finale on March 14 , 2017 . On January 30 , 2017 , the series was given an additional 44 - episode order . The second half of season 5 premiered on June 20 , 2017 and ended with the season finale on September 12 , 2017 . On November 21 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a sixth season , which premiered on January 9 , 2018 . On March 13 , 2018 , OWN announced of the show 's return of the sixth season to premiere on May 1 , 2018 .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 The Haves 2.2 The Have Nots 2.3 Other main characters 2.4 Recurring characters 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Angela Robinson ( Veronica Harrington ) 3.3 Ratings and broadcast history 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah , Georgia : the rich , powerful , and locally very public Cryer and Harrington families ( dubbed `` The Haves '' ) and the poor and destitute Young family ( dubbed `` The Have Nots '' ) . The Young family is headed by Hanna , a single mother who works as the Cryer family 's maid and also serves as the best friend and confidante of the lady of the house , Katheryn . Included as part of The Have Nots is another maid of the Cryer family 's , Celine Gonzales . While the Young family versus the Cryer and Harrington families lead polar opposite lifestyles in terms of social class , economics , social status , and surroundings , they are each similar in that they lead exceedingly dysfunctional lifestyles . Each of the three families experience similarly overwhelming hardships and plights . Often , the plights , predicaments , and hardships that the three families encounter are of a juicy , scandalous , and controversial nature . Among the serious issues that have been tackled on the program to date have included : infidelity , cancer , substance abuse , homosexuality , suicide , prostitution , poverty , rape , law / crime , abortion , religion / Christianity , politics , and mental health . All of the main characters in the program have proven to be devious , immoral , vile , or at least nasty in their behaviors at one point or another , if not regularly . The show 's cast is multiracial : one of the upper class families are Caucasian American and the other is African American ; the poor family is also African American ; in addition to this , there is a poor maid who 's Hispanic .",
"3": "To that end , when Angela Robinson ( the actress who plays Veronica Harrington ) was interviewed about her new role on the series in late June 2013 , she stated , `` This is one of the only shows on television with a diverse cast that looks like America : Black , White , Latino , straight , gay , rich , and poor . '' The characters are filled with experiences , typically of a serious and shocking nature , that they attempt to keep secret from one another ; however , their secrets tend to dramatically come to light when all is said and done . Cast and characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 Tika Sumpter Candace Young Main Crystal Fox Hanna Young Main Renee Lawless Katheryn Cryer Main Tyler Lepley Benjamin `` Benny '' Young Main Jaclyn Betham Amanda Cryer Main Does not appear Aaron O'Connell Wyatt Cryer Main Peter Parros David Harrington Main Angela Robinson Veronica Harrington Main Gavin Houston Jeffrey Harrington Main Eva Tamargo Celine Gonzales Main John Schneider James `` Jim '' Cryer Main Allison McAtee Margaret `` Maggie '' Day Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Does not appear Shari Headley Jennifer Sallison Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Does not appear Jon Chaffin Warlock `` War '' Lewis Does not appear Guest Recurring Main Recurring Does not appear Brett Davis Mitchell `` Mitch '' Malone Does not appear Recurring Main Presilah Nunez Erica Does not appear Guest Main Danielle Deadwyler La'Quita `` Quita '' Maxwell Does not appear Guest Main Recurring Guest Nicholas James Justin Lewis Does not appear Main Nick Sagar Charles Frederickson Main Antoinette Robertson Melissa Does not appear Recurring Main The Haves ( edit ) The Cryer family James `` Jim '' Cryer ( John Schneider ) : The take - charge but destructively thoughtless patriarch of the Cryer family , and a Savannah criminal courts judge who has his eyes set on becoming Governor of Georgia .",
"4": "A major reason for Jim 's rising to where he 's at professionally and socioeconomically is because of Katheryn 's family . Although a kind - hearted and sensitive man at heart , Jim 's urges , vices , greed , and self - preservation often get the better of him and cause him to act rashly , disloyally , destructively inconsiderate , and even abusively as far as his rank and power . Given his position as a wealthy judge in high society , Jim has certain dirty measures at his disposal from which to gain the upper hand on anyone that crosses him . Jim often uses the catchphrase `` I 'll handle it '' as a signal of his taking to such measures . His wife , Katheryn , is all too well aware of his power to gain the upper hand and fight dirty , sometimes even instructing Jim to resort to his foul play tactics by telling him to `` handle it . '' Jim 's power plays and abuse are generally used when desperate times call for desperate measures . Although they 're moves that are devoid of all scruples , he has typically only used them as scare tactics unless gravely offended by an act . These drastic lengths Jim has gone to typically call for the bringing in of reinforcements and people who owe him debts ; for example , he has a history of setting his secret army of thugs ( `` The Malones '' ) in action so as to get his way in particularly trying circumstances . Jim has a gruff , abrasive nature about him and can be headstrong and obstinate in getting things done . Highlighting Jim 's dirtiness , he has knowingly covered for his son Wyatt 's constructive manslaughter of a 6 - year - old girl and serious injury of Hanna 's son Benny . All the while doing this , he contemptuously informed Hanna of his intentions of being dishonest as to Wyatt 's culpability in the matter ; he then followed this by having Hanna falsely arrested and jailed . Jim is also philandering and two - timing , having a long , elaborate history of cheating on his wife . He and Katheryn are n't close anymore because of it . However , they present themselves to the public as having a strong and loving marriage . No sooner than they 're left in private , however , do they both shift into their surly attitudes towards one another , exchanging sardonic remarks between each other .",
"5": "Among the many women Jim has had affairs with is Candace . Out of all the women he has had affairs with ( one of which was his own employee , Celine Gonzales , who wants him back ) , Jim finds himself most intrigued by Candace , acting with reckless abandonment in his extramarital affairs with her . Jim is incorrigible and always seems to submit to his vices and negative ways . While Jim is harsh and rough in his parenting of Wyatt ( who seems to have the scruples that his father lacks ) , he 's more gentle and tactful in his parenting of his daughter Amanda , because of how `` fragile '' he perceives her to be . It is later revealed that Jim has two more children with Celine , a grown son named `` Carlos '' and a 7 - year - old boy named after Jim . Despite his anger at Hanna , after she puts him in his place , he does allow her to comfort him after he breaks down in Amanda 's room . Much later , Jim finds out that Veronica Harrington had Wyatt raped in prison . Thoroughly enraged after his confrontation with her husband , David , Jim orders a bloodbath , with Officer Terrell , Professor Cannon ( Amanda 's rapist ) , and Veronica being the targets of his latest revenge . One of Jim 's arch - enemies is assistant District Attorney , Jennifer Sallison . Katheryn Cryer ( née Hargrave ) ( Renee Lawless ) : Katheryn is Jim 's deeply warm , sensitive , caring but highly passive - aggressive wife . Katheryn often displays her anger , hatred , bitterness , and stress in a suppressed but still very detectable fashion . She is filled with melancholy , rancor , and sullen indignation primarily as result of the various trials and tribulations brought upon her as it relates to her family , particularly her husband . Due to Katheryn 's overwhelming stress , un-forthcoming nature , and tendency to hold her feelings in , she has been known to express herself in ways that are unhealthy , passive - aggressive , at times even volatile and explosive . Her reputation in the community has been a major reason for her restraint and unhealthy expressions of pent - up rage . A prime example of this is in Katheryn 's attempts to keep her bout with breast cancer away from everyone .",
"6": "As a result , she was constantly snapping on her maid , Hanna , but once she finally opened up to Hanna about what was going on , the two developed a close bond . An heiress , Katheryn was born into one of Savannah 's oldest and wealthiest families , considered to be old - money ( her father was also revealed to be an alcoholic during an argument with Jim ) . Very intuitive , she always has some idea of what 's going on without things being directly revealed to her , especially with regards to her close friends and family . At the same time , Katheryn often feigns ignorance to certain matters that she 's well - aware of . As an example , she once secretly revealed to Hanna that she only remains married to Jim as part of one big passive - aggressive scheme to make his life more miserable . She well understands that her family and she herself keep a lot of secrets from each other , largely due to their very public position in high society . Katheryn has two best friends : 1 ) One is Hanna . This is despite Katheryn discovering that Hanna 's daughter is Candace , a fact that Hanna herself revealed to Katheryn. 2 ) The other is Veronica , although Katheryn has detected other seedy sides to Veronica and thus does n't consider her the closest friend . Moreover , Katheryn remains unaware that Veronica had her son raped in prison , however when Katheryn does find out about Veronica revolting act , she decides that Veronica should be afraid of her by shooting DA Jennifer Sallison right in front of her and then taunting her mind games of who she really is , thus potentially destroying their relationship . While Katheryn is discontented in her dysfunctional family life and particularly her marriage to Jim ( knowing all too well of his many affairs ) , she often does n't let on as such . Rather , she 's two - faced , acting romantically content and loving with Jim when around strangers but bitter and saturnine with Jim when in private . Much of her discontentment , sullenness , and pessimism stems from Jim 's constant adultery ; her battles with breast cancer ; and the sexual abuse of her children and their resultant corruption .",
"7": "Katheryn has an inclination to refer to Jim 's long line of mistresses by the numerical and chronological order in which Jim has messed around with them as opposed to their given names , passive - aggressively highlighting her contempt . She greatly despises Candace , whom she calls `` Nine , '' because of the upheaval Candace has caused with her affair with Jim and her friendship with Amanda . She also has sheer animosity towards her other employee , Celine ( whom she calls `` Four '' ) , due to her past affair with Jim and also for the disrespect that Celine shows towards Hanna . Unlike Jim , she was much harder on her now - deceased daughter Amanda , but more gentle and tactful with Wyatt , though she will not tolerate his more extreme behaviors . Because of her position in high society and connections with people in power , Katheryn is more than able to help friends in need , such as her best friend Hanna . Almost two years after losing Amanda to suicide , Katheryn had almost lost Wyatt to his own demons . In this case , he was presumed dead after a drug overdose , but was later revealed to still be alive and was only unconscious for 32 hours . In the season 4 finale `` Promises Kept , '' after being pushed to her limits ; from Jeffery tells her that his mother arranged for Wyatt to be raped to not getting control of his inheritance , Katheryn shoots D.A. Jennifer Sallison multiple times in the stomach , killing her while she and Veronica are at her house having a meeting and wants Veronica to get her off . In the Season 5 premiere , Katheryn is well - aware of Veronica 's early life and knows she is not as powerful as she appears to be and threats to have the bank , where she is a board member , foreclose everything if Veronica ever tries to mess with her and vows to make her pay after she arranged for Wyatt to be raped in prison . At first she does n't want to visit her comatose son , but eventually does . At the mid-season finale , Katheryn finally makes good on her threat to leave Jim , and she does , leaving him in the shell of the now empty house , she also moves all the furnishings . She also plans to sell the house . Wyatt Cryer ( Aaron O'Connell ) : Wyatt is the son of Jim and Katheryn .",
"8": "In the first episode , it 's learned that Wyatt is so incorrigible in his vices that he 's on his third stint in rehab for drug abuse and alcoholism . Wyatt 's current rehabilitation program is run by the Harrington family and is on an outpatient basis on the condition that he is monitored 24 / 7 by Jeffery Harrington . Very hostile and ill - natured , Wyatt is constantly copping attitude and making snippy remarks , even in moments in which his redeeming sides are shown . In his redeeming moments , he has shown that he 'll take up for those whom he considers his friends , such as Jeffery . In general , however , Wyatt is antagonistic towards Jeffery and knows that he 's gay . Wyatt also had suspicions of his father having an affair with Candace before it was ultimately confirmed . Often , he spewed innuendos at Candace over this , making insinuations as to her lust for older men . Jim is able to subjugate Wyatt with his regular tough , sometimes even abusive treatment of him , deterring Wyatt from confronting him on these matters . In the Season 1 finale , Wyatt informs Jeffery in cutting and unsparing fashion that he 's neither gay nor bisexual , and is uninterested in him . Following that , he gets strung out on heroin ; while intoxicated , he is involved in a fatal hit and run which kills a six - year - old girl named Lizzie and critically injures Hanna 's son Benny , leaving him on life support . Wyatt is eventually arrested for vehicular homicide ( Lizzie 's death ) after confessing to the hit - and - run , which shows that he does have more of a conscience than his corrupt father . Katheryn decides that Wyatt should be held responsible for his actions and compels Jim not to protect Wyatt anymore . Early in Season 3 , Wyatt confirms that Jim was indeed cheating by seeing his dad 's texts with his constant mistresses over the years . After getting drunk , he confronts Celine about his half - brother , Carlos , and then has a fight with his mother . Wyatt is later devastated to find out that his sister is dead .",
"9": "In `` In Crisis , '' Jim and Wyatt have a huge fight in the kitchen where Wyatt reveals all the affairs that Jim has had over the years ( besides the known ones with Celine and Candace , it is revealed that Jim has had affairs with Wyatt 's various babysitters as well as his high school math teacher ) and also discloses that Jim was out with Celine when he ( Wyatt ) was being molested at camp . In the mid-season finale , Wyatt is preparing to go to prison for vehicular homicide . While in prison , though , Wyatt is raped by an inmate on the orders of Veronica Harrington . In the Season 3 finale , Wyatt turns his parents over to the authorities with the help of Jeffery , and he strikes a deal with Jennifer , the district attorney . The deal is that Wyatt and Jeffery will both be given immunity if they testify at their parents ' trial . In Season 4 , as Wyatt prepares to testify , Jennifer helps him get his inheritance - $12 million - in an attempt to avoid his parents and get his own place if they get out of jail . Sadly though , it was revealed that Wyatt succumbed to his drug addictions again , and had `` died '' of a drug overdose . Later , though , it was revealed Wyatt is still alive and was unconscious for 32 hours after his overdose . He fully awakens from his coma in the fifth season premiere . It was revealed that he was born in Wyoming , when his parents were on a ski trip . Amanda Cryer ( Jaclyn Betham ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Amanda was Jim and Katheryn 's naïve college - aged daughter who was friends with her father 's mistress , Candace . Until the Season 2 finale , Amanda is unaware that Candace was her father 's mistress . Amanda has had issues with self - harm and suicide in the past , having engaged in cutting herself . It has been hinted in the series that the reasons for Amanda 's battles with self - harm may stem from some traumatic sex abuse incident from her distant past , involving Wyatt and a priest . Compounded with this , she was raped by Professor Cannon , one of her law school teachers in Season 1 's `` The Criminal . ''",
"10": "Amanda is portrayed as very fragile , self - doubting , and unassertive , lacking self - confidence and afraid to speak up for herself , except when there 's something wrong with her . She is also portrayed as innocent , unsuspecting , and naive . Despite her suicidal past and self - doubting nature , Amanda is also bright , cheery , warm , affable , and easy to talk to . Shortly before her death , Amanda , with Candace 's support , was in the process of suing her parents for her inheritance from her grandfather . Before her death , it was revealed that Amanda was going through some very deep - seated emotional / psychological problems that she needed medication for . Resulting from this problem , her temperament became touchy , mercurial , and often nutty . She even stalked Cannon , going so far as to stab him in broad daylight in her final encounter with him . Her problems were grim enough to the point that she was nearing an emotional breakdown . Amanda 's mental problems became increasingly worse as time went on , and she purchased a gun and struck up a sort of relationship with Quincy , Candace 's former lover . In the Season 2 finale , she sang her `` Eeny meeny miney moe '' song while running through the house with the gun , which she pointed at Wyatt and Katheryn . The season ended with her laughing just before a gunshot is fired . Her fate is left unresolved until episode four of Season 3 , `` Amanda 's Room , '' in which Hanna discovers Amanda dead in her room . At the end of the subsequent episode , `` The Press Conference , '' a reporter announces that Amanda has died in an apparent suicide . In the next episode , `` A Tragic Day , '' her death was held to be a homicide , but was later proven that Amanda had indeed committed suicide . However , in the season 4 episode `` An Accident '' , D.A. Jennifer Salliston revealed to David ( Peter Parros ) the possibility that Amanda 's death was a homicide .",
"11": "The Harrington family Veronica Harrington ( Angela Robinson ) : Although refined , composed , and classy on the surface , Veronica ( wife of David and mother of Jeffrey ) is actually an extremely no - holds - barred , vicious , malicious , cold , calculating , coercive , manipulative , overbearing , antagonistic , and catty snob underneath it all . She 's used to delivering zingers in her trademarked cool , calm , collected yet trenchant , stinging , and outwitting fashion . Very obdurate , she has proven to be set in her anti-gay and diabolic ways . Resulting from the character 's very one - of - a-kind brand of villainy and vile levels she 's proven more than willing to stoop to , Veronica has been advertised by OWN and various media outlets as `` The Ice Queen . '' Veronica is a success story who has lived a rags - to - riches life : she started out in poor , struggling conditions , living from the dangerous projects , which speaks to her self - proclaimed `` tough hood '' side ; however , through hard work and determination , she has fought her way up into luxury and the elite . Adding to her advancements in life , Veronica is a recovered pill addict , her addiction spawning from an abortion she feels has haunted her throughout her whole life . She later started up the drug rehab program that Wyatt 's enrolled in . Although Veronica 's from South Side , Chicago , she is Ivy League educated . Further , she had a stint as a practicing attorney from which she drew an indomitable and highly proficient reputation ; it is in this forum where Veronica 's sharp intelligence is portrayed as intimidating and formidable . She gains Hanna 's favor after helping Benny through a legal predicament , a job which Veronica reluctantly took up for free at Katheryn 's request ( Katheryn informed Hanna that Veronica `` owes ( her ) big time '' for some unmentioned act ) . Veronica has expressed vitriolic intolerance of her son Jeffrey 's homosexuality , often reducing him to feelings of grief and sorrow .",
"12": "As examples , she has harassingly instructed and coerced Jeffery to get a girlfriend ; sabotaged Jeffery 's relations with Wyatt ; impassionedly told Jeffrey that she rather the survival of her sons that did n't make it due to an abortion and miscarriages than a homosexual like himself ; asserted that Jeffery 's being gay is a punishment from God ; etc . As of the second season , Veronica 's controlling behavior , intolerance , and overall devilry has gotten so extreme that it 's prompted her husband , David , to move out of their home until she changes her ways . Veronica has gotten to the point where she blames Jeffery for his father 's presumed dalliance with Maggie Day , his and Jim 's campaign manager . In the episode `` In Crisis , '' Katheryn tries to tell Veronica that Jeffery is gay , but she refuses to accept this and sharply so ; this solidifies the fact that Veronica is n't , nor was she ever , a true friend to Katheryn . Veronica tries to get Hanna out of Katheryn 's life , but Katheryn rather prefers Hanna 's friendship and company over her , much to Veronica 's dismay . In the mid-season finale , Veronica 's life is crashing down around her , with Jeffrey telling her off for arranging for him to impregnate Melissa with his child so he 'd be forced to marry her , as well as David insisting on getting her psychiatric help . She later helps Benny bail out of jail again , seduces him and gives him her car , then she finally snaps and tries to burn David to death while he 's sleeping in bed . Veronica begins a relationship with Benny , to the dismay of his mother , Hanna . Also , Veronica has become increasingly vindictive and malicious , having ordered an inmate to rape Wyatt while he 's in prison ; this infuriated Jim enough to the point where he attempts to strangle her and later calls for her death . She , along with her husband , Jim and Katheryn were arrested for tampering with evidence and obstruction of justice . It was revealed that Veronica had killed Maggie . She felt that even though she was cheating on David with Benny , nobody else could have David except her .",
"13": "This has disgusted David to the point where he had finally had enough of Veronica and he filed divorce papers against her , for her adultery , as well as her purely venomous doings . He even had her forcibly removed from his car . In the Season 5 Premiere , much of Veronica 's early and current life is revealed by Katheryn : her mother was a prostitute , her father played numbers and women , her four siblings all hate her and it is implied that she slept with Katheryn 's elderly father for a scholarship when she was in college . It is also revealed that she is not as powerful as she appears to be : her mortgages are worth more than her net worth , makes payments and she 's in debt with the bank where Katheryn is a board member . David Harrington ( Peter Parros ) : David is the level - headed , grim , and gravelly - voiced husband of Veronica and father of Jeffrey who often acts as a voice of reason . He is a judge and is also Jim 's business partner and friend . He spends most of his time trying to clean up Jim 's messes and cover up for his ( Jim 's ) extramarital affairs as his career path is currently aligned with Jim 's . As a result of trying to clean up Jim 's messes at every other turn , David has gotten himself into serious plights and predicaments of his own . In an effort to frame Candace to avenge Jim , David unintentionally framed Candace 's brother and Hanna 's son Benny ; consequently , Benny was arrested and incarcerated for drug possession , which resulted in a large , complex mess that David at the center of . David has once implicitly admitted to having extramarital affairs , but this has not as of yet been a focus of the series . Conversely , when asked by Maggie in season 2 , he denies ever having an affair . In one episode , Veronica suspects David of having an affair with Candace , but this was later invalidated . She later then accused David of having an affair with Maggie , but this was also invalidated . David frequently admonishes Veronica whenever he perceives her behavior as getting out of control , such as in the case of her bigotry towards their gay son , Jeffrey . In contrast to Veronica , David has shown acceptance of their son Jeffery and disapprobation and shame of his wife .",
"14": "David goes so far as moving out of the house he shares with Veronica because of her cattiness and nastiness towards Jeffery . In season 3 , he is caught with Maggie and Veronica blames Jeffery for what she perceives as his father 's infidelity . David is finally convinced by Candace that Veronica is dangerous and extremely wicked , especially after he finds out from her that his wife ordered Quincy , Candace 's former paramour , to brutalize Jeffery . David 's own life is placed in jeopardy when Veronica proceeds to dump gasoline around their bed and attempts to burn him to death . Though he awakens to escape in time , he learns of Veronica 's involvement in his near - death and tells no one but Jim of what transpired . He also learns of his wife 's ordering of Wyatt being raped by an inmate . This has really caused David to really question Veronica and her evil ways . David and Jim 's friendship has sundered when the latter strangles Veronica upon realizing that she had ordered a rapist to rape his son , Wyatt . Later on , David , along with Veronica , Jim and Katheryn were arrested for tampering with evidence and obstruction of Justice . Landon and Maggie leak some information which succeeds in getting David out of jail , where he finds out about Veronica 's relationship with Benny Young . Jeffery Harrington ( Gavin Houston ) : Jeffery is David and Veronica 's son . He is Wyatt 's 24 / 7 substance abuse counselor in the Harrington family 's drug rehab program . Much to Wyatt 's displeasure , Jeffery 's counseling is full of preachy remarks and frequent urgings for Wyatt to open up about his feelings . A topical matter in the series has been Jeffery 's sexual orientation . Closeted throughout much of the first season , Jeffery spends most of his time immersed in his job of monitoring Wyatt . Although the two grew up with each other , Jeffery finds that the more time he spends with Wyatt , the more he seems to develop feelings for him . Still , Jeffery struggles to remain the consummate professional and suppresses his attraction to Wyatt while in the presence of others but not before attempting to thwart every plan that Wyatt had to reconcile with his ex-girlfriend Laura .",
"15": "Unbeknownst to Jeffery , Wyatt already strongly suspected Jeffery of being gay ( before Jeffery came out ) and as a result would oftentimes behave snappishly and hostilely towards him . Although suspected by almost everyone close to him , Jeffery does n't come out about his sexuality until the final episode of the first season , `` No More Hiding . '' In this episode , Jeffery desperately brings the matter to his parents ' attention , resulting in a compassionate reaction from his father and a harshly disapproving and disappointed reaction from his mother . In the second season , Jeffery gains Candace 's support and also gains an admirer from afar in a man named Landon , who works for Maggie Day , the campaign manager of his dad 's friend , Jim Cryer . Jeffery considers an interest in Landon , despite his mother 's homophobia and her constant manipulations : His mother , at one point , goes so far as coercing Jeffery into treating a woman he has no interest in as his girlfriend otherwise be thrown in jail . In Season 3 , Veronica goes so far as to blame Jeffery for his father 's presumed dalliance with his campaign manager , Maggie Day . In `` A Tragic Day , '' a drunk Wyatt tries to put the moves on Jeffery . In the episode `` In Crisis , '' Jeffery is brutally assaulted by Quincy , Candace 's former paramour , on his mother 's orders . In the season finale , Jeffery learns that his mother arranged for him to get Melissa pregnant so he 'd be forced to marry her ; this causes him to finally stand up to his mother and leave the house . He then proceeds to bed Landon , the man he wants , and finally feels free to be the person he wants to be at long last . Later on , Jeffrey and Candace fight her ex-paramour , Quincy , stabbing him to death , Jeffrey is arrested for this , and is sexually harassed by an officer named Justin . However , he and Justin do reach an understanding . The Have Nots ( edit ) The Young family & Celine Gonzales Candace `` Candy '' Young ( Tika Sumpter ) : Candace is Hanna 's estranged daughter , Benny 's older half - sister , and Jim 's latest mistress who 's less than half his age .",
"16": "She is portrayed as a roguish , crafty jezebel with a very mischievous , flippant , saucy , presumptuous , and extremely nervy attitude . Often , Candace subjugates others through her many forms of manipulation ; extortion ; low blows ; and dirt she 's able to obtain on people . Unprincipled and unscrupulous , Candace has pulled many cons ; has acted as a prostitute and a mistress ; has engaged in elaborate forms of blackmail ; etc . Candace also has many redeeming qualities about her however , such shown in her genuine love and concern for her brother , Benny , her friend Jeffery and her late friend Amanda . In addition , she is very gay - friendly and has assisted Jeffery through his struggles in dealing with his mother 's anti-gay behaviors , and she 's done so in her typical bold fashion . She has also shown that underneath all of her bitterness , animosity and hostility for her mother that she loves her at the end of the day , once purchasing her a brand new car without her knowing about it . Candace has expressed a discontentment with growing up with nothing and the dysfunctional family life she feels was brought on by her mother 's bad choices and sexual immoralities . She is covetous and aspiring of the wealth and riches that the Cryer family possesses . She will go to any and all lengths to partake in it . Most inauspiciously for Jim , Candace was also friends with his daughter Amanda . Katheryn disdains Candace , passive - aggressively labeling her as `` Nine '' ( after the number of mistresses Jim has had ) . Candace was guiding Katheryn and Jim 's daughter , Amanda , in suing them for Amanda 's inheritance before Amanda 's death . Candace has also opened up to Jeffery about how she learned her many artifices and maneuvers from a deceased mentor / close comrade of hers , who was a transvestite . It has been revealed in the series that Candace has a baby whose whereabouts and status are unknown . Quincy , the father of her baby , is released from prison by Veronica to take control over Candace . Candace 's mother frequently harasses Candace to bring her this baby .",
"17": "She later reveals to her mother that the baby was dead , killed by Quincy . However , it 's later discovered that the baby , a now young boy named Quincy Jr. ( or Q , as he is called ) is alive . Moreover , it 's also revealed in season 3 that one of Hanna 's ex-boyfriends raped Candace . In the scene Hanna passionately expresses her remorse , though up until that point Hanna had been verbally , emotionally and even physically abusive towards her daughter throughout the entire series . In the Season 3 finale , Candace and Jeffery eventually stab Quincy to death , and in Season 4 , Candace attempts to hide evidence that he was killed . Quincy reawakens after days of unconsciousness , and despite pleas for help , Candace refuses to help Quincy . Candace eventually gets Benny to help her hide evidence of Quincy 's murder in the Season 4 episode `` Immunity . '' Hanna Young ( Crystal Fox ) : Hanna is Benny and Candace 's mother , and the Cryer 's maid . She raised her two children as a single mother . Hanna is very soulful , religious , nurturing , grandmotherly , persevering , and compassionate , though has a harshly overreactive , draconian , rancorous , virulent , vituperative , and even violent side about her as well . Haggard and long - suffering , she often displays the effects of overwhelming stress , overwork , and worry in her behavior . Still , she is very much a trouper who is uncomplaining , assiduous , and always hard - working . Compounded with this , Hanna is also trustworthy and reliable and can be confided in about anything ; this has won her the respect of her superiors and even a close bond with her boss Katheryn . Hanna is often confronted with many hardships and obstacles , but she has relied on her strong Christian faith to pull through . Hanna has an unprincipled , reckless distant past with regards to her sexual behavior . For example , Hanna had sex with a married man named Tony Watson ( though unknowingly , as Tony neglected to share this information ) which lead to the birth of Benny . Another example , Hanna had one - night stand which left her pregnant with Candace .",
"18": "In addition , one of Hanna 's ex-boyfriends raped her daughter Candace , which is indicated as possibly explaining some of her daughter 's own sexually reckless ways . Hanna maintains , however , that God has long forgiven her for her reckless sexual past , rendering this all null and void in her mind . Thick - skinned and even - tempered , Hanna is typically slow to offense and anger , though the two people she shows no patience for is her daughter Candace and Benny 's absentee father , treating the both of them with great amounts of venom and vituperation . Hanna regularly shows deep - seated disgust with Candace because of her unethical choices and sexual immoralities . Because of Hanna 's own sexual immoralities and constant emotional and physical abuse especially of her daughter , she often comes across as sanctimonious and holier - than - thou . On the other hand , Hanna is deeply proud of her son because of his more upright choices and hard work ethic . Despite her deep - seated acrimony for her daughter , Hanna has proven that she will protect and defend her daughter when push comes to shove , such as shown when she learned of the Cryers physically abusing Candace . During the second season , Hanna was in contention with Tony about keeping Benny on life support after the hit - and - run accident , and fell prey to her evil employer Jim . Hanna quits her job as a housekeeper in the Cryer home due to Jim 's conniving , and later reunites with her best friend Katheryn , who wants her to come back to her job as her housekeeper ; Hanna agrees but only after Benny is settled in . She returns to work , and is the one who discovers Amanda dead in her bedroom . She also becomes more snarky and confrontational with Celine , having finally had enough with Celine 's nasty ways . Previously , Hanna was regularly bullied and abused by Celine with little to no response . Currently , Hanna is overjoyed at finally having her grandson , Q , in her life , and is filing for custody of her grandson . Benjamin `` Benny '' Young ( Tyler Lepley ) : Benny is Hanna 's son and Candace 's half - brother . He operates a tow truck company . In comparison to his conniving sister , he is less prone to cause trouble for his mother .",
"19": "Benny is personable , dutiful , and hard - working . He 's very tough and overprotective and takes his role as man of the house very seriously , sometimes recklessly and foolhardily so . He has unconditional love and care for his mother and sister and is willing to put his own life on the line to avenge or defend them . Benny 's also often caught in the middle of his mother 's and Candace 's acrimonious relationship with each other . Despite the fact that his mother has completely given up on Candace , Benny still shows he loves and believes in Candace . Secretly behind his mother 's back , Benny has close ties to Candace and keeps in contact with her . This involvement in Candace 's affairs has landed Benny in prison . In the episode `` No More Hiding , '' Benny sharply called out his mother for her treatment of Candace , reminding Hanna that she herself has a colorful history of sexual immoralities . It is also in this episode that Benny learns that his father is Tony and shames his mother upon discovering this for keeping that information from him . In the season one finale , Benny is changing a tire when he is dramatically run down by a strung out Wyatt Cryer , which leaves him in a coma and on life support . He is ultimately removed from life support and supposedly passes away , leaving his mother and sister to grieve him . However , it is revealed that he still has some brain activity indicating he 's still alive after being moved to a private hospital from the county general hospital ( which was revealed to have been the doing of Katheryn , who also pays the bill for Benny 's hospital stay ) . Benny eventually makes a full recovery . By mid-season 3 , Benny slowly discovers why his family is so dysfunctional . For example , the rape of young Candace at the hands of one of his mother 's boyfriends , and his estranged father 's actions while he was on life support . In the season finale , Benny discovered that Quincy had hit his mother , and in a fit of rage proceeds to take vengeance and wreak all havoc on Quincy . He also begins an affair with Veronica Harrington , who bails him out . After he bails Quincy out , he proceeds to thrash him again and then frame him for drug charges .",
"20": "He also finally locates his nephew , Q , and brings him to Hanna . So overjoyed is she that she has her grandchild , that she promptly initiates custody proceedings for him . Celine Gonzales ( Eva Tamargo ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Celine is a former maid in the Cryer home and ex-friend of Hanna . She was originally depicted as a casual , relaxed woman , often fostering a friendly , informal atmosphere . She was also depicted as savvy and well - informed , and gossipy , given to divulging useful inside information about life at the Cryer 's to Hanna . However , as time passed on and Hanna appeared to become closer to Katheryn and gain favor within the Cryer household , Celine 's demeanor changed : she began to take on more jealous , bullying and antagonistic behaviors , largely towards Hanna and later towards Katheryn as well . Prior to the dissolution of their friendship , Celine reveals through conversation with Hanna that she is currently married to a man named Humberto and that the marriage is troubled and distant , if not all together dysfunctional . Despite her marriage , Celine happens to be another one of Jim 's former mistresses and due to a lack of knowledge of Jim 's infatuation with Candace , she continually tried to rekindle her relationship with Jim . Each of her attempts to seduce him were met with rejection which also adds to her aggravation . Because of her history with Jim , Katheryn disdains Celine and passive - aggressively refers to her as `` Four '' , the number she comes up among Jim 's long line of mistresses ( in similar fashion to the way Katheryn refers to Candace as `` Nine '' ) . Katheryn has stated that she allows Celine to stick around under employment for passive - aggressive purposes as she revels in the grief she suffers from Jim 's rejections . Though in the season 2 episode `` Family Issues , '' the two seem to have their first major confrontation when Katheryn sharply calls out Celine for only pretending to telephone Hanna so as to get her ( Hanna ) into trouble with Katheryn . Katheryn informs that she 's well aware of Celine 's shenanigans towards her friend in more ways than one and that she 'll be fired if she keeps it up .",
"21": "However , Celine shuts down Katheryn by letting her know that she wo n't be firing her what with how much she values her reputation and all the information she ( Celine ) has on her ( Katheryn ) family . ( Because of what she knows , she forges an arrangement , one which Katheryn does not approve of , which keeps her job sacrosanct ) In season 3 , it 's revealed that Celine and Jim have two sons . One is a near grown son named Carlos as well as a seven - year - old named Jim , Jr . Shortly prior to Amanda 's death , Celine enjoyed needling Katheryn . In the season 3 episode `` A Tragic Day '' , Katheryn wildly snapped on Celine and fires her . She does n't go down without a fight , though , which enrages Katheryn so much that she throws a vase at Celine . Celine is finally thrown out of the house in the episode `` April 7 , 1979 '' when Katheryn gets into yet another fight with the former housekeeper . In the next episode , Celine gets into an argument with Hanna about a parking space , and Hanna , who finally sees Celine for the conniving and scheming woman that she really is , firmly tells her that she was fired . Finally , Jim tells Celine that she is fired and for her to leave the house . Celine leaves . She makes one more appearance before Amanda 's funeral , but was thrown out . Jim visits Celine and stuns her with the announcement that he had never loved her , that she was only good for one thing , sex . She would receive child support for their youngest son , but he refers to the child as a bastard . The amount would be quite small , as he is using his power as a judge to set the amount . She does not return for the fourth season . Other main characters ( edit ) These main characters do not appear in the opening sequence like the shows title characters ( `` The Haves '' : The Cryers and The Harringtons and `` The Have Nots '' : The Youngs and Celine ) , but also receive star billing . D.A.",
"22": "Jennifer Sallison ( Shari Headley ) : ( Season 4 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ) : The district attorney who has been gunning for the Cryers and the Harringtons for some time . After a striking a deal with Wyatt for immunity for both him and Jeffery at the end of Season 3 , she finally manages to arrest the Cryer and Harrington families for tampering with evidence and obstruction of justice . She also succeeds in getting Wyatt 's inheritance for him , which is sure to anger his parents . In the Season 4 finale , Katheryn pulls out a gun and fatally shoots Jennifer multiple times , thus killing her . It turns out that Jennifer 's body was being disposed of by the Malone family , while being wrapped in plastic wrap with a note that says her name and `` Cryer Victim '' . Her body was left at a television system by the Malone 's as a way for their head boss and grandmother , Mama Rose , to pressure Jim even harder into tracking down War . Margaret `` Maggie '' Day ( Allison McAtee ) : ( Season 4 ; recurring Seasons 2 -- 3 ) A campaign manager hired by Jim 's staff , who has feelings for David . She and her assistant , Landon ( whom is attracted to David 's son Jeffrey ) , manage to get David released and he learns of Veronica 's infidelity . In the mid-season 4 premiere , she was shot multiple times in the stomach by a gunman , being mistaken as Veronica , whom Jim intended to be killed . David witnesses her and the gunman 's bodies covered in sheets at the crime scene of the shooting and mistakes her as Veronica . It was later revealed that Veronica set Maggie up to die herself . LaQuita `` Quita '' Maxwell ( Danielle Deadwyler ) : ( Season 4 ; Guest in Season 3 ; recurring season 5 ) Quincy 's sister who had been watching over Quincy 's son before Benny rescued him . She acts as an antagonist throughout the series ' run towards several characters , particularly Candace due to the mysterious absence of her brother Quincy . Justin Lewis ( Nicholas James ) : ( Season 4 -- present ) A suspicious officer , who comes to Candace 's house , minutes after Quincy had been stabbed , to check out a noise complaint from his mother , Candace 's neighbor .",
"23": "At one point , he tries to rape Jeffrey . At another point , he threatens to kill Jeffrey after harassing him . He later becomes more nicer and enters a sexual relationship with Jeffery . Melissa ( Antoinette Robertson ) : ( Season 6 - present ; recurring , Seasons 2 -- 5 ) Melissa is a young lady who Veronica set up for Jeffery to date . In season three , she was impregnated by Jeffery after getting him to have sex with her while watching `` Gay Porn '' . In season four , Veronica set up for Jeffery and Melissa to move In together and get married , but Jeffery refused to go along with the plan . In the Season Five Mid-Finale , she attempts suicide in their bed when she learns that her father died from her mother . Warrick `` Warlock / War '' Lewis ( Jon Chaffin ) : ( Season 4 ; Guest in Season 2 ; recurring seasons 3 , 5 ) A friend of Candace , who helps extort money from Jim , but learns that Candace lied about the amount . He becomes the main villain of the show , after Quincy and starts to threaten and verbally and physically abuse Candace , going so far as to threaten to kill Benny and sexually assault Candace against a fence at Benny 's tow yard , which Mitch witnesses . Mitch has him thrown in jail , by putting drugs in his car which do n't belong to him and he at first thinks it is Candace who set him up . He is unfortunately let of out jail by Jim and on the look out to kill Candace , once again . In the Season 5 mid-finale , it is revealed that he is working with Erica . In the mid-season premiere , Warlock was seen shooting Quincy Jr. in his search for Candace . After Candace learns that War had shot her son , War is found dead by the Malones at their restaurant after Candace had him delivered there . Mitchell `` Mitch '' Malone ( Brett Davis ) : ( Season 4 -- present ; recurring season 3 ) A friend of Benny 's , who is recruited to work at Benny 's new tow truck business . Mitch is later revealed to be related to the Malone crime family , but chooses to live a straight and narrow life .",
"24": "After suspecting War as bad news and witnessing War sexually assault Candace at the tow yard , he protects her and Benny , by throwing War in jail , putting drugs in his car to make it look as if they were his . Erica ( Presilah Nunez ) : ( Season 4 -- present ; guest in season 3 ) A woman who sold Benny her boyfriend 's car after a bad break - up . It turns out that she and Candace are working together . She becomes a love interest to David ( originally as a set - up ) , igniting a feud between her and his wife Veronica . In the Season Five Mid-Finale , it is revealed that she is working with Warlock and hopes for Candace 's downfall . Charles Frederickson ( Nick Sager ) : ( Season 5 -- present ) The president - elect and the love interest to Candace , whom she uses to help her get her money back . Recurring characters ( edit ) Tony Watson ( Patrick Faucette ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ; Guest in season 3 ) Tony is Benny 's estranged father whom he does n't find out is his father until it is accidentally revealed by his mom . Benny only knew his as `` Mr. Watson '' , before finding out , because he goes to church with him and Hanna . Hanna had a one - night - stand with Tony , which resulted in her pregnancy with Benny . In the second season , Tony tries to get Benny taken off life support , so that he could have his kidneys , not showing any sincere feelings of remorse and compassion for his son 's well - being . In the third season , when Hanna reveals to Benny that Tony tried to take him off life support , Benny had Tony to come over and explain why . Tony , feeling guilty , says he did n't want his son to have to worry about not being able to walk and suffering through pain . Laura ( Susie Abromeit ) : ( Season 1 ) Laura is Wyatt 's longtime girlfriend , who he had not seen since rehab . When she and Wyatt reunites , Jeffery becomes jealous and tries to keep her away , and lies to Wyatt , telling him she 's dating someone else , whom she has n't seen since highschool .",
"25": "Once Jeffery is revealed to Wyatt by Laura , Laura calls out Jeffery for his behavior calling him a mean , cruel person . Quincy Maxwell ( Medina Islam ) : ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ; Guest in Season 4 ) Quincy is one of the main antagonists of the Young family . He had once had a relationship with Candace , with whom he produced a child , Quincy Daylon `` Q '' Young . Hanna does n't like Quincy because he kept her grandson away from her , and Benny does n't like Quincy for all the trouble he has caused . Quincy was also known for harassing the Harrington family , after Veronica let him out of prison to wreak havoc on Candace . On Veronica 's orders , Quincy beats up her son , Jeffery , because he would not tell him where Candace was . In the third mid-season finale , Benny discovers that Quincy had slapped his mother , tracks him down at a strip club , rams his car into Quincy 's , and then proceeds to thrash Quincy for his crimes towards his family . Eventually , Benny again does physical damage to Quincy and finally succeeds in getting his nephew away from his degenerate father and brings him to Hanna . Quincy reappears at his sister 's apartment clearly injured and is told that not having Quincy is going to effect her welfare benefits . While there the police show up after she is suspected of child abuse and instead leaves the card of the social worker and does n't properly check to see if there are other children being abused in her custody . Quincy later appears at the hospital after tracking down the social worker and assaults her while young Q looks on terrified . Then he leaves and security is increased for the next time he shows up , he also , runs a car through Hanna 's home burning down the place she has worked all her life to be able to afford . He eventually finds Candace 's home and attacks her until he is stabbed to death by both her and Jeffrey after he arrives with the latter delivering the final blow . In the second episode of season 4 , he awakes briefly , pleading to Candace for help , who refuses and lets him completely die . Professor Cannon ( Robert Pralgo ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ; Guest in Season 3 ) Cannon is Candace and Amanda 's law professor .",
"26": "In Season 1 's `` The Criminal , '' Cannon agrees to give Amanda a makeup exam after seeing her sexy makeover . Later , he comes by her and Candace 's apartment and makes unwelcome advances towards Amanda , even threatening to fail her if she does n't sleep with him . He then proceeds to rape Amanda . Amanda later takes to stalking Cannon , breaking into his house twice and threatening him with a gun . In their final encounter , Amanda stabs Cannon in his shoulder in broad daylight . In Season 3 , Jim and Katheryn finally find out that Cannon raped their daughter and confront the professor . Jim brutally assaults his late daughter 's rapist until Katheryn tells him to stop . Later on , Jim orders for Cannon to be killed along with Officer Terrell and Veronica . Landon ( Kristian Kordula ) : ( Season 2 -- present ) Landon is a guy who works at the campaign office and has feelings for Jeffery , who also has feelings for him , but still feels something for Wyatt . He and Jeffery met at a gay bar , in the second season . In season three , Landon sleeps with Jeffery , after Jeffery decides he 's free to be whoever he wants to be . In season four , after finding out his Friend / Boss Maggie was murdered at Veronica 's house , In the twelfth episode , he lashes out at Jeffery and decides to leave town . He returns later in season five working for Charles . Byron ( Leith Burke ) : ( Season 2 ; Guest in Season 3 ) Byron is a homicide detective . He meets Hanna in the second season and becomes one of her close friends . When Hanna finds out that he was working with Jim to protect Wyatt , she become furious with him , and when he shows up at the party , in the third - season premiere she orders him to leave . Darlene ( Dasha Chadwick ) : ( Season 2 ) is an old friend and classmate of Benny 's . She works at the county hospital where Benny was placed to by Katheryn . Michael ( Jerome Brooks ) : ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ; Guest in Season 4 ) Michael is the grandfather of Lizzie , The girl killed by Wyatt Cryer . He becomes a close friend to Hanna and they both comfort each other dealing with each other their situation .",
"27": "In The third season , he starts having feelings for Hanna and seduces her into having sex with him , in the third episode of the third season , until being interrupted and caught by Benny who is shown to be horrified and disgusted . Carlos ( Gerald Celasco ) : ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) Carlos ls Jim Cryer 's estranged son whom he shares with Celine . Carlos reveals to Jim that he is his son in the season 2 finale . He tries to convince his mother that Jim does n't Love or care about her , Jim or his little brother , but she disagrees and claims that he only loves her and not his wife , Katheryn . Brandon Wallace / `` Oscar '' ( Philip Boyd ) : ( Season 3 -- present ) Oscar is a strange guy who Candace notices spoting her at the sarandon hotel . He shows interest in Candace and wants to get to know her , but she continues to reject him , until he reveals his life story to her , telling her about his wife 's death and how after her death , he would sleep with any woman , to keep from mourning . After this , him and Candace have sex and both start to fall in love with each other . When Candace realizes she has no money in her Bank account , she confronts him about it and he shows his true colors and admits that he took the money and only used her for sex , which breaks her heart . As she attempts to right him , Quincy comes in and fights him off of her , and he then runs away . Pearl ( Maree Cheatham ) : ( Season 4 -- present ) : Pearl is Justin 's mother and Candace 's nosy neighbor who lives in front of her and watched everything that goes on . She also revealed that she saw Quincy go into Candace 's house and never come out . Alliyah Delong ( Yaani King ) : ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) Alliyah Delong is a social worker for Child welfare . She helps Hanna get custody of Quincy Jr. much to Candace 's dismay . When Candace suspects Alliyah of working for Oscar , she calls her friend Erica over so that they can both confront her .",
"28": "When Alliyah claims she does n't know anything about Oscar or about him giving her money , Candace and Erica begin to beat her up , until she tells the truth . She then admits that Oscar gave her 25 Thousand Dollars . Candace orders Alliyah to give her the money back and give her custody of her son Quincy Jr . Daylon ( Quincy Brown ) : ( Season 4 ) A friend of Quita who helps her try to track down Quincy . He and Quita get arrested after getting caught breaking into Candace 's house . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2016 ) Angela Robinson ( Veronica Harrington ) ( edit ) As a central and very one - of - a-kind antagonist in the program , the `` Veronica Harrington '' character has drawn increasing attention in the media , promoted as `` the ice queen with ice water running through her veins . '' An NBC News article characterized the character as an `` insecure woman that everyone loves to hate '' and `` a bougie buppie , diabolical diva who slept her way to the top of Savannah 's high society . '' In August 2015 , the Broadway veteran actress playing the role , Angela Robinson , was dubbed by an NBC News article as `` Tyler Perry 's breakout star '' from her role in The Haves and The Have Nots . Described in her on - air role as a `` villainess , '' she was hailed as `` slowly becoming a household name and gaining a cult - like following from the hit series . '' The actress was reported as becoming choked up in an August 2015 conference call when a journalist asked her : `` How does it feel being the most hated ( black female character ) on prime time television this summer ? '' The actress was reported as having to take a moment to compose herself before answering the question . Ratings and broadcast history ( edit ) The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday , May 28 , 2013 , at 9 / 8c on the Oprah Winfrey Network . The Haves and the Have Nots is the first scripted television series to air on OWN . Both the show 's first and second episodes aired back to back on its premiere night .",
"29": "Each episode of the series runs for an hour ( 42 minutes plus commercials ) . The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for OWN , scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere on the network . During the show 's first season , The Haves and the Have Nots received numerous widely publicized series highs in ratings , including with its July 30 episode , its August 6 episode , its August 13 episode , its August 27 episode , and most notably with its season 1 finale on September 3 . The season 1 finale of The Haves And the Have Nots was the third most watched telecast in OWN history , bested only by an interview with Whitney Houston 's daughter Bobbi Kristina and episodes of Oprah 's Next Chapter featuring Lance Armstrong . Within its first season alone , Variety had recognized The Haves and the Have Nots as `` OWN 's most popular series to date . '' Also within only its first season , The Haves and the Have Nots had been critically acclaimed as being `` one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun , filled with the typical betrayals , affairs , manipulations and a bitch slap or two . '' Recognizing the show 's increasing popularity , OWN renewed the drama series for a 2nd season midway into the first season . The 2nd season was originally to consist of 16 episodes and bring the series to 32 in total by the completion of season 2 ; however on August 21 , it was announced that the network had ordered 4 additional episodes for the 2nd season , which will bring the series to 36 episodes in total by season 2 's completion . Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday , January 7 , 2014 . Continuing on with its ratings records from season 1 , the show debuted its 2nd season with series and network high ratings . Throughout season 2 , the soap has achieved several more series highs . On February 4 , 2014 , for example , the drama series came in as the most watched television program in all of cable television with an estimated 3.4 million viewers .",
"30": "Among all of OWN programming since the network 's January 2011 debut , only a March 2012 Oprah 's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers ( 3.5 million ) than the February 4 , 2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots . The Haves and the Have Nots episode in question is `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' On Tuesday , March 11 , 2014 , however , the mid-season 2 finale of The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for all of OWN programming , scoring the highest ratings in the station 's history . The record - breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers , surpassing the 3.5 million that tuned in for Oprah Winfrey 's interview with Bobbi Kristina . Not only was the episode the most watched broadcast in all of OWN history but it came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night . Season 3 premiered on January 6 , 2015 . Production of season 3 began in August 2014 following a 25 episode order which will bring the episode count to 61 through 2015 . In May 2015 , it was reported that the 3rd season of `` The Haves and the Have Nots '' was primetime 's # 1 original cable series among African - American women and total viewers , regularly attracting more than three million viewers . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref 2015 Gracie Awards Outstanding Female Actor -- One to Watch Angela Robinson Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry and Oprah Winfrey do n't have it in ' Have - Nots ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call Tyler Perry 's `` The Haves And the Have Nots '' `` . Project Casting . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Philiana Ng ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Sets Premieres for Tyler Perry 's Scripted Series , Greenlights Two Shows '' .",
"31": "The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 5 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Announces New Original Programming for 2013 and Closes Out 2012 With Double - Digit Ratings Gains '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb , Roger . `` OWN Orders Four Additional Episodes Of Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Florida actress is holding her own on OWN '' . Florida Courier . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` John Schneider Among Actors Cast In Tyler Perry 's Two OWN Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : `` The Haves and the Have Nots -- Cast '' . Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : `` Angela Robinson : Broadway Veteran and Tyler Perry 's Breakout Star '' . nbcnews.com . August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Haves and the Have Nots -- OWN '' . Casting Call Hub . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : Tyler Perry Premiere Gives OWN a Record Launch '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Solid Debut For Tyler Perry 's ' The Haves And Have Nots ' On OWN '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and Have Nots ' Rises to Series High on OWN '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Williams , Brennan ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry ' The Haves And The Have Nots ' Sets Another Series High '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS Hits Season High -- BWWTVWorld '' . Tv.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Finale Hits Scripted Record for OWN '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( January 1 , 1970 ) . `` OWN 's ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' Finale Ratings High , TNT 's ' Cold Justice ' Premiere Strong '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety . `` OWN 's ' Haves and Have Nots ' Sets Record With Fall Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Halterman , Jim . `` Aaron O'Connell & Gavin Houston On ' The Haves And The Have Nots ' Gay Story '' . thebacklot.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Doubles the Episode Order for ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' for a Total Season Order of 32 Episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Orders Four Additional Episodes Of Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS '' . We Loves Soaps . We Loves Soaps LLC . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.deadline.com/2014/01/owns-the-haves-the-have-nots-returns-with-series-network-high/ Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic .",
"33": "`` OWN 's ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' Returns With Series & Network High '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Finale Is OWN 's Most - Watched Program Ever '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Kissell . `` OWN 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Surges to Series Highs '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's ' The Have and Have Nots ' Casting Call for New Season '' . auditionsfree.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OWN orders 20 new episodes of ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' through 2015 '' . Theb3.net . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' + ' Love Thy Neighbor ' Return This June ~ Sneak Peeks ( Watch ) '' . eurweb . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts , Cicely Tyson , Maggie Gyllenhall , Olivia Munn , Mae Whitman , and Orange is the New Black , Amongst Others To Be Honored at the Alliance For Women in Media 's Foundation 's 40th Anniversary Gracies Awards on May 19 '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles : thegracies.org . March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Haves and the Have Nots on IMDb The Haves and the Have Nots page at Tyler Perry Official website Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ?",
"34": "Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony The List Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Oprah Winfrey Network original programming Current Greenleaf ( since 2016 ) If Loving You Is Wrong ( since 2014 ) Iyanla : Fix My Life ( since 2012 ) Oprah 's Master Class ( since 2011 ) Oprah : Where Are They Now ?",
"35": "( since 2012 ) Queen Sugar ( since 2016 ) Super Soul Sunday ( since 2011 ) The Haves and the Have Nots ( since 2013 ) The Paynes ( since 2018 ) Welcome to Sweetie Pie 's ( since 2011 ) Former 6 Little McGhees ( 2012 -- 14 ) Addicted to Food ( 2011 ) All My Children ( 2013 ) America 's Money Class with Suze Orman ( 2012 ) Anna & Kristina 's Grocery Bag ( 2011 ) Belief ( 2015 ) Beverly 's Full House ( 2012 ) Blackboard Wars ( 2013 ) Breaking Down the Bars ( 2011 ) Carson Nation ( 2011 ) Deion 's Family Playbook ( 2014 - 15 ) Deliver Me ( 2011 ) Extreme Clutter with Peter Walsh ( 2011 -- 12 ) Finding Sarah ( 2011 ) Flex & Shanice ( 2014 - 16 ) For Peete 's Sake ( 2016 - 17 ) Golden Sisters ( 2013 ) Houston Beauty ( 2013 ) It 's Not You , It 's Men ( 2016 ) Life with La Toya ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lindsay ( 2014 ) Lives on Fire ( 2012 ) Livin ' Lozada ( 2015 - 16 ) Love Thy Neighbor ( 2013 - 17 ) Lovetown ,",
"36": "USA ( 2012 ) Married to the Army : Alaska ( 2012 ) Mom 's Got Game ( 2014 ) Mystery Diagnosis ( 2011 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Oprah Prime ( 2012 - 2015 ) Oprah 's Lifeclass ( 2011 - 2014 ) Our America with Lisa Ling ( 2011 -- 14 ) Party at Tiffany 's ( 2011 ) Police Women of Dallas ( 2013 ) Raising Whitley ( 2013 - 16 ) Ryan and Tatum : The O'Neals ( 2011 ) Season 25 : Oprah Behind The Scenes ( 2011 ) Staten Island Law ( 2013 ) The Dr. Laura Berman Show ( 2011 ) The Gayle King Show ( 2011 ) The Judds ( 2011 ) The Rosie Show ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Why Not ? with Shania Twain ( 2011 ) Your OWN Show : Oprah 's Search for the Next TV Star ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Haves_and_the_Have_Nots_(TV_series)&oldid=837874160 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows American television soap operas English - language television programs OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network original programs Television series based on plays Television shows set in Savannah , Georgia Television series created by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles to be expanded from December 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from December 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 15 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"37": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "List of New Orleans Saints starting quarterbacks - wikipedia List of New Orleans Saints starting quarterbacks Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion / wins by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Running backs ( show ) Career rushing attempts leaders Career rushing yards leaders Career rushing touchdowns leaders Annual rushing yards leaders Annual rushing touchdowns leaders 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receivers ( show ) Career receptions leaders Career receiving yards leaders Career receiving touchdowns leaders Annual receptions leaders Annual receiving yards leaders Annual receiving touchdowns leaders Defense ( show ) Career sacks leaders Annual sacks leaders Career interceptions leaders Annual interceptions leaders Special teams ( show ) Longest field goals Career field goals leaders Career punting yards leaders Career punt return yards leaders Career kickoff return yards leaders Annual field goals leaders Annual punting yards leaders Annual punt return yards leaders Annual kickoff return yards leaders Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Career all - purpose yards leaders Career scoring leaders Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements Drew Brees ( 2006 -- present ) These quarterbacks have started at least one game for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League . They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the Saints . Contents ( hide ) 1 Starting quarterbacks 1.1 Regular season 1.",
"1": "2 Postseason 2 Most games as starting quarterback 3 Team career passing records 4 References Starting quarterbacks ( edit ) Luke McCown ( 2015 ) Aaron Brooks ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Archie Manning ( 1971 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 1981 ) The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right : Regular season ( edit ) Season ( s ) Quarterback ( s ) Notes 2017 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2016 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2015 Drew Brees ( 15 ) / Luke McCown ( 1 ) 2014 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2013 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2012 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2011 Drew Brees ( 16 ) Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2009 Drew Brees ( 15 ) / Mark Brunell ( 1 ) 2008 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2007 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2006 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2005 Aaron Brooks ( 13 ) / Todd Bouman ( 3 ) Aaron Brooks ( 16 ) 2003 Aaron Brooks ( 16 ) 2002 Aaron Brooks ( 16 ) 2001 Aaron Brooks ( 16 ) 2000 Jeff Blake ( 11 ) / Aaron Brooks ( 5 ) 1999 Billy Joe Tolliver ( 7 ) / Billy Joe Hobert ( 7 ) / Jake Delhomme ( 2 ) 1998 Kerry Collins ( 7 ) / Danny Wuerffel ( 4 ) / Billy Joe Tolliver ( 4 ) / Billy Joe Hobert ( 1 )",
"2": "1997 Heath Shuler ( 9 ) / Billy Joe Hobert ( 4 ) / Danny Wuerffel ( 2 ) / Doug Nussmeier ( 1 ) Jim Everett ( 15 ) / Doug Nussmeier ( 1 ) 1995 Jim Everett ( 16 ) 1994 Jim Everett ( 16 ) 1993 Wade Wilson ( 14 ) / Mike Buck ( 1 ) / Steve Walsh ( 1 ) 1992 Bobby Hebert ( 16 ) 1991 Bobby Hebert ( 9 ) / Steve Walsh ( 7 ) 1990 Steve Walsh ( 11 ) / John Fourcade ( 5 ) 1989 Bobby Hebert ( 13 ) / John Fourcade ( 3 ) 1988 Bobby Hebert ( 16 ) Bobby Hebert ( 12 ) / John Fourcade ( 3 ) 1986 Dave Wilson ( 13 ) / Bobby Hebert ( 3 ) 1985 Dave Wilson ( 10 ) / Bobby Hebert ( 6 ) 1984 Richard Todd ( 14 ) / Dave Wilson ( 2 ) Ken Stabler ( 14 ) / Dave Wilson ( 2 ) 1982 Ken Stabler ( 8 ) / Guido Merkens ( 1 ) 1981 Archie Manning ( 11 ) / Dave Wilson ( 4 ) / Bobby Scott ( 1 ) 1980 Archie Manning ( 16 ) 1979 Archie Manning ( 16 ) 1978 Archie Manning ( 16 ) 1977 Archie Manning ( 9 ) / Bobby Scott ( 3 ) / Bobby Douglass ( 2 ) 1976 Bobby Scott ( 8 ) / Bobby Douglass ( 6 ) Archie Manning (",
"3": "13 ) / Larry Cipa ( 1 ) Archie Manning ( 11 ) / Larry Cipa ( 2 ) / Bobby Scott ( 1 ) 1973 Archie Manning ( 13 ) / Bobby Scott ( 1 ) 1972 Archie Manning ( 14 ) 1971 Archie Manning ( 10 ) / Edd Hargett ( 4 ) 1970 Billy Kilmer ( 11 ) / Edd Hargett ( 3 ) 1969 Billy Kilmer ( 14 ) 1968 Billy Kilmer ( 11 ) / Karl Sweetan ( 3 ) 1967 Gary Cuozzo ( 10 ) / Billy Kilmer ( 4 ) Postseason ( edit ) Season Quarterback ( s ) Bobby Hebert ( 0 - 1 ) 1990 Steve Walsh ( 0 - 1 ) 1991 Bobby Hebert ( 0 - 1 ) 1992 Bobby Hebert ( 0 - 1 ) 2000 Aaron Brooks ( 1 - 1 ) 2006 Drew Brees ( 1 - 1 ) 2009 Drew Brees ( 3 - 0 ) Drew Brees ( 0 - 1 ) 2011 Drew Brees ( 1 - 1 ) 2013 Drew Brees ( 1 - 1 ) 2017 Drew Brees ( 1 - 0 ) Most games as starting quarterback ( edit ) These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Saints in regular season games ( as of Week 17 of 2017 season ) .",
"4": "Name GP Games played GS Games started Number of wins as starting quarterback Number of losses as starting quarterback Number of ties as starting quarterback Pct Winning Percentage as starting quarterback Name Period GP GS % Brees , Drew 2006 -- present 190 190 112 78 - . 589 Manning , Archie 1971 - 1982 134 129 35 91 . 283 Brooks , Aaron 2000 - 2005 85 82 38 44 - . 463 Hebert , Bobby 1985 - 1992 78 75 49 26 - . 653 Everett , Jim 1994 - 1996 47 47 17 30 - . 362 Team career passing records ( edit ) ( As of Week 17 of 2017 season ) Name Comp Att % Yds TD Int Brees , Drew 5,097 7,485 68.1 % 58,097 408 175 Manning , Archie 1,849 3,335 55.4 % 21,734 115 156 Brooks , Aaron 1,563 2,771 56.4 % 19,156 120 84 Hebert , Bobby 1,202 2,055 58.5 % 14,630 85 75 Everett , Jim 958 1,571 61.0 % 10,622 60 48 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 New Orleans Saints Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 .",
"5": "New Orleans Saints Founded in 1967 Based in New Orleans , Louisiana Headquartered in Metairie , Louisiana Franchise Franchise Seasons History ( playoff history ) Players Coaches Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tulane Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Temporary home venues due to Hurricane Katrina : Alamodome Giants Stadium Tiger Stadium Culture Gumbo Sir Saint Who Dat ?",
"6": "Effect of Hurricane Katrina Buddy D `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' Lore Dempsey 's 63 - yard field goal Dome Patrol Ricky Williams trade River City Relay Bountygate Owners Tom Benson ( majority owner ) Rita Benson LeBlanc ( part - owner ) Playoff appearances ( 11 ) 1990 1991 1992 2000 2006 2009 2011 2013 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 1991 2000 2006 2009 2011 2017 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2009 League championships ( 1 ) 2009 ( XLIV ) Ring of Honor Andersen Manning Jackson Roaf Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 51 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold New Orleans Saints starting quarterbacks Gary Cuozzo ( 1967 ) Billy Kilmer ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Karl Sweetan ( 1968 ) Ronnie Lee South ( 1968 ) Edd Hargett ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Archie Manning ( 1971 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 1981 ) Bobby Scott ( 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 ,",
"7": "1981 ) Larry Cipa ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bobby Douglass ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Dave Wilson ( 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 ) Ken Stabler ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Guido Merkens ( 1982 ) Richard Todd ( 1984 ) Bobby Hebert ( 1985 -- 1989 , 1991 -- 1992 ) John Fourcade ( 1987 , 1989 -- 1990 ) Steve Walsh ( 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 ) Wade Wilson ( 1993 ) Mike Buck ( 1993 ) Jim Everett ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Doug Nussmeier ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Heath Shuler ( 1997 ) Billy Joe Hobert ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Danny Wuerffel ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Kerry Collins ( 1998 ) Billy Joe Tolliver ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Jake Delhomme ( 1999 ) Jeff Blake ( 2000 ) Aaron Brooks ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Todd Bouman ( 2005 ) Drew Brees ( 2006 -- present ) Mark Brunell ( 2009 ) Luke McCown ( 2015 ) List of most recent starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 17 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Bryce Petty ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Landry Jones ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) T.J.",
"8": "Yates ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Paxton Lynch ( Denver Broncos ) Patrick Mahomes II ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Drew Stanton ( Arizona Cardinals ) Sean Mannion ( Los Angeles Rams ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_Orleans_Saints_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=819331776 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks New Orleans Saints players New Orleans Saints lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 20 : 04 . About Wikipedia",
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when was harry potter and the philosophers stone published
|
[
"1997",
"1997",
"1997",
"1997",
"in 1997"
] |
{
"0": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( disambiguation ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Cover for one of the earliest UK editions Author J.K. Rowling Illustrator Thomas Taylor ( UK Edition ) Jonny Duddle ( 2014 UK Edition ) Mary GrandPré ( US Edition ) Kazu Kibuishi ( 2013 US Edition ) Jim Kay ( Illustrated edition ) Series Harry Potter Release number 1st in series Genre Fantasy Publisher Bloomsbury ( UK ) ( Canada 2010 -- present ) Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic ( US ) Raincoast ( Canada 1998 -- 2010 ) Publication date 26 June 1997 ( UK ) 1 September 1998 ( US ) Pages 223 ( UK Edition ) 332 ( 2014 UK Edition ) 309 ( US Edition ) 336 ( 2013 US Edition ) 256 ( illustrated Edition ) ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3269 - 9 Followed by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J.K. Rowling . It is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling 's debut novel , first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury . It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998 . The plot follows Harry Potter , a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . With the help of his friends , Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who killed Harry 's parents , but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old . The novel won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US .",
"1": "The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best - selling fiction in August 1999 and stayed near the top of that list for much of 1999 and 2000 . It has been translated into at least seventy three other languages and has been made into a feature - length film of the same name , as have all six of its sequels . Most reviews were very favourable , commenting on Rowling 's imagination , humour , simple , direct style and clever plot construction , although a few complained that the final chapters seemed rushed . The writing has been compared to that of Jane Austen , one of Rowling 's favourite authors , Roald Dahl , whose works dominated children 's stories before the appearance of Harry Potter , and the Ancient Greek story - teller Homer . While some commentators thought the book looked backwards to Victorian and Edwardian boarding school stories , others thought it placed the genre firmly in the modern world by featuring contemporary ethical and social issues . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , along with the rest of the Harry Potter series , has been attacked by several religious groups and banned in some countries because of accusations that the novels promote witchcraft , but other religious commentators have written that the book exemplifies important viewpoints , including the power of self - sacrifice and the ways in which people 's decisions shape their personalities . The series has been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques , sociological analysis and marketing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Plot 1.2 Main characters 2 Development , publication and reception 2.1 Development 2.2 Publication and reception in the United Kingdom 2.3 U.S.",
"2": "publication and reception 2.4 Translations 3 Style and themes 4 Legacy 4.1 Sequels 4.2 Illustrated version 4.3 Film version 4.4 Video games 4.5 Uses in education and business 5 Release history 6 Footnotes 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Plot ( edit ) As the main title suggests , the plot centres on a legendary alchemical substance which is believed by some to give immortality Eleven - year - old Harry Potter has been living an ordinary life , constantly abused by his surly and cold uncle and aunt , Vernon and Petunia Dursley and bullied by their spoiled son Dudley . His life changes on the day of his eleventh birthday when he receives a letter of acceptance into a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , delivered by a half - giant named Rubeus Hagrid after previous letters had been destroyed by Vernon and Petunia . Hagrid explains Harry 's hidden past as the wizard son of James and Lily Potter , who are a wizard and witch respectively , and how they were murdered by the most evil and powerful dark wizard in history , Lord Voldemort , which resulted in the one - year - old Harry being sent to live with his aunt and uncle . The strangest bit of the murder was how Voldemort was unable to kill him , but instead had his powers removed and blasted away , sparking Harry 's immense fame among the magical community . Hagrid introduces Harry to the wizarding world , bringing him to places filled with wonder and magic like Diagon Alley , a hidden London street where Harry purchases his pet owl Hedwig and his various school supplies , and Gringotts Wizarding Bank , where he uncovers a fortune left to him by his parents in his vault . There , he is surprised to discover how famous he truly is among witches and wizards , who refer to him as `` the boy who lived '' . A month later , Harry leaves the Dursleys ' home to catch the Hogwarts Express from King 's Cross railway station 's secret Hogwarts platform , Platform 93⁄4 . On the train , he befriends fellow first - year Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger , whose snobbiness and affinity for spells initially causes the two boys to dislike her .",
"3": "There , Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first - year , Draco Malfoy , who prejudices against Hermione due to her being the daughter of Muggles , a term used by wizards and witches that describe ordinary humans with no magical ability . Arriving at Hogwarts , the first - years are assigned by the magical Sorting Hat to houses that best suit their personalities , the four Houses being Gryffindor , Slytherin , Hufflepuff and Ravenclaw . Harry hears from Ron about Slytherin 's dark reputation which is known to house potential dark witches and wizards , and thus objects to being sorted into Slytherin despite the Hat claiming that Harry has potential to develop under that House . He winds up in Gryffindor instead with Ron and Hermione while Draco is sorted into Slytherin , like his whole family before him . As classes begin at Hogwarts , Harry discovers his innate talent for flying on broomsticks despite no prior experience , and is recruited into his House 's Quidditch ( a competitive wizards ' sport played in the air ) team as a Seeker , which is said to be the most difficult role . He also comes to dislike the school 's Potions master , Severus Snape , who is also the Head of Slytherin House that acts biased to members of his House while perpetually looking for opportunities to fail Harry and his friends . The peaceful school year is interrupted by the entrance of a troll into the school , which causes school - wide panic and the discovery of a huge three - headed dog standing guard over a trapdoor in a forbidden corridor . Coupled with Snape 's recent leg injury as well as behaviour , the recent events prompt Harry , Hermione and Ron to suspect him to be looking for a way to enter the trapdoor . Hermione forbids the boys from investigating for fear for expulsion , and instead makes Harry direct his attention to his first ever Quidditch game , where his broomstick begins to lose control and threatens to throw him off . This leads Hermione to suspect that Snape is jinxing Harry 's broom due to his strange behaviour during the match . After the excitement of winning despite the odds has died down , Christmas approaches and Harry receives an invisibility cloak from an anonymous source claiming that the cloak belonged to Harry 's father .",
"4": "Using the cloak to explore the school at night to investigate the possibility of what is under the trapdoor , he discovers the Mirror of Erised , in which the viewer sees his or her deepest desires come true . A visit to Hagrid 's cottage at the foot of the school leads the trio to find a newspaper report stating there had been an attempted robbery of a Gringotts vault -- the same vault that Hagrid and Harry had visited earlier . Unbeknownst to Harry , Hagrid , under instruction from Dumbledore , had gone to remove a small grubby bag while showing Harry around . A further indiscretion from Hagrid allows them to work out that the object kept under that trapdoor is a Philosopher 's Stone , which grants its user immortality as long as it is constantly used , as well as the ability to turn any metal into pure gold . Harry is also informed by a centaur named Firenze in the forest that a plot to steal the Stone is being orchestrated by none other than Voldemort himself , who schemes to use it to be restored back to his body and return to power . When the school 's headmaster Albus Dumbledore is lured from Hogwarts under false pretences , Harry , Hermione and Ron fear that the theft is imminent and descend through the trapdoor themselves . They encounter a series of obstacles , each of which requires unique skills possessed by one of the three , and one of which requires Ron to sacrifice himself in a life - sized game of wizard 's chess . In the final room , Harry , now alone , finds Quirinus Quirrell , the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , who had been the one working behind the scenes to kill Harry by first jinxing his broom and then letting a troll into the school . Snape had been trying to protect Harry instead , who had wronged him . Now , Quirrell is partly possessed by Voldemort , whose face has sprouted on the back of Quirrell 's head that is constantly concealed by his oversized turban . Voldemort needs Harry 's help to get past the final obstacle : the Mirror of Erised , forcing him to stand before the Mirror . It recognises Harry 's lack of greed for the Stone and surreptitiously deposits it in his pocket .",
"5": "As Quirrell attempts to seize the stone and kill Harry , his flesh burns on contact with the boy 's skin , and Quirrell burns alive . Harry awakes in the school 's infirmary , where Dumbledore explains his survival against Voldemort to be owed to his mother 's sacrifice for him to live , leaving a powerful protective charm on Harry that lives in his blood , burning Quirrell , a being possessed by hatred and greed . He also reveals himself as the one who sent Harry 's his father 's invisibility cloak , while Quirrell has been left to die by Voldemort and the Stone has now been destroyed . The eventful school year ends at the final feast , during which Gryffindor wins the House Cup . Harry returns to Privet Drive for the summer , neglecting to tell them that the use of spells is forbidden by under - aged wizards and witches and thus anticipating some fun and peace over the holidays . Main characters ( edit ) Harry Potter is an orphan whom Rowling imagined as a `` scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard . '' She developed the series ' story and characters to explain how Harry came to be in this situation and how his life unfolded from there . Apart from the first chapter , the events of this book take place just before and in the year following Harry 's eleventh birthday . Voldemort 's attack left a lightning bolt - shaped scar on Harry 's forehead , which produces stabbing pains whenever Voldemort is present . Harry has a natural talent for Quidditch and became the first person in decades to get on their team in their first year . Ronald Weasley is Harry 's age and Rowling describes him as the ultimate best friend , `` always there when you need him . '' He is freckled , red - haired and quite tall . He grew up in a fairly large pure - blood family as the sixth born of seven children . Although his family is quite poor , they still live comfortably and happily . His loyalty and bravery in the face of a game of Wizards Chess plays a vital part in finding the Philosopher 's Stone . Hermione Granger , the daughter of an all - Muggle family , is a bossy girl who has apparently memorised most of the textbooks before the start of term .",
"6": "Rowling described Hermione as a `` very logical , upright and good '' character with `` a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness '' . Despite her nagging efforts to keep Harry and Ron out of trouble , she becomes a close friend of the two boys after they save her from a troll , and her magical and analytical skills play an important role in finding the Philosopher 's Stone . She has bushy brown hair and rather large front teeth . Neville Longbottom is a plump , diffident boy , so forgetful that his grandmother gives him a Remembrall , although he can not remember why . Neville 's magical abilities are weak and appeared just in time to save his life when he was eight . Despite his timidity , Neville will fight anyone after some encouragement or if he thinks it is right and important . Rubeus Hagrid , a half - giant nearly 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) tall , with tangled black hair and beard , was expelled from Hogwarts and his wand was snapped in half ( resulting in him never to use a wand again ) , however Professor Dumbledore let him stay on as the school 's gamekeeper , a job which enables him to lavish affection and pet names on even the most dangerous of magical creatures . Hagrid is fiercely loyal to Dumbledore and quickly becomes a close friend of Harry , Ron and , later , Hermione , but his carelessness makes him unreliable . Professor Albus Dumbledore , a tall , thin man who wears half - moon spectacles and has silver hair and a beard that tucks into his belt , is the headmaster of Hogwarts , and thought to be the only wizard Voldemort fears . Dumbledore , while renowned for his achievements in magic , he shrugs off praise , he is aware of his own brilliance . Rowling described him as the `` epitome of goodness '' . Professor Minerva McGonagall , a tall , severe - looking woman with black hair tied in a tight bun , teaches Transfiguration , and sometimes transforms herself into a cat . She is Deputy Headmistress , and Head of Gryffindor House and , according to the author , `` under that gruff exterior '' is `` a bit of an old softy '' .",
"7": "Petunia Dursley , the sister of Harry 's mother Lily , is a thin woman with a long neck that she uses for spying on the neighbours . She regards her magical sister as a freak and tries to pretend that she never existed . Vernon Dursley is the husband of Petunia Dursley , is a heavily built man whose irascible bluster covers a narrow mind and a fear of anything unusual . Dudley Dursley is an overweight , spoiled bully , and cousin of Harry Potter ( who uses Harry as his punching bag ) . Draco Malfoy is a slim , pale boy who speaks in a bored drawl . He is arrogant about his skill in Quidditch , and despises anyone who is not a pure - blood wizard -- and wizards who do not share his views . His parents had supported Voldemort , but changed sides after the dark wizard 's disappearance , claiming they had been bewitched . Draco avoids direct confrontations , and tries to get Harry and his friends into trouble . Oliver Wood is Harry 's Quidditch captain for the Gryffindor Quidditch team . He plays as keeper . Professor Quirrell is a twitching , stammering man who teaches Defence Against the Dark Arts . Reputedly he was a brilliant scholar , but his nerve was shattered by an encounter with vampires . Quirrell wears a turban to conceal the fact that he is voluntarily possessed by Voldemort , whose face appears on the back of Quirrell 's head . Professor Severus Snape , who has a hooked nose , sallow complexion and greasy black hair , teaches Potions , but would prefer to teach Defence Against the Dark Arts . Snape praises pupils in Slytherin , his own House but seizes every opportunity to humiliate others , especially Harry . Several incidents , beginning with the shooting pain in Harry 's scar during the start - of - term feast , lead Harry and his friends to think Snape is a follower of Voldemort . Argus Filch , the school caretaker who knows the school 's secret passages better than anyone else except , possibly , the Weasley twins . His cat , Mrs. Norris , aids his constant hunt for misbehaving pupils .",
"8": "Other members of staff include the dumpy Herbology teacher and Head of Hufflepuff House Professor Sprout , Professor Flitwick , the tiny and excitable Charms teacher , and Head of Ravenclaw House , the soporific History of Magic teacher , Professor Binns , a ghost who does not seem to have noticed his own death ; and Madam Hooch , the Quidditch coach , who is strict , but a considerate and methodical teacher . The poltergeist Peeves wanders around the castle causing trouble wherever he can . In the book , Rowling introduces an eclectic cast of characters . The first character to be introduced is Vernon Dursley , Harry 's uncle . Most of the actions centre on the eponymous hero Harry Potter , an orphan who escapes his miserable childhood with the Dursley family . Rowling imagined him as a `` scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard '' , and says she transferred part of her pain about losing her mother to him . During the book , Harry makes two close friends , Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger . Ron is described by Rowling as the ultimate best friend , `` always there when you need him '' . Rowling has described Hermione as a `` very logical , upright and good '' character with `` a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness '' . Rowling also imagined a supporting cast of adults . The headmaster of Hogwarts is the powerful , but kind wizard Albus Dumbledore , who becomes Harry 's confidant ; Rowling described him as `` epitome of goodness '' . His right hand is severe Minerva McGonagall , who according to the author `` under that gruff exterior '' is `` a bit of an old softy '' , the friendly half - giant Rubeus Hagrid , who saved Harry from the Dursley family , and the sinister Severus Snape . Professor Quirrell is also featured in the novel . The main antagonists are Draco Malfoy , an elitist , bullying classmate and Lord Voldemort , the most powerful evil wizard who becomes disembodied when he tries to kill baby Harry .",
"9": "According to a 1999 interview with Rowling , the character of Voldemort was created as a literary foil for Harry , and his backstory was intentionally not fleshed - out at first : The basic idea ... Harry , I saw Harry very very very clearly . Very vividly . And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard . ( ... ) And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was . ( ... ) When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him . ( ... ) And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason , the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , who has been in hiding ever since . Development , publication and reception ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The book , which was Rowling 's debut novel , was written between approximately June 1990 and some time in 1995 . In 1990 Jo Rowling , as she preferred to be known , wanted to move with her boyfriend to a flat in Manchester and in her words , `` One weekend after flat hunting , I took the train back to London on my own and the idea for Harry Potter fell into my head ... A scrawny , little , black - haired , bespectacled boy became more and more of a wizard to me ... I began to write Philosopher 's Stone that very evening . Although , the first couple of pages look nothing like the finished product . '' Then Rowling 's mother died and , to cope with her pain , Rowling transferred her own anguish to the orphan Harry . Rowling spent six years working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , and after it was accepted by Bloomsbury , she obtained a grant of £ 8,000 from the Scottish Arts Council , which enabled her to plan the sequels . She sent the book to an agent and a publisher , and then the second agent she approached spent a year trying to sell the book to publishers , most of whom thought it was too long at about 90,000 words .",
"10": "Barry Cunningham , who was building a portfolio of distinctive fantasies by new authors for Bloomsbury Children 's Books , recommended accepting the book , and the eight - year - old daughter of Bloomsbury 's chief executive said it was `` so much better than anything else '' . Publication and reception in the United kingdom ( edit ) Imitation of the fictional Platform 93⁄4 at the real King 's Cross railway station , with a luggage trolley apparently halfway through the magical wall Bloomsbury accepted the book , paying Rowling a £ 2,500 advance , and Cunningham sent proof copies to carefully chosen authors , critics and booksellers in order to obtain comments that could be quoted when the book was launched . He was less concerned about the book 's length than about its author 's name , since the title sounded like a boys ' book to him , and he believed boys preferred books by male authors . Rowling therefore adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling just before publication . In June 1997 , Bloomsbury published Philosopher 's Stone with an initial print - run of 500 copies in hardback , three hundred of which were distributed to libraries . Her original name , `` Joanne Rowling '' , can be found in small print on the copyright page of this first British edition . ( The 1998 first American edition would remove reference to `` Joanne '' completely . ) The short initial print run was standard for first novels , and Cunningham hoped booksellers would read the book and recommend it to customers . Examples from this initial print run have sold for as much as US $33,460 in a 2007 Heritage Auction . Lindsey Fraser , who had supplied one of the blurb comments , wrote what is thought to be the first published review , in The Scotsman on 28 June 1997 . She described Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone as `` a hugely entertaining thriller '' and Rowling as `` a first - rate writer for children '' . Another early review , in The Herald , said , `` I have yet to find a child who can put it down . ''",
"11": "Newspapers outside Scotland started to notice the book , with glowing reviews in The Guardian , The Sunday Times and The Mail on Sunday , and in September 1997 Books for Keeps , a magazine that specialised in children 's books , gave the novel four stars out of five . The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' ; a view echoed by the Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' and The Scotsman said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' . In 1997 the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9 to 11 year - olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize . The Smarties award , which is voted for by children , made the book well - known within six months of publication , while most children 's books have to wait for years . The following year , Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children . It was also shortlisted for children 's books awards adjudicated by adults , but did not win . Sandra Beckett comments that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards -- for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Roald Dahl , an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling 's books . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 22 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won two publishing industry awards given for sales rather than literary merit , the British Book Awards Children 's Book of the Year and the Booksellers ' Association / Bookseller Author of the Year . By March 1999 UK editions had sold just over 300,000 copies , and the story was still the UK 's best - selling title in December 2001 . A Braille edition was published in May 1998 by the Scottish Braille Press . Platform 93⁄4 , from which the Hogwarts Express left London , was commemorated in the real - life King 's Cross railway station with a sign and a trolley apparently passing through the wall . US publication and reception ( edit ) Original U.S.",
"12": "cover of Sorcerer 's Stone UK to American translation examples UK American mum , mam mom sherbet lemon lemon drop motorbike motorcycle chips fries crisp chip jelly Jell - O jacket potato baked potato jumper sweater Scholastic Corporation bought the U.S. rights at the Bologna Book Fair in April 1997 for US $105,000 , an unusually high sum for a children 's book . They thought that a child would not want to read a book with the word `` philosopher '' in the title and , after some discussion , the American edition was published in September 1998 under the title Rowling suggested , Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone . Rowling claimed that she regretted this change and would have fought it if she had been in a stronger position at the time . Philip Nel has pointed out that the change lost the connection with alchemy , and the meaning of some other terms changed in translation , for example from `` crumpet '' to `` muffin '' . While Rowling accepted the change from both the British English `` mum '' and Seamus Finnigan 's Irish variant `` mam '' to `` mom '' in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , she vetoed this change in the later books , which was then reversed in later editions of Philosopher 's Stone . However , Nel considered that Scholastic 's translations were considerably more sensitive than most of those imposed on British English books of the time , and that some other changes could be regarded as useful copyedits . Since the British editions of early titles in the series were published months prior to the American versions , some American readers became familiar with the British English versions due to buying them from online retailers . At first the most prestigious reviewers ignored the book , leaving it to book trade and library publications such as Kirkus Reviews and Booklist , which examined it only by the entertainment - oriented criteria of children 's fiction . However , more penetrating specialist reviews ( such as one by Cooperative Children 's Book Center Choices , which pointed out the complexity , depth and consistency of the world Rowling had built ) attracted the attention of reviewers in major newspapers . Although The Boston Globe and Michael Winerip in The New York Times complained that the final chapters were the weakest part of the book , they and most other American reviewers gave glowing praise .",
"13": "A year later the US edition was selected as an American Library Association Notable Book , a Publishers Weekly Best Book of 1998 , and a New York Public Library 1998 Best Book of the Year , and won Parenting Magazine 's Book of the Year Award for 1998 , the School Library Journal Best Book of the Year , and the American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults . In August 1999 , Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone topped the New York Times list of best - selling fiction , and stayed near the top of the list for much of 1999 and 2000 , until the New York Times split its list into children 's and adult sections under pressure from other publishers who were eager to see their books given higher placings . Publishers Weekly 's report in December 2001 on cumulative sales of children 's fiction placed Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone 19th among hardbacks ( over 5 million copies ) and 7th among paperbacks ( over 6.6 million copies ) . In May 2008 , Scholastic announced the creation of a 10th Anniversary Edition of the book that was released on 1 October 2008 to mark the tenth anniversary of the original American release . For the fifteenth anniversary of the books , Scholastic re-released Sorcerer 's Stone , along with the other six novels in the series , with new cover art by Kazu Kibuishi in 2013 . Translations ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter in translation By mid-2008 , official translations of the book had been published in 67 languages . By September 11 , 2017 , official translations of the book had been published in 74 languages . Bloomsbury have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek , and the latter was described as `` one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries '' . Style and themes ( edit ) See also : Harry Potter influences and analogues Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen , whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve .",
"14": "Both novelists encourage re-reading , because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story - line -- for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books . Like Austen 's heroines , Harry often has to re-examine his ideas near the ends of books . Some social behaviour in the Harry Potter books is remininiscent of Austen , for example the excited communal reading of letters . Both authors satirise social behaviour and give characters names that express their personalities . However in Nel 's opinion Rowling 's humour is more based on caricature and the names she invents are more like those found in Charles Dickens 's stories , and Amanda Cockrell noted that many of these express their owners ' traits through allusions that run from ancient Roman mythology to eighteenth - century German literature . Rowling , like the Narnia series ' author C.S. Lewis , thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults . Nel also noted that , like many good writers for children , Rowling combines literary genres -- fantasy , young adult fiction , boarding school stories , Bildungsroman and many others . Some reviewers compared Philosopher 's Stone to the stories of Roald Dahl , who died in 1990 . Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor , but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and , in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of Philosopher 's Stone , seven of the ten most popular children 's books were by Dahl , including the one in top place . The only other really popular children 's author of the late 1990s was an American , R.L. Stine . Some of the story elements in Philosopher 's Stone resembled parts of Dahl 's stories ; for example , the hero of James and the Giant Peach lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant aunts -- one fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley , who treated Harry as a servant . However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation , able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside .",
"15": "Librarian Nancy Knapp and marketing professor Stephen Brown noted the liveliness and detail of descriptions , especially of shop scenes such as Diagon Alley . Tad Brennan commented that Rowling 's writing resembles that of Homer : `` rapid , plain , and direct in expression . '' Stephen King admired `` the sort of playful details of which only British fantasists seem capable '' and concluded that they worked because Rowling enjoys a quick giggle and then moves briskly forward . Nicholas Tucker described the early Harry Potter books as looking back to Victorian and Edwardian children 's stories : Hogwarts was an old - style boarding school in which the teachers addressed pupils formally by their surnames and were most concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated ; characters ' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances , starting with the Dursleys ; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed , including Filch 's cat Mrs Norris ; and the hero , a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life , was charismatic and good at sports , but considerate and protective towards the weak . Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes . However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain : a class system that was breaking down but defended by those whose power and status it upheld ; the multi-ethnic composition of Hogwarts ' students ; the racial tensions between the various intelligent species ; and school bullying . Susan Hall wrote that there is no rule of law in the books , as the actions of Ministry of Magic officials are unconstrained by laws , accountability or any kind of legal challenge . This provides an opportunity for Voldemort to offer his own horrific version of order . As a side - effect Harry and Hermione , who were brought up in the highly regulated Muggle world , find solutions by thinking in ways unfamiliar to wizards . For example , Hermione notes that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher 's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power , and that most wizards have no chance of solving it . Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional , status - conscious , materialistic Dursleys was Rowling 's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s , which treated the married heterosexual couple as the `` preferred norm '' , while the author was a single mother .",
"16": "Harry 's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty . This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley family throughout the series , and in his treatment of first Rubeus Hagrid and later Remus Lupin and Sirius Black as father - figures . Legacy ( edit ) Sequels ( edit ) The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was originally published in the UK on July 2 , 1998 and in the US on June 2 , 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on July 8 , 1999 and in the US on September 8 , 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on June 21 , 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on July 16 , 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on July 21 , 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release : 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Illustrated version ( edit ) An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released on October 6 , 2015 , with illustrations by Jim Kay . The book carries over 100 illustrations and will be followed by illustrated versions of all seven books from the series by the same artist . Film version ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) In 1999 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) .",
"17": "Rowling demanded that the principal cast be kept strictly British but allowed for the casting of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore and of foreign actors as characters of the same nationalities in later books . After extensive casting , filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London , with production ending in July 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released in London on 14 November 2001 . Reviewers ' comments were positive , as reflected by an 80 % Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and by a score of 64 % at Metacritic , representing `` generally favourable reviews '' . Video games ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( video game ) Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2001 and 2003 by Electronic Arts , loosely based on the film and book : Developer Release date Platform Genre GameRankings Metacritic Notes KnowWonder 15 November 2001 Microsoft Windows Adventure / puzzle 67.35 % 65 / 100 Argonaut PlayStation Action - adventure 66.98 % 64 / 100 Griptonite Game Boy Color Role - playing game 73 % N / A Game Boy Advance Action puzzle 68.37 % 64 / 100 Aspyr 28 February 2002 Mac OS X Adventure / puzzle N / A N / A Port of Windows version Warthog 9 December 2003 GameCube Action - adventure 63.31 % 62 / 100 PlayStation 2 57.90 % 56 / 100 Xbox 61.82 % 59 / 100 Uses in Education and business ( edit ) Writers on education and business subjects have used the book as an object lesson . Writing about clinical teaching in medical schools , Jennifer Conn contrasted Snape 's technical expertise with his intimidating behaviour towards students ; on the other hand Quidditch coach Madam Hooch illustrated useful techniques in the teaching of physical skills , including breaking down complex actions into sequences of simple ones and helping students to avoid common errors .",
"18": "Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . Stephen Brown noted that the early Harry Potter books , especially Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , were a runaway success despite inadequate and poorly organised marketing . Brown advised marketing executives to be less preoccupied with rigorous statistical analyses and the `` analysis , planning , implementation , and control '' model of management . Instead he recommended that they should treat the stories as `` a marketing masterclass '' , full of enticing products and brand names . For example , a real - world analogue of Bertie Bott 's Every Flavour Beans was introduced under licence in 2000 by toymaker Hasbro .",
"19": "Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Edition ( Hardback / Paperback ) Publisher Pages Canada 1 December 1998 Hardback Children 's Edition Raincoast 223 Paperback Adult Edition ( Original ) 1 November 1999 Hardback Signature Special Edition 31 August 2000 Paperback Children 's Edition 16 October 2002 Paperback Magic Edition 4 October 2004 Hardback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 12 January 2011 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) Bloomsbury 223 Paperback Harry Potter Signature Edition 27 August 2013 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) United Kingdom 26 June 1997 Hardback Children 's Edition Paperback Children 's Edition 11 September 1998 Paperback Adult Edition ( Original ) 27 September 1999 Hardback Signature Special Edition 8 October 2001 Paperback Special Edition 10 July 2004 Hardback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 4 October 2004 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 223 1 November 2010 Paperback Harry Potter Signature Edition 18 July 2013 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 6 October 2015 Hardcover Illustrated Edition ( Illustrated by Jim Kay ) 256 United States 1 September 1998 Hardback Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic 309 8 September 1999 Paperback 1 November 2000 Hardback Collector 's Edition 1 November 2001 Mass Market Paperback 400 September 2008 Paperback ( Exclusive Scholastic School Market Edition ) 309 1 October 2008 Hardback 10th Anniversary Edition 27 August 2013 Paperback ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 6 October 2015 Hardcover Illustrated Edition ( Illustrated by Jim Kay ) 256 Footnotes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling was christened Joanne Rowling , without a middle name , and adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling for publication .",
"20": "She says that she was always known as `` Jo '' The book 's copyright page gives her name as `` Joanne Rowling '' . Jump up ^ The Children 's Book Award , The Young Telegraph Paperback of the Year Award , the Birmingham Cable Children 's Book Award and the Sheffield Children 's Book Award . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone : J.K. Rowling : Bloomsbury Childrens '' . Bloomsbury . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Official Site : Biography '' . J.K. Rowling. 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Interview with J.K. Rowling '' . The Diane Rehm Show ( Interview ) . Interview with Diane Rehm . Washington : Accio Quote . Retrieved 2 March 2009 -- via WAMU . I saw Harry very very very clearly ... And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was ... When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry ... but for some mysterious reason , the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt - shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , Voldemort , who has been in hiding ever since . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and Me '' . Accio Quote . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Lindsey ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . Accio Quote . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Evan ( 13 July 2000 ) . `` J.K. Rowling Interview '' . CBCNewsWorld Hot Type . Accio Quote .",
"21": "Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Books : transcript of J.K. Rowling 's live interview on Scholastic.com '' . Scholastic.com . Accio Quote. 16 October 2000 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Riccio , Heather ( 1995 -- 2009 ) . `` Interview with JK Rowling , Author of Harry Potter '' . Hilary Magazine . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lydon , Christopher . J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection ( WBUR Radio ) . Accio Quote. 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Lydon , Christopher ( 12 October 1999 ) . `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection . Accio Quote . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC `` Red Nose Day '' Online Chat Transcript `` . BBC . MuggleNet. 12 March 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Shelagh ( 23 October 2000 ) . `` Interview : J.K. Rowling '' . This Morning . Accio Quote . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 1997 ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Bloomsbury . p. copyright notice . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3274 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Connie Ann ( 1 January 2003 ) . `` Early Career '' . J.K. Rowling : A Biography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 62 . ISBN 0313322058 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eccleshare , Julia ( 2002 ) . `` The Publishing of a Phenomenon '' . A guide to the Harry Potter novels . Continuum International . pp. 7 -- 14 .",
"22": "ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5317 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : the eight - year - old girl who saved Harry Potter '' . The Independent . London . 3 July 2005 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawless , John ( 29 May 2005 ) . `` Nigel Newton '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . McGraw - Hill . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Elisco , Lester . `` The Phenomenon of Harry Potter '' . TomFolio.com . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Mystery of the Author 's Name '' . Cotsen Children 's Library . Princeton University . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling : The Rare True First Edition of the First Harry Potter Book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . Heritage Auctions. 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nel , Philip ( 2001 ) . `` Reviews of the Novels '' . J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter novels : a reader 's guide . Continuum International . pp. 53 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5232 - 9 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Knapp , N.F. ( 2003 ) . `` In Defense of Harry Potter : An Apologia '' ( PDF ) . School Libraries Worldwide . International Association of School Librarianship. 9 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 91 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Arthur A. Levine Books . Archived from the original on 29 April 2006 . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , Sandra L. ( 2008 ) . `` Child - to - Adult Crossover Fiction '' .",
"23": "Crossover Fiction . Taylor & Francis . pp. 112 -- 115 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 98033 - X . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved 12 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` Children 's Books : Bestsellers '' . The Independent . UK . 27 March 1999 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jury , J. ( 22 December 2001 ) . `` Harry Potter hides fall in number of books sold a downturn in book sales '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 7 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Scott ( 2007 ) . The Making of the Potterverse : A Month - by - Month Look at Harry 's First 10 Years . ECW Press . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 763 - 7 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Platform alteration for Hogwarts Express as King 's Cross upgrade steps up a gear '' . London : Network Rail. 17 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nel , Philip ( 2004 ) . `` You Say `` Jelly '' , I Say `` Jell - O '' ? `` . In Whited , Lana A . The ivory tower and Harry Potter . University of Missouri Press . pp. 261 -- 269 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Differences in the UK and US Versions of Four Harry Potter Books '' . University of Tampere. 7 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . The Harry Potter Lexicon. 2 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` Meet Author J.K. Rowling '' . Scholastic Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Alan ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Magic Stock ; A Children 's Book Series Helps Rejuvenate a British Publisher '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Unsworth , John M. `` 20th - Century American Bestsellers '' . UIUC Graduate School of Library and Information Science . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Winerip , Michael ( 14 February 1999 ) . `` Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Best Seller Number Ones Listing Fiction By Date '' . Hawes Publications . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . 248 ( 51 ) . 17 December 2001 . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scholastic Reveals Sorcerer 's Stone Anniversary Edition '' . MuggleNet. 20 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , 10th Anniversary Edition '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` '' Harry Potter '' gets new book covers for 15th anniversary `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Reveals New Book Cover For ' Harry Potter And The Sorcerer 's Stone ' '' . The Huffington Post . AOL Lifestyle. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Liu , Jonathan ( 13 February 2013 ) .",
"25": "`` New Harry Potter Covers by Kazu Kibuishi '' . Wired Magazine . Archived from the original on 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling ' makes £ 5 every second ' '' . BBC . 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Dammann , Guy ( 18 June 2008 ) . `` Harry Potter breaks 400m in sales '' . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ; Needham , P. ( 2003 ) . Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapis ( in Latin ) . Bloomsbury USA Children 's Books . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 825 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ; Wilson , A. ( 2004 ) . Άρειος Ποτηρ καὶ ἡ τοῦ φιλοσόφου λίθος ( in Ancient Greek ) . Bloomsbury USA Children 's Books . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 826 - X . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Tad ( 7 August 2005 ) . `` J.K. Rowling , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Translated into Ancient Greek by Andrew Wilson '' . Bryn Mawr Classical Review . Bryn Mawr College . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cockrell , Amanda ( 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Secret Password '' . In Whited , Lana A . The ivory tower and Harry Potter . University of Missouri Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Stephen ( 2002 ) . `` Marketing for Muggles : The Harry Potter way to higher profits '' . Business Horizons . 45 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 14 .",
"26": "doi : 10.1016 / S0007 - 6813 ( 02 ) 80004 - 0 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 23 July 2000 ) . `` Wild About Harry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Nicholas ( December 1999 ) . `` The Rise and Rise of Harry Potter '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 30 ( 4 ) : 221 -- 234 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022438704330 . ^ Jump up to : Fields , Joyce W. ( 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter , Benjamin Bloom , and the Sociological Imagination '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education . 19 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 177 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Westman , Karin E. ( 2004 ) . `` Specters of Thatcherism '' . In Whited , Lana A . The ivory tower and Harry Potter . University of Missouri Press . pp. 306 -- 308 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall , Susan ( 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Rule of Law '' . In Anatol , Giselle Liza . Reading Harry Potter . Greenwood Publishing . pp. 147 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Potter timeline for muggles '' . Toronto Star . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter : Meet J.K. Rowling '' . Scholastic Inc . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Speed - reading after lights out '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Harmon , Amy ( 14 July 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Internet Pirates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Cassy , John ( 16 January 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the hottest day of summer '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` July date for Harry Potter book '' . BBC . 21 December 2004 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m '' . BBC News . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling unveils last Potter date '' . BBC . 1 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m '' . BBC . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone : Illustrated Edition '' . Bloomsbury Publishing . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ De Vera , Ruel S. `` Illustrated edition offers ' Harry Potter ' fans a unique reading experience '' . lifestyle.inquirer.net . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . The Australian Financial Review . Accio Quote. 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . UK . 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to life for Warner Bros. Pictures ' ' Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ' '' . Warner Brothers . 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' .",
"28": "Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Casts Spell at World Premiere '' . BBC News . 15 November 2001 . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 17 May 2000 ) . `` Bewitched Warner Bros. Delays Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PC ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PlayStation '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PSX ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Game Boy Color '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Game Boy Advance '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( GBA ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Mac ) '' . Future Publishing Limited . 15 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for GameCube '' . GameRankings .",
"29": "Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Cube ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PlayStation 2 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PS2 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Xbox '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Xbox ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Conn , Jennifer J. ( 2002 ) . `` What can clinical teachers learn from Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ? '' . Medical Education . 36 ( 12 ) : 1176 -- 1181 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2923.2002. 01376. x . PMID 12472752 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro Wins Wide Range of Rights for Harry Potter from Warner Bros. Consumer Products '' . Burbank , California : Time Warner . 11 February 2000 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone British Children 's Cloth Edition '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone : Deluxe Gift Edition '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Children 's Paperback Edition '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Magic Edition ) '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter Signature Edition ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter 1 Adult Cover ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Illustrated Hardcover ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Kirkus Reviews . 1 September 1998 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Sorcerer 's Stone ( mm ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New cover for Sorcerer 's Stone paperback edition '' . MuggleNet. 29 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 12 April 2016 .",
"32": "External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Muggles ' Guide to Harry Potter has a page on the topic of : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter -- Wikipedia book Quotations related to Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone at Wikiquote Background information and storylines from the Harry Potter Lexicon Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone on Open Library at the Internet Archive The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism ,",
"33": "Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Portal Works by J.K.",
"34": "Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World VIAF : 277356519 LCCN : nr00008597 GND : 4615979 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone&oldid=819383183 '' Categories : Harry Potter books 1990s fantasy novels 1997 British novels Alchemy in fiction Bloomsbury Publishing books British Book Award - winning works British novels adapted into films Debut novels",
"35": "Scholastic Corporation books British children 's novels 1997 children 's books Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 uses Greek - language script ( el ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) Use dmy dates from February 2016 Use British English from August 2011 Good articles Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2017 Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina",
"36": "Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 02 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-2031241268009007717
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who is the father of genetics and what did he study
|
[
"Mendel",
"pea plants",
"Gregor Mendel",
"variation in plants",
"Gregor Mendel",
"the common edible pea"
] |
{
"0": "Gregor Mendel - wikipedia Gregor Mendel Jump to : navigation , search Gregor Mendel Johann Mendel ( 1822 - 07 - 20 ) 20 July 1822 Heinzendorf bei Odrau , Silesia , Austrian Empire ( now Hynčice , Czech Republic ) 6 January 1884 ( 1884 - 01 - 06 ) ( aged 61 ) Brünn , Austria - Hungary ( now Brno , Czech Republic ) Nationality Austrian Alma mater University of Olomouc University of Vienna Known for Creating the science of genetics Scientific career Fields Genetics Institutions St Thomas 's Abbey Part of a series on Genetics Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Genome Heredity Mutation Nucleotide Variation Outline Index History and topics Introduction History Evolution ( molecular ) Population genetics Mendelian inheritance Quantitative genetics Molecular genetics Research DNA sequencing Genetic engineering Genomics ( template ) Medical genetics Branches of genetics Personalized medicine Personalized medicine Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Gregor Johann Mendel ( Czech : Řehoř Jan Mendel ; 20 July 1822 -- 6 January 1884 ) ( English : / ˈmɛndəl / ) was a scientist , Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas ' Abbey in Brno , Margraviate of Moravia . Mendel was born in a German - speaking family in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire ( today 's Czech Republic ) and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics . Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits , Mendel 's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity , now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance . Mendel worked with seven characteristics of pea plants : plant height , pod shape and color , seed shape and color , and flower position and color .",
"1": "Taking seed color as an example , Mendel showed that when a true - breeding yellow pea and a true - breeding green pea were cross-bred their offspring always produced yellow seeds . However , in the next generation , the green peas reappeared at a ratio of 1 green to 3 yellow . To explain this phenomenon , Mendel coined the terms `` recessive '' and `` dominant '' in reference to certain traits . ( In the preceding example , the green trait , which seems to have vanished in the first filial generation , is recessive and the yellow is dominant . ) He published his work in 1866 , demonstrating the actions of invisible `` factors '' -- now called genes -- in predictably determining the traits of an organism . The profound significance of Mendel 's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century ( more than three decades later ) with the rediscovery of his laws . Erich von Tschermak , Hugo de Vries , Carl Correns and William Jasper Spillman independently verified several of Mendel 's experimental findings , ushering in the modern age of genetics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Contributions 2.1 Experiments on plant hybridization 2.1. 1 Initial reception of Mendel 's work 2.2 Other experiments 3 Rediscovery of Mendel 's work 4 The Mendelian Paradox 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Life and career Mendel was born into a German - speaking family in Hynčice ( Heinzendorf bei Odrau in German ) , at the Moravian - Silesian border , Austrian Empire ( now a part of the Czech Republic ) . He was the son of Anton and Rosine ( Schwirtlich ) Mendel and had one older sister , Veronika , and one younger , Theresia . They lived and worked on a farm which had been owned by the Mendel family for at least 130 years . During his childhood , Mendel worked as a gardener and studied beekeeping . As a young man , he attended gymnasium in Opava ( called Troppau in German ) . He had to take four months off during his gymnasium studies due to illness .",
"2": "From 1840 to 1843 , he studied practical and theoretical philosophy and physics at the Philosophical Institute of the University of Olomouc , taking another year off because of illness . He also struggled financially to pay for his studies , and Theresia gave him her dowry . Later he helped support her three sons , two of whom became doctors . He became a friar in part because it enabled him to obtain an education without having to pay for it himself . As the son of a struggling farmer , the monastic life , in his words , spared him the `` perpetual anxiety about a means of livelihood . '' He was given the name Gregor ( Řehoř in Czech ) when he joined the Augustinian friars . When Mendel entered the Faculty of Philosophy , the Department of Natural History and Agriculture was headed by Johann Karl Nestler who conducted extensive research of hereditary traits of plants and animals , especially sheep . Upon recommendation of his physics teacher Friedrich Franz , Mendel entered the Augustinian St Thomas 's Abbey in Brno ( called Brünn in German ) and began his training as a priest . Born Johann Mendel , he took the name Gregor upon entering religious life . Mendel worked as a substitute high school teacher . In 1850 , he failed the oral part , the last of three parts , of his exams to become a certified high school teacher . In 1851 , he was sent to the University of Vienna to study under the sponsorship of Abbot C.F. Napp so that he could get more formal education . At Vienna , his professor of physics was Christian Doppler . Mendel returned to his abbey in 1853 as a teacher , principally of physics . In 1856 , he took the exam to become a certified teacher and again failed the oral part . In 1867 , he replaced Napp as abbot of the monastery . After he was elevated as abbot in 1868 , his scientific work largely ended , as Mendel became overburdened with administrative responsibilities , especially a dispute with the civil government over its attempt to impose special taxes on religious institutions . Mendel died on 6 January 1884 , at the age of 61 , in Brno , Moravia , Austria - Hungary ( now Czech Republic ) , from chronic nephritis .",
"3": "Czech composer Leoš Janáček played the organ at his funeral . After his death , the succeeding abbot burned all papers in Mendel 's collection , to mark an end to the disputes over taxation . Contributions Experiments on plant hybridization Dominant and recessive phenotypes. ( 1 ) Parental generation . ( 2 ) F1 generation . ( 3 ) F2 generation . Gregor Mendel , who is known as the `` father of modern genetics '' , was inspired by both his professors at the Palacký University , Olomouc ( Friedrich Franz and Johann Karl Nestler ) , and his colleagues at the monastery ( such as Franz Diebl ) to study variation in plants . In 1854 , Napp authorized Mendel to carry out a study in the monastery 's 2 hectares ( 4.9 acres ) experimental garden , which was originally planted by Napp in 1830 . Unlike Nestler , who studied hereditary traits in sheep , Mendel used the common edible pea and started his experiments in 1856 . After initial experiments with pea plants , Mendel settled on studying seven traits that seemed to be inherited independently of other traits : seed shape , flower color , seed coat tint , pod shape , unripe pod color , flower location , and plant height . He first focused on seed shape , which was either angular or round . Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 plants , the majority of which were pea plants ( Pisum sativum ) . This study showed that , when true - breeding different varieties were crossed to each other ( e.g. , tall plants fertilized by short plants ) , in the second generation , one in four pea plants had purebred recessive traits , two out of four were hybrid s , and one out of four were purebred dominant . His experiments led him to make two generalizations , the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment , which later came to be known as Mendel 's Laws of Inheritance .",
"4": "Initial reception of Mendel 's work Mendel presented his paper , `` Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden '' ( `` Experiments on Plant Hybridization '' ) , at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brno in Moravia on 8 February and 8 March 1865 . It generated a few favorable reports in local newspapers , but was ignored by the scientific community . When Mendel 's paper was published in 1866 in Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn , it was seen as essentially about hybridization rather than inheritance , had little impact , and was only cited about three times over the next thirty - five years . His paper was criticized at the time , but is now considered a seminal work . Notably , Charles Darwin was unaware of Mendel 's paper , and it is envisaged that if he had , genetics as we know it now might have taken hold much earlier . Mendel 's scientific biography thus provides an example of the failure of obscure , highly original , innovators to receive the attention they deserve . Other experiments Mendel began his studies on heredity using mice . He was at St. Thomas 's Abbey but his bishop did not like one of his friars studying animal sex , so Mendel switched to plants . Mendel also bred bees in a bee house that was built for him , using bee hives that he designed . He also studied astronomy and meteorology , founding the ' Austrian Meteorological Society ' in 1865 . The majority of his published works was related to meteorology . Mendel also experimented with hawkweed ( Hieracium ) and honeybees . He published a report on his work with hawkweed , a group of plants of great interest to scientists at the time because of their diversity . However , the results of Mendel 's inheritance study in hawkweeds was unlike his results for peas ; the first generation was very variable and many of their offspring were identical to the maternal parent . In his correspondence with Carl Nägeli he discussed his results but was unable to explain them . It was not appreciated until the end of the nineteen century that many hawkweed species were apomictic , producing most of their seeds through an asexual process .",
"5": "None of his results on bees survived , except for a passing mention in the reports of Moravian Apiculture Society . All that is known definitely is that he used Cyprian and Carniolan bees , which were particularly aggressive to the annoyance of other monks and visitors of the monastery such that he was asked to get rid of them . Mendel , on the other hand , was fond of his bees , and referred to them as `` my dearest little animals '' . He also described novel plant species , and these are denoted with the botanical author abbreviation `` Mendel '' . Rediscovery of Mendel 's work It would appear that the forty odd scientists who listened to Mendel 's two path - breaking lectures failed to understand his work . Later , he also carried a correspondence with Carl Naegeli , one of the leading biologists of the time , but Naegli too failed to appreciate Mendel 's discoveries . At times , Mendel must have entertained doubts about his work , but not always : `` My time will come , '' he reportedly told a friend . During Mendel 's lifetime , most biologists held the idea that all characteristics were passed to the next generation through blending inheritance , in which the traits from each parent are averaged . Instances of this phenomenon are now explained by the action of multiple genes with quantitative effects . Charles Darwin tried unsuccessfully to explain inheritance through a theory of pangenesis . It was not until the early twentieth century that the importance of Mendel 's ideas was realized . By 1900 , research aimed at finding a successful theory of discontinuous inheritance rather than blending inheritance led to independent duplication of his work by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns , and the rediscovery of Mendel 's writings and laws . Both acknowledged Mendel 's priority , and it is thought probable that de Vries did not understand the results he had found until after reading Mendel . Though Erich von Tschermak was originally also credited with rediscovery , this is no longer accepted because he did not understand Mendel 's laws . Though de Vries later lost interest in Mendelism , other biologists started to establish modern genetics as a science . All three of these researchers , each from a different country , published their rediscovery of Mendel 's work within a two - month span in the Spring of 1900 .",
"6": "Mendel 's results were quickly replicated , and genetic linkage quickly worked out . Biologists flocked to the theory ; even though it was not yet applicable to many phenomena , it sought to give a genotypic understanding of heredity which they felt was lacking in previous studies of heredity which focused on phenotypic approaches . Most prominent of these previous approaches was the biometric school of Karl Pearson and W.F.R. Weldon , which was based heavily on statistical studies of phenotype variation . The strongest opposition to this school came from William Bateson , who perhaps did the most in the early days of publicising the benefits of Mendel 's theory ( the word `` genetics '' , and much of the discipline 's other terminology , originated with Bateson ) . This debate between the biometricians and the Mendelians was extremely vigorous in the first two decades of the twentieth century , with the biometricians claiming statistical and mathematical rigor , whereas the Mendelians claimed a better understanding of biology . ( Modern genetics shows that Mendelian heredity is in fact an inherently biological process , though not all genes of Mendel 's experiments are yet understood . ) In the end , the two approaches were combined , especially by work conducted by R.A. Fisher as early as 1918 . The combination , in the 1930s and 1940s , of Mendelian genetics with Darwin 's theory of natural selection resulted in the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology . The Mendelian paradox In 1936 , R.A. Fisher , a prominent statistician and population geneticist , reconstructed Mendel 's experiments , analyzed results from the F2 ( second filial ) generation and found the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes ( e.g. green versus yellow peas ; round versus wrinkled peas ) to be implausibly and consistently too close to the expected ratio of 3 to 1 . Fisher asserted that `` the data of most , if not all , of the experiments have been falsified so as to agree closely with Mendel 's expectations , '' Mendel 's alleged observations , according to Fisher , were `` abominable '' , `` shocking '' , and `` cooked '' . Other scholars agree with Fisher that Mendel 's various observations come uncomfortably close to Mendel 's expectations . Dr.",
"7": "Edwards , for instance , remarks : `` One can applaud the lucky gambler ; but when he is lucky again tomorrow , and the next day , and the following day , one is entitled to become a little suspicious '' . Three other lines of evidence likewise lend support to the assertion that Mendel 's results are indeed too good to be true . Fisher 's analysis gave rise to the Mendelian Paradox , a paradox that remains unsolved to this very day . Thus , on the one hand , Mendel 's reported data are , statistically speaking , too good to be true ; on the other , `` everything we know about Mendel suggests that he was unlikely to engage in either deliberate fraud or in unconscious adjustment of his observations . '' A number of writers have attempted to resolve this paradox . One attempted explanation invokes confirmation bias . Fisher accused Mendel 's experiments as `` biased strongly in the direction of agreement with expectation ... to give the theory the benefit of doubt '' . This might arise if he detected an approximate 3 to 1 ratio early in his experiments with a small sample size , and , in cases where the ratio appeared to deviate slightly from this , continued collecting more data until the results conformed more nearly to an exact ratio . In his 2004 , J.W. Porteous concluded that Mendel 's observations were indeed implausible . However , reproduction of the experiments has demonstrated that there is no real bias towards Mendel 's data . Another attempt to resolve the Mendelian Paradox notes that a conflict may sometimes arise between the moral imperative of a bias - free recounting of one 's factual observations and the even more important imperative of advancing scientific knowledge . Mendel might have felt compelled `` to simplify his data in order to meet real , or feared , editorial objections . '' Such an action could be justified on moral grounds ( and hence provide a resolution to the Mendelian Paradox ) , since the alternative -- refusing to comply -- might have retarded the growth of scientific knowledge . Similarly , like so many other obscure innovators of science , Mendel , a little known innovator of working - class background , had to `` break through the cognitive paradigms and social prejudices of his audience .",
"8": "If such a breakthrough `` could be best achieved by deliberately omitting some observations from his report and adjusting others to make them more palatable to his audience , such actions could be justified on moral grounds . '' Daniel L. Hartl and Daniel J. Fairbanks reject outright Fisher 's statistical argument , suggesting that Fisher incorrectly interpreted Mendel 's experiments . They find it likely that Mendel scored more than 10 progeny , and that the results matched the expectation . They conclude : `` Fisher 's allegation of deliberate falsification can finally be put to rest , because on closer analysis it has proved to be unsupported by convincing evidence . '' In 2008 Hartl and Fairbanks ( with Allan Franklin and AWF Edwards ) wrote a comprehensive book in which they concluded that there were no reasons to assert Mendel fabricated his results , nor that Fisher deliberately tried to diminish Mendel 's legacy . Reassessment of Fisher 's statistical analysis , according to these authors , also disprove the notion of confirmation bias in Mendel 's results . See also Mendelian inheritance List of Roman Catholic cleric -- scientists Mendel Museum of Genetics Mendel Polar Station in Antarctica Mendel University Brno Mendelian error References ^ Jump up to : Funeral card in Czech ( Brno , 6 . January 1884 ) Jump up ^ 20 July is his birthday ; often mentioned is 22 July , the date of his baptism . Biography of Mendel at the Mendel Museum ^ Jump up to : Solitude of a Humble Genius -- Gregor Johann Mendel : Volume 1 : Formative Years , Jan Klein and Norman Klein , pp 91 -- 103 ^ Jump up to : `` Nirenberg : History Section : Gregor Mendel '' . ^ Jump up to : Bowler , Peter J. ( 2003 ) . Evolution : the history of an idea . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23693 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gregor Mendel , Alain F. Corcos , Floyd V. Monaghan , Maria C. Weber `` Gregor Mendel 's Experiments on Plant Hybrids : A Guided Study '' , Rutgers University Press , 1993 . Jump up ^ Henig 2000 , pp. 19 -- 21 .",
"9": "^ Jump up to : Iltis , Hugo ( 1958 ) . Gregor Mendel and his Work ( 1943 ) . Reprinted in : Shapley , H. et al. ( eds ) A Treasury of Science . New York : Harper . Jump up ^ Henig 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Heather ( 2004 ) . Mendel and The Laws Of Genetics . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 9781404203099 . ^ Jump up to : Henig 2000 , pp. 47 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mathematics of Inheritance '' . Online museum exhibition . The Masaryk University Mendel Museum . Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online Museum Exhibition '' . The Masaryk University Mendel Museum . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Windle , B.C.A. ( 1911 ) . `` Mendel , Mendelism '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Looby , John ( trans . ) . Retrieved 2 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Elof Axel ( 2004 ) . `` Doubts about Mendel 's integrity are exaggerated '' . Mendel 's Legacy . Cold Spring Harbor , NY : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87969 - 675 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Mendel 's Garden '' . The Masaryk University Mendel Museum . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Henig 2000 , pp. 78 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Magner , Lois N. ( 2002 ) . History of the Life Sciences ( 3 , revised ed . ) . New York : Marcel Dekker , Inc. p. 380 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 2039 - 1100 - 6 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ Gros , Franc̜ois ( 1992 ) . The Gene Civilization ( English Language ed . ) . New York : McGraw Hill . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 024963 - 9 . Jump up ^ Moore , Randy ( 2001 ) . `` The `` Rediscovery '' of Mendel 's Work '' ( PDF ) . Bioscene. 27 ( 2 ) : 13 -- 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , John M. ( 2010 ) . Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing . Burlington , MA : Elsevier / Academic Press . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 096176 - 7 . Jump up ^ Henig 2000 , pp. 134 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Randy Moore ( May 2001 ) . `` The `` Rediscovery '' of Mendel 's Work '' ( PDF ) . Bioscene. 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendel , J.G. ( 1866 ) . `` Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden '' , Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn , Bd. IV für das Jahr , 1865 , Abhandlungen : 3 -- 47 , ( 1 ) . For the English translation , see : Druery , C.T. ; Bateson , William ( 1901 ) . `` Experiments in plant hybridization '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society . 26 : 1 -- 32 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Galton , D.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Did Mendel falsify his data ? '' . QJM. 105 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 216 . doi : 10.1093 / qjmed / hcr195 . PMID 22006558 . Jump up ^ Lorenzano , P ( 2011 ) .",
"11": "`` What would have happened if Darwin had known Mendel ( or Mendel 's work ) ? '' . History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences . 33 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 49 . PMID 21789954 . Jump up ^ Liu , Y ( 2005 ) . `` Darwin and Mendel : who was the pioneer of genetics ? '' . Rivista di Biologia. 98 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 22 . PMID 16180199 . ^ Jump up to : Nissani , M. ( 1995 ) . `` The Plight of the Obscure Innovator in Science '' . Social Studies of Science . 25 : 165 -- 183 . doi : 10.1177 / 030631295025001008 . Jump up ^ Henig 2000 , pp. 15 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Enigma of Generation and the Rise of the Cell '' . The Masaryk University Mendel Museum . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nogler , GA ( 2006 ) . `` The lesser - known Mendel : his experiments on Hieracium '' . Genetics . 172 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . PMC 1456139 . PMID 16443600 . Jump up ^ Mendel , Gregor ( 1869 ) . `` Ueber einige aus künstlicher Befruchtung gewonnenen Hieracium - Bastarde . ( On Hieracium hybrids obtained by artificial fertilisation ) '' . Verh . Naturf . Ver . Brünn. 8 ( Abhandlungen ) : 26 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Orel , Vítězslav ; Rozman , Josef ; Veselý , Vladimír ( 1965 ) . Mendel as a Beekeeper . Moravian Museum . pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Demerec , M. ( 1956 ) . Advances in Genetics . New York , N.Y. : Academic Press . p. 110 .",
"12": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 0805 - 6795 - 2 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Michael ; Ingram , Neil ( 2001 ) . Biology ( 2 ed . ) . Cheltenham : Nelson Thornes . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7487 - 6238 - 5 . Jump up ^ Matalova , A ; Kabelka , A ( 1982 ) . `` The beehouse of Gregor Mendel '' . Casopis Moravskeho musea . Acta Musei Moraviae -- Vedy prirodni . Car Morav Mus Acta Mus Vedy Prir. 57 : 207 -- 212 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Botanists : Mendel , Gregor Johann '' . HUH -- Databases -- Botanist Search . Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mayr E. ( 1982 ) . The Growth of Biological Thought . Cambridge : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . p. 730 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36446 - 5 . Jump up ^ Henig 2000 , pp. 1 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Elof Axel ( 2004 ) . Mendel 's Legacy : The Origins of Classical Genetics . New York : Cold Spring Harbor . Jump up ^ Deichmann , Ute ( 2011 ) . `` Early 20th - century research at the interfaces of genetics , development , and evolution : Reflections on progress and dead ends '' . Developmental Biology . 357 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ydbio. 2011.02. 020 . PMID 21392502 . Jump up ^ Elston , RC ; Thompson , EA ( 2000 ) . `` A century of biometrical genetics '' . Biometrics. 56 ( 3 ) : 659 -- 66 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0006 - 341x. 2000.00659. x .",
"13": "PMID 10985200 . Jump up ^ Pilpel , Avital ( September 2007 ) . `` Statistics is not enough : revisiting Ronald A. Fisher 's critique ( 1936 ) of Mendel 's experimental results ( 1866 ) '' . Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C : Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences . 38 ( 3 ) : 618 -- 626 . doi : 10.1016 / j. shpsc. 2007.06. 009 . PMID 17893069 . Jump up ^ Reid , J.B. ; Ross , J.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Mendel 's genes : toward a full molecular characterization '' . Genetics . 189 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 10 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 111.132118 . PMC 3176118 . PMID 21908742 . Jump up ^ Ellis , T.H. Noel ; Hofer , Julie M.I. ; Timmerman - Vaughan , Gail M. ; Coyne , Clarice J. ; Hellens , Roger P. ( 2011 ) . `` Mendel , 150 years on '' . Trends in Plant Science . 16 ( 11 ) : 590 -- 596 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tplants. 2011.06. 006 . PMID 21775188 . Jump up ^ Kutschera , Ulrich ; Niklas , KarlJ. ( 2004 ) . `` The modern theory of biological evolution : an expanded synthesis '' . Naturwissenschaften. 91 ( 6 ) : 255 -- 276 . Bibcode : 2004NW ... 91 ... 255K . doi : 10.1007 / s00114 - 004 - 0515 - y . PMID 15241603 . Jump up ^ Hall , Brian Keith ; Hallgrímsson , Benedikt ; Strickberger , Monroe W. ( 2014 ) . Strickberger 's evolution ( 5 ed . ) . Burlington , Mass. : Jones & Bartlett Learning . pp.",
"14": "10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 1484 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , R.A. ( 1936 ) . `` Has Mendel 's work been rediscovered ? '' ( PDF ) . Annals of Science . 1 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 137 . doi : 10.1080 / 00033793600200111 . Jump up ^ Thompson , EA ( 1990 ) . `` R.A. Fisher 's contributions to genetical statistics '' . Biometrics. 46 ( 4 ) : 905 -- 14 . doi : 10.2307 / 2532436 . PMID 2085639 . Jump up ^ Pilgrim , I ( 1984 ) . `` The too - good - to - be-true paradox and Gregor Mendel '' . The Journal of Heredity. 75 ( 6 ) : 501 -- 502 . PMID 6392413 . ^ Jump up to : Hartl , Daniel L. ; Fairbanks , Daniel J. ( 2007 ) . `` Mud sticks : On the alleged falsification of Mendel 's Data '' . Genetics . 175 ( 3 ) : 975 -- 979 . PMC 1840063 . PMID 17384156 . Jump up ^ Piegorsch , WW ( 1990 ) . `` Fisher 's contributions to genetics and heredity , with special emphasis on the Gregor Mendel controversy '' . Biometrics. 46 ( 4 ) : 915 -- 924 . doi : 10.2307 / 2532437 . PMID 2085640 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , A.W.F. ( 1986 ) . `` More on the too - good - to - be-true paradox and Gregor Mendel '' . Journal of Heredity. 77 : 138 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. jhered. a110192 . ^ Jump up to : Nissani , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Psychological , Historical , and Ethical Reflections on the Mendelian Paradox '' .",
"15": "Perspectives in Biology and Medicine . 37 : 182 -- 196 . doi : 10.1353 / pbm. 1994.0027 . Jump up ^ Price , Michael ( 2010 ) . `` Sins against science : Data fabrication and other forms of scientific misconduct may be more prevalent than you think '' . Monitor on Psychology . 41 ( 7 ) : 44 . Jump up ^ Porteous , JW ( 2004 ) . `` We still fail to account for Mendel 's observations '' . Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling. 1 : 4 . doi : 10.1186 / 1742 - 4682 - 1 - 4 . PMC 516238 . PMID 15312231 . Jump up ^ Fairbanks , D.J. ; Schaalje , G.B. ( 2007 ) . `` The tetrad - pollen model fails to explain the bias in Mendel 's pea ( Pisum sativum ) experiments '' . Genetics . 177 ( 4 ) : 2531 -- 2534 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 107.079970 . PMC 2219470 . PMID 18073445 . Jump up ^ Novitski , Charles E. ( 2004 ) . `` On Fisher 's criticism of Mendel 's results with the garden pea '' . Genetics . 166 ( 3 ) : 1133 -- 1136 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 166.3. 1133 . PMC 1470775 . PMID 15082533 . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . In conclusion , Fisher 's criticism of Mendel 's data -- that Mendel was obtaining data too close to false expectations in the two sets of experiments involving the determination of segregation ratios -- is undoubtedly unfounded Jump up ^ Franklin , Allan ; Edwards , AWF ; Fairbanks , Daniel J ; Hartl , Daniel L ( 2008 ) . Ending the Mendel - Fisher controversy . Pittsburgh , PA : University of Pittsburgh Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 4319 - 8 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Monaghan , F ; Corcos , A ( 1985 ) . `` Chi - square and Mendel 's experiments : where 's the bias ? '' . The Journal of Heredity. 76 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 309 . PMID 4031468 . Jump up ^ Novitski , C.E. ( 2004 ) . `` Revision of Fisher 's analysis of Mendel 's garden pea experiments '' . Genetics . 166 ( 3 ) : 1139 -- 1140 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 166.3. 1139 . PMC 1470784 . PMID 15082535 . Bibliography Smith , Jos A. ; Cheryl Bardoe ; Smith , Joseph A. ( 2006 ) . Gregor Mendel : the friar who grew peas . Abrams Books for Young Readers . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 5475 - 3 . William Bateson Mendel , Gregor ; Bateson , William ( 2009 ) . Mendel 's Principles of Heredity : A Defence , with a Translation of Mendel 's Original Papers on Hybridisation ( Cambridge Library Collection -- Life Sciences ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 1 - 108 - 00613 - 2 . On - line Facsimile Edition : Electronic Scholarly Publishing , Prepared by Robert Robbins Klein , Jan ; Klein , Norman ( 2013 ) . Solitude of a Humble Genius -- Gregor Johann Mendel : Volume 1 . Heidelberg : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 35253 - 9 . Henig , Robin Marantz ( 2000 ) . The Monk in the Garden : The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel , the Father of Genetics . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0395 - 97765 - 1 . Robert Lock , Recent Progress in the Study of Variation , Heredity and Evolution , London , 1906 Orel , Vítĕzslav ( 1996 ) . Gregor Mendel : the first geneticist .",
"17": "Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854774 - 9 . Reginald Punnett , Mendelism , Cambridge , 1905 Curt Stern and Sherwood ER ( 1966 ) The Origin of Genetics . Tudge , Colin ( 2000 ) . In Mendel 's footnotes : an introduction to the science and technologies of genes and genetics from the nineteenth century to the twenty - second . London : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 09 - 928875 - 3 . Waerden , B.L.V.D. ( 1968 ) . `` Mendel 's Experiments '' . Centaurus. 12 ( 4 ) : 275 -- 288 . Bibcode : 1968Cent ... 12 ... 275V . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0498.1968. tb00098. x . PMID 4880928 . refutes allegations about `` data smoothing '' James Walsh , Catholic Churchmen in Science , Philadelphia : Dolphin Press , 1906 Ronald A. Fisher , `` Has Mendel 's Work Been Rediscovered ? '' Annals of Science , Volume 1 , ( 1936 ) : 115 -- 137 . Discusses the possibility of fraud in his research . Further reading Punnett , Reginald Crundall ( 1922 ) . `` Mendelism '' . London : Macmillan . ( 1st Pub. 1905 ) Taylor , Monica ( July -- September 1922 ) . `` Abbot Mendel '' . Dublin Review . London : Burns , Oates and Washbourne . Windle , Bertram C.A. ( 1915 ) . `` Mendel and His Theory of Heredity '' . A Century of Scientific Thought and Other Essays . Burns & Oates . Zumkeller , Adolar & Hartmann , Arnulf. 1971 . Recently Discovered Sermon Sketches of Gregor Mendel . Folia Mendeliana 6 : 247 -- 252 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gregor Mendel .",
"18": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gregor Mendel Works by Gregor Mendel at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Gregor Mendel at Internet Archive Works by Gregor Mendel at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia entry , `` Mendel , Mendelism '' Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas at Brno Biography , bibliography and access to digital sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Biography of Gregor Mendel GCSE student Gregor Mendel ( 1822 -- 1884 ) Gregor Mendel Primary Sources Johann Gregor Mendel : Why his discoveries were ignored for 35 ( 72 ) years ( in German ) Masaryk University to rebuild Mendel 's greenhouse Brno Now Mendel Museum of Genetics Mendel 's Paper in English Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man A photographic tour of St. Thomas ' Abbey , Brno , Czech Republic VIAF : 7455283 LCCN : n50036968 ISNI : 0000 0001 2119 4092 GND : 118580698 SUDOC : 028311876 BNF : cb12298563v ( data ) NLA : 35346488 NDL : 00524395 NKC : jk01081221 Botanist : Mendel BNE : XX975705 SNAC : w63t9mkh ( hide ) Genetics Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy List of genetics research organizations Genetics History of biology Fields ,",
"19": "disciplines Agricultural science Anatomy Biochemistry Biotechnology Botany Ecology Evolutionary thought Genetics Geology Immunology Medicine Model organisms Molecular biology Molecular evolution Paleontology Phycology Plant systematics RNA biology Zoology ( since 1859 ) Zoology ( through 1859 ) Institutions Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Laboratory of Molecular Biology Marine Biological Laboratory Max Planck Society Pasteur Institute Rockefeller University Rothamsted Experimental Station Stazione Zoologica Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Theories , concepts Germ theory of disease Central dogma of molecular biology Darwinism Great chain of being Hierarchy of life Lamarckism One gene -- one enzyme hypothesis Protocell RNA world hypothesis Sequence hypothesis Spontaneous generation History Classical antiquity Aristotle Aristotle 's biology On Generation and Corruption History of Animals Theophrastus Historia Plantarum Dioscorides De Materia Medica Galen Renaissance , Early Modern Conrad Gessner Historia animalium Andreas Vesalius De humani corporis fabrica William Harvey De Motu Cordis Frederik Ruysch Jan Swammerdam Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Micrographia Francesco Redi Evolution 19th century Linnaeus Systema Naturae Buffon Histoire Naturelle Lamarck Philosophie Zoologique Humboldt Charles Lyell Principles of Geology Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species The Descent of Man Gregor Mendel Alfred Russel Wallace Martinus Beijerinck Henry Walter Bates Modern synthesis William Bateson Theodosius Dobzhansky Genetics and the Origin of Species R.A. Fisher E.B. Ford J.B.S. Haldane Ernst Mayr Thomas Hunt Morgan George Gaylord Simpson Hugo de Vries Sewall Wright Recent Stephen Jay Gould W.D.",
"20": "Hamilton Lynn Margulis Aleksandr Oparin George C. Williams Carl Woese Microbiology Ferdinand Cohn Alexander Fleming Felix d'Herelle Robert Koch Louis Pasteur Lazzaro Spallanzani Sergei Winogradsky Develop . biol. , Evo - devo Karl Ernst von Baer Gavin de Beer Sean B. Carroll Scott F. Gilbert Walter Gehring Ernst Haeckel François Jacob Edward B. Lewis Jacques Monod Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard Eric Wieschaus E.B. Wilson Genetics , Molecular biology Experiments Griffith 's ( 1928 ) Luria -- Delbrück ( 1943 ) Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty ( 1944 ) Miller -- Urey ( 1952 ) Hershey -- Chase ( 1952 ) Meselson -- Stahl ( 1958 ) Crick , Brenner et al. ( 1961 ) Nirenberg -- Matthaei ( 1961 ) Nirenberg -- Leder ( 1964 ) People Barbara McClintock George Beadle Seymour Benzer Rosalind Franklin Photo 51 James D. Watson and Francis Crick `` Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids '' Linus Pauling `` Sickle Cell Anemia , a Molecular Disease '' Fred Sanger Max Perutz John Kendrew Sydney Brenner Joshua Lederberg Walter Gilbert Kary Mullis Emmanuelle Charpentier Jennifer Doudna Ecology Rachel Carson Frederic Clements Charles Elton Henry Gleason Arthur Tansley Eugenius Warming Ethology Niko Tinbergen Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Frans de Waal Jane Goodall Ivan Pavlov Related History of science Philosophy of biology Teleology Ethnobotany Eugenics History of the creation - evolution controversy Human Genome Project Humboldtian science Natural history Natural philosophy Natural theology Relationship between religion and science Timeline of biology and organic chemistry Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
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"22": "Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip",
"23": "Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 92 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 04 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played the judge in good will hunting
|
[
"James P. Flynn"
] |
{
"0": "Jimmy Flynn - wikipedia Jimmy Flynn Jump to : navigation , search Jimmy Flynn James P. Flynn ( 1934 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1934 ( age 84 ) Somerville , Massachusetts , United States Occupation Actor , teamster Years active ? ? ? ? -- present James P. Flynn ( born February 5 , 1934 ) is an American teamster and film actor . He was a reputed member of the famous Winter Hill Gang . He has been in films including Good Will Hunting , The Cider House Rules and What 's the Worst That Could Happen ? . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Biography ( edit ) James P. Flynn was born in Somerville , Massachusetts . In 1982 , Flynn was wrongly identified as a shooter in the murder of Winter Hill Gang mob associate Brian `` Balloonhead '' Halloran and attempted murder of Michael Donahue . He was tried and acquitted for the murder in 1986 after being framed by John Connolly and James J. Bulger . Flynn was a part of Boston 's International Brotherhood of Teamsters Local 25 labor union where he later ran the organization 's movie production crew . He has also been the Teamster Union 's transportation coordinator and transportation captain in the transportation department on numerous films , including The Departed , Fever Pitch and Jumanji . Flynn appeared in many films shot in the New England area . In show business he goes by the name ' James P. Flynn ' . Flynn was cast as a judge in the Boston - based film Good Will Hunting in 1997 . Later , he acted in the 1999 film The Cider House Rules and What 's the Worst That Could Happen ? in 2001 . He was also a truck driver for movie production equipment during the filming of My Best Friend 's Girl in 2008 . Boston actor Tom Kemp remarked : `` ( The film The Departed ) would n't be a Boston movie without me , a Wahlberg , and Jimmy Flynn from the teamsters . ''",
"1": "Filmography ( edit ) Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) as Judge George H. Malone The Cider House Rules ( 1999 ) as Vernon What 's the Worst That Could Happen ? ( 2001 ) as the Fire Captain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Janelle Nanos ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Robin Williams on Good Will Hunting '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Early ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` The IBT on Reality TV : Boston Union Teams Up With Mark Wahlberg '' . In These Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Kevin ; Murphy , Shelley ( February 13 , 2011 ) . Whitey Bulger : America 's Most Wanted Gangster and the Manhunt That Brought Him to Justice . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 229 -- 230 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Howie Carr ( June 4 , 2013 ) . Hitman : The Untold Story of Johnny Martorano -- - Whitey Bulger 's Partner and the Most Feared Gangster in the Underworld . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 198 -- 199 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Barry ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` A Voice for Those Silenced in a Mobster 's Reign '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jack Sullivan ( August 9 , 2000 ) . `` Hear no evil : Sources : Gov ignored Teamsters threat complaints '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Flynn '' . IMDB . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Howie Carr ( July 31 , 2007 ) . The Brothers Bulger : How They Terrorized and Corrupted Boston for a Quarter Century . Grand Central Publishing . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 .",
"2": "Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Robert ; Land , Jon ( January 3 , 2012 ) . Betrayal : Whitey Bulger and the FBI Agent Who Fought to Bring Him Down . Macmillan . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Boston Globe , `` ' The Departed ' Has Local Launch '' , Carol Beggy & Mark Shanahan , October 4 , 2006 , Living Section , page F. 2 External links ( edit ) Jimmy Flynn on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Flynn&oldid=798915914 '' Categories : American people of Irish descent American mobsters of Irish descent 1934 births Living people Male actors from Boston Winter Hill Gang Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 15 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what state did they film daddy's home 2
|
[
"Massachusetts",
"Massachusetts",
"Concord, Massachusetts",
"Framingham, Massachusetts",
"Great Barrington, Massachusetts",
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"Massachusetts"
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{
"0": "Daddy 's Home 2 - Wikipedia Daddy 's Home 2 Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Daddy 's Home 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Sean Anders Produced by Will Ferrell Adam McKay Chris Henchy John Morris Screenplay by Sean Anders John Morris Based on Characters by Brian Burns Starring Will Ferrell Mark Wahlberg Linda Cardellini John Cena John Lithgow Mel Gibson Music by Michael Andrews Cinematography Julio Macat Edited by Brad Wilhite Production companies Gary Sanchez Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $69 million Box office $180.6 million Daddy 's Home 2 is a 2017 American Christmas comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders and John Morris . A sequel to Daddy 's Home ( 2015 ) , it stars Will Ferrell , Mark Wahlberg , Linda Cardellini , John Cena , John Lithgow and Mel Gibson . The plot follows now reformed - fathers Brad and Dusty ( Ferrell and Wahlberg ) , now co-parenting Dusty 's kids , who have to deal with their own fathers ( Lithgow and Gibson ) visiting for the holidays . Principal photography on the film began in Massachusetts in March 2017 and it was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on November 10 , 2017 . Although the film received unfavorable reviews , it has grossed over $180 million worldwide on a $69 million budget .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) After finally becoming friends at the end of the first film , Brad Whittaker and Dusty Mayron have a co-dad system where their two children , Megan and Dylan , take turns at each father 's house . Dusty has also remarried , this time to Karen , a writer , and is stepdad to Adrianna , Karen 's daughter . Brad and his wife , Sara , along with Dusty and Karen , attend a school play for Megan , where she announces to the whole audience that she does n't like the fact that she has to go back and forth to different houses all the time . Back at the house , after the play , Brad and Dusty decide to do away with having two separate Christmases and instead do one `` together Christmas '' . Dusty , however , finds out his tough fighter pilot / astronaut father Kurt ( Mel Gibson ) is coming for Christmas . At the airport the next day , Dusty tells Brad that his father is going to make fun of them since he wo n't understand their co-dad arrangement . When Kurt arrives , he mistakes Brad for a chauffeur . When Dusty explains that Brad is the stepdad to his children , Kurt does n't like it . Brad 's overbearing and over-cheerful dad , Don , arrives next , unnerving Kurt . Don tells Brad that his mother did n't come along , because she is taking care of Brad 's Uncle who is n't feeling well . Back at the house , Megan and Dylan warmly embrace Don , since he is very present in their lives , while Kurt has n't seen the children since they were toddlers . Kurt rents a large cabin through Airbnb , to house all of them through the holiday week . As Brad and Dusty pack the bags into the car , Dusty tells Brad that Kurt thinks the two men are harboring bad feelings for each other , but are just hiding it from everyone by pretending to be friends . When Kurt comes up , they change the subject .",
"2": "Throughout the week , Brad and Dusty 's co-dad relationship is put to the test by Kurt 's meddling . Meanwhile , Dusty tries to get close to his stepdaughter , Adrianna , but she does n't like him and repeatedly tells him that he is n't her father . Sara also tries to bond with Karen but is taken aback by some of Karen 's actions , like shoplifting clothes from a store . Dylan develops a crush on a little girl staying in the cabin next door . He gets made fun of it by Megan and Adrianna . The next day , the family goes out to take the kids to see Santa . While there , Kurt convinces Dylan to ask Santa for a shotgun , which he does ask for . Brad and Sara tell Dylan that a shotgun for hunting means that a poor innocent animal will lose its life . This convinces Dylan to change his mind , but Megan instead decides she wants to go hunting . While out hunting the next day , Megan accidentally shoots Kurt in the shoulder , sending him to the hospital . At the hospital , Dusty and Kurt begin to bond after they almost begin fighting when Kurt tries to leave the hospital . That night , Brad , Dusty , Don & Kurt go to an improv comedy club where the four men are relaxing and having a good time watching the show . Kurt gets up to go get another drink at the bar . Dusty sees Kurt picking up a woman at the bar and leaves with her . Brad enters Don into the improv show , and Dusty chooses a topic of a husband confronting his cheating wife as the subject of an improv skit . As the skit progresses , it is revealed that Don has separated from his wife in real life . The audience believes that this is all part of the show , even when Brad tries to tell the audience that it is not . The next day , Brad confronts Dusty . After Dusty reveals that he chose the infidelity subject for the improv game because he wanted to get back at Brad , because of how Brad has a good relationship with Don . Brad says he knows that is why Dusty chose that particular topic and to get back at Dusty ; Brad has invited Adrianna 's real dad , Roger , to the cabin for Christmas . That evening , the entire family takes part in a Christmas manger representation .",
"3": "Brad gets into a fight with Dusty after Brad wants to play Joseph , which Dusty is currently playing . This breaks out in front of a crowd that is watching . Instead of Dusty fighting Brad , he almost comes to blows with Roger . The next morning , Christmas Day , the families all pack up to leave . On their way out of town , the families are forced back to town on account of a blizzard . They are forced to take shelter at a movie theater . With every other movie being sold out , due to the huge influx of business from other families seeking shelter at the theater , both families go to see the last movie available : Missile Tow , a fictitious Liam Neeson holiday action film . When the power cuts off during the movie , the families go to the lobby where each man confronts their father about the secrets , lies , and attitudes . Don confronts Brad about not telling him the truth about his divorce , while Dusty tries to talk to Kurt . When Dylan sees the girl he has a crush on , is also there at the theater , he is teased again by Megan and Adrianna . After remembering some advice given to him by Kurt , Dylan walks toward her to kiss her . All of a sudden , he does n't kiss her , but instead kisses Adrianna , his stepsister . Roger gets freaked out and attempts to leave with Adrianna , but is confronted by Dusty . He deduces that the reason why Adrianna has n't warmed up to him is that he has never told her that he loves her , which he does . He also tells Roger that loving Adrianna means loving her real father as well since he is also part of the family . Roger almost leaves without Adrianna , but has a change of heart after everyone breaks out into a song of Do They Know It 's Christmas ? and decides to stay . Don and Brad also reconcile . Sometime later , at the airport , Don and Kurt are preparing to leave to head back to their respective homes . Kurt heads with Don up the terminal escalators , where he reveals to Don that he switched out the tickets and they 're going to spend New Years in Las Vegas .",
"4": "As Brad 's mom 's flight arrives , Dusty and Brad discover that Brad 's new stepdad is Chesley `` Sully '' Sullenberger , the pilot of the `` Miracle on the Hudson '' flight . Brad and Dusty remember that they watched the film `` Sully '' together not too long ago and Brad appears to be welcoming towards him . Brad runs down the terminal and says that Sully will never replace his father , because Sully has only one great personal story , whereas his father has thousands of stories . Cast ( edit ) Will Ferrell as Brad Whitaker Mark Wahlberg as Dusty Mayron Mel Gibson as Kurt Mayron John Lithgow as Don Whitaker Linda Cardellini as Sara Whitaker John Cena as Roger Scarlett Estevez as Megan Mayron Owen Vaccaro as Dylan Mayron Alessandra Ambrosio as Karen Mayron Didi Costine as Adrianna Chesley Sullenberger as himself Liam Neeson as himself Bill Burr as Jerry Production ( edit ) In April 2016 , the sequel was announced , with Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg reprising their roles , Sean Anders and John Morris writing the script , and Anders directing . In January 2017 , it was reported that Mel Gibson and John Lithgow were being sought to play the main characters ' fathers in the film . The two were later confirmed to star , along with Linda Cardellini , John Cena , Owen Vaccaro and Scarlett Estevez , reprising their roles . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 20 , 2017 . Scenes were filmed in Concord , Massachusetts , Framingham , Massachusetts , and Great Barrington , Massachusetts . Release ( edit ) The film was released in the United States on November 10 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) Daddy 's Home 2 was released on Digital HD on February 6 , 2018 , and was released on Blu - ray and DVD on February 20 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Daddy 's Home 2 grossed $103.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $76.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $180.4 million , against a production budget of $69 million .",
"5": "In the United States and Canada , Daddy 's Home 2 opened alongside Murder on the Orient Express , and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,575 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $10.7 million on its first day , including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters , up from the $1.2 million made by the first film . It went on to debut to $29.7 million , finishing second at the box office , behind holdover Thor : Ragnarok ( $57 million ) . In its second weekend the film made $14.4 million ( a drop of 51.3 % ) , finishing 4th behind Justice League , Wonder and Thor : Ragnarok . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 19 % based on 111 reviews , and an average rating of 3.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic comedy that 's unlikely to spread much yuletide merriment , Daddy 's Home 2 can only muster a few stray yuks from its talented cast . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on 26 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was critical of what he described as the film 's sloppiness and laziness , saying , `` Director Sean Anders and his co-writer John Morris execute what are supposed to be the laughs with blunt force . The jokes announce themselves with heavy footsteps , and almost none of them land , stranding a talented cast with terrible material that they 're straining to sell . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 1 out of 4 stars , saying : `` After enduring last week 's lousy and lazy A Bad Moms Christmas , I would have bet it would be many a year before we 'd see another holiday comedy more sour and cynical and profoundly unfunny . I sit corrected . ''",
"6": "Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars , writing , `` I found the sequel better than the original -- the writing sharper , the jokes fresher and smarter , the comic interaction between the lead characters consistently engaging . I mentioned this to my incredulous wife , who said , ' So you 're saying it 's the Godfather , Part 2 of the Daddy 's Home series ' . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Subject Result 2018 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor Mark Wahlberg Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Mel Gibson Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daddy 's Home 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr. ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Will Ferrell & Mark Wahlberg Set ' Daddy 's Home ' Sequel At Paramount '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr . ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Mel Gibson , John Lithgow Circling ' Daddy 's Home ' Sequel '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mel Gibson and John Lithgow Join ' Daddy 's Home ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` John Cena Back For ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Sets ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' for November Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter .",
"7": "Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daddys Home 2 Blu - ray , 4k & Digital Release Dates Announced '' . HD Report . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 ( 2017 ) '' . DVDs Release Date . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks On With $10.8 M Tuesday ; Will Continue To Strike Lightning In Second Weekend With $60 M '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' Higher Than ' The Orient Express ' In A ' Ragnarok ' - Ruled Weekend -- Early Sunday AM Update '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $96 M Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' Film Review : Mark Wahlberg and Will Ferrell Listlessly Pack This Stocking With Coal '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` In ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' universe , no one acts human and no one is funny '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 .",
"8": "External links ( edit ) Daddy 's Home 2 on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Sean Anders Never Been Thawed ( 2005 ) Sex Drive ( 2008 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Horrible Bosses 2 ( 2014 ) Daddy 's Home ( 2015 ) Daddy 's Home 2 ( 2017 ) Instant Family ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daddy%27s_Home_2&oldid=836684140 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 2010s sequel films American Christmas films American comedy films American films American sequel films Films about dysfunctional families Films directed by Sean Anders Films shot in Massachusetts Gary Sanchez Productions films Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Adam McKay Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 07 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where was the first session of the assam association held in1905
|
[
"Guwahati"
] |
{
"0": "Tarun Ram Phukan - Wikipedia Tarun Ram Phukan Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tarun Ram Phukan ( Assamese : তৰুণ ৰাম ফুকন ) ( 1877 -- 1939 ) was a prominent leader of Assam . He was popularly known as Deshbhakta . He was educated in Cotton Collegiate School , Guwahati and Presidency College , Calcutta . Later , he moved to the Bar from Inner Temple in London . He educated as a lawyer but also served as lecturer in Earle Law College in Guwahati . He was a prominent member of a political organization then named Assam Association till 1920 . Phookan played an important part in forming the Assam Branch of the Indian National Congress in 1921 . He was elected its first President . When the Non-Cooperation Movement was started , Phookan took a leading part in it and he toured various parts of Assam carrying the message of Mahatma Gandhi . In connection with the Non-Cooperation Movement , he was sentenced to one year 's rigorous imprisonment in 1921 . Phookan became the Chairman of the Reception Committee , Pandu Session of the Indian National Congress in 1926 . He also served as Chairman of the Municipal Board and Local Board of Guwahati and undertook several programmes for the upliftment of the under - privileged sections of society . He established a Leper Asylum in Guwahati . He was a great orator and also a prominent writer . He served as the President of the Asam Sahitya Sabha , a premier literary organisation in Assam at its Goalpara Session in 1927 . He also served as President of the Assam Chhatra Sammelan in 1928 . He also bought the first bicycle and the first motor car in Guwahati .",
"1": "In 1921 , Assam Provincial Congress Committee was formed with its headquarters at Guwahati and Kuladhar Chaliha as its president . Phookan became the president . The reconstituted APCC elected Phookan , Gopinath Bordoloi , Bimala Prasad Chaliha , Chandranath Sarmah , Krishna Nath Sarmah and Kanak Chandra Sarmah as the members of the AICC . This new committee initiated and invited Mahatma Gandhi to Assam in 1921 to propagate the message of non-co - operation amongst the masses . Mahatma Gandhi 's visit gave tremendous impetus to the congress workers to carry out the non-cooperation movement and implement the principles of Swadeshi . All India Congress Committee session was hosted by the APCC in 1926 , at Pandu , Guwahati which was presided over by S. Srinivasa Iyengar and national leaders like Motilal Nehru , Sardar Ballav Bhai Patel , Dr. Rajendra Prasad , Madan Mohan Malaviya , Muhammad Ali , Shaukat Ali , Sarojini Naidu , S. Satyamurti , Abul Kalam Azad , etc. attended the session . External links ( edit ) Deshbhakta Tarun Ram Phukan Indoor Hall , Guwahati References ( edit ) Assam Pradesh Congress Committee Freedom Fighters of Dhakuakhana Sub-Division Among the luminaries in Assam Krishna Nath Sarmah Jump up ^ `` Guwahati : A city shaped by time , and the Brahmaputra '' .",
"2": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarun_Ram_Phukan&oldid=834001063 '' Categories : 1877 births 1939 deaths People from Kamrup Metropolitan district Assamese politicians Indian National Congress politicians from Assam Indian independence activists from Assam Politicians from Guwahati Assam politicians 19th - century Indian politicians 20th - century Indian politicians Hidden categories : Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles containing Assamese - language text Talk About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 12 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who proved that cells come from other cells
|
[
"Robert Remak",
"Robert Hooke",
"Matthias Schleiden",
"Theodor Schwann",
"Rudolf Virchow"
] |
{
"0": "Cell theory - wikipedia Cell theory Jump to : navigation , search Human cancer cells with nuclei ( specifically the DNA ) stained blue . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , so the entire nuclei are labeled . The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . In biology , cell theory is the historic scientific theory , now universally accepted , that living organisms are made up of cells . Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction . With continual improvements made to microscopes over time , magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century . This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke , and began the scientific study of cells , also known as cell biology . Over a century later , many debates about cells began amongst scientists . Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration , and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life . Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839 . This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann . However , many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory . The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below : All living organisms are composed of one or more cells . ( However , this is considered a controversy because non-cellular life such as viruses are disputed as a life form . See Non-cellular life . ) The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms . Cells arise from pre-existing cells . Contents ( hide ) 1 Microscopes 2 Discovery of cells 3 Cell theory 4 Modern interpretation 5 The modern version of the cell theory 6 Opposing concepts in cell theory : history and background 6.1 Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories 6.2 The emergence of the steady - state membrane pump concept 6.3 The reemergence of the bulk phase theories 7 Types of cells 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Microscopes Anton van Leeuwenhoek 's microscope from the 17th century with a magnification of 270x . Robert Hooke 's microscope The discovery of the cell was made possible through the invention of the microscope .",
"1": "In the first century BC , Romans were able to make glass , discovering that objects appeared to be larger under the glass . In Italy during the 12th century , Salvino D'Armate made a piece of glass fit over one eye , allowing for a magnification effect to that eye . The expanded use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century probably led to wider spread use of simple microscopes ( magnifying glasses ) with limited magnification . Compound microscope , which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image achieving much higher magnification , first appeared in Europe around 1620 In 1665 , Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses inside and examined specimens under reflected light for the observations in his book Micrographia . Hooke also used a simpler microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with directly transmitted light , because this allowed for a clearer image . Extensive microscopic study was done by Anton van Leeuwenhoek , a draper who took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648 . At some point in his life before 1668 , he was able to learn how to grind lenses . This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope . His were a single lens simple microscope , rather than a compound microscope . This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x . This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x . After Leeuwenhoek , there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s , two hundred years later . Carl Zeiss , a German engineer who manufactured microscopes , began to make changes to the lenses used . But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe . Optical microscopes can focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger , giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than the wavelengths of visible light . Later in the 1920s , the electron microscope was developed , making it possible to view objects that are smaller than optical wavelengths , once again , changing the possibilities in science .",
"2": "Discovery of cells Drawing of the structure of cork by Robert Hooke that appeared in Micrographia . The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 , which can be found to be described in his book Micrographia . In this book , he gave 60 ' observations ' in detail of various objects under a coarse , compound microscope . One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork . Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named `` cells '' . This came from the Latin word Cella , meaning ' a small room ' like monks lived in and also Cellulae , which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb . However , Hooke did not know their real structure or function . What Hooke had thought were cells , were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues . With microscopes during this time having a low magnification , Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was observing . Therefore , he did not think the `` cellulae '' were alive . His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells . In Micrographia , Hooke also observed mould , bluish in color , found on leather . After studying it under his microscope , he was unable to observe `` seeds '' that would have indicated how the mould was multiplying in quantity . This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous generation , from either natural or artificial heat , was the cause . Since this was an old Aristotelian theory still accepted at the time , others did not reject it and was not disproved until Leeuwenhoek later discovers generation is achieved otherwise . Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did . He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold , or 270x . Under these microscopes , Leeuwenhoek found motile objects . In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9 , 1676 , he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms . Over time , he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms . Leeuwenhoek named these `` animalcules , '' which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms , like bacteria .",
"3": "Though he did not have much formal education , he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox , then leading him to study `` pepper water '' in 1676 . He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans . Once discovering these types of cells , Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell . This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation . After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek , Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries . The cells in animal tissues were observed after plants were because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing , it was difficult for such thin slices to be prepared for studying . Biologists believed that there was a fundamental unit to life , but were unsure what this was . It would not be until over a hundred years later that this fundamental unit was connected to cellular structure and existence of cells in animals or plants . This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet . Besides stating `` the cell is the fundamental element of organization '' , Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit , but also a physiological unit . In 1804 , Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link were awarded the prize for `` solving the problem of the nature of cells '' , meaning they were the first to prove that cells had independent cell walls by the Königliche Societät der Wissenschaft ( Royal Society of Science ) , Göttingen . Before , it had been thought that cells shared walls and the fluid passed between them this way . Cell theory Matthias Jakob Schleiden ( 1804 -- 1881 ) Theodor Schwann ( 1810 -- 1882 ) Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists : Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden . While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory , he is not as credited for his attributions toward it . In 1839 , Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells .",
"4": "He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside . However , this was not an original idea of Schleiden . He claimed this theory as his own , though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him . This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory . In 1839 , Theodor Schwann states that along with plants , animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures . This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants . From these conclusions about plants and animals , two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated . 1 . All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2 . The cell is the most basic unit of life Schleiden 's theory of free cell formation through crystallization was refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak , Rudolf Virchow , and Albert Kolliker . In 1855 , Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to cell theory . In Latin , this tenet states Omnis cellula e cellula . This translated to : 3 . All cells arise only from pre-existing cells However , the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak ; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit . Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division , claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes . He instead said that binary fission , which was first introduced by Dumortier , was how reproduction of new animal cells were made . Once this tenet was added , the classical cell theory was complete . Modern interpretation The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include : All known living things are made up of one or more cells All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division . The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms . The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells . Energy flow ( metabolism and biochemistry ) occurs within cells . Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm .",
"5": "All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species . The modern version of the cell theory The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas that : Energy flow occurs within cells . Heredity information ( DNA ) is passed on from cell to cell . All cells have the same basic chemical composition . Opposing concepts in cell theory : history and background The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope . The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s . In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly - like substance , sometimes called living jelly . At about the same time , colloidal chemistry began its development , and the concepts of bound water emerged . A colloid being something between a solution and a suspension , where Brownian motion is sufficient to prevent sedimentation . The idea of a semipermeable membrane , a barrier that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to solute molecules was developed at about the same time . The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena realized , but it was n't until 1877 , when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology . In this view , the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface , the plasma membrane , and cell water and solutes such as a potassium ion existed in a physical state like that of a dilute solution . In 1889 Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes to determine the permeability of various solutes . By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit , the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume . He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50 % in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells . Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories Two opposing concepts developed within the context of studies on osmosis , permeability , and electrical properties of cells . The first held that these properties all belonged to the plasma membrane whereas the other predominant view was that the protoplasm was responsible for these properties .",
"6": "The membrane theory developed as a succession of ad - hoc additions and changes to the theory to overcome experimental hurdles . Overton ( a distant cousin of Charles Darwin ) first proposed the concept of a lipid ( oil ) plasma membrane in 1899 . The major weakness of the lipid membrane was the lack of an explanation of the high permeability to water , so Nathansohn ( 1904 ) proposed the mosaic theory . In this view , the membrane is not a pure lipid layer , but a mosaic of areas with lipid and areas with semipermeable gel . Ruhland refined the mosaic theory to include pores to allow additional passage of small molecules . Since membranes are generally less permeable to anions , Leonor Michaelis concluded that ions are adsorbed to the walls of the pores , changing the permeability of the pores to ions by electrostatic repulsion . Michaelis demonstrated the membrane potential ( 1926 ) and proposed that it was related to the distribution of ions across the membrane . Harvey and Danielli ( 1939 ) proposed a lipid bilayer membrane covered on each side with a layer of protein to account for measurements of surface tension . In 1941 Boyle & Conway showed that the membrane of frog muscle was permeable to both K+ and Cl - , but apparently not to Na+ , so the idea of electrical charges in the pores was unnecessary since a single critical pore size would explain the permeability to K+ , H+ , and Cl - as well as the impermeability to Na+ , Ca+ , and Mg++ . Over the same time period , it was shown ( Procter & Wilson , 1916 ) that gels , which do not have a semipermeable membrane , would swell in dilute solutions . Loeb ( 1920 ) also studied gelatin extensively , with and without a membrane , showing that more of the properties attributed to the plasma membrane could be duplicated in gels without a membrane . In particular , he found that an electrical potential difference between the gelatin and the outside medium could be developed , based on the H+ concentration . Some criticisms of the membrane theory developed in the 1930s , based on observations such as the ability of some cells to swell and increase their surface area by a factor of 1000 . A lipid layer can not stretch to that extent without becoming a patchwork ( thereby losing its barrier properties .",
"7": "Such criticisms stimulated continued studies on protoplasm as the principal agent determining cell permeability properties . In 1938 , Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm is not free but in a chemically combined form -- the protoplasm represents a combination of protein , salt and water -- and demonstrated the basic similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels . Dimitri Nasonov ( 1944 ) viewed proteins as the central components responsible for many properties of the cell , including electrical properties . By the 1940s , the bulk phase theories were not as well developed as the membrane theories . In 1941 , Brooks & Brooks published a monograph The Permeability of Living Cells , which rejects the bulk phase theories . The emergence of the steady - state membrane pump concept With the development of radioactive tracers , it was shown that cells are not impermeable to Na . This was difficult to explain with the membrane barrier theory , so the sodium pump was proposed to continually remove Na+ as it permeates cells . This drove the concept that cells are in a state of dynamic equilibrium , constantly using energy to maintain ion gradients . In 1935 , Karl Lohmann discovered ATP and its role as a source of energy for cells , so the concept of a metabolically - driven sodium pump was proposed . The tremendous success of Hodgkin , Huxley , and Katz in the development of the membrane theory of cellular membrane potentials , with differential equations that modeled the phenomena correctly , provided even more support for the membrane pump hypothesis . The modern view of the plasma membrane is of a fluid lipid bilayer that has protein components embedded within it . The structure of the membrane is now known in great detail , including 3D models of many of the hundreds of different proteins that are bound to the membrane . These major developments in cell physiology placed the membrane theory in a position of dominance and stimulated the imagination of most physiologists , who now apparently accept the theory as fact -- there are , however , a few dissenters.",
"8": "( citation needed ) The reemergence of the bulk phase theories In 1956 , Afanasy S. Troshin published a book , The Problems of Cell Permeability , in Russian ( 1958 in German , 1961 in Chinese , 1966 in English ) in which he found that permeability was of secondary importance in determination of the patterns of equilibrium between the cell and its environment . Troshin showed that cell water decreased in solutions of galactose or urea although these compounds did slowly permeate cells . Since the membrane theory requires an impermanent solute to sustain cell shrinkage , these experiments cast doubt on the theory . Others questioned whether the cell has enough energy to sustain the sodium / potassium pump . Such questions became even more urgent as dozens of new metabolic pumps were added as new chemical gradients were discovered . In 1962 , Gilbert Ling became the champion of the bulk phase theories and proposed his association - induction hypothesis of living cells . Types of cells Main article : Cell types Prokaryote cell . Eukaryote cell . Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories : Prokaryotes : Prokaryotes are relatively small cells surrounded by the plasma membrane , with a characteristic cell wall that may differ in composition depending on the particular organism . Prokaryotes lack a nucleus ( although they do have circular or linear DNA ) and other membrane - bound organelles ( though they do contain ribosomes ) . The protoplasm of a prokaryote contains the chromosomal region that appears as fibrous deposits under the microscope , and the cytoplasm . Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains of prokaryotes . Eukaryotes : Eukaryotic cells are also surrounded by the plasma membrane , but on the other hand , they have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane or envelope . Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane - bound organelles , such as ( mitochondria , chloroplasts , lysosomes , rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum , vacuoles ) . In addition , they possess organized chromosomes which store genetic material . Animals have evolved a greater diversity of cell types in a multicellular body ( 100 -- 150 different cell types ) , compared with 10 -- 20 in plants , fungi , and protoctista .",
"9": "See also Biology portal Cell adhesion Cell biology Cellular differentiation Germ theory of disease Membrane models References Jump up ^ Villarreal , Luis P. ( August 8 , 2008 ) Are Viruses Alive ? Scientific American Jump up ^ Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi E Contributi Dell'Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica , Volume 30 , La Fondazione - 1975 , page 554 Jump up ^ Albert Van Helden ; Sven Dupré ; Rob van Gent ( 2010 ) . The Origins of the Telescope . Amsterdam University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6984 - 615 - 6 . Jump up ^ William Rosenthal , Spectacles and Other Vision Aids : A History and Guide to Collecting , Norman Publishing , 1996 , page 391 - 392 ^ Jump up to : Gest , H ( 2004 ) . `` The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek , fellows of the Royal Society '' . Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London . 58 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 201 . PMID 15209075 . doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 2004.0055 . ^ Jump up to : Mazzarello , P. ( 1999 ) . `` A unifying concept : the history of cell theory '' . Nature Cell Biology . 1 ( 1 ) : E13 -- 5 . PMID 10559875 . doi : 10.1038 / 8964 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Inwood , Stephen ( 2003 ) . The man who knew too much : the strange and inventive life of Robert Hooke , 1635 -- 1703 . London : Pan . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 48829 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Becker , Wayne M. ; Kleinsmith , Lewis J. ; Hardin , Jeff ( 2003 ) . The World of the Cell. Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company . p. 1 .",
"10": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 4854 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Richard . `` History of Biology : Cell Theory and Cell Structure '' . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dutrochet , Henri ( 1824 ) `` Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la structure intime des animaux et des vegetaux , et sur leur motilite , par M.H. Dutrochet , avec deux planches '' Jump up ^ Kalenderblatt Dezember 2013 -- Mathematisch - Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät -- Universität Rostock . Mathnat.uni-rostock.de ( 2013 - 11 - 28 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sharp , L.W. ( 1921 ) . Introduction To Cytology . New York : McGraw Hill Book Company Inc . Jump up ^ Schleiden , M.J. ( 1839 ) . `` Beiträge zur Phytogenesis '' . Archiv für Anatomie , Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin : 137 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Schwann , T. ( 1839 ) . Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen . Berlin : Sander . Jump up ^ Silver , GA ( 1987 ) . `` Virchow , the heroic model in medicine : health policy by accolade '' . American Journal of Public Health . 77 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 8 . PMC 1646803 . PMID 3538915 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 77.1. 82 . Jump up ^ Wolfe Jump up ^ Wolfe , p. 5 Jump up ^ Wolfe , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : `` The modern version of the Cell Theory '' . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ling , Gilbert N. ( 1984 ) . In search of the physical basis of life .",
"11": "New York : Plenum Press . ISBN 0306414090 . Jump up ^ Michaelis , L. ( 1925 ) . `` Contribution to the Theory of Permeability of Membranes for Electrolytes '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 8 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 59 . PMC 2140746 . PMID 19872189 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 8.2. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , p. 11 Jump up ^ Wolfe , p. 13 Jump up ^ Margulis , L. & Chapman , M.J. ( 2009 ) . Kingdoms and Domains : An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth ( ( 4th ed . ) . ed . ) . Amsterdam : Academic Press / Elsevier . p. 116 . Bibliography Wolfe , Stephen L. ( 1972 ) . Biology of the cell . Wadsworth Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 00106 - 3 . Further reading Turner W ( January 1890 ) . `` The Cell Theory Past and Present '' . J Anat Physiol. 24 ( Pt 2 ) : 253 -- 87 . PMC 1328050 . PMID 17231856 . Tavassoli M ( 1980 ) . `` The cell theory : a foundation to the edifice of biology '' . Am. J. Pathol. 98 ( 1 ) : 44 . PMC 1903404 . PMID 6985772 . External links Mallery C ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Cell Theory '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . `` Studying Cells Tutorial '' . 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 .",
"12": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_theory&oldid=804328668 '' Categories : Cell biology History of biology Biology theories Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 07 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sang the song with reba does he love you
|
[
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{
"0": "Does he love You - wikipedia Does he love You Jump to : navigation , search `` Does He Love You '' Single by Reba McEntire with Linda Davis from the album Greatest Hits Volume Two B - side `` Straight From You '' Released August 28 , 1993 Format 7 '' single Genre Country Length 4 : 19 Label MCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Sandy Knox Billy Stritch Producer ( s ) Tony Brown Reba McEntire Reba McEntire singles chronology `` It 's Your Call '' ( 1993 ) `` Does He Love You '' ( 1993 ) `` They Asked About You '' ( 1994 ) `` It 's Your Call '' ( 1993 ) `` Does He Love You '' ( 1993 ) `` They Asked About You '' ( 1994 ) Linda Davis singles chronology `` He Is n't My Affair Anymore '' ( 1992 ) He Is n't My Affair Anymore1992 `` Does He Love You '' ( 1993 ) Does He Love You1993 `` Love Did n't Do It '' ( 1994 ) Love Did n't Do It1994 `` Does He Love You '' is a song written by Sandy Knox and Billy Stritch , and recorded as a duet by American country music artists Reba McEntire and Linda Davis . It was released in August 1993 as the first single from Reba 's album Greatest Hits Volume Two . It is one of country music 's several songs about a love triangle . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Content 3 Music Video 4 Track list 5 Chart performance 5.1 Year - end charts 6 References History ( edit ) `` Does He Love You '' was written in 1982 by Billy Stritch . He recorded it with a trio in which he performed at the time , because he wanted a song that could be sung by the other two members of the trio , both of whom were women . It had been pitched to Barbara Mandrell , Frank Sinatra , and Liza Minnelli , but McEntire ended up recording it .",
"1": "She had wanted to include Linda Davis , then a vocalist in her road band , as a duet partner . McEntire 's husband and manager , Narvel Blackstock , told her that MCA Records `` would rather ( she ) record this with somebody more established '' , such as Wynonna Judd or Trisha Yearwood , both of whom were on the same label at the time . McEntire called Tony Brown , then working as a record producer for both her and Judd . Brown told her that Judd might record the song if McEntire asked her personally , but added that Judd did not want to record songs about `` marital problems '' . McEntire submitted a demo to Judd and , after not hearing back from her , recorded the song with Davis in June 1993 . The single went on to win the Grammy award for Best Country Vocal Collaboration , a Country Music Association Award for Vocal Event of the Year , and a TNN / Music City News award for Best Vocal Collaboration . In 1996 , Minnelli released the song as a duet with Donna Summer , from Minnelli 's album , `` Gently '' . In 1997 , it appeared on Patti LaBelle 's album , `` Flame '' . Content ( edit ) The song features a vocal battle between two female narrators who are in love with the same man . Both women know that the man is being unfaithful to them and are wondering who he truly loves . Music video ( edit ) The big - budget , Jon Small - directed video was filmed over 3 days in mid-1993 . It begins with Reba in her dressing room wearing a lilac feather gown , where she sees a picture of her lover , which she glances at . It then shows Linda as a professional actress at a movie premiere , then cuts back to Reba smashing the picture with a metal object . Reba shows up in a limo with the same man . The two women are seen then in a photo shoot with Linda holding an award and the man in the background . The picture is taken , but it shows Reba losing focus for some reason . The next scene shows Linda and the man flirting in a hotel bar . Reba appears wearing a white shower cloak , standing behind a glass and wood wall , as if not to be noticed by Linda .",
"2": "She sees what is really going on , and Linda notices her , only to come over to her and begin singing the second chorus . Reba stays behind the wall the whole time , while Linda is in front of her . It then briefly goes back to the dressing room , where Reba continues to smash her lover 's picture . The next scene shows Reba approaching Linda 's house in the pouring rain at night , while Linda stands on her porch as they sing the bridge . The scene then shifts to the next day , where Reba watches from afar as Linda and the man are seen on a speedboat , where he hugs her , implying that Linda is who he truly loves . Reba finally smiles at Linda as the boat leaves the dock . After the song is complete , the boat collapses and goes up in flames as the director ( portrayed by actor Rob Reiner ) yells `` cut '' and shows Reba and the crew the footage as the screen pans up to show the set and sky . The last day of shooting coincided with the last day of filming for the 1993 movie North ( in which Reba stars and Reiner directed ) , and because of this , Reba 's final outfit seen in the video was the same one she wore in the movie . Track list ( edit ) United Kingdom Maxi single CD1 `` Does He Love You '' ( Album Version ) `` Does He Love You '' ( Live ) `` I 'll Be '' ( Live ) United Kingdom Maxi single CD2 `` Does He Love You '' ( Album Version ) `` The Greatest Man I Never Knew '' ( Live ) `` What If '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 62 Australian Singles Chart 59 Sweden Singles Chart 72 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 52 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 40 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McEntire , Reba ; Carver , Tom ( 1994 ) . Reba : My Story . Bantam Books . pp. 272 -- 273 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ `` And the Winners Are ... '' The New York Times . The New York Times Company . 1994 - 03 - 02 . pp. C 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2296 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . November 13 , 1993 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1993 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1993 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1993 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Preceded by `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' by George Strait Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single November 6 , 1993 Succeeded by `` She Used to Be Mine '' by Brooks & Dunn RPM Country Tracks number - one single November 13 , 1993 Reba McEntire 1990s singles Sweet Sixteen `` Walk On '' Rumor Has It `` You Lie '' `` Rumor Has It '' `` Fancy '' `` Fallin ' Out of Love '' For My Broken Heart `` For My Broken Heart '' `` Is There Life Out There '' `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' `` The Greatest Man I Never Knew '' It 's Your Call `` Take It Back '' `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Vince Gill ) `` It 's Your Call '' Greatest Hits Volume Two `` Does He Love You '' ( with Linda Davis ) `` They Asked About You '' Read My Mind `` Why Have n't I Heard from You '' `` She Thinks His Name Was John '' `` Till You Love Me '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` And Still '' Starting Over `` On My Own '' `` Ring on Her Finger ,",
"4": "Time on Her Hands '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' What If It 's You `` The Fear of Being Alone '' `` How Was I to Know '' `` I 'd Rather Ride Around with You '' `` What If It 's You '' If You See Him `` If You See Him / If You See Her '' ( with Brooks & Dunn ) `` Forever Love '' `` Wrong Night '' `` One Honest Heart '' So Good Together `` What Do You Say '' Other songs `` What If '' Guest singles `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Vince Gill ) Linda Davis Studio albums In a Different Light Linda Davis Shoot for the Moon Some Things Are Meant to Be I 'm Yours Love Remains ( w / the Scott family ) Notable singles `` Some Things Are Meant to Be '' `` A Love Story in the Making '' `` I Wanna Remember This '' `` I 'm Yours '' Guest singles `` Does He Love You '' ( with Reba McEntire ) Related articles Hillary Scott ( daughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Does_He_Love_You&oldid=822585165 '' Categories : 1993 singles 1993 songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Reba McEntire songs Linda Davis songs Liza Minnelli songs Donna Summer songs Patti LaBelle songs Vocal duets RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) MCA Records singles Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 07 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-8579271792005383992
|
referring to the organs of reproduction is called
|
[
"Reproductive system",
"Reproductive system",
"Reproductive system"
] |
{
"0": "Organ ( anatomy ) - wikipedia Organ ( anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Viscera '' redirects here . For other meanings , see Viscera ( disambiguation ) . `` Organs '' redirects here . For other uses , see Organ . Organ Many of the internal organs of the human body Details Pronunciation awr - guh n System Organ systems Identifiers Latin organi Greek Οργανο FMA 67498 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Organs are collections of tissues with a similar function . Plant and animal life relies on many organs that coexist in organ systems . Organs are composed of main tissue , parenchyma , and `` sporadic '' tissues , stroma . The main tissue is that which is unique for the specific organ , such as the myocardium , the main tissue of the heart , while sporadic tissues include the nerves , blood vessels , and connective tissues . The main tissues that make up an organ tend to have common embryologic origins , such as arising from the same germ layer . Functionally related organs often cooperate to form whole organ systems . Organs exist in all organisms . In single - celled organisms such as bacteria the functional analogue of an organ is known as an organelle . In plants there are three main organs . A hollow organ is a visceral organ that forms a hollow tube , or pouch such as the stomach , intestine , or bladder . In the study of anatomy , the term viscus is used to refer to an internal organ , and viscera is the plural form . By one widely used definition of the term organ , 80 organs have been scientifically validated in the human body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Tissue 1.2 Organ systems 2 Function 2.1 Mammals 2.2 Plants 3 Society and culture 4 History 4.1 Antiquity 4.2 Modern times 5 Origin and evolution 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Tissue ( edit ) In biology , tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and complete organs .",
"1": "A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function . Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues . The study of human and animal tissues is known as histology or , in connection with disease , histopathology . For plants , the discipline is called plant anatomy . The classical tools for studying tissues are the paraffin block in which tissue is embedded and then sectioned , the histological stain , and the optical microscope . In the last couple of decades , developments in electron microscopy , immunofluorescence , and the use of frozen tissue sections have enhanced the detail that can be observed in tissues . With these tools , the classical appearances of tissues can be examined in health and disease , enabling considerable refinement of medical diagnosis and prognosis . Organ systems ( edit ) Main article : Biological system See also : List of organs of the human body Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function form an organ system , also called a biological system or body system . The functions of organ systems often share significant overlap . For instance , the nervous and endocrine system both operate via a shared organ , the hypothalamus . For this reason , the two systems are combined and studied as the neuroendocrine system . The same is true for the musculoskeletal system because of the relationship between the muscular and skeletal systems . Function ( edit ) Mammals ( edit ) The liver and gallbladder of a sheep Mammals such as humans have a variety of organ systems . These specific systems are also widely studied in human anatomy . Cardiovascular system : pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart , blood and blood vessels . Digestive system : digestion and processing food with salivary glands , esophagus , stomach , liver , gallbladder , pancreas , intestines , colon , rectum and anus . Endocrine system : communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus , pituitary gland , pineal body or pineal gland , thyroid , parathyroids and adrenals , i.e. , adrenal glands . Excretory system : kidneys , ureters , bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance , electrolyte balance and excretion of urine .",
"2": "Lymphatic system : structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream , the lymph and the nodes and vessels that transport it including the Immune system : defending against disease - causing agents with leukocytes , tonsils , adenoids , thymus and spleen . Integumentary system : skin , hair and nails . Muscular system : movement with muscles . Nervous system : collecting , transferring and processing information with brain , spinal cord and nerves . Reproductive system : the sex organs , such as ovaries , fallopian tubes , uterus , vulva , vagina , testes , vas deferens , seminal vesicles , prostate and penis . Respiratory system : the organs used for breathing , the pharynx , larynx , trachea , bronchi , lungs and diaphragm . Skeletal system : structural support and protection with bones , cartilage , ligaments and tendons . Plants ( edit ) See also : Plant anatomy The flower is the angiosperm 's reproductive organ . This Hibiscus flower is hermaphroditic , and it contains stamen and pistils . Strobilus of Equisetum telmateia The study of plant organs is referred to as plant morphology , rather than anatomy , as in animal systems . Organs of plants can be divided into vegetative and reproductive . Vegetative plant organs are roots , stems , and leaves . The reproductive organs are variable . In flowering plants , they are represented by the flower , seed and fruit . In conifers , the organ that bears the reproductive structures is called a cone . In other divisions ( phyla ) of plants , the reproductive organs are called strobili , in Lycopodiophyta , or simply gametophores in mosses . The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant . While there can be 11 organ systems in animals , there are far fewer in plants , where some perform the vital functions , such as photosynthesis , while the reproductive organs are essential in reproduction . However , if there is asexual vegetative reproduction , the vegetative organs are those that create the new generation of plants ( see clonal colony ) .",
"3": "Society and culture ( edit ) Many societies have a system for Organ donation , in which a living or deceased donor 's organ is transplanted into a person with a failing organ . The transplantation of larger solid organs often requires immunosuppression to prevent organ rejection or graft vs host disease . There is considerable interest throughout the world in creating laboratory - grown or artificial organs . History ( edit ) Human viscera This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) The English word `` organism '' is a neologism coined in the 17th century , probably formed from the verb to organize . At first the word referred to an organization or social system . The meaning of a living animal or plant is first recorded in 1842 . Plant organs are made from tissue built up from different types of tissue . When there are three or more organs it is called an organ system . The adjective visceral , also splanchnic , is used for anything pertaining to the internal organs . Historically , viscera of animals were examined by Roman pagan priests like the haruspices or the augurs in order to divine the future by their shape , dimensions or other factors . This practice remains an important ritual in some remote , tribal societies . The term `` visceral '' is contrasted with the term `` parietal '' , meaning `` of or relating to the wall of a body part , organ or cavity '' The two terms are often used in describing a membrane or piece of connective tissue , referring to the opposing sides . Antiquity ( edit ) Aristotle used the word frequently in his philosophy , both to describe the organs of plants or animals ( e.g. the roots of a tree , the heart or liver of an animal ) , and to describe more abstract `` parts '' of an interconnected whole ( e.g. his philosophical works , taken as a whole , are referred to as the `` organon '' ) . Some alchemists ( e.g.",
"4": "Paracelsus ) adopted the Hermetic Qabalah assignment between the seven vital organs and the seven classical planets as follows : Planet Organ Sun Heart Moon Brain Mercury Lungs Venus Kidneys Mars Gall bladder Jupiter Liver Saturn Spleen Modern times ( edit ) The variations in natural language definitions of what constitutes an organ , their degree of precision , and the variations in how they map to ontologies and taxonomies in information science ( for example , to count how many organs exist in a typical human body ) are topics explored by writer Carl Engelking of Discover magazine in 2017 as he analyzed the science journalism coverage of the evolving scientific understanding of the mesentery . He explored a challenge now faced by anatomists : as human understanding of ontology generally ( that is , how things are defined , and how the relationship of one thing to another is defined ) meets applied ontology and ontology engineering , unification of varying views is in higher demand . However , such unification always faces epistemologic frontiers , as humans can only declare computer ontologies with certainty and finality to the extent that their own cognitive taxonomy ( that is , science 's understanding of the universe ) is certain and final . For example , the fact that the tissues of the mesentery are continuous was something that was simply not known for sure until it was demonstrated with microscopy . Because humans can not predict all future scientific discoveries , they can not build a unified ontology that is totally certain and will never again change . However , one of the points made by an anatomist interviewed by Engelking is that , finality aside , much more could be done even now to represent existing human knowledge more clearly for computing purposes . Origin and evolution ( edit ) Relationship of major animal lineages with indication of how long ago these animals shared a common ancestor . On the left , important organs are shown , which allows us to determine how long ago these may have evolved . The organ level of organisation in animals can be first detected in flatworms and the more derived phyla . The less - advanced taxa ( like Placozoa , Sponges and Radiata ) do not show consolidation of their tissues into organs . Complex animals are composed of organs and many of these organs evolved a very long time ago .",
"5": "For example , the liver evolved in the stem vertebrates more than 500 million years ago , while the gut and brain are even more ancient , arising in the ancestor of vertebrates , insects , and worms more than 600 million years ago . Given the ancient origin of most vertebrate organs , researchers have looked for model systems , where organs have evolved more recently , and ideally have evolved multiple times independently . An outstanding model for this kind of research is the placenta , which has evolved more than 100 times independently in vertebrates , has evolved relatively recently in some lineages , and exists in intermediate forms in extant taxa . Studies on the evolution of the placenta have identified a variety of genetic and physiological processes that contribute to the origin and evolution of organs , these include the re-purposing of existing animal tissues , the acquisition of new functional properties by these tissues , and novel interactions of distinct tissue types . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Medicine portal Organoid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of Organ '' . Dictionary.com . Dictionary Group ( likely Random House ) . Jump up ^ Widmaier EP ; Raff H ; Strang KT ( 2014 ) . Vander 's Human Physiology ( 12th ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 128366 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Botany / Plant structure - Wikibooks , open books for an open world '' . en.wikibooks.org . Jump up ^ `` Viscus - Definition '' . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Viscera '' . MeSH . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New organ named in digestive system '' . BBC News . 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` '' It was astonishing , almost too good to be true. `` '' . metafilter . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnhart 's Concise Dictionary of Etymology Jump up ^ `` Organ System - Definition and Examples Biology Dictionary '' . Biology Dictionary . 2016 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ `` Parietal -- Learning brain structure , function and variability from neuroimaging data '' . team.inria.fr . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Philip Ball , The Devil 's Doctor : Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 945787 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Engelking , Carl ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) , `` We got the mesentery news all wrong '' , The Crux ( a group blog by Discover writers ) . Jump up ^ Coffey , J Calvin ; O'Leary , D Peter ( 2016 ) . `` The mesentery : structure , function , and role in disease '' . The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1 ( 3 ) : 238 -- 247 . doi : 10.1016 / S2468 - 1253 ( 16 ) 30026 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Griffith , Oliver W. ; Wagner , G ? nter P. ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` The placenta as a model for understanding the origin and evolution of vertebrate organs '' . Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 ( 4 ) : 0072 . doi : 10.1038 / s41559 - 017 - 0072 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Organs ( anatomy ) at Wikimedia Commons Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint",
"7": "Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal",
"8": "Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Hierarchy of life Biosphere > Biome > Ecosystem > Biocoenosis > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule GND : 4043769 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organ_(anatomy)&oldid=835155069 '' Categories : Organ systems Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles to be expanded from February 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg",
"9": "Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa",
"10": "Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 94 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 22 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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-2202492303403575297
|
what is the source of information for account receivables
|
[
"invoices",
"invoices raised by a business and delivered to the customer for payment within an agreed time frame",
"invoices raised by a business and delivered to the customer for payment within an agreed time frame"
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{
"0": "Accounts receivable - wikipedia Accounts receivable Jump to : navigation , search Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Accounts receivable is a legally enforceable claim for payment held by a business for goods supplied and / or services rendered that customers / clients have ordered but not paid for . These are generally in the form of invoices raised by a business and delivered to the customer for payment within an agreed time frame . Accounts receivable is shown in a balance sheet as an asset . It is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of a customer for goods and services that the customer has ordered . These may be distinguished from notes receivable , which are debts created through formal legal instruments called promissory notes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Payment terms 3 Accounts Receivable Age Analysis 4 Bookkeeping 5 Special uses 6 Related accounting topics 7 See also 8 Notes and references Overview ( edit ) Accounts receivable represents money owed by entities to the firm on the sale of products or services on credit .",
"1": "In most business entities , accounts receivable is typically executed by generating an invoice and either mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer , who , in turn , must pay it within an established timeframe , called credit terms or payment terms . The accounts receivable department uses the sales ledger , because a sales ledger normally records : The sales a business has made . The amount of money received for goods or services . The amount of money owed at the end of each month varies ( debtors ) . The accounts receivable team is in charge of receiving funds on behalf of a company and applying it towards their current pending balances . Collections and cashiering teams are part of the accounts receivable department . While the collections department seeks the debtor , the cashiering team applies the monies received . Payment terms ( edit ) An example of a common payment term is Net 30 days , which means that payment is due at the end of 30 days from the date of invoice . The debtor is free to pay before the due date ; businesses can offer a discount for early payment . Other common payment terms include Net 45 , Net 60 and 30 days end of month . The creditor may be able to charge late fees or interest if the amount is not paid by the due date . Booking a receivable is accomplished by a simple accounting transaction ; however , the process of maintaining and collecting payments on the accounts receivable subsidiary account balances can be a full - time proposition . Depending on the industry in practice , accounts receivable payments can be received up to 10 -- 15 days after the due date has been reached . These types of payment practices are sometimes developed by industry standards , corporate policy , or because of the financial condition of the client . Since not all customer debts will be collected , businesses typically estimate the amount of and then record an allowance for doubtful accounts which appears on the balance sheet as a contra account that offsets total accounts receivable . When accounts receivable are not paid , some companies turn them over to third party collection agencies or collection attorneys who will attempt to recover the debt via negotiating payment plans , settlement offers or pursuing other legal action . Outstanding advances are part of accounts receivable if a company gets an order from its customers with payment terms agreed upon in advance . Since billing is done to claim the advances several times , this area of collectible is not reflected in accounts receivables .",
"2": "Ideally , since advance payment occurs within a mutually agreed - upon term , it is the responsibility of the accounts department to periodically take out the statement showing advance collectible and should be provided to sales & marketing for collection of advances . The payment of accounts receivable can be protected either by a letter of credit or by Trade Credit Insurance . Accounts receivable Age analysis ( edit ) An Accountants Receivable Age Analysis , also known as the Debtors Book is divided in categories for current , 30 days , 60 days , 90 days or longer . The analysis or report is commonly known as an Aged Trial Balance . Customers are typically listed in alphabetic order or by the amount outstanding , or according to the company chart of accounts . Zero balances are not usually shown . Bookkeeping ( edit ) On a company 's balance sheet , accounts receivable are the money owed to that company by entities outside of the company . Account receivables are classified as current assets assuming that they are due within one calendar year or fiscal year . To record a journal entry for a sale on account , one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account . When the customer pays off their accounts , one debits cash and credits the receivable in the journal entry . The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is usually a debit . Business organizations which have become too large to perform such tasks by hand ( or small ones that could but prefer not to do them by hand ) will generally use accounting software on a computer to perform this task . Companies have two methods available to them for measuring the net value of accounts receivable , which is generally computed by subtracting the balance of an allowance account from the accounts receivable account . The first method is the allowance method , which establishes a contra - asset account , allowance for doubtful accounts , or bad debt provision , that has the effect of reducing the balance for accounts receivable . The amount of the bad debt provision can be computed in two ways , either ( 1 ) by reviewing each individual debt and deciding whether it is doubtful ( a specific provision ) ; or ( 2 ) by providing for a fixed percentage ( e.g. 2 % ) of total debtors ( a general provision ) . The change in the bad debt provision from year to year is posted to the bad debt expense account in the income statement .",
"3": "The second method is the direct write - off method . It is simpler than the allowance method in that it allows for one simple entry to reduce accounts receivable to its net realizable value . The entry would consist of debiting a bad debt expense account and crediting the respective accounts receivable in the sales ledger . The two methods are not mutually exclusive , and some businesses will have a provision for doubtful debts , writing off specific debts that they know to be bad ( for example , if the debtor has gone into liquidation . ) Special uses ( edit ) Companies can use their accounts receivable as collateral when obtaining a loan ( asset - based lending ) . They may also sell them through factoring or on an exchange . Pools or portfolios of accounts receivable can be sold in capital markets through securitization . For tax reporting purposes , a general provision for bad debts is not an allowable deduction from profit - a business can only get relief for specific debtors that have gone bad . However , for financial reporting purposes , companies may choose to have a general provision against bad debts consistent with their past experience of customer payments , in order to avoid over-stating debtors in the balance sheet . Related accounting topics ( edit ) Associated accounting issues include recognizing accounts receivable , valuing accounts receivable , and disposing of accounts receivable . In the UK , most companies have a credit control department . Other types of accounting transactions include accounts payable , payroll , and trial balance . See also ( edit ) Electronic billing Debtors Factoring ( finance ) Accounts payable Balance sheet Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trade Finance Global . `` Accounts Receivable Guide '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Belverd E. Needles , Marian Powers , Susan V. Crosson. ( 2010 ) Financial and Managerial Accounting , p. 373 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of credit terms '' . factoringglossary.org . Jump up ^ http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1073789116&type=RESOURCES Jump up ^ http://www.accountingtools.com/allowance-for-doubtful-account Jump up ^ HM Revenue & Customs . `` Company Taxation Manual '' .",
"4": "Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . GND : 4017826 - 2 NDL : 00574050 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accounts_receivable&oldid=815166986 '' Categories : Accounting terminology Asset Accounts receivable Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 04 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sings the song i'll never forget you
|
[
"Mariah Carey",
"Noisettes",
"Zara Larsson and MNEK",
"Mariah Carey",
"Noisettes",
"Zara Larsson and MNEK"
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"0": "Never Forget You - wikipedia Never Forget You Jump to : navigation , search Never Forget You may refer to : `` Never Forget You '' ( Mariah Carey song ) , 1994 `` Never Forget You '' ( Noisettes song ) , 2009 `` Never Forget You '' ( Zara Larsson and MNEK song ) , 2015 See also ( edit ) Never Forget ( disambiguation ) I 'll Never Forget You ( disambiguation ) Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Never Forget You . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_Forget_You&oldid=758187169 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2017 , at 23 : 57 . About Wikipedia",
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skin that covers the palms fingertips and soles of the feet
|
[
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"0": "Stratum lucidum - wikipedia Stratum lucidum Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stratum lucidum ( disambiguation ) . Histologic image showing a section of epidermis . Stratum lucidum labeled near center . Section of epidermis The stratum lucidum ( Latin for `` clear layer '' ) is a thin , clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope . It is readily visible by light microscopy only in areas of thick skin , which are found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet . Located between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers , it is composed of three to five layers of dead , flattened keratinocytes . The keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum do not feature distinct boundaries and are filled with eleidin , an intermediate form of keratin . They are surrounded by an oily substance that is the result of the exocytosis of lamellar bodies accumulated while the keratinocytes are moving through the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum . The thickness of the lucidum is controlled by the rate of mitosis ( division ) of the epidermal cells . In addition , melanosomes determine the darkness of the stratum lucidum . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Acute and Chronic Wounds : Current Management Concepts . Mosby Elsevier . 2007 . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 03074 - 8 . Jump up ^ Narayan , Roger ( 20 June 2009 ) . Biomedical Materials . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 376 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 84872 - 3 . Jump up ^ McGrath , J.A. ; Eady , R.A. ; Pope , F.M. ( 2004 ) . Rook 's Textbook of Dermatology ( Seventh Edition ) . Blackwell Publishing . Pages 3.8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 06429 - 8 .",
"1": "Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ; Derrickson , Bryan ; Principles of Anatomy and Physiology ( 2009 ) 152 John Wiley & Sons Inc , Hoboken , NJ ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 08471 - 7 . Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratum_lucidum&oldid=788495065 '' Categories : Skin anatomy Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands Polski தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 19 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who laid the foundation for indian national congress
|
[
"Retired British ICS officer Allan Octavian Hume",
"Retired British ICS officer Allan Octavian Hume",
"A.O Hume, a retired British officer",
"Retired British ICS officer Allan Octavian Hume"
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{
"0": "History of the Indian National Congress - Wikipedia History of the Indian National Congress Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flag adopted in 1931 and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War . Nationalists on the Salt March From its foundation on 28 December 1885 by 72 individuals with the active help by A.O Hume , a retired British officer , until the time of independence of India on 15 August 1947 , the Indian National Congress was considered to be the largest and most prominent Indian public organization , and central and defining influence of the Indian Independence Movement . After independence of India in 1947 , Mahatma Gandhi asked the leaders to dissolve Indian National Congress and form new organisation to govern the nation .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 1885 -- 1952 1.1 Muslim Response 1.2 Rise of Indian nationalism 2 World War I : the battle for the soul 2.1 Champaran and Kheda 2.2 The Battle for the soul 3 The Gandhi era 4 Expansion and re-organization 4.1 Social development 5 Ascendance to power ( 1937 -- 1942 ) 5.1 Traditionalists 6 The final battles 6.1 Quit India 6.2 Indian National Army Trials 6.3 Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 6.4 Partition of India 7 1947 -- 1952 : Transformation 7.1 Constitution 7.2 Leadership change 8 See also 9 References 10 Congress Leaders 11 Further reading 1885 -- 1952 ( edit ) Allan Octavian Hume Retired British ICS officer Allan Octavian Hume , founded the Indian National Congress ( A political party of India ( British India to Free India ) ) to form a platform for civic and political dialogue of educated Indians with the British Raj . After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the transfer of India from the East India Company to the British Empire ( the Raj ) , it was the goal of the Raj to support and justify its governance of India with the aid of English - educated Indians , who would be familiar and friendly to British culture and political thinking . Ironically , a few of the reasons the Congress grew and survived in the era of undisputed British hegemony , was through the patronage of British authorities , Anglo - Indians , and a rising Indian , English language educated , class . Hume embarked on an endeavor to get an organization started by reaching - out to selected alumni of the University of Calcutta , writing in his 1883 letter that , `` Every nation secures precisely as good a Government as it merits .",
"2": "If you the picked men , the most highly educated of the nation , can not , scorning personal ease and selfish objects , make a resolute struggle to secure greater freedom for yourselves and your country , a more impartial administration , a larger share in the management of your own affairs , then we , your friends , are wrong and our adversaries right , then are Lord Ripon 's noble aspirations for your good fruitless and visionary , then , at present at any rate all hopes of progress are at an end and India truly neither desires nor deserves any better Government than she enjoys . '' In May 1885 , Hume secured the Viceroy 's approval to create an `` Indian National Union '' , which would be affiliated with the government and act as a platform to voice Indian public opinion . On 12 October 1885 , Hume and a group of educated Indians also published `` An Appeal from the People of India to the Electors of Great Britain and Ireland '' . The Appeal asked British voters in the 1885 British general election to support candidates sympathetic to the positions of Indians . These included opposition to taxing India to finance the British campaigns in Afghanistan , and support for legislative reform in India . The appeal was a failure , and was interpreted by many Indians as `` a rude shock , but a true realization that they had to fight their battles alone . '' On 28 December 1885 , the Indian National Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay , with 72 delegates in attendance . Hume assumed office as the General Secretary , and Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee of Calcutta was elected President . Besides Hume , two additional British members ( both Scottish civil servants ) were members of the founding group , William Wedderburn and Justice ( later , Sir ) John Jardine . The other members were mostly Hindus from the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . Muslim response ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many Muslim community leaders , like the prominent educationalist Syed Ahmed Khan , viewed the Congress negatively , owing to its membership being dominated by Hindus .",
"3": "Orthodox Hindu community and religious leaders were also averse , seeing the Congress as supportive of Western cultural invasion . The ordinary people of India were not informed of or concerned about its existence on the whole , for the Congress never attempted to address the issues of poverty , lack of health care , social oppression , and the prejudiced negligence of the people 's concerns by British authorities . The perception of bodies like the Congress was that of an elitist , then educated and wealthy people 's institution . Rise of Indian nationalism ( edit ) First session of Indian National Congress , Bombay , 28 -- 31 , December , 1885 . The first spurts of nationalistic sentiment that rose amongst Congress members were when the desire to be represented in the bodies of government , to have a say , a vote in the lawmaking and issues of administration of India . Congressmen saw themselves as loyalists , but wanted an active role in governing their own country , albeit as part of the Empire . This trend was personified by Dadabhai Naoroji , considered by many as the eldest Indian statesman . Naoroji went as far as contesting , successfully , an election to the British House of Commons , becoming its first Indian member . That he was aided in his campaign by young , aspiring Indian student activists like Muhammad Ali Jinnah , describes where the imagination of the new Indian generation lay . Bal Gangadhar Tilak was among the first Indian nationalists to embrace swaraj as the destiny of the nation . Tilak deeply opposed the British education system that ignored and defamed India 's culture , history , and values , defying and disgracing the India culture . He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists , and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation . For these reasons , he considered swaraj as the natural and only solution : the abandonment of all the British things and to protect the Indian economy from the exploitation of the British , and their biased and discriminatory policies . He was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai , Aurobindo Ghose , V.O. Chidambaram Pillai who held the same point of view .",
"4": "Under them , India 's four great states -- Madras , Maharashtra , Bengal , and Punjab region shaped the demand of the people and India 's nationalism . The moderates , led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale , Pherozeshah Mehta , and Dadabhai Naoroji , held firm to calls for negotiations and political dialogue . Gokhale criticized Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and disorder . The Congress of 1906 did not have public membership , and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the party . With Tilak 's arrest , all hopes for an Indian offensive were stalled . The Congress lost credit with the people . Muslims formed the All India Muslim League in 1906 , considering the Congress as completely unsuitable for Indian Muslims . World War I : the battle for the soul ( edit ) Annie Besant was by far the most prominently involved European in the Indian struggle When the British entered the British Indian Army into World War I , it provoked the first definitive , nationwide political debate of its kind in India . Voices calling for political independence grew in number . The divided Congress re-united in the pivotal Lucknow session in 1916 , with Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Krishna Gokhale adorning the stage together once again . Tilak had considerably moderated his views , and now favoured political dialogue with the British . He , along with the young Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mrs. Annie Besant launched the Home Rule Movement to put forth Indian demands for Home Rule -- Indian participation in the affairs of their own country -- a precursor to Swaraj . The All India Home Rule League was formed to demand dominion status within the Empire . But another Indian man with another way was destined to lead the Congress and the Indian struggle . Mohandas Gandhi was a lawyer who had successfully led the struggle of Indians in South Africa against British discriminatory laws . Returning to India in 1915 , Gandhi looked to Indian culture and history , the values and lifestyle of its people to empower a new revolution , with the concept of non-violence , civil disobedience , he coined a term , Satyagraha .",
"5": "Champaran and Kheda ( edit ) Main articles : Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha Mohandas Karmchand Gandhi , who later on became more popular as Mahatma Gandhi , had success in defeating the British in Champaran and Kheda , giving India its first victory in the struggle for freedom . Then Indian National Congress had supported that movement ; Indians gained confidence in the working of that organization that the British could be thwarted through that organization , and millions of young people from across the country flooded into Congress membership . The battle for the soul ( edit ) A whole class of political leaders disagreed with Gandhi . Bipin Chandra Pal , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Annie Besant , Bal Gangadhar Tilak all criticized the idea of civil disobedience . But Gandhi had the backing of the people and a whole new generation of Indian nationalists as well as British Raj . In a series of sessions in 1918 , 1919 and 1920 , where the old and the new generations clashed in famous and important debates , Gandhi and his young supporters imbued the Congress rank - and - file with passion and energy to combat British rule directly . With the tragedy of the 1919 Amritsar Massacre and the riots in Punjab , Indian anger and passions were palpable and radical . With the election of Mohandas K. Gandhi to the presidency of the Indian National Congress , the battle of the party 's soul was won , and a new path to India 's destiny forged . Lokmanya Tilak , whom Gandhi had called The Father of Modern India died in 1920 , and Gopal Krishna Gokhale had died four years earlier . Motilal Nehru , Lala Lajpat Rai and some other stalwarts backed Gandhi as they were not sure that they can lead the people like Tilak and Gokhale . Thus it was now entirely up to Gandhi 's Congress to show the way for the nation . The Gandhi era ( edit ) Mohandas Gandhi gave rise to a whole new generation of nationalists , and a whole new form of revolution .",
"6": "See also : Mahatma Gandhi , Satyagraha , and Gandhism Expansion and re-organization ( edit ) In the years after the World War , the Congress expanded considerably , owing to public excitement after Gandhi 's success in Champaran and Kheda . A whole new generation of leaders arose from different parts of India , who were committed Gandhians Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Rajendra Prasad , Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , Narhari Parikh , Mahadev Desai -- as well as hot - blooded nationalists aroused by Gandhi 's active leadership -- Chittaranjan Das , Subhas Chandra Bose , Srinivasa Iyengar . Gandhi transformed the Congress from an elitist party based in the cities , to an organization of the people : Membership fees were considerably reduced . Congress established a large number of state units across India -- known as Pradesh Congress Committees -- based on its own configuration of India 's states on basis of linguistic groups . PCCs emerged for Maharashtra , Karnataka , Gujarat -- states that did not yet exist and were spread over hundreds of princely states outside British India . All former practices distinguishing Congressmen on basis of caste , ethnicity , religion and sex were eliminated -- all - India unity was stressed . Native tongues were given official use and respect in Congress meetings -- especially Urdu renamed by Gandhi as Hindustani , which was adopted for use by the All India Congress Committee . Leadership posts and offices at all levels would be filled by elections , and not by appointments . This introduction of democracy was vital in rejuvenating the party , giving voice to ordinary members as well as valuable practice for Indians in democracy . Eligibility for leadership would be determined by how much social work and service a member had done , not by his wealth or social standing . Social development ( edit ) During the 1920s , M.K. Gandhi encouraged tens of thousands of Congress volunteers to embrace a wide variety of organized tasks to address major social problems across India .",
"7": "Under the guidance of Congress committees and Gandhi 's network of ashrams in Gujarat , Maharashtra , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar and Tamil Nadu , the Congress attacked : Untouchability and caste discrimination Alcoholism Unhygienic conditions and lack of sanitation Lack of health care and medical aid Purdah and the oppression of women Illiteracy , with the organization of national schools and colleges Poverty , with proliferating khadi cloth , cottage industries This profound work by M.K. Gandhi impressed the people of India particularly , formations of ashrams , that in later period he was mentioned as Mahatma , Great soul , by way of honor , by people of India . Ascendance to power ( 1937 -- 1942 ) ( edit ) An old building in Katni commemorating India 's freedom , with statues of Nehru , Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose Under the Government of India Act 1935 , the Congress first tasted political power in the provincial elections of 1937 . It performed very well , coming to power in eight of the eleven provinces where elections were held . Its internal organization bloomed in the diversity of political attitudes and ideologies . The focus would change slightly from the single - minded devotion to complete independence , to also entertaining excitement and theorizing about the future governance of the nation . However , when the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow declared India a belligerent in World War II without any consultation with the elected representatives of the people , the Congress ministries resigned . The radical followers of Subhas Chandra Bose , believers in socialism and active revolution would ascend in the hierarchy with Bose 's 1938 election to the Congress presidency . Traditionalists ( edit ) According to one approach , the traditionalist point of view , though not in a political sense , was represented in Congressmen like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Rajendra Prasad , C. Rajagopalachari , Purushottam Das Tandon , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Maulana Azad , who were also associates and followers of Gandhi . Their organizational strength , achieved through leading the clashes with the government , was undisputed and proven when despite winning the 1939 election , Bose resigned the Congress presidency because of the lack of confidence he enjoyed amongst national leaders .",
"8": "A year earlier , in the 1938 election , however , Bose had been elected with the support of Gandhi . Differences arose in 1939 on whether Bose should have a second term . Jawaharlal Nehru , who Gandhi had always preferred to Bose , had had a second term earlier . Bose 's own differences centred on the place to be accorded to non-violent as against revolutionary methods . When he set up his Indian National Army in South - east Asia during the Second World War , he invoked Gandhi 's name and hailed him as the Father of The Nation . It would be wrong to suggest that the so - called traditionalist leaders looked merely to the ancient heritage of Indian , Asian or , in the case of Maulana Azad and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Islamic civilization for inspiration . They believed , along with educationists like Zakir Husain and EW Aryanayakam , that education should be imparted in a manner that enables the learners also to be able to make things with their own hands and learn skills that would make them self - supporting . This method of education was also adopted in some areas in Egypt . ( See Reginald Reynolds , Beware of Africans ) . Zakir Husain was inspired by some European educationists and was able , with Gandhi 's support , to dovetail this approach to the one favoured by the Basic Education method introduced by the Indian freedom movement . They believed that the education system , economy and social justice model for a future nation should be designed to suit the specific local requirements . While most were open to the benefits of Western influences and the socio - economic egalitarianism of socialism , they were opposed to being defined by either model . The final battles ( edit ) The last important episodes in the Congress involved the final step to independence , and the division of the country on the basis of religions . Quit India ( edit ) See also : Quit India Movement Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari , the prominent leader from Tamil Nadu resigned from the Congress to actively advocate supporting the British war effort . it was started in 1942 . Indian National Army trials ( edit ) During the INA trials of 1946 , the Congress helped to form the INA Defence Committee , which forcefully defended the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government .",
"9": "The committee declared the formation of the Congress ' defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time , including Bhulabhai Desai , Asaf Ali , and Jawaharlal Nehru . QUIT INDIA BILL passed on 8 Aug 1942 . Royal Indian Navy mutiny ( edit ) Some members of the Congress initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny . However , they withdrew support at the critical juncture , as the mutiny failed . Partition of India ( edit ) Within the Congress , the Partition was opposed by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Saifuddin Kitchlew , Dr. Khan Sahib and Congressmen from the provinces that would inevitably become parts of Pakistan . Maulana Azad opposed partition in principle , but did not wish to impede the national leadership ; preferred to stay with Indian side . 1947 -- 1952 : transformation ( edit ) Constitution ( edit ) In the Assembly and Constitution debates , the Congress attitude was marked by inclusiveness and liberalism . The Government appointed some prominent Indians who were Raj loyalists and liberals to important offices , and did not adopt any punitive control over the Indian civil servants who had aided the Raj in its governance of India and suppression of nationalist activities . A Congress - dominated Assembly adopted B.R. Ambedkar , a fierce Congress critic as the chairman of the Constitution draft committee . Syama Prasad Mookerjee , a Hindu Mahasabha leader became the Minister for Industry . The Congress stood firm on its fundamental promises and delivered a Constitution that abolished untouchability and discrimination based on caste , religion or gender . Primary education was made a right , and Congress governments made the zamindar system illegal , created minimum wages and authorized the right to strike and form labor unions . Leadership change ( edit ) In 1947 , the Congress presidency passed upon Jivatram Kripalani , a veteran Gandhian and ally of both Nehru and Patel . India 's duumvirate expressed neutrality and full support to the elected winner of the 1947 , 1948 and 1949 presidential races . However , a tug of war began between Nehru and his socialist wing , and Patel and Congress traditionalists broke out in 1950 's race .",
"10": "Nehru lobbied intensely to oppose the candidacy of Purushottam Das Tandon , whom he perceived as a Hindu revivalist with `` problematic '' views on Hindu - Muslim relations . Nehru openly backed Kripalani to oppose Tandon , but neglected courtesy to Patel upon the question . With Patel 's tacit support ( especially in Patel 's home state of Gujarat , where due to Patel 's work , Kripalani received not one vote ) Tandon won a tight contest , and Nehru threatened to resign . With Patel 's convincing , Nehru did not quit . However , with Patel 's death in 1950 , the balance shifted permanently in Nehru 's favor . Kripalani , C. Rajagopalachari and Tandon were marginalized , and the Congress Party 's election fortunes began depending solely on Nehru 's leadership and popularity . With the 1952 election sweep , the Congress became India 's main political party .",
"11": "See also ( edit ) Indian nationalism Indian independence movement Satyagraha Gandhism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jaya-produces-proof-on-gandhis-intent-to-dissolve-congress/article4573365.ece Jump up ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-produces-proof-on-gandhis-intent-to-dissolve-congress-1818118 Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=jSXgQYRxfmkC&pg=PA11 Jump up ^ B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya ( 1935 ) , The History of the Indian National Congress , Working Committee of the Congress ^ Jump up to : John F. Riddick ( 2006 ) , The History of British India : a chronology , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32280 - 5 Jump up ^ Madhvi Yasin ( 1996 ) , Emergence of nationalism , Congress , and separatism , Raj Publications , ISBN 81 - 86208 - 05 - 4 Congress Leaders ( edit ) Congress Leaders Website Further reading ( edit ) Patel : A Life Rajmohan Gandhi My Autobiography , or The Story of My Experiments with Truth , M.K. Gandhi Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel ,",
"12": "Narhari Parikh Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A.",
"13": "Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K.",
"14": "Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N.",
"15": "Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K.",
"16": "Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Indian National Congress Seva Dal Minority Congress Youth Congress National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) Indian National Trade Union Congress ( INTUC ) Congress Karma Parishad History Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru -- Gandhi family Congress Radio 10 Janpath The Emergency Bofors scandal INA Defence Committee Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Breakaway parties Internal Organisations Congress President Working President Congress Working Committee Central Election Committee All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committees ( PCC ) Andhra Pradesh CC Assam PCC Bihar PCC Chhattisgarh PCC Core group Gujarat PCC Karnataka PCC Kerala PCC Maharashtra PCC Mizoram PCC Mumbai PCC Punjab PCC Tamil Nadu PCC Telangana PCC Uttarakhand PCC West Bengal PCC Presidents Banerjee Naoroji Tyabji Yule Wedderburn Mehta Charlappa Banerjee Naoroji Webb Banerjee Sayani Nair A.M. Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N.",
"17": "Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- 2017 ) Rahul Gandhi ( 2017 - present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S.",
"18": "Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijay Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal Category Bal Gangadhar Tilak Life events and movements Indian Independence Movement Indian National Congress Indian National Congress - Freedom Era All India Home Rule League Swadeshi movement Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav Kesari ( newspaper ) Nationalist Movements in India Swaraj Purna Swaraj Pune Philosophy Swadeshi Swaraj Education Deccan Education Society Fergusson College Willingdon College Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce Kirti M. Doongursee College Chintamanrao College of Commerce Influences Bhagavad Gita Hinduism Associates Lala Lajpat Rai Bipin Chandra Pal Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vasudev Balwant Phadke Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Vishnushastri Chiplunkar Legacy Tilak Maharashtra University Tilak Maidan Stadium Tilak Nagar metro station Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir Books The Arctic Home in the Vedas The Orion ( book ) Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya Influenced Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Mahatma Gandhi Subhash Chandra Bose Chapekar brothers Category Commons Wikiquotes Wikisource texts Mahatma Gandhi Life events and movements Indian Ambulance Corps Bardoli Satyagraha Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Indian independence movement Gandhi cap Non-cooperation Movement",
"19": "Chauri Chaura incident Purna Swaraj flag Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vaikom Satyagraha Aundh Experiment Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Second Round Table Conference Padayatra Poona Pact Natal Indian Congress Quit India speech Gujarat Vidyapith University Harijan Sevak Sangh Ashrams ( Kochrab Tolstoy Farm Sabarmati Sevagram ) List of fasts Assassination Philosophy Gandhism Economics trusteeship Education Sarvodaya Satyagraha Swadeshi Swaraj Publications Harijan Hind Swaraj ( Indian Home Rule ) Indian Opinion The Story of My Experiments with Truth Young India Seven Social Sins ( Gandhi Heritage Portal ) Influences A Letter to a Hindu Ahimsa nonviolence Bhagavad Gita Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience ( essay ) Civil disobedience Fasting Harishchandra Hinduism John Ruskin Parsee Rustomjee Leo Tolstoy The Kingdom of God Is Within You The Masque of Anarchy Muhammad Narmad Pacifism Sermon on the Mount Shravan Shrimad Rajchandra Henry Stephens Salt Tirukkural Unto This Last Gandhi 's translation `` Vaishnava Jana To '' Vegetarianism Associates Swami Anand C.F.",
"20": "Andrews Jamnalal Bajaj Shankarlal Banker Sarla Behn Vinoba Bhave Brij Krishna Chandiwala Sudhakar Chaturvedi Jugatram Dave Mahadev Desai Dada Dharmadhikari Kanu Gandhi Shiv Prasad Gupta Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri J.C. Kumarappa Hermann Kallenbach Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Acharya Kripalani Mirabehn Mohanlal Pandya Vallabhbhai Patel Narhari Parikh Mithuben Petit Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Bibi Amtus Salam Sonja Schlesin Anugrah Narayan Sinha Sri Krishna Sinha Rettamalai Srinivasan V.A. Sundaram Abbas Tyabji Ravishankar Vyas Legacy Artistic depictions Gandhigiri Gandhi Peace Award Gandhi Peace Prize Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Indian currency Family Karamchand Gandhi ( father ) Kasturba ( wife ) Harilal ( son ) Manilal ( son ) Ramdas ( son ) Devdas ( son ) Maganlal ( cousin ) Samaldas ( nephew ) Arun ( grandson ) Ela ( granddaughter ) Rajmohan ( grandson ) Gopalkrishna ( grandson ) Ramchandra ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandnephew ) Tushar ( great - grandson ) Leela ( great - granddaughter ) Influenced James Bevel Steve Biko 14th Dalai Lama Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Morarji Desai Eknath Easwaran Maria Lacerda de Moura James Lawson Martin Luther King Jr .",
"21": "Nelson Mandela Brajkishore Prasad Rajendra Prasad Ramjee Singh Aung San Suu Kyi Lanza del Vasto Abhay Bang Sane Guruji Memorials Statues Houston Johannesburg London ( Parliament Square ) New York Patna Pietermaritzburg Washington Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Martyrs ' Day Season for Nonviolence Other Aga Khan Palace Gandhi Bhawan Gandhi Mandapam Gandhi Market Gandhi Promenade Gandhi Smriti Gandhi Memorial Gandhi Memorial Museum , Madurai Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kirti Mandir Mahatma Gandhi College Mohandas Gandhi High School National Gandhi Museum Raj Ghat Sabarmati Ashram Satyagraha House Roads named after Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre , Matale Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress&oldid=816812675 '' Categories : Indian independence movement Indian National Congress History by political party Political history of India History of organisations based in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2014 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 21 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who dies in the lost city of z
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{
"0": "The Lost City of Z ( film ) - wikipedia The Lost City of Z ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Lost City of Z Theatrical release poster Directed by James Gray Produced by Dede Gardner Jeremy Kleiner Anthony Katagas James Gray Dale Armin Johnson Screenplay by James Gray Based on The Lost City of Z by David Grann Starring Charlie Hunnam Robert Pattinson Sienna Miller Tom Holland Music by Christopher Spelman Cinematography Darius Khondji Edited by John Axelrad Lee Haugen Production company Plan B Entertainment Keep Your Head Productions MICA Entertainment MadRiver Pictures Distributed by Amazon Studios Bleecker Street Release date October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) ( NYFF ) April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $17.1 million The Lost City of Z is a 2016 American biographical adventure drama film written and directed by James Gray , based on the 2009 book of the same name by David Grann . It portrays real events surrounding the British explorer Percy Fawcett , who was sent to Bolivia and made several attempts to find a supposed ancient lost city in the Amazon . The film stars Charlie Hunnam as Fawcett ; Robert Pattinson as his fellow explorer , Henry Costin ; and Sienna Miller as his wife , Nina Fawcett . The film 's world premiere was on October 15 , 2016 as the closing - night selection at the New York Film Festival . It was released in the United States on April 14 , 2017 , by Amazon Studios and Bleecker Street . The Lost City of Z was praised by critics , though it grossed only $17 million against a $30 million budget . Despite this lack of financial success , Time magazine listed it as one of its Top 10 Films of 2017 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Ireland , 1905 : Percy Fawcett is a young British officer participating in a stag hunt on an Irish baronial estate for the benefit of the visiting Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . A skilled horseman and marksman , he brings down the stag swiftly but is snubbed at the after - hunt party . A year later , Fawcett is sent to London to meet with officials of the Royal Geographical Society ( RGS ) . The governments of Bolivia and Brazil are nearly at war over the location of their mutual boundary and its direct affect on the region 's extremely lucrative rubber trade , and have asked the British government to survey it . Fawcett agrees to lead the survey party to restore his family 's good name . Aboard a ship to Brazil , Fawcett meets Corporal Henry Costin , who has knowledge of the Amazon rainforest . At a large rubber plantation in the jungle owned by the Portuguese nobleman Baron de Gondoris , the two meet Corporal Arthur Manley , who tells them that the British government advises against further exploration . Fawcett , with several guides and the Amazonian scout Tadjui , completes the mission . Tadjui tells Fawcett stories about a city in the jungle covered in gold and full of people . Fawcett dismisses such stories as insane ravings , but discovers highly advanced broken pottery and some small stone statues in the jungle that convince him of the veracity of Tadjui 's story . Fawcett is praised upon his return , where his wife , Nina , has given birth to their second son . In the Trinity College Library , Nina discovers a conquistador text which tells of a city deep in the Amazonian jungle . Fawcett meets the renowned biologist James Murray , who agrees to back Fawcett 's expedition to the Amazon to find what Fawcett calls `` the Lost City of Z '' .",
"2": "Fawcett attempts to convince the members of the RGS to back the expedition , but is publicly ridiculed . Nevertheless , the RGS backs the expedition to further exploration of the Amazon basin . Murray , unfamiliar with the rigors of the deep jungle , slows the party down significantly . Fawcett 's party is attacked while traveling along the river . However , Fawcett makes peace with the natives . Murray suffers a severe knee injury which becomes infected , and he begins to go mad . Fawcett sends him off with a native guide and the group 's last pack animal to find aid . Fawcett 's team are forced to abandon the expedition after discovering that Murray poured paraffin on their remaining supplies . Murray survives and , in front of the RGS trustees , accuses Fawcett of abandoning him in the jungle . Fawcett elects to resign from the society rather than apologize . World War I breaks out in Europe , and Fawcett goes to France to fight . Manley dies in the trenches at the Battle of the Somme , and Fawcett is temporarily blinded in a chlorine gas attack . Jack , Fawcett 's eldest son -- who had long accused Fawcett of abandoning the family -- reconciles with his father as he recovers . In 1923 , Fawcett is living in obscurity in Britain . North American interest in exploring the Amazon has reached fever pitch , primarily due to Fawcett 's stories of the lost city . John D. Rockefeller Jr. and a consortium of US newspapers finance a new expedition by Fawcett . The RGS co-funds the expedition at the last moment to maintain British pride . Fawcett shows Sir John Scott Keltie a compass , informing Keltie that should he ( Fawcett ) find the lost city , the compass will be sent back to Britain . Fawcett and his son intend to go alone this time , traveling as light as they can for up to three years in order to find `` Z '' . Fawcett invites Costin , but he declines . Fawcett and Jack are attacked by natives and escape , only to be ambushed again .",
"3": "This second tribe gives the Fawcetts a fair hearing , but are puzzled by them , noticing that their spirits are n't wholly of their own world but also not wholly of the Amazon . They declare that the spirits of the Fawcetts `` must belong '' somewhere and they will help them find their rightful place . Fawcett and Jack are drugged during a ceremony and carried away . Some years later , Nina Fawcett meets with Keltie , now the head of the RGS , claiming she has heard that Fawcett and Jack are still alive and are living among tribespeople . The RGS , having sent more than a hundred people to search for Fawcett in the intervening years , declines to send another expedition . Keltie advises Nina to come to terms with her husband 's death , but she refuses . Nina instead shows Keltie a package : upon opening it , they see it contains the compass Fawcett had promised to send were he to have found the city . Cast ( edit ) Charlie Hunnam as Percy Fawcett Robert Pattinson as Corporal Henry Costin Sienna Miller as Nina Fawcett Tom Holland as Jack Fawcett Bobby Smalldridge as 7 - year - old Jack Fawcett Tom Mulheron as young Jack Fawcett Angus Macfadyen as James Murray Clive Francis as Sir John Scott Keltie Edward Ashley as Corporal Arthur Manley Ian McDiarmid as Sir George Goldie Franco Nero as Baron de Gondoriz Harry Melling as William Barclay John Sackville as Simon Beauclerk Adam Bellamy as Cecil Gosling Daniel Huttlestone as Brian Fawcett Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` ( David Lean , but with a ) slightly more hallucinogenic feel , because ( Fawcett ) went to the jungle and sorta went mad . ( ... ) I hope it 's not my Fitzcarraldo . '' -- James Gray In February 2009 , James Gray was hired by Paramount Pictures and Plan B Entertainment to write and direct the film based on David Grann 's book , but the film remained in development for six years .",
"4": "Based on his experience on previous projects , Gray was not initially sure why Plan B sent him the book . He explained : When I was sent the book in the fall of 2008 , it had n't yet been published . I did n't know what it was and I had n't heard of the story at all . It takes place outside of New York , and it 's a period piece in the United Kingdom and the jungle . So I had no idea why the people at Plan B decided to send me this book , because nothing in my prior work had shown that I could do anything like this . Maybe it was an act of madness on their part . In a 2015 interview with IndieWire , Gray admitted that he had developed the script for a while before moving toward production . He explained that the film was a `` very complicated production and the story is amazing , but it 's a complicated story . And you want to get it right . It 's a very , very scary proposition to go into the jungle and all that . But at the same time it 's terrific . It 's why you make movies . '' Casting ( edit ) The lead role underwent numerous casting changes . Brad Pitt was initially to star as Fawcett , additionally providing production duties through his company Plan B Entertainment . In November 2010 , Pitt withdrew from the lead role due to scheduling conflicts , but remained attached as producer . On September 4 , 2013 , Benedict Cumberbatch came on board to portray Fawcett , along with Robert Pattinson , who joined the cast in the role of Costin . In February 2015 , Cumberbatch dropped out also due to scheduling conflicts , and was replaced by Charlie Hunnam , while Sienna Miller was cast as Nina Fawcett . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on August 19 , 2015 , in Belfast , Northern Ireland , and continued for five weeks until late September . On August 28 , the production shot at Greyabbey Village and Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland . Hunnam and Miller filmed scenes at Ballintoy County Antrim on August 31 , and further shooting took place at Craigavon House , East Belfast on September 2 .",
"5": "Hunnam , Pattinson , Miller and Macfadyen shot scenes at Methodist College Belfast on September 3 , 2015 . On September 7 , 2015 , scenes were filmed at Belfast City Hall and on the grounds of Royal Belfast Academical Institution . Scenes were also shot at Bangor Castle Leisure Centre on September 13 , 2015 . Filming then moved to Santa Marta , Colombia , and continued through September and October . Music ( edit ) The Lost City of Z : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score soundtrack album Released March 24 , 2017 Genre Film score Length 55 : 04 Label Filmtrax Producer Christopher Spelman Christopher Spelman chronology The Immigrant ( 2013 ) The Immigrant 2013 The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) Christopher Spelman composed the film 's musical score . He had previously composed the music for Gray 's 2013 film The Immigrant , and had been arranger on The Yards ( 2000 ) , We Own the Night ( 2007 ) , and Two Lovers ( 2008 ) . George Drakoulias and Randall Poster were music supervisors . The film 's trailer featured `` Tangled Earth '' by audiomachine . The soundtrack was released digitally on March 24 , 2017 . No . Title Length 1 . `` The Lost City of Z '' 0 : 59 2 . `` The Hunt '' 2 : 35 3 . `` The First Goodbye '' 2 : 33 4 . `` Onto the River '' 2 : 29 5 . `` The Letter '' 2 : 05 6 . `` City of Gold '' 7 : 39 7 . `` Source of the Verde River '' 5 : 40 8 . `` The Grenedier 's Welcome '' 1 : 34 9 . `` The Argument '' 2 : 25 10 . `` The Attack '' 2 : 20 11 . `` Crossing the River '' 3 : 16 12 .",
"6": "`` Delusions '' 2 : 51 13 . `` Homecoming '' 1 : 48 14 . `` Confrontation '' 3 : 47 15 . `` In the Hospital '' 3 : 33 16 . `` The Chase '' 1 : 40 17 . `` The Final Journey '' 7 : 50 Total length : 55 : 04 Release ( edit ) The film had its world premiere as the closing night film on October 15 , 2016 , at the 54th New York Film Festival . Prior to that , StudioCanal acquired international distribution rights to the film , while Amazon Studios obtained U.S. distribution rights . Bleecker Street is partnering with Amazon on the film 's theatrical release . The film was released in the United States on April 14 , 2017 . The film was released in France on March 15 , 2017 and in the UK on March 24 , 2017 . In February 2017 , the film was presented at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival in the Berlinale Special section . It also served as the opening night film of Boston International Film Festival on April 13 , 2017 . The film got a release date of June 2 , 2017 in Mainland China , but was trimmed by 37 minutes , totaling 104 minutes . It is unclear if the move was due to a commercial decision , or a result of usual censorship by the State Administration of Press , Publication , Radio , Film and Television . Reception ( edit ) From left to right : Hunnam , Miller , Pattinson and Gray at the film 's premiere at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival . Box office ( edit ) The Lost City of Z grossed $8.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $8.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $17.1 million , against a production budget of $30 million . The Lost City of Z was first released in France on March 15 where it generated $770,719 on its opening weekend . This was followed by the United Kingdom and Ireland on March 24 , earning £ 270,139 from 282 theatres .",
"7": "It debuted at number seven on the box office chart . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 87 % based on 193 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Lost City of Z 's stately pace and visual grandeur hearken back to classic exploration epics , and Charlie Hunnam turns in a masterful performance as its complex protagonist . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as `` a rare piece of contemporary classical cinema . '' Dan Callahan in his review for TheWrap said that `` The Lost City of Z feels like a clear artistic advance for Gray , who proves himself here as one of our finest and most distinctive living filmmakers . '' Owen Gleiberman , writing for Variety , called the film `` a finely crafted , elegantly shot , sharply sincere movie that is more absorbing than powerful . '' Joshua Rothkopf in his review for Time Out wrote that `` the grandeur of this movie is off the charts ... '' Mark Kermode of Kermode and Mayo 's Film Review stated that while the film had numerous flaws , such as ineffective elliptical storytelling and Hunnam 's uncharismatic performance , `` it is a film which is haunting me more than I thought ... it did feel like it was trying ( to ) break out of being just that narrative into something else '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref .",
"8": "Florida Film Critics Circle December 23 , 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay James Gray Nominated Golden Tomato Awards January 3 , 2018 Best Action Movie 2017 The Lost City of Z 4th Place IndieWire Critics Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 The Lost City of Z 10th Place London Film Critics ' Circle January 28 , 2018 Young British / Irish Performer of the Year Tom Holland Pending Technical Achievement Award Darius Khondji ( cinematographer ) Pending Online Film Critics Society December 28 , 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay James Gray Nominated Best Cinematography Darius Khondji Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay James Gray Nominated Best Cinematography Darius Khondji Nominated Best Costume Design Sonia Grande Nominated USC Scripter Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Screenplay James Gray and David Grann Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laurent Schenck ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) . `` The Lost City of Z : 5 choses à savoir sur l'aventure amazonienne de James Gray '' ( in French ) . AlloCiné . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` James Gray , Brad Pitt find ' Lost City ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Biello , David ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` Ancient Amazon Actually Highly Urbanized '' . Scientific American . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 3 , 2015 ) .",
"9": "`` Berlin : Charlie Hunnam Joins ' Lost City of Z ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( December 27 , 2014 ) . `` Sienna Miller Joins James Gray 's ' Lost City Of Z , ' Shooting May Happen Summer 2015 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` New York Film Festival Announces James Gray 's ' The Lost City of Z ' as Closing Night Selection '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nordine , Michael ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon Studios Acquires James Gray 's Rainforest Drama ' The Lost City of Z ' Starring Charlie Hunnam '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Top 10 Movies of 2017 '' . Time . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Rodrigo ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` James Gray May Direct Jeremy Renner 's Steve McQueen Biopic ; Calls ' Lost City Of Z ' Epic & Hallucinogenic '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Birth of an Obsession : The Lost City of Z '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jagernauth , Kevin ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : James Gray Talks ' The Immigrant , ' Diving Into TV With ' Red Road , ' And His Own Favorite Films '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Gray , Brad Pitt find ' Lost City ' '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Gray To Direct Brad Pitt in The Lost City of Z '' .",
"10": "Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Pitt no longer starring in ' Lost City of Z . ' Who should take his place ? '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch in Negotiations to Star in James Gray 's THE LOST CITY OF Z '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Pattinson Joins Benedict Cumberbatch in James Gray 's ' Lost City of Z ' '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Pattinson is so much more than Twilight , and his new film The Rover will prove it '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Will Run Around the Amazon With Robert Pattinson in Lost City of Z '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Replaces Benedict Cumberbatch in ' Lost City of Z ' '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Spider - Man Star Tom Holland Joins Charlie Hunnam in ' Lost City of Z ' '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Holland Joins ' Lost City Of Z ' ; ARC Acquires ' Garm Wars ' From ' Ghost In The Shell ' Helmer '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Pitt sets pulses racing in sleepy Greyabbey village as filming picks up pace '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam films on set in Co Antrim '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood ' A ' listers filming in Ballintoy '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Pitt movie The Lost City Of Z shoots scenes in East Belfast '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sienna Miller wraps new red locks beneath questionable pink hairnet as she joins Charlie Hunnam and Robert Pattinson on The Lost City of Z set in Northern Ireland '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` City Hall takes starring role in Brad Pitt film The Lost City of Z amid speculation star expected in Northern Ireland this week '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bangor to become another Movie Destination - The Lost City of Z '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Gray 's ' The Lost City Of Z ' Starts Shooting , Marvel 's Spider - Man Tom Holland Joins The Cast '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Next Gen 2015 : New Spider - Man Tom Holland on Jake Gyllenhaal , David Ayer and Why He Wo n't Leave London '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lost City of Z Soundtrack ( 2017 ) '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z Soundtrack ( 2017 ) Credits '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z - UK Trailer - Song / Music Info '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lost City of Z ' Soundtrack Details '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` James Gray 's ' The Lost City of Z ' to Close New York Film Festival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Studiocanal Acquires Charlie Hunnam , Robert Pattinson 's ' Lost City of Z ' for Multiple Territories ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon Negotiating To Acquire Rights To ' Lost City Of Z ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( September 9 , 2016 ) .",
"12": "`` Toronto : Charlie Hunnam Drama ' The Lost City of Z ' Lands at Bleecker Street ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z -- Release Dates '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z '' . Berlin International Film Festival . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Max Chicco , dal g - local di Torino a Hollywood e New York '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Fergus . `` ' Lost City of Z ' Trims Runtime to Take on ' Wonder Woman ' '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Lost City of Z ' : NYFF Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Dan ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Lost City of Z ' NYFF Review : Charlie Hunnam Explores the Amazon in Stirring Saga '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` New York Film Review : ' The Lost City of Z ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z reviews Timeout '' .",
"13": "Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Lost City of Z reviewed by Mark Kermode . YouTube . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' Leads 2017 Florida Film Critics Awards Nominations '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FFCC Winners '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics Poll : The Best Films and Performances of the Year According to Over 200 Critics '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' Leads London Critics ' Circle Film Award Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt . `` The 2017 Online Film Critics Society ( OFCS ) Nominations '' . NextBigPicture . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Get Out ' Named Best Picture By Online Film Critics Society '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Erik ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` San Diego Film Critics Society Nominations : Dunkirk , Shape of Water Lead plus double mentions for Sally Hawkins '' . Awards Watch . Jump up ^ Anderson , Erik ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Get Out ' Wins San Diego Film Critics Best Pic ; Sally Hawkins Ties Herself in Best Actress , James McAvoy is Best Actor '' . Awards Watch . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( January 16 , 2018 ) .",
"14": "`` ' Disaster Artist , ' ' Logan , ' ' Wonder Woman ' Among USC Scripter Award Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Lost City of Z on IMDb The Lost City of Z at Box Office Mojo The Lost City of Z at Metacritic The Lost City of Z at Rotten Tomatoes The Lost City of Z at AllMovie The Lost City of Z at History vs. Hollywood Films directed by James Gray Little Odessa ( 1994 ) The Yards ( 2000 ) We Own the Night ( 2007 ) Two Lovers ( 2008 ) The Immigrant ( 2013 ) The Lost City of Z ( 2016 ) Ad Astra ( 2019 ) Brad Pitt Films produced The Departed ( 2006 ) Running with Scissors ( 2006 ) A Mighty Heart ( 2007 ) The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford ( 2007 ) Kick - Ass ( 2010 ) Eat Pray Love ( 2010 ) The Tree of Life ( 2011 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) Killing Them Softly ( 2012 ) World War Z ( 2013 ) Kick - Ass 2 ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) By the Sea ( 2015 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Lost City of Z ( 2016 ) War Machine ( 2017 ) Brad 's Status ( 2017 ) Backseat ( 2018 ) Beautiful Boy ( 2018 ) Ad Astra ( 2019 ) Related articles Awards Brad Pitt filmography Plan B Entertainment Rusty Ryan Douglas Pitt",
"15": "Amazon Video / Amazon Studios films and documentaries Documentaries Gleason ( 2016 ) Gimme Danger ( 2016 ) I Am Not Your Negro ( 2017 ) City of Ghosts ( 2017 ) Human Flow ( 2017 ) Films Chi - Raq ( 2015 ) Creative Control ( 2016 ) Elvis & Nixon ( 2016 ) Love & Friendship ( 2016 ) The Neon Demon ( 2016 ) Wiener - Dog ( 2016 ) Café Society ( 2016 ) Complete Unknown ( 2016 ) Author : The JT LeRoy Story ( 2016 ) The Dressmaker ( 2016 ) An American Girl Story -- Melody 1963 : Love Has to Win ( 2016 ) An American Girl Story -- Maryellen 1955 : Extraordinary Christmas ( 2016 ) The Handmaiden ( 2016 ) Manchester by the Sea ( 2016 ) Paterson ( 2016 ) The Salesman ( 2016 ) The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) The Wall ( 2017 ) The Big Sick ( 2017 ) Landline ( 2017 ) The Only Living Boy in New York ( 2017 ) Crown Heights ( 2017 ) Brad 's Status ( 2017 ) Wonderstruck ( 2017 ) Last Flag Flying ( 2017 ) Wonder Wheel ( 2017 ) You Were Never Really Here ( 2017 ) Upcoming Gringo ( 2018 ) Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot ( 2018 ) The Goldfinch ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"16": "php?title=The_Lost_City_of_Z_(film)&oldid=822088992 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films American biographical films American drama films American films Drama films based on actual events Films set in 1905 Films set in 1906 Films set in 1911 Films set in 1914 Films set in 1916 Films set in 1923 Films set in 1924 Films set in 1925 Films set in Bolivia Films set in Brazil Films set in Devon Films set in France Films set in London Films set in Ireland Films about the Battle of the Somme Films based on non-fiction books Plan B Entertainment films Films set in jungles Films shot in Northern Ireland Films shot in Colombia Films directed by James Gray Screenplays by James Gray Films produced by Brad Pitt Amazon Studios films Bleecker Street films Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 09 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1213594536564963934
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where do the astros play for spring training
|
[
"Osceola County Stadium",
"The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches",
"West Palm Beach"
] |
{
"0": "List of Major League Baseball spring training cities - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball spring training cities Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of current and former Major League Baseball spring training cities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current cities 1.1 Grapefruit League ( Florida ) 1.2 Cactus League ( Arizona ) 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Current cities ( edit ) Grapefruit League ( Florida ) ( edit ) City Current team ( s ) Current ballpark ( s ) Capacity Former occupants Bradenton Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1969 -- present ) LECOM Park 6,602 St. Louis Cardinals ( 1923 -- 24 ) Philadelphia Phillies ( 1925 -- 27 ) Boston Red Sox ( 1928 -- 29 ) Boston Braves / Milwaukee Braves ( 1928 -- 40 , 1948 -- 61 ) Kansas City / Oakland Athletics ( 1963 -- 68 ) Clearwater Philadelphia Phillies ( 1947 -- present ) Spectrum Field 8,500 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1923 -- 32 , 1936 -- 41 ) Cleveland Indians ( 1942 , 1946 ) Dunedin Toronto Blue Jays ( 1977 -- present ) Dunedin Stadium 5,510 Fort Myers Boston Red Sox ( 1992 -- present ) Jet Blue Park 11,000 Minnesota Twins ( 1991 -- present ) Hammond Stadium 7,500 Philadelphia Athletics ( 1925 -- 36 ) Cleveland Indians ( 1941 -- 42 ) Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1955 -- 68 ) Kansas City Royals ( 1969 -- 87 ) Jupiter Florida / Miami Marlins ( 2002 -- present ) St.",
"1": "Louis Cardinals ( 1998 -- present ) Roger Dean Stadium 6,871 Montreal Expos ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Kissimmee Houston Astros ( 1985 -- 2016 ) Osceola County Stadium 5,300 Lake Buena Vista ( at WDW ) Atlanta Braves ( 1997 -- present ) Champion Stadium 9,500 Lakeland Detroit Tigers ( 1934 -- 42 , 1946 -- present ) Joker Marchant Stadium 8,500 Cleveland Indians ( 1924 -- 27 ) Port Charlotte Tampa Bay Rays ( 2009 -- present ) Charlotte Sports Park 7,000 Texas Rangers ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Port St. Lucie New York Mets ( 1988 -- present ) First Data Field 7,347 Sarasota Baltimore Orioles ( 1991 , 2010 -- present ) Ed Smith Stadium 7,500 New York Giants ( 1924 -- 27 ) Boston Red Sox ( 1933 -- 42 , 1946 -- 58 ) Chicago White Sox ( 1960 -- 97 ) Cincinnati Reds ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Tampa New York Yankees ( 1996 -- present ) George M. Steinbrenner Field 10,000 Chicago Cubs ( 1913 -- 16 ) Boston Red Sox ( 1919 ) Washington Senators ( 1920 -- 29 ) Detroit Tigers ( 1930 ) Cincinnati Reds ( 1930 -- 87 ) Chicago White Sox ( 1954 -- 59 ) Viera Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals ( 2002 -- 2016 ) Space Coast Stadium 8,100 Florida Marlins ( 1993 -- 2001 ) West Palm Beach Washington Nationals ( 2017 -- Present ) Houston Astros ( 2017 -- present ) The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches 7,600 Cactus League ( Arizona ) ( edit ) City Current team ( s ) Current ballpark ( s ) Capacity Former occupants Glendale Chicago White Sox ( 2009 -- present ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 2009 -- present ) Camelback Ranch 13,",
"2": "000 Goodyear Cincinnati Reds ( 2010 -- present ) Cleveland Indians ( 2009 -- present ) Goodyear Ballpark 10,000 Mesa Chicago Cubs ( 2014 -- present ) Sloan Park 15,000 Oakland Athletics ( 2015 -- present ) HoHoKam Stadium 12,623 Peoria San Diego Padres ( 1994 -- present ) Seattle Mariners ( 1994 -- present ) Peoria Sports Complex 12,882 Phoenix Milwaukee Brewers ( 1998 -- present ) Maryvale Baseball Park 7,000 San Francisco Giants ( 1964 -- 83 ) Scottsdale San Francisco Giants ( 1992 -- present ) Scottsdale Stadium 12,000 Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2011 -- present ) Colorado Rockies ( 2011 -- present ) Salt River Fields at Talking Stick 11,000 Surprise Kansas City Royals ( 2003 -- present ) Texas Rangers ( 2003 -- present ) Surprise Stadium 10,500 Tempe Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( 1993 -- present ) Tempe Diablo Stadium 9,785 Seattle Pilots / Milwaukee Brewers ( 1969 -- 72 ) Seattle Mariners ( 1977 -- 93 ) See also ( edit ) List of MLB stadiums List of MLB spring training ballparks References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Major League Baseball Spring training venues . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_spring_training_cities&oldid=825477910 '' Categories : Major League Baseball spring training Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball venues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 16 : 50 . About Wikipedia",
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when was the last time oklahoma won a national championship in football
|
[
"2000",
"2000",
"2003",
"2003",
"2000"
] |
{
"0": "List of Oklahoma Sooners football championships - wikipedia List of Oklahoma Sooners football championships Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of championships garnered by the Oklahoma Sooners college football program . The team has captured 47 conference titles , including 14 in a row between 1946 -- 59 , eight divisional titles , and seven claimed national championships : 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1974 , 1975 , 1985 , 2000 . In addition to the seven claimed national titles the NCAA also recognizes 10 others : 1915 , 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1967 , 1973 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , and 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 National championships ( 17 ) 2 Conference championships ( 47 ) 3 Division championships ( 8 ) 4 References 5 External links National championships ( 17 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following list of national titles accounts for the seven that are officially claimed by the University of Oklahoma ( in bold ) and the 10 additional titles awarded by other sources that are recognized by the NCAA : Season Selector Coach Record 1915 Billingsley Report Bennie Owen 10 -- 0 1949 Football Research Bud Wilkinson 11 -- 0 1950 AP , Coaches , Berryman , Helms , Litkenhous , UPI , William - son Bud Wilkinson 10 -- 1 1953 Berryman , Football Research Bud Wilkinson 9 -- 1 -- 1 1955 AP , Coaches , Berryman , Billingsley , DeVold , Dunkel , Foot - ball Research , FW , Helms , INS , Litkenhous ,",
"1": "National Championship Foundation , Poling , Sagarin , Sagarin ( ELO - Chess ) , UPI , Williamson Bud Wilkinson 11 -- 0 1956 AP , Coaches , Berryman , Billingsley , DeVold , Dunkel , Foot - ball Research , FW , Helms , INS , Litkenhous , National Championship Foundation , Poling , Sagarin , Sagarin ( ELO - Chess ) , UPI , Williamson Bud Wilkinson 10 -- 0 1957 Berryman Bud Wilkinson 10 -- 1 1967 Poling Chuck Fairbanks 10 -- 1 1973 DeVold , Dunkel , Football Research , Sagarin Barry Switzer 10 -- 0 -- 1 AP , Berryman , Billingsley , DeVold , Dunkel , FACT , FB News , Football Research , Helms * , Litkenhous , National Championship Foundation * , Poling , Sagarin , Sagarin ( ELO - Chess ) Barry Switzer 11 -- 0 AP , Coaches , Billingsley , DeVold , Dunkel , FACT * , FB News , Football Research , FW , Helms * , National Championship Foundation * , NFF , Sagarin , Sagarin ( ELO - Chess ) , UPI Barry Switzer 11 -- 1 1978 DeVold , Dunkel , FACT , Helms , Litkenhous , Matthews , Poling , Sagarin Barry Switzer 11 -- 1 1980 Dunkel , Matthews Barry Switzer 10 -- 2 1985 AP , Coaches , Berryman , Billingsley , DeVold , Dunkel , FACT , FB News , Football Research , FW , National Championship Foundation , NFF , NY Times , Sagarin * , Sporting News , UPI , USA / CNN Barry Switzer 11 -- 1 1986 Berryman , DeVold , Dunkel , Football Research , NY Times , Sagarin Barry Switzer 11 -- 1 2000 AP , Coaches , BCS , Berryman , Billingsley , DeVold , Dunkel , Eck , FACT , FB News , FW , Massey , Matthews ,",
"2": "National Championship Foundation , NFF , Sagarin , Sagarin ( ELO - Chess ) , Seattle Times , Sporting News , USA / ESPN Bob Stoops 13 -- 0 2003 Berryman Bob Stoops 12 -- 2 Conference championships ( 47 ) ( edit ) Conference Years Championships won ( by number ) Independent 1895 -- 1913 None Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference 1914 -- 1919 None Southwest Conference 1915 -- 1919 Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association 1920 -- 1927 Big Six Conference * 1928 -- 1995 5 Big Seven Conference * 10 Big Eight Conference * 18 Big 12 Conference 1996 -- present 11 * Prior to 1964 when the Big Eight legally assumed the name Big Eight Conference the conference was informally known as the Big Six and Big Seven . # Season Conference Coach Overall Record Conference Record 1915 Southwest Bennie Owen 10 -- 0 3 -- 0 1918 † Southwest Bennie Owen 6 -- 0 2 -- 0 1920 MVIAA Bennie Owen 6 -- 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 -- 1 1938 Big 6 Tom Stidham 10 -- 1 5 -- 0 5 1943 Big 6 Dewey Luster 7 -- 2 5 -- 0 6 1944 Big 6 Dewey Luster 6 -- 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 -- 1 7 1946 † Big 6 Jim Tatum 8 -- 3 4 -- 1 8 1947 † Big",
"3": "6 Bud Wilkinson 7 -- 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 -- 1 9 1948 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 10 -- 1 5 -- 0 10 1949 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 11 -- 0 5 -- 0 11 1950 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 10 -- 1 6 -- 0 12 1951 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 8 -- 2 6 -- 0 13 1952 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 8 -- 1 -- 1 5 -- 0 14 1953 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 9 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 0 15 1954 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 10 -- 0 6 -- 0 16 1955 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 11 -- 0 6 -- 0 17 1956 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 10 -- 0 6 -- 0 18 1957 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 10 -- 1 6 -- 0 19 1958 Big 8 Bud Wilkinson 10 -- 1 6 -- 0 20 1959 Big 8 Bud Wilkinson 7 -- 3 5 -- 1 21 1962 Big 8 Bud Wilkinson 8 -- 3 7 -- 0 22 1967 Big 8 Chuck Fairbanks 10 --",
"4": "1 7 -- 0 23 1968 † Big 8 Chuck Fairbanks 7 -- 4 6 -- 1 24 1972 Big 8 Chuck Fairbanks 11 - 1 6 - 1 25 1973 Big 8 Barry Switzer 10 -- 0 -- 1 7 -- 0 26 Big 8 Barry Switzer 11 -- 0 7 -- 0 27 1975 † Big 8 Barry Switzer 11 -- 1 6 -- 1 28 1976 † Big 8 Barry Switzer 9 -- 2 -- 1 6 -- 1 29 1977 Big 8 Barry Switzer 10 -- 2 7 -- 0 30 1978 † Big 8 Barry Switzer 11 -- 1 6 -- 0 31 1979 Big 8 Barry Switzer 11 -- 1 7 -- 0 32 1980 Big 8 Barry Switzer 10 -- 2 7 -- 0 33 1984 † Big 8 Barry Switzer 9 -- 2 -- 1 6 -- 1 34 1985 Big 8 Barry Switzer 11 -- 1 7 -- 0 35 1986 Big 8 Barry Switzer 11 -- 1 7 -- 0 36 Big 8 Barry Switzer",
"5": "11 -- 1 7 -- 0 37 2000 Big 12 Bob Stoops 13 -- 0 8 -- 0 38 2002 Big 12 Bob Stoops 12 -- 2 6 -- 2 39 Big 12 Bob Stoops 12 -- 1 8 -- 0 40 2006 Big 12 Bob Stoops 11 -- 3 7 -- 1 41 2007 Big 12 Bob Stoops 11 -- 3 6 -- 2 42 2008 Big 12 Bob Stoops 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 43 Big 12 Bob Stoops 12 -- 2 6 -- 2 44 2012 † Big 12 Bob Stoops 10 -- 3 8 -- 1 45 2015 Big 12 Bob Stoops 11 -- 2 8 -- 1 46 2016 Big 12 Bob Stoops 11 -- 2 9 -- 0 47 2017 Big 12 Lincoln Riley 12 -- 1 9 -- 1 † Denotes a shared title Division championships ( 8 ) ( edit ) The Sooners have been a member of only one division , the Big 12 South , in their entire history . They were members from 1996 until 2010 , after which the Big 12 ceased divisional play .",
"6": "Season Conference Division Coach Overall Record Conference Record 2000 Big 12 South Bob Stoops 13 -- 0 8 -- 0 2002 † Big 12 South Bob Stoops 12 -- 2 6 -- 2 2003 Big 12 South Bob Stoops 12 -- 2 8 -- 0 Big 12 South Bob Stoops 12 -- 1 8 -- 0 2006 Big 12 South Bob Stoops 11 -- 3 7 -- 1 2007 Big 12 South Bob Stoops 11 -- 3 6 -- 2 2008 † Big 12 South Bob Stoops 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 2010 † Big 12 South Bob Stoops 12 -- 2 6 -- 2 † Denotes a shared title . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://bigeightsports.com/Sports/Football/FootballChampionships.htm `` Oklahoma Composite Championship Listing '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Voices of Oklahoma interview with Barry Switzer . First person interview conducted on August 17 , 2009 with Barry Switzer . Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project . Oklahoma Sooners football Venues Boyd Field ( 1905 -- 23 ) Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium ( 1923 -- present ) Barry Switzer Center Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Missouri ( Tiger -- Sooner Peace Pipe ) Nebraska Oklahoma State : Bedlam Series Texas : Red River Showdown ( Golden Hat ) Culture & lore Championships T formation Wishbone formation Oklahoma drill Sooner Schooner Boomer and",
"7": "Sooner `` Boomer Sooner '' Marching band The Kick The Oklahoma Heismen Play Like a Champion Today People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks All - Americans NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980",
"8": "1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2000 2017 National championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_championships&oldid=831350586 '' Categories : Oklahoma Sooners football Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 03 : 55 . About Wikipedia",
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who sang it my party and i'll cry if i want to in the 80
|
[
"Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin",
"The Chipettes",
"Dave Stewart",
"Barbara Gaskin",
"British artists Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin"
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{
"0": "It 's My Party ( Lesley Gore song ) - wikipedia It 's My Party ( Lesley Gore song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` It 's My Party '' Original US single cover Single by Lesley Gore from the album I 'll Cry If I Want To B - side `` Danny '' Released April 1963 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded March 30 , 1963 Genre Pop rock blue - eyed soul Length 2 : 19 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Walter Gold John Gluck Jr . Herb Weiner Seymour Gottlieb Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Lesley Gore singles chronology `` It 's My Party '' ( 1963 ) `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' ( 1963 ) `` It 's My Party '' ( 1963 ) `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' ( 1963 ) EP cover `` It 's My Party '' is a pop song recorded by multiple artists since the 1960s . In 1963 , American singer Lesley Gore 's version hit # 1 on the pop and rhythm and blues charts in the United States . It was the first hit single for producer Quincy Jones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theme 2 Background 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version 5 Other cover versions , sampling , and references 6 The sequel : `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Notes 9 References Theme ( edit ) The song lyrically portrays the discomfiture of a teenage girl at her birthday party when her boyfriend Johnny disappears , only to surface in the company of Judy , another girl , who is `` wearing his ring , '' to indicate she 's replaced the birthday girl as his love interest . The song 's chorus , `` It 's my party , and I 'll cry if I want to ... You would cry too if it happened to you ! ''",
"1": "became a part of American pop cultural language as a phrase used to describe being utterly humiliated and miserable during an event that is supposed to be a happy occasion . `` It 's My Party '' is in the key of A major . The song 's effectiveness is enhanced by several musical touches producer Quincy Jones incorporated , including Latin - sounding rhythms , double tracked vocals and effective horn parts . Allmusic critic Jason Ankeny wrote of the song , `` ' It 's My Party ' remains one of the most vivid evocations of adolescent heartbreak ever waxed -- Quincy Jones produced the record , although you 'd swear it was Aaron Spelling instead . '' Background ( edit ) `` It 's My Party '' was credited to John Gluck , Wally Gold and Herb Weiner , staff writers at the Aaron Schroeder Music firm in 1962 . The lyrics were actually written by Seymour Gottlieb , a freelance songwriter . He gave the lyrics to Herb Weiner , with whom he partnered in writing songs , to peddle . It was based on actual events relating to Gottlieb 's daughter Judy 's ' Sweet 16 ' party , before which she cried over the prospect of her grandparents being invited . The demo for the song was cut by Barbara Jean English , a girl group veteran ( the Clickettes , the Fashions ) , who was then working as a receptionist at the firm . She also worked with Jimmy Radcliffe , serving as the firm 's in - house demo singer . Radcliffe produced the demo , and , according to English , `` tried to persuade Musicor ( the label owned by Aaron Schroeder ) to release it as a record , or to take me into a master studio and redo it , but they were n't interested . '' The first recording of the song was in 1962 by The Chiffons for their One Fine Day album . It was also recorded by Helen Shapiro for her Helen in Nashville album in February 1963 with Shapiro 's regular producer , Norrie Paramor , and also Al Kasha .",
"2": "Shapiro would recall : `` Right from the first time we heard the song on the rough demo back in London , we thought we were going to sock them between the eyes with that one '' ; however , Shapiro 's version was not one of the cuts chosen as an advance single from the album and by the time of the album 's release that October the `` It 's My Party '' track was perceived as a cover of Lesley Gore 's hit . Lesley Gore recalls that `` It 's My Party '' was among some two hundred demos producer Quincy Jones brought to review with her in the den of her family home in February 1963 . On hearing `` It 's My Party , '' Gore told Jones : `` That 's not half bad . I like it . Good melody . Let 's put it on the maybe pile . '' The song proved to be the only demo Gore and Jones found agreeable . With Jones producing and Claus Ogerman handling arranging and conducting duties , Gore recorded ' It 's My Party ' at Bell Sound Studios in Manhattan on 30 March 1963 . In March 1963 Phil Spector heard the demo of `` It 's My Party '' while visiting Aaron Schroeder 's office . Wally Gold would recall : `` He ( Spector ) said , ' Great , I love it . I 'm gon na do it with the Crystals . ' We ( the song 's writers ) were really excited , because that would ensure that the record was # 1 ! '' Schroeder apparently only learned of the Lesley Gore recording of `` It 's My Party '' when Quincy Jones invited him to hear the completed track , which Schroeder found formulaic ; believing that Spector would be able to cut a much stronger version of the song with the Crystals and not wanting to lose Spector 's good will , Schroeder attempted to convince Jones to suppress the track . Schroeder did n't mention Spector 's version to Jones but Jones and Spector both happened to attend a concert with Charles Aznavour at Carnegie Hall on the evening of 30 March 1963 and when they met outside it came up in conversation that Spector had recorded a version of `` It 's My Party '' with the Crystals .",
"3": "Jones skipped the concert instead spending that night -- a Saturday -- at Bell Sound Studios making a test pressing of the track comprising one hundred copies . Over the next two days Jones mailed these out to radio programmers in key markets across the US . Gore heard her record played on the radio for the first time that Friday ; the official release of `` It 's My Party '' came later in the month , with the disc ascending to # 1 nationally in four weeks . Jones was abroad at the time of `` It 's My Party '' 's release . On his return he expressed dismay when Aaron Schroeder advised him that the rush release of `` It 's My Party '' had precluded coining a more pleasant name for the singer than `` Lesley Gore , '' to which Schroeder replied : `` Did n't anybody tell you ? ... Quince , the record 's number one . Do you really give a damn what her last name is ? '' In 1980 , WCBN - FM , the University of Michigan freeform student radio station , played `` It 's My Party '' for 18 hours straight the day after Ronald Reagan was elected . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position Australia KMR UK ( OCC ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard R&B US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Cash Box 30 Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version ( edit ) `` It 's My Party '' Single by Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin B - side `` Waiting in the Wings '' Released August 1981 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1981 Genre Synthpop new wave Art Pop Label Stiff Songwriter ( s ) Wally Gold John Gluck Jr .",
"4": "Herb Weiner Producer ( s ) Dave Stewart Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin singles chronology `` It 's My Party '' ( 1981 ) `` Johnny Rocco '' ( 1982 ) `` It 's My Party '' ( 1981 ) `` Johnny Rocco '' ( 1982 ) In 1981 , a remake by British artists Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin was a UK number one hit single for four weeks and was also a major hit in Austria ( # 3 ) , Germany ( # 3 ) , the Netherlands ( # 20 ) , New Zealand ( # 1 ) , South Africa ( # 3 ) and Switzerland ( # 6 ) . The track reached # 72 in the US . This was the first version of the song to reach # 1 in the UK . The video for the Stewart / Gaskin version contained a cameo by Thomas Dolby as Johnny , Judy being played by Gaskin in a blond wig . Other cover versions , sampling , and references ( edit ) The Paris Sisters recorded a version of `` It 's my Party '' which was slower than Gore 's version . In 1963 , a Swedish - language version of the song , `` Leva livet '' , with lyrics by Stikkan Anderson , reached number five in the Swedish hit parade Svensktoppen and became a signature song for the singer , Lill - Babs . Donna Reed sang a cover version of the song on the 1966 series finale of The Donna Reed Show . Bryan Ferry covered the song for his 1973 album These Foolish Things . In 1977 , Carroll Baker had a number one country hit in Canada with her version of `` It 's My Party '' . The Chipettes covered the song for the 1983 Alvin and the Chipmunks episode `` May the Best Chipmunk Win '' and the soundtrack Songs from Our TV Shows . In 2004 , German pop group Preluders covered the song on their album Prelude to History . Amy Winehouse covered the song on Quincy Jones ' 2010 album Q Soul Bossa Nostra . Icona Pop used the chorus for their version of `` It 's My Party '' while also adding modern day themes .",
"5": "An interpolation of the chorus of `` It 's My Party '' was used in Robin Thicke 's song `` Sex Therapy '' . The chorus of `` It 's My Party '' is sampled in the 2015 single `` Pity Party '' by Melanie Martinez . Also , in `` Pity Party '' 's music video , it is seen that the character `` Cry Baby '' is inviting `` Johnny '' ( from the original song ) to her party . The song `` Necessary Evil '' by Motionless In White contains some elements from `` It 's My Party '' including the chorus except some words are changed to fit the theme of the song . The 1975 references the song `` It 's My Party '' in their song `` You '' with the lyrics `` It 's my party and I 'll cry till the end . '' The sequel : `` Judy 's Turn to cry '' ( edit ) Because of the pop cultural obsession with the song and its tragic nature , Gore recorded a sequel titled `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' . In this song , the teenage girl narrator gets her revenge on Judy . In the lyrics the narrator explicitly finds `` foolish '' how much she cried when she saw Johnny and Judy together , and seems determined to start anew . But after she kisses another boy at another party , Johnny gets jealous , punches the other boy and returns to her . Following just two months on the heels of `` It 's My Party , '' the sequel reached number five on the charts . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 83 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As with `` He 's a Rebel '' , the Crystals ' hit for which it was intended as the follow - up , `` It 's My Party '' was actually recorded not by the Crystals but the Blossoms , who cut the track at Gold Star Studios . Darlene Love says the Spector version was `` kinda slow with me and my sister Edna ( Wright ) singing together on lead . Much more R&B than Lesley Gore 's version . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) .",
"6": "Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 803 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , J. `` It 's My Party '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ McClary , S. , Knapp , R. , Baur , S. & Warwick , J.C. ( 2008 ) . Musicological identities : essays in honor of Susan McClary . Ashgate . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6302 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tumposky , Ellen ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Brooklyn Woman recall origins of Gore 's ' It 's My Party ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's My Party '' . Cha Cha Charming Magazine . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , F. ( 2003 ) . The Billboard book of number 1 hits ( 5 ed . ) . Random House . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon , Bob . `` Behind The Hits : Stories : It 's My Party '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBN History '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 .",
"7": "^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , June 8 , 1963 ^ Jump up to : Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 28 , 1963 Jump up ^ `` 45cat - Dave Stewart With Barbara Gaskin - It 's My Party / Waiting In The Wings - Stiff - UK - BROKEN 2 '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for April 2 , 1977 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Preceded by `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' by Jimmy Soul Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Lesley Gore version ) June 1 , 1963 -- June 8 , 1963 Succeeded by `` Sukiyaki '' by Kyu Sakamoto Preceded by `` Another Saturday Night '' by Sam Cooke Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single June 15 , 1963 -- June 29 , 1963 Succeeded by `` Hello Stranger '' by Barbara Lewis Preceded by `` She 's Just an Old Love Turned Memory '' by Charley Pride RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Carroll Baker version ) April 2 , 1977 Succeeded by `` Heart Healer '' by Mel Tillis Preceded by `` Prince Charming '' by Adam and the Ants UK number - one single ( Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin version ) October 17 , 1981 - November 7 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' by The Police Lesley Gore Studio albums I 'll Cry If I Want To Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed - Up Hearts Boys , Boys , Boys Girl Talk My Town , My Guy ,",
"8": "and Me Lesley Gore Sings All About Love California Nights Someplace Else Now Love Me by Name The Canvas Can Do Miracles Ever Since Compilations Lesley Gore : It 's My Party Singles `` It 's My Party '' `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' `` She 's a Fool '' `` You Do n't Own Me '' `` That 's the Way Boys Are '' `` I Do n't Wanna Be a Loser '' `` Maybe I Know '' `` Look of Love '' `` Sunshine , Lollipops and Rainbows '' `` California Nights '' Related articles Discography Michael Gore Carroll Baker Notable singles `` It 's Late ( And I Have to Go ) '' `` I 've Never Been This Far Before '' `` The Hungry Fire of Love '' `` One Night of Cheatin ' '' `` Tonight with Love '' `` Why I Had to Pass This Way '' `` It 's My Party '' `` The Morning After Baby Let Me Down '' `` I Might as Well Believe ( I 'll Live Forever ) '' `` Portrait in the Window '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` I 'm Getting High Remembering '' `` Hollywood Love '' `` Still Falling in Love '' `` I 'm So Excited '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=It%27s_My_Party_(Lesley_Gore_song)&oldid=813113879 '' Categories : 1962 songs 1963 singles 1981 singles Lesley Gore songs Carroll Baker songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Mercury Records singles Songs written by Wally Gold Debut singles Helen Shapiro songs Lill - Babs songs Amy Winehouse songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 21 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the last time dallas cowboys won the super bowl
|
[
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{
"0": "Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 57 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 ,",
"1": "2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers , and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record nine Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships .",
"2": "The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably .",
"3": "Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span .",
"4": "In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 .",
"5": "Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr.",
"6": ", and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) .",
"7": "Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 .",
"8": "They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched .",
"9": "Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial .",
"10": "The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead .",
"11": "On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 TDs ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings .",
"12": "2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 .",
"13": "Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden .",
"14": "Romo returnedin Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams .",
"15": "Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season .",
"16": "The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season .",
"17": "Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season Logos and uniforms Logo The script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown .",
"18": "The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day .",
"19": "c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) .",
"20": "The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . For 2017 , the team will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis .",
"21": "Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse .",
"22": "Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore a variation of their 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for Thanksgiving , but with white pants and socks , as part of the NFL 's `` Color Rush '' design initiated during select Thursday games . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas .",
"23": "Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion .",
"24": "The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 .",
"25": "They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas . 2004 -- 2006 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2007 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . ''",
"26": "Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 100 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 67 -- 44 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 13 -- 5 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field .",
"27": "In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 .",
"28": "Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 62 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 15 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game .",
"29": "The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The all - time series is tied with a record of 17 -- 17 -- 1 .",
"30": "Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 17 Kellen Moore 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush Running backs 21 Ezekiel Elliott 20 Darren McFadden 46 Alfred Morris 41 Keith Smith FB 45 Rod Smith RB / FB Wide receivers 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 88 Dez Bryant 19 Brice Butler 10 Ryan Switzer 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 84 James Hanna 87 Geoff Swaim 82 Jason Witten Offensive linemen 75 Byron Bell T / G 71 La'el Collins T / G 64 Jonathan Cooper G / C 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 73 Joe Looney C / G 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T Defensive linemen 76 Richard Ash DT / DE 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 95 David Irving DT / DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 93 Benson Mayowa DE 92 Brian Price DT Linebackers 52 Justin Durant MLB / OLB 59 Anthony Hitchens MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 54 Jaylon Smith MLB 51 Kyle Wilber OLB / MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 33 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 23 Bené Benwikere CB 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 31 Byron Jones FS 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Orlando Scandrick CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / SS Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 2 Mike Nugent K Reserve lists -- Zac Dysert QB ( IR ) 80 Rico Gathers TE ( IR ) 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . )",
"31": "55 Stephen Paea DT ( IR ) 99 Charles Tapper DE ( IR ) 26 Duke Thomas CB ( IR ) Practice squad 18 Brian Brown WR 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 89 Blake Jarwin TE 56 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 62 Jarron Jones T 14 Lance Lenoir WR 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 28 Jameill Showers FS / SS 39 Marquez White CB Rookies in italics Roster updated October 24 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 6 Inactive , 9 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin ,",
"32": "Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 -- Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 -- Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 -- Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 -- Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington .",
"33": "The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' .",
"34": "The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts - Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive ,",
"35": "College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Assistant Head Coach / Special Teams Coordinator - Rich Bisaccia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Wade Wilson Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Derek Dooley Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Steve Loney Offensive Line -- Frank Pollack Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Offensive Assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Passing Game Coordinator / Linebackers -- Matt Eberflus Secondary -- Joe Baker Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Turner West Special Teams Coaches Assistant Special Teams -- Keith O'Quinn Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects - Judd Garrett Assistant Coach / Special Projects -- Ben Bloom → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters .",
"36": "However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for he and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host .",
"37": "See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . Dallas Cowboys . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records -- 2015 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dallas Cowboys . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports .",
"39": "Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine.",
"40": ", DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s .",
"41": "Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles",
"42": "Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966",
"43": "1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks",
"44": "Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S.",
"45": "Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . Brahmas WSHL El Paso Rhinos Soccer MLS FC Dallas Houston Dynamo USL Rio Grande Valley FC Toros San Antonio FC NPSL Corinthians FC of San Antonio Dallas City FC Fort Worth Vaqueros FC Houston Dutch Lions Liverpool Warriors Midland - Odessa FC PDL Brazos Valley Cavalry F.C.",
"46": "FC Cleburne Houston FC Texas United FC Tyler FC MASL Dallas Sidekicks El Paso Coyotes RGV Barracudas NWSL Houston Dash UWS Houston Aces Australian rules football USAFL Austin Crows Dallas Magpies Houston Lonestars Roller derby WFTDA Alamo City Rollergirls Assassination City Roller Derby Cowboy Capital Rollergirls Dallas Derby Devils Houston Roller Derby Spindletop Roller Girls Texas Rollergirls West Texas Roller Dollz Rugby union TGU Alamo City Rugby Football Club Austin Huns Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. Softball NPF Scrap Yard Dawgs Texas Charge Ultimate AUDL Austin Sol Dallas Roughnecks College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) ACU Baylor Houston Houston Baptist UIW Lamar North Texas PVAMU Rice Sam Houston State SMU Stephen F. Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV City of Dallas History Mayors People Culture Climate Transportation Education Landmarks Neighborhoods Asian Trade District Bishop Arts District Casa Linda Cedars Deep Ellum Design District Downtown Exposition Park Fair Park Kessler Park Knox - Henderson Lake Highlands Lakewood Lower Greenville `` M '' Streets Oak Cliff Oak Lawn Park Cities Preston Hollow Trinity Groves Turtle Creek Uptown Victory Park West End Professional sports teams Dallas Cowboys Dallas Mavericks Dallas Stars FC Dallas Texas Rangers All Dallas articles Dallas Portal Texas Portal State of Texas MusicBrainz : 54baf951 - 5008 - 443b - b692 - 8e66ccedd64d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"47": "php?title=Dallas_Cowboys&oldid=807073768 '' Categories : Dallas Cowboys National Football League teams American football teams in Texas Sports clubs established in 1960 1960 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles that may be too long from November 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does hydrogen peroxide come from in the body
|
[
"nearly all living cells"
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{
"0": "Hydrogen peroxide - wikipedia Hydrogen peroxide Jump to : navigation , search Hydrogen peroxide Names IUPAC name Hydrogen peroxide Other names Dioxidane Oxidanyl Perhydroxic acid 0 - hydroxyol Dihydrogen dioxide Identifiers CAS Number 7722 - 84 - 1 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 16240 ChemSpider 763 ECHA InfoCard 100.028. 878 EC Number 231 - 765 - 0 IUPHAR / BPS 2448 KEGG D00008 PubChem CID 784 RTECS number MX0900000 ( > 90 % soln . ) MX0887000 ( > 30 % soln . ) UNII BBX060AN9V UN number 2015 ( > 60 % soln . ) 2014 ( 20 -- 60 % soln . ) 2984 ( 8 -- 20 % soln . )",
"1": "InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / H2O2 / c1 - 2 / h1 - 2H Key : MHAJPDPJQMAIIY - UHFFFAOYSA - N InChI = 1 / H2O2 / c1 - 2 / h1 - 2H Key : MHAJPDPJQMAIIY - UHFFFAOYAL SMILES ( show ) OO Properties Chemical formula H O Molar mass 34.0147 g / mol Appearance Very light blue color ; colorless in solution Odor slightly sharp Density 1.11 g / cm ( 20 ° C , 30 % ( w / w ) solution ) 1.450 g / cm ( 20 ° C , pure ) Melting point − 0.43 ° C ( 31.23 ° F ; 272.72 K ) Boiling point 150.2 ° C ( 302.4 ° F ; 423.3 K ) ( decomposes ) Solubility in water Miscible Solubility soluble in ether , alcohol insoluble in petroleum ether Vapor pressure 5 mmHg ( 30 ° C ) Acidity ( pK ) 11.75 Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) − 17.7 10 cm / mol Refractive index ( n ) 1.4061 Viscosity 1.245 c P ( 20 ° C ) Dipole moment 2.26 D Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity ( C ) 1.267 J / ( g K ) ( gas ) 2.619 J / ( g K ) ( liquid ) Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) − 187.80 kJ / mol Pharmacology ATC code A01AB02 ( WHO ) D08AX01 ( WHO ) , S02AA06 ( WHO ) Hazards Safety data sheet ICSC 0164 ( > 60 % soln . )",
"2": "GHS pictograms GHS signal word danger GHS hazard statements H271 , H302 , H314 , H332 , H335 , H412 GHS precautionary statements P280 , P305 + 351 + 338 , P310 NFPA 704 0 OX Flash point Non-flammable Lethal dose or concentration ( LD , LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 1518 mg / kg 2000 mg / kg ( oral , mouse ) LC ( median concentration ) 1418 ppm ( rat , 4 hr ) LC ( lowest published ) 227 ppm ( mouse ) US health exposure limits ( NIOSH ) : PEL ( Permissible ) TWA 1 ppm ( 1.4 mg / m ) REL ( Recommended ) TWA 1 ppm ( 1.4 mg / m ) IDLH ( Immediate danger ) 75 ppm Related compounds Related compounds Water Ozone Hydrazine Hydrogen disulfide Dioxygen difluoride Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H 2O 2 . In its pure form , it is a pale blue , clear liquid , slightly more viscous than water . Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide ( a compound with an oxygen -- oxygen single bond ) . It is used as an oxidizer , bleaching agent and antiseptic . Concentrated hydrogen peroxide , or `` high - test peroxide '' , is a reactive oxygen species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry . Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond . Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and slowly decomposes in the presence of base or a catalyst . Because of its instability , hydrogen peroxide is typically stored with a stabilizer in a weakly acidic solution . Hydrogen peroxide is found in biological systems including the human body . Enzymes that use or decompose hydrogen peroxide are classified as peroxidases .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Aqueous solutions 1.2 Structure 1.3 Comparison with analogues 2 Discovery 3 Manufacture 3.1 Availability 4 Reactions 4.1 Decomposition 4.2 Redox reactions 4.3 Organic reactions 4.4 Precursor to other peroxide compounds 5 Biological function 6 Uses 6.1 Bleaching 6.2 Detergents 6.3 Production of organic compounds 6.4 Disinfectant 6.4. 1 Cosmetic applications 6.4. 2 Use in alternative medicine 6.5 Propellant 6.6 Other uses 7 Safety 7.1 Historical incidents 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Properties ( edit ) The boiling point of H 2O 2 has been extrapolated as being 150.2 ° C , approximately 50 ° C higher than water . In practice , hydrogen peroxide will undergo potentially explosive thermal decomposition if heated to this temperature . It may be safely distilled at lower temperatures under reduced pressure . Aqueous solutions ( edit ) In aqueous solutions hydrogen peroxide differs from the pure material due to the effects of hydrogen bonding between water and hydrogen peroxide molecules . Hydrogen peroxide and water form a eutectic mixture , exhibiting freezing - point depression ; pure water has a melting point of 0 ° C and pure hydrogen peroxide of − 0.43 ° C. The boiling point of the same mixtures is also depressed in relation with the mean of both boiling points ( 125.1 ° C ) . It occurs at 114 ° C . This boiling point is 14 ° C greater than that of pure water and 36.2 ° C less than that of pure hydrogen peroxide . Phase diagram of H 2O 2 and water : Area above blue line is liquid . Dotted lines separate solid + liquid phases from solid + solid phases .",
"4": "Density of aqueous solution of H O H O ( w / w ) Density ( g / cm ) Temperature ( ° C ) 3 % 1.0095 15 27 % 1.10 20 35 % 1.13 20 50 % 1.20 20 70 % 1.29 20 75 % 1.33 20 96 % 1.42 20 98 % 1.43 20 100 % 1.45 20 Structure ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide ( H 2O 2 ) is a nonplanar molecule with ( twisted ) C symmetry . Although the O − O bond is a single bond , the molecule has a relatively high rotational barrier of 2460 cm ( 29.45 kJ / mol ) ; for comparison , the rotational barrier for ethane is 12.5 kJ / mol . The increased barrier is ascribed to repulsion between the lone pairs of the adjacent oxygen atoms and results in hydrogen peroxide displaying atropisomerism . The molecular structures of gaseous and crystalline H 2O 2 are significantly different . This difference is attributed to the effects of hydrogen bonding , which is absent in the gaseous state . Crystals of H 2O 2 are tetragonal with the space group D4 4P4 2 .",
"5": "Structure and dimensions of H O in the gas phase Structure and dimensions of H O in the solid ( crystalline ) phase Properties of H O and its analogues Name Formula Molar mass ( g / mol ) T ( ° C ) T ( ° C ) Hydrogen peroxide HOOH 34.01 − 0.43 150.2 * Water HOH 18.02 0.00 99.98 Hydrogen disulfide HSSH 66.15 − 89.6 70.7 Hydrazine H NNH 32.05 114 Hydroxylamine NH OH 33.03 33 58 * Diphosphane H PPH 65.98 − 99 63.5 * Comparison with analogues ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide has several structural analogues with H − X − X − H bonding arrangements ( water also shown for comparison ) . It has the highest ( theoretical ) boiling point of this series ( X = O , N , S ) . Its melting point is also fairly high , being comparable to that of hydrazine and water , with only hydroxylamine crystallising significantly more readily , indicative of particularly strong hydrogen bonding . Diphosphane and hydrogen disulfide exhibit only weak hydrogen bonding and have little chemical similarity to hydrogen peroxide . All of these analogues are thermodynamically unstable . Structurally , the analogues all adopt similar skewed structures , due to repulsion between adjacent lone pairs . Discovery ( edit ) Alexander von Humboldt synthesized one of the first synthetic peroxides , barium peroxide , in 1799 as a by - product of his attempts to decompose air . Nineteen years later Louis Jacques Thénard recognized that this compound could be used for the preparation of a previously unknown compound , which he described as oxidized water -- subsequently known as hydrogen peroxide . An improved version of this process used hydrochloric acid , followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium sulfate byproduct . Thénard 's process was used from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century .",
"6": "Thénard and Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac synthesized sodium peroxide in 1811 . The bleaching effect of peroxides and their salts on natural dyes became known around that time , but early attempts of industrial production of peroxides failed , and the first plant producing hydrogen peroxide was built in 1873 in Berlin . The discovery of the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide by electrolysis with sulfuric acid introduced the more efficient electrochemical method . It was first implemented into industry in 1908 in Weißenstein , Carinthia , Austria . The anthraquinone process , which is still used , was developed during the 1930s by the German chemical manufacturer IG Farben in Ludwigshafen . The increased demand and improvements in the synthesis methods resulted in the rise of the annual production of hydrogen peroxide from 35,000 tonnes in 1950 , to over 100,000 tonnes in 1960 , to 300,000 tonnes by 1970 ; by 1998 it reached 2.7 million tonnes . Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable , as early attempts to separate it from the water , which is present during synthesis , all failed . This instability was due to traces of impurities ( transition - metal salts ) , which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide . Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 -- almost 80 years after its discovery -- by Richard Wolffenstein , who produced it by vacuum distillation . Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult . In 1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara ( 1864 -- 1925 ) determined its molecular mass by freezing - point depression , which confirmed that its molecular formula is H O. At least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the available evidence . In 1934 , the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide that was very similar to the presently accepted one .",
"7": "Manufacture ( edit ) Previously , hydrogen peroxide was prepared industrially by hydrolysis of the ammonium peroxydisulfate , which was itself obtained by the electrolysis of a solution of ammonium bisulfate ( NH 4HSO 4 ) in sulfuric acid : ( NH 4 ) 2O 8 + 2 H 2O → H 2O 2 + 2 ( NH 4 ) HSO Today , hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process , which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 . It begins with the reduction of an anthraquinone ( such as 2 - ethylanthraquinone or the 2 - amyl derivative ) to the corresponding anthrahydroquinone , typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst ; the anthrahydroquinone then undergoes autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone , with hydrogen peroxide as a by - product . Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene , whereby the oxygen present in the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms ( of the hydroxy groups ) , giving hydrogen peroxide and regenerating the anthraquinone . Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted , and the anthraquinone derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy ( anthracene ) compound using hydrogen gas in the presence of a metal catalyst . The cycle then repeats itself . The simplified overall equation for the process is simple : H 2 + O 2 → H 2O The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone ( which is expensive ) and extraction solvents , and of the hydrogenation catalyst . A process to produce hydrogen peroxide directly from the elements has been of interest for many years . Direct synthesis is difficult to achieve , as the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen thermodynamically favours production of water . Systems for direct synthesis have been developed , most of which are based around finely dispersed metal catalysts . None of these has yet reached a point where they can be used for industrial - scale synthesis . ISO tank container for hydrogen peroxide transportation Availability ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is most commonly available as a solution in water .",
"8": "For consumers , it is usually available from pharmacies at 3 and 6 wt % concentrations . The concentrations are sometimes described in terms of the volume of oxygen gas generated ; one milliliter of a 20 - volume solution generates twenty milliliters of oxygen gas when completely decomposed . For laboratory use , 30 wt % solutions are most common . Commercial grades from 70 % to 98 % are also available , but due to the potential of solutions of more than 68 % hydrogen peroxide to be converted entirely to steam and oxygen ( with the temperature of the steam increasing as the concentration increases above 68 % ) these grades are potentially far more hazardous and require special care in dedicated storage areas . Buyers must typically allow inspection by commercial manufacturers . In 1994 , world production of H 2O 2 was around 1.9 million tonnes and grew to 2.2 million in 2006 , most of which was at a concentration of 70 % or less . In that year bulk 30 % H 2O 2 sold for around 0.54 USD / kg , equivalent to 1.50 USD / kg ( 0.68 USD / lb ) on a `` 100 % basis '' . Hydrogen peroxide occurs in surface water , groundwater and in the atmosphere . It forms upon illumination or natural catalytic action by substances contained in water . Sea water contains 0.5 to 14 μg / L of hydrogen peroxide , freshwater 1 to 30 μg / L and air 0.1 to 1 parts per billion . Reactions ( edit ) Decomposition ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes to form water and oxygen with a ΔH of − 98.2 kJ / mol and a Δ S of 70.5 J / ( mol K ) : 2 H 2O 2 → 2 H 2O + O The rate of decomposition increases with rising temperature , concentration and pH , with cool , dilute , acidic solutions showing the best stability . Decomposition is catalysed by various compounds , including most transition metals and their compounds ( e.g. manganese dioxide , silver , and platinum ) .",
"9": "Certain metal ions , such as Fe 2 + or Ti 3 + , can cause the decomposition to take a different path , with free radicals such as ( HO ) and ( HOO ) being formed . Non-metallic catalysts include potassium iodide , which reacts particularly rapidly and forms the basis of the elephant toothpaste experiment . Hydrogen peroxide can also be decomposed biologically by the enzyme catalase . The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide liberates oxygen and heat ; this can be dangerous , as spilling high - concentration hydrogen peroxide on a flammable substance can cause an immediate fire . Redox reactions ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide exhibits oxidizing and reducing properties , depending on pH . In acidic solutions , H 2O 2 is one of the most powerful oxidizers known -- stronger than chlorine , chlorine dioxide , and potassium permanganate . Also , through catalysis , H 2O 2 can be converted into hydroxyl radicals ( OH ) , which are highly reactive . Oxidant / reduced product Oxidation potential , V fluorine / hydrogen fluoride 3.0 ozone / oxygen hydrogen peroxide / water 1.8 potassium permanganate / manganese dioxide 1.7 chlorine dioxide / HClO 1.5 chlorine / chloride 1.4 In acidic solutions Fe 2 + is oxidized to Fe 3 + ( hydrogen peroxide acting as an oxidizing agent ) : 2 Fe 2 + ( aq ) + H 2O 2 + 2 H + ( aq ) → 2 Fe 3 + ( aq ) + 2 H 2O ( l ) and sulfite ( SO 2 − 3 ) is oxidized to sulfate ( SO 2 − 4 ) . However , potassium permanganate is reduced to Mn 2 + by acidic H 2O 2 . Under alkaline conditions , however , some of these reactions reverse ; for example , Mn 2 + is oxidized to Mn 4 + ( as MnO 2 ) . In basic solution , hydrogen peroxide can reduce a variety of inorganic ions . When it acts as a reducing agent , oxygen gas is also produced .",
"10": "For example , hydrogen peroxide will reduce sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate , which is a convenient method for preparing oxygen in the laboratory : NaOCl + H 2O 2 → O 2 + NaCl + H 2O 2 KMnO 4 + 3 H 2O 2 → 2 MnO 2 + 2 KOH + 2 H 2O + 3 O Organic reactions ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is frequently used as an oxidizing agent . Illustrative is oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides : Ph − S − CH 3 + H 2O 2 → Ph − S ( O ) − CH 3 + H 2O Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is used for epoxidation of electron - deficient alkenes such as acrylic acid derivatives , and for the oxidation of alkylboranes to alcohols , the second step of hydroboration - oxidation . It is also the principal reagent in the Dakin oxidation process . Precursor to other peroxide compounds ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is a weak acid , forming hydroperoxide or peroxide salts with many metals . It also converts metal oxides into the corresponding peroxides . For example , upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide , chromic acid ( CrO 3 + H 2SO 4 ) forms an unstable blue peroxide CrO ( O 2 ) 2 . This kind of reaction is used industrially to produce peroxoanions . For example , reaction with borax leads to sodium perborate , a bleach used in laundry detergents : Na 4O 7 + 4 H 2O 2 + 2 NaOH → 2 Na 2O 4 ( OH ) 4 + H 2O 2O 2 converts carboxylic acids ( RCO H ) into peroxy acids ( RC ( O ) O H ) , which are themselves used as oxidizing agents . Hydrogen peroxide reacts with acetone to form acetone peroxide and with ozone to form trioxidane . Hydrogen peroxide forms stable adducts with urea ( hydrogen peroxide - urea ) , sodium carbonate ( sodium percarbonate ) and other compounds .",
"11": "An acid - base adduct with triphenylphosphine oxide is a useful `` carrier '' for H 2O 2 in some reactions . The peroxide anion is a stronger nucleophile than hydroxide and displaces hydroxyl from oxyanions e.g. forming perborates and percarbonates . Sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate are important consumer and industrial bleaching agents ; they stabilize hydrogen peroxide and limit side reactions ( e.g. reduction and decomposition note below ) . The peroxide anion forms an adduct with urea , hydrogen peroxide -- urea . Hydrogen peroxide is both an oxidizing agent and reducing agent . The oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by sodium hypochlorite yields singlet oxygen . The net reaction of a ferric ion with hydrogen peroxide is a ferrous ion and oxygen . This proceeds via single electron oxidation and hydroxyl radicals . This is used in some organic chemistry oxidations , e.g. in the Fenton 's reagent . Only catalytic quantities of iron ion is needed since peroxide also oxidizes ferrous to ferric ion . The net reaction of hydrogen peroxide and permanganate or manganese dioxide is manganous ion ; however , until the peroxide is spent some manganous ions are reoxidized to make the reaction catalytic . This forms the basis for common monopropellant rockets . Biological function ( edit ) Ascaridole Hydrogen peroxide is formed in human and animals as a short - lived product in biochemical processes and is toxic to cells . The toxicity is due to oxidation of proteins , membrane lipids and DNA by the peroxide ions . The class of biological enzymes called SOD ( superoxide dismutase ) is developed in nearly all living cells as an important antioxidant agent . They promote the disproportionation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide , which is then rapidly decomposed by the enzyme catalase to oxygen and water .",
"12": "2 O 2 − + 2 H + → SOD H 2 O 2 ⏞ + hydrogen peroxide O 2 ⏞ oxygen ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( ( 2O2 ^ ( - ) ) + 2H+ - > ( ( \\ ce ( SOD ) ) ) \\ overbrace ( H2O2 ) ^ ( hydrogen \\ peroxide ) + \\ overbrace ( O2 ) ^ ( oxygen ) ) ) ) Formation of hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) Peroxisomes are organelles found in virtually all eukaryotic cells . They are involved in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids , branched chain fatty acids , D - amino acids , polyamines , and biosynthesis of plasmalogens , etherphospholipids critical for the normal function of mammalian brains and lungs . Upon oxidation , they produce hydrogen peroxide in the following process : R − CH 2 − CH 2 − CO − SCoA + O 2 → FAD R − CH = CH − CO − SCoA + H 2 O 2 ⏞ hydrogen peroxide ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( ( R - CH2 - CH2 - CO-SCoA ) + O2 - > ( ( \\ ce ( FAD ) ) ) ( R - CH = CH - CO-SCoA ) + \\ overbrace ( H2O2 ) ^ ( hydrogen \\ peroxide ) ) ) ) FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide Catalase , another peroxisomal enzyme , uses this H O to oxidize other substrates , including phenols , formic acid , formaldehyde , and alcohol , by means of the peroxidation reaction : H 2 O 2 + R ′ H 2 ⟶ R ′ + 2 H 2 O ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( ( H2O2 ) + R'H2 - > ( R ' ) + 2H2O ) ) ) , thus eliminating the poisonous hydrogen peroxide in the process . This reaction is important in liver and kidney cells , where the peroxisomes neutralize various toxic substances that enter the blood . Some of the ethanol humans drink is oxidized to acetaldehyde in this way .",
"13": "In addition , when excess H O accumulates in the cell , catalase converts it to H O through this reaction : H 2 O 2 ⏞ → CAT hydrogen peroxide 1 2 O 2 + H 2 O ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( \\ overbrace ( H2O2 ) ^ ( hydrogen \\ peroxide ) - > ( ( \\ ce ( CAT ) ) ) ( 1 / 2O2 ) + H2O ) ) ) Another origin of hydrogen peroxide is the degradation of adenosine monophosphate which yields hypoxanthine . Hypoxanthine is then oxidatively catabolized first to xanthine and then to uric acid , and the reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme xanthine oxidase : Degradation of hypoxanthine to uric acid to form hydrogen peroxide . XO = xanthinoxidase Australian bombardier beetle The degradation of guanosine monophosphate yields xanthine as an intermediate product which is then converted in the same way to uric acid with the formation of hydrogen peroxide . Eggs of sea urchin , shortly after fertilization by a sperm , produce hydrogen peroxide . It is then quickly dissociated to OH radicals . The radicals serve as initiator of radical polymerization , which surrounds the eggs with a protective layer of polymer . The bombardier beetle has a device which allows it to shoot corrosive and foul - smelling bubbles at its enemies . The beetle produces and stores hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide , in two separate reservoirs in the rear tip of its abdomen . When threatened , the beetle contracts muscles that force the two reactants through valved tubes into a mixing chamber containing water and a mixture of catalytic enzymes . When combined , the reactants undergo a violent exothermic chemical reaction , raising the temperature to near the boiling point of water . The boiling , foul - smelling liquid partially becomes a gas ( flash evaporation ) and is expelled through an outlet valve with a loud popping sound . Hydrogen peroxide is a signaling molecule of plant defense against pathogens . Hydrogen peroxide has roles as a signalling molecule in the regulation of a wide variety of biological processes .",
"14": "The compound is a major factor implicated in the free - radical theory of aging , based on how readily hydrogen peroxide can decompose into a hydroxyl radical and how superoxide radical byproducts of cellular metabolism can react with ambient water to form hydrogen peroxide . These hydroxyl radicals in turn readily react with and damage vital cellular components , especially those of the mitochondria . At least one study has also tried to link hydrogen peroxide production to cancer . These studies have frequently been quoted in fraudulent treatment claims . The amount of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems can be assayed using a fluorimetric assay . Uses ( edit ) Bleaching ( edit ) About 60 % of the world 's production of hydrogen peroxide is used for pulp - and paper - bleaching . Detergents ( edit ) The second major industrial application is the manufacture of sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate , which are used as mild bleaches in laundry detergents . Sodium percarbonate , which is an adduct of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide , is the active ingredient in such products as OxiClean and Tide laundry detergent . When dissolved in water , it releases hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate : 2 Na 2 CO 3 ⋅ 3 2 H 2 O 2 ⟶ 2 Na 2 CO 3 + 3 H 2 O 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( 2Na2CO3. 3 / 2H2O2 - > ( 2Na2CO3 ) + 3 H2O2 ) ) ) Production of organic compounds ( edit ) It is used in the production of various organic peroxides with dibenzoyl peroxide being a high volume example . It is used in polymerisations , as a flour bleaching agent and as a treatment for acne . Peroxy acids , such as peracetic acid and meta - chloroperoxybenzoic acid are also produced using hydrogen peroxide . Hydrogen peroxide has been used for creating organic peroxide - based explosives , such as acetone peroxide . Disinfectant ( edit ) Skin shortly after exposure to 35 % H 2O Hydrogen peroxide is used in certain waste - water treatment processes to remove organic impurities .",
"15": "In advanced oxidation processing , the Fenton reaction gives highly reactive OH . These hydroxyl radicals degrade organic compounds , including those that are ordinarily robust , such as aromatic or halogenated compounds . It can also oxidize sulfur based compounds present in the waste ; which is beneficial as it generally reduces their odour . Hydrogen peroxide can be used for the sterilization of various surfaces , including surgical tools and may be deployed as a vapour ( VHP ) for room sterilization . H O demonstrates broad - spectrum efficacy against viruses , bacteria , yeasts , and bacterial spores . In general , greater activity is seen against Gram - positive than Gram - negative bacteria ; however , the presence of catalase or other peroxidases in these organisms can increase tolerance in the presence of lower concentrations . Higher concentrations of H O ( 10 to 30 % ) and longer contact times are required for sporicidal activity . Hydrogen peroxide is seen as an environmentally safe alternative to chlorine - based bleaches , as it degrades to form oxygen and water and it is generally recognized as safe as an antimicrobial agent by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Historically hydrogen peroxide was used for disinfecting wounds , partly because of its low cost and prompt availability compared to other antiseptics . It is now thought to inhibit healing and to induce scarring because it destroys newly formed skin cells . Only a very low concentration of H O can induce healing , and only if not repeatedly applied . Surgical use can lead to gas embolism formation . Despite this it is still used for wound treatment in many developing countries . Dermal exposure to dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide cause whitening or bleaching of the skin due to microembolism caused by oxygen bubbles in the capillaries . Cosmetic applications ( edit ) Diluted H 2O 2 ( between 1.9 % and 12 % ) mixed with ammonium hydroxide is used to bleach human hair . The chemical 's bleaching property lends its name to the phrase `` peroxide blonde '' . Hydrogen peroxide is also used for tooth whitening . It can be found in most whitening toothpastes . Hydrogen peroxide has shown positive results involving teeth lightness and chroma shade parameters .",
"16": "It works by oxidizing colored pigments onto the enamel where the shade of the tooth can indeed become lighter . Hydrogen peroxide can be mixed with baking soda and salt to make a home - made toothpaste . Hydrogen peroxide may be used to treat acne , although benzoyl peroxide is a more common treatment . Use in alternative medicine ( edit ) Practitioners of alternative medicine have advocated the use of hydrogen peroxide for various conditions , including emphysema , influenza , AIDS and cancer , although there is no evidence of effectiveness and in some cases it may even be fatal . The practice calls for the daily consumption of hydrogen peroxide , either orally or by injection and is , in general , based around two precepts . First , that hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by the body to combat infection ; and second , that human pathogens ( including cancer : See Warburg hypothesis ) are anaerobic and can not survive in oxygen - rich environments . The ingestion or injection of hydrogen peroxide is therefore believed to kill disease by mimicking the immune response in addition to increasing levels of oxygen within the body . This makes it similar to other oxygen - based therapies , such as ozone therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy . Both the effectiveness and safety of hydrogen peroxide therapy is scientifically questionable . Hydrogen peroxide is produced by the immune system but in a carefully controlled manner . Cells called phagocytes engulf pathogens and then use hydrogen peroxide to destroy them . The peroxide is toxic to both the cell and the pathogen and so is kept within a special compartment , called a phagosome . Free hydrogen peroxide will damage any tissue it encounters via oxidative stress ; a process which also has been proposed as a cause of cancer . Claims that hydrogen peroxide therapy increase cellular levels of oxygen have not been supported . The quantities administered would be expected to provide very little additional oxygen compared to that available from normal respiration . It should also be noted that it is difficult to raise the level of oxygen around cancer cells within a tumour , as the blood supply tends to be poor , a situation known as tumor hypoxia . Large oral doses of hydrogen peroxide at a 3 % concentration may cause irritation and blistering to the mouth , throat , and abdomen as well as abdominal pain , vomiting , and diarrhea .",
"17": "Intravenous injection of hydrogen peroxide has been linked to several deaths . The American Cancer Society states that `` there is no scientific evidence that hydrogen peroxide is a safe , effective or useful cancer treatment . '' Furthermore , the therapy is not approved by the U.S. FDA . Propellant ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see High - test peroxide . Rocket - belt hydrogen - peroxide propulsion system used in a jet pack High - concentration H 2O 2 is referred to as `` high - test peroxide '' ( HTP ) . It can be used either as a monopropellant ( not mixed with fuel ) or as the oxidizer component of a bipropellant rocket . Use as a monopropellant takes advantage of the decomposition of 70 -- 98 % concentration hydrogen peroxide into steam and oxygen . The propellant is pumped into a reaction chamber , where a catalyst , usually a silver or platinum screen , triggers decomposition , producing steam at over 600 ° C ( 1,112 ° F ) , which is expelled through a nozzle , generating thrust . H 2O 2 monopropellant produces a maximal specific impulse ( I ) of 161 s ( 1.6 kN s / kg ) . Peroxide was the first major monopropellant adopted for use in rocket applications . Hydrazine eventually replaced hydrogen - peroxide monopropellant thruster applications primarily because of a 25 % increase in the vacuum specific impulse . Hydrazine ( toxic ) and hydrogen peroxide ( less - toxic ( ACGIH TLV 0.01 and 1 ppm respectively ) ) are the only two monopropellants ( other than cold gases ) to have been widely adopted and utilized for propulsion and power applications . The Bell Rocket Belt , reaction - control systems for X-1 , X-15 , Centaur , Mercury , Little Joe , as well as the turbo - pump gas generators for X-1 , X-15 , Jupiter , Redstone and Viking used hydrogen peroxide as a monopropellant . As a bipropellant , H 2O 2 is decomposed to burn a fuel as an oxidizer . Specific impulses as high as 350 s ( 3.5 kN s / kg ) can be achieved , depending on the fuel .",
"18": "Peroxide used as an oxidizer gives a somewhat lower I than liquid oxygen , but is dense , storable , noncryogenic and can be more easily used to drive gas turbines to give high pressures using an efficient closed cycle . It can also be used for regenerative cooling of rocket engines . Peroxide was used very successfully as an oxidizer in World War II German rocket motors ( e.g. T - Stoff , containing oxyquinoline stabilizer , for both the Walter HWK 109 - 500 Starthilfe RATO externally podded monopropellant booster system , and for the Walter HWK 109 - 509 rocket motor series used for the Me 163 B ) , most often used with C - Stoff in a self - igniting hypergolic combination , and for the low - cost British Black Knight and Black Arrow launchers . In the 1940s and 1950s , the Hellmuth Walter KG - conceived turbine used hydrogen peroxide for use in submarines while submerged ; it was found to be too noisy and require too much maintenance compared to diesel - electric power systems . Some torpedoes used hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer or propellant . Operator error in the use of hydrogen - peroxide torpedoes was named as possible causes for the sinkings of HMS Sidon and the Russian submarine Kursk . SAAB Underwater Systems is manufacturing the Torpedo 2000 . This torpedo , used by the Swedish Navy , is powered by a piston engine propelled by HTP as an oxidizer and kerosene as a fuel in a bipropellant system . Other uses ( edit ) Chemiluminescence of cyalume , as found in a glow stick Hydrogen peroxide has various domestic uses , primarily as a cleaning and disinfecting agent . Glow sticks Hydrogen peroxide reacts with certain di - esters , such as phenyl oxalate ester ( cyalume ) , to produce chemiluminescence ; this application is most commonly encountered in the form of glow sticks . Horticulture Some horticulturalists and users of hydroponics advocate the use of weak hydrogen peroxide solution in watering solutions .",
"19": "Its spontaneous decomposition releases oxygen that enhances a plant 's root development and helps to treat root rot ( cellular root death due to lack of oxygen ) and a variety of other pests . Fish aeration Laboratory tests conducted by fish culturists in recent years have demonstrated that common household hydrogen peroxide can be used safely to provide oxygen for small fish . The hydrogen peroxide releases oxygen by decomposition when it is exposed to catalysts such as manganese dioxide . Safety ( edit ) Regulations vary , but low concentrations , such as 6 % , are widely available and legal to buy for medical use . Most over-the - counter peroxide solutions are not suitable for ingestion . Higher concentrations may be considered hazardous and are typically accompanied by a Material Safety Data Sheet ( MSDS ) . In high concentrations , hydrogen peroxide is an aggressive oxidizer and will corrode many materials , including human skin . In the presence of a reducing agent , high concentrations of H 2O 2 will react violently . High - concentration hydrogen peroxide streams , typically above 40 % , should be considered hazardous due to concentrated hydrogen peroxide 's meeting the definition of a DOT oxidizer according to U.S. regulations , if released into the environment . The EPA Reportable Quantity ( RQ ) for D001 hazardous wastes is 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) , or approximately 10 US gallons ( 38 L ) , of concentrated hydrogen peroxide . Hydrogen peroxide should be stored in a cool , dry , well - ventilated area and away from any flammable or combustible substances . It should be stored in a container composed of non-reactive materials such as stainless steel or glass ( other materials including some plastics and aluminium alloys may also be suitable ) . Because it breaks down quickly when exposed to light , it should be stored in an opaque container , and pharmaceutical formulations typically come in brown bottles that block light . Hydrogen peroxide , either in pure or diluted form , can pose several risks , the main one being that it forms explosive mixtures upon contact with organic compounds . Highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide itself is unstable and can cause a boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion ( BLEVE ) of the remaining liquid . Distillation of hydrogen peroxide at normal pressures is thus highly dangerous .",
"20": "It is also corrosive , especially when concentrated , but even domestic - strength solutions can cause irritation to the eyes , mucous membranes and skin . Swallowing hydrogen peroxide solutions is particularly dangerous , as decomposition in the stomach releases large quantities of gas ( 10 times the volume of a 3 % solution ) , leading to internal bloating . Inhaling over 10 % can cause severe pulmonary irritation . With a significant vapour pressure ( 1.2 kPa at 50 ° C ) , hydrogen - peroxide vapour is potentially hazardous . According to U.S. NIOSH , the immediately dangerous to life and health ( IDLH ) limit is only 75 ppm . The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has established a permissible exposure limit of 1.0 ppm calculated as an 8 - hour time - weighted average ( 29 CFR 1910.1000 , Table Z - 1 ) . Hydrogen peroxide has also been classified by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH ) as a `` known animal carcinogen , with unknown relevance on humans '' . For workplaces where there is a risk of exposure to the hazardous concentrations of the vapours , continuous monitors for hydrogen peroxide should be used . Information on the hazards of hydrogen peroxide is available from OSHA and from the ATSDR . Historical incidents ( edit ) On 16 July 1934 , in Kummersdorf , Germany , a propellant tank containing an experimental monopropellant mixture consisting of hydrogen peroxide and ethanol exploded during a test , killing three people . During the Second World War , doctors in German concentration camps experimented with the use of hydrogen peroxide injections in the killing of human subjects . Several people received minor injuries after a hydrogen peroxide spill on board a flight between the U.S. cities of Orlando and Memphis on 28 October 1998 . The Russian submarine K - 141 Kursk sailed to perform an exercise of firing dummy torpedoes at the Pyotr Velikiy , a Kirov - class battlecruiser . On 12 August 2000 , at 11 : 28 local time ( 07 : 28 UTC ) , there was an explosion while preparing to fire the torpedoes .",
"21": "The only credible report to date is that this was due to the failure and explosion of one of the Kursk 's hydrogen peroxide - fueled torpedoes . It is believed that HTP , a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as propellant for the torpedo , seeped through its container , damaged either by rust or in the loading procedure back on land where an incident involving one of the torpedoes accidentally touching ground went unreported . The vessel was lost with all hands . A similar incident was responsible for the loss of HMS Sidon in 1955 . On 15 August 2010 , a spill of about 30 US gallons ( 110 L ) of cleaning fluid occurred on the 54th floor of 1515 Broadway , in Times Square , New York City . The spill , which a spokesperson for the New York City fire department said was of hydrogen peroxide , shut down Broadway between West 42nd and West 48th streets as fire engines responded to the hazmat situation . There were no reported injuries . See also ( edit ) FOX reagent , used to measure levels of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems . Hydrogen chalcogenide References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Easton , M.F. ; Mitchell , A.G. ; Wynne - Jones , W.F.K. ( 1952 ) . `` The behaviour of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water . Part 1. ? Determination of the densities of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water '' . Transactions of the Faraday Society . 48 : 796 . doi : 10.1039 / TF9524800796 . ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0335 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Hydrogen peroxide '' . Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations ( IDLH ) . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ Hill , C.N. ( 2001 ) . A Vertical Empire : The History of the UK Rocket launch and Space Programme , 1950 -- 1971 . Imperial College Press .",
"22": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 86094 - 268 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brauer , Georg , ed. ( 1963 ) . Handbook of preparative inorganic chemistry . 1 . Translation editing by Reed F. ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Academic Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 126601 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen Peroxide Technical Library '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Robert H. ; Leacock , Robert A. ; Peters , C. Wilbur ; Hecht , Karl T. ( 1965 ) . `` Internal - Rotation in Hydrogen Peroxide : The Far - Infrared Spectrum and the Determination of the Hindering Potential '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 42 ( 6 ) : 1931 . Bibcode : 1965JChPh ... 42.1931 H . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1696228 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Dennis A. ; Anslyn , Eric V. ( 2005 ) . Modern Physical Organic Chemistry . University Science . p. 122 . ISBN 1 - 891389 - 31 - 9 . Jump up ^ Abrahams , S.C. ; Collin , R.L. ; Lipscomb , W.N. ( 1 January 1951 ) . `` The crystal structure of hydrogen peroxide '' . Acta Crystallographica. 4 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 20 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X51000039 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , L.W. ( 1820 ) . `` Der tropfbar flüssige Sauerstoff , oder das oxygenierte Wasser '' . Annals of Physics ( in German ) . 65 -- 66 : 3 . Bibcode : 1820AnP ... 64 ... 1T . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 18200640102 . Jump up ^ Thénard , L.J.",
"23": "( 1818 ) . `` Observations sur des nouvelles combinaisons entre l'oxigène et divers acides '' . Annales de chimie et de physique . 2nd series . 8 : 306 -- 312 . Jump up ^ C.W. Jones , J.H. Clark . Applications of Hydrogen Peroxide and Derivatives . Royal Society of Chemistry , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Offermanns , Heribert ; Dittrich , Gunther ; Steiner , Norbert ( 2000 ) . `` Wasserstoffperoxid in Umweltschutz und Synthese '' . Chemie in unserer Zeit. 34 ( 3 ) : 150 . doi : 10.1002 / 1521 - 3781 ( 200006 ) 34 : 3 < 150 : : AID - CIUZ150 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - A . Jump up ^ Wolffenstein , Richard ( October 1894 ) . `` Concentration und Destillation von Wasserstoffsuperoxyd '' . Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft ( in German ) . 27 ( 3 ) : 3307 -- 3312 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 189402703127 . Jump up ^ G. Carrara ( 1892 ) `` Sul peso molecolare e sul potere rifrangente dell ' acqua ossigenata '' ( On the molecular weight and on the refractive power of oxygenated water ( i.e. , hydrogen peroxide ) ) , Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei , series 5 , 1 ( 2 ) : 19 -- 24 . Carrara 's findings were confirmed by : W.R. Orndorff and John White ( 1893 ) `` The molecular weight of hydrogen peroxide and of benzoyl peroxide , '' American Chemical Journal , 15 : 347 -- 356 . Jump up ^ See , for example : In 1882 , Kingzett proposed as a structure H O =O . See : Thomas Kingzett , Charles ( 29 September 1882 ) . `` On the activity of oxygen and the mode of formation of hydrogen dioxide '' .",
"24": "The Chemical News . 46 ( 1192 ) : 141 -- 142 . In his 1922 textbook , Joseph Mellor considered three hypothetical molecular structures for hydrogen peroxide , admitting ( p. 952 ) : `` ... the constitution of this compound has not been yet established by unequivocal experiments '' . See : Joseph William Mellor , A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry , vol. 1 ( London , England : Longmans , Green and Co. , 1922 ) , p. 952 -- 956 . W.C. Schumb , C.N. Satterfield , and R.L. Wentworth ( 1 December 1953 ) `` Report no . 43 : Hydrogen peroxide , Part two '' , Office of Naval Research , Contract No . N5ori - 07819 On p. 178 , the authors present six hypothetical models for hydrogen peroxide 's molecular structure . On p. 184 , the present structure is considered almost certainly correct -- although a small doubt remained . ( Note : The report by Schumb et al. was reprinted as : W.C. Schumb , C.N. Satterfield , and R.L. Wentworth , Hydrogen Peroxide ( New York , New York : Reinhold Publishing Corp . ( American Chemical Society Monograph ) , 1955 ) . ) Jump up ^ See : Penney , W.G. ; Sutherland , G.B.B.M. ( 1934 ) . `` The theory of the structure of hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 2 ( 8 ) : 492 -- 498 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1749518 . Penney , W.G. ; Sutherland , G.B.B.M. ( 1934 ) . `` A note on the structure of H O and H N with particular reference to electric moments and free rotation '' . Transactions of the Faraday Society . 30 : 898 -- 902 . ^ Jump up to : Campos - Martin , Jose M. ; Blanco - Brieva , Gema ; Fierro , Jose L.G. ( 2006 ) .",
"25": "`` Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis : An Outlook beyond the Anthraquinone Process '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 45 ( 42 ) : 6962 -- 6984 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200503779 . PMID 17039551 . Jump up ^ H. Riedl and G. Pfleiderer , U.S. Patent 2,158,525 ( 2 October 1936 in USA , and 10 October 1935 in Germany ) to I.G. Farbenindustrie , Germany Jump up ^ Noritaka Mizuno Gabriele Centi , Siglinda Perathoner , Salvatore Abate `` Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide : Recent Advances '' in Modern Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysis : Design , Reactions and Characterization 2009 , Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 9783527627547. ch8 Jump up ^ Edwards , Jennifer K. ; Solsona , Benjamin ; N , Edwin Ntainjua ; Carley , Albert F. ; Herzing , Andrew A. ; Kiely , Christopher J. ; Hutchings , Graham J. ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` Switching Off Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogenation in the Direct Synthesis Process '' . Science . 323 ( 5917 ) : 1037 -- 1041 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 323.1037 E . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1168980 . PMID 19229032 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Hage , Achim Lienke ; Lienke ( 2005 ) . `` Applications of Transition - Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood - Pulp Bleaching '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 45 ( 2 ) : 206 -- 222 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200500525 . PMID 16342123 . Jump up ^ Campos - Martin , Jose M. ; Blanco - Brieva , Gema ; Fierro , Jose L.G. ( 2006 ) .",
"26": "`` Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis : An Outlook beyond the Anthraquinone Process '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 45 ( 42 ) : 6962 -- 6984 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200503779 . ISSN 1433 - 7851 . PMID 17039551 . Jump up ^ Petrucci , Ralph H. ( 2007 ) . General Chemistry : Principles & Modern Applications ( 9th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 606 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 149330 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ravikumar , Kabayadi S. ; Kesavan , Venkitasamy ; Crousse , Benoit ; Bonnet - Delpon , Danièle ; Bégué , Jean - Pierre ( 2003 ) . `` Mild and Selective Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds in Trifluoroethanol : Diphenyldisulfide and Methyl phenyl Sulfoxide '' . Org . Synth. 80 : 184 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 080.0184 . Jump up ^ Xu , W.L. ; Li , Y.Z. ; Zhang , Q.S. ; Zhu , H.S. ( 2004 ) . `` A Selective , Convenient , and Efficient Conversion of Sulfides to Sulfoxides '' . Synthesis ( 2 ) : 227 -- 232 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2004 - 44387 . Jump up ^ Chernyshov , Ivan Yu. ; Vener , Mikhail V. ; Prikhodchenko , Petr V. ; Medvedev , Alexander G. ; Lev , Ovadia ; Churakov , Andrei V. ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Peroxosolvates : Formation Criteria , H2O2 Hydrogen Bonding , and Isomorphism with the Corresponding Hydrates '' . Crystal Growth & Design . 17 ( 1 ) : 214 -- 220 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. cgd. 6b01449 .",
"27": "ISSN 1528 - 7483 . Jump up ^ Löffler G. and Petrides , P.E. Physiologische Chemie. 4 ed. , p. 288 , Springer , Berlin 1988 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 18163 - 6 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Löffler G. and Petrides , P.E. Physiologische Chemie. 4 ed. , pp. 321 -- 322 , Springer , Berlin 1988 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 18163 - 6 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Gabaldón T ( 2010 ) . `` Peroxisome diversity and evolution '' . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 365 ( 1541 ) : 765 -- 73 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2009.0240 . PMC 2817229 . PMID 20124343 . Jump up ^ Wanders RJ , Waterham HR ( 2006 ) . `` Biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes revisited '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 75 ( 1 ) : 295 -- 332 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 74.082803. 133329 . PMID 16756494 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ; Lehninger , Albert L. and Cox , Michael M. Lehninger Biochemie , pp. 663 -- 664 , Springer , 2001 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 41813 - X ( in German ) Jump up ^ Riley , Edward P. et al. ( ed . ) Fetal Alcoholspectrum Disorder Fasd : Management and Policy Perspectives , Wiley - VCH , 2010 , ISBN 3 - 527 - 32839 - 4 p. 112 ^ Jump up to : Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ; Lehninger , Albert L. and Cox , Michael M. Lehninger Biochemie , p. 932 , Springer , 2001 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 41813 - X ( in German ) Jump up ^ Kröger , M.",
"28": "( 1989 ) . `` History '' . Chemie in unserer Zeit. 23 : 34 . doi : 10.1002 / ciuz. 19890230106 . Jump up ^ Schildknecht , H. ; Holoubek , K. ( 1961 ) . `` The bombardier beetle and its chemical explosion '' . Angewandte Chemie. 73 : 1 . doi : 10.1002 / ange. 19610730102 . Jump up ^ Weber CG ( Winter 1981 ) . `` The Bombadier Beetle Myth Exploded '' . Creation / Evolution . National Center for Science Education . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Isaak , Mark ( May 30 , 2003 ) . `` Bombardier Beetles and the Argument of Design '' . TalkOrigins Archive . Jump up ^ Wie Pflanzen sich schützen , Helmholtz - Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology ( in German ) Jump up ^ Veal EA , Day AM , Morgan BA ; Day ; Morgan ( April 2007 ) . `` Hydrogen peroxide sensing and signaling '' . Mol . Cell. 26 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2007.03. 016 . PMID 17434122 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Weindruch , Richard ( January 1996 ) . `` Calorie Restriction and Aging '' . Scientific American : 49 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Giorgio M , Trinei M , Migliaccio E , Pelicci PG ; Trinei ; Migliaccio ; Pelicci ( September 2007 ) . `` Hydrogen peroxide : a metabolic by - product or a common mediator of ageing signals ? '' . Nat. Rev. Mol . Cell Biol. 8 ( 9 ) : 722 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm2240 . PMID 17700625 .",
"29": "CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ D. González , I. Bejarano , C. Barriga , A.B. Rodríguez , J.A. Pariente ( 2010 ) . `` Oxidative Stress - Induced Caspases are Regulated in Human Myeloid HL - 60 Cells by Calcium Signal '' . Current Signal Transduction Therapy 5 : 181 - 186 . doi : ( 10.2174 / 157436210791112172 ) Jump up ^ Bejarano , I ; Espino , J ; González - Flores , D ; Casado , JG ; Redondo , PC ; Rosado , JA ; Barriga , C ; Pariente , JA ; Rodríguez , AB ( 2009 ) . `` Role of Calcium Signals on Hydrogen Peroxide - Induced Apoptosis in Human Myeloid HL - 60 Cells '' . International Journal of Biomedical science . 5 ( 3 ) : 246 -- 256 . PMC 3614781 . PMID 23675144 . Jump up ^ López - Lázaro M ( July 2007 ) . `` Dual role of hydrogen peroxide in cancer : possible relevance to cancer chemoprevention and therapy '' . Cancer Lett. 252 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. canlet. 2006.10. 029 . PMID 17150302 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , R. ; Hanukoglu , I. ; Sklan , D. ( May 1994 ) . `` A fluorimetric assay for hydrogen peroxide , suitable for NAD ( P ) H - dependent superoxide generating redox systems '' . Anal Biochem. 218 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 13 . doi : 10.1006 / abio. 1994.1183 . PMID 8074285 . Jump up ^ Jones , Craig W. ( 1999 ) . Applications of hydrogen peroxide and its derivatives . Royal Society of Chemistry . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 536 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tarr , edited by Matthew A.",
"30": "( 2003 ) . Chemical degradation methods for wastes and pollutants environmental and industrial applications . New York : M. Dekker . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 91255 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pignatello , Joseph J. ; Oliveros , Esther ; MacKay , Allison ( January 2006 ) . `` Advanced Oxidation Processes for Organic Contaminant Destruction Based on the Fenton Reaction and Related Chemistry '' . Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology . 36 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 84 . doi : 10.1080 / 10643380500326564 . Jump up ^ Pera - Titus , Marc ; Garcı́a - Molina , Verónica ; Baños , Miguel A ; Giménez , Jaime ; Esplugas , Santiago ( February 2004 ) . `` Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced oxidation processes : a general review '' . Applied Catalysis B : Environmental . 47 ( 4 ) : 219 -- 256 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apcatb. 2003.09. 010 . Jump up ^ Goor , G. ; Glenneberg , J. ; Jacobi , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a13_443. pub2 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 30673 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ascenzi , edited by Joseph M. ( 1996 ) . Handbook of disinfectants and antiseptics . New York : M. Dekker . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 9524 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rutala , W.A. ; Weber , D.J. ( 1 September 2004 ) .",
"31": "`` Disinfection and Sterilization in Health Care Facilities : What Clinicians Need to Know '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 39 ( 5 ) : 702 -- 709 . doi : 10.1086 / 423182 . PMID 15356786 . Jump up ^ Falagas , M.E. ; Thomaidis , P.C. ; Kotsantis , I.K. ; Sgouros , K. ; Samonis , G. ; Karageorgopoulos , D.E. ( July 2011 ) . `` Airborne hydrogen peroxide for disinfection of the hospital environment and infection control : a systematic review '' . Journal of Hospital Infection . 78 ( 3 ) : 171 -- 177 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhin. 2010.12. 006 . PMID 21392848 . Jump up ^ Block , ( edited by ) Seymour S. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 9 : Peroxygen compounds '' . Disinfection , sterilization , and preservation ( 5th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger . pp. 185 -- 204 . ISBN 0 - 683 - 30740 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McDonnell , G ; Russell , AD ( January 1999 ) . `` Antiseptics and disinfectants : activity , action , and resistance '' . Clinical Microbiology Reviews . 12 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 79 . PMC 88911 . PMID 9880479 . Jump up ^ Block , ( edited by ) Seymour S. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 27 : Chemical Sporicidal and Sporostatic Agents '' . Disinfection , sterilization , and preservation ( 5th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger . pp. 529 -- 543 . ISBN 0 - 683 - 30740 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sec . 184.1366 Hydrogen peroxide '' . U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access .",
"32": "1 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilgus TA , Bergdall VK , Dipietro LA , Oberyszyn TM ; Bergdall ; Dipietro ; Oberyszyn ( 2005 ) . `` Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair '' . Wound Repair Regen. 13 ( 5 ) : 513 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1067 - 1927.2005. 00072. x . PMID 16176460 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Loo , Alvin Eng Kiat ; Wong , Yee Ting ; Ho , Rongjian ; Wasser , Martin ; Du , Tiehua ; Ng , Wee Thong ; Halliwell , Barry ; Sastre , Juan ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Wound Healing in Mice in Relation to Oxidative Damage '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 11 ) : e49215 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 749215L . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0049215 . PMC 3496701 . PMID 23152875 . Jump up ^ Shaw , A ; Cooperman , A ; Fusco , J ( 1967 ) . `` Gas embolism produced by hydrogen peroxide '' . N Engl J Med. 277 ( 5 ) : 238 -- 41 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm196708032770504 . PMID 6029311 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen peroxide : reminder of risk of gas embolism when used in surgery - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Rahman , GA ; Adigun , IA ; Yusuf , IF ; Ofoegbu , CKP ( 28 May 2010 ) . `` Wound dressing where there is limitation of choice '' . Nigerian Journal of Surgical Research . 8 ( 3 -- 4 ) .",
"33": "doi : 10.4314 / njsr. v8i3 - 4.54882 . Jump up ^ Velding , K. ; Klis , S. - A. ; Abass , K.M. ; Tuah , W. ; Stienstra , Y. ; van der Werf , T. ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` Wound Care in Buruli Ulcer Disease in Ghana and Benin '' . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 91 ( 2 ) : 313 -- 318 . doi : 10.4269 / ajtmh. 13 - 0255 . PMC 4125255 . PMID 24914002 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen peroxide : health effects , incident management and toxicology '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lane , Nick ( 2003 ) . Oxygen : the molecule that made the world ( First issued in paperback , repr . ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860783 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Steven . `` Brushing Up on Gum Disease '' . FDA Consumer . Archived from the original on 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Capizzi , R. ; Landi , F. ; Milani , M. ; Amerio , P. ( 2004 ) . `` Skin tolerability and efficacy of combination therapy with hydrogen peroxide stabilized cream and adapalene gel in comparison with benzoyl peroxide cream and adapalene gel in common acne . A randomized , investigator - masked , controlled trial '' . British Journal of Dermatology. 151 ( 2 ) : 481 -- 484 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2004. 06067. x . PMID 15327558 . Jump up ^ Douglass , William Campbell ( 1995 ) . Hydrogen peroxide : medical miracle . ( Atlanta , GA ) : Second Opinion Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 885236 - 07 - 4 .",
"34": "^ Jump up to : Hydrogen Peroxide , 3 % . 3 . Hazards Identification Southeast Fisheries Science Center , daughter agency of NOAA . ^ Jump up to : `` Questionable methods of cancer management : hydrogen peroxide and other ' hyperoxygenation ' therapies '' . CA : A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 43 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 56 . 1993 . doi : 10.3322 / canjclin. 43.1. 47 . PMID 8422605 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Anderson ( 12 January 2005 ) . `` A Prescription for Death ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mikkelson , Barbara ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naturopath Sentenced For Injecting Teen With Hydrogen Peroxide -- 7NEWS Denver '' . Thedenverchannel.com. 2006 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Barry ( 1 January 2007 ) . `` Oxidative stress and cancer : have we moved forward ? '' . Biochemical Journal . 401 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1042 / BJ20061131 . PMID 17150040 . Jump up ^ http://www.hydrogen-peroxide.us/history-US-General-Kinetics/AIAA-2006-5236_hydrogen_peroxide_versus_hydrazine.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.hydrogen-peroxide.us/uses-monoprop-steam-generation/AIAA-1999-2880_The_Use_of_Hydrogen_Peroxide_for_Propulsion_and_Power-pitch.pdf Jump up ^ `` Peroxide Accident -- Walter Web Site '' . Histarmar.com.ar . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Scott , Richard ( November 1997 ) . `` Homing Instincts '' .",
"35": "Jane 's Navy Steam generated by catalytic decomposition of 80 -- 90 % hydrogen peroxide was used for driving the turbopump turbines of the V - 2 rockets , the X-15 rocketplanes , the early Centaur RL - 10 engines and is still used on Soyuz for that purpose today . International . Jump up ^ Soyuz using hydrogen peroxide propellant ( NASA website ) Jump up ^ `` Ways to use Hydrogen Peroxide in the Garden '' . Using Hydrogen Peroxide . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattarai SP , Su N , Midmore DJ ; Su ; Midmore ( 2005 ) . `` Oxygation Unlocks Yield Potentials of Crops in Oxygen - Limited Soil Environments '' . Advances in Agronomy . Advances in Agronomy. 88 : 313 -- 377 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 2113 ( 05 ) 88008 - 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 000786 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Material Compatibility with Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen Peroxide Mouthwash is it Safe ? '' . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ For example , see an MSDS for a 3 % peroxide solution . Jump up ^ H2O2 toxicity and dangers Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry website Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 76th Ed , 1995 -- 1996 Jump up ^ `` CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations ( IDLH ) : Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values - NIOSH Publications and Products '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices , ACGIH '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 June 2013 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ `` ATSDR - Redirect - MMG : Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Nazi Doctors : Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide '' . Robert Jay Lifton . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Accident No : DCA - 99 - MZ - 001 '' ( PDF ) . U.S National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Wheaton , Sarah ( 16 August 2010 ) . `` Bleach Spill Shuts Part of Times Square '' . The New York Times . Bibliography J. Drabowicz ; et al. ( 1994 ) . G. Capozzi ; et al. , eds . The Syntheses of Sulphones , Sulphoxides and Cyclic Sulphides . Chichester UK : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 112 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 93970 - 6 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) N.N. Greenwood ; A. Earnshaw ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford UK : Butterworth - Heinemann . A great description of properties & chemistry of H 2O 2 . J. March ( 1992 ) . Advanced Organic Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Wiley . p. 723 . W.T. Hess ( 1995 ) . `` Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . 13 ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Wiley . pp. 961 -- 995 . External links ( edit ) Hydrogen Peroxide at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Material Safety Data Sheet ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry FAQ International Chemical Safety Card 0164 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Process flow sheet of Hydrogen Peroxide Production by anthrahydroquinone autoxidation Hydrogen Peroxide Handbook",
"37": "by Rocketdyne Hydrogen compounds H AsO H AsO HAt HSO F HBF HBr HBrO HBrO HBrO HBrO HCl HClO HClO HClO HClO HCN HCNO H CrO / H Cr O H CO H CS HF HFΟ HI HIO HIO HIO HIO HMnO H MoO HNC NaHCO HNCO HNO HNO HNO H N O HNO S H NSO H O H O H O H PO H PO H PO H P O H P O H PtCl H Se H SeO H SeO H SiO H SiF HSCN HNSC H SO H SO H SO H S O H S O H S O H S O CF SO H H Te H TeO H TeO H TiO H Po HCo ( CO ) Antiseptics and disinfectants ( D08 ) Acridine derivatives Ethacridine lactate 9 - Aminoacridine Euflavine Biguanides and amidines Dibrompropamidine Chlorhexidine Propamidine Hexamidine Polihexanide Phenol and derivatives Hexachlorophene Policresulen Phenol Triclosan Triclocarban Chloroxylenol",
"38": "Biphenylol Fenticlor Nitrofuran derivatives Nitrofurazone Iodine products Iodine / octylphenoxypolyglycolether Povidone - iodine Diiodohydroxypropane Quinoline derivatives Dequalinium Chlorquinaldol Oxyquinoline Clioquinol Quaternary ammonium compounds Benzalkonium Benzethonium chloride Cetrimonium ( bromide / chloride ) Cetylpyridinium Cetrimide Benzoxonium chloride Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Mercurial products Mercuric amidochloride Phenylmercuric borate Mercuric chloride Merbromin Thiomersal Mercuric iodide Silver compounds Silver nitrate Alcohols Propanol ( propyl alcohol ) Isopropanol ( isopropyl alcohol ) Ethanol ( ethyl alcohol ) Other Potassium permanganate Sodium hypochlorite Hydrogen peroxide Eosin Tosylchloramide Octenidine dihydrochloride WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Stomatological preparations ( A01 ) Caries prophylaxis Dectaflur Olaflur Sodium fluoride Sodium monofluorophosphate Stannous fluoride Infection and antiseptics Amphotericin B Benzoxonium chloride Chlorhexidine Chlortetracycline Clotrimazole Cetylpyridinium chloride Domiphen",
"39": "bromide Doxycycline Eugenol Hexetidine Hydrogen peroxide Mepartricin Metronidazole Miconazole Minocycline Natamycin Neomycin Oxyquinoline Polynoxylin Sodium perborate Tetracycline Tibezonium iodide Corticosteroids ( Glucocorticoids ) Dexamethasone Hydrocortisone Triamcinolone Other Amlexanox Acetylsalicylic acid Becaplermin Benzydamine Epinephrine / Adrenalone Drugs used for diseases of the ear ( S02 ) Infection Acetic acid Aluminium acetotartrate Aluminium triacetate ( Burow 's solution ) Boric acid Chloramphenicol Chlorhexidine Ciprofloxacin Clioquinol Gentamicin Hydrogen peroxide Miconazole Neomycin Nitrofurazone Ofloxacin Polymyxin B Rifamycin Tetracycline Corticosteroids Betamethasone Dexamethasone Fluocinolone acetonide Hydrocortisone Prednisolone Analgesics and anesthetics Lidocaine Cocaine Phenazone Human hair color Hair color Black Blond Brown ( varieties : Chestnut Auburn ) Red ( varieties : Auburn Titian ) White / Grey Hair coloring Blue rinse Grecian Formula Hair dye stripping Hair highlighting Henna Hydrogen peroxide Blue hair",
"40": "Other Disappearing blonde gene Fischer -- Saller scale Fischer scale Melanocortin 1 receptor Molecules detected in outer space Molecules Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen ( molecular ) Hydroxyl radical Iron ( II ) oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen ( molecular ) Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen ( molecular ) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide Triatomic Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) Hydrogen isocyanide ( HNC ) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c - Silicon dicarbide Silicon",
"41": "naphthalocyanine Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon sulfide Thiocyanic acid Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon - carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate",
"42": "Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Buckminsterfullerene ( C fullerene , buckyball ) C fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra - acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl - cyano - diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n - Propyl cyanide Pyrimidine Deuterated molecules Ammonia Ammonium ion Formaldehyde Formyl radical Heavy water Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen deuteride Hydrogen isocyanide Methylacetylene Trihydrogen cation Unconfirmed Anthracene Dihydroxyacetone Ethyl methyl ether Glycine Graphene H NCO Linear C Naphthalene cation Phosphine Pyrene Silylidine Related Abiogenesis Astrobiology Astrochemistry Atomic and molecular astrophysics Chemical formula Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial liquid water Forbidden mechanism",
"43": "Helium hydride ion Homochirality Intergalactic dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Photodissociation region Iron -- sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound Outer space PAH world hypothesis Panspermia Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) RNA world hypothesis Spectroscopy Tholin Book : Chemistry Category : Astrochemistry Category : Molecules Portal : Astrobiology Portal : Astronomy Portal : Chemistry Oxygen compounds AgO Al O AmO Am O As O As O Au O B O BaO BeO Bi O BiO Bi O BrO Br O Br O CO CO C O CaO CaO CdO CeO Ce O Ce O ClO Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O CoO Co O Co O CrO Cr O Cr O Cr O CsO Cs O CuO D O Dy O Er O Eu O F O F O F O FeO Fe O Fe O Ga O Ga O GeO GeO H O H O H O HfO HgO Hg O Ho O I O I O I O I O In O InO KO K O La O Li O Li O Lu O MgO Mg O MnO MnO Mn O Mn O MoO MoO",
"44": "Mo O NO NO N O N O N O N O NaO Na O Na O NbO NbO Nd O Chemical formulas TRP channel modulators TRPA Activators 4 - Hydroxynonenal 4 - Oxo - 2 - nonenal 4 , 5 - EET 12S - HpETE 15 - Deoxy - Δ - prostaglandin J2 α - Sanshool ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Acrolein Allicin ( garlic ) Allyl isothiocyanate ( mustard , radish , horseradish , wasabi ) AM404 Bradykinin Cannabichromene ( cannabis ) Cannabidiol ( cannabis ) Cannabigerol ( cannabis ) Cinnamaldehyde ( cinnamon ) CR gas ( dibenzoxazepine ; DBO ) CS gas ( 2 - chlorobenzal malononitrile ) Curcumin ( turmeric ) Dehydroligustilide ( celery ) Diallyl disulfide Dicentrine ( Lindera spp . ) Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid Formalin Gingerols ( ginger ) Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Hydrogen peroxide Icilin Isothiocyanate Ligustilide ( celery , Angelica acutiloba ) Linalool ( Sichuan pepper , thyme ) Methylglyoxal Methyl salicylate ( wintergreen ) N - Methylmaleimide Nicotine ( tobacco ) Oleocanthal ( olive oil ) Paclitaxel ( Pacific yew ) Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) PF - 4840154 Phenacyl chloride Polygodial ( Dorrigo pepper ) Shogaols ( ginger ,",
"45": "Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Tear gases Tetrahydrocannabinol ( cannabis ) Thiopropanal S - oxide ( onion ) Umbellulone ( Umbellularia californica ) WIN 55,212 - 2 Blockers Dehydroligustilide ( celery ) Nicotine ( tobacco ) Ruthenium red TRPC Activators Adhyperforin ( St John 's wort ) Diacyl glycerol GSK1702934A Hyperforin ( St John 's wort ) Substance P Blockers DCDPC DHEA - S Flufenamic acid GSK417651A GSK2293017A Meclofenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone Pyr3 Tolfenamic acid TRPM Activators ADP - ribose BCTC Calcium ( intracellular ) Cold Coolact P Cooling Agent 10 CPS - 369 Eucalyptol ( eucalyptus ) Frescolat MGA Frescolat ML Geraniol Hydroxycitronellal Icilin Linalool Menthol ( mint ) PMD 38 Pregnenolone sulfate Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Steviol glycosides ( e.g. , stevioside ) ( Stevia rebaudiana ) Sweet tastants ( e.g. glucose , fructose , sucrose ;",
"46": "indirectly ) Thio - BCTC WS - 3 WS - 12 WS - 23 Blockers Capsazepine Clotrimazole DCDPC Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid Nicotine ( tobacco ) Niflumic acid Ruthenium red Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Tolfenamic acid TPPO TRPML Activators MK6 - 83 PI ( 3 , 5 ) P SF - 22 TRPP Activators Triptolide ( Tripterygium wilfordii ) Blockers Ruthenium red TRPV Activators 2 - APB 5 ' , 6 ' - EET 9 - HODE 9 - oxoODE 12S - HETE 12S - HpETE 13 - HODE 13 - oxoODE 20 - HETE α - Sanshool ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Allicin ( garlic ) AM404 Anandamide Bisandrographolide ( Andrographis paniculata ) Camphor ( camphor laurel , rosemary , camphorweed , African blue basil , camphor basil ) Cannabidiol ( cannabis ) Cannabidivarin ( cannabis ) Capsaicin ( chili pepper ) Carvacrol ( oregano , thyme , pepperwort , wild bergamot , others ) DHEA Diacyl glycerol Dihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Estradiol Eugenol ( basil ,",
"47": "clove ) Evodiamine ( Euodia ruticarpa ) Gingerols ( ginger ) GSK1016790A Heat Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Homocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Homodihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Incensole ( incense ) Lysophosphatidic acid Low pH ( acidic conditions ) Menthol ( mint ) N - Arachidonoyl dopamine N - Oleoyldopamine N - Oleoylethanolamide Nonivamide ( PAVA ) ( PAVA spray ) Nordihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Paclitaxel ( Pacific yew ) Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) Phorbol esters ( e.g. 4α - PDD ) Piperine ( black pepper , long pepper ) Polygodial ( Dorrigo pepper ) Probenecid Protons Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Resiniferatoxin ( RTX ) ( Euphorbia resinifera / pooissonii ) Shogaols ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Tetrahydrocannabivarin ( cannabis ) Thymol ( thyme ,",
"48": "oregano ) Tinyatoxin ( Euphorbia resinifera / pooissonii ) Tramadol Vanillin ( vanilla ) Zucapsaicin Blockers α - Spinasterol ( Vernonia tweediana ) AMG - 517 Asivatrep BCTC Cannabigerol ( cannabis ) Cannabigerolic acid ( cannabis ) Cannabigerovarin ( cannabis ) Cannabinol ( cannabis ) Capsazepine DCDPC DHEA DHEA - S Flufenamic acid GRC - 6211 HC - 067047 Lanthanum Meclofenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid NGD - 8243 Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate RN - 1734 RN - 9893 Ruthenium red SB - 705498 Tolfenamic acid See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Ion channel modulators NDL : 00565090 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&oldid=818527653 '' Categories : Antiseptics Bleaches Disinfectants 1894 introductions Household chemicals Hydrogen compounds Hydrogen peroxide Light - sensitive chemicals Peroxides Otologicals Oxidizing agents Rocket oxidizers Hair coloring Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2013 ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Chembox having GHS data All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al .",
"49": "Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 02 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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legislation regarding data protection and security in uk
|
[
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"Data Protection Act 1998",
"The Data Protection Act 1998"
] |
{
"0": "Data Protection Act 1998 - wikipedia Data Protection Act 1998 Jump to : navigation , search Data Protection Act 1998 Act of Parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals , including the obtaining , holding , use or disclosure of such information . Territorial extent United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Dates Royal assent 16 July 1998 Commencement March 2000 Other legislation Replaces Data Protection Act 1984 Status : Current legislation Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk The Data Protection Act 1998 ( c 29 ) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system . It follows the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 protection , processing and movement of data . Individuals have legal rights to control information about themselves . Most of the Act does not apply to domestic use , for example keeping a personal address book . Anyone holding personal data for other purposes is legally obliged to comply with this Act , subject to some exemptions . The Act defines eight data protection principles to ensure that information is processed lawfully . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Contents 2.1 Scope of protection 2.2 Data protection principles 2.3 Exceptions 2.4 Police and court powers 2.5 Offences 2.6 Complexity 2.7 Definition of personal data 2.8 Subject Access Requests 2.9 Information Commissioner 2.10 EU 's Article 29 Working Party 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 5.1 UK legislation Background ( edit ) The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 . The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to `` positive consent '' such as an opt in box .",
"1": "Exemptions remain for the marketing of `` similar products and services '' to existing customers and enquirers , which can still be given permission on an opt out basis . The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law . Contents ( edit ) Scope of Protection ( edit ) Section 1 defines `` personal data '' as any data that can be used to identify a living individual . Anonymised or aggregated data is less regulated by the Act , providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way . Individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address , telephone number or email address . The Act applies only to data which is held , or intended to be held , on computers ( ' equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose ' ) , or held in a ' relevant filing system ' . In some cases a paper address book can be classified as a ' relevant filing system ' for example diaries used to support commercial activities , such as a salesperson 's diary . The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities , and the Durant case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent . A person who has their data processed has the following rights : under section 7 , to view the data an organisation holds on them for a reasonable fee : the maximum fee is £ 2 for requests to credit reference agencies , £ 50 for health and educational request , and £ 10 per individual otherwise , under section 14 , request that incorrect information be corrected . If the company ignores the request , a court can order the data to be corrected or destroyed , and in some cases compensation can be awarded . under section 10 , require that data is not used in any way that may potentially cause damage or distress . under section 11 , require that their data is not used for direct marketing . Data Protection principles ( edit ) Schedule 1 lists eight `` data protection principles '' . Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and , in particular , shall not be processed unless : at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met , and in the case of sensitive personal data , at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met .",
"2": "Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes , and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes . Personal data shall be adequate , relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed . Personal data shall be accurate and , where necessary , kept up to date . Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes . About the rights of individuals e.g. personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects ( individuals ) . Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of , or damage to , personal data . Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data . Conditions relevant to the first principle Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully . In order for data to be classed as ' fairly processed ' , at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data ( Schedule 2 ) . The data subject ( the person whose data is stored ) has consented ( `` given their permission '' ) to the processing ; Processing is necessary for the performance of , or commencing , a contract ; Processing is required under a legal obligation ( other than one stated in the contract ) ; Processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject ; Processing is necessary to carry out any public functions ; Processing is necessary in order to pursue the legitimate interests of the `` data controller '' or `` third parties '' ( unless it could unjustifiably prejudice the interests of the data subject ) . Consent Except under the below mentioned exceptions , the individual needs to consent to the collection of their personal information and its use in the purpose ( s ) in question . The European Data Protection Directive defines consent as `` ... any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed '' , meaning the individual may signify agreement other than in writing . However , non-communication should not be interpreted as consent .",
"3": "Additionally , consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case . E.g. , if an organisation `` intends to continue to hold or use personal data after the relationship with the individual ends , then the consent should cover this . '' And even when consent is given , it should n't be assumed to last forever . Although in most cases consent lasts for as long as the personal data needs to be processed , individuals may be able to withdraw their consent , depending on the nature of the consent and the circumstances in which the personal information is being collected and used . The Data Protection Act also specifies that sensitive personal data must be processed according to a stricter set of conditions , in particular any consent must be explicit . Exceptions ( edit ) The Act is structured such that all processing of personal data is covered by the act , while providing a number of exceptions in Part IV . Notable exceptions are : Section 28 -- National security . Any processing for the purpose of safeguarding national security is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) , Part III ( notification ) , Part V ( enforcement ) , and Section 55 ( Unlawful obtaining of personal data ) . Section 29 -- Crime and taxation . Data processed for the prevention or detection of crime , the apprehension or prosecution of offenders , or the assessment or collection of taxes are exempt from the first data protection principle . Section 36 -- Domestic purposes . Processing by an individual only for the purposes of that individual 's personal , family or household affairs is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) and Part III ( notification ) . Police and court powers ( edit ) The Act grants or acknowledges various police and court powers . Section 29 -- Consent of the Data Subject is not required when processing Personal Data to prevent or detect crime , apprehend or prosecute offenders , the assessment and collection of taxes and duties and to discharge a statutory function . Section 35 -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings . This includes obeying court orders , other laws and are part of legal proceedings . Offences ( edit ) The Act details a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject .",
"4": "However , ' consent ' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter . Section 21 ( 1 ) makes it an offence to process personal information without registration . Section 21 ( 2 ) makes it an offence to fail to comply with the notification regulations made by the Secretary of State ( proposed by the Information Commissioner under section 25 of the Act ) . Section 55 makes unlawful obtaining of personal data . This section makes it an offence for people ( Other Parties ) , such as hackers and impersonators , outside the organisation to obtain unauthorised access to the personal data . Section 56 makes it a criminal offence to require an individual to make a Subject Access Request relating to cautions or convictions for the purposes of recruitment , continued employment , or the provision of services . This section came into force on 10 March 2015 . Complexity ( edit ) The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity . While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy , interpreting the act is not always simple . Many companies , organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims , content and principles of the Act . Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very basic , publicly available material quoting the Act as a restriction . The Act also impacts on the way in which organisations conduct business in terms of who can be contacted for marketing purposes , not only by telephone and direct mail but also electronically and has led to the development of permission based marketing strategies . Definition of personal data ( edit ) The definition of personal data is data relating to a living individual who can be identified from that data or from that data and other information in the possession of , or is likely to come into the possession of , the data controller Sensitive personal data concerns the subject 's race , ethnicity , politics , religion , trade union status , health , sex life or criminal record . Subject access requests ( edit ) The Information Commissioner 's Office website states : You have the right to get a copy of the information that is held about you . This is known as a subject access request . This right of subject access means that you can make a request under the Data Protection Act to any organisation processing your personal data . The Act calls these organisations ' data controllers ' .",
"5": "You can ask the organisation you think is holding , using or sharing the personal information you want , to supply you with copies of both paper and computer records and related information . Organisations may charge a fee for responding to a subject access request of up to : £ 2 if it is a request to a credit reference agency for information about your financial standing £ 50 for health records that are not available in electronic form or only partially available in electronic form £ 10 in all other circumstances Information Commissioner ( edit ) Main article : Information Commissioner 's Office Compliance with the Act is regulated and enforced by an independent authority , the Information Commissioner 's Office , which maintains guidance relating to the Act . EU 's Article 29 Working Party ( edit ) In January 2017 the Information Commissioner 's Office invited public comments on the EU 's Article 29 Working Party 's proposed changes to data protection law and the anticipated introduction of extensions to the interpretation of the Act , the Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation . See also ( edit ) Data Protection Act , 2012 ( Ghana ) Computer Misuse Act 1990 Data privacy Data Protection Directive ( EU ) Freedom of Information Act 2000 Gaskin v United Kingdom List of UK government data losses Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 General Data Protection Regulation -- a 2016 EU regulation on data protection Smith v Lloyds TSB Bank plc Durant v Financial Services Authority ( 2003 ) EWCA Civ 1746 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exemptions ) , Section 36 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ Jersey : Data Protection In Jersey And Other Offshore Jurisdictions 23 July 2008 Article by Wendy Benjamin , mondaq.com , Jump up ^ `` Data Protection Act 1998 , Basic interpretative provisions '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is personal data ? Information Commissioner updates guidance '' . Pinsent Masons. 30 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . In the case involving Michael Durant he sought information held on him by the Financial Services Authority .",
"6": "The Court of Appeal ruled that just because a document contained his name it was not necessarily defined as personal data . This changed the perception of how wide a definition of personal data could be . Jump up ^ Your rights , ICO , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` The rights of individuals ( Principle 6 ) '' , ICO , accessed 7 December 2016 Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Claiming compensation '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part II ( Rights of data subjects and others ) , Section 10 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part II ( Rights of data subjects and others ) , Section 11 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ The rights of individuals ( Principle 6 ) , ICO.org.uk , accessed 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ OPSI.gov.uk Data Protection Act 1998 Schedule 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Conditions for Processing -- Guide to Data Protection -- ICO '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exceptions -- Crime and taxation ) , Section 29 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exemptions -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings etc . )",
"7": ", Section 35 ^ Jump up to : Data Protection Act 1998 , Part III ( Notification by Data Controllers ) , Section 21 , Office of Public Sector Information ) Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part III ( Notification by Data Controllers ) , Section 25 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part VI ( Miscellaneous and General ) , Section 55 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part VI ( Miscellaneous and General ) , Section 56 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ http://www.lewissilkin.com/Journal/2015/March/Forced-data-subject-access-requests-are-now-a-criminal-offence.aspx Jump up ^ Bainbridge , D: `` Introduction to Computer Law -- Fifth Edition '' , page 430 . Pearson Education Limited , 2005 Jump up ^ Data Protection myths and realities , Information Commissioner 's Office , accessed 30 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Data Protection Act 1998 '' . UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Find out how to request your personal information '' . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide to Data Protection '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Guidance -- The Data Protection Act , Page of Assorted Guidance , Information Commissioner 's Office , accessed 20 October 2007 Jump up ^ `` Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) '' . ico.org.uk. 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Data Protection Act 1998 Information Commissioner 's Office The Department for Constitutional Affairs Council of Europe -- ETS no .",
"8": "108 -- Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data ( 1981 ) -- basis for Data Protection Act 1984 Directive 95 / 46 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data -- basis for Data Protection Act 1998 UK legislation ( edit ) Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.",
"9": "uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Act_1998&oldid=821916514 '' Categories : United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1998 Information privacy Cybercrime Computing legislation United Kingdom privacy law Data laws Data protection Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 10 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does the eurostar train arrives in london
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"0": "Eurostar - Wikipedia Eurostar Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the passenger railway service linking the United Kingdom , France , Belgium and Netherlands . For other uses , see Eurostar ( disambiguation ) . Eurostar Overview Franchise ( s ) Not subject to franchising ; international joint operation 1994 -- 2009 ; international high speed operator 2010 -- present Main stations ( s ) London St Pancras Paris Gare du Nord , Brussels Midi / Zuid Amsterdam Centraal Other stations ( s ) Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Calais - Fréthun Lille - Europe Marne - la - Vallée - Chessy Bourg - Saint - Maurice Aime - la - Plagne Moûtiers Lyon - Part - Dieu Avignon TGV Marseille - Saint - Charles Rotterdam Centraal Fleet size 27 Class 373 / 1 ( e300 ) sets 17 Class 374 Velaro ( e320 ) sets Stations called at 16 Stations operated 0 National Rail abbreviation ES Parent company Eurostar International Limited Website www.eurostar.com Eurostar is a high - speed railway service connecting London with Amsterdam , Avignon , Brussels , Lille , Lyon , Marseille , Paris and Rotterdam . All its trains traverse the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France , owned and operated separately by Getlink . The London terminus is St Pancras International , the other British calling points being Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent . Intermediate calling points in France are Calais - Fréthun and Lille - Europe , with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord . Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi / Zuid station in Brussels . The only intermediate calling point in the Netherlands is Rotterdam Centraal , with trains terminating at Amsterdam Centraal . In addition , there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy , direct services to southern France ( Lyon , Avignon and Marseille ) from May to September ( launched on 1 May 2015 ) , and seasonal direct services to the French Alps in winter ( December to April ) .",
"1": "The service is operated by eighteen - car Class 373 / 1 trains and sixteen - car Class 374 trains which run at up to 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) on a network of high - speed lines . The LGV Nord line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994 , and newer lines enabling faster journeys were added later -- HSL 1 in Belgium and High Speed 1 in southern England . The French and Belgian parts of the network are shared with Paris -- Brussels Thalys services and also with TGV trains . In the United Kingdom the two - stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007 and renamed High Speed 1 , when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International . Eurostar was until 2010 operated jointly by the national railway companies of France and Belgium , SNCF and SNCB / NMBS , and Eurostar ( UK ) Ltd ( EUKL ) , a subsidiary of London and Continental Railways ( LCR ) , which also owned the high - speed infrastructure and stations on the British side . Eurostar has become the dominant operator on the routes that it operates , carrying more passengers than all airlines combined . Other operators have expressed an interest in starting competing services following deregulation in 2010 . On 1 September 2010 , Eurostar was incorporated as a single corporate entity called Eurostar International Limited ( EIL ) , replacing the joint operation between EUKL , SNCF and SNCB / NMBS . EIL is owned by SNCF ( 55 % ) , Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) ( 30 % ) , Hermes Infrastructure ( 10 % ) and NMBS ( 5 % ) . In June 2014 , the UK shareholding in Eurostar International Limited was transferred from London and Continental Railways / Department for Transport to HM Treasury . In October 2014 , it was announced that the UK government planned to raise £ 300 million by selling that stake . In March 2015 , the UK government announced that it would be selling its 40 % share to an Anglo - Canadian consortium made up of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec and Hermes Infrastructure . This sale was completed in May 2015 .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Conception and planning 1.2 Launch of service 1.3 Records achieved 1.4 Regional Eurostar and Nightstar 1.5 Ashford International station 1.6 Rules for cycles on trains 1.7 Wi - Fi and onboard entertainment 2 Mainline routes 2.1 LGV Nord 2.2 Channel Tunnel 2.3 HSL 1 2.4 High Speed 1 3 Services 3.1 Frequency 3.2 Fares 3.3 Service connections 3.4 Controls and security 3.5 Operational performance 3.6 Awards and accolades 3.7 Organisation 3.8 Railteam 4 Fleet 4.1 Fleet details 4.2 Current fleet 4.2. 1 Class 373 4.2. 1.1 Fleet updates 4.2. 2 Class 374 4.3 Past fleet 4.4 Possible use of double - deck trains 5 Accidents , incidents and events 5.1 Minor incidents 5.2 1996 5.3 2000 5.4 2007 5.5 2009 5.6 2010 5.7 2011 6 Possible developments 6.1 Stratford International station 6.2 Regional Eurostar 6.3 High Speed 2 6.4 LGV Picardie 6.5 New destinations 6.5. 1 Operational difficulties with cross-border trains 6.5. 2 French high - speed rail expansion 6.5. 3 Eurostar expansion 6.5. 4 Southern France 6.5. 5 Netherlands 6.6 Competition 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) Conception and planning ( edit ) Main articles : Channel Tunnel , Getlink , and TransManche Link A typical Channel Tunnel cross section . A service tunnel lies in between the twin rail tunnels .",
"3": "The history of Eurostar can be traced to the 1986 choice of a rail tunnel to provide a cross-channel link between Britain and France . A previous attempt at constructing a tunnel between the two nations had begun in 1974 , but was quickly aborted . In 1988 construction began on a new basis . Eurotunnel was created to manage and own the tunnel , which was finished in 1993 , the official opening taking place in May 1994 . In addition to the tunnel 's shuttle trains carrying cars and lorries between Folkestone and Calais , the decision to build a railway tunnel opened up the possibility of through passenger and freight train services between places further afield . British Rail and SNCF contracted with Eurotunnel to use half the tunnel 's capacity for this purpose . In 1987 Britain , France and Belgium set up an International Project Group to specify a train to provide an international high - speed passenger service through the tunnel . France had been operating high - speed TGV services since 1981 , and had begun construction of a new high - speed line between Paris and the Channel Tunnel , LGV Nord ; French TGV technology was chosen as the basis for the new trains . An order for 30 trainsets , to be manufactured in France but with some British and Belgian components , was placed in December 1989 . On 20 June 1993 , the first Eurostar test train travelled through the tunnel to the UK . Various technical difficulties in running the new trains on British tracks were quickly overcome . Launch of service ( edit ) Eurostar logo 1994 -- 2011 On 14 November 1994 , Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London , Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels - South railway station in Brussels . The train service started with a limited Discovery service , the full daily service started from 28 May 1995 . In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average end - to - end speed of 171.5 km / h ( 106.6 mph ) between London and Paris . On 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when Ashford International was opened . On 23 September 2003 passenger services began running on the first completed section of High Speed 1 .",
"4": "Following a high - profile glamorous opening ceremony and a large advertising campaign , on 14 November 2007 Eurostar services in London transferred from Waterloo to the extended and extensively refurbished St Pancras International . Records achieved ( edit ) Eurostar relocated from Waterloo International station to St Pancras International station in 2007 The Channel Tunnel used by Eurostar services holds the record for having the longest undersea section anywhere in the world , and it is the second longest rail tunnel in the world . A Eurostar train set a new British speed record of 334.7 km / h ( 208.0 mph ) on the first section of High Speed 1 on 30 July 2003 , two months before services began running upon the first section of High Speed 1 . On 16 May 2006 Eurostar set a new record for the longest non-stop high - speed journey , a distance of 1,421 kilometres ( 883 mi ) from London to Cannes taking 7 hours 25 minutes . On 4 September 2007 a record - breaking train left Paris Gare du Nord at 10 : 44 ( 09 : 44 BST ) and reached London St Pancras in 2 hours 3 minutes 39 seconds ; carrying journalists and railway workers . The train was the first passenger - carrying arrival at St Pancras International station . On 20 September 2007 , Eurostar broke another record when it completed the journey from Brussels to London in 1 hour , 43 minutes . Regional Eurostar and Nightstar ( edit ) A pair of Eurostar trains at the former Waterloo International Further information : Regional Eurostar and Nightstar ( train ) The original proposals for Eurostar included direct services to Paris and Brussels from cities north of London ( NoL ) : Manchester via Birmingham on the West Coast Main Line and on the East Coast Main Line Leeds and Glasgow via Edinburgh , Newcastle and York . Seven shorter NoL Eurostar trains for these Regional Eurostar services were built , but these services never ran . Predicted journey times of almost nine hours for Glasgow to Paris at the time of growth of low - cost air travel during the 1990s made the plans commercially unviable against the cheaper and quicker airlines . Other reasons that have been suggested for these services having never been run were both government policies and the disruptive privatisation of British Rail .",
"5": "Three of the Regional Eurostar units were leased by Great North Eastern Railway ( GNER ) to increase domestic services from London King 's Cross to York and later Leeds . The leases ended in December 2005 , and most of the NoL sets have since been transferred to SNCF for TGV services in northern France . An international Nightstar sleeper train was also planned ; this would have travelled the same routes as Regional Eurostar , plus the Great Western Main Line to Cardiff . These were also deemed commercially unviable , and the scheme was abandoned with no services ever operated . In 2000 the coaches were sold to Via Rail in Canada . Ashford International station ( edit ) Domestic entrance to Ashford International , since 2007 Main article : Ashford International railway station Ashford International station was the original station for Eurostar services in Kent . Once Ebbsfleet International railway station , also designed to serve the Kent region , had opened , only three trains a day to Paris and one to Disneyland Paris called at Ashford for a considerable amount of time . There were fears that services at Ashford International might be further reduced or withdrawn altogether as Eurostar planned to make Ebbsfleet the new regional hub instead . However , after a period during which no Brussels trains served the station , to the dissatisfaction of the local communities , on 23 February 2009 Eurostar re-introduced a single daily Ashford - Brussels service . Rules for cycles on trains ( edit ) In 2015 Eurostar threatened to require that cyclists dismantle bicycles before they could be transported on trains . Following criticism from Boris Johnson and cycling groups Eurostar reversed the edict . Wi - Fi and onboard entertainment ( edit ) By March 2016 onboard entertainment was provided by GoMedia , including Wi - Fi connectivity and up to 300 hours of movies and television kept on the train 's servers and accessed using the passenger 's own devices : mobile phones , tablets etc . A tracker app allows customers to see where they are .",
"6": "Mainline routes ( edit ) ( hide ) Eurostar services Legend h : mm 0 : 00 London St Pancras 0 : 14 Ebbsfleet International 0 : 29 Ashford International 0 : 31 British portal Channel Tunnel UK France border 0 : 51 French portal 0 : 55 Calais - Fréthun 1 : 22 Lille Europe France Belgium border 2 : 01 Brussels - South Belgium Netherlands border 3 : 01 Rotterdam Centraal 3 : 41 Amsterdam Centraal 2 : 16 Paris - Nord 2 : 40 Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy Seasonal and extended services 4 : 41 Lyon - Part - Dieu 5 : 49 Avignon TGV 6 : 27 Marseille - Saint - Charles 7 : 12 Moûtiers 7 : 30 Aime - La Plagne ( set down only ) 7 : 51 Bourg - Saint - Maurice Fastest timetabled journeys from London St Pancras LGV Nord ( edit ) Main article : LGV Nord Networks of Major High Speed Rail Operators in Europe . Eurostar line network shown in brown . LGV Nord is a French 333 - kilometre ( 207 mi ) - long high - speed rail line that connects Paris to the Belgian border and the Channel Tunnel via Lille . It opened in 1993 . Its extensions to Belgium and towards Paris , as well as connecting to the Channel Tunnel , have made LGV Nord a part of every Eurostar journey undertaken . A Belgian high - speed line , HSL 1 , was added to the end of LGV Nord , at the Belgian border , in 1997 . Of all French high - speed lines , LGV Nord sees the widest variety of high - speed rolling stock and is quite busy ; a proposed cut - off bypassing Lille , which would reduce Eurostar journey times to Paris , is called LGV Picardie .",
"7": "Channel Tunnel ( edit ) Main article : Channel Tunnel The Channel Tunnel is a crucial part of the route as it is the only rail connection between Great Britain and the European mainland . It joins LGV Nord in France with High Speed One in Britain . Tunnelling began in 1988 , and the 50.5 - kilometre ( 31.4 mi ) tunnel was officially opened by British sovereign Queen Elizabeth II and the French President François Mitterrand at a ceremony in Calais on 6 May 1994 . It is owned by Getlink , which charges a significant toll to Eurostar for its use . In 1996 the American Society of Civil Engineers identified the tunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World . Along the current route of the Eurostar service , line speeds are 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) except within the Channel Tunnel , where a reduced speed of 160 kilometres per hour ( 100 mph ) applies for safety reasons . Since the launch of Eurostar services , severe disruptions and cancellations have been caused by fires breaking out within the Channel Tunnel , such as in 1996 , 2006 ( minor ) , 2008 and 2015 . HSL 1 ( edit ) Main article : HSL 1 Eurostar on the HSL 1 by Silly Eurostar passing Tournai on the Belgian classic line Until the opening on 2 June 1996 , of the first phase of the Belgian high speed line , Eurostar trains were routed via the Belgian railway line 94 . The Eurostar routes still use the line as a diversion if engineering works are taking place on HSL1 , depending where it is . The 06 : 13 from London St Pancras to Brussels still uses the line as a diversion to bypass the peak time disruptions on HSL1 due to the extra TGV services from Brussels for the commuters . After 2 June 1996 , some Eurostars to Brussels were routed via the first phase of the Belgian High Speed line and the Belgian railway line 78 via Mons . Although this line is still as a diversion if HSL1 is doing engineering , also depending where the maintiance is taking place .",
"8": "Journey times between London and Brussels were improved when an 88 - kilometre ( 55 mi ) Belgian high - speed line , HSL 1 , opened on 14 December 1997 . It links with LGV Nord on the border with France , allowing Eurostar trains heading to Brussels to make the transition between the two without having to reduce speed . A further four - minute improvement for London -- Brussels trains was achieved in December 2006 with the opening of the 435 - metre ( 1,427 ft ) Brussels South Viaduct . Linking the international platforms of Brussels - South railway station with the high - speed line , the viaduct separates Eurostar ( and Thalys ) from local services . High speed 1 ( edit ) A Eurostar train passing Strood , on approach to the Medway bridge Main article : High Speed 1 High Speed 1 ( HS1 ) , formerly known as the Channel Tunnel Rail Link ( CTRL ) , is a 108 - kilometre ( 67 mi ) high - speed railway line running from London through Kent to the British end of the Channel Tunnel . It was built in two stages . The first section between the tunnel and Fawkham Junction in north Kent opened in September 2003 , cutting London -- Paris journey times by 21 minutes to 2 hours 35 minutes , and London -- Brussels to 2 hours 20 minutes . On 14 November 2007 , commercial services began over the whole of the new HS1 line . The redeveloped St Pancras International station became the new London terminus for all Eurostar services . The completion of High Speed 1 has brought the British part of Eurostar 's route up to the same standards as the French and Belgian high - speed lines . Non-stop journey times were reduced by a further 20 minutes to 2 hours 15 minutes for London -- Paris and 1 hour 51 minutes for London -- Brussels . Services ( edit ) Frequency ( edit ) Eurostar departure information -- Brussels Eurostar offers up to sixteen weekday London -- Paris services ( eighteen on Fridays ) including ten non-stop ( twelve on Fridays ) . There used to be ten London -- Lille and Brussels services , including five running non-stop as far as Lille , but this has now been reduced to seven each way .",
"9": "In addition , there is a return trip from London to Marne - la - Vallée - Chessy for Disneyland Paris which runs at least 4 times a week with increased frequency during school holidays and an up to 5 times a week service to Marseille via Lyon and Avignon . There are also seasonal services in the winter . `` Snow trains '' , aimed at skiers , to Bourg - Saint - Maurice , Aime - la - Plagne and Moûtiers in the Alps ; these run twice - weekly , one overnight and one during the daytime . Intermediate stations are Ebbsfleet International in northwest Kent , Ashford International in southeast Kent , and Calais - Fréthun and Lille - Europe in Nord - Pas - de-Calais . In February 2018 , Eurostar announced the start of its long planned service from London to Amsterdam , with an initial two trains per day from April of that year running between St Pancras and Amsterdam Centraal . This will be a one - way service to begin with , as the facilities for immigration and customs checks are yet to be installed at either Amsterdam or Rotterdam for the Amsterdam to London route . It entered revenue service April 2018 . Since 14 November 2007 , all Eurostar trains have been routed via High Speed 1 to or from the redeveloped London terminus at St Pancras International , which at a cost of £ 800 million was extensively rebuilt and extended to cope with 394 - metre ( 431 yd ) long Eurostar trains . It had originally been intended to retain some Eurostar services at Waterloo International , but this was ruled out on cost grounds . Completion of High Speed 1 has increased the potential number of trains serving London . Separation of Eurostar from British domestic services through Kent meant that timetabling was no longer affected by peak - hour restrictions . Fares ( edit ) Eurostar trains in the renovated train shed at St Pancras International Eurostar 's fares were significantly higher in its early years ; the cheapest fare in 1994 was £ 99 return . In 2002 , Eurostar was planning cheaper fares , an example of which was an offer of £ 50 day returns from London to Paris or Brussels . By March 2003 , the cheapest fare from the UK was £ 59 return , available all year around .",
"10": "In June 2009 it was announced that one - way single fares would be available at £ 31 at the cheapest . Competition between Eurostar and airline services was a large factor in ticket prices being reduced from the initial levels . Business Premier fares also slightly undercut air fares on similar routes , targeted at regular business travellers . In 2009 , Eurostar greatly increased its budget ticket availability to help maintain and grow its dominant market share . The Eurostar ticketing system is very complex , being distributed through no fewer than 48 individual sales systems . Eurostar is a member of the Amadeus CRS distribution system , making its tickets available alongside those of airlines worldwide . First class on Eurostar is called Business Premier ; benefits include guaranteed faster checking - in and meals served at - seat , as well as the improved furnishings and interior of Business Premier carriages . The rebranding is part of Eurostar 's marketing drive to attract more business professionals . Increasingly , business people in a group have been chartering private carriages as opposed to individual seats on the train . Service connections ( edit ) Two Eurostar trains , a Thalys train , and a TGV train side by side at Paris Gare du Nord . Gare de Lille - Europe in France , a common calling point for Eurostar and other TGV services Without the operation of Regional Eurostar services using the North of London trainsets across the rest of Britain , Eurostar has developed its connections with other transport services instead , such as integrating effectively with traditional UK rail operators ' schedules and routes , making it possible for passengers to use Eurostar as a quick connection to further destinations on the continent . All three main terminals used by the Eurostar service -- St Pancras International , Paris Gare du Nord , and Brussels Midi / Zuid -- are served by domestic trains and by local urban transport networks such as the London Underground and the Paris Metro . Standard Eurostar tickets no longer include free onward connections to or from any other station in Belgium : this is now available for a flat - rate supplement , currently £ 5.50 . Eurostar has announced several partnerships with other rail services , most notably Thalys connections at Lille and Brussels for passengers to go beyond current Eurostar routes towards the Netherlands and Germany .",
"11": "In 2002 , Eurostar initiated the Eurostar - Plus program , offering connecting tickets for onward journeys from Lille and Paris to dozens of destinations in France . Through fares are also available from 68 British towns and cities to destinations in France and Belgium . In May 2009 Eurostar announced that a formal connection to Switzerland had been established in a partnership between Eurostar and Lyria , which will operate TGV services from Lille to the Swiss Alps for Eurostar connection . Controls and security ( edit ) Entering the UK in Paris ( left ) and France in London using the Eurostar . Main article : Juxtaposed controls Because the UK is not part of the Schengen Area , and because Belgium and France are not part of the Common Travel Area , all Eurostar passengers must go through border controls . Both the British Government and the Schengen governments concerned ( Belgium and France ) have legal obligations to check the travel documents of those entering their respective countries ( as well as those leaving , in the case of Belgium and France ) . To allow passengers to walk off the train without arrival checks in most cases , juxtaposed controls ordinarily take place at the embarkation station . In order to comply with special UK legislation , there are full security checks similar to those at airports , scanning both bags and people 's pockets . Security checks at Eurostar are comparable to those at a small airport and generally much quicker than at London Heathrow . The recommended check - in time is 30 minutes except for business class where it is 10 minutes . Eurostar passengers travelling inside the Schengen Area ( Brussels -- Lille or Brussels -- Calais ; Lille -- Calais trips are not allowed to be performed by Eurostar ) pass through a separate corridor in Brussels bypassing border checks , and enter the preallocated cars of the train , which is reserved for these passengers . This arrangement was set up after numerous illegal immigrants entered the UK without the right to do so , by buying a ticket from Brussels to Lille or Calais but remaining on the train until London -- an issue exacerbated by Belgian police threatening to arrest UK Border Agency staff at Brussels - Midi if they tried to prevent passengers whom they suspected of attempting to exploit this loophole from boarding Eurostar trains .",
"12": "When the tripartite agreements were signed , the Belgian Government said that it had serious questions about the compatibility of this agreement with the Schengen Convention and the principle of free movement of people enshrined in various European Treaties . On 30 June 2009 Eurostar raised concerns at the UK House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee that it was illegal under French law for the collection of information desired by the UK government under the e-Borders scheme , and they would be unable to cooperate . On the northbound Marne la Vallée - Chessy - London train , the security check and French passport check take place at Marne la Vallée - Chessy , while the UK passport check takes place at the UK arrival stations - this is the only route where passengers are not cleared by UK border officials before crossing the channel . On the northbound Marseille - London train , there is no facility for security or passport checks at the southern French stations , so passengers must leave the train at Lille - Europe , taking all their belongings with them , and undergo security and border checks there before rejoining the train which waits at the station for just over an hour . On several occasions , people have illegally tried to stow away on board the train , sometimes in large groups , trying to enter the UK ; border monitoring and security is therefore extremely tight . Eurostar claims to have good and well - funded security measures . Operational performance ( edit ) A Eurostar pulling into Gare de Lille - Europe Eurostar market share and punctuality . Eurostar 's punctuality has fluctuated from year to year , but usually remains over 90 % ; in the first quarter of 1999 , 89 % of services operated were on time , and in the second quarter it reached 92 % . Eurostar 's best punctuality record was 97.35 % , between 16 and 22 August 2004 . In 2006 , it was 92.7 % , and in 2007 , 91.5 % were on time . In the first quarter of 2009 , 96 % of Eurostar services were punctual compared with rival air routes ' 76 % .",
"13": "An advantage held by Eurostar is the convenience and speed of the service : with shorter check - in times than at most airports and hence quicker boarding and less queueing and high punctuality , it takes less time to travel between central London and central Paris by high - speed rail than it does by air . Eurostar now has a dominant share of the combined rail -- air market on its routes to Paris and Brussels . In 2004 , it had a 66 % share of the London -- Paris market , and a 59 % share of the London -- Brussels market . In 2007 , it achieved record market shares of 71 % for London -- Paris and 65 % for London -- Brussels routes . Eurostar 's passenger numbers initially failed to meet predictions . In 1996 , London and Continental Railways forecast that passenger numbers would reach 21.4 million annually by 2004 , but only 7.3 million was achieved . 82 million passengers used Waterloo International Station from its opening in 1994 to its closure in 2007 . 2008 was a record year for Eurostar , with a 10.3 % rise in passenger use , which was attributed to the use of High Speed 1 and the move to St Pancras . The following year , Eurostar saw an 11.5 % fall in passenger numbers during the first three months of 2009 , attributed to the 2008 Channel Tunnel fire and the 2009 recession . As a result of the poor economic conditions , Eurostar received state aid in May 2009 to cancel out some of the accumulated debt from the High Speed 1 construction programme . Later that year , during snowy conditions in the run - up to Christmas , thousands of passengers were left stranded as several trains broke down and many more were cancelled . In an independent review commissioned by Eurostar , the company came in for serious criticism about its handling of the incident and lack of plans for such a scenario . In 2006 , the Department for Transport predicted that , by 2037 , annual cross-channel passenger numbers would probably reach 16 million , considerably less optimistic than London and Continental Railways 's original 1996 forecast . In 2007 Eurostar set a target of carrying 10 million passengers by 2010 . The company cited several factors to support this objective , such as improved journey times , punctuality and station facilities .",
"14": "Passengers in general , it stated , are becoming increasingly aware of the environmental effects of air travel , and Eurostar services emit much less carbon dioxide . and that its remaining carbon emissions are now offset , making its services carbon neutral . Further expansion of the high - speed rail network in Europe , such as the HSL - Zuid line between Belgium and the Netherlands , continues to bring more destinations within rail - competitive range , giving Eurostar the possibility of opening up new services in future . The following chart presents the estimated number of passengers annually transported by the Eurostar service since 1995 , in millions : Awards and accolades ( edit ) Several Eurostar trains at platforms at Paris Gare du Nord Eurostars at Paris Gare du Nord running late night services Eurostar has been hailed as having set new standards in international rail travel and has won praise several times over , recognising its high standards . Eurostar won the Train Operator of the Year award in the HSBC Rail Awards for 2005 . It was declared the Best Train Company in the joint Guardian / Observer Travel Awards 2008 . Eurostar had previously struggled with its reputation and brand image . One commentator had defined the situation at the time as : In June 2003 , Eurostar was battling to recover from the worst period in its 10 - year history . Negative media coverage combined with poor sales and the general public 's low opinion of the British rail industry , created a major challenge ... Eurostar was finding it difficult to pick itself up from one of the worst periods in its decade - long history . The period post 9 / 11 had sent the business into a downturn . Passenger numbers were drying up due to worries over international travel . Several management changes had led to a pause in strategy . Punctuality had suffered badly because of wider problems with the UK 's rail infrastructure . By 2008 , Eurostar 's environmental credentials had become highly developed and promoted . In 2006 Eurostar 's Environment Group was set up , with the aim of making changes in the Eurostar services ' daily running to decrease the environmental impact , the organisation setting itself a target of reducing carbon emissions per passenger journey by 25 % by 2012 .",
"15": "Drivers are trained in techniques to achieve maximum energy efficiency , and lighting has been minimised ; the provider of the bulk of the energy for the Channel Tunnel has been switched to nuclear power stations in France . This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2014 ) Eurostar 's current target is to reduce emissions by 35 percent per passenger journey by 2012 , putting itself beyond the efforts of other railway companies in this field and thereby winning the 2007 Network Rail Efficiency Award . In the grand opening ceremony of St Pancras International , one of the Eurostar trains was given the name ' Tread Lightly ' , said to symbolise their smaller impact on the environment compared to planes . Organisation ( edit ) Further information : Eurostar International Limited Since 2010 , Eurostar is owned by Eurostar International Limited , a company jointly owned by SNCF ( 55 % ) , Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) ( 30 % ) , Hermes Infrastructure ( 10 % ) and SNCB ( 5 % ) . Railteam ( edit ) Eurostar is a member of Railteam , a marketing alliance formed in July 2007 of seven European high - speed rail operators , including Thalys . The alliance plans to allow tickets to be booked from one end of Europe to the other on a single website . In June 2009 London and Continental Railways , and the Eurostar UK operations they held ownership of , became fully nationalised by the UK government . Fleet ( edit ) Class 373 and Class 374 at London St Pancras Fleet details ( edit ) Class Image Type Top speed Carriages Number Unit Nos .",
"16": "Routes operated Built mph km / h Class 373 Eurostar E300 Locomotive / EMU 186 300 Two Class 373 locomotives with 18 Coaches between them 28 373001 - 373022 373101 - 373108 373201 - 373202 373205 - 373224 373229 - 373232 London -- Paris London -- Brussels London -- Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy London -- Bourg Saint Maurice London - Marseille - Saint - Charles Class 374 Eurostar E320 EMU 200 320 16 17 374001 - 374034 London -- Paris London -- Brussels / Amsterdam Centraal 2011 - In addition to its multiple unit fleet units , Eurostar operates a single Class 08 diesel shunter as the pilot at Temple Mills depot . Current fleet ( edit ) Class 373 ( edit ) Eurostar in Savoie , in the French Alps Three Eurostar trains waiting at St Pancras station Main article : British Rail Class 373 Built between 1992 and 1996 , Eurostar 's fleet consists of 38 EMU trains , designated Class 373 in the United Kingdom and TGV TMST in France . The units have also been branded as the Eurostar e300 by Eurostar since 2015 . There are two variants : 31 `` Inter-Capital '' sets consisting of two power cars and eighteen passenger carriages . These trains are 394 metres ( 1,293 ft ) long and can carry 750 passengers : 206 in first class , 544 in standard class . 7 shorter `` North of London '' sets which have two power cars and fourteen passenger carriages and are 320 metres ( 1,050 ft ) long . These sets have a capacity of 558 seats : 114 first class , 444 standard and which were designed to operate the aborted Regional Eurostar services . The trains are essentially modified TGV sets , and can operate at up to 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) on high - speed lines , and 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) in the Channel Tunnel .",
"17": "It is possible to exceed the 300 - kilometre - per - hour speed limit , but only with special permission from the safety authorities in the respective country . Speed limits in the Channel Tunnel are dictated by air - resistance , energy ( heat ) dissipation and the need to fit in with other , slower trains . The trains were designed with Channel Tunnel safety in mind , and consist of two independent `` half - sets '' each with its own power car . In the event of a serious fire on board while travelling through the tunnel , passengers would be transferred into the undamaged half of the train , which would then be detached and driven out of the tunnel to safety . If the undamaged part were the rear half of the train , this would be driven by the Chef du Train , who is a fully authorised driver and occupies the rear driving cab while the train travels through the tunnel for this purpose . As 27 of the 31 Inter-Capital sets are sufficient to operate the service , four are currently used by SNCF for domestic TGV services ; one of these regularly operates a Paris -- Lille shuttle . The Eurostar logos have been removed from these sets , but the base colours of white , black , and yellow remain . SNCF 's lease of the sets is scheduled to last until 2011 , with an option for a further two years . Each train has a unique four - digit number starting with `` 3 '' ( 3xxx ) . This designates the train as a Mark 3 TGV ( Mark 1 being SNCF TGV Sud - Est ; Mark 2 being SNCF TGV Atlantique ) . The second digit denotes the country of ownership : 30xx UK 31xx Belgium 32xx France 33xx Regional Eurostar Fleet updates ( edit ) Interior of a Leisure Select Eurostar carriage In 2004 -- 2005 the `` Inter-Capital '' sets still in daily use for international services were refurbished with a new interior designed by Philippe Starck . The original grey - yellow scheme in Standard class and grey - red of First / Premium First were replaced with a grey - brown look in Standard and grey - burnt - orange in First class . Power points were added to seats in First class and coaches 5 and 14 in Standard class . Premium First class was renamed BusinessPremier .",
"18": "In 2008 , Eurostar announced that it would be carrying out a mid-life refurbishment of its Class 373 trains to allow the fleet to remain in service beyond 2020 . This will include the 28 units making up the Eurostar fleet , but not the three Class 373 / 1 units used by SNCF or the seven Class 373 / 2 `` North of London '' sets . As part of the refurbishment , the Italian company Pininfarina was contracted to redesign the interiors , and The Yard Creative was selected to design the new buffet cars . On 11 May 2009 Eurostar revealed the new look for its first - class compartments . The first refurbished train was due in service in 2012 , and Eurostar plans to have completed the entire process by 2014 . On 13 November 2014 Eurostar announced the first refurbished trains would not re-enter the fleet until the 3rd or 4th quarter of 2015 due to delays at the completion centre . Class 374 ( edit ) Main article : British Rail Class 374 In addition to the announced mid-life update of the existing Class 373 fleet , Eurostar in 2009 reportedly entered prequalification bids for eight new trainsets to be purchased . Any new trains would need to meet the same safety rules governing passage through the Channel Tunnel as the existing Class 373 fleet . The replacement to the Class 373 trains has been decided jointly between the French Transport Ministry and the UK Department for Transport . The new trains will be equipped to use the new ERTMS in - cab signalling system , due to be fitted to High Speed 1 around 2040 . Class 374 at Gare du Nord in Paris . On 7 October 2010 , it was reported that Eurostar had selected Siemens as preferred bidder to supply 10 Siemens Velaro e320 trainsets at a cost of € 600 million ( and a total investment of more than £ 700 million with the refurbishment of the existing fleet included ) to operate an expanded route network , including services from London to Cologne and Amsterdam . These would be sixteen - car , 400 - metre ( 1,312 ft ) long trainsets built to meet current Channel Tunnel regulations .",
"19": "The top speed will be 320 km / h ( 199 mph ) and they will have 894 -- 950 seats , unlike the current fleet built by the French company Alstom , which has a top speed of 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) and a seating capacity of 750 . Total traction power will be rated at 16 MW . The nomination of Siemens would see it break into the French high - speed market for the first time , as all French and French subsidiary high - speed operators use TGV derivatives produced by Alstom . Alstom attempted legal action to prevent Eurostar from acquiring German - built trains , claiming that the Siemens sets ordered would breach Channel Tunnel safety rules , but this was thrown out of court . Alstom said , after its High Court defeat , that it would `` pursue alternative legal options to uphold its position '' . On 4 November 2010 , the company lodged a complaint with the European Commission over the tendering process , which then asked the British government for `` clarification '' . Alstom then announced it had started legal action against Eurostar , again in the High Court in London . In July 2011 , the High Court rejected Alstom 's claim that the tender process was `` ineffective '' , and in April 2012 Alstom said it would call off pending court actions against Siemens . This effectively freed the way for Siemens to build the new Eurostar trains , the first of which were expected to enter service in late 2015 . On 13 November 2014 Eurostar announced the purchase of an additional seven e320s for delivery in the second half of 2016 . At the same time , Eurostar announced the first five e320s from the original order of ten would be available by December 2015 , with the remaining five entering service by May 2016 . Of the five sets ready by December 2015 , three of them were planned to be used on London - Paris and London - Brussels routes . Past fleet ( edit ) Class Image Type Top speed Number Operated Notes mph km / h Class 37 Diesel locomotive 90 145 12 Intended to operate sleeper services over non-electrified parts of the railway network in Britain .",
"20": "Eurostar retained three locomotives for the rescue of failed trains , route learning and driver training , but sold them to Direct Rail Services when the new Temple Mills Depot opened in November 2007 . Class 73 Electro - diesel locomotive 90 145 Were used primarily to rescue failed trains . Eurostar operated two of these from its North Pole depot until 2007 , when they were loaned to a pair of educational initiatives having become redundant following the move to Temple Mills . Class 92 Electric locomotive 87 140 7 Intended to operate the Nightstar sleeper services . Eurostar owned seven units of this class , which never saw service until they were sold in 2007 to Europorte 2 . Possible use of double - deck trains ( edit ) In 2005 , the chief executive of Eurostar , Richard Brown , suggested that existing Eurostar trains could be replaced by double - deck trains similar to the TGV Duplex units when they are withdrawn from service . According to Brown , a double - deck fleet could carry 40 million passengers per year from Britain to Continental Europe , equivalent to adding an extra runway at a London airport . Accidents , incidents and events ( edit ) A number of technical incidents have affected Eurostar services over the years , but up to the present there has only been one major accident involving a service operated by Eurostar , a derailment in June 2000 . Other incidents in the Channel Tunnel -- such as the 1996 and 2008 Channel Tunnel fires -- have affected Eurostar services but were not directly related to Eurostar 's operations . However , the breakdowns in the tunnel , which resulted in cessation of service and inconvenience to thousands of passengers , in the run - up to Christmas 2009 , proved a public - relations disaster . Minor incidents ( edit ) There have been several minor incidents with a few Eurostar services . In October 1994 there were teething problems relating to the start of operations . The first preview train , carrying 400 members of the press and media , was delayed for two hours by technical problems . On 29 May 2002 a Eurostar train was initially sent down a wrong line -- towards London Victoria railway station instead of London Waterloo -- causing the service to arrive 25 minutes late .",
"21": "A signalling error that led to the incorrect routeing was stated to have caused `` no risk '' as a result . On 11 April 2006 , a house collapsed next to a railway line near London which caused Eurostar services to have to terminate and start from Ashford International instead of London Waterloo . Passengers waiting at Waterloo International were initially directed on to local trains towards Ashford leaving from the adjacent London Waterloo East railway station , until overcrowding occurred at Ashford . Approximately 1000 passengers were trapped in darkness for several hours inside two Eurostar trains on the night of 19 / 20 February 1996 . The trains stopped inside the tunnels due to electronic failures caused by snow and ice . Questions were raised at the time about the ability of the train and tunnel electronics to withstand the mix of snow , salt and ice which collect in the tunnels during periods of extreme cold . 2000 ( edit ) On 5 June 2000 a Eurostar train travelling from Paris to London derailed on the LGV Nord high - speed line while traveling at 290 km / h ( 180 mph ) . Fourteen people were treated for light injuries or shock , with no fatalities or major injuries . The articulated nature of the trainset was credited with maintaining stability during the incident and all of the train stayed upright . The incident was caused by a traction link on the second bogie of the front power car coming loose , leading to components of the transmission system on that bogie impacting the track . 2007 ( edit ) The first departures from St Pancras on 14 November 2007 coincided with an open - ended strike by French rail unions as part of general strike actions over proposed public - sector pension reforms . The trains were operated by uninvolved British employees and service was not interrupted . 2009 ( edit ) On 23 September 2009 an overhead power line dropped on to a Class 373 train arriving at St Pancras station , activating a circuit breaker and delaying eleven other trains . Two days later , on 25 September 2009 , electrical power via the overhead lines was lost on a section of high - speed line outside Lille , delaying passengers on two evening Eurostar - operated services .",
"22": "During the December 2009 European snowfall , four Eurostar trains broke down inside the Channel Tunnel , after leaving France , and one in Kent on 18 December . Although the trains had been winterised , the systems had not coped with the conditions . Over 2,000 passengers were stuck inside failed trains inside the tunnel , and over 75,000 had their services disrupted . All Eurostar services were cancelled from Saturday 19 December to Monday 21 December 2009 . An independent review , published on 12 February 2010 , was critical of the contingency plans in place for assisting passengers stranded by the delays , calling them `` insufficient '' . On 7 January 2010 a Brussels - London train broke down in the Channel Tunnel , resulting in three other trains failing to complete their journeys . The cause of the failure was the onboard signalling system . Due to the severe weather , a limited service was operated in the next few days . On 15 February 2010 , services between Brussels and London were interrupted following the Halle train collision , this time after the dedicated HSL 1 lines in the suburbs of the Belgian capital were blocked by debris from a serious train crash on the suburban commuter lines alongside . No efforts were made to reroute trains around the blockage ; Eurostar instead terminated services to Brussels at Lille , directing passengers to continue their journey on local trains . Brussels services resumed on a limited scale on 22 February . On 21 February 2010 the 21 : 43 service from Paris to London broke down just outside Ashford International , stranding 740 passengers for several hours while a rescue train was called in . On 15 April 2010 air traffic in Western Europe closed because of the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano . Many travellers between the UK and the European mainland instead took the Eurostar train , all tickets between Brussels and London on 15 and 16 April being sold out within 31⁄2 hours after the closure of British airspace . Between 15 and 20 April , Eurostar put on 33 additional trains and carried 165,000 passengers -- 50,000 more than had been scheduled to travel during this period . On 20 December 2010 , the Channel Tunnel was closed off for a day due to snowy weather .",
"23": "Eurostar Trains were suspended that day with thousands of passengers stranded in the run up to Christmas 2011 ( edit ) On 17 October 2011 a man fell at approximately 17 : 40 or 17 : 50 from the 17 : 04 service from London to Brussels as it passed through Westenhanger and Cheriton in Folkestone , near the entry to the Channel Tunnel . The individual was an Albanian who had been refused entry to the United Kingdom and was voluntarily returning to Brussels . The line was handed back at 22 : 09 after being closed for several hours following the incident . The train itself returned north to Ashford International , where passengers were transferred to a Eurostar service operating from Marne - la - Vallée to London , where passengers arrived again at approximately 22 : 30 . Possible developments ( edit ) Stratford International station ( edit ) Eurostar trains do not currently call at Stratford International , originally intended to be the London stop for the regional Eurostars . This was to be reviewed following the 2012 Olympics . However , in 2013 , Eurostar claimed that its ' business would be hit ' by stopping trains there . Regional Eurostar ( edit ) Main article : Regional Eurostar Although the original plan for Regional Eurostar services to destinations north of London was abandoned , the significantly improved journey times available since the opening of High Speed 1 -- which is physically connected to both the East Coast Main Line and the North London Line ( for the West Coast Main Line ) at St Pancras -- and the recently increased maximum speeds on the West Coast Main Line may make potential Regional Eurostar services more commercially viable . This would be even more likely if proposals are adopted for a new high - speed line from London to the north of Britain . Simon Montague , Eurostar 's Director of Communications , commented that : `` ... International services to the regions are only likely once High Speed 2 is built . '' However , as of 2014 the current plans for High Speed 2 do not allow for a direct rail link between that new line , and High Speed 1 , meaning passengers would still be required to change at Euston and take some form of transportation to St Pancras International .",
"24": "Key pieces of infrastructure still belong to LCR via its subsidiary London & Continental Stations and Property , such as the Manchester International Depot , and Eurostar ( UK ) still owns several track access rights and the rights to paths on both the East Coast and West Coast Main Lines . While no announcement has been made of plans to start Regional Eurostar services , it remains a possibility for the future . In the meantime , the closest equivalent to Regional Eurostar services are same - station connections with East Midlands Trains and Thameslink , changing at St Pancras . The recent construction of a new concourse at adjacent King 's Cross Station has improved interchange with St Pancras and provided Virgin Trains East Coast , Great Northern , Hull Trains and Grand Central services with easier connections to Eurostar . High speed 2 ( edit ) Several Eurostar trains in St Pancras International railway station Main article : High Speed 2 Eurostar has already been involved in reviewing and publishing reports into High Speed 2 for the British Government and looks favourably upon such an undertaking . The operation of Regional Eurostar services will not be considered until such time as High Speed 2 has been completed . Alternatively , future loans of the North of London sets to other operators would enable the trains to operate at their full speed , unlike GNER 's previous loan between 2000 and 2005 , where the trains were limited to 175 km / h ( 109 mph ) on regular track . A separate company called High Speed Two ( HS2 ) Ltd has been set up to investigate the feasibility and viability of a new line likely serving a similar route to the West Coast Main Line . LGV Picardie ( edit ) Main article : LGV Picardie LGV Picardie is a proposed high - speed line between Paris and Calais via Amiens . By cutting off the corner of the LGV Nord at Lille , it would enable Eurostar trains to save 20 minutes on the journey between Paris and Calais , bringing the London -- Paris journey time under 2 hours . In 2008 the French Government announced its future investment plans for new LGVs to be built up to 2020 ; LGV Picardie was not included but was listed as planned in the longer term . It has later been confirmed that LGV Picardie is intended to be built between 2020 and 2030 .",
"25": "New destinations ( edit ) Operational difficulties with cross-border trains ( edit ) `` We know we can go to most places in France physically , because our trains are compatible with French infrastructure , but then you 've got to look at impact on fleet utilisation , you 've got to have a station that 's got the spare capacity to have a train stood for a number of hours , for all the security , screening , passport control passes . So it 's not possible to go just anywhere . And you 've got to be able to get the control authorities to agree that there 's a big enough market for it to be worthwhile for them to set up there . '' Richard Brown , Chief Executive of Eurostar . Eurostar trains at Brussels Midi / Zuid The reduced journey times offered by the opening of High Speed 1 and the opening of the LGV Est and HSL - Zuid bring more continental destinations within a range from London where rail is competitive with air travel . By Eurostar 's estimates a train would then take 3 hours 30 minutes from London to Amsterdam . At present Eurostar is concentrating on developing its connections with other services , but direct services to other destinations would be possible . However , the routes that any potential services are likely to take would include infrastructure that Eurostar 's rolling stock has not been built to use -- German railways mostly have 15 kV AC electrification , while the Netherlands uses 1.5 kV DC ( except on HSL Zuid and the Betuweroute ) . To operate on these lines would require new or heavily modified rolling stock designed to operate at these different voltages , in addition to those already in use . Signalling systems also differ . In addition to the infrastructure difficulties , any potential Eurostar services beyond Paris and Brussels would also require the installation of stringent security measures , due to the UK 's not having signed up to the Schengen Agreement , which allows unrestricted movement across borders of member countries . The difficulties that Eurostar faces in expanding its services would also be faced by any potential competitors to Eurostar . As the UK is outside the Schengen Agreement , London - bound trains must use platforms that are physically isolated , a constraint which other international operators such as Thalys do not face .",
"26": "In addition , the British authorities are required to make passenger security and passport checks before they board the train , which might deter domestic passengers . Compounding the difficulties in providing a similar service are the Channel Tunnel safety rules , the major ones being the `` half - train rule '' and the `` length rule '' . The `` half - train rule '' stipulated that passenger trains had to be able to split in the case of emergency . Class 373 trains were designed as two half - sets , which when coupled form a complete train , enabling them to be split easily in the event of an emergency while in the tunnel , with the unaffected set able to be driven out . The half - train rule was finally abolished in May 2010 . However , the `` length rule '' , which states that passenger trains must be at least 375 metres long with a through corridor ( to match the distance between the safety doors in the tunnel ) , was retained , preventing any potential operators from applying to run services with existing fleets ( the majority of both TGV and ICE trains are only 200m long ) . French high - speed rail expansion ( edit ) In October 2009 the President of SNCF , Guillaume Pepy , outlined plans to expand TGV services around Paris as well as for fleet renewal . A plan to connect LGV Nord , the line used by Eurostar into Paris , with La Défense , a large commercial and business centre in the west of Paris , was described as the `` top priority '' . Pepy estimated that the connection ( which would also allow interchange to the proposed Paris -- Rouen -- Le Havre LGV line ) would allow a journey time from central London to La Défense of 2 hr 15 min . Guillaume Pepy defined SNCF 's priorities for the future as : Our dream is to have 12 TGV stations for the 12 million inhabitants of Île de France . Grand Paris would be linked with the European high speed network , to challenge London or Frankfurt . Eurostar expansion ( edit ) At the same time as Pepy 's announcement , Richard Brown announced that Eurostar 's plans for expanding its network potentially included Amsterdam and Rotterdam as destinations , using the HSL Zuid line .",
"27": "This would require either equipment upgrades of the existing fleet , or a new fleet equipped for both ERTMS and the domestic signalling systems used by Nederlandse Spoorwegen . Following the December 2009 opening of HSL Zuid , a London -- Amsterdam journey is estimated to take 4 hr 16 min . In an interview with Eurostar 's Chief Executive Nicolas Petrovic in the Financial Times in May 2012 , an intention for Eurostar to serve ten new destinations was expressed , including Amsterdam , Frankfurt , Cologne , Lyon , Marseille and Geneva , along with a likely second hub to be created in Brussels . In March 2016 in an interview with Bloomberg , Eurostar 's Chief Executive expressed interest in operating a direct train service between London and Bordeaux , but not before 2019 . Journey time was said to be around four and a half hours using the new LGV Sud Europe Atlantique . Southern France ( edit ) In December 2012 Eurostar announced that on Saturdays during May 2013 -- June 2013 a new seasonal service would be introduced to Aix - en - Provence , also serving Lyon Part - Dieu and Avignon TGV on the way ( the latter being 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) from central Avignon ) . This is in addition to the long - standing seasonal summer service on Saturdays during July and August and the first week of September travelling to Avignon Centre . The Aix - en - Provence services did not run in 2014 but was replaced along with the seasonal Avignon Centre services with the new year - round service to Lyon and Marseille as of 1 May 2015 . In 2018 , at least , direct services to Lyon , Avignon and Marseille ran only from May to September , with connections during the rest of the year being offered via Eurostar but requiring a change to SNCF trains in Paris or Lille . Travel time from London to Marseille was roughly 6.5 hours in 2018 . Netherlands ( edit ) The first Eurostar service from London after its arrival at Amsterdam Centraal , 4 April 2018 In September 2013 , Eurostar announced an agreement with the Government of Netherlands and NS , the Dutch railway company to start twice daily services between London and Amsterdam Centraal ; the launch was initially planned for December 2016 .",
"28": "The service will use the newly bought Siemens Velaro trainsets and will also call at Brussels , and Rotterdam . The journey time will be around four hours . Trains will stop in Brussels for half an hour for a security check . Passengers for London from Amsterdam and Rotterdam will undertake all security checks before boarding and will not need to get off in Brussels . The train will also convey passengers from the Netherlands on journeys to Brussels who will not need to pass through security and they will be allocated half the train which will be kept separate from the London - bound passengers by locking the intermediate door . The Brussels - bound half of the train will be security swept on arrival at Brussels before Brussels - to - London passengers can board . The journey from London to Amsterdam Centraal will take 3 hr 41 min and trains will call at Brussels Zuid / Midi and Rotterdam Centraal Station . From Amsterdam Centraal to London St Pancras , trains will take 4 hr 9 min to include the 28 minute stop at Brussels . Eurostar trains from London will also call at Antwerp Centraal and Schiphol Airport , although trains from Amsterdam will miss out Antwerp on the journey back to London . In November 2014 , Eurostar announced the service to Amsterdam would start in `` 2016 - 2017 '' , and would include a stop at Schiphol Airport in addition to the previously announced destinations . Eurostar have indicated that the calling pattern ' is not set in stone ' and if a business case supports it the service might be extended to additional cities such as Utrecht . The service was finally planned to start running on 4 April 2018 , with fare prices starting at £ 35 for a single ticket . An `` inaugural train '' from St Pancras International to Amsterdam via Rotterdam broke a speed record for the journey to Brussels ( 1hr 46mins ) on 20 February 2018 . The first regular service to Amsterdam left St Pancras at 08 : 31 on 4 April 2018 . Competition ( edit ) Further information : High Speed 1 § Future operations In 2010 , international rail travel was liberalised by new European Union directives , designed to break up monopolies in order to encourage competition for services between countries .",
"29": "This sparked interest among other companies in providing services in competition to Eurostar and new services to destinations beyond Paris and Brussels . The only rail carrier to formally propose and secure permission for such a service up to now is Deutsche Bahn , which intends to run services between London and Germany and the Netherlands . The sale of High Speed One by the British Government having effectively nationalised LCR in June 2009 is also likely to stimulate competition on the line . In March 2010 , it was announced that Eurotunnel was in discussions with the Intergovernment Commission , which oversees the tunnel , with the aim of amending elements of the safety code governing the tunnel 's usage . Most saliently , the requirement that trains be able to split within the tunnel and each part of the train be driven out to opposite ends has been removed . However , the proposal to allow shorter trains was not passed . Eurotunnel Chairman & Chief Executive Jacques Gounon said that he hoped the liberalisation of rules would allow entry into the market of competitors such as Deutsche Bahn . Sources at Eurotunnel suggested that Deutsche Bahn could have entered the market at the timetable change in December 2012 . This , however , did not happen . In July 2010 Deutsche Bahn ( DB ) announced that it intended to make a test run with a high - speed ICE - 3MF train through the Channel Tunnel in October 2010 in preparation for possible future operations . The trial ran on 19 October 2010 with a Class 406 ICE train specially liveried with a British `` Union flag '' decal . The train was then put on display for the press at St Pancras International . However , this is not the class of train that would be used for the proposed service . At the St Pancras ceremony , DB revealed that it planned to operate from London to Frankfurt and Amsterdam ( two of the biggest air travel markets in Europe ) , with trains ' splitting & joining ' in Brussels . It hoped to begin these services in 2013 using Class 407 ICE units , with three trains per day each way -- morning , midday and afternoon . Initially the only calling points would be Rotterdam on the way to Amsterdam , and Cologne on the way to Frankfurt . Amsterdam and Cologne would be under four hours from London , Frankfurt around five hours .",
"30": "DB decided to put this on hold mainly due to advance passport check requirements . DB had hoped that immigration checks could be done on board , but British authorities required immigration and security checks to be done at Lille Europe station , taking at least 30 minutes . In August 2010 , Trenitalia announced its desire to eventually run high - speed trains from Italy to the United Kingdom , using its newly ordered high - speed trains . The trains will be delivered from 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://content-static.eurostar.com/documents/UK_timetable.pdf Jump up ^ `` Eurostar confirms plans for senior management changes '' . Breaking Travel News . 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UK government sells Eurostar stake for £ 757.1 m '' . BBC News Online . 4 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Patina Rail LLP will acquire the UK Treasury 's entire share ... consortium is made up of two companies : Canadian - based Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) and the UK 's Hermes Infrastructure ... will own 30 % and 10 % of Eurostar respectively ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the scenes - Eurostar '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Hermes secures Eurostar ownership for pension funds after UK sell - off '' . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Hansard Ministerial Statements for 19 Jun 2014 ( pt 0001 ) '' . UK Parliament . House of Commons . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar rail stake touted for sale by UK government '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Noulton , John ( February 2001 ) . `` The Channel Tunnel '' ( PDF ) . Japan Railway & Transport Review ( 26 ) : 38 -- 45 . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` On this day : 6 May 1994 : President and Queen open Chunnel ( with video clip ) '' . BBC News . 6 May 1994 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our history '' . Eurotunnel .",
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"37": "Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar available alongside airlines on the GDS systems '' ( Press release ) . Eurostar. 5 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar -- Classes of Travel -- Business Premier '' . Rail Europe . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar means Business '' . Eurostar . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Private train carriages ' become more popular ' '' . laterooms.com. 12 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Through fares to the continent with Eurostar '' . National Rail . Archived from the original on 25 May 2009 . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Fender , Keith ( December 2011 ) . `` Eurostar changes Belgian tickets and connections '' . Modern Railways . p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurostar unveils new rail alliance with European high - speed train operators , Thalys and Deutsche Bahn 's ICE '' ( Press release ) . Eurostar. 5 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurostar / Thalys partnership deal '' . International Railway Journal . 1 December 2005 . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . ( via HighBeam archive ) Jump up ^ `` Through - fares from 68 UK towns and cities to continental Europe now available on eurostar.com '' ( Press release ) . Eurostar. 18 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar Connecting to Switzerland '' . holidayhypermarket.co.uk. 28 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Mycroft , Dave ( 29 May 2009 ) . `` New Eurostar Link Up Opens Easier , Cheaper Travel '' . outdoorsmagic.com . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Take the ski train to the Swiss Alps '' . Eurostar .",
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"43": "Jump up ^ Nash , Emily ( 5 September 2007 ) . `` Eurostar sets new Paris - London record '' . The Mirror . London . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wolmar , Christian ( 23 November 2007 ) . `` Who is going to use the new high speed line ? '' . Rail ( 579 ) . Peterborough . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Millward , David ( 27 November 2008 ) . `` Eurostar services could be disrupted by strike in run up to Christmas '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Webster , Ben ( 6 July 2007 ) . `` Trains for high - speed link handed over to the French '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Multi-million facelift for Eurostar '' . BBC News . 27 May 2003 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar invites bidders to undertake major interior refurbishment of fleet '' ( PDF ) . Rail Management . Dunstable , Beds. 8 September 2008 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar to tender for refurbishment '' . RailNews . London . 8 September 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar refurbishment design contract awarded '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 8 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Yard creates ' drastically different ' Eurostar buffet cars '' . Design Week . London . 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar unveils new first class layout '' . Opodo Travel News . 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Smithers , Rebecca ( 9 April 2009 ) . `` Eurostar interiors to get makeover by Italian luxury car designer '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : UK , DVV Media .",
"44": "`` Eurostar orders seven more e320s '' . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar considering larger fleet ? '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 start date for Great Western ERTMS upgrade '' . The National Union of Rail , Maritime & Transport workers ( RMT ) . 9 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 320 km / h train order as Eurostar sets sights on expansion '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 7 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar unveils £ 700m train deal '' . BBC News . 7 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurostar picks Velaro to expand fleet '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon efficient Eurostar fleet going green '' . Silicon Republic . Dublin. 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Siemens weathering economic storm as work begins on new Eurostar '' . International Railway Journal . London . 31 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Siemens Mobility References '' . Siemens . 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` Row breaks out over Eurostar train order '' . Financial Times . London . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( 19 October 2010 ) . `` Alstom heads for court over Eurostar trains '' . Financial Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Alstom fails to block Eurostar contract '' . International Railway Journal . London . 30 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 .",
"45": "Jump up ^ `` Alstom lodges Eurostar complaint in Brussels '' . Financial Times . London . 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Wendlandt , Astrid ( 11 November 2010 ) . `` Alstom says Eurostar tender hearing in Oct 2011 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Milmo , Dan ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` Siemens keeps € 600m Eurostar order after Alstom legal challenge fails '' . The Guardian . London . p. 29 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Topham , Gwyn ( 3 April 2012 ) . `` Alstom drops Eurostar legal action after SNCF orders more trains '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Better by design : Eurostar 's £ 700m facelift '' . railway-technology.com. 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Smithers , Rebecca ; Topham , Gwyn ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Eurostar launches e320 train with space for 900 passengers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar Depot for Stratford '' . railwaypeople.com. 10 December 2004 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar loans a class 73 locomotive for South Wales regeneration initiative '' ( Press release ) . Eurostar. 20 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar teams up with Railschool in East London to create training opportunities for young people '' ( Press release ) . Eurostar. 26 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Development for Europorte 2 : Eurotunnel buys five Class 92 locomotives '' ( Press release ) . Eurotunnel. 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Double decked trains could be replacement for Eurostars '' . Rail Magazine ( 529 ) : 11 . 21 December 2005 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ Sturgess , Trevor ( 22 December 2009 ) . `` Eurostar faces up to bad press after PR disaster '' . Kent Messenger . Maidstone . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TGVweb TGV Accidents article '' . trainweb.org . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Midgley , Simon ( 22 October 1994 ) . `` Channel train 's new breakdown '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Richard ( July 1995 ) . `` Managing British Public Opinion of the Channel Tunnel '' . Technology and Culture . Society for the History of Technology . 36 ( 3 ) : 636 -- 640 . doi : 10.2307 / 3107245 . JSTOR 3107245 . Jump up ^ Clark , Andrew ( 29 May 2002 ) . `` Eurostar sent down wrong track '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rail delays after house caves in '' . BBC News . 11 April 2006 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolmar , Christian ( 22 February 1996 ) . `` Wrong kind of snow in tunnel . '' The Independent . London . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar train derails in France '' . BBC News . 5 June 2000 . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar delayed by power fault '' . BBC News . 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Eleven Eurostar services were delayed when a power line collapsed as a train pulled into St Pancras on Wednesday . Jump up ^ `` Refunds after Eurostar breakdowns '' . BBC News . 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Friday 's 1932 BST service from London St Pancras to Paris and the 1934 BST to Brussels stopped outside Lille , north - east France , at around 2100 BST .",
"47": "Jump up ^ Gammell , Caroline ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` Eurostar launches independent review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar : `` améliorer l'info dans le tunnel '' `` . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Paris . 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Gabbatt , Adam ; agencies ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` Eurostar services suspended for third day as bad weather hits flights '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar handling of snow delays criticised '' . BBC News . 12 February 2010 . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar Independent Review '' . 12 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar disrupted after new breakdown in Channel tunnel '' . The Independent . London . 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar Trains Turn Back From Channel Tunnel After Icing Up '' . Bloomberg . New York . 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stricken Eurostar train towed out of Channel Tunnel '' . Reuters. 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar to Run Limited Service for Three Days Amid Cold Snap '' . Business Week . New York . 7 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar Says Running Restricted Service `` For Few Days '' `` . The Wall Street Journal . New York . Jump up ^ `` Catastrophe de Buizingen : un nouveau rapport critique la SNCB et Infrabel '' . RTBF ( in French ) . Brussels . 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar passengers stranded near Ashford '' . BBC News . 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ `` Eurostar naar Londen vandaag en morgen uitverkocht ! '' . NS Hispeed Twitter ( in Dutch ) . 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` Immigrant prises open Eurostar doors and leaps to his death from 100mph train after being refused entry to the UK '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Richard Ashworth , ... ' The train ground to a halt at about 5.40 pm , ' ... ' back to Ashford ... we then had to wait ... next train ... coming back from Disneyland . ' ... ' got back to London at about 10.30 pm . ' Jump up ^ `` Inquiry after Eurostar train passenger dies '' . The Guardian . London . Press Association . 18 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . 5.04 pm London St Pancras to Brussels service in Cheriton , Kent , on Monday at around 5.50 pm ^ Jump up to : `` Albanian Falls To His Death From Eurostar '' . Sky News . 18 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . about 5.50 pm on Monday. ... `` The man 's body has been recovered to William Harvey Hospital in Ashford , Kent '' he said . `` The train was taken out of service and the line handed back at 10.09 pm . '' Jump up ^ `` Albanian man falls to death from Eurostar train in Kent '' . BBC News . 18 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Police launch probe into Eurostar train death '' . Railnews. 18 October 2011 . incident happened last night at Westenhanger , near Cheriton ... at about 140km / h Jump up ^ Webster , Ben ( 21 April 2006 ) . `` Ghost train station that cost £ 210m '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar ' will not stop ' at Stratford International '' . BBC News .",
"49": "25 May 2010 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Johnson urges Eurostar to start using Olympic Park station '' . 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar welcomes greengauge 21 's call for high speed 2 '' ( Press release ) . Eurostar. 20 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Montague , Simon ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Rail investments that will last for 200 years '' ( Letter to the Editor ) . Yorkshire Post . Leeds . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hs2-plans-revived-to-connect-london-terminus-of-high-speed-two-with-channel-tunnel-rail-link-10382994.html Jump up ^ `` Train Access Rights necessary to operate additional passenger services on the East Coast Main Line '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Rail Regulator. 27 January 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Consultation on capacity study for East Coast Main Line '' ( PDF ) . Railways Archive. 19 December 2005 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Massey , Ray ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` New era for King 's Cross station as futuristic £ 500million concourse is unveiled '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Written committee submission by Eurostar '' ( PDF ) . The Scottish Parliament . 31 October 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About HS2 '' . High Speed Two ( HS2 ) Ltd . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 6 August 2006 ) . `` £ 19bn plan for high - speed rail link '' . thisismoney.co.uk . Retrieved 2 May 2009 .",
"50": "Jump up ^ `` Long - term TGV plans '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 2 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Silvester , Katie ( February 2008 ) . `` Interview with Richard Brown , Chief Executive of Eurostar '' ( PDF ) . Rail Professional . Cambridge . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 25 kV and BB21 to boost Dutch capacity '' . Railway Gazette International . London . Archived from the original on 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The future of Air Transport in the United Kingdom '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Eurostar . June 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Transport in Germany '' ( PDF ) . logisticsplatform.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Power supply '' . hslzuid.nl . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tackling the challenges to standard train control '' . Railway Gazette International . London . May 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Passports & Visas '' . Eurostar . Archived from the original on 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : IGC Unified Safety Rules Consultation 2010 -- Intergovernmental Commission ^ Jump up to : `` SNCF outlines TGV growth strategies '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 13 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar reports signs of recovery , while Brown predicts expansion '' . Rail News . Stevenage. 15 October 2009 .",
"51": "Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mark ( 22 October 2009 ) . `` Can you love train travel ? Yes you can ! '' . The Guardian Travel Blog . London . Jump up ^ Odell , Mark ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Eurostar eyes expansion across Europe '' ( paywall ) . Financial Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar to add new destinations '' . 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/mar/16/eurostar-mulls-direct-trains-london-bordeaux-wine Jump up ^ `` La Route Du Soleil '' . Eurostar. 2012 . Jump up ^ https://loco2.com/destinations/london-lyon-train Jump up ^ https://www.seat61.com/eurostar-to-lyon-avignon-marseille.htm Jump up ^ https://loco2.com/destinations/london-lyon-train#eurostar-tgv-via-paris Jump up ^ https://www.seat61.com/eurostar-to-lyon-avignon-marseille.htm Jump up ^ `` Eurostar confirms launch of London -- Amsterdam services in December 2016 '' . Railway Gazette. 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Keith . `` Eurostar Amsterdam timetable emerges '' . Jump up ^ http://www.seat61.com/news.htm Jump up ^ https://www.ovmagazine.nl/2016/10/antwerpen-mist-aansluiting-naar-londen-1328/ Jump up ^ `` Eurostar plans Easter launch to Amsterdam '' .",
"52": "Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2018/feb/22/eurostar-new-direct-london-amsterdam-service-hit-by-it-glitch Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2018/feb/22/eurostar-new-direct-london-amsterdam-service-hit-by-it-glitch Jump up ^ https://www.railnews.co.uk/news/2018/04/04-eurostar-launches-regular-amsterdam-services.html Jump up ^ `` Liberalization of railway transport : European directives on railway transport and Access to infrastructure '' ( PDF ) . Enrico Mordiglia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 February 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EU agrees to liberalise rail by 2010 '' . EurActiv.com . Brussels . 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Milmo , Dan ( 8 June 2009 ) . `` Eurostar faces rivals for cross-channel route '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Channel Tunnel working group investigates shorter trains '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bahn to run ICE3 to Britain this year '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 29 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Fender , Keith ( December 2010 ) . `` DB unveils plans for London services '' . Modern Railways . London . pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ `` Trenitalia awards contract for 50 high speed trains '' . Railway Gazette International . London . 5 August 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brunhouse , Jay ( 1999 ) . Traveling Europe 's Trains . Pelican Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 854 - X . Comfort , Nicholas ( 2007 ) . The Channel Tunnel and its High Speed Links . Oakwood Press . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 854 - X . Grant , John ( 2008 ) . The green marketing manifesto . John Wiley .",
"53": "ISBN 0 - 470 - 72324 - 6 . Griffiths , Jeanne ( 1995 ) . London to Paris in Ten Minutes : The Eurostar Story . Images . ISBN 1 - 897817 - 47 - 9 . Mitchell , Vic ( 1996 ) . Ashford : From Steam to Eurostar . Middleton Press . ISBN 1 - 873793 - 67 - 7 . Parliament : House of Commons Transport Committee ( 2008 ) . Delivering a Sustainable Railway . The Stationery Office . ISBN 0 - 215 - 52222 - 2 . Penny , Charles ( 1996 ) . Channel Tunnel Transport System . Thomas Telford . ISBN 0 - 7277 - 2515 - 7 . Pielow , Simon ( 1997 ) . Eurostar . Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 2451 - 0 . Piggott , Reginald ; Thompson , Matt ( 2012 ) . Mile by Mile London to Paris : the entire railway journey by historic Golden Arrow and modern Eurostar mapped for the interested traveller . London : Aurum . ISBN 9781845137724 . Roza , Greg ( 2004 ) . The Incredible Story of Trains . Rosen Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 6712 - 3 . Sievert , Terri ( 2002 ) . The World 's Fastest Trains . Capstone Press . ISBN 0 - 7368 - 1061 - 7 . Whiteside , Thomas ( 1962 ) . The Tunnel under the Channel . Rupert Hart - Davis . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83243 - 7 . Wilson , Jeremy ; Spick , Jerome ( 1994 ) . Eurotunnel -- The Illustrated Journey . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255539 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurostar .",
"54": "Official website Train operating companies in the United Kingdom Rail transport in Great Britain Passenger rail franchising in Great Britain ( hide ) Current National Arriva Trains Wales c2c Caledonian Sleeper Chiltern Railways CrossCountry East Midlands Trains Govia Thameslink Railway Grand Central Greater Anglia Great Western Railway Heathrow Connect Heathrow Express Hull Trains London Overground Merseyrail NI Railways Northern ScotRail Southeastern South Western Railway TfL Rail TransPennine Express Virgin Trains ( West Coast ) Virgin Trains East Coast West Midlands Trains International Enterprise Eurostar Sub-brands Gatwick Express Great Northern Island Line London Northwestern Night Riviera Southern Stansted Express Stourbridge Shuttle Thameslink West Midlands Railway Operates on the Irish railway network . Defunct ( since 1994 ) InterCity Anglia Railways East Coast GNER London Midland Midland Mainline National Express East Anglia National Express East Coast Virgin CrossCountry Wrexham & Shropshire Regional Arriva Trains Merseyside Arriva Trains Northern Central Trains First North Western First ScotRail First TransPennine Express Northern Rail ScotRail ( National Express ) Valley Lines Wales & Borders Wales & West Wessex Trains London & South East Connex South Central Connex South Eastern First Capital Connect First Great Eastern First Great Western Link Gatwick Express Island Line London Midland Silverlink South Eastern Trains South West Trains Thameslink Thames Trains WAGN Now a sub-brand of Govia Thameslink Railway Now a sub-brand of South Western Railway including Silverlink County & Silverlink Metro Future Future operators East",
"55": "Coast Trains Prospective operators Go - Op Grand Southern Railway Great North Western Railway Commons Maps Eurostar Stations London St Pancras International Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Calais - Fréthun Lille - Europe Brussels - South Rotterdam Centraal Amsterdam Centraal Paris Gare du Nord Marne la Vallée - Chessy ( Disneyland Paris ) Lyon - Part - Dieu Avignon TGV Marseille - Saint - Charles Winter only Moûtiers - Salins - Brides - les - Bains Aime - La Plagne Bourg - Saint - Maurice Lines High Speed 1 Channel Tunnel LGV Nord HSL 1 HSL - Zuid LGV Interconnexion Est LGV Sud - Est LGV Rhône - Alpes LGV Méditerranée Rolling stock e300 e320 Proposed Stratford International LGV Picardie Other High - speed rail ICE TGV Thalys Rail transport in the United Kingdom Rail transport in France Rail transport in Belgium Rail transport in the Netherlands Train à Grande Vitesse Lines in service LGV Atlantique LGV Bretagne - Pays de la Loire LGV Est LGV Interconnexion Est LGV Méditerranée LGV Nord LGV Rhin - Rhône ( Eastern branch ) LGV Rhône - Alpes LGV Sud - Est LGV Sud Europe Atlantique LGV Perpignan -- Barcelona",
"56": "Line under construction LGV Nîmes -- Montpellier Planned or projected lines LGV Bordeaux -- Spain LGV Bordeaux -- Toulouse LGV Interconnexion Sud LGV Montpellier -- Perpignan LGV Normandie LGV Picardie LGV POCL LGV Poitiers -- Limoges LGV Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur LGV Rhin - Rhône ( Western and Southern branches ) LGV Toulouse -- Narbonne LGV Lyon -- Turin Canceled projects LGV des Titans Rolling stock TGV 2N2 TGV Atlantique TGV Duplex TGV PBKA TGV POS TGV Réseau / PBA TGV Sud - Est TGV TMST International services Artésia Elipsos Eurostar TGV Lyria Thalys Associated high - speed lines High Speed 1 HSL 1 HSL 2 HSL 3 Cologne - Aachen HSL 4 HSL - Zuid Madrid - Barcelona Export trainsets Acela AVE Class 100 KTX - I Other Development of the TGV TGV accidents TGV services TGV stations TGV track construction Transmission Voie - Machine Channel Tunnel Construction TransManche Link LGV Nord High Speed 1 Folkestone Terminal Calais Terminal Corporate Eurostar International Limited Getlink ( Groupe Eurotunnel ) SNCF NMBS / SNCB Passenger services Eurostar",
"57": "Freight services Eurotunnel Shuttle Europorte Channel Trains Eurotunnel Class 0001 Eurotunnel Class 0031 Eurotunnel Class 9 British Rail Class 92 British Rail Class 373 British Rail Class 374 Other Rail transport in France Rail transport in the United Kingdom Channel Tunnel Safety Authority 1996 Channel Tunnel fire 2008 Channel Tunnel fire Cycling in the Channel Tunnel High - speed rail Part of rail transport Technologies Conventional Hovertrain Maglev Vactrain High - speed trains 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) or more Alstom AGV Avelia Liberty AVE Class 100 , 102 , 103 China Railways CRH 2C , 3C , 380A , 380B , 380C , 380D , CR400AF , 400BF ; MTR CRH380A ETR 500 ETR 1000 Eurostar e300 ; e320 ICE 3 KTX - I , II ( Sancheon ) Oaris Shinkansen Series 500 , N700 , E5 , E6 , H5 , L0 AVRIL TGV Sud - Est ( refurbished ) , Atlantique , Réseau , Duplex , POS , 2N2 TCDD HT80000 Thalys PBA , PBKA THSR 700T Transrapid Shanghai Maglev Train Siemens Velaro Bombardier Zefiro 250 -- 299 km / h ( 155 -- 186 mph ) China Railways CRH 1A , 1B , 1E , 2A , 2B , 2E , 5 China Star New Pendolino ICE 1 , 2 RENFE Class 120 , 121 , 130 Sapsan SBB RABe 501 ,",
"58": "RABe 503 Shinkansen Series 200 , 300 , 700 , 800 , E2 , E3 , E7 , W7 TCDD HT65000 TGV Sud - Est ( original ) , La Poste V250 200 -- 249 km / h ( 124 -- 155 mph ) Acela Express ACS - 64 Adelante APT AVE Class 101 / Euromed CRH6A ER200 GMB Class 71 ( Flytoget ) HHP - 8 IC4 InterCity 125 InterCity 225 ICE T , TD ICE 4 ( ICx ) Javelin NSB Class 73 NSB Class 74 Pendolino Railjet Regina Shinkansen series 0 , 100 , 400 , E1 , E4 SBB RABDe 500 , RABDe 502 , RABe 502 , Re 460 SC - 44 SCB - 40 SJ 2000 , SJ X40 Z - TER ( Z 21500 ) Sokol Class 800 , Class 801 , Class 802 Talgo XXI Voyager / Meridian X3 Experimental and prototype high - speed trains ( category ) High - speed railway line List of high - speed railway lines By country planned networks in italics Africa Morocco Asia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Malaysia and Singapore Philippines Saudi Arabia Taiwan Thailand Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Latvia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia South America Argentina Brazil Planned high - speed rail by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurostar&oldid=838264920 '' Categories : Eurostar Articulated passenger trains Channel Tunnel High - speed trains Named passenger trains of the United Kingdom Railteam SNCF Transport in Ashford ,",
"59": "Kent Railway services introduced in 1994 High - speed rail in the United Kingdom High - speed rail in France High - speed rail in Belgium Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with French - language external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from April 2017 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with dead external links from August 2010 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from September 2016 Good articles Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Rail transport articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 ,",
"60": "at 23 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Demographics of British Columbia - wikipedia Demographics of British Columbia Jump to : navigation , search See also : Demographics of Canada Map of British Columbia regional districts with population density . Population of British Columbia ( 2016 ) : 4,648,055 Percentage of National Population : 13.2 % ( unchanged ) Population Growth Rate : 5.6 % Contents ( hide ) 1 Vital statistics 1.1 Population of British Columbia since 1851 2 Age structure 3 Ethnicity 3.1 Indo - Canadians 4 Visible minorities and Aboriginal Peoples 5 Religions 6 Languages 7 See also 8 References Vital statistics ( edit ) Birth rate : 1.2 births per 1,000 ( Canadian average ≈ 11 ) Death rate : 2.3 deaths per 1,000 Infant mortality rate : 4.0 deaths per 1,000 live births Life expectancy at birth : 81.12 years Total fertility rate : 1.4 children born per woman ( Canadian average = 1.61 ) Population of British Columbia since 1851 ( edit ) Population of British Columbia from 1851 to 2011 Year Population Five year % change Ten year % change Rank among provinces 1851 55,000 n / a n / a n / a 1861 51,524 n / a - 6.3 n / a 1871 36,247 n / a - 29.7 7 1881 49,459 n / a 36.4 8 1891 98,173 n / a 98.5 8 1901 178,657 n / a 82.0 6 1911 392,480 n / a 119.7 6 1921 524,582 n / a 33.7 6 1931 694,263 n / a 32.3 6 1941 817,861 n / a 17.8 1951 1,",
"1": "165,210 n / a 42.5 1956 1,398,464 20.0 n / a 1961 1,629,082 16.5 39.8 1966 1,873,674 15.0 34.0 1971 2,184,620 16.6 34.1 1976 2,466,610 12.9 31.6 1981 2,744,467 11.3 25.6 1986 2,883,370 5.1 16.9 1991 3,282,061 13.8 19.6 3,724,500 13.5 29.2 3,907,738 4.9 19.1 2006 4,113,487 5.4 10.4 2011 4,400,057 7.0 12.6 2016 4,648,055 5.6 13.0 Source : Statistics Canada Age structure ( edit ) Males Females Age Group Number Percent Number Percent 0 - 4 105,808 2.4 % 100,116 2.2 % 5 - 9 117,909 2.8 % 111,383 2.6 % 10 - 14 133,809 3.1 % 126,388 3.0 % 15 - 19 143,449 3.4 % 136,227 3.2 % 20 - 24 155,369 3.7 % 147,770 3.5 % 25 - 29 139,521 3.3 % 138,299 3.3 % 30 - 34 144,788 3.4 % 145,869 3.",
"2": "4 % 35 - 39 155,429 3.7 % 158,364 3.7 % 40 - 44 177,381 4.2 % 179,216 4.2 % 45 - 49 172,786 4.1 % 177,082 4.2 % 50 - 54 157,596 3.7 % 159,965 3.8 % 55 - 59 138,096 3.2 % 139,772 3.3 % 60 - 64 101,610 2.4 % 103,764 2.4 % 65 - 69 80,051 1.9 % 82,363 1.9 % 70 - 74 70,060 1.6 % 72,493 1.7 % 75 - 79 54,572 1.3 % 64,344 1.5 % 80 - 84 36,304 0.8 % 53,047 1.2 % 85 + 24,544 0.6 % 48,978 1.1 % Totals 2,109,082 49.6 % 2,145,440 50.4 % Source : BCStats Ethnicity ( edit ) British Columbia has a very diverse ethnic population , with a large number of immigrants having lived in the province for 30 years or less . First - generation immigrants from the British Isles remain a strong component of local society despite limitations on immigration from Britain since the ending of special status for British subjects in the 1960s .",
"3": "Also present in large numbers relative to other cities in Canada ( except Toronto ) , and also present in BC ever since the province was first settled ( unlike Toronto ) , are many European ethnicities of the first and second generation , notably Germans , Ukrainians , Scandinavians , Yugoslavs and Italians ; third - generation Europeans are generally of mixed lineage , and traditionally intermarried with other ethnic groups more than in any other Canadian province . The percentages add to more than 100 % because of dual responses ( e.g. `` French - Canadian '' generates an entry in both the category `` French '' and the category `` Canadian '' ) . In recent decades , the proportion of those of Chinese ethnicity has risen sharply , though still outnumbered by the historically - strong population of those of German ancestry . Visible minorities have become an important factor in ethnic - based politics , though most visible minorities are less numerous than the long - standing non-British European ethnicities making up BC 's `` invisible minorities '' . Further information : Statistics Canada . `` Population by selected ethnic origins , by province and territory ( 2006 Census ) ( British Columbia ) '' Note : The following statistics represent both single ( e.g. , `` German '' ) and multiple ( e.g. , `` part Chinese , part English '' ) responses to the 2006 Census , and thus do not add up to 100 % .",
"4": "Ethnic Origin Population Percent English 1,207,245 29.63 % Scottish 828,145 20.32 % Canadian 720,200 17.67 % Irish 618,120 15.17 % German 561,570 13.78 % Chinese 432,435 10.60 % French 361,215 8.86 % Indian 232,370 5.70 % Ukrainian 197,265 4.84 % Dutch ( Netherlands ) 196,420 4.82 % North American Indian 193,060 4.74 % Italian 143,155 3.51 % Norwegian 129,420 3.18 % Polish 128,360 3.15 % Russian 114,105 2.80 % Welsh 104,275 2.56 % Swedish 104,025 2.55 % Source : Statistics Canada Indo - Canadians ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Canadians in British Columbia Visible minorities and Aboriginal peoples ( edit ) Note : Statistics Canada defines visible minorities as defined in the Employment Equity Act which defines visible minorities as `` persons , other than Aboriginal peoples , who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour '' .",
"5": "Visible minority and Aboriginal population ( Canada 2016 Census ) Population group Population % of total population European 2,908,420 7001638000000000000 ♠ 63.8 % Visible minority group Source : South Asian 365,705 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 % Chinese 508,480 7001112000000000000 ♠ 11.2 % Black 43,500 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 % Filipino 145,025 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 % Latin American 44,115 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 % Arab 19,840 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 % Southeast Asian 54,920 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 % West Asian 48,695 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 % Korean 60,495 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 % Japanese 41,230 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 % Visible minority , n.i.e. 8,760 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 % Multiple visible minority 40,465 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 % Total visible minority population 1,381,235 7001303000000000000 ♠ 30.3 % Aboriginal group Source : First Nations 172,520 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 % Métis 89,405 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 % Inuit 1,610 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 % Aboriginal , n.i.e.",
"6": "2,695 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 % Multiple Aboriginal identity 4,350 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 % Total Aboriginal population 270,585 7000590000000000000 ♠ 5.9 % Total population 4,560,240 100 % Religions ( edit ) Religion in British Columbia in 2001 . Population by religion , Canada and BC ( 2001 Census ) Canada B.C. number % number % Total population 29,639,035 3,868,875 No religious affiliation 4,900,090 17 % 1,388,300 36 % Protestant 8,654,850 29 % 1,213,295 31 % Catholic 12,936,905 44 % 675,320 17 % Christian not included elsewhere 780,450 3 % 200,345 5 % Sikh 278,410 1 % 135,310 3 % Buddhist 300,345 1 % 85,540 2 % Muslim 579,640 2 % 56,220 1 % Christian Orthodox 479,620 2 % 35,655 1 % Hindu 297,200 1 % 31,500 1 % Jewish 329,995 1 % 21,230 1 % Eastern religions 37,550 0 % 9,970 0 % Other religions 63,975 0 % 16,205 0 % Source : Statistics Canada 2001 Census http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo30c.htm Languages ( edit ) Language ( s ) first learned and still understood Total % Male Female English only 2,825,780 73.03 % 1,403,230 1,422,545 French only 54,405 1.",
"7": "41 % 27,340 27,060 Both English and French 6,784 0.18 % 3,360 3,452 Other languages 981,910 25.38 % 470,145 511,765 Source : Statistics Canada 2001 Census See also ( edit ) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Demographics of Canada 's provinces and territories Demographics of Canada List of Canadian provinces and territories by population Demographics of Vancouver Demographics of Abbotsford , British Columbia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BC 's birth rate , teen births lowest in Pacific Northwest -- Sightline Institute Jump up ^ 25_imr. FH10 Jump up ^ http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/DATA/pop/vital/exp0_bc.csv Jump up ^ Northwest 's birth rate , teen births hit record lows -- Sightline Institute Jump up ^ Statistics Canada - Population Jump up ^ http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/data/pop/pop/dynamic/PopulationStatistics/Query.asp?category=Health&type=HA&topic=Estimates&agegrouptype=Standard&subtype=®ion=0&year=2005&agegroup=5-year&gender=a&rowsperpage=50000&output=file Jump up ^ Population by selected ethnic origins , by province and territory ( 2006 Census ) ( British Columbia ) Jump up ^ 2001 Canadian Census Archived 2006 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Community Profiles from the 2006 Census , Statistics Canada - Province / Territory Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Aboriginal Population Profile from the 2006 Census , Statistics Canada - Province / Territory British Columbia portal Demographics of Canada ( by province or territory ) Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Book Category Portal",
"8": "WikiProject People of Canada Ethnic ancestry Canada Canadian Indigenous First Nations Inuit Métis Africa Horn of Africa Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Somali North Africa Arab Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Berber Coptic Southeast Africa Burundian Kenyan Rwandan South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Southern Africa South African Zimbabwean West Africa Cape Verdean Ghanaian Nigerian Igbo Yoruba Americas North America American English North American Mexican Caribbean Barbadian Cuban Guyanese Haitian Jamaican Trinidadian / Tobagonian Latin America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Cuban Peruvian Salvadoran Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central Asia Kazakh Tajik Uzbek East Asia Chinese Tibetan Hong Kong Japanese Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Asia Bangladeshi Indian Anglo - Indian Tamil Nepali Pakistani Romani Sri Lankan Tamil Southeast Asia Cambodian Filipino Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Asia Afghan Arab",
"9": "Iraqi Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Palestinian Saudi Syrian Yemeni Armenian Assyrian Azerbaijani Georgian Iranian Israeli Jewish Kurdish Turkish Europe Central Europe Austrian Czech German Hungarian ( Magyar ) Polish Slovak Slovenian Swiss Eastern Europe Belarusian Russian Tatar Ukrainian Northern Europe Scandinavian Danish Finnish Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Southeast Europe Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Croatian Greek Macedonian Moldovan Montenegrin Romanian Serbian Southern Europe Italian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Basque Western Europe Belgian Flemish - Walloons British Cornish English Manx Scottish Welsh Dutch French Acadians Basque Breton Québécois Irish Luxembourgian Scotch - Irish Oceania Australian Kanaka ( Hawaiian ) New Zealander Demographics Languages Religion Population totals 1666 census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census By province & territory . Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland & Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon By city .",
"10": "Calgary Edmonton Montreal Ottawa Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg Canadian cities by census Culture & society Architecture Art Charter Cinema Citizenship Crime Cuisine Education Folklore Government Health History Identity Immigration Law Literature Media Military Multiculturalism Music Nationalism Politics Poverty Protection of Social programs Sport Symbols Theatre Values List of Canadians By city By province & territory . Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Members of . Canada 's Walk of Fame Fathers of Confederation The Greatest Canadian Historic significance Newsmaker of the Year Order of Canada ( Companions ) Victoria Cross Individuals by . Aboriginals Actors Artists Composers Monarchs Musicians Painters Prime Ministers Net worth Province and city Radio personalities Sports personalities TV personalities Writers Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_British_Columbia&oldid=819536250 '' Categories : Demographics of Canada by province or territory British Columbia society Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 22 : 28 . About Wikipedia",
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what would the free trade agreement of the americas (ftaa) do
|
[
"eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba",
"to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba",
"eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba",
"to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba",
"eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba"
] |
{
"0": "Free trade Area of the Americas - Wikipedia Free trade Area of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search The Free Trade Area of the Americas logo The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ; Spanish : Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas , ALCA ; French : Zone de libre - échange des Amériques , ZLÉA ; Portuguese : Área de Livre Comércio das Américas , ALCA ; Dutch : Vrijhandelszone van Amerika ) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas , excluding Cuba . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginning 1.2 Disagreements 1.3 Current status 2 Membership 3 Support and opposition 4 Agreements 4.1 Previous agreements 4.2 Current agreements 4.3 Proposed agreements 5 Security pacts 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In the latest round of negotiations , trade ministers from 34 countries met in Miami , Florida , in the United States , in November 2003 to discuss the proposal . The proposed agreement was an extension of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) between Canada , Mexico , and the United States . Opposing the proposal were Cuba , Venezuela , Bolivia , Ecuador , Dominica , and Nicaragua ( all of which entered the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas in response ) , and Mercosur member states . Discussions have faltered over similar points as the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization ( WTO ) talks ; developed nations seek expanded trade in services and increased intellectual property rights , while less developed nations seek an end to agricultural subsidies and free trade in agricultural goods . Similar to the WTO talks , Brazil has taken a leadership role among the less developed nations , while the United States has taken a similar role for the developed nations . Beginning ( edit ) Free Trade Area of the Americas began with the Summit of the Americas in Miami , Florida , on December 11 , 1994 , but the FTAA came to public attention during the Quebec City Summit of the Americas , held in Canada in 2001 , a meeting targeted by massive anti-corporatization and anti-globalization protests .",
"1": "The Miami negotiations in 2003 met similar protests , though perhaps not as large . Disagreements ( edit ) In previous negotiations , the United States had pushed for a single comprehensive agreement to reduce trade barriers for goods , while increasing intellectual property protection . Specific intellectual property protections could include Digital Millennium Copyright Act - style copyright protections similar to the U.S. - Australia Free Trade Agreement . Another protection would likely restrict the reimportation or cross-importation of pharmaceuticals , similar to the proposed agreement between the United States and Canada . Brazil proposed a three - track approach that calls for a series of bilateral agreements to reduce specific tariffs on goods , a hemispheric pact on rules of origin , and a dispute resolution process ; Brazil proposed to omit the more controversial issues from the FTAA , leaving them to the WTO . The location of the FTAA Secretariat was to have been determined in 2005 . The contending cities are : Atlanta , Chicago , Galveston , Houston , San Juan , and Miami in the United States ; Cancún and Puebla in Mexico ; Panama City , Panama ; and Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago . The U.S. city of Colorado Springs also submitted its candidacy in the early days but subsequently withdrew . Miami , Panama City and Puebla served successively as interim secretariat headquarters during the negotiation process . The last summit was held at Mar del Plata , Argentina , in November 2005 , but no agreement on FTAA was reached . Of the 34 countries present at the negotiations , 26 pledged to meet again in 2006 to resume negotiations , but no such meeting took place . The failure of the Mar del Plata summit to establish a comprehensive FTAA agenda augured poorly . Current status ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2016 ) The FTAA missed the targeted deadline of 2005 , which followed the stalling of useful negotiations of the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005 . Over the next few years , some governments , most notably the United States , not wanting to lose any chance of hemispheric trade expansion moved in the direction of establishing a series of bilateral trade deals .",
"2": "The leaders however , planned further discussions at the Sixth Summit of the Americas in Cartagena , Colombia , in 2012 . Membership ( edit ) The following countries are in the plans of the Free Trade Area of the Americas : Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Support and opposition ( edit ) A vocal critic of the FTAA was Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez , who has described it as an `` annexation plan '' and a `` tool of imperialism '' for the exploitation of Latin America . As a counterproposal to this initiative , Chávez promoted the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( Alianza Bolivariana para las Américas , ALBA ) , based mostly on the model of the Eurasian Economic Community , which emphasizes energy and infrastructure agreements that are gradually extended to other areas finally to include the total economic , political and military integration of the member states . Evo Morales of Bolivia has referred to the U.S. - backed Free Trade Area of the Americas , as `` an agreement to legalize the colonization of the Americas '' . On the other hand , the then presidents of Brazil , Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , and Argentina , Néstor Kirchner , have stated that they do not oppose the FTAA but they do demand that the agreement provide for the elimination of U.S. agriculture subsidies , the provision of effective access to foreign markets and further consideration towards the needs and sensibilities of its members . One of the most contentious issues of the treaty proposed by the United States is with concerns to patents and copyrights . Critics claim that if the measures proposed by the United States were implemented and applied this would reduce scientific research in Latin America . On the left - wing Council of Canadians web site , Barlow wrote : `` This agreement sets enforceable global rules on patents , copyrights and trademark .",
"3": "It has gone far beyond its initial scope of protecting original inventions or cultural products and now permits the practice of patenting plants and animal forms as well as seeds . It promotes the private rights of corporations over local communities and their genetic heritage and traditional medicines '' . On the weekend of April 20 , 2001 , the 3rd Summit of the Americas was a summit held in Quebec City , Canada . This international meeting was a round of negotiations regarding a proposed FTAA . Agreements ( edit ) There are currently 34 countries in the Western Hemisphere , stretching from Canada to Chile that still have the FTAA as a long term goal . The Implementation of a full multilateral FTAA between all parties could be made possible by enlargement of existing agreements . North America , with the exception of Cuba and Haiti ( which has participated in economic integration with the Caricom since 2002 ) has come close to setting up a subcontinental free trade area . At this point Agreements within the Area of the Americas include : Previous agreements ( edit ) Canada : Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement ( 1988 ; superseded by the NAFTA ) Costa Rica - Dominican Republic ( superseded by DR - CAFTA ) Costa Rica - Trinidad and Tobago ( superseded by a Costa Rica - CARICOM FTA ) .",
"4": "Current agreements ( edit ) Canada , Mexico and United States : North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ; 1994 ) Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Dominican Republic and United States : Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( DR - CAFTA ; 2008 ) Chile , Colombia , Mexico and Peru : Pacific Alliance ( 2012 ) Chile -- United States Free Trade Agreement ( 2004 ) Peru -- United States Trade Promotion Agreement ( 2007 ) United States -- Colombia Free Trade Agreement ( 2011 ) Panama -- United States Trade Promotion Agreement ( 2011 ) Bolivia - Mexico Canada - Chile Canada - Colombia Canada - Costa Rica Canada - Honduras Canada - Panama Canada - Peru Chile - Mexico Chile - Costa Rica Costa Rica - Mexico Costa Rica - CARICOM Mexico - Nicaragua Mexico - Uruguay Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay and Venezuela - Mercosur ( 1991 ) Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru - Andean Community ( 1969 ) Proposed agreements ( edit ) Active negotiations Canada - CARICOM : Canada - Central America ( CA4TA - Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua , Honduras ) Canada - Mexico - Peru - Chile ( among other Pacific nations ) : Trans - Pacific Partnership Negotiations on hold CARICOM - Mercosur : United States - Ecuador : U.S. - Ecuador Free Trade Agreement CARICOM - North American Free Trade Agreement , first discussed in 1993 -- 1994 Security pacts ( edit ) United States - Central America - Mexico ( Mérida Initiative ) United States - CARICOM - Dominican Republic ( Partnership for Prosperity and Security in the Caribbean See also ( edit ) Miami model Pacific Alliance Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty Transatlantic Free Trade Area ( TAFTA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Union of South American Nations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Ministerial Declaration - Miami 2003 '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Candidate Cities for the Permanent Site of the FTAA Secretariat '' .",
"5": "Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` About AFSC American Friends Service Committee '' . Afsc.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Links to FTAA Countries '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America ( ALBA ) '' . Crwflags.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Evo Morales ( 12 / 08 / 03 ) '' . Upsidedownworld.org. 2005 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gill , Nathan . `` April 2008 '' . Southern Affairs . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Council of Canadians : Campaigns : Trade and Investment : Publications : The Free Trade Area of the Americas by Maude Barlow '' . Ratical.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Free Trade Area of Americas ( FTAA ) '' . Actrav.itcilo.org. 1997 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti '' . Caricom.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Maroday , Patricia ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Infographic : The Ultimate Map Of Tax Free Zones In Latin America '' . Mercatrade . Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine .",
"6": "Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived April 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Caricom And Nafta '' . Silvertorch.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil : More Power to Quilombos '' . Brazzilmag.com. 2004 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Joshua ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Bush Excluded by Latin Summit as China , Russia Loom ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) process - official home page Comparing the official agreement and alternative visions The Rise of the New Global Elite - Statements of the former five - term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan Plutonomy and Democracy does not mix - YOUTUBE video by Bill Moyers Chilean and Foreign Policy Chilean and Foreign Policy Mit.edu Harvard.edu Hemisphere Summit Marred by Violent Anti-Bush Protests by Larry Rohter , The New York Times , November 5 , 2005 FTAA Delayed , Not Over . By Eric Farnsworth , Council of the Americas , December 2005 Whither the FTAA ? ( November 10 , 2005 ) , Guyana Chronicle Newspaper Canada , Chile thwart U.S. -- Brazilian plan , The Washington Times ( washtimes.com AP ) Myths of the FTAA , FoodFirst.org Institute for Food and Development Policy Why say no to FTAA , bilaterals.org The Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Threat to Social Programs ,",
"7": "Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice in Canada and the Americas ( hide ) United States free - trade agreements Existing Bilateral Australia Bahrain Chile Colombia Israel Jordan Morocco Oman Panama Peru Singapore South Korea Multilateral Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Proposed Bilateral Ecuador Ghana Indonesia Kenya Kuwait Malaysia Mauritius Mozambique New Zealand Taiwan United Arab Emirates Uruguay Multilateral Middle East Free Trade Area ( MEFTA ) Transatlantic Free Trade Area ( TAFTA ) Trade in Services Agreement ( TISA ) Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( TTIP ) Suspended Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) ( no interest since 2005 ) Southern African Customs Union ( on hold since 2006 ) Thailand ( on hold after 2006 coup ) Qatar ( on hold since 2006 ) Defunct or expired Canada ( became part of North American Free Trade Agreement ) Canada -- United States Automotive Products Agreement Trans - Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) Pan-Americanism History Spanish American wars of independence Latin American wars of independence Latin American integration North American integration Patria Grande Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Lucas Alamán Inter-American Commission of Women Organizations Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ( ACTO ) Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Central American Integration System ( SICA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) Contadora group Contadora support group Latin American Economic System ( SELA ) Latin American Integration Association ( ALADI ) Lima Group ( LG ) Mercosur Organization of American States ( OAS ) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Organization of Ibero - American States ( OEI ) Pacific Alliance Petrocaribe Rio Group Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC ,",
"8": "CEPAL ) Projects Andean passport CARICOM passport CARICOM Single Market and Economy CARIPASS Central America - 4 Border Control Agreement Central America - 4 passport Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America ( IIRSA ) Interoceanic Highway SUCRE Institutions Andean Parliament Bank of the South Caribbean Court of Justice Caribbean Development Bank Central American Parliament Development Bank of Latin America Inter-American Development Bank Latin American Parliament Mercosur Parliament South American Parliament Free trade areas Caribbean Free Trade Association ( CARIFTA ) CARIFORUM Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) Economic Partnership Agreements Free Trade Area of the Americas G3 Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) GND : 5288546 - X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas&oldid=834230892 '' Categories : Free trade agreements of the United States Foreign relations of Argentina Politics of the Americas Trade blocs United States federal trade legislation Proposed free trade agreements Free trade areas Foreign trade of Argentina Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from September 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2017 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 16 : 24 .",
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1,
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0,
7,
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5,
3,
4,
9
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[
1,
6,
2,
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-2845496538467740740
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what is the average depth of the english channel
|
[
"63 m (207 ft)",
"about 120 m (390 ft)",
"63 m (207 ft)",
"120 m (390 ft)"
] |
{
"0": "English Channel - wikipedia English Channel Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the body of water . For the racehorse , see English Channel ( horse ) . `` The Channel '' redirects here . For other uses , see channel ( disambiguation ) . English Channel Location Western Europe ; between the Celtic Sea and North Sea Coordinates Coordinates : 50 ° N 02 ° W / 50 ° N 2 ° W / 50 ; - 2 Part of Atlantic Ocean Primary inflows River Exe , River Seine , River Test , River Tamar , River Somme Basin countries United Kingdom France Guernsey Jersey Max. length 560 km ( 350 mi ) Max . width 240 km ( 150 mi ) Surface area 75,000 km ( 29,000 sq mi ) Average depth 63 m ( 207 ft ) Max . depth 174 m ( 571 ft ) at Hurd 's Deep Salinity 3.4 -- 3.5 % Max . temperature 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) Min . temperature 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) Islands Île de Bréhat , Île de Batz , Chausey , Tatihou , Îles Saint - Marcouf , Isle of Wight , Jersey , Guernsey , Alderney , Sark , Herm Settlements Bournemouth , Brighton , Plymouth , Portsmouth , Calais , Le Havre The English Channel ( French : la Manche , `` the Sleeve '' ; German : Ärmelkanal , `` Sleeve Channel '' ; Breton : Mor Breizh , `` Sea of Brittany '' ; Cornish : Mor Bretannek , `` British Sea '' ) , also called simply the Channel , is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France , and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean . It is about 560 km ( 350 mi ) long and varies in width from 240 km ( 150 mi ) at its widest to 33.3 km ( 20.7 mi ) in the Strait of Dover .",
"1": "It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe , covering an area of some 75,000 km ( 29,000 sq mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Name 2.1 Ancient references 2.2 History and etymology 3 Geological origins ; giant waterfalls and catastrophic floods 4 Human geography 4.1 Route to the British Isles 4.2 Norsemen and Normans 4.3 England and Britain : Naval superpower 4.4 First World War 4.5 Second World War 5 Population 5.1 England 5.2 France 5.3 Channel Islands 6 Shipping 7 Ecology 8 Transport 8.1 Ferry 8.2 Channel Tunnel 9 Economy 9.1 Tourism 10 Culture and languages 11 Channel crossings 11.1 By boat 11.2 By air 11.3 By swimming 11.4 By car 11.5 Other types 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Geography ( edit ) Map of the English Channel The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows : On the west . A line joining Isle Vierge ( 48 ° 38 ′ 23 '' N 4 ° 34 ′ 13 '' W / 48.63972 ° N 4.57028 ° W / 48.63972 ; - 4.57028 ) to Lands End ( 50 ° 04 ′ N 5 ° 43 ′ W / 50.067 ° N 5.717 ° W / 50.067 ; - 5.717 ) . On the east . The southwestern limit of the North Sea . The IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as `` a line joining the Walde Lighthouse ( France , 1 ° 55'E ) and Leathercoat Point ( England , 51 ° 10'N ) '' .",
"2": "The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais ( 50 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 1 ° 55 ′ 00 '' E / 50.98500 ° N 1.91667 ° E / 50.98500 ; 1.91667 ) , and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of St Margaret 's Bay , Kent ( 51 ° 10 ′ 00 '' N 1 ° 24 ′ 00 '' E / 51.16667 ° N 1.40000 ° E / 51.16667 ; 1.40000 ) . The Strait of Dover viewed from France , looking towards England . The white cliffs of Dover on the English coast are visible from France on a clear day . The Strait of Dover ( French : Pas de Calais ) , at the Channel 's eastern end , is its narrowest point , while its widest point lies between Lyme Bay and the Gulf of Saint Malo near its midpoint . It is relatively shallow , with an average depth of about 120 m ( 390 ft ) at its widest part , reducing to a depth of about 45 m ( 148 ft ) between Dover and Calais . Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m ( 85 ft ) in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the watershed of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries . It reaches a maximum depth of 180 m ( 590 ft ) in the submerged valley of Hurd 's Deep , 48 km ( 30 mi ) west - northwest of Guernsey . The eastern region along the French coast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine ( French : Baie de Seine ) . Three French river mouths . Top to bottom : the Somme , the Authie and the Canche There are several major islands in the Channel , the most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast , and the Channel Islands , British Crown dependencies off the coast of France . The coastline , particularly on the French shore , is deeply indented ; several small islands close to the coastline , including Chausey and Mont Saint - Michel , are within French jurisdiction .",
"3": "The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel , whilst on the English side there is a small parallel channel known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland . The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel . The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies the tidal range from less than a metre as observed at sea to more than 6 metres as observed in the Channel Islands , the west coast of the Cotentin Peninsula and the north coast of Britanny . The time difference of about six hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by resonance . For the UK Shipping Forecast the Channel is divided into the following areas , from the west : Plymouth Portland Wight Dover Name ( edit ) Map with French nomenclature Ancient references ( edit ) Mare Britannicum Roman time ; Mare Gallicum Roman time ; `` Sea near Gaul '' Roman time ; Oceanus Gallicus 6th - 7th century ( Isidore of Sevilla ) ; Sūð - sǣ 11th century ( Ælfric ) ; mare anglicum 12th century ( Suger ) ; Gallico mari 12th century ( William of Newburgh ) ; `` arm of the sea south of the country that allows to sail to Gaul '' around 1100 - 1155 ( Geoffrey of Monmouth ) ; `` Beyond the sea '' End 14th century ( Jean Froissart ) ; Oceanus Britannicus in 1477 ( Taddeo Crivelli ) ; Oceanus Britannicus in 1482 ( Nicolaus Germanus ) ; Britannico Oceano in 1482 ( Francesco Berlinghieri ) ; Mare Anglica in 1540 ( Sebastian Münster ) ; Mer Oceane or mare oceanum in the 16th century on various maps ; Britannicus Oceanus et La Grand Mer Occeane in 1570 ; Oceanus Britannicus 16th century ; Mer de France & d'Angleterre in 1587 ; Mare Britannicum 16th century ( Jean Jolivet ) ; British Ocean in 1595 ( John Norden ) ; Channel in 1593 ( Shakespeare ) ; mare normandicum ,",
"4": "ocean de bretaigne , mer de France 16th to 17th century The British or Narrow Sea to the 17th century ; British Sea or the Chanell 17th century ; le Manche ( masculine ) in 1639 ( Nicolas Sanson ) ; la manche d'Angleterre in 1611 ( Cotgrave ) La Mer Britannique , vulgairement la Manche in 1623 ; British Channel in 1745 ( John Renshaw ) ; English Channel 18th century ; History and etymology ( edit ) Throughout the centuries until the 18th , the English Channel did not have any fixed name in English and in French . It was never defined as a political border and the names were more or less descriptive . It was not considered as the property of a nation . Strangely , before the development of the modern nations , British scholars very often referred to it as `` Gaulish '' ( Gallicum in Latin ) and French scholars as `` British '' or `` English '' . The name English Channel has been widely used since the early 18th century , possibly originating from the designation Engelse Kanaal in Dutch sea maps from the 16th century onwards . In modern Dutch , however , it is known as Het Kanaal ( with no reference to the word `` English '' ) . Later , it has also been known as the British Channel or the British Sea having been called the Oceanus Britannicus by the 2nd - century geographer Ptolemy . The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450 , which gives the alternative name of canalites Anglie -- possibly the first recorded use of the Channel designation . The Anglo - Saxon texts often call it Sūð - sǣ ( `` South Sea '' ) as opposed to Norð - sǣ ( `` North Sea '' = Bristol Channel ) . The common word channel was first recorded in Middle English in the 13th century and was borrowed from Old French chanel , variant form of chenel `` canal '' . The French name la Manche has been in use since at least the 17th century . The name is usually said to refer to the Channel 's sleeve ( French : la manche ) shape .",
"5": "Folk etymology has derived it from a Celtic word meaning channel that is also the source of the name for the Minch in Scotland , but this name was never mentioned before the 17th century , and French and British sources of that time are perfectly clear about its etymology . The name in Breton ( Mor Breizh ) means `` Breton Sea '' , and its Cornish name ( Mor Bretannek ) means `` British Sea '' . Geological origins ; giant waterfalls and catastrophic floods ( edit ) The Channel is of geologically recent origins , having been dry land for most of the Pleistocene period . Before the Devensian glaciation ( the most recent ice age that ended around 10,000 years ago ) , Britain and Ireland were part of continental Europe , linked by an unbroken Weald - Artois Anticline , a ridge that acted as a natural dam holding back a large freshwater pro-glacial lake in the Doggerland region , now submerged under the North Sea . During this period the North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered by ice . The lake was fed by meltwater from the Baltic and from the Caledonian and Scandinavian ice sheets that joined to the north , blocking its exit . The sea level was about 120 m ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today . Then , between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago , at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the Weald -- Artois anticline . The first flood would have lasted for several months , releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second . The flood started with large but localized waterfalls over the ridge , which excavated depressions now known as the Fosses Dangeard . The flow eroded the retaining ridge , causing the rock dam to fail and releasing lake water into the Atlantic . After multiple episodes of changing sea level , during which the Fosses Dangeard were largely infilled by various layers of sediment , another catastrophic flood carved a large bedrock - floored valley , the Lobourg Channel , some 500 m wide and 25 m deep , from the southern North Sea basin through the centre of the Straits of Dover and into the English Channel .",
"6": "It left streamlined islands , longitudinal erosional grooves , and other features characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events , still present on the sea floor and now revealed by high - resolution sonar . Through the scoured channel passed a river , which drained the combined Rhine and Thames westwards to the Atlantic . The flooding destroyed the ridge that connected Britain to continental Europe , although a land connection across the southern North Sea would have existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lowering of sea levels . At the end of the last glacial period , rising sea levels finally severed the last land connection . Human geography ( edit ) This precious stone set in the silver sea , Which serves it in the office of a wall Or as a moat defensive to a house , Against the envy of less happier lands . William Shakespeare , Richard II ( Act II , Scene 1 ) The channel , which delayed human reoccupation of Great Britain for more than 100,000 years , has in historic times been both an easy entry for seafaring people and a key natural defence , halting invading armies while in conjunction with control of the North Sea allowing Britain to blockade the continent . The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power , e.g. from the Spanish Armada in 1588 , Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars , and Nazi Germany during World War II . Successful invasions include the Roman conquest of Britain , the Norman Conquest in 1066 and the invasion by the Dutch in 1688 , while the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain 's south coast made possible the largest invasion of all time , the Normandy Landings in 1944 . Channel naval battles include the Battle of the Downs ( 1639 ) , Battle of Goodwin Sands ( 1652 ) , the Battle of Portland ( 1653 ) , the Battle of La Hougue ( 1692 ) and the engagement between USS Kearsarge and CSS Alabama ( 1864 ) . In more peaceful times the Channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures , particularly the huge Angevin Empire from 1135 to 1217 . For nearly a thousand years , the Channel also provided a link between the Modern Celtic regions and languages of Cornwall and Brittany .",
"7": "Brittany was founded by Britons who fled Cornwall and Devon after Anglo - Saxon encroachment . In Brittany , there is a region known as `` Cornouaille '' ( Cornwall ) in French and `` Kernev '' in Breton In ancient times there was also a `` Domnonia '' ( Devon ) in Brittany as well . In February 1684 , ice formed on the sea in a belt 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) wide off the coast of Kent and 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide on the French side . Route to the British Isles ( edit ) The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century around the North Sea . The red area is the distribution of the dialect Old West Norse , the orange area Old East Norse , and the green area the other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility . Remnants of a mesolithic boatyard have been found on the Isle of Wight . Wheat was traded across the Channel about 8,000 years ago . `` ... Sophisticated social networks linked the Neolithic front in southern Europe to the Mesolithic peoples of northern Europe . '' The Ferriby Boats , Hanson Log Boats and the later Dover Bronze Age Boat could carry a substantial cross-Channel cargo . Diodorus Siculus and Pliny both suggest trade between the rebel Celtic tribes of Armorica and Iron Age Britain flourished . In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded , claiming that the Britons had aided the Veneti against him the previous year . He was more successful in 54 BC , but Britain was not fully established as part of the Roman Empire until completion of the invasion by Aulus Plautius in 43 AD . A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman Gaul and those in Britain . This traffic continued until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410 AD , after which the early Anglo - Saxons left less clear historical records . In the power vacuum left by the retreating Romans , the Germanic Angles , Saxons , and Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea . Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans , many people from these tribes crossed during the Migration Period , conquering and perhaps displacing the native Celtic populations .",
"8": "Norsemen and Normans ( edit ) The Hermitage of St Helier lies in the bay off Saint Helier and is accessible on foot at low tide . The attack on Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the Viking Age . For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway , Sweden , and Denmark dominated the North Sea , raiding monasteries , homes , and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland . According to the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle they began to settle in Britain in 851 . They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050 . The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo ( also known as Robert of Normandy ) . Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks Charles the Simple through the Treaty of St. - Claire - sur - Epte . In exchange for his homage and fealty , Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered . The name `` Normandy '' reflects Rollo 's Viking ( i.e. `` Northman '' ) origins . The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo - Romance language and intermarried with the area 's inhabitants and became the Normans -- a Norman French - speaking mixture of Scandinavians , Hiberno - Norse , Orcadians , Anglo - Danish , and indigenous Franks and Gauls . Rollo 's descendant William , Duke of Normandy became king of England in 1066 in the Norman Conquest beginning with the Battle of Hastings , while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants . In 1204 , during the reign of King John , mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under Philip II , while insular Normandy ( the Channel Islands ) remained under English control . In 1259 , Henry III of England recognised the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the Treaty of Paris . His successors , however , often fought to regain control of mainland Normandy . With the rise of William the Conqueror the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of their importance . The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia 's trade south , toward the Mediterranean and the Orient .",
"9": "Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801 , the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands . The Channel Islands ( except for Chausey ) are Crown dependencies of the British Crown . Thus the Loyal toast in the Channel Islands is La Reine , notre Duc ( `` The Queen , our Duke '' ) . The British monarch is understood to not be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein , by virtue of the Treaty of Paris of 1259 , the surrender of French possessions in 1801 , and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs . French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years ' War in 1346 -- 1360 and again in 1415 -- 1450 . England and Britain : naval superpower ( edit ) From the reign of Elizabeth I , English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across the Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports . Her climb to the pre-eminent sea power of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English and the Dutch under command of Charles Howard , 1st Earl of Nottingham with Sir Francis Drake second in command , and the following stormy weather . Over the centuries the Royal Navy slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world . The building of the British Empire was possible only because the Royal Navy eventually managed to exercise unquestioned control over the seas around Europe , especially the Channel and the North Sea . During the Seven Years ' War , France attempted to launch an invasion of Britain . To achieve this France needed to gain control of the Channel for several weeks , but was thwarted following the British naval victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 . Another significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the Napoleonic Wars . The Battle of Trafalgar took place off the coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral Horatio Nelson , ending Napoleon 's plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century .",
"10": "First world War ( edit ) The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockade was recognised by the First Sea Lord Admiral Fisher in the years before World War I. `` Five keys lock up the world ! Singapore , the Cape , Alexandria , Gibraltar , Dover . '' However , on 25 July 1909 Louis Blériot made the first Channel crossing from Calais to Dover in an aeroplane . Blériot 's crossing signalled the end of the Channel as a barrier - moat for England against foreign enemies . Because the Kaiserliche Marine surface fleet could not match the British Grand Fleet , the Germans developed submarine warfare , which was to become a far greater threat to Britain . The Dover Patrol was set up just before the war started to escort cross-Channel troopships and to prevent submarines from sailing in the Channel , obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around Scotland . On land , the German army attempted to capture Channel ports in the Race to the Sea but although the trenches are often said to have stretched `` from the frontier of Switzerland to the English Channel '' , they reached the coast at the North Sea . Much of the British war effort in Flanders was a bloody but successful strategy to prevent the Germans reaching the Channel coast . At the outset of the war , an attempt was made to block the path of U-boats through the Dover Strait with naval minefields . By February 1915 , this had been augmented by a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) stretch of light steel netting called the Dover Barrage , which it was hoped would ensnare submerged submarines . After initial success , the Germans learned how to pass through the barrage , aided by the unreliability of British mines . On 31 January 1917 , the Germans restarted unrestricted submarine warfare leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November , the most dangerous situation Britain faced in either world war . The Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast , though it was the introduction of convoys and not capture of the bases that averted defeat . In April 1918 the Dover Patrol carried out the famous Zeebrugge Raid against the U-boat bases .",
"11": "During 1917 , the Dover Barrage was re-sited with improved mines and more effective nets , aided by regular patrols by small warships equipped with powerful searchlights . A German attack on these vessels resulted in the Battle of Dover Strait in 1917 . A much more ambitious attempt to improve the barrage , by installing eight massive concrete towers across the strait was called the Admiralty M-N Scheme but only two towers were nearing completion at the end of the war and the project was abandoned . The naval blockade in the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918 . Second world War ( edit ) British radar facilities during the Battle of Britain 1940 During the Second World War , naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic . During the Battle of France in May 1940 , the German forces succeeded in capturing both Boulogne and Calais , thereby threatening the line of retreat for the British Expeditionary Force . By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision , the port of Dunkirk was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in Operation Dynamo . More than 11,000 were evacuated from Le Havre during Operation Cycle and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in Operation Ariel in June 1940 . The early stages of the Battle of Britain featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports , and until the Normandy Landings ( with the exception of the Channel Dash ) the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships . Despite these early successes against shipping , the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for Operation Sealion , the projected cross-Channel invasion . The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war , featuring submarines , minesweepers , and Fast Attack Craft . 150 mm Second World War German gun emplacement in Normandy As part of the Atlantic Wall , between 1940 and 1945 the occupying German forces and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications round the coasts of the Channel Islands , such as this observation tower at Les Landes , Jersey . Dieppe was the site of an ill - fated Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces . More successful was the later Operation Overlord ( D - Day ) , a massive invasion of German - occupied France by Allied troops .",
"12": "Caen , Cherbourg , Carentan , Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province , which continued until the closing of the so - called Falaise gap between Chambois and Montormel , then liberation of Le Havre . The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Commonwealth occupied by Germany ( excepting the part of Egypt occupied by the Afrika Korps at the time of the Second Battle of El Alamein , which was a protectorate and not part of the Commonwealth ) . The German occupation of 1940 -- 1945 was harsh , with some island residents being taken for slave labour on the Continent ; native Jews sent to concentration camps ; partisan resistance and retribution ; accusations of collaboration ; and slave labour ( primarily Russians and eastern Europeans ) being brought to the islands to build fortifications . The Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time , particularly following the liberation of mainland Normandy in 1944 . Intense negotiations resulted in some Red Cross humanitarian aid , but there was considerable hunger and privation during the occupation , particularly in the final months , when the population was close to starvation . The German troops on the islands surrendered on 9 May 1945 , a day after the final surrender in mainland Europe . Population ( edit ) The English Channel is far more densely populated on the English shore .",
"13": "The most significant towns and cities along both the English and French sides of the Channel ( each with more than 20,000 inhabitants , ranked in descending order ; populations are the urban area populations from the 1999 French census , 2001 UK census , and 2001 Jersey census ) are as follows : England ( edit ) The Spinnaker Tower , Portsmouth Harbour Brighton -- Worthing -- Littlehampton : 461,181 inhabitants , made up of : Brighton : 155,919 Worthing : 96,964 Hove : 72,335 Littlehampton : 55,716 Lancing -- Sompting : 30,360 Portsmouth : 442,252 , including Gosport : 79,200 Bournemouth & Poole : 383,713 Southampton : 304,400 Plymouth : 258,700 Torbay ( Torquay ) : 129,702 Hastings -- Bexhill : 126,386 Exeter : 119,600 Eastbourne : 106,562 Bognor Regis : 62,141 Folkestone -- Hythe : 60,039 Weymouth : 56,043 Dover : 39,078 Walmer -- Deal : 35,941 Exmouth : 32,972 Falmouth -- Penryn : 28,801 Ryde : 22,806 St Austell : 22,658 Seaford : 21,851 Falmouth : 21,635 Penzance : 20,255 France ( edit ) The walled city of Saint - Malo was a former stronghold of corsairs .",
"14": "Le Havre : 248,547 inhabitants Calais : 104,852 Boulogne - sur - Mer : 92,704 Cherbourg : 42,318 Saint - Brieuc : 45,879 Saint - Malo : 50,675 Lannion -- Perros - Guirec : 48,990 Dieppe : 42,202 Morlaix : 35,996 Dinard : 25,006 Étaples -- Le Touquet - Paris - Plage : 23,994 Fécamp : 22,717 Eu -- Le Tréport : 22,019 Trouville - sur - Mer -- Deauville : 20,406 Channel Islands ( edit ) Saint Helier , Jersey : 28,310 inhabitants Saint Peter Port , Guernsey : 16,488 inhabitants Saint Anne , Alderney : 2,200 inhabitants Sark : 600 inhabitants Herm : 60 inhabitants Shipping ( edit ) Automatic Identification System display showing traffic in the Channel in 2006 The Channel has traffic on both the UK - Europe and North Sea - Atlantic routes , and is the world 's busiest seaway , with over 500 ships per day . Following an accident in January 1971 and a series of disastrous collisions with wreckage in February , the Dover TSS the world 's first radar - controlled Traffic Separation Scheme was set up by the International Maritime Organization . The scheme mandates that vessels travelling north must use the French side , travelling south the English side . There is a separation zone between the two lanes . In December 2002 the MV Tricolor , carrying £ 30m of luxury cars sank 32 km ( 20 mi ) northwest of Dunkirk after collision in fog with the container ship Kariba . The cargo ship Nicola ran into the wreckage the next day . There was no loss of life . The shore - based long range traffic control system was updated in 2003 and there is a series of Traffic Separation Systems in operation . Though the system is inherently incapable of reaching the levels of safety obtained from aviation systems such as the Traffic Collision Avoidance System , it has reduced accidents to one or two per year .",
"15": "Marine GPS systems allow ships to be preprogrammed to follow navigational channels accurately and automatically , further avoiding risk of running aground , but following the fatal collision between Dutch Aquamarine and Ash in October 2001 , Britain 's Marine Accident Investigation Branch ( MAIB ) issued a safety bulletin saying it believed that in these most unusual circumstances GPS use had actually contributed to the collision . The ships were maintaining a very precise automated course , one directly behind the other , rather than making use of the full width of the traffic lanes as a human navigator would . A combination of radar difficulties in monitoring areas near cliffs , a failure of a CCTV system , incorrect operation of the anchor , the inability of the crew to follow standard procedures of using a GPS to provide early warning of the ship dragging the anchor and reluctance to admit the mistake and start the engine led to the MV Willy running aground in Cawsand bay , Cornwall in January 2002 . The MAIB report makes it clear that the harbour controllers were informed of impending disaster by shore observers before the crew were themselves aware . The village of Kingsand was evacuated for three days because of the risk of explosion , and the ship was stranded for 11 days . Ecology ( edit ) As a busy shipping lane , the Channel experiences environmental problems following accidents involving ships with toxic cargo and oil spills . Indeed , over 40 % of the UK incidents threatening pollution occur in or very near the Channel . One of the recent occurrences was the MSC Napoli , which on 18 January 2007 was beached with nearly 1700 tonnes of dangerous cargo in Lyme Bay , a protected World Heritage Site coastline . The ship had been damaged and was en route to Portland Harbour . Transport ( edit ) The beach of Le Havre and a part of the rebuilt city Ferry ( edit ) Main article : Channel Ports The number of ferry routes crossing the Strait of Dover has reduced since the Channel Tunnel opened .",
"16": "Current cross-channel ferry routes are : Dover -- Calais Dover -- Dunkirk Newhaven -- Dieppe Plymouth -- Roscoff Poole -- Cherbourg Poole -- Saint Malo Portsmouth -- Cherbourg Portsmouth -- Jersey and Guernsey Portsmouth -- Le Havre Portsmouth -- Ouistreham Portsmouth -- Saint Malo Rosslare -- Cherbourg Rosslare -- Roscoff Weymouth -- Saint Malo Channel Tunnel ( edit ) Main article : Channel Tunnel Many travellers cross beneath the Channel using the Channel Tunnel , first proposed in the early 19th century and finally opened in 1994 , connecting the UK and France by rail . It is now routine to travel between Paris or Brussels and London on the Eurostar train . Freight trains also use the tunnel . Cars , coaches and lorries are carried on Eurotunnel Shuttle trains between Folkestone and Calais . Economy ( edit ) Tourism ( edit ) The Mont Saint - Michel is one of the most visited and recognisable landmarks on the English Channel . The coastal resorts of the Channel , such as Brighton and Deauville , inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century , which developed into the seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world . Short trips across the Channel for leisure purposes are often referred to as Channel Hopping . Culture and languages ( edit ) Kelham 's Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language ( 1779 ) , defining Law French , a language historically used in English law courts The two dominant cultures are English on the north shore of the Channel , French on the south . However , there are also a number of minority languages that are or were found on the shores and islands of the English Channel , which are listed here , with the Channel 's name following them . Celtic Languages Breton -- `` Mor Breizh '' ( Sea of Brittany ) Cornish -- `` Mor Bretannek '' Irish : Muir nIocht -- `` Merciful Sea '' Germanic languages English Dutch -- `` het Kanaal '' ( the Channel ) Dutch previously had a larger range , and extended into parts of modern - day France . For more information , please see French Flemish .",
"17": "Romance languages French -- `` La Manche '' Gallo -- `` Manche '' , `` Grand - Mè '' , `` Mè Bertone '' Norman , including the Channel Island vernaculars : Anglo - Norman ( extinct , but fossilised in certain English law phrases ) Auregnais ( extinct ) Cotentinais -- `` Maunche '' Guernesiais -- `` Ch'nal '' Jèrriais -- `` Ch'na '' Sercquais Picard Most other languages tend towards variants of the French and English forms , but notably Welsh has `` Môr Udd '' . Channel crossings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As one of the narrowest and most well - known international waterways lacking dangerous currents , the Channel has been the first objective of numerous innovative sea , air , and human powered crossing technologies . Pre-historic people sailed from the mainland to England for millennia . At the end of the last Ice Age , lower sea levels even permitted walking across . By Boat ( edit ) Date Crossing Participant ( s ) Notes March 1816 the French paddle steamer Élise ( ex Scottish - built Margery or Margory ) was the first steamer to cross the Channel . 9 May 1816 Paddle steamer Defiance , Captain William Wager , was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland 10 June 1821 Paddle steamer Rob Roy , first passenger ferry to cross channel The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV .",
"18": "June 1843 First ferry connection through Folkestone - Boulogne Commanding officer Captain Hayward 25 July 1959 Hovercraft crossing ( Calais to Dover , 2 hours 3 minutes ) SR - N1 Sir Christopher Cockerell was on board 22 August 1972 First solo hovercraft crossing ( same route as SR - N1 ; 2 hours 20 minutes ) Nigel Beale ( UK ) Coracle ( 13 and a half hours ) Bernard Thomas ( UK ) As part of a publicity stunt , the journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from Welsh coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century . 14 September 1995 Fastest crossing by hovercraft , 22 minutes by `` Princess Anne '' MCH SR - N4 MkIII Craft was designed as a ferry First vessel to complete a solar - powered crossing using photovoltaic cells SB Collinda -- 14 June 2004 New record time for crossing in amphibious vehicle ( the Gibbs Aquada , three - seater open - top sports car ) Richard Branson ( UK ) Completed crossing in 1 hour 40 minutes 6 seconds -- previous record was 6 hours . 26 July 2006 New record time for crossing in hydrofoil car ( the Rinspeed Splash , two - seater open - top sports car ) Frank M. Rinderknecht ( Switzerland ) Completed crossing in 3 hours 14 minutes 25 September 2006 First crossing on a towed inflatable object ( not a powered inflatable boat ) Stephen Preston ( UK ) Completed crossing in 180 min July 2007 BBC Top Gear presenters `` drive '' to France in amphibious cars Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , James May ( UK ) Completed the crossing in a 1996 Nissan D21 pick - up ( the `` Nissank '' ) , fitted with a Honda outboard engine . 1960 's First crossing by water ski . An annual Cross Channel Ski Race was run from the Varne Boat Club from the 1960s onwards .",
"19": "The race was from the Varne club in Greatstone on Sea to Cap Gris Nez / Boulogne ( latter years ) and back . Many waterskiers have made this return crossing non stop since this time . Youngest known waterskier to cross the Channel was John Clements aged 10 , from the Varne Boat Club on 22 August 1974 who made the crossing from Littlestone to Boulogne and back without falling . 20 August 2011 First Crossing by Sea Scooters A four - man relay team from Scarborough , North Yorkshire , headed by Heath Samples , crossed from Shakespeare Beach to Wissant . It took 12 hours 26 minutes 39 seconds and set a new Guinness World Record . Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the Élise , ex the Scottish p.s. `` Margery '' in March 1816 , one of the earliest seagoing voyages by steam ship . The paddle steamer Defiance , Captain William Wager , was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland , arriving there on 9 May 1816 . On 10 June 1821 , English - built paddle steamer Rob Roy was the first passenger ferry to cross channel . The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV and put into regular passenger service a year later . It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours . In June 1843 , because of difficulties with Dover harbour , the South Eastern Railway company developed the Boulogne - sur - Mer - Folkestone route as an alternative to Calais - Dover . The first ferry crossed under the command of Captain Hayward . In 1974 a Welsh coracle piloted by Bernard Thomas of Llechryd crossed the English Channel to France in 131⁄2 hours . The journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century . The Mountbatten class hovercraft ( MCH ) entered commercial service in August 1968 , initially between Dover and Boulogne but later also Ramsgate ( Pegwell Bay ) to Calais . The journey time Dover to Boulogne was roughly 35 minutes , with six trips per day at peak times .",
"20": "The fastest crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car - carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes , recorded by the Princess Anne MCH SR - N4 Mk3 on 14 September 1995 , By air ( edit ) Main article : List of English Channel crossings by air The first aircraft to cross the Channel was a balloon in 1785 , piloted by Jean Pierre François Blanchard ( France ) and John Jeffries ( US ) . Louis Blériot ( France ) piloted the first airplane to cross in 1909 . By Swimming ( edit ) Main article : List of successful English Channel swimmers The sport of Channel swimming traces its origins to the latter part of the 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover , swimming from England to France on 24 -- 25 August 1875 in 21 hours 45 minutes . In 1927 , at a time when fewer than ten swimmers ( including the first woman , Gertrude Ederle in 1926 ) had managed to emulate the feat and many dubious claims were being made , the Channel Swimming Association ( CSA ) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers ' claims to have swum the Channel and to verify crossing times . The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and was succeeded by two separate organisations : CSA ( Ltd ) and the Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation ( CSPF ) . Both observe and authenticate cross-Channel swims in the Strait of Dover . The Channel Crossing Association was set up at about this time to cater for unorthodox crossings . The team with the most number of Channel swims to its credit is the Serpentine Swimming Club in London , followed by the International Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team . By the end of 2005 , 811 people had completed 1,185 verified crossings under the rules of the CSA , the CSA ( Ltd ) , the CSPF and Butlins . The number of swims conducted under and ratified by the Channel Swimming Association to 2005 was 982 by 665 people . This includes 24 two - way crossings and three three - way crossings . The number of ratified swims to 2004 was 948 by 675 people ( 456 men , 214 women ) .",
"21": "There have been 16 two - way crossings ( 9 by men and 7 by women ) . There have been three three - way crossings ( 2 by men and 1 by a woman ) . ( It is unclear whether this last set of data is comprehensive or CSA only . ) The Strait of Dover is the busiest stretch of water in the world . It is governed by International Law as described in Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme . It states : `` ( In ) exceptional cases the French Maritime Authorities may grant authority for unorthodox craft to cross French territorial waters within the Traffic Separation Scheme when these craft set off from the British coast , on condition that the request for authorisation is sent to them with the opinion of the British Maritime Authorities . '' The CCA , CSA , and CS&PF are the organisations escorting channel swims , because their pilots have the experience , qualifications , and equipment to guarantee the safety of the swimmers they escort . The fastest verified swim of the Channel was by the Australian Trent Grimsey on 8 September 2012 , in 6 hours 55 minutes , beating the previous record set in 2007 by Bulgarian swimmer Petar Stoychev . There may have been some unreported swims of the Channel , by people intent on entering Britain in circumvention of immigration controls . A failed attempt to cross the Channel by two Syrian refugees in October 2014 only came to light when their bodies were later discovered on the shores of the North Sea in Norway and the Netherlands . By car ( edit ) On 16 September 1965 , two Amphicars crossed from Dover to Calais . Other types ( edit ) Date Crossing Participant ( s ) Notes 27 March 1899 First radio transmission across the Channel ( from Wimereux to South Foreland Lighthouse ) Guglielmo Marconi ( Italy ) See also ( edit ) Anguilla Channel Booze cruise Guadeloupe Passage List of firsts in aviation Phoenix breakwaters List of successful English Channel swimmers References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` English Channel '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` English Channel . '' Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 .",
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"26": "6 ) SHOREHAM TOWERS -- One of the Admiralty 's greatest engineering secrets , Reproduced from Engineering & Technology IET Magazine May 2009 Jump up ^ `` His Imperial German Majesty 's U-boats in WWI : 6 . Finale '' . uboat.net . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Cycle , the evacuation from Havre , 10 - 13 June 1940 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Operation Aerial , the evacuation from north western France , 15 -- 25 June 1940 . Historyofwar.org . Retrieved on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fact File : Battle of Britain '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Campaigns of World War II , Naval History Homepage . `` Atlantic , WW2 , U-boats , convoys , OA , OB , SL , HX , HG , Halifax , RCN ... '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Dover Strait , navigation rules '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of CNIS '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dover Strait TSS '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Marine Guide -- English Channel '' . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Chartlets published by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency Jump up ^ `` Safety Bulletin 2 '' ( PDF ) . Marine Accident Investigation Branch. 2001 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the Investigation of the grounding of MV Willy '' ( PDF ) . Marine Accident Investigation Branch . October 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Picture gallery : Cornwall 's stranded tanker '' . London : BBC . 5 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ `` Salvage team hunts for leak '' . London : BBC . 6 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stranded tanker safe in port '' . London : BBC . 14 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tanker wreck starts leaking oil '' . London : BBC . 1 February 2006 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Survey of Reported Discharges '' ( PDF ) . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2006 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MSC Napoli Ship Disasters '' . www.ship-disasters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Auffray , Régis ( 2007 ) . Le Petit Matao . Rue des Scribes . ISBN 2906064645 . Jump up ^ `` The Doggerland Project '' , University of Exeter Department of Archaeology Jump up ^ Patterson , W , `` Coastal Catastrophe '' ( paleoclimate research document ) , University of Saskatchewan Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Charles ( February 1998 ) . `` P.S. Defiance , the first steamer to Holland , 9 May 1816 '' . The Mariner 's Mirror . The Society for Nautical Research . 84 ( 1 ) : 84 . Jump up ^ Verifiable in Hovercraft Club of Great Britain Records and Archives Jump up ^ `` Wales on Britannia : Facts About Wales & the Welsh '' . Britannia.com . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Stuart Waterman ( 27 July 2006 ) . `` Rinspeed `` Splash '' sets English Channel record `` . Autoblog . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Inflatable Drag '' . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Nissan Truck ( D21 ) in `` Top Gear , 2002 -- 2010 '' `` .",
"28": "IMCDb.org . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ The History of the Channel Ferry Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Channel ferries & ferry ports Jump up ^ Wales on Britannia : Facts About Wales & the Welsh Jump up ^ John , Gilbert ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` ' Coracle king ' to hang up paddle '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hovercraft deal opens show '' . London : BBC News . 15 June 1966 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blanchard , Jean - Pierre - François . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ serpentineswimmingclub.com `` Serpentine Swimming Club '' . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org `` Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team '' . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Trent Grimsey breaks channel swim record , The Age , 13 September 2012 Jump up ^ Channel swimming records Jump up ^ Fjellberg , Anders ( 2015 ) , The Wetsuitmen Jump up ^ Autocar article entitled Cars Ahoy published 10 December 1965 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ferry routes to British Mainland . Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Channel . Full Channel swim lists and swimmer information Oceanus Britannicus or British Sea Channel swimmers website Archives of long distance swimming Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation Channel Swimming Association World War II Eye Witness Account -- Audio Recording Air Battle over the English Channel ( 1940 ) Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of",
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"31": "to the Antarctic Treaty System VIAF : 237708164 GND : 4068438 - 6 NDL : 00563982 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&oldid=806758724 '' Categories : English Channel English coast European seas France -- United Kingdom border International straits Landforms of Brittany Landforms of Normandy Landforms of Hauts - de-France Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean Bodies of water of the North Sea Straits of England Straits of Metropolitan France Southern England Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from August 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Breton - language text Articles containing Cornish - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles containing Irish - language text Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia",
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"33": "Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan پنجابی Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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krypton-85 decays by emission of a beta particle. the product of this decay is
|
[
"rubidium-85",
"stable, non-radioactive rubidium-85",
"rubidium-85"
] |
{
"0": "Krypton - 85 - wikipedia Krypton - 85 Jump to : navigation , search Krypton - 85 Complete table of nuclides General Name , symbol Krypton , Kr Neutrons 49 Protons 36 Nuclide data Half - life 10.756 years Isotope mass 84.9125273 ( 21 ) u Spin 9 / 2 + Decay mode Decay energy Beta decay 0.687 MeV Medium - lived fission products Prop : Unit : t ( a ) Yield ( % ) Q * ( keV ) βγ * Eu 4.76 0.0803 252 βγ Kr 10.76 0.2180 687 βγ Cd 14.1 0.0008 316 β Sr 28.9 4.505 2826 β Cs 30.23 6.337 1176 βγ Sn 43.9 0.00005 390 βγ Sm 96.6 0.5314 77 β Krypton 85 ( Kr ) is a radioisotope of krypton . It has a half - life of 10.756 years and a maximum decay energy of 687 keV . It decays into stable , non-radioactive rubidium - 85 . Its most common decay ( 99.57 % ) is by beta particle emission with maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV . The second most common decay ( 0.43 % ) is by beta particle emission ( maximum energy of 173 keV ) followed by gamma ray emission ( energy of 514 keV ) . Other decay modes have very small probabilities and emit less energetic gammas . There are 33 other known isotopes of krypton . In terms of radiotoxicity , 440 Bq of Kr - 85 is equivalent to 1 Bq of radon - 222 , without considering the rest of the radon decay chain .",
"1": "Krypton - 85 is produced in small quantities by the interaction of cosmic rays with stable krypton - 84 in the atmosphere . Natural sources maintain an equilibrium inventory of about 0.09 PBq in the atmosphere . However , as of 2009 the total amount in the atmosphere is estimated at 5500 PBq due to anthropogenic sources . At the end of the year 2000 , it was estimated to be 4800 PBq , and in 1973 , an estimated 1961 PBq ( 53 megacuries ) . The most important of these human sources is nuclear fuel reprocessing . Nuclear fission produces about three atoms of krypton - 85 for every 1000 fissions ; i.e. it has a fission yield of 0.3 % . Most or all of this krypton - 85 is retained in the spent nuclear fuel rods ; spent fuel on discharge from a reactor contains between 0.13 - 1.8 PBq / Mg of krypton - 85 . Some of this spent fuel is reprocessed . Current nuclear reprocessing releases the gaseous Kr - 85 to the atmosphere when the spent fuel is dissolved . It would be possible in principle to capture and store this krypton gas as nuclear waste or for use . The cumulative global amount of krypton - 85 released from reprocessing activity has been estimated as 10,600 PBq as of 2000 . The global inventory noted above is smaller than this amount due to radioactive decay ; a smaller fraction is dissolved into the deep oceans . Other man - made sources are small contributors to the total . Atmospheric nuclear weapons tests released an estimated 111 - 185 PBq . The 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant released about 1.6 PBq ( 43 kCi ) . The Chernobyl accident released about 35 PBq , and the Fukushima Daiichi accident released an estimated 44 - 84 PBq . The average atmospheric concentration of krypton - 85 was approximately 0.6 Bq / m in 1976 , and has increased to approximately 1.3 Bq / m as of 2005 .",
"2": "These are approximate global average values ; concentrations are higher locally around nuclear reprocessing facilities , and are generally higher in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere . For wide - area atmospheric monitoring , krypton - 85 is the best indicator for clandestine plutonium separations . Krypton - 85 releases increase the electrical conductivity of atmospheric air . Meteorological effects are expected to be stronger closer to the source of the emissions . Uses in industry ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Krypton - 85 is used in arc discharge lamps commonly used in the entertainment industry for large HMI film lights as well as high - intensity discharge lamps . The presence of krypton - 85 in discharge tube of the lamps can make the lamps easy to ignite . Early experimental krypton - 85 lighting developments included a railroad signal light designed in 1957 and an illuminated highway sign erected in Arizona in 1969 . Krypton - 85 is used to inspect aircraft components for small defects . Krypton - 85 is allowed to penetrate small cracks , and then its presence is detected by autoradiography . The method is called `` krypton gas penetrant imaging '' . The gas penetrates smaller openings than the liquids used in dye penetrant inspection and fluorescent penetrant inspection . Krypton - 85 is used to test for leaks in semiconductors ( MIL - STD - 883H ) and piping . The sealed spark gap assemblies contained in ignition excitors used in some older turbine and jet engines contain a very small amount of krypton - 85 in order to obtain consistent ionization levels and uniform operation . The amount of radiation from the average gap is approximately the same as that of a radium - dial wrist watch but should be handled carefully . Krypton - 85 was used in cold - cathode voltage regulator electron tubes , such as the type 5651 . Krypton - 85 is used to ionize spark gap inlet gases to decrease breakdown voltage . Krypton - 85 is used to neutralize electrostatically charged aerosols from nebulization , combustion , or powder dispersion .",
"3": "Krypton - 85 is used to measure extruded film or coating weight during online production . See also ( edit ) Krypton Isotopes of krypton References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes - Kr85 '' . Lawrence Berkely Laboratories , USA . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ M. Gorden ; et al. ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` Pinellas Plant -- Occupational Environmental Dose rev1 '' ( PDF ) . ORAU . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ H. Sievers ( 1991 ) . `` Nuclear data sheets update for A = 85 '' . Nuclear Data Sheets. 62 : 271 -- 325 . Bibcode : 1991NDS ... 62 ... 271S . doi : 10.1016 / 0090 - 3752 ( 91 ) 80016 - Y . ^ Jump up to : K. Winger ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` A new compilation of the atmospheric 85krypton inventories from 1945 to 2000 and its evaluation in a global transport model '' . Jrnl of Envir Radioactivity. 80 : 183 -- 215 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jenvrad. 2004.09. 005 . ^ Jump up to : J. Ahlswede ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Update and improvement of the global krypton - 85 emission inventory '' . Jrnl of Envir Radioactivity. 115 : 34 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jenvrad. 2012.07. 006 . ^ Jump up to : Telegadas , K. ; Ferber , G.J. ( 1975 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Atmospheric Concentrations and Inventory of Krypton - 85 in 1973 '' . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 190 : 882 -- 883 . Bibcode : 1975Sci ... 190 ... 882T .",
"4": "doi : 10.1126 / science. 190.4217. 882 . JSTOR 1741777 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Fission Yields '' . JEFF - 3.1 Nuclear Data Library , JEFF Report 21 , OECD / NEA , Paris , France , 2006 , ISBN 92 - 64 - 02314 - 3 . August 2005 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. NRC : Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island accident '' . U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission . 2014 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ W. Lin ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Radioactivity impacts of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident on the atmosphere '' . Atmospheric Environment. 102 : 311 -- 322 . Bibcode : 2015AtmEn. 102 ... 311L . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2014.11. 047 . Jump up ^ O. Ross ; et al. Simulations of the atmospheric krypton - 85 to assess the detectability of clandestine nuclear reprocessing ( PDF ) . Symposium on International Safeguards : Preparing for Future Verification Challenges ; Vienna ( Austria ) ; 1 - 5 Nov 2010 ; ( Technical report ) . IAEA - CN - 184 . Jump up ^ Kalinowski , Martin B. ; Sartorius , Hartmut ; Uhl , Stefan ; Weiss , Wolfgang ( 2004 ) , `` Conclusions on plutonium separation from atmospheric krypton - 85 measured at various distances from the Karlsruhe reprocessing plant '' , Journal of Environmental Radioactivity , 73 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 22 , doi : 10.1016 / j. jenvrad. 2003.09. 002 , PMID 15023448 Jump up ^ Harrison , R.G. ; ApSimon , H.M. ( 1994 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Krypton - 85 pollution and atmospheric electricity '' . Atmospheric Environment.",
"5": "28 ( 4 ) : 637 -- 648 . Bibcode : 1994AtmEn ... 28 ... 637H . doi : 10.1016 / 1352 - 2310 ( 94 ) 90041 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krypton - 85 ( PDF ) . Spectragases.com ( 2004 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Lamp Types , European Lamp Companies Federation , archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 06 , retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 Jump up ^ Ionizing Substances in Lighting Products ( PDF ) , European Lamp Companies Federation , 2009 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 06 , retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 Jump up ^ NRPB and GRS ( 2001 ) , Transport of Consumer Goods containing Small Quantities of Radioactive Materials ( PDF ) , European Commission , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 06 , retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 Jump up ^ Assessment of the Radiological Impact of the Transport and Disposal of Light Bulbs Containing Tritium , Krypton - 85 and Radioisotopes of Thorium , Health Protection Agency , 2011 , archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 06 , retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 Jump up ^ `` Make A-powered Rail Signal Light in D&RGW Labs '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner. 1957 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Davis , Al ( 1970 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Atomic sign glows day and night here '' . Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Glatz , Joseph . Krypton Gas Penetrant Imaging -- A Valuable Tool for Ensuring Structural Integrity in Aircraft Engine Components . American Society for Nondestructive Testing Jump up ^ 5651 Sylvania Voltage Regulator Stabilizer Electron Tube .",
"6": "Oddmix.com ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krypton-85&oldid=820927255 '' Categories : Fission products Isotopes of krypton Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Interlingua Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 12 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what was the first episode of season 2 riverdale
|
[
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying",
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying",
"\"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying\""
] |
{
"0": "Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Riverdale Genre Teen drama Mystery Based on Characters by Archie Comics Developed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Starring KJ Apa Lili Reinhart Camila Mendes Cole Sprouse Marisol Nichols Madelaine Petsch Ashleigh Murray Mädchen Amick Luke Perry Mark Consuelos Casey Cott Skeet Ulrich Narrated by Cole Sprouse Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 24 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jon Goldwater Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Producer ( s ) J.B. Moranville Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Stephen Jackson David Lanzenberg Editor ( s ) Paul Karasick Harry Jierjian Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Archie Comics Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Riverdale is an American television series based on the characters of Archie Comics . The series was adapted for The CW by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa . The series is produced by Warner Bros. Television and CBS Television Studios , in association with Berlanti Productions and Archie Comics . Originally conceived as a feature film adaptation for Warner Bros. Pictures , the idea was re-imagined as a television series for Fox . In 2015 , development on the project moved to The CW , where the series was ordered for a pilot . Filming takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia .",
"1": "The series features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews ; Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , the series ' narrator . The cast also features Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy and Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom . Other characters in the series include Fred Andrews , Alice Cooper , FP Jones , and Hermione Lodge , the parents of Archie , Betty , Jughead , and Veronica respectively . The thirteen - episode first season premiered on January 26 , 2017 to positive reviews , before concluding on May 11 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on October 11 , 2017 . On December 1 , 2017 , a spin - off series based on the comic book Chilling Adventures of Sabrina was ordered to series by Netflix with a two - season order . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Homages to other films and TV series 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Comic - book adaptation 6 Music 6.1 Season 1 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Ratings 7.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 7.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7.3 Awards and nominations 8 Spin - off 9 References 10 External links Premise The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image .",
"2": "Cast and characters Main KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : An intense and conflicted teen , Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father 's construction business . He is now juggling the interest of several girls , as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music -- against the wishes of his father and his football coach . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A sweet , smart , eager - to - please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend , Archie . She is tired of being the perfect daughter , student , sister , etc. , so she turns to her new friend , Veronica , for life advice -- much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A beautiful , sophisticated , confident , silver - tongued high school sophomore and former socialite . Veronica is the `` new girl '' in town and is eager for a fresh start . Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was . Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father , she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once Archie 's best friend , and who is still dealing with the rift that developed between them over the summer . His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews , following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : A striving , competitive , fierce , snooty , and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats .",
"3": "Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Polly and Betty 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day . Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge : Veronica 's father , who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities . Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one . Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie , Betty and Veronica . He is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : Jughead 's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season . Recurring Martin Cummins as Tom Keller : The town 's police sheriff and Kevin 's father . Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy : the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy . Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom : Cheryl and Jason 's mother . Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper : Polly and Betty 's father , and Alice Cooper 's husband . Colin Lawrence as Floyd Clayton : Chuck 's father , and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team . Peter James Bryant as Waldo Weatherbee : Riverdale High School 's principal . Sarah Habel as Geraldine Grundy : Riverdale High School 's young music teacher , who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer . It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce , to escape from an abusive relationship . Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie . Ross Butler ( season 1 ) and Charles Melton ( season 2 ) as Reginald `` Reggie '' Mantle : Archie 's long - time friend and rival , a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster .",
"4": "Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why ; Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie in season 2 . Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton : A football - star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos : The youngest member of the Southside Serpents , who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom 's murder . Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine : The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke `` Moose '' Mason : Archie 's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin . Hayley Law as Valerie Brown : The songwriter , bassist , and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie 's ex-girlfriend . Emilija Baranac as Midge Klump : Moose 's girlfriend and member of Riverdale 's cheerleading squad . Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs : A victim of Chuck Clayton 's slut - shaming who is also facing problems with her dad 's condition due to Hiram Lodge . Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom : Cheryl 's twin brother , whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale . Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel : The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel , Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica . Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom 's best friends . Caitlin Mitchell - Markovitch as Ginger Lopez : One of Cheryl 's best friends . Major Curda as Dilton Doiley : The leader of the town 's troop of Ranger Scouts . Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot . Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper : Betty 's older sister , and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper . She is pregnant with Jason Blossom 's children . Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom : Cheryl and Jason 's father . Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate : The owner of the local diner ; Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe . Tom McBeath as Smithers : The Lodge family butler .",
"5": "Adain Bradley as Trev Brown : Valerie 's younger brother . Brit Morgan as Penny Peabody : A member of the Southside Serpents , who blackmails Jughead in season 2 . Vanessa Morgan as Toni Topaz : A bisexual member of the Southside Serpents , who befriends Jughead in season 2 . Graham Phillips as Nick St. Clair : A devious , trouble - making bad boy from Veronica 's past , who comes to Riverdale looking to win her back in season 2 . Cameron McDonald as Joseph Svenson : The janitor at Riverdale High School in season 2 and notably the only survivor of the Conway family massacre forty years ago by the hands of the Riverdale Reaper . Hart Denton as Chic Smith : Betty and Polly 's long - lost older brother . Guest Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo : A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale 's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer - songwriter . Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews : Archie 's mother , who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams , but returns to Riverdale in her family 's hour of need . She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband , Fred , but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice . Episodes Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBA TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"6": "viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body , which has a gunshot wound to the head , by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death .",
"7": "At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents , Clifford and Penelope , that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , The Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton , whom she had one date with , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13.",
"8": "20304 1.14 Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away , Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason 's memorial , but Cheryl does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged .",
"9": "While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house .",
"10": "Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13.",
"11": "20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary .",
"12": "11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , making Jason and Polly 's relationship technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P.",
"13": "'s associates , but finds him dead of an apparent overdose . The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , which they tell Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business . F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder , but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that , in high school , she found out she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's secrets and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , saves her . Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's , where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"14": "viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) T13. 20801 2.34 After being shot , Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie , who is soon joined by his friends . Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup , but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter . When Veronica searches Fred 's belongings , Archie sees that his wallet is missing . Betty and Jughead visit Pop 's to look for the wallet but find nothing ; instead , they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register , meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred . Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting , but to no avail . Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred , but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth . Meanwhile , Cheryl intimidates Penelope -- who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized -- into lying that it was an accident . Fred survives his shooting . Hiram returns to Riverdale , further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family . In the nearby town of Greendale , Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred 's shooter . 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' Allison Anders Michael Grassi October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) T13. 20802 1.76 After learning of Ms. Grundy 's murder , an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred 's shooting , which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley . Following the shooting , business at Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined , leading Pop to consider selling the diner , but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business . Jughead learns that F.P.",
"15": "is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody , a Serpent lawyer , who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P. 's behalf . Cheryl initially refuses , but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason 's murder . With Cheryl 's testimony , the judge decides to revisit F.P 's sentence . Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop , but tells Veronica he made a `` charitable donation '' . In the woods , Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle ( a new drug to Riverdale ) , and as they do so , they are shot by Fred 's shooter . 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' Kevin Sullivan Ross Maxwell October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) T13. 20803 1.62 Kevin , who was in the forest , hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying . Moose , who shielded Midge from the gunfire , is hospitalized and survives . Following the incident , Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle , to protect Riverdale High students . The Coopers receive a letter from `` the Black Hood '' , taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy , and detailing his intentions to target sinners . Polly leaves town , fearing for her babies . Meanwhile , Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High , befriends Toni Topaz , a Serpent , and refounds the school newspaper , the Red and Black , under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips . Kevin keeps going out late at night , which concerns Betty . Betty follows him on one of his runs , which leads to him lashing out at her . Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood 's main weapons for the Red Circle . Inspired by this , the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood . 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' Allison Anders Amanda Lasher November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) T13.",
"16": "20804 1.51 Archie 's viral video results in negative repercussions , as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle . Though Archie refuses , the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble , in which Dilton is injured . Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun . Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood , revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve . Mayor Sierra McCoy ( Josie 's mother ) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood , in which Alice blames the Serpents , but Fred argues against letting fear rule them . Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated , before showing the letter to her parents , Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy . Later , Betty receives a call from the Black Hood . 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' Ellen Pressman Aaron Allen November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) T13. 20805 1.47 The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice , which she does . Hiram invites the St. Clair 's , friends of the Lodges from New York . On the Southside , Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening . The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood . At the Lodge 's open house event , Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her , but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats . Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer , where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over ; they kiss .",
"17": "Back at Betty 's house , the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a `` sinner '' to kill , to which Betty names Nick St. Clair . 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' Maggie Kiley Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) T13. 20806 1.43 The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman , who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale . Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick , whom the Black Hood did not attack , but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair 's . Archie goes to Southside High , where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller . Tall Boy , F.P. 's right hand man , reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies , the dealers of jingle jangle . Jughead and Archie visit F.P. , who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race . During the race , Archie pulls the brake on Jughead 's car , and reveals he called Sheriff Keller , who arrests the Ghoulies leader . Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair 's , while Cheryl does the same with Penelope . Later , the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair 's have been run off the road , but will recover in months . Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips ; Cheryl later tells Betty , who exposes him in the Blue and Gold . Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail . 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' Dawn Wilkinson James DeWille November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) T13. 20807 1.45 After killing Phillips , the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop 's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning , or he will kill again .",
"18": "Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help , which he does with Archie . She says this is a one - time thing , but Jughead later finds she was lying . Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer , implied to be Cheryl , including a box with a pig 's heart . Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late , revealing she has received death threats . Betty , realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff 's office , believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood . She investigates , but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood . However , Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy . Archie , Jughead , Betty , Veronica , Josie , and Cheryl all gather at Pop 's . After Jughead leaves to visit F.P. , the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge , and Pop grimly announces that `` The reckoning is upon us '' . 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' Kevin Sullivan Yolonda Lawrence December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) T13. 20808 1.48 F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop 's , intending to quit the Serpents . Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a `` retirement '' party at the Whyte Worm , so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work . While Jughead reconnects with his dad , Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party . There , she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead . Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper , who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob . Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family , which they discover to be the school 's janitor , Joseph Svenson . Archie and Veronica confront Svenson , but decide he is n't the Black Hood . At the party , F.P. , who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody , decides to stay with the Serpents .",
"19": "Outside , Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love . Jughead , not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents ' business , also ends their relationship . 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' Rob Seidenglanz Shepard Boucher December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) T13. 20809 1.43 Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000 . Failing to convince her parents to help Fred , Veronica sneaks into Hiram 's study and finds out that he bought Pop 's . She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred . Jughead rallies the younger Serpents , who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo . Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood , containing Svenson 's finger . They then receive a call from the Black Hood , who challenges them to find Svenson . They are able to find Svenson 's location , but instead find an empty coffin . The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive , but flees when the police arrive . After a chase , Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape . The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself . Later , with the Black Hood dead , Veronica and Archie get back together , while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson , but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier . 23 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' Tim Hunter Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) T13. 20810 1.44 The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High , causing Jughead , Toni , Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High , putting them at odds with other students . Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams , who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram 's criminal dealings . Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred .",
"20": "Archie investigates Nick , who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash , which broke both of his legs . Despite Hal 's objections , Betty and Alice track down Alice 's son she gave up for adoption , Chic . Chic initially refuses to come with them , but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault , bringing him to the Cooper household . Jughead , following advice from FP , gets his fellow Serpents to lay low . Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood . That night , Chic lurks in Betty 's room while she sleeps . 24 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' Gregg Araki Greg Murray & Devon Turner January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) T13. 20811 TBD Pickens ' Day , a day in remembrance of Riverdale 's founder , nears . Adams tells Archie to get close to Hiram . With Veronica 's urging , he tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram , a former wrestler . This , however , causes tension between the two to rise . Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model , and attempts to reach out to him , talking about her ' dark side ' . Mayor McCoy organizes the Pickens ' Day festival , which the Lodges attempt to spin as a festival with North / Southside unity , with the Serpents as security . Jughead interviews Toni 's grandfather for a school project , learning that Toni 's grandfather was a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens . Jughead publishes this story as an article , escalting tensions with the two sides . Tensions arise between Veronica and Josie , with McCoy driving a wedge between the two . At the Pickens Day fest , the Serpents protest the event , but Hiram spins their words positively . That night , Archie meets with Hiram , who offers Archie his business tutelage , which Archie accepts . The next morning , McCoy , Sheriff Keller , and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens , which has been decapitated . They decide to blame the desecration on the Serpents .",
"21": "25 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' Rachel Talalay Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) T13. 20812 TBD 26 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' Julie Plec Michael Grassi February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) TBA TBD 27 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' David Katzenberg Ross Maxwell TBA TBA TBD 28 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' Mark Piznarski Aaron Allen TBA TBA TBD 29 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' Sherwin Shilati James DeWille TBA TBA TBD 30 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' Alexis Ostrander Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson TBA TBA TBD 31 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' Jason Stone Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) TBA TBD This episode will be a musical event covering songs from Carrie : The Musical . Production Development Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . The duo brought the project to Warner Bros. , where a VP recommended a more high - concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals , suggesting Louis C.K. to portray an older Archie . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty .",
"22": "However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . Casting Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott , who played Kevin Keller , was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . Filming The Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe set in Vancouver , Canada Filming of the pilot began on March 14 , 2016 , and ended on April 1 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Season two will also be filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley .",
"23": "Principal photography began on June 22 , 2017 . The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars , Gilmore Girls , and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie . Homages to other films and TV series Several reviewers had noted that the series ' episode titles , are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films . For example , De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale 's pilot episode was named `` River 's Edge '' after the 1986 film of the same name , and the season finale also takes its name from 1997 's The Sweet Hereafter . Executive producer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice , in order to hint at what will happen in that episode . Additionally , Katie - Kouise Smith , of Popbuzz , notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series , and are intended as an homage to that series ' creator , David Lynch . Release Broadcast Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast . Marketing In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 , while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017 .",
"24": "In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Music Musical performances are featured throughout the series , a blend of cover versions and originals . Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast ; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12 , 2017 . An album of Blake Neely 's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La - La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18 , 2017 . Season 1 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Song That Everyone Sings '' KJ Apa 3 : 46 2 . `` Fear Nothing '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 3 . `` All Through The Night '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 4 . `` Dance Dance Dance '' KJ Apa 1 : 00 5 . `` Candy Girl ( Sugar Sugar ) '' ( Cover of the Inner Circle version feat . Flo Rida ; full - length version , Petsch is not heard on the aired version . ) Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 19 6 . `` I Feel Love '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 11 7 . `` I 'll Try '' KJ Apa 3 : 15 8 . `` I Got You '' KJ Apa and Hayley Law 3 : 32 9 .",
"25": "`` Kids in America '' KJ Apa and Camila Mendes 2 : 55 10 . `` Our Fair Riverdale '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law 1 : 19 11 . `` Astronaut '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 28 12 . `` These Are the Moments I Remember '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law , Camila Mendes and KJ Apa 2 : 58 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Score ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Riverdale '' Blake Neely 2 : 58 2 . `` If You Love Me '' Blake Neely 2 : 06 3 . `` Viral Gossip in Town '' Blake Neely 3 : 08 4 . `` Everyone a Suspect '' Blake Neely 2 : 33 5 . `` Receiving the Jersey '' Blake Neely 1 : 56 6 . `` Doubts and Accusations '' Blake Neely 2 : 24 7 . `` All is OK With Milkshakes '' Blake Neely 2 : 48 8 . `` Long Reach '' Blake Neely 3 : 47 9 . `` Ended Up Drowning '' Blake Neely 4 : 11 10 . `` Irreconcilable '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 11 . `` So Many Questions '' Blake Neely 2 : 42 12 . `` A Gift / Forced to Leave '' Blake Neely 3 : 23 13 . `` Not Making the Play '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 14 . `` Overwhelming Evidence '' Blake Neely 3 : 53 15 . `` Realizations '' Blake Neely 2 : 02 16 . `` Do You Feel Guilty ? '' Blake Neely 2 : 38 17 .",
"26": "`` Into the Woods '' Blake Neely 3 : 21 18 . `` Name of the Game '' Blake Neely 3 : 38 19 . `` Angry and Vulnerable Girls '' Blake Neely 2 : 52 20 . `` Results of the Father '' Blake Neely 4 : 39 21 . `` Your Father Was Arrested '' Blake Neely 2 : 44 22 . `` The Recording '' Blake Neely 4 : 12 23 . `` Oh , Mommy ! '' Blake Neely 3 : 51 24 . `` What Floats Beneath '' Blake Neely 3 : 29 25 . `` Never Safe '' Blake Neely 1 : 59 Reception Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 88 % ( 54 reviews ) 68 ( 36 reviews ) 86 % ( 11 reviews ) TBD The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 88 % based on 54 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.69 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . ''",
"27": "In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.34 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Riverdale : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Season 1 ( 2017 ) No .",
"28": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! ''",
"29": "March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' October 11 , 2017 0.",
"30": "8 / 3 2.34 0.6 1.40 1.4 3.74 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' October 18 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.76 0.6 1.34 1.2 3.10 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' October 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.6 1.32 1.2 2.94 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' November 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.30 1.1 2.80 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' November 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.47 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.70 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' November 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.66 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' November 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.45 0.5 1.19 1.0 2.64 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' December 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.6 1.20 1.1 2.68 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' December 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' January 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.",
"31": "44 TBD TBD TBD TBD Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Tyler Harron for `` Pilot - Chapter 1 '' Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star K.J. Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Choice TV Ship Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse Won Spin - off In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . In December 2017 , it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet - to - be-announced new title . Two seasons , comprising ten episodes each , have been ordered by the streaming service . In January 2018 , it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka , and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that , `` at the moment , there is no discussion about crossing over '' with Riverdale . References Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety .",
"32": "Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad In Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 .",
"33": "^ Jump up to : @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Skeet Ulrich Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Martin Cummins Jan 13 , 2017 at 11 : 20pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Robin Givens Cast As Riverdale 's Mayor In The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mädchen Amick on Twitter '' -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` CW 's Archie Pilot ' Riverdale ' Casts Reggie , Moose and Dilton ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Set to Recast a Major Character Ahead of Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ RiverdaleBrazil ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Raco added to cast of CW 's Riverdale as `` Joaquin '' '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Barb from Stranger Things to join Archie reboot Riverdale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TieraSkovbye1/status/793673086956662784 Jump up ^ Wickman , Kase ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale : Pop Tate is a Nightmare Dressed Like a Diner Chef '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Casts Hart Denton to Play Betty 's Long - Lost Brother Chic '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Looking ' Star Raúl Castillo Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Molly Ringwald Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' as Archie 's Mom '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Apa , KJ ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First ep of riverdale season 2 is wrapped up . directed by the legend @ robseidenglanz who is an epic director , but more importantly , an epic human being . One of the narliest weeks of shooting I 've done in a wee while , ca n't wait for you guys to see what we 're doing with Season2 ! ! 1 in the bank ! ! 21 left to go . # deehaa haha u know what 's up when u get into your trailer in the morning and the only wardrobe you have is a pair of skin * coloured jocks '' .",
"35": "Retrieved July 7 , 2017 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"36": "Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 .",
"37": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 212 ) `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' `` . The Futon Critic .",
"38": "Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 213 ) `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` It 's the day after Thanksgiving & the # Riverdale train keeps chugging along . A weekend away for the core - four turns ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` And meanwhile , coming up in # Riverdale ... the unlikeliest return of all ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Last night , it was Christmas in # Riverdale , but it 's election season in Vancouver ... MORE . HIGH SCHOOL . HI - JINX ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New year , new day , new # Riverdale script . New problems for the gang ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Matt ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Sets Musical Episode Around Stephen King Classic ' Carrie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Guys , you will NOT believe this episode of # Riverdale ... # neverforget '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) .",
"39": "`` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` For a Bizarre Moment , Riverdale Was Almost a Time - Travel Movie Starring Louis C.K '' . io9 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set At Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur In Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIVERDALE NEWS ! on Twitter : `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' `` . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ Lehn , Don . `` Riverdale `` Pop 's Chock - Lit Shoppe '' Season 2 Premiere Screening In Mission Thursday October 12 ( VIDEO ) `` . FraserValleyNewsNetwork . FVN . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Katie - Louise . `` 17 Surprising Facts About `` Riverdale '' That We Bet You Did n't Even Know `` . Popbuzz . Popbuzz.com .",
"41": "Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , russ . `` The Movies That Will Inspire Riverdale Season 2 '' . ComicBook / tv . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Woodrow . `` Riverdale Has Been Dropping Massive Clues About The Plot And You 've 100 % Missed Them '' . Popbuzz . Popbuzz . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth , De . `` What the Episode Titles of `` Riverdale '' Really Mean `` . TeenVogue.com . Vogue . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 26 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 23 , 2017 at 9 : 14pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 17 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) .",
"42": "`` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.soundtrack.net/album/riverdale-season-1/ Jump up ^ https://tvsourcemagazine.com/2017/07/riverdale-season-1-score-gets-limited-edition-cd-release/ Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/riverdale-season-1-original-television-soundtrack/1234693908 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/riverdale-season-1-original-television-score/1259595742 Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale .",
"43": "Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) .",
"45": "`` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 winners and nominees by name '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Companion Series ' The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ' In the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series Picked Up By Netflix With 2 - Season Order '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) .",
"46": "`` Kiernan Shipka To Star In Netflix 's Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Why the Sabrina the Teenage Witch series went to Netflix over the CW '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . External links Official website Riverdale on IMDb Archie Comics properties in other media Television series Archie The Archie Show Archie 's TV Funnies The U.S. of Archie The New Archie and Sabrina Hour The New Archies Archie 's Weird Mysteries Riverdale Episodes `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Sabrina Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1970 ) Groovie Goolies Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1996 ) Sabrina : The Animated Series Sabrina 's Secret Life Sabrina : Secrets of a Teenage Witch Sabrina Josie Josie and the Pussycats ( 1970 ) Films Archie : To Riverdale and Back Again Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1996 ) Sabrina Goes to Rome Sabrina Down Under Josie and the Pussycats ( 2001 ) The Archies in Jugman Sabrina : Friends Forever Music The Archies The Archies Everything 's Archie `` Sugar , Sugar '' `` Seventeen Ai n't Young '' `` Jingle Jangle '' Josie and the Pussycats Sabrina the Teenage Witch See also : Archie Comics in popular culture List of Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Books ,",
"47": "CDs and DVDs The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The L.A.",
"48": "Complex Lifechangers Life Unexpected The Messengers The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Valor ( since 2017 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Upcoming Life Sentence ( 2018 ) Book Category Teen Choice Award for Choice Drama Series Dawson 's Creek ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 7th Heaven ( 2001 -- 03 ) The O.C. ( 2004 -- 06 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 -- 11 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2012 -- 16 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C.",
"49": "( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) 2010s portal Culture portal Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riverdale_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=822314521 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American LGBT - related television series 2010s American mystery television series 2017 American television series debuts Alcohol abuse in television American high school television series American teen drama television series Bullying in television The CW shows English - language television programs Fictional rivalries Filicide in fiction Fire in fiction Gangs in fiction Gay - related television programs Homelessness in popular culture Male sexual fluidity in fiction Media portrayals of the working class Motorcycling in fiction Murder in television Sexuality and age in fiction Snakes in popular culture Suicide in television Teenage pregnancy in television Television programs about drugs Television programs adapted into comics Television programs based on Archie Comics Television series about dysfunctional families Television series about friendship Television series about journalists Television series about sisters Television series about twins Television series based on singers and musicians Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Warner Bros.",
"50": "Television Television series produced in Vancouver Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows set in the United States Unemployment in fiction Works about high school football in the United States Works about misogyny Works about sexual harassment Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 17 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-5462359833619124697
|
who sings every light in the house is on
|
[
"Trace Adkins",
"Trace Adkins",
"Trace Adkins",
"American country music artist Trace Adkins"
] |
{
"0": "Every Light in the House - wikipedia Every Light in the House Jump to : navigation , search `` Every Light in the House '' Single by Trace Adkins from the album Dreamin ' Out Loud B - side `` If I Fall ( You 're Goin ' with Me ) '' Released August 20 , 1996 Format CD Single Genre Country Length 2 : 59 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Kent Robbins Producer ( s ) Scott Hendricks Trace Adkins singles chronology `` There 's a Girl in Texas '' ( 1996 ) `` Every Light in the House '' ( 1996 ) `` ( This Ai n't ) No Thinkin ' Thing '' ( 1997 ) `` There 's a Girl in Texas '' ( 1996 ) `` Every Light in the House '' ( 1996 ) `` ( This Ai n't ) No Thinkin ' Thing '' ( 1997 ) Music video `` Every Light in the House '' at CMT.com `` Every Light in the House '' is a song written by Kent Robbins and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins . It was released in August 1996 as the second single from his debut album Dreamin ' Out Loud . It was his first Top 5 single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart , where it peaked at # 3 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 5 Parodies 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) The song is a mid-tempo ballad mostly accompanied by piano and fiddle in which the narrator was recently split from his wife . He literally turns every single light on in the house and keeps them on for her in case she wants to return to his side all the while paying absolutely no attention to the intense electrical hazard this will cause or the financial burden that will ensue . Critical reception ( edit ) Deborah Evans Price , of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably , saying that Adkin 's deep , powerful voice does justice to the yearning in this lyric about a man who has left the lights on waiting for his lover to return . ''",
"1": "Rick Cohoon of Allmusic gave the song a favorable review , calling it a `` creative approach to the age - old ' goodbye , I miss you ' song . '' He commended Adkins ' voice for `` communicat ( ing ) pain so well '' despite the singer 's stature , although he considered some of the similes forced ( e.g. `` the backyard 's bright as the crack of dawn '' ) . Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song is in black - and - white , and begins with Adkins sitting on the porch of a house with his dog after his woman left home . He then gets off the porch , and he and some workers get to work on a power generator . Scenes also feature him singing inside of the same house which also featured an alternative sub chorus `` Drinkin ' Bush Light til the crack of dawn '' whilst a slew of empty Busch cans can be seen next to the generator , ultimately this scene and lyric was scrubbed and the original was used . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Every Light in the House '' debuted at number 72 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated August 24 , 1996 . It charted for 21 weeks on that chart , and peaked at number 3 on the country chart dated December 14 , 1996 , giving Adkins the first Top 5 single of his career . In addition , it peaked at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 , also marking his first entry on that chart . Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Parodies ( edit ) On his 1998 album Did I Shave My Back for This ? , country parodist Cledus T. Judd parodied the song as `` Every Light in the House Is Blown '' . Trace Adkins is featured in the music video . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 .",
"2": "Jump up ^ AOL Music profile for `` Every Light in the House is On '' Jump up ^ Billboard , August 24 , 1996 Jump up ^ Cohoon , Rick . `` Trace Adkins - `` Every Light in the House is On '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 9900 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . December 9 , 1996 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trace Adkins Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Trace Adkins Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Trace Adkins Studio albums Dreamin ' Out Loud Big Time More ... Chrome Comin ' On Strong Songs About Me Dangerous Man X Cowboy 's Back in Town Proud to Be Here Love Will ... The King 's Gift Something 's Going On Compilation albums Greatest Hits Collection , Vol.",
"3": "1 American Man : Greatest Hits Volume II The Definitive Greatest Hits : ' Til the Last Shot 's Fired Notable singles `` There 's a Girl in Texas '' `` Every Light in the House '' `` ( This Ai n't ) No Thinkin ' Thing '' `` I Left Something Turned On at Home '' `` The Rest of Mine '' `` Lonely Wo n't Leave Me Alone '' `` Big Time '' `` Do n't Lie '' `` More '' `` I 'm Gonna Love You Anyway '' `` I 'm Tryin ' '' `` Help Me Understand '' `` Chrome '' `` Then They Do '' `` Hot Mama '' `` Rough & Ready '' `` Songs About Me '' `` Arlington '' `` Honky Tonk Badonkadonk '' `` Swing '' `` Ladies Love Country Boys '' `` I Wanna Feel Something '' `` I Got My Game On '' `` You 're Gonna Miss This '' `` Muddy Water '' `` Marry for Money '' `` All I Ask For Anymore '' `` This Ai n't No Love Song '' `` Brown Chicken Brown Cow '' `` Just Fishin ' '' `` Million Dollar View '' `` Jesus and Jones '' `` Still a Soldier '' Guest singles `` Hillbilly Bone '' ( with Blake Shelton ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Every_Light_in_the_House&oldid=808209885 '' Categories : 1996 singles 1996 songs Trace Adkins songs Songs written by Kent Robbins Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks Capitol Records Nashville singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"4": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7475061672965272250
|
who was the leader of the soviet union when the berlin wall was built
|
[
"Khrushchev",
"Joseph Stalin",
"Nikita Khrushchev"
] |
{
"0": "Berlin Wall - Wikipedia Berlin Wall Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Inner German border or the chess moves also known as the Berlin Defence . For the video game , see The Berlin Wall ( video game ) . Berlin Wall View from the West Berlin side of graffiti art on the Wall in 1986 . The Wall 's `` death strip '' , on the east side of the Wall , here follows the curve of the Luisenstadt Canal ( filled in 1932 ) . Map of the location of the Berlin Wall , showing checkpoints General information Type Wall Country East Germany East Berlin ( Soviet - occupied sector of Berlin ) Coordinates 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E / 52.516111 ° N 13.376944 ° E / 52.516111 ; 13.376944 Coordinates : 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E / 52.516111 ° N 13.376944 ° E / 52.516111 ; 13.376944 Construction started 13 August 1961 Other dimensions Border length around West Berlin : 155 km ( 96 mi ) Border length between West Berlin and East Germany : 111.9 km ( 69.5 mi ) Border length between West and East Berlin : 43.1 km ( 26.8 mi ) Border length through residential areas in East Berlin : 37 km ( 23 mi ) Concrete segment of wall height : 3.6 m ( 11.8 ft ) Concrete segment of wall length : 106 km ( 66 mi ) Wire mesh fencing : 66.5 km ( 41.3 mi ) Anti-vehicle trenches length : 105.5 km ( 65.6 mi ) Contact / signal fence length : 127.5 km ( 79.2 mi ) Column track width : 7 m ( 7.7 yd ) Column track length : 124.3 km ( 77.2 mi ) Number of watch towers : 302 Number of bunkers : 20 Technical details Size 155 km ( 96.3 mi ) Eastern",
"1": "Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics ( show ) Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states ( show ) Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations ( show ) Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition ( show ) Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity (",
"2": "Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events ( show ) Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline ( show ) Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania Satellite image of Berlin , with the Wall 's location marked in yellow West and East Berlin borders overlaying a current road map ( interactive map ) The Berlin Wall ( German : Berliner Mauer , pronounced ( bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ ) ( listen ) ) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989 . Constructed by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , East Germany ) , starting on 13 August 1961 , the Wall cut off ( by land ) West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989 . Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992 . The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , accompanied by a wide area ( later known as the `` death strip '' ) that contained anti-vehicle trenches , `` fakir beds '' and other defenses . The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the `` will of the people '' in building a socialist state in East Germany .",
"3": "In practice , the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period . GDR authorities officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart ( German : Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ) , by implication equating the NATO countries ( and West Germany in particular ) with fascists . The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the `` Wall of Shame '' , a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt in reference to the Wall 's restriction on freedom of movement . Along with the separate and much longer Inner German border ( IGB ) , which demarcated the border between East and West Germany , it came to symbolize physically the `` Iron Curtain '' that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Before the Wall 's erection , 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR , many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin ; from there they could then travel to West Germany and to other Western European countries . Between 1961 and 1989 the Wall prevented almost all such emigration . During this period over 100,000 people attempted to escape and over 5,000 people succeeded in escaping over the Wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin . In 1989 a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries -- Poland and Hungary in particular -- caused a chain reaction in East Germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Wall . After several weeks of civil unrest , the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin . Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall , joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . Over the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . A fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of November 9 , 1989 is that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a `` peaceful civil resistance movement '' .",
"4": "Contrary to popular belief , the Wall 's actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . The `` fall of the Berlin Wall '' paved the way for German reunification , which formally took place on 3 October 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Post-war Germany 1.2 Eastern Bloc and the Berlin airlift 1.3 Emigration westward in the early 1950s 2 Erection of the inner German border 2.1 Berlin emigration loophole 2.2 Brain drain 3 Construction begins , 1961 3.1 Immediate effects 3.2 Secondary response 4 Structure and adjacent areas 4.1 Layout and modifications 4.2 Surrounding municipalities 5 Official crossings and usage 5.1 Crossing 5.2 Defection attempts 6 Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-Wall sentiment 6.1 David Bowie , 1987 6.2 Bruce Springsteen , 1988 6.3 David Hasselhoff , 1989 7 `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' and `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall . '' 8 Fall of the Berlin Wall 8.1 Demolition 8.2 Opposition 8.3 Celebrations 8.4 20th anniversary celebrations 9 Legacy 9.1 Cultural differences 9.2 Wall segments around the world 9.3 50th anniversary commemoration 10 Related media 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background Post-war Germany After the end of World War II in Europe , what remained of pre-war Germany west of the Oder - Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones ( as per the Potsdam Agreement ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying Allied powers : the United States , the United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union . The capital of Berlin , as the seat of the Allied Control Council , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city 's location , which was fully within the Soviet zone . Within two years , political divisions increased between the Soviets and the other occupying powers .",
"5": "These included the Soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post-war Germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . France , the United Kingdom , the United States and the Benelux countries later met to combine the non-Soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the Marshall Plan . Eastern Bloc and the Berlin airlift Further information : Eastern Bloc and Berlin Blockade Play media Brandenburg Gate in 1945 , after the end of World War II Following World War II , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin headed a group of nations on his Western border , the Eastern Bloc , that then included Poland , Hungary and Czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened Soviet - controlled Germany . As early as 1945 , Stalin revealed to German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within the British occupation zone , that the United States would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united communist Germany within the bloc . The major task of the ruling communist party in the Soviet zone was to channel Soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , which in turn would be presented as internal measures . Property and industry was nationalized in the East German zone . If statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside public attention ) punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . Indoctrination of Marxism - Leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the West . The East Germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , including Soviet SMERSH secret police . In 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new German currency , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , the United Kingdom , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began a massive `` airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the Western policy change . Communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue .",
"6": "In May 1949 , Stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin . The German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) was declared on 7 October 1949 . By a secret treaty , the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs accorded the East German state administrative authority , but not autonomy . The Soviets permeated East German administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control . East Germany differed from West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) , which developed into a Western capitalist country with a social market economy ( `` Soziale Marktwirtschaft '' in German ) and a democratic parliamentary government . Continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year `` economic miracle '' ( `` Wirtschaftswunder '' ) . As West Germany 's economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many East Germans wanted to move to West Germany . Emigration westward in the early 1950s Main articles : Eastern Bloc emigration and defection and Eastern Bloc After the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the Eastern Bloc aspired to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave . Taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in Germany , the number of GDR citizens moving to West Germany totaled 187,000 in 1950 ; 165,000 in 1951 ; 182,000 in 1952 ; and 331,000 in 1953 . One reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further Sovietization , given the increasingly paranoid actions of Joseph Stalin in late 1952 and early 1953 . 226,000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . Erection of the inner German border Further information : Inner German border and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting emigration , was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc , including East Germany . The restrictions presented a quandary for some Eastern Bloc states , which had been more economically advanced and open than the Soviet Union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural -- especially where no prior border existed between East and West Germany .",
"7": "Up until 1952 , the demarcation lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . On 1 April 1952 , East German leaders met the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in Moscow ; during the discussions Stalin 's foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov proposed that the East Germans should `` introduce a system of passes for visits of West Berlin residents to the territory of East Berlin ( so as to stop ) free movement of Western agents '' in the GDR . Stalin agreed , calling the situation `` intolerable '' . He advised the East Germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that `` The demarcation line between East and West Germany should be considered a border -- and not just any border , but a dangerous one ... The Germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . '' Consequently , the inner German border between the two German states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . The border between the Western and Eastern sectors of Berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the Soviet and the Western sectors was somewhat restricted . This resulted in Berlin becoming a magnet for East Germans desperate to escape life in the GDR , and also a flashpoint for tension between the United States and the Soviet Union . In 1955 , the Soviets gave East Germany authority over civilian movement in Berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the West . Initially , East Germany granted `` visits '' to allow its residents access to West Germany . However , following the defection of large numbers of East Germans under this regime , the new East German state legally restricted virtually all travel to the West in 1956 . Soviet East German ambassador Mikhail Pervukhin observed that `` the presence in Berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately does not always turn out in favour of Democratic ( East ) Berlin . '' Berlin emigration loophole With the closing of the inner German border officially in 1952 , the border in Berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . Accordingly , Berlin became the main route by which East Germans left for the West . On 11 December 1957 , East Germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving Eastern Germany .",
"8": "It had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through West Berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . Those caught trying to leave East Berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and subway train access still available to West Berlin , such measures were ineffective . The Berlin sector border was essentially a `` loophole '' through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still escape . The 3.5 million East Germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire East German population . An important reason that Crossing the inner German border was not stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in East Germany . Construction of a new railway bypassing West Berlin , the Berlin outer ring , commenced in 1951 . Following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . ( See History of rail transport in Germany . ) Brain drain The emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the `` brain drain '' feared by officials in East Germany . Yuri Andropov , then the CPSU Director on Relations with Communist and Workers ' Parties of Socialist Countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 August 1958 , to the Central Committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of East German intelligentsia among the refugees . Andropov reported that , while the East German leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . He stated `` the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . '' An East German SED propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of ' flight from the republic ' : Both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole German nation , leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . Those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve West German Reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . Is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a `` guaranteed future '' one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favours a new war and destruction ?",
"9": "Is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labour in our republic to offer themselves to the American or British secret services or work for the West German factory owners , Junkers , or militarists ? Does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? ... ( W ) orkers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the German people , the imperialists and militarists . By 1960 , the combination of World War II and the massive emigration westward left East Germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70.5 % before the war . The loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . The direct cost of manpower losses to East Germany ( and corresponding gain to the West ) has been estimated at $7 billion to $9 billion , with East German party leader Walter Ulbricht later claiming that West Germany owed him $17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . In addition , the drain of East Germany 's young population potentially cost it over 22.5 billion marks in lost educational investment . The brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of East Germany that the re-securing of the German communist frontier was imperative . The exodus of emigrants from East Germany presented two minor potential benefits : an easy opportunity to smuggle East German secret agents to West Germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . Neither of these advantages , however , proved particularly useful . Construction begins , 1961 East German Combat Groups of the Working Class close the border on 13 August 1961 in preparation of the Berlin Wall construction . East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 20 November 1961 . On 15 June 1961 , First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party and GDR State Council chairman Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference , `` Niemand hat die Absicht , eine Mauer zu errichten ! ''",
"10": "( No one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . `` It was the first time the colloquial term Mauer ( wall ) had been used in this context '' . The transcript of a telephone call between Nikita Khrushchev and Ulbricht on 1 August in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the Wall came from Khrushchev . However , other sources suggest that Khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative Western reaction . What is beyond dispute , though , is that Ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , arguing that East Germany 's very existence was at stake . Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US President John F. Kennedy 's youth and inexperience show as weakness against Khrushchev 's brutal , undiplomatic aggression . This feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by Kennedy in the U.S. ambassador 's residence with New York Times columnist James `` Scotty '' Reston . Kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the US would not actively oppose this action in the Soviet sector of Berlin . On Saturday , 12 August 1961 , the leaders of the GDR attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin . There Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . At midnight , the police and units of the East German army began to close the border and , by Sunday morning , 13 August , the border with West Berlin was closed . East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) that divided West and East Berlin . The date of 13 August became commonly referred to as Barbed Wire Sunday in Germany . The barrier was built inside East Berlin or East German territory to ensure that it did not encroach on West Berlin at any point .",
"11": "Generally , the Wall was only slightly inside East Berlin , but in a few places it was some distance from the legal border , most notably at Potsdamer Bahnhof and the Lenné Triangle that is now much of the Potsdamer Platz development . Later , the initial barrier was built up into the Wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 August . During the construction of the Wall , National People 's Army ( NVA ) and Combat Groups of the Working Class ( KdA ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . Additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of East Germany 's western border with West Germany proper . A huge no man 's land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees . Immediate effects US President John F. Kennedy visiting the Berlin Wall on 26 June 1963 With the closing of the East - West sector boundary in Berlin , the vast majority of East Germans could no longer travel or emigrate to West Germany . Berlin soon went from being the easiest place to make an unauthorized crossing between East and West Germany to being the most difficult . Many families were split , while East Berliners employed in the West were cut off from their jobs . West Berlin became an isolated exclave in a hostile land . West Berliners demonstrated against the Wall , led by their Mayor ( Oberbürgermeister ) Willy Brandt , who strongly criticized the United States for failing to respond . Allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . In 1961 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk proclaimed , `` The Wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the European landscape . I see no reason why the Soviet Union should think it is -- it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . '' United States and UK sources had expected the Soviet sector to be sealed off from West Berlin , but were surprised by how long the East Germans took for such a move . They considered the Wall as an end to concerns about a GDR / Soviet retaking or capture of the whole of Berlin ; the Wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat .",
"12": "Thus they concluded that the possibility of a Soviet military conflict over Berlin had decreased . The East German government claimed that the Wall was an `` anti-fascist protective rampart '' ( German : `` antifaschistischer Schutzwall '' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the West . Another official justification was the activities of Western agents in Eastern Europe . The Eastern German government also claimed that West Berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in East Berlin . East Germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of East Germany traveling to the West , but not for residents of West Berlin travelling to the East . The construction of the Wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . Most people believed that the Wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of East Germany from entering or fleeing to West Berlin . Secondary response Play media Universal Newsreel of the 1st anniversary of the Berlin Wall The National Security Agency was the only American intelligence agency that was aware that East Germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem . On 9 August 1961 , the NSA intercepted an advance warning information of the Socialist Unity Party 's plan to close the intra-Berlin border between East and West Berlin completely for foot traffic . The interagency intelligence Berlin Watch Committee assessed that this intercept `` might be the first step in a plan to close the border . '' This warning did not reach U.S. President John F. Kennedy until noon on 13 August 1961 , while he was vacationing in his yacht off the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . While Kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the East Germans and the Soviets had only divided Berlin without taking any action against West Berlin 's access to the West . However , he denounced the Berlin Wall , whose erection worsened the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union . In response to the erection of the Berlin Wall , a retired general , Lucius D. Clay , was appointed by Kennedy as his special advisor and sent to Berlin with ambassadorial rank . Clay had been the Military Governor of the US Zone of Occupation in Germany during the period of the Berlin Blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the Berlin Airlift .",
"13": "He was immensely popular with the residents of West Berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that Kennedy would not compromise on the status of West Berlin . Clay and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson arrived at Tempelhof Airport on the afternoon of Saturday , 19 August 1961 . They arrived in a city defended by three Allied brigades -- one each from the UK , the US , and France ( the Forces Françaises à Berlin ) . On 16 August , Kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . Early on 19 August , the 1st Battle Group , 18th Infantry ( commanded by Colonel Glover S. Johns Jr . ) was alerted . On Sunday morning , U.S. troops marched from West Germany through East Germany , bound for West Berlin . Lead elements -- arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1,500 men , divided into five march units -- left the Helmstedt - Marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . At Marienborn , the Soviet checkpoint next to Helmstedt on the West German - East German border , US personnel were counted by guards . The column was 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) long , and covered 177 kilometres ( 110 mi ) from Marienborn to Berlin in full battle gear . East German police watched from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . The front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of Berlin just before noon , to be met by Clay and Johnson , before parading through the streets of Berlin in front of a large crowd . At 04 : 00 on 21 August , Lyndon Johnson left West Berlin in the hands of General Frederick O. Hartel and his brigade of 4,224 officers and men . `` For the next three and a half years , American battalions would rotate into West Berlin , by autobahn , at three month intervals to demonstrate Allied rights to the city '' . The creation of the Wall had important implications for both German states . By stemming the exodus of people from East Germany , the East German government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the Wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . The economy in the GDR began to grow .",
"14": "But , the Wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . Western powers portrayed it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after East German border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . Such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified Germany . Structure and adjacent areas Layout and modifications The wall overview Length ( km ) Description 156.4 0 Bordering around West Berlin within 3.4 m and 4.2 m in height 111.9 0 Concrete walls 44.5 0 Metal mesh fence ( along death strip ) 112.7 0 Cross attachment in Potsdam 43.7 0 Cross attachment along the border of East and West Berlin 0.5 0 Remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks 58.95 Wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3.40 m 68.42 Expanded metal fence with a height of 2.90 m as a `` front barrier '' 161 00 Light strip 113.85 Limit signal and barrier fence ( GSSZ ) 127.5 0 Contact and signal fence 124.3 0 Border patrol Actual number Descriptions 186 Observation towers ( 302 in West - Berlin ) 31 Implementing agencies 259 Dog runs 20 Bunker East Berlin `` death strip '' of the Berlin Wall , as seen from the Axel Springer AG Building , 1984 . This section of the Wall 's `` death strip '' featured Czech hedgehogs , a guard tower and a cleared area , 1977 . The top of the Wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . The areas just outside the wall , including the sidewalk , are de jure Eastern Bloc territory . 1984 . Structure of the Berlin Wall . Position and course of the Berlin Wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . The Berlin Wall was more than 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) long . In June 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some 100 metres ( 110 yd ) farther into East German territory .",
"15": "The houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing what later became known as the death strip . The death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the Wall guards . Through the years , the Berlin Wall evolved through four versions : Wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) Improved wire fence ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Improved concrete wall ( 1965 -- 1975 ) Grenzmauer 75 ( Border Wall 75 ) ( 1975 -- 1989 ) The `` fourth - generation Wall '' , known officially as `` Stützwandelement UL 12.11 '' ( retaining wall element UL 12.11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the Wall . Begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 , it was constructed from 45,000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) high and 1.2 metres ( 3.9 ft ) wide , and cost DDM 16,155,000 or about US $3,638,000 . The concrete provisions added to this version of the Wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . At strategic points , the Wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that East German and Soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . The top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . The Wall was reinforced by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti-vehicle trenches , barbed wire , dogs on long lines , `` beds of nails '' ( also known as `` Stalin 's Carpet '' ) under balconies hanging over the `` death strip '' , over 116 watchtowers , and 20 bunkers with hundreds of guards . This version of the Wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of the Wall in Berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation Wall . The layout came to resemble the inner German border in most technical aspects , except that the Berlin Wall had no landmines nor spring - guns .",
"16": "Maintenance was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . These doors could not be opened by a single person , needing two separate keys in two separate keyholes to unlock . As was the case with the inner German border , an unfortified strip of Eastern territory was left outside the wall . This outer strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall Unlike the inner German border , however , the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears not even to have been marked . Also in contrast with the inner German border , little interest was shown by East German law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; sidewalks of West Berlin streets even ran inside it . Despite the East German government 's general policy of benign neglect , vandals were not unknown to have been pursued in the outer strip , and even arrested . In 1986 , defector and political activist Wolfram Hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when East German personnel emerged from one of the hidden doors to apprehend them . All but Hasch escaped back into the western sector . Hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the de jure border outside the wall . Noted graffiti artist Thierry Noir has reported having often been perused there by East German soldiers . While some graffiti artists were chased off the outer strip , others , such as Keith Haring , were seemingly tolerated . Surrounding municipalities Besides the sector - sector boundary within Berlin itself , the Wall also separated West Berlin from the present - day state of Brandenburg .",
"17": "The following present - day municipalities , listed in counter-clockwise direction , share a border with former West Berlin : Oberhavel : Mühlenbecker Land ( partially ) , Glienicke / Nordbahn , Hohen Neuendorf , Hennigsdorf Havelland : Schönwalde - Glien , Falkensee , Dallgow - Döberitz Potsdam ( urban district ) Potsdam - Mittelmark : Stahnsdorf , Kleinmachnow , Teltow Teltow - Fläming : Großbeeren , Blankenfelde - Mahlow Dahme - Spreewald : Schönefeld ( partially ) Official crossings and usage See also : Berlin border crossings A You Are Leaving sign at a border of the American sector Road sign delimiting the British zone of occupation in Berlin , 1984 There were nine border crossings between East and West Berlin . These allowed visits by West Berliners , other West Germans , Western foreigners and Allied personnel into East Berlin , as well as visits by GDR citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into West Berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . These crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( East Germans , West Germans , West Berliners , other countries ) . The most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of Friedrichstraße and Zimmerstraße , also known as Checkpoint Charlie , which was restricted to Allied personnel and foreigners . Several other border crossings existed between West Berlin and surrounding East Germany . These could be used for transit between West Germany and West Berlin , for visits by West Berliners into East Germany , for transit into countries neighbouring East Germany ( Poland , Czechoslovakia , Denmark ) , and for visits by East Germans into West Berlin carrying a permit . After the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow West Berlin waste to be transported into East German dumps , as well as some crossings for access to West Berlin 's exclaves ( see Steinstücken ) . Four autobahns connected West Berlin to West Germany , the most famous being the Berlin - Helmstedt autobahn , which entered East German territory between the towns of Helmstedt and Marienborn ( Checkpoint Alpha ) , and which entered West Berlin at Dreilinden ( Checkpoint Bravo for the Allied forces ) in southwestern Berlin .",
"18": "Access to West Berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . Non-German Westerners could cross the border at Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin and at Checkpoint Charlie . When the Wall was erected , Berlin 's complex public transit networks , the S - Bahn and U-Bahn , were divided with it . Some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . Three western lines traveled through brief sections of East Berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called Geisterbahnhöfe , or ghost stations ) without stopping . Both the eastern and western networks converged at Friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly Westerners ) with permission to cross . Crossing Travel orders to go to Berlin as used by U.S. forces in the 1980s . West Germans and citizens of other Western countries could generally visit East Germany , often after applying for a visa at an East German embassy several weeks in advance . Visas for day trips restricted to East Berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . However , East German authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . In the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least DM 25 into East German currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . It was forbidden to export East German currency from the East , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . Tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost DM 5 ; West Berliners did not have to pay this . West Berliners initially could not visit East Berlin or East Germany at all -- all crossing points were closed to them between 26 August 1961 and 17 December 1963 . In 1963 , negotiations between East and West resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the Christmas season that year ( Passierscheinregelung ) . Similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . In 1971 , with the Four Power Agreement on Berlin , agreements were reached that allowed West Berliners to apply for visas to enter East Berlin and East Germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for West Germans .",
"19": "However , East German authorities could still refuse entry permits . East Berliners and East Germans could not , at first , travel to West Berlin or West Germany at all . This regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the Wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : Elderly pensioners could travel to the West starting in 1965 Visits of relatives for important family matters People who had to travel to the West for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) For each of these exceptions , GDR citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . In addition , even if travel was approved , GDR travellers could exchange only a very small amount of East German Marks into Deutsche Marks ( DM ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the West . This led to the West German practice of granting a small amount of DM annually ( Begrüßungsgeld , or welcome money ) to GDR citizens visiting West Germany and West Berlin to help alleviate this situation . Citizens of other East European countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting Western countries as East Germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . Allied military personnel and civilian officials of the Allied forces could enter and exit East Berlin without submitting to East German passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . Likewise , Soviet military patrols could enter and exit West Berlin . This was a requirement of the post-war Four Powers Agreements . A particular area of concern for the Western Allies involved official dealings with East German authorities when crossing the border , since Allied policy did not recognize the authority of the GDR to regulate Allied military traffic to and from West Berlin , as well as the Allied presence within Greater Berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within East Berlin . The Allies held that only the Soviet Union , and not the GDR , had authority to regulate Allied personnel in such cases . For this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when engaged in travel through the GDR and when in East Berlin . Special rules applied to travel by Western Allied military personnel assigned to the Military Liaison Missions accredited to the commander of Soviet forces in East Germany , located in Potsdam .",
"20": "Allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : Transit between West Germany and West Berlin Road : the Helmstedt - Berlin autobahn ( A2 ) ( checkpoints Alpha and Bravo respectively ) . Soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed Allied personnel for travel between the two points . Military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . Rail : Western Allied military personnel and civilian officials of the Allied forces were forbidden to use commercial train service between West Germany and West Berlin , because of GDR passport and customs controls when using them . Instead , the Allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in West Germany and West Berlin . When transiting the GDR , the trains would follow the route between Helmstedt and Griebnitzsee , just outside West Berlin . In addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . The trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , Soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ( See History of the Berlin S - Bahn . ) Entry into and exit from East Berlin Checkpoint Charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) As with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the Western Allies accredited to their respective embassies in the GDR . This was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when crossing between East and West Berlin , which could jeopardize the overall Allied position governing the freedom of movement by Allied forces personnel within all Berlin . Ordinary citizens of the Western Allied powers , not formally affiliated with the Allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through East Germany to and from West Berlin . Regarding travel to East Berlin , such persons could also use the Friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to Checkpoint Charlie . In these instances , such travelers , unlike Allied personnel , had to submit to East German border controls . Defection attempts Further information : List of deaths at the Berlin Wall NVA soldier Conrad Schumann defecting to West Berlin during the Wall 's early days in 1961 . During the years of the Wall , around 5,000 people successfully defected to West Berlin .",
"21": "The number of people who died trying to cross the Wall , or as a result of the Wall 's existence , has been disputed . The most vocal claims by Alexandra Hildebrandt , Director of the Checkpoint Charlie Museum and widow of the Museum 's founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 . A historic research group at the Center for Contemporary Historical Research ( ZZF ) in Potsdam has confirmed at least 140 deaths . Prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . The East German government issued shooting orders ( Schießbefehl ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as `` shoot to kill '' orders . GDR officials denied issuing the latter . In an October 1973 order later discovered by researchers , guards were instructed that people attempting to cross the Wall were criminals and needed to be shot : `` Do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used '' . Early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the Wall was fortified . East German authorities no longer permitted apartments near the Wall to be occupied , and any building near the Wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . On 15 August 1961 , Conrad Schumann was the first East German border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to West Berlin . On 22 August 1961 , Ida Siekmann was the first casualty at the Berlin Wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 Bernauer Strasse . The first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to West Berlin was Günter Litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . He attempted to swim across the Spree Canal to West Germany on 24 August 1961 , the same day that East German police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . Another dramatic escape was carried out on April 1963 by Wolfgang Engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the Nationale Volksarmee . Engels stole a Soviet armored personnel carrier from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the Wall .",
"22": "He was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards . But a West German policeman intervened , firing his weapon at the East German border guards . The policeman removed Engels from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . Memorial to the Victims of the Wall , with graffiti , 1982 . East Germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the Wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying ultralights and , in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . When a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . They lay flat and kept driving forward . The East Germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . The sewer system predated the Wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the Unternehmen Reisebüro . An airborne escape was made by Thomas Krüger , who landed a Zlin Z 42 M light aircraft of the Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik , an East German youth military training organization , at RAF Gatow . His aircraft , registration DDR - WOH , was dismantled and returned to the East Germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by RAF airmen , such as `` Wish you were here '' and `` Come back soon '' . DDR - WOH is still flying today , but under the registration D - EWOH . If an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the Western wall , Westerners could not intervene for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' Grepos ' , the East Berlin border guards . The guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of Peter Fechter ( aged 18 ) . He was shot and bled to death , in full view of the Western media , on 17 August 1962 .",
"23": "Fechter 's death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of East Berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible `` would - be escapers '' . The last person to be shot and killed while trying to cross the border was Chris Gueffroy on 6 February 1989 , while the final person to die in an escape attempt was Winfried Freudenberg who was killed when his homemade natural gas - filled balloon crashed on 8 March 1989 . The Wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in East Berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her diary `` Our lives have lost their spirit ... we can do nothing to stop them . '' Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-wall sentiment Every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses -- Margaret Thatcher commenting about the wall , West Berlin , 1982 David Bowie , 1987 On 6 June 1987 , David Bowie , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in West Berlin , played a concert close to the Wall . This was attended by thousands of Eastern concertgoers across the Wall , followed by violent rioting in East Berlin . According to Tobias Ruther , these protests in East Berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of November 1989 . Although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the Wall , on his death , the German Foreign Office tweeted `` Good - bye , David Bowie . You are now among # Heroes . Thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . '' Bruce Springsteen , 1988 On 19 July 1988 , 16 months before the Wall came down , Bruce Springsteen and the E-Street Band , played Rocking the Wall , a live concert in East Berlin , which was attended by 300,000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . Springsteen spoke to the crowd in German , saying : `` I 'm not here for or against any government . I 've come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down '' . East Germany and its FDJ youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . They hoped that by letting Springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among East Germans .",
"24": "However , this strategy of `` one step backwards , two steps forwards '' backfired and the concert only made East Germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that Springsteen epitomized . While John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of West Berlin , Springsteen 's speaking out against the Wall in the middle of East Berlin added to the euphoria . David Hasselhoff , 1989 On 31 December 1989 , American TV actor and pop music singer David Hasselhoff was the headlining performer for the Freedom Tour Live concert , which was attended by over 500,000 people on both sides of the Wall . The live concert footage was directed by music video director Thomas Mignone and aired on broadcast television station Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ZDF throughout Europe . During shooting film crew personnel pulled people up from both sides to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . Hasselhoff sang his Number One hit song `` Looking For Freedom '' on a platform at the end of a twenty - meter steel crane that swung above and over the Wall adjacent to the Brandenburg Gate . `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' and `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall . '' Main articles : Ich bin ein Berliner and Tear down this wall ! Ich bin ein Berliner ( I am a Berliner ) speech Play media Speech from the Rathaus Schöneberg by John F. Kennedy , 26 June 1963 . Duration 9 : 01 . Ich bin ein Berliner ( `` I am a Berliner '' ) speech ( audio ) Audio - only version ( Duration 9 : 22 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . Famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . On 26 June 1963 , 22 months after the erection of the Berlin Wall , U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited West Berlin .",
"25": "Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000 he declared in his Ich bin ein Berliner speech the support of the United States for West Germany and the people of West Berlin in particular : Two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ( `` I am a Roman citizen '' ) . Today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' ... All free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of Berlin , and therefore , as a free man , I take pride in the words `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall . The speech is considered one of Kennedy 's best , both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier . It was a great morale boost for West Berliners , who lived in an exclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation . In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin on 12 June 1987 , U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev , then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , to tear down the Wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc : We welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . General Secretary Gorbachev , if you seek peace , if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and eastern Europe , if you seek liberalization , come here to this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , open this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall ! Fall of the Berlin Wall In June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the electrified fence along its border with Austria ( with Western TV crews present ) , and then , in September , more than 13,000 East German tourists escaped through Hungary to Austria . This set up a chain of events .",
"26": "The Hungarians prevented many more East Germans from crossing the border and returned them to Budapest . These East Germans flooded the West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany . The East German government responded by disallowing any further travel to Hungary , but allowed those already there to return to East Germany . This triggered similar events in neighboring Czechoslovakia . This time , however , the East German authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through East Germany . This was followed by mass demonstrations within East Germany itself . Protest demonstrations spread throughout East Germany in September 1989 . Initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the West , chanting `` Wir wollen raus ! '' ( `` We want out ! '' ) . Then protestors began to chant `` Wir bleiben hier ! '' ( `` We are staying here ! '' ) . This was the start of what East Germans generally call the `` Peaceful Revolution '' of late 1989 . The protest demonstrations grew considerably by early November . The movement neared its height on 4 November , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , at the Alexanderplatz demonstration , East Berlin 's large public square and transportation hub . The longtime leader of East Germany , Erich Honecker , resigned on 18 October 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz that day . Honecker had predicted in January of that year that the Wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . The wave of refugees leaving East Germany for the West kept increasing . By early November refugees were finding their way to Hungary via Czechoslovakia , or via the West German Embassy in Prague . This was tolerated by the new Krenz government , because of long - standing agreements with the communist Czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common border . However this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . To ease the difficulties , the politburo led by Krenz decided on 9 November to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between East Germany and West Germany , including between East and West Berlin . Later the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . The new regulations were to take effect the next day .",
"27": "Günter Schabowski , the party boss in East Berlin and the spokesman for the SED Politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . However , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . Shortly before a press conference on 9 November , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . These regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . But this starting time delay was not communicated to Schabowski . At the end of the press conference , Schabowski read out loud the note he had been given . One of the reporters , ANSA 's Riccardo Ehrman , asked when the regulations would take effect . After a few seconds ' hesitation , Schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , `` As far as I know , it takes effect immediately , without delay '' . After further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings through the Wall into West Berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . Excerpts from Schabowski 's press conference were the lead story on West Germany 's two main news programs that night -- at 7 : 17 p.m. on ZDF 's heute and at 8 p.m. on ARD 's Tagesschau . This meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of East Germany as well . Later that night , on ARD 's Tagesthemen , anchorman Hanns Joachim Friedrichs proclaimed , `` This 9 November is a historic day . The GDR has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . The gates in the Wall stand open wide . '' After hearing the broadcast , East Germans began gathering at the Wall , at the six checkpoints between East and West Berlin , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . The surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem . At first , they were ordered to find the `` more aggressive '' people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to East Germany -- in effect , revoking their citizenship .",
"28": "However , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through `` as Schabowski said we can '' . It soon became clear that no one among the East German authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of East German citizens . Finally , at 10 : 45 p.m. , Harald Jäger , the commander of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . As the Ossis swarmed through , they were greeted by Wessis waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . Soon afterward , a crowd of West Berliners jumped on top of the Wall , and were soon joined by East German youngsters . They danced together to celebrate their new freedom . Walking through Checkpoint Charlie , 10 November 1989 Germans stand on top of the Wall in the days before it was torn down At the Brandenburg Gate , 10 November 1989 Juggling on the Wall on 16 November 1989 `` Mauerspecht '' ( November 1989 ) The Fall of the Wall ( November 1989 ) Another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . An account by Heinz Schäfer indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at Waltersdorf - Rudow a couple of hours earlier . This may explain reports of East Berliners appearing in West Berlin earlier than the opening of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing . Demolition Play media A Berlin Wall segment in Los Angeles at 5900 Wilshire Boulevard . The fall of the Berlin Wall ( German : Mauerfall ) began the evening of 9 November 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks , with people nicknamed Mauerspechte ( wall woodpeckers ) using various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts in the process , and creating several unofficial border crossings . Television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the Wall on 9 November was soon followed by the East German regime announcing ten new border crossings , including the historically significant locations of Potsdamer Platz , Glienicker Brücke , and Bernauer Straße .",
"29": "Crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the Wall to reconnect the divided roads . While the Wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity , new border crossings continued for some time , including the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989 . Initially the East German military attempted repairing damage done by the `` Wall peckers '' ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and `` unauthorized '' border crossing through the holes . West Germans and West Berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 December . Until then , they could only visit East Germany and East Berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and obligatory exchange of at least 25 DM per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . Thus , in the weeks between 9 November and 23 December , East Germans could actually travel more freely than Westerners . On 13 June 1990 , the East German military officially began dismantling the Wall , beginning in Bernauer Straße and around the Mitte district . From there , demolition continued through Prenzlauer Berg / Gesundbrunnen , Helligensee and throughout the city of Berlin until that December 1990 . According to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1.7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . Unofficially , the demolition of the Bornholmer Straße began because of construction work on the railway . This involved a total of 300 GDR border guards and - after 3 October 1990 - 600 Pioneers of the Bundeswehr . These were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . Virtually every road that was severed by the Berlin Wall ( that links from West Berlin to East Berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 August 1990 . In Berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . What remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . Various military units dismantled the Berlin / Brandenberg border wall , completing the job in November 1991 .",
"30": "Painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in Berlin and Monte Carlo . On 1 July , the day East Germany adopted the West German currency , all de jure border controls ceased , although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that . The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state along the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law . An East German guard talks to a Westerner through a broken seam in the wall in late November 1989 . A crane removes a section of the Wall near Brandenburg Gate on 21 December 1989 . Almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . December 1990 . West Germans peer at East German border guards through a hole in the wall on 5 January 1990 . Short section of the Berlin Wall at Potsdamer Platz , March 2009 Souvenir chunk of concrete from the Wall Opposition In some European capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified Germany . In September 1989 , British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall and confided that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . `` We do not want a united Germany . This would lead to a change to postwar borders and we can not allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security , '' Thatcher told Gorbachev . After the fall of the Berlin Wall , French President François Mitterrand warned Thatcher that a unified Germany could make more ground than Adolf Hitler ever had and that Europe would have to bear the consequences . Celebrations On 21 November 1989 , Crosby , Stills & Nash performed the song `` Chippin ' Away '' from Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes in front of the Brandenburg Gate .",
"31": "On 25 December 1989 , Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall , including Beethoven 's 9th symphony ( Ode to Joy ) with the word `` Joy '' ( Freude ) changed to `` Freedom '' ( Freiheit ) in the lyrics sung . The poet Schiller may have originally written `` Freedom '' and changed it to `` Joy '' out of fear . The orchestra and choir were drawn from both East and West Germany , as well as the United Kingdom , France , the Soviet Union , and the United States . On New Year 's Eve 1989 , David Hasselhoff performed his song `` Looking for Freedom '' while standing atop the partly demolished wall . Roger Waters performed the Pink Floyd album The Wall just north of Potsdamer Platz on 21 July 1990 , with guests including Bon Jovi , Scorpions , Bryan Adams , Sinéad O'Connor , Cyndi Lauper , Thomas Dolby , Joni Mitchell , Marianne Faithfull , Levon Helm , Rick Danko and Van Morrison . Over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate as to whether 9 November would make a suitable German national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in East Germany , such as Werner Schulz . Besides being the emotional apogee of East Germany 's peaceful revolution , 9 November is also the date of the 1918 abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and declaration of the Weimar Republic , the first German republic . However , 9 November is also the anniversary of the execution of Robert Blum in following the 1848 Vienna revolts , the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch and the infamous Kristallnacht pogroms of the Nazis in 1938 . Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel criticized the first euphoria , noting that `` they forgot that 9 November has already entered into history -- 51 years earlier it marked the Kristallnacht . '' As reunification was not official and complete until 3 October , that day was finally chosen as German Unity Day . 20th anniversary celebrations On 9 November 2009 , Berlin celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall with a `` Festival of Freedom '' with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the Brandenburg Gate .",
"32": "A high point was when over 1,000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) tall , that were stacked along the former route of the Wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the Brandenburg Gate . A Berlin Twitter Wall was set up to allow Twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . The Chinese government quickly shut down access to the Twitter Wall after masses of Chinese users began using it to protest the Great Firewall of China . In the United States , the German Embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto `` Freedom Without Walls '' , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . The campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the Berlin Wall among current college students . Students at over 30 universities participated in `` Freedom Without Walls '' events in late 2009 . First place winner of the Freedom Without Walls Speaking Contest Robert Cannon received a free trip to Berlin for 2010 . An international project called Mauerreise ( Journey of the Wall ) took place in various countries . Twenty symbolic Wall bricks were sent from Berlin starting in May 2009 , with the destinations being Korea , Cyprus , Yemen , and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . In these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the `` wall '' phenomenon . To commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall , Twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the Wall in virtual Berlin . The MTV Europe Music Awards , on 5 November , had U2 and Tokio Hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the Berlin Wall . U2 performed at the Brandenburg Gate , and Tokio Hotel performed `` World Behind My Wall '' . Palestinians in the town of Kalandia , West Bank pulled down parts of the Israeli West Bank barrier , in a demonstration marking the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The International Spy Museum in Washington DC hosted a Trabant car rally where 20 Trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Rides were raffled every half - hour and a Trabant crashed through a Berlin Wall mock up .",
"33": "The Trabant was the East German people 's car that many used to leave DDR after the collapse . The Allied Museum in the Dahlem district of Berlin hosted a number of events to mark the Twentieth Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The museum held a Special Exhibition entitled `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 '' which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the Western powers to observe the situation along the Berlin Wall and the fortifications on the GDR border . A sheet of `` Americans in Berlin '' Commemorative Cinderella stamps designed by T.H.E. Hill , the author of Voices Under Berlin , was presented to the Museum by David Guerra , Berlin veteran and webmaster of the site www.berlinbrigade.com . The stamps splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on , veterans of service in Berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives . Legacy Remaining stretch of the Wall near Ostbahnhof in Friedrichshain called East Side Gallery , August 2006 Remains of the Wall adjacent to the Topography of Terror , August 2007 A memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the Wall for those who died trying to cross . The memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . A `` BERLINER MAUER 1961 -- 1989 '' plaque near Checkpoint Charlie signifying where the Wall stood Display of two sections of the Wall and a `` You are leaving '' sign at Fort Gordon , Georgia The Berlin Wall from the East Berlin side , 1967 A sign reading `` Until we see each other again in the capital of the GDR '' Czech hedgehog antitank obstacles and the Wall An exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the Berlin Wall destruction was located at Potsdamer Platz Arkaden Line indicating where the Wall once stood , just off Potsdamer Platz , in 2015 Little is left of the Wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost in its entirety .",
"34": "Three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre - long ( 260 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the Topography of Terror , site of the former Gestapo headquarters , halfway between Checkpoint Charlie and Potsdamer Platz ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the Spree River near the Oberbaumbrücke , nicknamed East Side Gallery ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at Bernauer Straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . Other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . The former leadership in the Schlesischen Busch in the vicinity of the Puschkinallee -- the listed , twelve - meter high watchtower stands in a piece of the wall strip , which has been turned into a park , near the Lohmühleninsel The former `` Kieler Eck '' ( Kieler Eck ) on Kieler Strasse in Mitte , close to the Berlin - Spandau Schifffahrtskanal -- the tower is protected as a historic monument and now surrounded on three sides by new buildings . It houses a memorial site named after the Wallopfer Günter Litfin , who was shot at Humboldthafen in August 1961 . The memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother Jürgen Liftin , can be viewed after registration . The former management office at Nieder Neuendorf , in the district of Hennigsdorf of the same name -- here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two German states . The former management station at Bergfelde , today the district of Hohen Neuendorf -- The tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by the Deutschen Waldjugend . The only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( BT - 11 ) in the Erna - Berger - Strasse also in Mitte -- however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; There is an exhibition about the wall in the area of the Potsdamer Platz in planning .",
"35": "Nothing still accurately represents the Wall 's original appearance better than a very short stretch at Bernauer Straße associated with the Berlin Wall Documentation Center . Other remnants are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . Fragments of the Wall were taken and some were sold around the world . Appearing both with and without certificates of authenticity , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service eBay as well as German souvenir shops . Today , the eastern side is covered in graffiti that did not exist while the Wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of East Germany . Previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . Along some tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former Wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . In most places only the `` first '' wall is marked , except near Potsdamer Platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . After the fall of Berlin Wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as Berliner Mauerweg . It is part of the initiative by Berlin Senate since 2005 . Cultural differences For many years after reunification , people in Germany talked about cultural differences between East and West Germans ( colloquially Ossis and Wessis ) , sometimes described as Mauer im Kopf ( The wall in the head ) . A September 2004 poll found that 25 percent of West Germans and 12 percent of East Germans wished that East and West should be separated again by a `` Wall '' . A poll taken in October 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall indicated , however , that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the East ; 12 percent in the West ) . Although differences are still perceived between East and West , Germans make similar distinctions between North and South . A 2011 poll conducted by Russia 's VTsIOM , found that more than half of all Russians do not know who built the Berlin Wall . Ten percent of people surveyed thought Berlin residents built it themselves . Six percent said Western powers built it and four percent thought it was a `` bilateral initiative '' of the Soviet Union and the West .",
"36": "Fifty - eight percent said they did not know who built it , with just 24 percent correctly naming the Soviet Union and its then - communist ally East Germany . Wall segments around the World Segment of the Berlin wall in the Sanctuary of Fátima , Portugal Main article : List of Berlin Wall segments Not all segments of the Wall were ground up as the Wall was being torn down . Many segments have been given to various institutions in the world . They can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces in different countries of the world . Remains of the Berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 50th anniversary commemoration On 13 August 2011 , Germany marked the 50th anniversary of East Germany beginning the erection of the Berlin Wall . Chancellor Angela Merkel joined with President Christian Wulff and Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit at the Bernauer Straße memorial park to remember lives and liberty . Speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the West . `` It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again , '' entreated Mayor Wowereit . `` It has been shown once again : Freedom is invincible at the end . No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom '' , proclaimed President Wulff . '' Related media Documentary films specifically about the Berlin Wall : The Tunnel , a NBC News Special documentary film broadcast in December 1962 The Road to the Wall , a 1962 documentary film Something to Do with the Wall , 1991 documentary about the fall of the Berlin Wall by Ross McElwee and Marilyn Levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction .",
"37": "Rabbit à la Berlin , a 2009 documentary film , directed by Bartek Konopka , told from point of view of a group of wild rabbits that inhabited the zone between the two walls Fictional films featuring the Berlin Wall have included : The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1965 -- Cold War classic set on both sides of The Wall , from the book by John le Carré , directed by Martin Ritt The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , Spanish - Mexican co-production , 1965 Funeral in Berlin , 1966 -- Spy movie starring Michael Caine , directed by Guy Hamilton Casino Royale , 1967 -- featuring a segment centred on a house apparently bisected by the Wall . The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz , 1968 -- Cold War spy farce about an Olympic athlete who defects . Director George Marshall Berlin Tunnel 21 , 1981 -- A made - for - TV movie about a former American officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath The Wall as a rescue route . The Soldier , 1982 -- A renegade KGB team put nuclear weapons in Saudi Arabia to force America to make the Israelis pull out of the West Bank or the bomb will make 50 % of the world 's oil radioactive for decades . The title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in Smith Center , Kansas to obtain independent launch capability , then he and an Israeli security agent drive an automobile from West Germany over the Berlin Wall into East Germany where he informs the KGB agents that if the nuke goes off in Saudi Arabia , his team in Kansas will nuke Moscow . The Innocent , 1993 -- About the joint CIA / MI6 operation to build a tunnel under East Berlin in the 1950s . Directed by John Schlesinger The Tunnel , 2001 -- Dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the Wall . Film by Roland Suso Richter In the 2015 film Bridge of Spies , Frederic Pryor , an American economics graduate student , visits his German girlfriend in East Berlin just as the Berlin Wall is being built . He tries to bring her back into West Berlin , but is stopped by Stasi agents and arrested as a spy .",
"38": "Some novels specifically about the Berlin Wall : John le Carré , The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1963 -- Classic Cold War spy fiction Len Deighton , Berlin Game , 1983 -- Classic Cold War spy fiction T.H.E. Hill , The Day Before the Berlin Wall : Could We Have Stopped It ? -- An Alternate History of Cold War Espionage , 2010 -- based on a legend told in Berlin in the 1970s John Marks , The Wall , 1999 NYT Review -- an American spy defects to the East just hours before the Wall falls Marcia Preston , West of the Wall ( published as Trudy 's Promise in North America ) , 2008 -- Left behind in East Berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the Berlin Wall Peter Schneider , The Wall Jumper , 1984 ( German : Der Mauerspringer , 1982 ) -- the Wall plays a central role in this novel set in Berlin of the 1980s Music related to the Berlin Wall `` West of the Wall , a 1962 top 40 hit by Toni Fisher , told the tale of two lovers separated by the newly - built Berlin Wall . `` Holidays in the Sun '' , a song by the English punk rock band The Sex Pistols prominently mentions the Wall , specifically singer Johnny Rotten 's fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . David Bowie 's `` Heroes '' was inspired by the image of a couple kissing at the Berlin Wall ( in reality , the couple was his producer Tony Visconti and backup singer Antonia Maaß ) . The song ( which , along with the album of the same name , were recorded in Berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the `` Wall of Shame '' ( `` the shame was on the other side '' ) . Upon his death , the German Foreign Office paid homage to Bowie on Twitter , : see also above Over de muur ( nl ) , a 1984 song by Dutch pop band Klein Orkest ( nl ) , about the differences between East and West Berlin during the period of the Berlin Wall . `` Chippin ' Away '' , a song by Tom Fedora , as performed by Crosby , Stills & Nash on the Berlin Wall appeared on Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes .",
"39": "The music video for Liza Fox 's song `` Free '' ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Art related to the Berlin Wall In the year 1982 the West - German artist Elsner ( de ) created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around West - Berlin as part of his work series `` Border Injuries '' . On one of his actions he even tore down a large part of the Wall , installed a prepared foil of 3x2m in it and finished the painting there before the border soldiers on patrol could detect him . This performance was even recorded on video . His actions are well - documented both in newspapers from that time and in recent scientific publications . Video games related to the Berlin Wall 1999 's SimCity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the Cold War , where the player must demolish the wall and re-unite East and West Berlin , being given 5 years in the game to complete the task . The longer it takes to complete the goals results in riots in the city . The `` First Strike '' downloadable content pack for 2010s Call of Duty : Black Ops includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the Berlin Wall ( `` Berlin Wall '' ) The introductory video to the Rise and Fall expansion for Civilization VI depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . See also The Berlin Wall ( video game ) Brandenburg Gate Chapel of Reconciliation Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Charlie stand - off ( October 1961 ) Dissolution of the Soviet Union ( 1991 ) Green Line ( Beirut ) Inner German Border Korean Demilitarized Zone Military Demarcation Line List of walls Operation Gold Ostalgie Peace Lines ( Belfast ) Reunification of Jerusalem The Wall -- Live in Berlin ( rock opera / concert , 21 July 1990 ) References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall '' . Chicago Tribune . 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Video : Berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1961 .",
"40": "Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In Photos : 25 years ago todaythe Berlin Wall Fell '' . TheJournal.ie. 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jack Marck Archived 29 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . `` Over the Wall : A Once - in - a-Lifetime Experience '' American Heritage , October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/europe/berlin-wall-fast-facts/index.html Jump up ^ `` Berlin Wall : Five things you might not know '' . The Telegraph . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom ! -- TIME '' . TIME. 20 November 1989 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forschungsprojekt `` Die Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer , 1961 -- 1989 '' : BILANZ ( Stand : 7 . August 2008 ) ( in German ) `` . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer '' ( Fatalities at the Berlin Wall ) ( in German ) . Chronik der Mauer . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Elise Sarotte , Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall , New York : Basic Books , 2014 Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening Of The Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books : . pp. xxv . Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 95 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p.",
"41": "96 Jump up ^ The political process contrasted with that in West German zones occupied by France , the United Kingdom , and the United States , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( Turner , Henry Ashby . The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West , Yale University Press , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 65 -- 70 Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Fritsch - Bournazel , Renata , Confronting the German Question : Germans on the East - West Divide , Berg Publishers , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 180 -- 81 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 179 Jump up ^ In a congratulatory telegram , Stalin emphasized that , with the creation of East Germany , the `` enslavement of European countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . '' ( Wettig , Gerhard , Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/berlin-wall-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-barrier-that-divided-east-and-west-9847347.html ^ Jump up to : Thackeray 2004 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung , Familie und Frauen , Statistik Spätaussiedler Dezember 2007 , p. 3 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Loescher 2001 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Loescher 2001 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Dale 2005 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p.",
"42": "114 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Dowty 1989 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 240 - fn Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Paul Maddrell , Spying on Science : Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945 -- 1961 , p. 56 . Oxford University Press , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Dowty 1989 , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2003 , p. 100 Jump up ^ English translation of `` Wer die Deutsche Demokratische Republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die Seite der Kriegstreiber '' ( `` He Who Leaves the German Democratic Republic Joins the Warmongers '' , Notizbuch des Agitators ( `` Agitator 's Notebook '' ) , Berlin : Socialist Unity Party 's Agitation Department , November 1955 . Jump up ^ Volker Rolf Berghahn , Modern Germany : Society , Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century , p. 227 . Cambridge University Press , 1987 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Crozier , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Forum . p. 170 - 171 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon ( 2008 ) . The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 1989 . Oxford UK : Osprey Publishing . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 184603 - 193 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wiegrefe , Klaus . `` Wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei Wochen Zeit '' , Spiegel Online -- einestages , May 2009 Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the telephone call between Khrushchev and Ulbricht on August 1 , 1961 '' ( in German ) . Welt.de. 30 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 .",
"43": "^ Jump up to : Sebetsyen , Victor ( 2009 ) . Revolution 1989 : The Fall of the Soviet Empire . New York City : Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/27/the-worst-day-of-jfks-life/ Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.historytoday.com/frederick-taylor/berlin-wall-secret-history Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Territory '' . City of Berlin . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Territory : Lenné - Dreieck '' . City of Berlin . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall Goes Up in Berlin -- Events of 1961 -- Year in Review '' . UPI.com. 29 May 1998 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Keeling , Drew ( 2014 ) , business-of-migration.com `` Berlin Wall and Migration , '' Migration as a travel business Jump up ^ Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : 13 August 1961 -- 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006 Jump up ^ `` Goethe - Institut -- Topics -- German - German History Goethe - Institut '' . Web.archive.org. 9 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ `` Die Regierungen der Warschauer Vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die Volkskammer und an die Regierung der DDR mit dem Vorschlag , an der Westberliner Grenze eine solche Ordnung einzuführen , durch die der Wühltätigkeit gegen die Länder des sozialistischen Lagers zuverlässig der Weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze Gebiet West - Berlins eine verlässliche Bewachung gewährleistet wird . '' Die Welt : Berlin wird geteilt Jump up ^ `` Neues Deutschland : Normales Leben in Berlin , 14 August 1961 '' ( in German ) . Zlb.de . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Crisis After Dividing Berlin , August 1961 '' ( PDF ) . The National Security Archive at George Washington University in Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew M. Aid & William Burr ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` '' Disreputable if Not Outright Illegal `` : The National Security Agency versus Martin Luther King , Muhammad Ali , Art Buchwald , Frank Church , et al '' . The National Security Archive at the George Washington University in Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ See also Hackworth , About Face Jump up ^ Evans , Ben ( 2014 ) . Escaping The Bonds of Earth : The Fifties and the Sixties . Chichester UK : Praxis Publishing . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 79093 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Micah ( 1996 ) `` After the Wall : The Legal Ramifications of the East German Border Guard Trials in Unified Germany , '' Cornell International Law Journal : Vol. 29 : Iss. 3 , Article 3 .",
"45": "p 728 Jump up ^ Berliner Mauer ( Stand 31 . Juli 1989 ) Polizeipräsident von Berlin . Jump up ^ Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung : Ministerium für Staatssicherheit der DDR , siehe : Statistiken + `` Grenzsicherung in Berlin `` 1989 . ^ Jump up to : According to Hagen Koch , former Stasi - officer , in Geert Mak 's documentary In Europa ( series ) , episode 1961 -- DDR , 25 January 2009 ^ Jump up to : https://www.thoughtco.com/the-berlin-wall-28-year-history-1779495 Jump up ^ Burkhardt , Heiko . `` Facts of Berlin Wall -- History of Berlin Wall '' . Dailysoft.com . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : P. Dousset ; A. Souquet ; S. Lelarge . `` Berlin Wall '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 13 September 2006 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Heiko Burkhardt . `` Fourth Generation of Berlin Wall -- History of Berlin Wall '' . Dailysoft.com . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall . History Channel , 2009 . DVD - ROM . Jump up ^ Popiolek . `` The Berlin wall : History of Berlin Wall : Facts '' . Die-berliner-mauer.de . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=275&v=OwQsTzGkbiY Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books .",
"46": "Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/01/09/Foreign-News-Briefs/9799537166800/ Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/apr/03/thierry-noir-graffiti-berlin-wall Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/nov/03/east-german-punks-berlin-wall-radical-art-stunt Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , pp. 206 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/berlin-wall1.htm ^ Jump up to : https://mashable.com/2014/11/06/berlin-wall-fence/#h6xI9DEA5PqH Jump up ^ Willis , Jim ( 19 March 1946 ) . Daily Life behind the Iron Curtain . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313397639 . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ https://mashable.com/2014/11/06/berlin-wall-fence/#h6xI9DEA5PqH Jump up ^ `` E German ' licence to kill ' found '' . BBC News . 12 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . A newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says Germany 's director of Stasi files . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Schumann , 56 , Symbol of E. Berlin escapes '' ; North Sports Final Edition Associated Press . Chicago Tribune , Chicago , Ill. : 23 June 1998 . pg.",
"47": "8 Jump up ^ `` Chronik der Mauer -- Bau und Fall der Berliner Mauer Opfer der Mauer '' . Chronik-der-mauer.de . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . pp. 363 -- 367 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hertle , Hans - Hermann ( 2008 ) . The Berlin Wall : Monument of the Cold War . Ch . Links Verlag , p. 72 . ISBN 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 Jump up ^ https://www.thelocal.de/20141105/the-great-escape-across-the-berlin-wall Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/secret-tunnels-that-brought-freedom-from-berlins-wall-1804765.html Jump up ^ Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : A World Divided 1961 -- 1989 , London : Harper Perennial , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 394 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ MRS . THATCHER VISITS THE BERLIN WALL , The New York Times , 30 October 1982 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Max ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie at the Berlin Wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history '' . Vox . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did Bowie bring down the Berlin Wall ? '' . The Week . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Thank you David Bowie for helping bring down the Berlin Wall '' . Business Insider Australia . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Good - bye , David Bowie '' . German Foreign Office . 11 January 2016 .",
"48": "Retrieved 11 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Springsteen 's 1988 Berlin gig rock the Wall ? '' . The Local -- Germany 's News in English . The Local -- Germany 's News in English . 9 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Mr. Hasselhoff Tore Down This Wall '' . NPR . National Public Radio . 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan 's ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 '' . USA Today . 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Brandenberg Gate '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Michael ( 13 September 2009 ) . `` The picnic that brought down the Berlin Wall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sie wird noch in 50 Jahren stehen '' . dpa. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : unknown ( 2009 ) . `` 20 Jahre Mauerfall '' ( in German ) . Kulturprojekte Berlin GmbH . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Henslin , 07 Jump up ^ Schäfer , Hermann ( 2015 ) . Deutsche Geschichte in 100 Objekten . München , Berlin , Zürich : Piper . p. 570 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 492057028 . ^ Jump up to : Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 1 November 2009 ) `` How it went down : The little accident that toppled history '' The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Kirchner , Stephanie ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Berlin Wall : Was the Fall Engineered by the GDR ? '' . TIME . Retrieved 6 May 2013 .",
"49": "Jump up ^ Walker , Marcus ( 21 October 2009 ) `` Did Brinkmannship Fell Berlin 's Wall ? Brinkmann Says It Did '' The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` The Guard Who Opened the Berlin Wall : ' I Gave my People the Order -- Raise the Barrier ' '' . Spiegel Online . 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Damien ( 7 November 2009 ) . `` East Germans may have arrived in West Berlin hours before previously thought '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Wall '' . History.com . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . pp. xx -- xxi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall out of london '' . Hasan Suroor . Chennai , India : Hindu . 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ; de Bruxelles , Simon ( 11 September 2009 ) . `` Thatcher told Gorbachev Britain did not want German reunification '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ; de Bruxelles , Simon ( 10 September 2009 ) .",
"50": "`` United Germany might allow another Hitler , Mitterrand told Thatcher '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills and Nash Sound a Positive Note at Berlin Wall '' . Los Angeles Times . 21 November 1989 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Naxos ( 2006 ) . `` Ode To Freedom -- Beethoven : Symphony No. 9 ( NTSC ) '' . Naxos.com Classical Music Catalogue . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . This is the publisher 's catalogue entry for a DVD of Bernstein 's Christmas 1989 `` Ode to Freedom '' concert . Jump up ^ `` Did David Hasselhoff really help end the Cold War ? '' . BBC News . 6 February 2004 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellerhof , Sven Felix ; Posener , Alan ( 2007 ) . `` Soll der 9 . November Nationalfeiertag werden ? '' . Die Welt Online . Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Aberger , Jörg ( 7 September 2004 ) . `` Debatte : Thierse fordert neuen Nationalfeiertag '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiesel , Elie ( 17 November 1989 ) . `` Op - Ed in response to the fall of the wall '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ RSF.org Archived 8 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Hu , tear down this firewall ! '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ MontrealGazette.com Jump up ^ `` German Missions in the United States -- Home '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ unknown ( 2009 ) . `` Freedom Without Walls '' .",
"51": "Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany , Washington , DC . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Wall in the World 2009 -- 20th anniversary of the Fall of the Wall -- Goethe - Institut '' . Goethe.de . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Berlin Wall in Twinity '' . Twinity. 2009 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians break Israel 's wall -- Middle East '' . Al Jazeera English . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Allied Museum ( 2009 ) . `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 Special Exhibition '' . Allied Museum , Berlin , Germany . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Allied Museum ( 2009 ) . `` American Commemorative Stamps Presented to the Museum '' . Allied Museum , Berlin , Germany . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . ( ) Jump up ^ `` Flutgraben e.V. '' www.kunstfabrik.org . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Wall Memorial '' . Berlin Wall Foundation . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 8 September 2004 ) . `` One in 5 Germans wants Berlin Wall rebuilt '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 February 2006 . Jump up ^ ZDF `` Wochenjournal '' ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Große Zustimmung zur Wiedervereinigung '' . ZDF . Archived from the original on 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Solovyov , Dmitry ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Who built Berlin Wall ? Most Russians do n't know Reuters '' . Uk.reuters.com . Retrieved 6 August 2011 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ `` Where in the World Is the Berlin Wall ? '' . Newsweek. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Germany marks 50th anniversary of Berlin Wall '' . London : UK Telegraph . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Marks Construction of the Berlin Wall '' . Associated Press . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reflecting on the Berlin Wall , 50 Years After Its Construction '' . History.com. 11 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1989 ( video clips ) '' . German World . 13 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Marilyn ; McElwee , Ross ( 1991 - 04 - 03 ) , Something to Do with the Wall , Marilyn Levine , Ross McElwee , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 Jump up ^ Gélin , Daniel ; Varela , Yolanda ; Arco , Nino Del ; Block , Karin ( 15 July 1965 ) , The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , retrieved 12 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Day Before The Berlin Wall : Could We have Stopped It ? '' . Voicesunderberlin.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cold War Reheated '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Administrator . `` View the author 's website '' . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kollmeyer , Barbara ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie death triggers tributes from Iggy Pop , Madonna -- even the Vatican and the German government '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klein Orkest biography '' .",
"53": "Sweetslyrics.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Stills & Nash 1990 -- Chippin ' Away on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Liza Fox -- FREE ( Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Die Mauer als Muse '' . The Wall fell on July 18th 1982 . Lars von Törne in Der Tagesspiegel . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ELSNER 's Border Injuries '' . artworks & video documentation . galerie son . Jump up ^ `` ELSNER '' . press archive . galerie son . Bibliography Böcker , Anita ( 1998 ) . Regulation of Migration : International Experiences . Het Spinhuis . ISBN 90 - 5589 - 095 - 2 . Buckley , William F. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . The Fall of the Berlin Wall . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 . Cate , Curtis ( 1978 ) . `` The Ides of August : The Berlin Wall Crisis -- 1961 '' . New York City : M. Evans . Childs , David ( 2001 ) The Fall of the GDR : Germany 's Road To Unity , Longman , Pearsoned.co.uk 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 Childs , David , The GDR : Moscow 's German Ally , ( Second Edition 1988 , First Edition 1983 , George Allen & Unwin , London ) ISBN 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . Childs , David , ( 2001 ) The Fall of the GDR , Longman .",
"54": "ISBN 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 Amazon.co.uk Childs , David , ( 2000 ) The Two Red Flags : European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945 , Routledge . Informaworld.com Childs , David , ( 1991 ) Germany in the Twentieth Century , ( From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity ) , Batsford , Third edition . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 Childs , David , ( 1987 ) East Germany to the 1990s Can It Resist Glasnost ? , The Economist Intelligence Unit . ISBN 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . Worldcat.org Dale , Gareth ( 2005 ) . Popular Protest in East Germany , 1945 -- 1989 : Judgements on the Street . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5408 - 6 . Dowty , Alan ( 1989 ) . Closed Borders : The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04498 - 4 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Harrison , Hope Millard ( 2003 ) . Driving the Soviets Up the Wall : Soviet - East German Relations , 1953 -- 1961 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09678 - 3 . Catudal , Honoré M. ( 1980 ) . `` Kennedy '' . West Berlin : Berlin Verlag . Hertle , Hans - Hermann ( 2007 ) . `` The Berlin Wall '' . Bonn : Federal Centre for Political Education . Kennedy , John F. `` July 25 , 1961 speech '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Loescher , Gil ( 2001 ) .",
"55": "The UNHCR and World Politics : A Perilous Path . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829716 - 5 . Maclean , Rory ( 1992 ) . `` Stalin 's Nose : Across the Face of Europe '' . London : HarperCollins . Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Mynz , Rainer ( 1995 ) . `` Where Did They All Come From ? Typology and Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century ; European Population Conference Congress European de Démographie '' . United Nations Population Division . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Schneider , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` The Wall Jumper '' . London : Penguin Classics . Schulte , Bennet ( 2011 ) . The Berlin Wall . Remains of a Lost Border . ( Die Berliner Mauer . Spuren einer verschwundenen Grenze ) . be. bra verlag , Berlin . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8148 - 0185 - 8 . Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : 13 August 1961 -- 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006 Thackeray , Frank W. ( 2004 ) . Events that changed Germany . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 . Friedrich , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Wo die Mauer War / Where was the Wall ? . Harry Hampel ( photos ) . Berlin : Nicolai . ISBN 3 - 87584 - 695 - 8 . Turner , Henry Ashby ( 1987 ) . The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 .",
"56": "Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Luftbildatlas . Entlang der Berliner Mauer . Karten , Pläne und Fotos . Hans Wolfgang Hoffmann / Philipp Meuser ( eds . ) Berlin 2009 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 Sarotte , Mary Elise , Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall , New York : Basic Books , 2014 Sarotte , Mary Elise , 1989 : The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe ( Second Edition ) Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2014 Crozier , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Forum . pp. 170 -- 171 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . Further reading Hockenos , Paul ( 2017 ) . Berlin calling : a story of anarchy , music , the Wall , and the birth of the new Berlin . New York : The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62097 - 195 - 6 . OCLC 959535547 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Berlin Wall Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Wall . Look up Berlin Wall in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Official website `` Berlin Wall Memorial '' . Berlin Wall Foundation . `` Chronicle of the Berlin Wall '' . Deutschlandradio . `` The Berlin Wall : a Multimedia Story '' . Rundfunk Berlin - Brandenburg ( RRB ) . `` Berlin Wall collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Works about Berlin Wall in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Berlin Wall ( newsreel archives ) '' ( Adobe Flash video ) ) . Multimedia . British Pathe . Berlin Wall on OpenStreetMap ( zoomable and scrollable ) Other resources : Berlin Wall at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Berlin Wall image group on Flickr Berlin Wall Online , historical chronicle Nail , Norbert .",
"57": "`` Meine Mauer -- Deutsche Bilder aus der Vergangenheit '' ( My Wall -- German Pictures from the past ) ( in German ) . University of Marburg . Berlin Wall Main articles Berlin Wall Inner German border Iron Curtain Wall of Shame East Berlin West Berlin German reunification Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Republikflucht Berlin Crisis of 1961 Memorials , museums and galleries White Crosses East Side Gallery Checkpoint Charlie Museum Topography of Terror Mauerpark Chapel of Reconciliation Crossings Berlin border crossings Bornholmer Straße Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Bravo Berlin Friedrichstraße station Glienicke Bridge Invalidenstraße Oberbaum Bridge Sonnenallee Tränenpalast , Friedrichstrasse station Died breaching the Wall List of deaths at the Berlin Wall Klaus Brueske Peter Fechter Winfried Freudenberg Christian - Peter Friese Chris Gueffroy Marienetta Jirkowsky Cengaver Katrancı Erna Kelm Czesław Kukuczka Günter Litfin Dorit Schmiel Olga Segler Ida Siekmann Heinz Sokolowski Hildegard Trabant Rudolf Urban Christel and Eckhard Wehage Others associated with the Wall Günter Schabowski Riccardo Ehrman Erich Honecker Conrad Schumann Walter Ulbricht The Wall in speeches Ich bin ein Berliner `` Tear down this wall ! '' In popular culture The Tunnel ( NBC documentary ) The Wall ( 1962 film ) The Road to the Wall Das Versprechen The Tunnel ( 2001 film ) Rabbit à la Berlin ( 2009 documentary ) Good Bye , Lenin ! Sonnenallee The Berlin Wall ( video game ) `` Nikita '' `` West of the Wall '' `` The Soldier '' Funeral in Berlin Gotcha ! Judgment in Berlin ( novel ) Judgment in Berlin ( film ) Stop Train 349 The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( novel ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( film ) Bridge of Spies Atomic",
"58": "Blonde Other List of Berlin Wall segments Ghost station Steinstücken Grenzgänger ( Cross-border commuters ) Book : Berlin Wall Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you",
"59": "'' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War",
"60": "Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno -",
"61": "Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda",
"62": "Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Revolutions of 1989 Internal background Era of Stagnation Communism Anti-communism Criticism of communist party rule Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc economies Eastern Bloc politics Eastern Bloc media and propaganda Eastern Bloc emigration and defection KGB Nomenklatura Shortage economy Totalitarianism Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies International background Active measures Cold War List of socialist states People Power Revolution Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union Reagan Doctrine Soviet Empire Terrorism and the Soviet Union Vatican Opposition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Reforms Uskoreniye Perestroika Democratization in the Soviet Union Khozraschyot 500 Days Sinatra Doctrine Glasnost Socialism with Chinese characteristics Đổi mới Government leaders Ramiz Alia Nicolae Ceaușescu Mikhail Gorbachev Károly Grósz Erich Honecker János Kádár Miloš Jakeš Egon Krenz Wojciech",
"63": "Jaruzelski Slobodan Milošević Mathieu Kérékou Mengistu Haile Mariam Ne Win Denis Sassou Nguesso Heng Samrin Deng Xiaoping Todor Zhivkov Siad Barre Opposition methods Civil resistance Demonstrations Human chains Magnitizdat Polish underground press Protests Samizdat Strike action Opposition leaders Lech Wałęsa Václav Havel Alexander Dubček Ion Iliescu Liu Gang Wu'erkaixi Chai Ling Wang Dan Feng Congde Tank Man Joachim Gauck Sali Berisha Sanjaasürengiin Zorig Vladimir Bukovsky Boris Yeltsin Viacheslav Chornovil Vytautas Landsbergis Zianon Pazniak Zhelyu Zhelev Aung San Suu Kyi Meles Zenawi Isaias Afwerki Ronald Reagan George H.W.",
"64": "Bush Pope John Paul II Opposition movements Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation Charter 77 New Forum Civic Forum Democratic Party of Albania Democratic Russia Initiative for Peace and Human Rights Sąjūdis Peaceful Revolution People 's Movement of Ukraine Solidarity Popular Front of Latvia Popular Front of Estonia Public Against Violence Belarusian Popular Front National League for Democracy National Salvation Front Unification Church political activities Union of Democratic Forces Events by location Central and Eastern Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Soviet Union Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Chechnya Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikstan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Elsewhere Afghanistan Angola Benin Burma Cambodia China Congo - Brazzaville Ethiopia Mongolia Mozambique Somalia South Yemen Individual events 1988 Polish strikes April 9 tragedy Black January Baltic Way 1987 -- 89 Tibetan unrest Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Removal of Hungary 's border fence with Austria Polish Round Table Agreement Hungarian Round Table Talks Pan-European Picnic Monday Demonstrations Alexanderplatz demonstration Malta Summit German reunification January Events in Lithuania January Events in Latvia 1991 protests in Belgrade August Coup Dissolution of the Soviet Union Later events Colour revolution Decommunization Lustration Democratization Economic liberalization Post-Soviet conflicts Neo-Sovietism Neo-Stalinism Post-communism Yugoslav Wars Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as , or into , SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist",
"65": "Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations ( 1940 -- 1991 ) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito -- Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration and defection ( list of defectors ) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania",
"66": "Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group Lists of damaged , destroyed or looted heritage Human - caused Armenian cemetery in Julfa Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia List of destroyed landmarks in Spain Buddhas of Bamiyan Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL Kashi Vishwanath Temple Kesava Deo Temple Looting and burning of the Summer Palaces Shuri Castle Bolshevik Revolution Church of the Tithes St. Nicholas Military Cathedral Brotherhood Monastery St. Michael 's Golden - Domed Monastery Somnath temple Transfiguration Cathedral Sogwang and Singye Temple Hungarian Revolution Stalin Monument , Budapest Afghanistan Nalanda Ram Janmabhoomi Revolutions of 1989 Berlin Wall Dzerzynski Vijayanagara Euromaidan Vladimir Lenin monument , Kiev Decommunization in Ukraine Iraq War archaeological looting Firdos Square statue destruction Croatian War Kosovo War Albanian and Serbian Syrian Civil War ISIL World War II Art theft and looting Libraries Planned destruction of Warsaw Nazi plunder Natural 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Art destruction List of destroyed libraries Lost artworks Vandalism of art Unite4Heritage VIAF : 244103871 LCCN : sh85013357 GND : 4094837 - 7 SUDOC : 084361409 BNF : cb119380937 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin_Wall&oldid=837372486 '' Categories : Berlin Wall 1961 establishments in East Germany 1961 establishments in Germany",
"67": "1961 in military history 1961 in politics 20th century in Berlin Allied occupation of Germany Buildings and structures completed in 1961 Buildings and structures demolished in 1989 Buildings and structures demolished in 1990 Cold War in popular culture Destroyed landmarks in Germany Eastern Bloc Former buildings and structures in Germany History of East Germany Inner German border Separation barriers Walls in Germany Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing German - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú",
"68": "Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português",
"69": "Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 101 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 12 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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which driver is called as thin-driver in jdbc
|
[
"Database-Protocol driver (Pure Java driver) or thin driver",
"Database-Protocol driver (Pure Java driver)",
"Database-Protocol driver (Pure Java driver)",
"Database-Protocol driver (Pure Java driver)"
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{
"0": "JDBC driver - wikipedia JDBC driver Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A JDBC driver is a software component enabling a Java application to interact with a database . JDBC drivers are analogous to ODBC drivers , ADO.NET data providers , and OLE DB providers . To connect with individual databases , JDBC ( the Java Database Connectivity API ) requires drivers for each database . The JDBC driver gives out the connection to the database and implements the protocol for transferring the query and result between client and database . JDBC technology drivers fit into one of four categories . JDBC - ODBC bridge Native - API driver Network - Protocol driver ( Middleware driver ) Database - Protocol driver ( Pure Java driver ) or thin driver .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Type 1 driver -- JDBC - ODBC bridge 1.1 Advantages 1.2 Disadvantages 2 Type 2 driver -- Native - API driver 2.1 Advantages 2.2 Disadvantages 3 Type 3 driver -- Network - Protocol driver ( middleware driver ) 3.1 Functions 3.2 Advantages 3.3 Disadvantages 4 Type 4 driver -- Database - Protocol driver ( Pure Java driver ) 4.1 Advantages 4.2 Disadvantages 5 List of JDBC drivers 6 See also 7 References Type 1 driver -- JDBC - ODBC bridge ( edit ) Schematic of the JDBC - ODBC bridge The JDBC type 1 driver , also known as the JDBC - ODBC bridge , is a database driver implementation that employs the ODBC driver to connect to the database . The driver converts JDBC method calls into ODBC function calls . The driver is platform - dependent as it makes use of ODBC which in turn depends on native libraries of the underlying operating system the JVM is running upon . Also , use of this driver leads to other installation dependencies ; for example , ODBC must be installed on the computer having the driver and the database must support an ODBC driver . The use of this driver is discouraged if the alternative of a pure - Java driver is available . The other implication is that any application using a type 1 driver is non-portable given the binding between the driver and platform . This technology is n't suitable for a high - transaction environment . Type 1 drivers also do n't support the complete Java command set and are limited by the functionality of the ODBC driver . Sun ( now Oracle ) provided a JDBC - ODBC Bridge driver : sun. jdbc. odbc. JdbcOdbcDriver . This driver is native code and not Java , and is closed source . Sun 's / Oracle 's JDBC - ODBC Bridge was removed in Java 8 ( other vendors ' are available ) . If a driver has been written so that loading it causes an instance to be created and also calls DriverManager.",
"2": "registerDriver with that instance as the parameter ( as it should do ) , then it is in the DriverManager 's list of drivers and available for creating a connection . It may sometimes be the case that more than one JDBC driver is capable of connecting to a given URL . For example , when connecting to a given remote database , it might be possible to use a JDBC - ODBC bridge driver , a JDBC - to - generic - network - protocol driver , or a driver supplied by the database vendor . In such cases , the order in which the drivers are tested is significant because the DriverManager will use the first driver it finds that can successfully connect to the given URL . First the DriverManager tries to use each driver in the order it was registered . ( The drivers listed in jdbc. drivers are always registered first . ) It will skip any drivers that are untrusted code unless they have been loaded from the same source as the code that is trying to open the connection . It tests the drivers by calling the method Driver. connect on each one in turn , passing them the URL that the user originally passed to the method DriverManager. getConnection . The first driver that recognizes the URL makes the connection . Advantages ( edit ) Almost any database for which an ODBC driver is installed can be accessed , and data can be retrieved . Disadvantages ( edit ) Performance overhead since the calls have to go through the JDBC bridge to the ODBC driver , then to the native database connectivity interface ( thus may be slower than other types of drivers ) . The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine . Not suitable for applets , because the ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client . Specific ODBC drivers are not always available on all platforms ; hence , portability of this driver is limited . No support from JDK 1.8 ( Java 8 ) . Type 2 driver -- native - API driver ( edit ) Schematic of the Native API driver The JDBC type 2 driver , also known as the Native - API driver , is a database driver implementation that uses the client - side libraries of the database . The driver converts JDBC method calls into native calls of the database API . For example : Oracle OCI driver is a type 2 driver .",
"3": "Advantages ( edit ) As there is no implementation of JDBC - ODBC bridge , it may be considerably faster than a Type 1 driver . Disadvantages ( edit ) The vendor client library needs to be installed on the client machine . Not all databases have a client - side library . This driver is platform dependent . This driver supports all Java applications except applets . Type 3 driver -- network - protocol driver ( middleware driver ) ( edit ) Schematic of the Network Protocol driver The JDBC type 3 driver , also known as the Pure Java driver for database middleware , is a database driver implementation which makes use of a middle tier between the calling program and the database . The middle - tier ( application server ) converts JDBC calls directly or indirectly into a vendor - specific database protocol . This differs from the type 4 driver in that the protocol conversion logic resides not at the client , but in the middle - tier . Like type 4 drivers , the type 3 driver is written entirely in Java . The same client - side JDBC driver may be used for multiple databases . It depends on the number of databases the middleware has been configured to support . The type 3 driver is platform - independent as the platform - related differences are taken care of by the middleware . Also , making use of the middleware provides additional advantages of security and firewall access . Functions ( edit ) Sends JDBC API calls to a middle - tier net server that translates the calls into the DBMS - specific network protocol. The translated calls are then sent to a particular DBMS . Follows a three - tier communication approach . Can interface to multiple databases -- Not vendor specific . The JDBC Client driver written in java , communicates with a middleware - net - server using a database independent protocol , and then this net server translates this request into database commands for that database . Thus the client driver to middleware communication is database independent . Advantages ( edit ) Since the communication between client and the middleware server is database independent , there is no need for the database vendor library on the client . The client need not be changed for a new database . The middleware server ( which can be a full - fledged J2EE Application server ) can provide typical middleware services like caching ( of connections , query results , etc . ) , load balancing , logging , and auditing .",
"4": "A single driver can handle any database , provided the middleware supports it . E.g. : IDA Server Disadvantages ( edit ) Requires database - specific coding to be done in the middle tier . The middleware layer added may result in additional latency , but is typically overcome by using better middleware services . Type 4 driver -- database - protocol driver ( Pure Java driver ) ( edit ) Schematic of the Native - Protocol driver The JDBC type 4 driver , also known as the Direct to Database Pure Java Driver , is a database driver implementation that converts JDBC calls directly into a vendor - specific database protocol . Written completely in Java , type 4 drivers are thus platform independent . They install inside the Java Virtual Machine of the client . This provides better performance than the type 1 and type 2 drivers as it does not have the overhead of conversion of calls into ODBC or database API calls . Unlike the type 3 drivers , it does not need associated software to work . As the database protocol is vendor specific , the JDBC client requires separate drivers , usually vendor supplied , to connect to different types of databases . This type includes , for example , the widely used Oracle thin driver . Advantages ( edit ) Completely implemented in Java to achieve platform independence . These drivers do n't translate the requests into an intermediary format ( such as ODBC ) . The client application connects directly to the database server . No translation or middleware layers are used , improving performance . The JVM can manage all aspects of the application - to - database connection ; this can facilitate debugging . Disadvantages ( edit ) Drivers are database specific , as different database vendors use widely different ( and usually proprietary ) network protocols . List of JDBC drivers ( edit ) List of jdbc vendors registered with Oracle List of drivers registered with Oracle Open Source Performance Benchmark See also ( edit ) ADO.NET OLE DB Open Database Connectivity ( ODBC ) XQJ ( XQuery API for Java ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Java SE Technologies - Database '' Jump up ^ Sun JDBC Overview Jump up ^ Oracle . `` JDBC - ODBC Bridge '' . https://docs.oracle.com/ . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Life after sun. jdbc.",
"5": "odbc. JdbcOdbcDriver '' . Universal Data Access Technology Blog . OpenLink Software . 2015 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . JDBC - to - ODBC Bridge , in both Type 1 and Type 3 forms , has been available and regularly updated since its original release for JDBC 1 . Jump up ^ https://www.progress.com/connectors/sequelink Jump up ^ http://www.easysoft.com/blog/java-8.html Jump up ^ http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19509-01/820-5069/ggzci/index.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JDBC_driver&oldid=817114237 '' Categories : Java platform Data access technologies Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from March 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from March 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2011 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from December 2013 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from December 2013 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Қазақша Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 06 : 38 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Lowe 's - Wikipedia Lowe 's Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Loews Corporation . Lowe 's Companies , Inc . Type Public Traded as NYSE : LOW S&P 100 Component S&P 500 Component Industry Retail Predecessor Lowe 's North Wilkesboro Hardware Founded 1946 ; 72 years ago ( 1946 ) North Wilkesboro , North Carolina Founder Lucius Smith Lowe Carl Buchan Headquarters Mooresville , North Carolina , U.S. Number of locations 1,857 ( as of January 2016 ) Areas served United States Canada Mexico Key people Robert Niblock ( Chairman , President and CEO ) Products Home Improvement , appliances Revenue $ 65.02 billion ( FY 2017 ) Operating income $ 5.2 billion ( FY 2017 ) Net income $ 3.06 billion ( FY 2017 ) Total assets $ 34.41 billion ( FY 2017 ) Total equity $ 6.43 billion ( FY 2017 ) Number of employees 265,000 ( 2014 ) Subsidiaries Orchard Supply Hardware Rona , Inc . Maintenance Supply Headquarters Central Wholesalers , Inc . Website lowes.com Lowe 's Companies , Inc. / loʊz / , doing business as Lowe 's , and stylized as LOWE 'S , is a Fortune 500 American company that operates a chain of retail home improvement and appliance stores in the United States , Canada , and Mexico . Founded in 1946 in North Wilkesboro , North Carolina , as of January 2018 , Lowe 's and its related businesses operate more than 2,370 home improvement and hardware stores and employ over 290,000 people . Lowe 's is the second - largest hardware chain in the United States behind The Home Depot and ahead of Menards . Globally , Lowe 's is also the second - largest hardware chain , again behind The Home Depot but ahead of the European stores B&Q and OBI .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Corporate affairs 2.1 Headquarters 3 Environmental record 4 Advertising and sponsorships 4.1 Racing sponsorships 4.2 All - American Muslim advertising 5 Canada 6 Australia 7 Lawsuits 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Lowe 's store , Lowe 's North Wilkesboro Hardware , was first opened in North Wilkesboro , North Carolina in 1921 by Lucius Smith Lowe ( 1879 - 1940 ) . After Lowe died in 1940 , the business was inherited by his daughter Ruth , who sold the company to her brother Jim that same year . Jim took on Carl Buchan as a partner in 1943 . Buchan anticipated the dramatic increase in construction after World War II , and under his management , the store focused on hardware and building materials . Before then , the product mix had also included notions , dry goods , horse tack , snuff , produce , and groceries . The company bought a second location in Sparta , North Carolina in 1949 . Lowe and Buchan differed on expanding the company to new areas and they split in 1952 with Buchan ( himself ) taking control of the hardware and building supply business and Lowe taking other joint ventures the two controlled ( including a car dealership ) . Buchan became the sole owner of Lowe 's . In 1954 , Lowe started the Lowes Foods grocery store chain . By 1955 , Buchan quickly expanded the company by opening stores in the North Carolina cities of Asheville , Charlotte , and Durham . More stores opened through the 1950s . In 1961 , Buchan died of a heart attack at age 44 . His five - man executive team , which included Robert Strickland and Leonard Herring , took the company public in 1961 . By 1962 , Lowe 's operated 21 stores and reported annual revenues of $32 million . Lowe 's began trading on the New York Stock Exchange in 1979 .",
"2": "Lowe 's suffered in the 1980s due to market conditions and increasing competition from the new big - box store chain , The Home Depot . For a while , Lowe 's resisted adopting the mega-store format partly because its management believed the smaller towns where Lowe 's mostly operated would not even support huge stores . However , Lowe 's eventually had to adopt the big - box format in order to survive . Today , most Lowe 's stores are part of the big - box variety , although some classic format stores remain in smaller markets . Lowe 's has since grown nationally , as it was aided by the purchase of the Renton , Washington - based Eagle Hardware & Garden company in 1999 . It is now the 2nd largest home improvement store chain in North America and has begun expanding outside the United States . The first store outside of United States was in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . According to their website , Lowe 's has operated / serviced more than 2,355 locations in the United States , Canada , and Mexico alone . Corporate affairs ( edit ) Lowe 's # 487 in Chapel Hill , North Carolina . A typical Lowe 's storefront in Santa Clara , California . Interior in Orlando , Florida ( 2004 ) Headquarters ( edit ) United States The Lowe 's corporate headquarters is located in Mooresville , North Carolina . The Mooresville facility , the newest Lowe 's corporate campus , is 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of Charlotte and contains a five - story , 400,000 - square - foot ( 37,000 m ) building along with two newer seven story buildings . The building has a central atrium and two office wings ; the atrium houses a food court , a five - story spiral staircase , and meeting and reception rooms . A 7 - acre ( 2.8 ha ) lake flows underneath the headquarters building . Lowe 's former corporate headquarters is located in Wilkesboro , North Carolina , the county in which it was founded . Lowe 's still maintains a major corporate presence in the county , where it employs over 2,400 people . The Central Production Office is located in the former Wilkes Mall , which Lowe 's purchased in 1997 .",
"3": "Since then , the entire 440,000 square - foot campus has been remodeled and includes a full service food court , a doctors office , and gym within the gated campus . Canada The headquarters of subsidiary Lowe 's Companies Canada , ULC is located in Boucherville , Quebec , due to the merger with Rona . Prior to 2016 , Lowe 's Canada was headquartered in Toronto , Ontario . Environmental record ( edit ) Lowe 's won eight consecutive Energy Star awards from 2003 to 2010 , including four Energy Star Partner of the Year awards for educating consumers about the benefits of energy efficiency . On March 1 , 2010 , Lowe 's also became the first winner of the Energy Star Sustained Excellence Award in Retail , to recognize its contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by promoting energy - efficient products and educating consumers and employees on the value of the Energy Star program . In 2000 , Lowe 's released a policy promising that all wood products sold would not be sourced from rainforests . However , according to a 2006 report released by the Environmental Investigation Agency , wood used in flooring that Lowe 's was selling had been coming from the forests of Indonesia 's remote Papua Province , where some logging was estimated to be illegal . Advertising and sponsorships ( edit ) In 2006 , Lowe 's partnered with designer Marianne Cusato to develop and offer affordable house plans for the hurricane - affected Gulf region . Lowe 's is the exclusive retailer for both the plans and building materials for the Lowe 's Katrina Cottage . They offer easy construction and affordability , as well as the possibility of expansion . Moreover , they meet all international building codes and exceed hurricane codes . Lowe 's has a wide variety of television and radio commercials . A significant number of different racing - inspired commercials can be seen and are often played outside of television race coverage . Before 2010 , when he was replaced by Ben Yannette , Gene Hackman 's voice could be heard on many commercial advertisements for Lowe 's . In 2006 , Lowe 's began sponsoring the radio broadcast booth of the New York Yankees . Frequently during every game Yankees announcer John Sterling stated `` We are coming to you live from the Lowe 's Broadcast Booth . Lowe 's : Let 's build something together . '' .",
"4": "The tag line was changed in September 2011 to ' Never Stop Improving ' . Racing sponsorships ( edit ) The Lowe 's - sponsored team of Jimmie Johnson 's pit box Lowe 's purchased naming rights of Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord , North Carolina , in 1998 , and the speedway changed names to Lowe 's Motor Speedway . After the ten year naming rights expired , Lowe 's extended naming rights by one year . After the one - year extension expired , Lowe 's discontinued naming rights , and as of the 2010 racing season the racetrack returned to its original name . Lowe 's is an associate sponsor of several Speedway Motorsports , Inc. properties such as Atlanta Motor Speedway and Bristol Motor Speedway . The corporation is the primary sponsor for 7 - time NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion Jimmie Johnson in the No. 48 Chevrolet SS and it was a part - time sponsor of the former No. 5 Nationwide Series car ; both teams are owned by Hendrick Motorsports . Prior to the current sponsorship deal with Hendrick Motorsports , Lowe 's was the sponsor of the No. 31 Chevrolet for Richard Childress Racing driven by Mike Skinner and Robby Gordon from 1997 to 2001 . Prior to the RCR deal , Lowe 's was the primary sponsor of the No. 11 Ford driven by Brett Bodine for Junior Johnson & Associates and later his own team , Brett Bodine Racing ( after Bodine bought the No. 11 from Johnson ) . One of the company 's earliest forays into racing sponsorship was in 1979 , when it sponsored the No. 2 Buick of the Rod Osterlund team in what was then known the Winston Cup Series , for the Talladega 500 . The car was driven in that race by David Pearson , subbing for injured rookie Dale Earnhardt . Lowe 's would continue with sporadic car sponsorship throughout the next two decades until the aforementioned Bodine sponsorship in 1995 . Lowe 's also sponsors Fernandez Racing in the American Le Mans Series and previously sponsored the team in the Rolex Sports Car Series ; in that series , Lowe 's sponsors the No. 99 Gainsco Stallings Racing Pontiac in events where Johnson is driving .",
"5": "All - American Muslim advertising ( edit ) Lowe 's withdrew its advertising from the TLC reality television show All - American Muslim in December 2011 . A spokesperson for Lowe 's said that `` we understand the program raised concerns , complaints , or issues from multiple sides of the viewer spectrum , which we found after doing research of news articles and blogs covering the show '' . Lowe 's faced a backlash from several quarters , including Muslim - American and Arab - American organizations . The American - Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee called upon members to contact Lowe 's to urge it to reverse its position . The Los Angeles chapter of the Council on American - Islamic Relations met to consider possible actions , including boycotts and protests . Several celebrities also called for a boycott . California State Senator Ted Lieu called Lowe 's decision `` naked religious bigotry '' and said he would consider legislative action if Lowe 's did not apologize to Muslim - Americans and reinstate the ads . Abraham Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League expressed similar views . Keith Ellison , the first Muslim elected to the United States Congress , criticized Lowe 's decision to `` uphold the beliefs of a fringe hate group and not the creed of the First Amendment '' . Representative John Conyers of Michigan called on Lowe 's to apologize . Michigan state representative Rashida Tlaib contacted the company 's corporate headquarters , reporting that Lowe 's declined to change its decision . Canada ( edit ) Based in Toronto , Ontario , Lowe 's opened its first three stores in Canada on December 10 , 2007 , in Hamilton , Brampton and Brantford . On February 1 , 2008 , they opened three more stores in Toronto , East Gwillimbury , and a second store in Brampton as well as a new location in Maple ( Vaughan ) . Currently , additional stores are under construction , with 19 now open in the province of Ontario . Lowe 's also recently announced expansion into Western Canada , starting with three new stores in Calgary , Alberta . One of the three locations opened in late September 2010 . The other two opened in early 2011 . There are now stores in British Columbia , Manitoba and Saskatchewan . To date ( 2018 ) Lowe 's has 62 locations in Canada .",
"6": "Each store represents an average investment of $20.5 million ( $20.4 million USD ) . In February 2013 , former Walmart Canada and Loblaw Companies executive Sylvain Prud'homme was hired as CEO of Lowe 's Canada . On May 11 , 2015 , Lowe 's Canada announced that it would acquire the leases of 13 former Target Canada stores , as well as an Ontario distribution centre , for $151 million . In 2012 , Lowe 's attempted to buy Rona , Inc. , a Quebec - based hardware chain ; however , the deal was met with objections from Rona shareholders ( particularly the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ) and operators of its franchised locations over concerns that the company could centralize its supply operations in the United States , and was eventually called off . On February 3 , 2016 , Rona announced that it had accepted an offer to be acquired by Lowe 's for CDN $ 3.2 billion , pending regulatory and shareholder approval . The division will remain under the leadership of Sylvain Prud'homme , but will be operated out of Rona 's headquarters in Boucherville . Lowe 's plans to maintain Rona 's retail banners , `` key '' executives , and the `` vast majority of its current employees '' post-acquisition . As of 2016 , Together Lowe 's Canada and Rona have 539 store locations . Australia ( edit ) Trading as Masters Home Improvement , the first store opened in Braybrook , Victoria to tradesmen on August 31 , 2011 and the general public on September 1 , 2011 . Masters is a joint venture of the Lowe 's Companies , Inc. and Woolworths Limited to compete against the Wesfarmers ' - owned Bunnings Warehouse , which operates in the large bigbox format similar to Lowe 's and Home Depot . The stores will be 1 / 3 owned by Lowe 's Companies Inc . ( USA ) and 2 / 3 owned by Woolworths Limited ( Australian Owned Public Company Listed on the Australian Securities Exchange ( ASX ) ) . On 18 January 2016 Woolworths announced that it intended to `` either sell or wind up '' all its home improvement area , including the Masters hardware chain .",
"7": "Chairman Gordon Cairns said that it would take years to become profitable and that the ongoing losses could not be sustained . The windup will involve Woolworths buying back a 33.3 per cent interest in the venture , held by the Lowe 's subsidiary WDR Delaware Corporation . As of 28 August 2016 all stores are due to cease trading on , or before , 11 December 2016 . Lawsuits ( edit ) Lowe 's was involved in a small cluster of class action lawsuits that revolved around Lowe 's employee payment system . The cases focused on a pay practice known as `` variable rate overtime '' . Variable rate overtime has the effect of paying a decreasing overtime rate the more hours a person works in a week . The suits alleged that salaried managers who worked 40 to 50 hours per week were improperly compensated for that time . The variable rate overtime ended in the first quarter of 2006 . The first case was filed in October 2002 by employees of the Lowe 's store in Shawnee , Kansas . In September 2005 , the cases were certified as class action . Lowe 's has four similar cases in New York , Indiana , Pennsylvania , and Ohio . The lawsuits for New York , Indiana , and Kansas resulted in an out - of - court settlement on September 22 , 2006 . The lawsuit in Pennsylvania became a class - action lawsuit in June 2004 , with 550 employees . The case in Ohio was filed by ten former Lowe 's employees , in August 2004 . Lowe 's faced multiple lawsuits from its Loss Prevention Managers citing that they were classified as exempt employees and therefore denied overtime pay . The managers asserted that they were forced to work a minimum of 48 hours per week which saved Lowe 's and its investors millions of dollars every year . Lawsuits have been settled for $2.95 million in California and $6.2 million in Texas . In 2014 , Lowe 's faced a class action lawsuit from former and current Human Resource Managers . Similarly to the lawsuit regarding its Loss Prevention Managers , the lawsuit stated that the HR Managers were improperly and illegally classified as exempt employees and were therefore denied overtime even though they were required to work 48 - hour weeks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` News Release Archive - Site Password '' .",
"8": "mediaroom.com . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lowe 's Stores by State and Province '' . Lowe 's Companies Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert A. Niblock Biography '' . Lowes Companies - Biography . Lowe 's Companies , Inc . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Financials for Lowe 's Cos '' . Retrieved 28 Oct 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe 's '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe 's targets Canada , No. 2 U.S. home retailer plans 69 store openings to tap into expanding , $39 billion market '' . Toronto Star . Sep 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Caleb Anson Lowe ( 1820 - 1902 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . findagrave.com . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lucius Smith Lowe ( 1879 - 1940 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . findagrave.com . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Anton Lowe ( 1850 - 1914 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . findagrave.com . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Shane . `` Lowe 's Companies '' . North Carolina History Project . Jump up ^ `` History '' ( PDF ) . Lowe 's . Jump up ^ Upbin , Bruce ( 20 January 2003 ) . `` Work and Buy and Hold '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` History '' ( PDF ) . Lowe 's . Jump up ^ `` Carolinas FYI : About Lowe 's and Lowes , '' The Charlotte Observer , March 16 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Company News ; Lowe 's to Acquire Eagle Hardware and Garden '' . New York Times . 1998 . Jump up ^ `` About Lowe 's '' . Lowe 's .",
"9": "Jump up ^ http://www.journalpatriot.com/news/lowe-s-adding-jobs-in-wilkesboro/article_3ab26438-cb9e-11e7-a0f8-ab12ae7659ce.html Jump up ^ `` LOWE 'S REVEALS WESTERN CANADA EXPANSION PLANS . '' Lowe 's . December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved on February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe 's Becomes First Retailer to Win Energy Star Award for Sustained Excellence in Retail '' . businesswire.com. 2010 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe 's Launches Forest Protection Initiative '' . socialfunds.com. 2000 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Butler , Rhett A. ( 2006 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Home Depot , Lowe 's selling illegal wood from Papua New Guinea - Report '' . mongabay.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Lowe 's Puts Its Focus on Knowing the Customer 's Wants '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe 's negotiating naming rights with speedway '' . WBTV . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Sacirbey , Omar ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Companies pull ads from Muslim reality TV show '' . Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : Muslims consider Lowe 's boycott ^ Jump up to : `` Lowe 's faces backlash over pulling ads from ' All - American Muslim ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lawmakers Slam Lowe 's For Pulling Ads from Muslim - American Reality Show '' , Fox News , 11 December 2011 , retrieved 16 Dec 2011 .",
"10": "( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ADL , Reform group rip Lowe 's for pulling ads from show on Muslims . '' Jewish Journal . 15 December 2011 . 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowe 's Canada Store Locator Jump up ^ Lowe 's says Canadian expansion ' on track ' ^ Jump up to : `` Lowe 's taps ex-Loblaws exec Sylvain Prud'homme to head Canadian unit '' . Financial Post . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Carville , Olivia ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Lowe 's to buy 13 Target stores '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Lowe 's offers $3.2 B to take over Canadian rival Rona '' . CBC News . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe 's to settle class - action suit , David Twiddy , AP Business Writer , September 22 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Scranton news , sports , obituaries , and shopping - thetimes-tribune.com - The Times - Tribune '' . thetimes-tribune.com . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Accident Attorney Todd J. O'Malley : Scranton Lawyer '' ( PDF ) . O'Malley & Langan Law Offices . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Liability For Back Pay Looms at Lowe 's Stores , LawsuitSearch.com , retrieved March 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Lowe 's Hammers Out $6.2 M Deal In Managers ' OT Case '' . law360.com . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe 's HR Manager Overtime Wage Claim Website - Feldman Morgado , PA '' . loweshrmanagerflsaclaim.com . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lowe 's . North Carolina portal Companies portal Official website Business data for Lowe 's : Google Finance Yahoo !",
"11": "Finance Reuters SEC filings ( hide ) Hand tool manufacturers Current Apex Tool Group Allen Armstrong Tools Crescent Diamond GearWrench K-D Tools Lufkin Nicholson Plumb SATA Tools Wiss Xcelite Bondhus Buck Bros . Channellock Cornwell Tools DASCO PRO , INC . Digitool Solutions Disston Saw Works EGA Master Eklind Emerson Ridgid Empire Level Estwing Felo FEW Fiskars Gerber Gardner Bender Gedore Gray Tools Dynamic Tools Hazet Hans tools Heyco Ideal Industries Pratt - Read SK Hand Tools Western Forge Klein Tools Knipex KUKKO Leatherman Lie - Nielsen Toolworks Lisle Corporation Lowell Corporation Matco Tools Martin Tool & Forge OTC Park Tool PB Swiss Tools Saltus Sandvik Senco Snap - on Bahco CDI Torque Products Williams Stahlwille Stanley Black & Decker Blackhawk Bostitch DeWalt Facom Irwin Lenox Mac Tools Proto Sidchrome Stanley Hand Tools Textron Greenlee Klauke Paladin Tools Techtronic Industries Milwaukee Thorsen Manufacturing Tomé Fèteira Toptul Vaughan Victorinox Wenger Wera Tools Wescott Westward Tools Wiha Tools Witte Tools Wright Tool Historic Coes Wrench Company Easco Hand Tools Forest City Screwdriver and Drill Company Goodell - Pratt Hinsdale Holtzapffel Indestro Mathieson McKaig - Hatch New Britain Machine Company Norris North Brothers Manufacturing Company Preston H.D. Smith & Co .",
"12": "Stewart Spiers Utica Tools Bonney Forge Herbrand Vlchek House brands Ace Hardware Ace Tools AutoZone Duralast Blain 's Farm and Fleet Duracraft Canadian Tire Mastercraft The Home Depot Husky Lee Valley Veritas Lowe 's Kobalt Menards Masterforce Montgomery Ward PowrKraft Sears Craftsman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lowe%27s&oldid=832603921 '' Categories : Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Companies based in North Carolina Retail companies established in 1946 Hardware stores of the United States Hardware stores of Canada Home improvement retailers of the United States 1946 establishments in North Carolina Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 23 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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8,
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1,
12,
2,
6,
5,
3,
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[
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8201603428336748987
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who developed the central processing unit (cpu)
|
[
"John von Neumann"
] |
{
"0": "Central processing unit - wikipedia Central processing unit Jump to : navigation , search `` CPU '' redirects here . For other uses , see CPU ( disambiguation ) . `` Computer processor '' redirects here . For other uses , see Processor . An Intel 80486DX2 CPU , as seen from above Bottom side of an Intel 80486DX2 , showing its pins A central processing unit ( CPU ) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic , logical , control and input / output ( I / O ) operations specified by the instructions . The computer industry has used the term `` central processing unit '' at least since the early 1960s . Traditionally , the term `` CPU '' refers to a processor , more specifically to its processing unit and control unit ( CU ) , distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I / O circuitry . The form , design , and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history , but their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged . Principal components of a CPU include the arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) that performs arithmetic and logic operations , processor registers that supply operands to the ALU and store the results of ALU operations , and a control unit that orchestrates the fetching ( from memory ) and execution of instructions by directing the coordinated operations of the ALU , registers and other components . Most modern CPUs are microprocessors , meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit ( IC ) chip . An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory , peripheral interfaces , and other components of a computer ; such integrated devices are variously called microcontrollers or systems on a chip ( SoC ) . Some computers employ a multi-core processor , which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called `` cores '' ; in that context , one can speak of such single chips as `` sockets '' . Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel , with no unit considered central . There also exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Transistor CPUs 1.2 Small - scale integration CPUs 1.3 Large - scale integration CPUs 1.4 Microprocessors 2 Operation 2.1 Fetch 2.2 Decode 2.3 Execute 3 Structure and implementation 3.1 Control unit 3.2 Arithmetic logic unit 3.3 Memory management unit 3.4 Clock rate 3.5 Integer range 3.6 Parallelism 3.6. 1 Instruction - level parallelism 3.6. 2 Task - level parallelism 3.6. 3 Data parallelism 3.7 Virtual CPUs 4 Performance 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of general - purpose CPUs EDVAC , one of the first stored - program computers Early computers such as the ENIAC had to be physically rewired to perform different tasks , which caused these machines to be called `` fixed - program computers '' . Since the term `` CPU '' is generally defined as a device for software ( computer program ) execution , the earliest devices that could rightly be called CPUs came with the advent of the stored - program computer . The idea of a stored - program computer was already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly 's ENIAC , but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner . On June 30 , 1945 , before ENIAC was made , mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC . It was the outline of a stored - program computer that would eventually be completed in August 1949 . EDVAC was designed to perform a certain number of instructions ( or operations ) of various types . Significantly , the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high - speed computer memory rather than specified by the physical wiring of the computer . This overcame a severe limitation of ENIAC , which was the considerable time and effort required to reconfigure the computer to perform a new task .",
"2": "With von Neumann 's design , the program that EDVAC ran could be changed simply by changing the contents of the memory . EDVAC , however , was not the first stored - program computer ; the Manchester Small - Scale Experimental Machine , a small prototype stored - program computer , ran its first program on 21 June 1948 and the Manchester Mark 1 ran its first program during the night of 16 -- 17 June 1949 . Early CPUs were custom designs used as part of a larger and sometimes distinctive computer . However , this method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of multi-purpose processors produced in large quantities . This standardization began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit ( IC ) . The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers . Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines . Modern microprocessors appear in electronic devices ranging from automobiles to cellphones , and sometimes even in toys . While von Neumann is most often credited with the design of the stored - program computer because of his design of EDVAC , and the design became known as the von Neumann architecture , others before him , such as Konrad Zuse , had suggested and implemented similar ideas . The so - called Harvard architecture of the Harvard Mark I , which was completed before EDVAC , also utilized a stored - program design using punched paper tape rather than electronic memory . The key difference between the von Neumann and Harvard architectures is that the latter separates the storage and treatment of CPU instructions and data , while the former uses the same memory space for both . Most modern CPUs are primarily von Neumann in design , but CPUs with the Harvard architecture are seen as well , especially in embedded applications ; for instance , the Atmel AVR microcontrollers are Harvard architecture processors . Relays and vacuum tubes ( thermionic tubes ) were commonly used as switching elements ; a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices . The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches .",
"3": "Tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures , whereas relay computers like the ( slower , but earlier ) Harvard Mark I failed very rarely . In the end , tube - based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems . Most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs . Clock signal frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 4 MHz were very common at this time , limited largely by the speed of the switching devices they were built with . Transistor CPUs ( edit ) IBM PowerPC 604e processor Main article : Transistor computer The design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices . The first such improvement came with the advent of the transistor . Transistorized CPUs during the 1950s and 1960s no longer had to be built out of bulky , unreliable , and fragile switching elements like vacuum tubes and relays . With this improvement more complex and reliable CPUs were built onto one or several printed circuit boards containing discrete ( individual ) components . In 1964 , IBM introduced its IBM System / 360 computer architecture that was used in a series of computers capable of running the same programs with different speed and performance . This was significant at a time when most electronic computers were incompatible with one another , even those made by the same manufacturer . To facilitate this improvement , IBM utilized the concept of a microprogram ( often called `` microcode '' ) , which still sees widespread usage in modern CPUs . The System / 360 architecture was so popular that it dominated the mainframe computer market for decades and left a legacy that is still continued by similar modern computers like the IBM zSeries . In 1965 , Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) introduced another influential computer aimed at the scientific and research markets , the PDP - 8 . Fujitsu board with SPARC64 VIIIfx processors Transistor - based computers had several distinct advantages over their predecessors . Aside from facilitating increased reliability and lower power consumption , transistors also allowed CPUs to operate at much higher speeds because of the short switching time of a transistor in comparison to a tube or relay . The increased reliability and dramatically increased speed of the switching elements ( which were almost exclusively transistors by this time ) , CPU clock rates in the tens of megahertz were easily obtained during this period .",
"4": "Additionally while discrete transistor and IC CPUs were in heavy usage , new high - performance designs like SIMD ( Single Instruction Multiple Data ) vector processors began to appear . These early experimental designs later gave rise to the era of specialized supercomputers like those made by Cray Inc and Fujitsu Ltd . Small - scale integration CPUs ( edit ) CPU , core memory , and external bus interface of a DEC PDP - 8 / I , made of medium - scale integrated circuits During this period , a method of manufacturing many interconnected transistors in a compact space was developed . The integrated circuit ( IC ) allowed a large number of transistors to be manufactured on a single semiconductor - based die , or `` chip '' . At first , only very basic non-specialized digital circuits such as NOR gates were miniaturized into ICs . CPUs based on these `` building block '' ICs are generally referred to as `` small - scale integration '' ( SSI ) devices . SSI ICs , such as the ones used in the Apollo guidance computer , usually contained up to a few dozen transistors . To build an entire CPU out of SSI ICs required thousands of individual chips , but still consumed much less space and power than earlier discrete transistor designs . IBM 's System / 370 , follow - on to the System / 360 , used SSI ICs rather than Solid Logic Technology discrete - transistor modules . DEC 's PDP - 8 / I and KI10 PDP - 10 also switched from the individual transistors used by the PDP - 8 and PDP - 10 to SSI ICs , and their extremely popular PDP - 11 line was originally built with SSI ICs but was eventually implemented with LSI components once these became practical . Large - scale integration CPUs ( edit ) Lee Boysel published influential articles , including a 1967 `` manifesto '' , which described how to build the equivalent of a 32 - bit mainframe computer from a relatively small number of large - scale integration circuits ( LSI ) . At the time , the only way to build LSI chips , which are chips with a hundred or more gates , was to build them using a MOS process ( i.e. , PMOS logic , NMOS logic , or CMOS logic ) .",
"5": "However , some companies continued to build processors out of bipolar chips because bipolar junction transistors were so much faster than MOS chips ; for example , Datapoint built processors out of transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) chips until the early 1980s . At the time , MOS ICs were so slow that they were considered useful only in a few niche applications that required low power . As the microelectronic technology advanced , an increasing number of transistors were placed on ICs , decreasing the number of individual ICs needed for a complete CPU . MSI and LSI ICs increased transistor counts to hundreds , and then thousands . By 1968 , the number of ICs required to build a complete CPU had been reduced to 24 ICs of eight different types , with each IC containing roughly 1000 MOSFETs . In stark contrast with its SSI and MSI predecessors , the first LSI implementation of the PDP - 11 contained a CPU composed of only four LSI integrated circuits . Microprocessors ( edit ) Main article : Microprocessor Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor ( actual size : 12 × 6.75 mm ) in its packaging Intel Core i5 CPU on a Vaio E series laptop motherboard ( on the right , beneath the heat pipe ) Since the introduction of the first commercially available microprocessor , the Intel 4004 in 1970 , and the first widely used microprocessor , the Intel 8080 in 1974 , this class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other central processing unit implementation methods . Mainframe and minicomputer manufacturers of the time launched proprietary IC development programs to upgrade their older computer architectures , and eventually produced instruction set compatible microprocessors that were backward - compatible with their older hardware and software . Combined with the advent and eventual success of the ubiquitous personal computer , the term CPU is now applied almost exclusively to microprocessors . Several CPUs ( denoted cores ) can be combined in a single processing chip . Previous generations of CPUs were implemented as discrete components and numerous small integrated circuits ( ICs ) on one or more circuit boards . Microprocessors , on the other hand , are CPUs manufactured on a very small number of ICs ; usually just one .",
"6": "The overall smaller CPU size , as a result of being implemented on a single die , means faster switching time because of physical factors like decreased gate parasitic capacitance . This has allowed synchronous microprocessors to have clock rates ranging from tens of megahertz to several gigahertz . Additionally , the ability to construct exceedingly small transistors on an IC has increased the complexity and number of transistors in a single CPU many fold . This widely observed trend is described by Moore 's law , which has proven to be a fairly accurate predictor of the growth of CPU ( and other IC ) complexity . While the complexity , size , construction , and general form of CPUs have changed enormously since 1950 , it is notable that the basic design and function has not changed much at all . Almost all common CPUs today can be very accurately described as von Neumann stored - program machines . As the aforementioned Moore 's law continues to hold true , concerns have arisen about the limits of integrated circuit transistor technology . Extreme miniaturization of electronic gates is causing the effects of phenomena like electromigration and subthreshold leakage to become much more significant . These newer concerns are among the many factors causing researchers to investigate new methods of computing such as the quantum computer , as well as to expand the usage of parallelism and other methods that extend the usefulness of the classical von Neumann model . Operation ( edit ) The fundamental operation of most CPUs , regardless of the physical form they take , is to execute a sequence of stored instructions that is called a program . The instructions to be executed are kept in some kind of computer memory . Nearly all CPUs follow the fetch , decode and execute steps in their operation , which are collectively known as the instruction cycle . After the execution of an instruction , the entire process repeats , with the next instruction cycle normally fetching the next - in - sequence instruction because of the incremented value in the program counter . If a jump instruction was executed , the program counter will be modified to contain the address of the instruction that was jumped to and program execution continues normally . In more complex CPUs , multiple instructions can be fetched , decoded , and executed simultaneously . This section describes what is generally referred to as the `` classic RISC pipeline '' , which is quite common among the simple CPUs used in many electronic devices ( often called microcontroller ) .",
"7": "It largely ignores the important role of CPU cache , and therefore the access stage of the pipeline . Some instructions manipulate the program counter rather than producing result data directly ; such instructions are generally called `` jumps '' and facilitate program behavior like loops , conditional program execution ( through the use of a conditional jump ) , and existence of functions . In some processors , some other instructions change the state of bits in a `` flags '' register . These flags can be used to influence how a program behaves , since they often indicate the outcome of various operations . For example , in such processors a `` compare '' instruction evaluates two values and sets or clears bits in the flags register to indicate which one is greater or whether they are equal ; one of these flags could then be used by a later jump instruction to determine program flow . Fetch ( edit ) The first step , fetch , involves retrieving an instruction ( which is represented by a number or sequence of numbers ) from program memory . The instruction 's location ( address ) in program memory is determined by a program counter ( PC ) , which stores a number that identifies the address of the next instruction to be fetched . After an instruction is fetched , the PC is incremented by the length of the instruction so that it will contain the address of the next instruction in the sequence . Often , the instruction to be fetched must be retrieved from relatively slow memory , causing the CPU to stall while waiting for the instruction to be returned . This issue is largely addressed in modern processors by caches and pipeline architectures ( see below ) . Decode ( edit ) The instruction that the CPU fetches from memory determines what the CPU will do . In the decode step , performed by the circuitry known as the instruction decoder , the instruction is converted into signals that control other parts of the CPU . The way in which the instruction is interpreted is defined by the CPU 's instruction set architecture ( ISA ) . Often , one group of bits ( that is , a `` field '' ) within the instruction , called the opcode , indicates which operation is to be performed , while the remaining fields usually provide supplemental information required for the operation , such as the operands . Those operands may be specified as a constant value ( called an immediate value ) , or as the location of a value that may be a processor register or a memory address , as determined by some addressing mode .",
"8": "In some CPU designs the instruction decoder is implemented as a hardwired , unchangeable circuit . In others , a microprogram is used to translate instructions into sets of CPU configuration signals that are applied sequentially over multiple clock pulses . In some cases the memory that stores the microprogram is rewritable , making it possible to change the way in which the CPU decodes instructions . Execute ( edit ) After the fetch and decode steps , the execute step is performed . Depending on the CPU architecture , this may consist of a single action or a sequence of actions . During each action , various parts of the CPU are electrically connected so they can perform all or part of the desired operation and then the action is completed , typically in response to a clock pulse . Very often the results are written to an internal CPU register for quick access by subsequent instructions . In other cases results may be written to slower , but less expensive and higher capacity main memory . For example , if an addition instruction is to be executed , the arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) inputs are connected to a pair of operand sources ( numbers to be summed ) , the ALU is configured to perform an addition operation so that the sum of its operand inputs will appear at its output , and the ALU output is connected to storage ( e.g. , a register or memory ) that will receive the sum . When the clock pulse occurs , the sum will be transferred to storage and , if the resulting sum is too large ( i.e. , it is larger than the ALU 's output word size ) , an arithmetic overflow flag will be set . Structure and implementation ( edit ) See also : Processor design Block diagram of a basic uniprocessor - CPU computer . Black lines indicate data flow , whereas red lines indicate control flow ; arrows indicate flow directions . Hardwired into a CPU 's circuitry is a set of basic operations it can perform , called an instruction set . Such operations may involve , for example , adding or subtracting two numbers , comparing two numbers , or jumping to a different part of a program . Each basic operation is represented by a particular combination of bits , known as the machine language opcode ; while executing instructions in a machine language program , the CPU decides which operation to perform by `` decoding '' the opcode .",
"9": "A complete machine language instruction consists of an opcode and , in many cases , additional bits that specify arguments for the operation ( for example , the numbers to be summed in the case of an addition operation ) . Going up the complexity scale , a machine language program is a collection of machine language instructions that the CPU executes . The actual mathematical operation for each instruction is performed by a combinational logic circuit within the CPU 's processor known as the arithmetic logic unit or ALU . In general , a CPU executes an instruction by fetching it from memory , using its ALU to perform an operation , and then storing the result to memory . Beside the instructions for integer mathematics and logic operations , various other machine instructions exist , such as those for loading data from memory and storing it back , branching operations , and mathematical operations on floating - point numbers performed by the CPU 's floating - point unit ( FPU ) . Control unit ( edit ) Main article : Control unit The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out stored program instructions . The control unit does not execute program instructions ; rather , it directs other parts of the system to do so . The control unit communicates with both the ALU and memory . Arithmetic logic unit ( edit ) Main article : Arithmetic logic unit Symbolic representation of an ALU and its input and output signals The arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) is a digital circuit within the processor that performs integer arithmetic and bitwise logic operations . The inputs to the ALU are the data words to be operated on ( called operands ) , status information from previous operations , and a code from the control unit indicating which operation to perform . Depending on the instruction being executed , the operands may come from internal CPU registers or external memory , or they may be constants generated by the ALU itself . When all input signals have settled and propagated through the ALU circuitry , the result of the performed operation appears at the ALU 's outputs . The result consists of both a data word , which may be stored in a register or memory , and status information that is typically stored in a special , internal CPU register reserved for this purpose .",
"10": "Memory management unit ( edit ) Main article : Memory management unit Most high - end microprocessors ( in desktop , laptop , server computers ) have a memory management unit , translating logical addresses into physical RAM addresses , providing memory protection and paging abilities , useful for virtual memory . Simpler processors , especially microcontrollers , usually do n't include an MMU . Clock rate ( edit ) Main article : Clock rate Most CPUs are synchronous circuits , which means they employ a clock signal to pace their sequential operations . The clock signal is produced by an external oscillator circuit that generates a consistent number of pulses each second in the form of a periodic square wave . The frequency of the clock pulses determines the rate at which a CPU executes instructions and , consequently , the faster the clock , the more instructions the CPU will execute each second . To ensure proper operation of the CPU , the clock period is longer than the maximum time needed for all signals to propagate ( move ) through the CPU . In setting the clock period to a value well above the worst - case propagation delay , it is possible to design the entire CPU and the way it moves data around the `` edges '' of the rising and falling clock signal . This has the advantage of simplifying the CPU significantly , both from a design perspective and a component - count perspective . However , it also carries the disadvantage that the entire CPU must wait on its slowest elements , even though some portions of it are much faster . This limitation has largely been compensated for by various methods of increasing CPU parallelism ( see below ) . However , architectural improvements alone do not solve all of the drawbacks of globally synchronous CPUs . For example , a clock signal is subject to the delays of any other electrical signal . Higher clock rates in increasingly complex CPUs make it more difficult to keep the clock signal in phase ( synchronized ) throughout the entire unit . This has led many modern CPUs to require multiple identical clock signals to be provided to avoid delaying a single signal significantly enough to cause the CPU to malfunction . Another major issue , as clock rates increase dramatically , is the amount of heat that is dissipated by the CPU . The constantly changing clock causes many components to switch regardless of whether they are being used at that time . In general , a component that is switching uses more energy than an element in a static state .",
"11": "Therefore , as clock rate increases , so does energy consumption , causing the CPU to require more heat dissipation in the form of CPU cooling solutions . One method of dealing with the switching of unneeded components is called clock gating , which involves turning off the clock signal to unneeded components ( effectively disabling them ) . However , this is often regarded as difficult to implement and therefore does not see common usage outside of very low - power designs . One notable recent CPU design that uses extensive clock gating is the IBM PowerPC - based Xenon used in the Xbox 360 ; that way , power requirements of the Xbox 360 are greatly reduced . Another method of addressing some of the problems with a global clock signal is the removal of the clock signal altogether . While removing the global clock signal makes the design process considerably more complex in many ways , asynchronous ( or clockless ) designs carry marked advantages in power consumption and heat dissipation in comparison with similar synchronous designs . While somewhat uncommon , entire asynchronous CPUs have been built without utilizing a global clock signal . Two notable examples of this are the ARM compliant AMULET and the MIPS R3000 compatible MiniMIPS . Rather than totally removing the clock signal , some CPU designs allow certain portions of the device to be asynchronous , such as using asynchronous ALUs in conjunction with superscalar pipelining to achieve some arithmetic performance gains . While it is not altogether clear whether totally asynchronous designs can perform at a comparable or better level than their synchronous counterparts , it is evident that they do at least excel in simpler math operations . This , combined with their excellent power consumption and heat dissipation properties , makes them very suitable for embedded computers . Integer range ( edit ) Every CPU represents numerical values in a specific way . For example , some early digital computers represented numbers as familiar decimal ( base 10 ) numeral system values , and others have employed more unusual representations such as ternary ( base three ) . Nearly all modern CPUs represent numbers in binary form , with each digit being represented by some two - valued physical quantity such as a `` high '' or `` low '' voltage . A six - bit word containing the binary encoded representation of decimal value 40 . Most modern CPUs employ word sizes that are a power of two , for example 8 , 16 , 32 or 64 bits . Related to numeric representation is the size and precision of integer numbers that a CPU can represent .",
"12": "In the case of a binary CPU , this is measured by the number of bits ( significant digits of a binary encoded integer ) that the CPU can process in one operation , which is commonly called word size , bit width , data path width , integer precision , or integer size . A CPU 's integer size determines the range of integer values it can directly operate on . For example , an 8 - bit CPU can directly manipulate integers represented by eight bits , which have a range of 256 ( 2 ) discrete integer values . Integer range can also affect the number of memory locations the CPU can directly address ( an address is an integer value representing a specific memory location ) . For example , if a binary CPU uses 32 bits to represent a memory address then it can directly address 2 memory locations . To circumvent this limitation and for various other reasons , some CPUs use mechanisms ( such as bank switching ) that allow additional memory to be addressed . CPUs with larger word sizes require more circuitry and consequently are physically larger , cost more , and consume more power ( and therefore generate more heat ) . As a result , smaller 4 - or 8 - bit microcontrollers are commonly used in modern applications even though CPUs with much larger word sizes ( such as 16 , 32 , 64 , even 128 - bit ) are available . When higher performance is required , however , the benefits of a larger word size ( larger data ranges and address spaces ) may outweigh the disadvantages . A CPU can have internal data paths shorter than the word size to reduce size and cost . For example , even though the IBM System / 360 instruction set was a 32 - bit instruction set , the System / 360 Model 30 and Model 40 had 8 - bit data paths in the arithmetic logical unit , so that a 32 - bit add required four cycles , one for each 8 bits of the operands , and , even though the Motorola 68000 series instruction set was a 32 - bit instruction set , the Motorola 68000 and Motorola 68010 had 16 - bit data paths in the arithmetic logical unit , so that a 32 - bit add required two cycles .",
"13": "To gain some of the advantages afforded by both lower and higher bit lengths , many instruction sets have different bit widths for integer and floating - point data , allowing CPUs implementing that instruction set to have different bit widths for different portions of the device . For example , the IBM System / 360 instruction set was primarily 32 bit , but supported 64 - bit floating point values to facilitate greater accuracy and range in floating point numbers . The System / 360 Model 65 had an 8 - bit adder for decimal and fixed - point binary arithmetic and a 60 - bit adder for floating - point arithmetic . Many later CPU designs use similar mixed bit width , especially when the processor is meant for general - purpose usage where a reasonable balance of integer and floating point capability is required . Parallelism ( edit ) Main article : Parallel computing Model of a subscalar CPU , in which it takes fifteen clock cycles to complete three instructions The description of the basic operation of a CPU offered in the previous section describes the simplest form that a CPU can take . This type of CPU , usually referred to as subscalar , operates on and executes one instruction on one or two pieces of data at a time , that is less than one instruction per clock cycle ( IPC < 1 ) . This process gives rise to an inherent inefficiency in subscalar CPUs . Since only one instruction is executed at a time , the entire CPU must wait for that instruction to complete before proceeding to the next instruction . As a result , the subscalar CPU gets `` hung up '' on instructions which take more than one clock cycle to complete execution . Even adding a second execution unit ( see below ) does not improve performance much ; rather than one pathway being hung up , now two pathways are hung up and the number of unused transistors is increased . This design , wherein the CPU 's execution resources can operate on only one instruction at a time , can only possibly reach scalar performance ( one instruction per clock cycle , IPC = 1 ) . However , the performance is nearly always subscalar ( less than one instruction per clock cycle , IPC < 1 ) . Attempts to achieve scalar and better performance have resulted in a variety of design methodologies that cause the CPU to behave less linearly and more in parallel .",
"14": "When referring to parallelism in CPUs , two terms are generally used to classify these design techniques : instruction - level parallelism ( ILP ) , which seeks to increase the rate at which instructions are executed within a CPU ( that is , to increase the utilization of on - die execution resources ) ; task - level parallelism ( TLP ) , which purposes to increase the number of threads or processes that a CPU can execute simultaneously . Each methodology differs both in the ways in which they are implemented , as well as the relative effectiveness they afford in increasing the CPU 's performance for an application . Instruction - level parallelism ( edit ) Main articles : Instruction pipelining and Superscalar processor Basic five - stage pipeline . In the best case scenario , this pipeline can sustain a completion rate of one instruction per clock cycle . One of the simplest methods used to accomplish increased parallelism is to begin the first steps of instruction fetching and decoding before the prior instruction finishes executing . This is the simplest form of a technique known as instruction pipelining , and is utilized in almost all modern general - purpose CPUs . Pipelining allows more than one instruction to be executed at any given time by breaking down the execution pathway into discrete stages . This separation can be compared to an assembly line , in which an instruction is made more complete at each stage until it exits the execution pipeline and is retired . Pipelining does , however , introduce the possibility for a situation where the result of the previous operation is needed to complete the next operation ; a condition often termed data dependency conflict . To cope with this , additional care must be taken to check for these sorts of conditions and delay a portion of the instruction pipeline if this occurs . Naturally , accomplishing this requires additional circuitry , so pipelined processors are more complex than subscalar ones ( though not very significantly so ) . A pipelined processor can become very nearly scalar , inhibited only by pipeline stalls ( an instruction spending more than one clock cycle in a stage ) . A simple superscalar pipeline . By fetching and dispatching two instructions at a time , a maximum of two instructions per clock cycle can be completed . Further improvement upon the idea of instruction pipelining led to the development of a method that decreases the idle time of CPU components even further .",
"15": "Designs that are said to be superscalar include a long instruction pipeline and multiple identical execution units , such as load - store units , arithmetic - logic units , floating - point units and address generation units . In a superscalar pipeline , multiple instructions are read and passed to a dispatcher , which decides whether or not the instructions can be executed in parallel ( simultaneously ) . If so they are dispatched to available execution units , resulting in the ability for several instructions to be executed simultaneously . In general , the more instructions a superscalar CPU is able to dispatch simultaneously to waiting execution units , the more instructions will be completed in a given cycle . Most of the difficulty in the design of a superscalar CPU architecture lies in creating an effective dispatcher . The dispatcher needs to be able to quickly and correctly determine whether instructions can be executed in parallel , as well as dispatch them in such a way as to keep as many execution units busy as possible . This requires that the instruction pipeline is filled as often as possible and gives rise to the need in superscalar architectures for significant amounts of CPU cache . It also makes hazard - avoiding techniques like branch prediction , speculative execution , register renaming , out - of - order execution and transactional memory crucial to maintaining high levels of performance . By attempting to predict which branch ( or path ) a conditional instruction will take , the CPU can minimize the number of times that the entire pipeline must wait until a conditional instruction is completed . Speculative execution often provides modest performance increases by executing portions of code that may not be needed after a conditional operation completes . Out - of - order execution somewhat rearranges the order in which instructions are executed to reduce delays due to data dependencies . Also in case of single instruction stream , multiple data stream -- a case when a lot of data from the same type has to be processed -- , modern processors can disable parts of the pipeline so that when a single instruction is executed many times , the CPU skips the fetch and decode phases and thus greatly increases performance on certain occasions , especially in highly monotonous program engines such as video creation software and photo processing . In the case where a portion of the CPU is superscalar and part is not , the part which is not suffers a performance penalty due to scheduling stalls . The Intel P5 Pentium had two superscalar ALUs which could accept one instruction per clock cycle each , but its FPU could not accept one instruction per clock cycle .",
"16": "Thus the P5 was integer superscalar but not floating point superscalar . Intel 's successor to the P5 architecture , P6 , added superscalar capabilities to its floating point features , and therefore afforded a significant increase in floating point instruction performance . Both simple pipelining and superscalar design increase a CPU 's ILP by allowing a single processor to complete execution of instructions at rates surpassing one instruction per clock cycle . Most modern CPU designs are at least somewhat superscalar , and nearly all general purpose CPUs designed in the last decade are superscalar . In later years some of the emphasis in designing high - ILP computers has been moved out of the CPU 's hardware and into its software interface , or ISA . The strategy of the very long instruction word ( VLIW ) causes some ILP to become implied directly by the software , reducing the amount of work the CPU must perform to boost ILP and thereby reducing the design 's complexity . Task - level parallelism ( edit ) Main articles : Multithreading and Multi-core processor Another strategy of achieving performance is to execute multiple threads or processes in parallel . This area of research is known as parallel computing . In Flynn 's taxonomy , this strategy is known as multiple instruction stream , multiple data stream ( MIMD ) . One technology used for this purpose was multiprocessing ( MP ) . The initial flavor of this technology is known as symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) , where a small number of CPUs share a coherent view of their memory system . In this scheme , each CPU has additional hardware to maintain a constantly up - to - date view of memory . By avoiding stale views of memory , the CPUs can cooperate on the same program and programs can migrate from one CPU to another . To increase the number of cooperating CPUs beyond a handful , schemes such as non-uniform memory access ( NUMA ) and directory - based coherence protocols were introduced in the 1990s . SMP systems are limited to a small number of CPUs while NUMA systems have been built with thousands of processors . Initially , multiprocessing was built using multiple discrete CPUs and boards to implement the interconnect between the processors . When the processors and their interconnect are all implemented on a single chip , the technology is known as chip - level multiprocessing ( CMP ) and the single chip as a multi-core processor .",
"17": "It was later recognized that finer - grain parallelism existed with a single program . A single program might have several threads ( or functions ) that could be executed separately or in parallel . Some of the earliest examples of this technology implemented input / output processing such as direct memory access as a separate thread from the computation thread . A more general approach to this technology was introduced in the 1970s when systems were designed to run multiple computation threads in parallel . This technology is known as multi-threading ( MT ) . This approach is considered more cost - effective than multiprocessing , as only a small number of components within a CPU is replicated to support MT as opposed to the entire CPU in the case of MP . In MT , the execution units and the memory system including the caches are shared among multiple threads . The downside of MT is that the hardware support for multithreading is more visible to software than that of MP and thus supervisor software like operating systems have to undergo larger changes to support MT . One type of MT that was implemented is known as temporal multithreading , where one thread is executed until it is stalled waiting for data to return from external memory . In this scheme , the CPU would then quickly context switch to another thread which is ready to run , the switch often done in one CPU clock cycle , such as the UltraSPARC T1 . Another type of MT is simultaneous multithreading , where instructions from multiple threads are executed in parallel within one CPU clock cycle . For several decades from the 1970s to early 2000s , the focus in designing high performance general purpose CPUs was largely on achieving high ILP through technologies such as pipelining , caches , superscalar execution , out - of - order execution , etc . This trend culminated in large , power - hungry CPUs such as the Intel Pentium 4 . By the early 2000s , CPU designers were thwarted from achieving higher performance from ILP techniques due to the growing disparity between CPU operating frequencies and main memory operating frequencies as well as escalating CPU power dissipation owing to more esoteric ILP techniques . CPU designers then borrowed ideas from commercial computing markets such as transaction processing , where the aggregate performance of multiple programs , also known as throughput computing , was more important than the performance of a single thread or process .",
"18": "This reversal of emphasis is evidenced by the proliferation of dual and more core processor designs and notably , Intel 's newer designs resembling its less superscalar P6 architecture . Late designs in several processor families exhibit CMP , including the x86 - 64 Opteron and Athlon 64 X2 , the SPARC UltraSPARC T1 , IBM POWER4 and POWER5 , as well as several video game console CPUs like the Xbox 360 's triple - core PowerPC design , and the PlayStation 3 's 7 - core Cell microprocessor . Data parallelism ( edit ) Main articles : Vector processor and SIMD A less common but increasingly important paradigm of processors ( and indeed , computing in general ) deals with data parallelism . The processors discussed earlier are all referred to as some type of scalar device . As the name implies , vector processors deal with multiple pieces of data in the context of one instruction . This contrasts with scalar processors , which deal with one piece of data for every instruction . Using Flynn 's taxonomy , these two schemes of dealing with data are generally referred to as single instruction stream , multiple data stream ( SIMD ) and single instruction stream , single data stream ( SISD ) , respectively . The great utility in creating processors that deal with vectors of data lies in optimizing tasks that tend to require the same operation ( for example , a sum or a dot product ) to be performed on a large set of data . Some classic examples of these types of tasks include multimedia applications ( images , video , and sound ) , as well as many types of scientific and engineering tasks . Whereas a scalar processor must complete the entire process of fetching , decoding , and executing each instruction and value in a set of data , a vector processor can perform a single operation on a comparatively large set of data with one instruction . Of course , this is only possible when the application tends to require many steps which apply one operation to a large set of data . Most early vector processors , such as the Cray - 1 , were associated almost exclusively with scientific research and cryptography applications . However , as multimedia has largely shifted to digital media , the need for some form of SIMD in general - purpose processors has become significant . Shortly after inclusion of floating - point units started to become commonplace in general - purpose processors , specifications for and implementations of SIMD execution units also began to appear for general - purpose processors .",
"19": "Some of these early SIMD specifications - like HP 's Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions ( MAX ) and Intel 's MMX - were integer - only . This proved to be a significant impediment for some software developers , since many of the applications that benefit from SIMD primarily deal with floating - point numbers . Progressively , developers refined and remade these early designs into some of the common modern SIMD specifications , which are usually associated with one ISA . Some notable modern examples include Intel 's SSE and the PowerPC - related AltiVec ( also known as VMX ) . Virtual CPUs ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) Cloud computing can involve subdividing CPU operation into virtual central processing units ( vCPUs ) . A host is the virtual equivalent of a physical machine , on which a virtual system is operating . When there are several physical machines operating in tandem and managed as a whole , the grouped computing and memory resources form a cluster . In some systems , it is possible to dynamically add and remove from a cluster . Resources available at a host and cluster level can be partitioned out into resources pools with fine granularity . Performance ( edit ) Further information : Computer performance and Benchmark ( computing ) The performance or speed of a processor depends on , among many other factors , the clock rate ( generally given in multiples of hertz ) and the instructions per clock ( IPC ) , which together are the factors for the instructions per second ( IPS ) that the CPU can perform . Many reported IPS values have represented `` peak '' execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches , whereas realistic workloads consist of a mix of instructions and applications , some of which take longer to execute than others . The performance of the memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance , an issue barely considered in MIPS calculations . Because of these problems , various standardized tests , often called `` benchmarks '' for this purpose -- such as SPECint -- have been developed to attempt to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications . Processing performance of computers is increased by using multi-core processors , which essentially is plugging two or more individual processors ( called cores in this sense ) into one integrated circuit . Ideally , a dual core processor would be nearly twice as powerful as a single core processor .",
"20": "In practice , the performance gain is far smaller , only about 50 % , due to imperfect software algorithms and implementation . Increasing the number of cores in a processor ( i.e. dual - core , quad - core , etc . ) increases the workload that can be handled . This means that the processor can now handle numerous asynchronous events , interrupts , etc. which can take a toll on the CPU when overwhelmed . These cores can be thought of as different floors in a processing plant , with each floor handling a different task . Sometimes , these cores will handle the same tasks as cores adjacent to them if a single core is not enough to handle the information . Due to specific capabilities of modern CPUs , such as hyper - threading and uncore , which involve sharing of actual CPU resources while aiming at increased utilization , monitoring performance levels and hardware utilization gradually became a more complex task . As a response , some CPUs implement additional hardware logic that monitors actual utilization of various parts of a CPU and provides various counters accessible to software ; an example is Intel 's Performance Counter Monitor technology . See also ( edit ) Information technology portal Technology portal Addressing mode AMD Accelerated Processing Unit CISC Computer bus Computer engineering CPU core voltage CPU socket Digital signal processor Hyper - threading List of CPU architectures Microprocessor Multi-core processor Protection ring RISC Stream processing True Performance Index Wait state Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Integrated circuits are now used to implement all CPUs , except for a few machines designed to withstand large electromagnetic pulses , say from a nuclear weapon . Jump up ^ The so - called `` von Neumann '' memo expounded the idea of stored programs , which for example may be stored on punched cards , paper tape , or magnetic tape . Jump up ^ Some early computers like the Harvard Mark I did not support any kind of `` jump '' instruction , effectively limiting the complexity of the programs they could run . It is largely for this reason that these computers are often not considered to contain a proper CPU , despite their close similarity to stored - program computers . Jump up ^ Since the program counter counts memory addresses and not instructions , it is incremented by the number of memory units that the instruction word contains . In the case of simple fixed - length instruction word ISAs , this is always the same number .",
"21": "For example , a fixed - length 32 - bit instruction word ISA that uses 8 - bit memory words would always increment the PC by four ( except in the case of jumps ) . ISAs that use variable - length instruction words increment the PC by the number of memory words corresponding to the last instruction 's length . Jump up ^ Because the instruction set architecture of a CPU is fundamental to its interface and usage , it is often used as a classification of the `` type '' of CPU . For example , a `` PowerPC CPU '' uses some variant of the PowerPC ISA . A system can execute a different ISA by running an emulator . Jump up ^ The physical concept of voltage is an analog one by nature , practically having an infinite range of possible values . For the purpose of physical representation of binary numbers , two specific ranges of voltages are defined , one for logic ' 0 ' and another for logic ' 1 ' . These ranges are dictated by design considerations such as noise margins and characteristics of the devices used to create the CPU . Jump up ^ While a CPU 's integer size sets a limit on integer ranges , this can ( and often is ) overcome using a combination of software and hardware techniques . By using additional memory , software can represent integers many magnitudes larger than the CPU can . Sometimes the CPU 's instruction set will even facilitate operations on integers larger than it can natively represent by providing instructions to make large integer arithmetic relatively quick . This method of dealing with large integers is slower than utilizing a CPU with higher integer size , but is a reasonable trade - off in cases where natively supporting the full integer range needed would be cost - prohibitive . See Arbitrary - precision arithmetic for more details on purely software - supported arbitrary - sized integers . Jump up ^ Neither ILP nor TLP is inherently superior over the other ; they are simply different means by which to increase CPU parallelism . As such , they both have advantages and disadvantages , which are often determined by the type of software that the processor is intended to run . High - TLP CPUs are often used in applications that lend themselves well to being split up into numerous smaller applications , so - called `` embarrassingly parallel problems '' . Frequently , a computational problem that can be solved quickly with high TLP design strategies like symmetric multiprocessing takes significantly more time on high ILP devices like superscalar CPUs , and vice versa .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Best - case scenario ( or peak ) IPC rates in very superscalar architectures are difficult to maintain since it is impossible to keep the instruction pipeline filled all the time . Therefore , in highly superscalar CPUs , average sustained IPC is often discussed rather than peak IPC . Jump up ^ Earlier the term scalar was used to compare the IPC count afforded by various ILP methods . Here the term is used in the strictly mathematical sense to contrast with vectors . See scalar ( mathematics ) and Vector ( geometric ) . Jump up ^ Although SSE / SSE2 / SSE3 have superseded MMX in Intel 's general - purpose processors , later IA - 32 designs still support MMX . This is usually accomplished by providing most of the MMX functionality with the same hardware that supports the much more expansive SSE instruction sets . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Weik , Martin H. ( 1961 ) . `` A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems '' . Ballistic Research Laboratory . Jump up ^ Kuck , David ( 1978 ) . Computers and Computations , Vol 1 . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 12 . ISBN 0471027162 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Willhalm ; Roman Dementiev ; Patrick Fay ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Intel Performance Counter Monitor -- A better way to measure CPU utilization '' . software.intel.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebowitz , Kusek , Spies , Matt , Christopher , Rynardt ( 2014 ) . VMware vSphere Performance : Designing CPU , Memory , Storage , and Networking for Performance - Intensive Workloads . Wiley . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 00819 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Regan , Gerard . A Brief History of Computing . p. 66 . ISBN 1848000839 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bit By Bit '' . Haverford College . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 .",
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"27": "Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Allan ; Almasi , George S. ( 1989 ) . Highly parallel computing . Redwood City , Calif. : Benjamin / Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 0177 - 1 . Jump up ^ Flynn , M.J. ( September 1972 ) . `` Some Computer Organizations and Their Effectiveness '' . IEEE Trans . Comput. C -- 21 ( 9 ) : 948 -- 960 . doi : 10.1109 / TC. 1972.5009071 . Jump up ^ `` Parallelism exploitation in superscalar multiprocessing '' . IEEE Xplore . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Anjum , Bushra ; Perros , Harry G. ( 2015 ) . `` 1 : Partitioning the End - to - End QoS Budget to Domains '' . Bandwidth Allocation for Video Under Quality of Service Constraints . Focus Series . John Wiley & Sons . p. 3 . ISBN 9781848217461 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . ( ... ) in cloud computing where multiple software components run in a virtual environment on the same blade , one component per virtual machine ( VM ) . Each VM is allocated a virtual central processing unit ( ... ) which is a fraction of the blade 's CPU . Jump up ^ Fifield , Tom ; Fleming , Diane ; Gentle , Anne ; Hochstein , Lorin ; Proulx , Jonathan ; Toews , Everett ; Topjian , Joe ( 2014 ) . `` Glossary '' . OpenStack Operations Guide . Beijing : O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 286 . ISBN 9781491906309 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Virtual Central Processing Unit ( vCPU ) ( : ) Subdivides physical CPUs . Instances can then use those divisions . Jump up ^ `` VMware Infrastructure Architecture Overview - White Paper '' ( PDF ) . VMware . VMware. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CPU Frequency '' . CPU World Glossary . CPU World . 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ `` What is ( a ) multi-core processor ? '' . Data Center Definitions . SearchDataCenter.com . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quad Core Vs. Dual Core '' . Buzzle . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Tegtmeier , Martin . `` CPU utilization of multi-threaded architectures explained '' . Oracle . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Central processing unit '' dated 2006 - 06 - 13 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microprocessors . Wikiversity has learning resources about Introduction to Computers / Processor How Microprocessors Work at HowStuffWorks . 25 Microchips that shook the world -- an article by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . CPU technologies Architecture Turing machine Post -- Turing machine Universal Turing machine Quantum Turing machine Belt machine Stack machine Register machine Counter machine Pointer machine Random access machine Random access stored program machine Finite - state machine Queue automaton Von Neumann Harvard ( modified ) HIVE ( Hierarchical Identify Verify Exploit ) Dataflow TTA Cellular Artificial neural network Machine learning Deep learning Neural processing unit ( NPU ) Convolutional neural network Load / store architecture Register memory architecture Register register architecture Endianness FIFO Zero - copy NUMA HUMA HSA Mobile computing Surface computing Wearable computing Heterogeneous computing Parallel computing Concurrent computing Distributed computing Cloud computing Amorphous computing Ubiquitous computing Fabric computing Reconfigurable computing Cognitive computing Analogous computing Mechanical computing Electric computing Hybrid computing Digital computing DNA computing Peptide computing Chemical computing",
"29": "Organic computing Wetware computing Quantum computing Neuromorphic computing Optical computing Reversible computing Unconventional computing Hypercomputation Ternary computer Symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) Asymmetric multiprocessing ( AMP ) Cache hierarchy Memory hierarchy ISA types ASIP CISC RISC EDGE ( TRIPS ) VLIW ( EPIC ) MISC OISC NISC ZISC Comparison ISAs x86 z / Architecture ARM MIPS Power Architecture ( PowerPC ) SPARC VISC Mill Itanium ( IA - 64 ) Alpha Prism SuperH Clipper VAX Unicore PA - RISC MicroBlaze Word size 1 - bit 2 - bit 4 - bit 8 - bit 9 - bit 10 - bit 12 - bit 15 - bit 16 - bit 18 - bit 22 - bit 24 - bit 25 - bit 26 - bit 27 - bit 31 - bit 32 - bit 33 - bit 34 - bit 36 - bit 39 - bit 40 - bit 48 - bit 50 - bit 60 - bit 64 - bit 128 - bit 256 - bit 512 - bit Variable Execution Instruction pipelining Bubble Operand forwarding Out - of - order execution Register renaming Speculative execution Branch predictor Memory dependence prediction Hazards Parallel level Bit Bit - serial Word Instruction Pipelining Scalar Superscalar",
"30": "Task Thread Process Data Vector Memory Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous ( SMT ) ( Hyper - threading ) Speculative ( SpMT ) Preemptive Cooperative Clustered Multi-Thread ( CMT ) Hardware scout Flynn 's taxonomy SISD SIMD ( SWAR ) SIMT MISD MIMD SPMD Addressing mode CPU performance Instructions per second ( IPS ) Instructions per clock ( IPC ) Cycles per instruction ( CPI ) Floating - point operations per second ( FLOPS ) Transactions per second ( TPS ) Synaptic Updates Per Second ( SUPS ) Performance per watt Orders of magnitude ( computing ) Cache performance measurement and metric Core count Single - core processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Types Central processing unit ( CPU ) GPGPU AI accelerator Vision processing unit ( VPU ) Vector processor Barrel processor Stream processor Digital signal processor ( DSP ) I / O processor / DMA controller Network processor Baseband processor Physics processing unit ( PPU ) Coprocessor Secure cryptoprocessor ASIC FPGA FPOA CPLD Microcontroller Microprocessor Mobile processor Notebook processor Ultra-low - voltage processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Tile processor Multi-chip module ( MCM ) Chip stack multi-chip modules System on a chip ( SoC ) Multiprocessor system - on - chip ( MPSoC ) Programmable System - on - Chip ( PSoC ) Network on a chip ( NoC ) Components Execution unit ( EU ) Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) Address generation unit ( AGU ) Floating - point unit ( FPU",
"31": ") Load - store unit ( LSU ) Fixed - point unit ( FXU ) Vector unit ( VU ) Branch predictor Branch execution unit ( BEU ) Instruction Decoder Instruction Scheduler Instruction Fetch Unit Instruction Dispatch Unit Instruction Sequencing Unit Unified Reservation Station Barrel shifter Uncore Sum addressed decoder ( SAD ) Front - side bus Back - side bus Northbridge ( computing ) Southbridge ( computing ) Adder ( electronics ) Binary multiplier Binary decoder Address decoder Multiplexer Demultiplexer Registers Cache Memory management unit ( MMU ) Input -- output memory management unit ( IOMMU ) Integrated Memory Controller ( IMC ) Power Management Unit ( PMU ) Translation lookaside buffer ( TLB ) Stack engine Register file Processor register Hardware register Memory buffer register ( MBR ) Program counter Microcode ROM Datapath Control unit Instruction unit Re-order buffer Data buffer Write buffer Coprocessor Electronic switch Electronic circuit Integrated circuit Three - dimensional integrated circuit Boolean circuit Digital circuit Analog circuit Mixed - signal integrated circuit Power management integrated circuit Quantum circuit Logic gate Combinational logic Sequential logic Emitter - coupled logic ( ECL ) Transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) Glue logic Quantum gate Gate array Counter ( digital ) Bus ( computing ) Semiconductor device Clock rate CPU multiplier Vision chip Memristor Power management APM ACPI Dynamic frequency scaling Dynamic voltage scaling Clock gating Hardware security Non-executable memory ( NX bit ) Memory Protection Extensions ( Intel MPX ) Intel Secure Key Hardware restriction ( firmware ) Software Guard Extensions ( Intel SGX ) Trusted Execution Technology OmniShield Trusted Platform Module ( TPM ) Secure",
"32": "cryptoprocessor Hardware security module Hengzhi chip Related History of general - purpose CPUs Basic computer components Input devices Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Optical Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Webcam Softcam Refreshable braille display Output devices Monitor Refreshable braille display Printer Speakers Plotter Removable data storage Optical disc CD DVD Blu - ray Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit ( CPU ) HDD / SSD / SSHD Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random - access memory ( RAM ) Sound card Video card Fax modem Expansion card Ports Ethernet FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) Parallel port Serial port PS / 2 port USB Thunderbolt HDMI / DVI / VGA eSATA Audio jack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&oldid=819430772 '' Categories : Central processing unit Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Spoken articles Talk Contents",
"33": "About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ گیلکی 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu",
"34": "Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 09 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is a another name for the water cycle
|
[
"the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle",
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{
"0": "Water cycle - wikipedia Water cycle Jump to : navigation , search Diagram of the Water Cycle The water cycle Play media Earth 's water cycle Play media As the Earth 's surface water evaporates , wind moves water in the air from the sea to the land , increasing the amount of freshwater on land . Play media Water vapor is converted to clouds that bring fresh water to land in the form of rain snow and sleet Play media Precipitation falls on the ground , but what happens to that water depends greatly on the geography of the land at any particular place . The water cycle , also known as the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle , describes the continuous movement of water on , above and below the surface of the Earth . The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice , fresh water , saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another , such as from river to ocean , or from the ocean to the atmosphere , by the physical processes of evaporation , condensation , precipitation , infiltration , surface runoff , and subsurface flow . In doing so , the water goes through different forms : liquid , solid ( ice ) and vapor . The water cycle involves the exchange of energy , which leads to temperature changes . When water evaporates , it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment . When it condenses , it releases energy and warms the environment . These heat exchanges influence climate . The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater . The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe . It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth , through processes including erosion and sedimentation . The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Processes 2 Residence times 3 Changes over time 4 Effects on climate 5 Effects on biogeochemical cycling 6 Slow loss over geologic time 7 History of hydrologic cycle theory 7.1 Floating land mass 7.2 Hebrew Bible 7.3 Precipitation and percolation 7.4 Precipitation alone 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Description The sun , which drives the water cycle , heats water in oceans and seas . Water evaporates as water vapor into the air . Some ice and snow sublimates directly into water vapor . Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil . The water molecule H O has smaller molecular mass than the major components of the atmosphere , nitrogen and oxygen , N and O , hence is less dense . Due to the significant difference in density , buoyancy drives humid air higher . As altitude increases , air pressure decreases and the temperature drops ( see Gas laws ) . The lower temperature causes water vapor to condense into tiny liquid water droplets which are heavier than the air , and fall unless supported by an updraft . A huge concentration of these droplets over a large space up in the atmosphere become visible as cloud . Some condensation is near ground level , and called fog . Atmospheric circulation moves water vapor around the globe , cloud particles collide , grow , and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as precipitation . Some precipitation falls as snow or hail , sleet , and can accumulate as ice cap s and glacier s , which can store frozen water for thousands of years . Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain , where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff . A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape , with streamflow moving water towards the oceans . Runoff and water emerging from the ground ( groundwater ) may be stored as freshwater in lakes . Not all runoff flows into rivers , much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration . Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers , which can store freshwater for long periods of time .",
"2": "Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface - water bodies ( and the ocean ) as groundwater discharge . Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs . In river valleys and floodplains , there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the hyporheic zone . Over time , the water returns to the ocean , to continue the water cycle . Processes Many different processes lead to movements and phase changes in water Precipitation Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth 's surface . Most precipitation occurs as rain , but also includes snow , hail , fog drip , graupel , and sleet . Approximately 505,000 km ( 121,000 cu mi ) of water falls as precipitation each year , 398,000 km ( 95,000 cu mi ) of it over the oceans . The rain on land contains 107,000 km ( 26,000 cu mi ) of water per year and a snowing only 1,000 km ( 240 cu mi ) . 78 % of global precipitation occurs over the ocean . Canopy interception The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground . Snowmelt The runoff produced by melting snow . Runoff The variety of ways by which water moves across the land . This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff . As it flows , the water may seep into the ground , evaporate into the air , become stored in lakes or reservoirs , or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses . Infiltration The flow of water from the ground surface into the ground . Once infiltrated , the water becomes soil moisture or groundwater . A recent global study using water stable isotopes , however , shows that not all soil moisture is equally available for groundwater recharge or for plant transpiration . Subsurface flow The flow of water underground , in the vadose zone and aquifers . Subsurface water may return to the surface ( e.g. as a spring or by being pumped ) or eventually seep into the oceans . Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it infiltrated , under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures .",
"3": "Groundwater tends to move slowly and is replenished slowly , so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years . Evaporation The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere . The source of energy for evaporation is primarily solar radiation . Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants , though together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration . Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately 505,000 km ( 121,000 cu mi ) of water , 434,000 km ( 104,000 cu mi ) of which evaporates from the oceans . 86 % of global evaporation occurs over the ocean . Sublimation The state change directly from solid water ( snow or ice ) to water vapor by passing the liquid state . Deposition This refers to changing of water vapor directly to ice . Advection The movement of water through the atmosphere . Without advection , water that evaporated over the oceans could not precipitate over land . Condensation The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air , creating clouds and fog . Transpiration The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air . Percolation Water flows vertically through the soil and rocks under the influence of gravity . Plate tectonics Water enters the mantle via subduction of oceanic crust . Water returns to the surface via volcanism . The water cycle involves many of these processes . Residence times Average reservoir residence times Reservoir Average residence time Antarctica 20,000 years Oceans 3,200 years Glaciers 20 to 100 years Seasonal snow cover 2 to 6 months Soil moisture 1 to 2 months Groundwater : shallow 100 to 200 years Groundwater : deep 10,000 years Lakes ( see lake retention time ) 50 to 100 years Rivers 2 to 6 months Atmosphere 9 days The residence time of a reservoir within the hydrologic cycle is the average time a water molecule will spend in that reservoir ( see adjacent table ) . It is a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir .",
"4": "Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth 's surface before leaving . Particularly old groundwater is called fossil water . Water stored in the soil remains there very briefly , because it is spread thinly across the Earth , and is readily lost by evaporation , transpiration , stream flow , or groundwater recharge . After evaporating , the residence time in the atmosphere is about 9 days before condensing and falling to the Earth as precipitation . The major ice sheets - Antarctica and Greenland - store ice for very long periods . Ice from Antarctica has been reliably dated to 800,000 years before present , though the average residence time is shorter . In hydrology , residence times can be estimated in two ways . The more common method relies on the principle of conservation of mass and assumes the amount of water in a given reservoir is roughly constant . With this method , residence times are estimated by dividing the volume of the reservoir by the rate by which water either enters or exits the reservoir . Conceptually , this is equivalent to timing how long it would take the reservoir to become filled from empty if no water were to leave ( or how long it would take the reservoir to empty from full if no water were to enter ) . An alternative method to estimate residence times , which is gaining in popularity for dating groundwater , is the use of isotopic techniques . This is done in the subfield of isotope hydrology . Changes over time Time - mean precipitation and evaporation as a function of latitude as simulated by an aqua - planet version of an atmospheric GCM ( GFDL 's AM2. 1 ) with a homogeneous `` slab - ocean '' lower boundary ( saturated surface with small heat capacity ) , forced by annual mean insolation . Global map of annual mean evaporation minus precipitation by latitude - longitude The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere . However , much more water is `` in storage '' for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle . The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans .",
"5": "It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 mi ( 1,386,000,000 km ) of the world 's water supply , about 321,000,000 mi ( 1,338,000,000 km ) is stored in oceans , or about 97 % . It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90 % of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle . During colder climatic periods , more ice caps and glaciers form , and enough of the global water supply accumulates as ice to lessen the amounts in other parts of the water cycle . The reverse is true during warm periods . During the last ice age , glaciers covered almost one - third of Earth 's land mass with the result being that the oceans were about 122 m ( 400 ft ) lower than today . During the last global `` warm spell , '' about 125,000 years ago , the seas were about 5.5 m ( 18 ft ) higher than they are now . About three million years ago the oceans could have been up to 50 m ( 165 ft ) higher . The scientific consensus expressed in the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Summary for Policymakers is for the water cycle to continue to intensify throughout the 21st century , though this does not mean that precipitation will increase in all regions . In subtropical land areas -- places that are already relatively dry -- precipitation is projected to decrease during the 21st century , increasing the probability of drought . The drying is projected to be strongest near the poleward margins of the subtropics ( for example , the Mediterranean Basin , South Africa , southern Australia , and the Southwestern United States ) . Annual precipitation amounts are expected to increase in near - equatorial regions that tend to be wet in the present climate , and also at high latitudes . These large - scale patterns are present in nearly all of the climate model simulations conducted at several international research centers as part of the 4th Assessment of the IPCC . There is now ample evidence that increased hydrologic variability and change in climate has and will continue to have a profound impact on the water sector through the hydrologic cycle , water availability , water demand , and water allocation at the global , regional , basin , and local levels .",
"6": "Research published in 2012 in Science based on surface ocean salinity over the period 1950 to 2000 confirm this projection of an intensified global water cycle with salty areas becoming more saline and fresher areas becoming more fresh over the period : Fundamental thermodynamics and climate models suggest that dry regions will become drier and wet regions will become wetter in response to warming . Efforts to detect this long - term response in sparse surface observations of rainfall and evaporation remain ambiguous . We show that ocean salinity patterns express an identifiable fingerprint of an intensifying water cycle . Our 50 - year observed global surface salinity changes , combined with changes from global climate models , present robust evidence of an intensified global water cycle at a rate of 8 ± 5 % per degree of surface warming . This rate is double the response projected by current - generation climate models and suggests that a substantial ( 16 to 24 % ) intensification of the global water cycle will occur in a future 2 ° to 3 ° warmer world . An instrument carried by the SAC - D satellite Aquarius , launched in June , 2011 , measured global sea surface salinity . Glacial retreat is also an example of a changing water cycle , where the supply of water to glaciers from precipitation can not keep up with the loss of water from melting and sublimation . Glacial retreat since 1850 has been extensive . Human activities that alter the water cycle include : agriculture industry alteration of the chemical composition of the atmosphere construction of dams deforestation and afforestation removal of groundwater from wells water abstraction from rivers urbanization Effects on climate The water cycle is powered from solar energy . 86 % of the global evaporation occurs from the oceans , reducing their temperature by evaporative cooling . Without the cooling , the effect of evaporation on the greenhouse effect would lead to a much higher surface temperature of 67 ° C ( 153 ° F ) , and a warmer planet . Aquifer drawdown or overdrafting and the pumping of fossil water increases the total amount of water in the hydrosphere , and has been postulated to be a contributor to sea - level rise .",
"7": "Effects on biogeochemical cycling While the water cycle is itself a biogeochemical cycle , flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals . Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of eroded sediment and phosphorus from land to waterbodies . The salinity of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport of dissolved salts from the land . Cultural eutrophication of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus , applied in excess to agricultural fields in fertilizers , and then transported overland and down rivers . Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies . The dead zone at the outlet of the Mississippi River is a consequence of nitrates from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the river system to the Gulf of Mexico . Runoff also plays a part in the carbon cycle , again through the transport of eroded rock and soil . Slow loss over geologic time Main article : Atmospheric escape The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet 's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as Hydrogen to move up to the exobase , the lower limit of the exosphere , where the gases can then reach escape velocity , entering outer space without impacting other particles of gas . This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as planetary wind . Planets with hot lower atmospheres could result in humid upper atmospheres that accelerate the loss of hydrogen . History of hydrologic cycle theory Floating land mass In ancient times , it was widely thought that the land mass floated on a body of water , and that most of the water in rivers has its origin under the earth . Examples of this belief can be found in the works of Homer ( circa 800 BCE ) . Hebrew Bible In the ancient near east , Hebrew scholars observed that even though the rivers ran into the sea , the sea never became full ( ) . Some scholars conclude that the water cycle was described completely during this time in this passage : `` The wind goeth toward the south , and turneth about unto the north ; it whirleth about continually , and the wind returneth again according to its circuits .",
"8": "All the rivers run into the sea , yet the sea is not full ; unto the place from whence the rivers come , thither they return again '' ( , KJV ) . Scholars are not in agreement as to the date of Ecclesiastes , though most scholars point to a date during the time of King Solomon , son of David and Bathsheba , `` three thousand years ago , there is some agreement that the time period is 962 - 922 BCE . Furthermore , it was also observed that when the clouds were full , they emptied rain on the earth ( ) . In addition , during 793 - 740 BC a Hebrew prophet , Amos , stated that water comes from the sea and is poured out on the earth ( , ) . In the Biblical Book of Job , dated between 7th and 2nd centuries BCE , there is a description of precipitation in the hydrologic cycle , `` For he maketh small the drops of water : they pour down rain according to the vapour thereof ; Which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly '' ( , KJV ) . Precipitation and percolation In the Adityahridayam ( a devotional hymn to the Sun God ) of Ramayana , a Hindu epic dated to the 4th century BC , it is mentioned in the 22nd verse that the Sun heats up water and sends it down as rain . By roughly 500 BCE , Greek scholars were speculating that much of the water in rivers can be attributed to rain . The origin of rain was also known by then . These scholars maintained the belief , however , that water rising up through the earth contributed a great deal to rivers . Examples of this thinking included Anaximander ( 570 BCE ) ( who also speculated about the evolution of land animals from fish ) and Xenophanes of Colophon ( 530 BCE ) . Chinese scholars such as Chi Ni Tzu ( 320 BC ) and Lu Shih Ch'un Ch'iu ( 239 BCE ) had similar thoughts . The idea that the water cycle is a closed cycle can be found in the works of Anaxagoras of Clazomenae ( 460 BCE ) and Diogenes of Apollonia ( 460 BCE ) . Both Plato ( 390 BCE ) and Aristotle ( 350 BCE ) speculated about percolation as part of the water cycle .",
"9": "Precipitation alone Up to the time of the Renaissance , it was thought that precipitation alone was insufficient to feed rivers , for a complete water cycle , and that underground water pushing upwards from the oceans were the main contributors to river water . Bartholomew of England held this view ( 1240 CE ) , as did Leonardo da Vinci ( 1500 CE ) and Athanasius Kircher ( 1644 CE ) . The first published thinker to assert that rainfall alone was sufficient for the maintenance of rivers was Bernard Palissy ( 1580 CE ) , who is often credited as the `` discoverer '' of the modern theory of the water cycle . Palissy 's theories were not tested scientifically until 1674 , in a study commonly attributed to Pierre Perrault . Even then , these beliefs were not accepted in mainstream science until the early nineteenth century . See also Water portal Ecology portal Bioprecipitation Drought Ecohydrology Flood Moisture advection Moisture recycling Planetary boundaries Water use References Jump up ^ `` precipitation National Snow and Ice Data Center '' . nsidc.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Dr. Art 's Guide to Planet Earth . The Water Cycle . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Flows of Water in the Global Water Cycle '' . www3.geosc.psu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salinity Science Mission Directorate '' . science.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Northwest River Forecast Center . Hydrologic Cycle . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Evaristo , Jaivime ; Jasechko , Scott ; McDonnell , Jeffrey J. ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow '' . Nature . NPG. 525 ( 7567 ) : 91 -- 94 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 525 ... 91E . doi : 10.1038 / nature14983 .",
"10": "ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMID 26333467 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` evaporation National Snow and Ice Data Center '' . nsidc.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` sublimation National Snow and Ice Data Center '' . nsidc.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` advection National Snow and Ice Data Center '' . nsidc.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` condensation National Snow and Ice Data Center '' . nsidc.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ PhysicalGeography.net . CHAPTER 8 : Introduction to the Hydrosphere . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jouzel , J. ; Masson - Delmotte , V. ; Cattani , O. ; Dreyfus , G. ; Falourd , S. ; Hoffmann , G. ; Minster , B. ; Nouet , J. ; Barnola , J.M. ( 2007 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years '' . Science . 317 ( 5839 ) : 793 -- 796 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 317 ... 793J . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1141038 . ISSN 1095 - 9203 . PMID 17615306 . ^ Jump up to : USGS , Howard Perlman , . `` The Water Cycle summary , USGS Water Science School '' . water.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis '' ( PDF ) . INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE . February 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 3 , 2007 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Vahid , Alavian , ; Maher , Qaddumi , Halla ; Eric , Dickson , ; Michele , Diez , Sylvia ; V. , Danilenko , Alexander ; Fatehali , Hirji , Rafik ; Gabrielle , Puz , ; Carolina , Pizarro , ; Michael , Jacobsen , ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Water and climate change : understanding the risks and making climate - smart investment decisions '' . Washington , DC : World Bank : pp. xv . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Gillis , Justin ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Study Hints at Greater Threat of Extreme Weather '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Paul J. Durack ; Susan E. Wijffels & Richard J. Matear ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` Ocean Salinities Reveal Strong Global Water Cycle Intensification During 1950 to 2000 '' . Science . 336 ( 6080 ) : 455 -- 458 . Bibcode : 2012Sci ... 336 ... 455D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1212222 . PMID 22539717 . Jump up ^ Justin Gillis ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Study Indicates a Greater Threat of Extreme Weather '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vinas , Maria - Jose ( 2013 - 06 - 06 ) . `` NASA 's Aquarius Sees Salty Shifts '' . NASA . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Retreat of Glaciers in Glacier National Park '' . www.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Water Cycle Science Mission Directorate '' . science.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Rising sea levels attributed to global groundwater extraction '' . University of Utrecht .",
"12": "Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Environmental Literacy Council . Biogeochemical Cycles . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Phosphorus Cycle - The Environmental Literacy Council '' . The Environmental Literacy Council . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet . Nitrogen and the Hydrologic Cycle . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ NASA 's Earth Observatory . The Carbon Cycle . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Nick Strobel ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Planetary Science '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rudolf Dvořák ( 2007 ) . Extrasolar Planets . Wiley - VCH . pp. 139 -- 140 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 40671 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Henry M. ( 1988 ) . Science and the Bible ( Trinity Broadcasting Network Edition , 1988 ed . ) . Chicago , IL : Moody Press . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Bible . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 369 . ISBN 0195046455 . Jump up ^ Merrill , Eugene H. ; Rooker , Mark F. ; Grisanti , Michael A. ( 2011 ) . The World and the Word . Nashville , TN : B&H Academic . p. 430 . ISBN 9780805440317 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Bible . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 369 . ISBN 0195046455 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Morris , Henry M. ( 1988 ) . Science and the Bible ( Trinity Broadcasting Network Edition , 1988 ed . ) . Chicago , IL : Moody Press . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Kazlev , M. Alan . `` Palaeos : History of Evolution and Paleontology in science , philosophy , religion , and popular culture : Pre 19th Century '' . Jump up ^ http://philosophy.unc.edu/people/faculty/james-lesher/xenophanes%20scepticism.pdf ( page 9 - 10 ) Jump up ^ Science ? , Symposium on the Basis of Civilization -- Water ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` The Basis of Civilization -- water Science ? '' . International Association of Hydrological Science -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ http://hydrologie.org/ACT/OH2/actes/03_dooge.pdf Further reading Anderson , J.G. ; Wilmouth , D.M. ; Smith , J.B. ; Sayres , D.S. ( 2012 ) . `` UV Dosage Levels in Summer : Increased Risk of Ozone Loss from Convectively Injected Water Vapor '' . Science . 337 ( 6096 ) : 835 . Bibcode : 2012Sci ... 337 ... 835A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1222978 . PMID 22837384 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water cycle . The Water Cycle , United States Geological Survey The Water Cycle for Kids , United States Geological Survey The water cycle , from Dr. Art 's Guide to the Planet . Water cycle slideshow , 1 Mb Flash multilingual animation highlighting the often - overlooked evaporation from bare soil , from managingwholes.com . Will the wet get wetter and the dry drier ? - Climate research summary from NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory including text , graphics ,",
"14": "and animations Water Overviews Outline Data Model Properties States Liquid Ice Vapor Steam Forms Deuterium - depleted Semiheavy Heavy Tritiated Hydronium On Earth Cycle Distribution Hydrosphere Hydrology Hydrobiology Origin Pollution Resources management policy Supply Portal Commons Wiktionary Biogeochemical cycles Cycles Carbon cycle Hydrogen cycle Iron cycle Mercury cycle Mineral cycle Nitrogen cycle Oxygen cycle ozone Phosphorus cycle Rock cycle Selenium cycle Sulfur cycle Water cycle Research groups DAAC GEOTRACES IMBER NOBM SOLAS Related topics Biogeochemistry geochemical cycle chemical cycling environmental chemistry Biosequestration carbon sequestration carbon sink soil carbon biological pump mycorrhizal fungi Ocean acidification acid rain Methane clathrate clathrate gun hypothesis Arctic methane emissions Human impact on the nitrogen cycle Nitrification Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen assimilation Phosphorus assimilation Sulfur assimilation Planetary boundaries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&oldid=836977317 '' Categories : Biogeochemical cycle Forms of water Hydrology Soil physics Water Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia",
"15": "Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latgaļu Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina",
"16": "کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 00 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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3287927783117323026
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what is the meaning of the movie wonder
|
[
"a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in"
] |
{
"0": "Wonder ( film ) - wikipedia Wonder ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Chbosky Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Jack Thorne Steve Conrad Stephen Chbosky Based on Wonder by R.J. Palacio Starring Julia Roberts Owen Wilson Jacob Tremblay Izabela Vidovic Mandy Patinkin Daveed Diggs Music by Marcelo Zarvos Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Lionsgate Mandeville Films Participant Media Walden Media TIK Films Distributed by Lionsgate Release date November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $248.5 million Wonder is a 2017 American drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad , and Stephen Chbosky , based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio . The film stars Julia Roberts , Owen Wilson , and Jacob Tremblay . The film follows a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in . Wonder was released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 , by Lionsgate and has grossed over $248 million worldwide on a $20 million budget . At the 90th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for Best Makeup and Hairstyling . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast members 2.2 Other cast members 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) August `` Auggie '' Pullman is a fifth - grade boy living in North River Heights in upper Manhattan .",
"1": "He has a rare medical facial deformity , which he refers to as `` mandibulofacial dysostosis . '' Due to numerous ( 27 ) surgeries , Auggie had been homeschooled by his mother Isabel , but as Auggie is approaching middle school age , Isabel and Nate decide to enroll him in Beecher Prep , a private school , for the start of middle school . At first , Auggie is ostracized by nearly all the student body , but he is soon befriended by a boy named Jack Will . During Halloween , Auggie wears an old GhostFace mask and costume because his dog , Daisy , threw up on his Boba Fett costume . Unrecognized , he walks around school knowing he would not get tormented while incognito . As he walks through the door to his homeroom he overhears Jack telling Julian Albans that he was only pretending to be friends with Auggie . Feeling betrayed , Auggie wants to quit Beecher Prep and go back to homeschooling , but his older sister Olivia , nicknamed `` Via , '' talks him out of it . Auggie later confides the incident to another friend , a girl named Summer , but swears her to secrecy . When Jack notices that Auggie has become quiet and distant he asks Summer why , but she only gives him the term `` Ghost Face '' as a clue ; Jack is shocked when it suddenly dawns on him that it was Auggie wearing the GhostFace costume , and thus had overheard everything he said to Julian. When Julian wants Jack to switch partners to be with him in a science fair project Jack refuses . When Julian asks Jack does he want to work with that `` freak , '' Jack angrily punches him in the face and a fight ensues between the two , which is soon broken up by Mr. Browne and Ms. Petosa . Jack is suspended for two days , and decides not to get Julian suspended too , knowing it would n't be fair . He later writes an apology letter to Mr. Tushman . Auggie , over winter break , requests Jack 's Minecraft coordinates , which Jack sends . Jack apologizes to Auggie , and Auggie accepts .",
"2": "During the rest of the school year , Auggie is repeatedly bullied by Julian and his group ; they leave hurtful notes on his desk and tape to his locker their class picture with Auggie photoshopped out . When Mr. Tushman later confronts Julian and his parents using all the notes and the doctored picture as evidence , Julian 's mother proclaims that she had had Auggie edited out of the photo to make it look more presentable to her friends at home ; she then says that the school should not be inclusive and that Auggie does not belong there . But despite her threats to pull their funding from the school , Tushman suspends Julian for two days . Julian showed remorse to Tushman for his actions to Auggie . Meanwhile , Via signs up for Drama Club at her high school after her best friend , Miranda , ignores her ; in the process , she meets Justin , a friendly boy with whom she forms a close friendship , which later develops into a romantic relationship . Later , Via is selected to be an understudy for the lead role in the school 's production of Our Town , with Justin as the lead actor . Later on , Isabel and Nate find out that Via 's play is coming around , and Via never told them about it , and they get into a fight with Auggie overhearing everything . Auggie later confronts his mom and his sister , who brush it off . Auggie then accuses them of lying and storms off to his room , and then Daisy starts to whimper . Via then rushes up to Auggie 's room telling him that Daisy is sick . They say goodbye to Isabel who meets Nate at the hospital . They then return that night without the dog , implying that Daisy died . On the night of the play , Miranda , the lead actress and Via 's former best friend , pretends to fall ill . Via takes her place and gives a performance that earns her a standing ovation . After the play , everyone , including Miranda and Justin , go home to the Pullmans and eat pizza to celebrate . During a school trip to a nature reserve , when Auggie and Jack are accosted and threatened by a group of seventh graders from another school , several of their classmates come to their defense .",
"3": "At the year 's end during the graduation ceremony , Tushman announces that Auggie has been selected for the Henry Ward Beecher Medal for standing out ; Auggie receives a standing ovation , and the movie ends with everyone applauding Auggie , and Isabel commenting on him being a wonder . Cast ( edit ) Main cast members ( edit ) Julia Roberts as Isabel Pullman Owen Wilson as Nate Pullman Jacob Tremblay as August `` Auggie '' Pullman Izabela Vidovic as Olivia `` Via '' Pullman Maccie Margaret Chbosky as Young Olivia Noah Jupe as Jack Will Bryce Gheisar as Julian Albans Elle McKinnon as Charlotte Cody Millie Davis as Summer Dawson Ty Consiglio as Amos Conti Kyle Harrison Breitkopf as Miles Noury James A. Hughes as Henry Joplin Sônia Braga as Grans Mandy Patinkin as Mr. Tushman Daveed Diggs as Mr. Browne Ali Liebert as Ms. Petosa Danielle Rose Russell as Miranda Navas Nadji Jeter as Justin Gidget as Darth - Daisy `` Daisy '' , Auggie and Via 's dog Other cast members ( edit ) Nicole Oliver as Mrs. Will Rachel Hayward as Mrs. Navas Crystal Lowe as Mrs. Sarah Albans Steve Bacic as Mr. Albans Erika McKitrick as Ella Lucia Thain as Savanna Wittenberg Sasha Neuhaus as Maya Markowitz Izzy Lieberman as Reid Kingsley Hannah Hoberman as Rebecca William Dickinson as Eddie Emma Tremblay as Michelle Lydia Jewett as Lina Annan Armen Bagdasrov as Danny Kaelyn Breitkopf as Angela Victoria V. Cruz as the Science Fair judge Benjamin Ratner as Mr. Davenport Production ( edit ) On November 27 , 2012 , it was announced that Lionsgate was developing the feature film adaptation of R.J. Palacio 's debut novel Wonder , while in talks with John August to write the screenplay . Mandeville Films ' David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would be producing the film .",
"4": "On May 8 , 2013 , Jack Thorne was hired to adapt the novel , while August , who was previously reported as writer , had departed from the project . In October 2014 , John Krokidas was reported to be directing the film , but in April 2015 , Paul King was hired to take the directing duties . Steven Conrad was writing the script at that time . On April 14 , 2016 , Jacob Tremblay was cast in the film to play the lead role as Auggie Pullman , while Julia Roberts was in talks to play Auggie 's mother . On May 5 , 2016 , Roberts was confirmed to play the mother , with Stephen Chbosky signed on to direct the film . On June 27 , 2016 , Owen Wilson had joined the film to play Auggie 's father . On July 11 , 2016 , newcomer Noah Jupe joined the film to play Auggie 's best friend at school . On July 15 , 2016 , Daveed Diggs was cast in the film to play Mr. Browne , an English teacher at the school . On August 19 , 2016 , Sonia Braga joined the cast of the film , portraying the role of Roberts ' character 's mother . Jacob 's prosthetic makeup , designed and created by Arjen Tuiten , took an hour and half to apply . It consisted of a skull cap with prosthetic ears attached , a facial prosthetic that covered Jacob 's face , and a wig to tie it all together . Marcelo Zarvos composed the film 's score . Music ( edit ) Bea Miller composed a song entitled `` Brand New Eyes . '' It was released on August 3 , 2017 . Wonder author R.J. Palacio has often credited Natalie Merchant 's song `` Wonder '' from her 1995 album Tigerlily as the inspiration for her best - selling book and at Merchant 's invitation , the song will be featured in the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) Wonder was scheduled to be released in the United States on April 7 , 2017 by Lionsgate . On February 13 , 2017 , it was announced that the release date for Wonder had been pushed back to November 17 , 2017 .",
"5": "Wonder had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on November 14 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) As of January 21 , 2018 , Wonder has grossed $129.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $118.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $248.5 million , against a production budget of $20 million . In the United States and Canada , Wonder was released alongside Justice League and The Star and was initially projected to gross around $9 million from 3,096 theaters in its opening weekend . However after grossing $740,000 from Thursday night previews and receiving a large number of group ticket sales , weekend projections were upped to $15 million . Weekend projections were again increased , this time to $28 million , after the film made $9.4 million on its first day . The film went on to debut to $27.1 million , finishing second at the box office behind Justice League . In its second weekend the film dropped just 17.7 % , grossing $22.7 million and finishing third at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 154 reviews and an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Wonder does n't shy away from its bestselling source material 's sentiment , but this well - acted and overall winsome drama earns its tugs at the heartstrings . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score . Some with craniofacial disorders have criticized the film for casting an able - bodied actor as Auggie and for its inspirational message . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref .",
"6": "AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Intergenerational Film Wonder Pending Readers ' Choice Poll Wonder Pending Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Makeup and Hairstyling Arjen Tuiten Pending British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Makeup and Hair Naomi Bakstad , Robert Pandini and Arjen Tuiten Pending Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Deborah Aquila , Kara Eide , Tricia Wood and Kris Woz Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Young Actor / Actress Jacob Tremblay Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad and Stephen Chbosky Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Wonder Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Stephen Chbosky Won London Film Critics Circle January 28 , 2018 Young British / Irish Performer of the Year Noah Jupe Pending Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Makeup Naomi Bakstad , Jean Black and Megan Harkness Pending Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Hair Styling Robert Pandini and Alisa Macmillian Pending Feature Motion Picture : Best Special Makeup Effects Michael Nickiforek and Arjen Tuiten Pending Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Youth Performance Jacob Tremblay Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Youth Performance Jacob Tremblay Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Best Family Film Wonder Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WONDER '' . Lionsgate Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Justice League ' Perform Like ' Wonder Woman ' or ' Suicide Squad ' at the Box Office ? '' . TheWrap .",
"7": "November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Lionsgate lining up John August to adapt ' Wonder ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lionsgate Taps Jack Thorne To Adapt R.J. Palacio Novel ' Wonder ' '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Kill Your Darlings ' Director to Helm YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' Director Books Lionsgate 's YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Room ' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Julia Roberts to Play Jacob Tremblay 's Mother in ' Wonder ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Owen Wilson to Co-Star With Julia Roberts in ' Wonder ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Night Manager ' Actor Joins Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A.",
"8": "( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Winner Daveed Diggs Joins Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' In First Post - ' Hamilton ' Film Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sonia Braga Playing Julia Roberts ' Mother in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marcelo Zarvos to Score Steven Chbsoky 's ' Wonder ' '' . FilmMusicReporter . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder the Film '' . Natalie Merchant . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay 's Wonder gets spring 2017 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look ! Julia Roberts and Jacob Tremblay Will Melt Your Heart in Wonder '' . People . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts ' Drama ' Wonder ' Pushed to November '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saval , Malina ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder ' Premiere Celebrates Book 's Six - Year Journey to Big Screen , ' Once - in - a-Lifetime Actor ' Jacob Tremblay '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Tale Of Two Films : Walden Media 's ' The Star ' & ' Wonder ' Bow On Same Day '' . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Powers To $13 M Thursday Night ; Beats ' Wonder Woman ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com .",
"9": "Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $93 M+ Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Henley , Ariel . `` Hollywood 's Approach to Disabled Characters Is Still a Disaster '' . Vice . Vice . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Steussy , Lauren . `` What it 's really like to have the rare disease in ' Wonder ' '' . New York Post . New York Post . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Barack , Lauren . `` Critics Question the Representation of Disability in ' Wonder ' '' . School Library Journal . School Library Journal . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter .",
"10": "Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' Leads London Critics ' Circle Film Award Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benardello , Karen ( December 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2017 's Best Movies '' . Shockya.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Wonder on IMDb Wonder at AllMovie Wonder at Box Office Mojo Wonder at Metacritic Wonder at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_(film)&oldid=822083537 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Films about bullying Films about disability Films directed by Stephen Chbosky Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Lions Gate Entertainment films Mandeville Films films Participant Media films Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walden Media films Films shot in British Columbia Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 08 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the biggest determinant of climate in venezuela
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{
"0": "Climate of Venezuela - wikipedia Climate of Venezuela Jump to : navigation , search The Climate of Venezuela is characterized for being tropical and isothermal as a result of its geographical location near the Equator , but because of the topography and the dominant wind direction , several climatic types occur which can be the same as found in temperate latitudes , and even polar regions . Latitude exerts little influence on the Venezuelan climate , but the altitude changes it dramatically , particularly the temperature , reaching values very different according to the presence of different thermal floors . Contents ( hide ) 1 General climate 2 Climate zones according to altitude 2.1 Very Hot 2.2 Warm 2.3 Cool 2.4 Mild / Temperate 2.5 Cold 2.6 Very Cold 2.7 Frosty 2.8 Glacial 3 Climate zones according to Köppen 3.1 Group A : Tropical climates 3.2 Group B : Dry climates 3.3 Group C : Temperate climates 3.4 Group E : Alpine climates 4 See also 5 References 6 External links General climate ( edit ) While the coastal cities of Maracaibo , Barcelona , Porlamar and Maiquetia can get extremely hot , cities located at valleys such as Mérida , Caracas , Los Teques and San Cristobal have cooler climates , and the highest towns of Mucuchies and Apartaderos have cold ( tundra ) climates . The hottest part of Venezuela is the northwest ( Paraguana Peninsula and Guajira Peninsula ) , where temperatures of more than 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) are frequently recorded . The coldest part in the country are located in the highest areas of the Cordillera de Mérida , where temperatures lower than − 2 ° C ( 28 ° F ) are recorded . The Venezuelan Coastal Range and Guiana Highlands have average temperatures from 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) to 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) , while Los Llanos average temperature is over 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) .",
"1": "The highest temperature recorded was 42 ° C ( 108 ° F ) in Machiques , and the lowest temperature recorded was − 11 ° C ( 12 ° F ) , it has been reported from an uninhabited high altitude at Páramo de Piedras Blancas ( Mérida state ) , even though no official reports exist , lower temperatures in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada de Mérida are known . Climate zones according to altitude ( edit ) Venezuelan climatic types , according to their thermal floors . Venezuelan climates are structured in `` thermal floors '' , as mentioned next : Very Hot ( edit ) This climate is characterized by very hot temperatures above 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) , with precipitations that ranges from dry ( less than 300 mm ) to pluvial ( more than 3300 mm ) conditions . This climate can be found in areas below 300 m in sedimentary basins and lowlands such as Los Llanos , Orinoco Delta , Maracaibo Basin , Orinoco Basin , coastal plains and islands ; it comprises almost all the country . This climate zone is present in cities like Maracaibo , Punto Fijo , Ciudad Guayana , Porlamar , Puerto La Cruz , Barinas , Tucupita , Cumaná , Maturin , Anaco , Ciudad Bolívar , Cabimas , El Vigía and others . Warm ( edit ) Warm climate can be found between 300 and 650 m . It 's characterized by temperatures from 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) to 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) and precipitations that ranges from scarcely rainy ( 300 -- 700 mm ) to pluvial ( more than 3300 mm ) conditions . This climate can be found in lower foothills and plateaus in the Guiana Highlands , Venezuelan Coastal Range , Coro region and Venezuelan Andes . Cities which have this climate zone are Barquisimeto , Maracay , Valencia , Guarenas - Guatire , San Juan de Los Morros , Charallave , Valera , Barinitas , San Antonio del Táchira , Quibor and others .",
"2": "Cool ( edit ) This climate features temperatures between 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) to 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) and precipitations that ranges from scarcely rainy ( 300 -- 700 mm ) to pluvial ( more than 3300 mm ) conditions . It can be found in the country 's mountainous areas between 650 and 1,350 - 1,600 m This climate zone is present in cities like Mérida , San Cristóbal , Caracas , Sanare , Villa de Cura , Ejido , Trujillo , Escuque , Rubio , Tovar , Boconó , Duaca , Bejuma , Los Teques , Nirgua , Santa Elena de Uairen , among others . Mild / temperate ( edit ) Mild or Temperate climate can be found in the mountainous areas between 1,350 - 1,600 to 2,400 m . It features temperatures around 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) to 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) and precipitations that ranges from scarcely rainy ( 300 -- 700 mm ) to pluvial ( more than 3300 mm ) conditions . This climate zone is present in cities like Mérida ( higher part ) , Colonia Tovar , San Antonio de Los Altos , El Jarillo , El Junquito , Galipan , Timotes , La Grita , Tabay , La Mucuy and others ; most of the top of the tepuis also present this climate . Cold ( edit ) This climate is characterized by temperatures above 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) and below 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) , with precipitations that ranges from scarcely rainy ( 300 -- 700 mm ) to pluvial ( more than 3300 mm ) conditions . This climate can be found in mountainous areas around 2,400 to 3,200 m specifically in Sierra de Perija , Cordillera de Mérida , higher elevations at Venezuelan Coastal Range and higher tepuis ( Monte Roraima , Kukenan , Cerro Marahuaca , Chimantá Massif ) . This climate zone is present in towns like Mucuchíes , Chachopo and Los Nevados .",
"3": "Very Cold ( edit ) This climate can be found in the Venezuelan Andes area , between 3,200 and 4,150 m . It 's characterized by temperatures from 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) to 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) and precipitations that ranges from scarcely rainy ( 300 -- 700 mm ) to rainy ( 1800 -- 2500 mm ) conditions . This climate zone is present in towns like Apartaderos and Llano del Hato . The condition of this climate is also known as páramo Frosty ( edit ) Frosty climate is found at the highest areas in Venezuelan Andes , between 4,150 and 4,700 m. where the temperatures are between 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) to 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) . This climate zone is present exclusively at Sierra Nevada de Mérida , Sierra de La Culata and Sierra de Santo Domingo . Glacial ( edit ) This climate is characterized by average temperatures below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) all year , it 's located in the highest peaks of Venezuela in the Cordillera de Mérida such as Pico Bolívar , Pico Humboldt , Pico La Concha , Pico Bonpland , Pico Espejo , Pico Mucuñuque and Pico Piedras Blancas . Only Pico Bolivar and Pico Humboldt have their glaciers preserved , while the other peaks are exposed to nival zone conditions . Climate zones according to köppen ( edit ) Köppen climate classification map of Venezuela . According to the Köppen climate classification , Venezuela 's climate types are : Group A : Tropical climates ( edit ) It 's the most prevalent and characteristic climate of the country . Maintaining temperatures above 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) and rainfall in most of the year : Tropical savanna climate ( Aw ) It can be found throughout the country , dominating Los Llanos and north of the Guayana Region , as well as some parts of the country . It 's dry between December and March with an annual rainfall between 600 and 1,500 mm .",
"4": "Tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) It is located in the Guayana Region , Orinoco Delta , west of Zulia , Andean and Coastal range foothills , Paria Peninsula and Barlovento region ; with rainfall between 1,600 and 2,500 mm per year and a drought of just 45 days . Tropical rainforest climate ( Af ) It 's located south of Venezuela , Orinoco Delta , El Tamá area in west of Venezuela , and south of Maracaibo Lake . Rainfall exceeds 2,500 mm , not tending dry season . Tropical climates of Venezuela Tropical savanna climate , influenced by a temperate highland climate in Caracas Valley Tropical savanna climate in the Gran Sabana Tropical savanna climate in Los Llanos Tropical monsoon climate in Sur del Lago Tropical rainforest climate in Southern Venezuela Tropical monsoon climate in Canaima Tropical rainforest climate in Orinoco Delta Tropical rainforest climate in Paria Peninsula Tropical hot climate in Margarita Island Group b : dry climates ( edit ) This type of climate the evaporation exceeds precipitation . In Venezuela is typical of desert and arid coastal areas and with annual temperatures above 18 ° C. The cold semiarid type can be found at elevated portions of the Andes . Hot desert climate ( BWh ) It can be found in Guajira Peninsula , Paraguana Peninsula , Araya Peninsula and most of the Insular region . Hot semi-arid climate ( BSh ) It is located in the northern part of Zulia state , most of the area of Lara state and Falcón state , the coastal area , Insular region and some semi-arid areas in Venezuelan Andes . Cold semi-arid ( BSk ) It can be found locked at the temperate zones of high Andean valleys of Cordillera de Mérida .",
"5": "Dry climates of Venezuela Hot desert climate in Medanos de Coro National Park Hot desert climate in Cabo San Roman Hot desert climate in Guajira Desert Hot desert climate in Coche Island Hot desert climate in Los Roques Cold semi-arid climate in Los Nevados Hot semi-arid climate in Puerto La Cruz Hot semi-arid climate in Barquisimeto Group C : temperate climates ( edit ) The monthly averages temperatures are below 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) but above 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . At least one month 's average temperature is below 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) : Temperate highland climates with dry winters ( Cwb ) It tends to experience noticeably drier weather during the lower - sun `` winter '' season . It 's located in the medium areas of the Cordillera de Mérida and Sierra de Perija , the highest areas of Venezuelan coastal range , and the top of the highest Guiana Highlands Tepuis . Temperate highland climates without dry season ( Cfb ) This climate does n't tend to has a dry season . It can be found at tepuis with temperate and pluvial conditions such as Chimantá Massif , Duida -- Marahuaca Massif and Neblina -- Aracamuni Massif . Temperate climates of Venezuela Temperate highland climate in Colonia Tovar Temperate highland climate in Auyantepui Temperate highland climate in Amazonas Temperate highland climate in Sierra La Culata Temperate highland climate in El Avila National Park Temperate highland climate in Táchira Group e : alpine climates ( edit ) It 's characterized by average temperatures below 10 ° C in all 12 months of the year : Alpine tundra ( ETH ) Also known as páramo climate , this climate often undergo a sudden and drastic change in daily - weather in which they fluctuate between temperatures from below freezing to as high as 20 ° C. Mean annual temperatures range from 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) to 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . It is located above the 3,000 m in the Sierra de Perija and Cordillera de Mérida .",
"6": "Alpine glacier ( EFH ) This climate is reserved to the highest peaks of the Venezuelan Andes , such as Pico Bolívar , Pico Humboldt , Pico La Concha , Pico Bonpland and Pico Espejo , where the annual temperature is below 0 ° C. Most of these peaks are free - glaciated but frequently covered by snow during the rainy season . Glaciers in Venezuelan Andes began retreating in the 20th century due to global warming and the currently existing in Pico Bolívar and Pico Humboldt are in danger of disappearing . Alpine climates of Venezuela Alpine glacier in the Pico Humboldt Alpine glacier in the Pico Bolívar Alpine glacier climate in Pico La Concha Alpine tundra climate in Sierra de La Culata Alpine tundra climate in Pico Piedras Blancas Alpina tundra at Laguna de Mucubají Alpine tundra at Laguna Coromoto Snow in Mérida Alpina tundra at Mifafí Valley See also ( edit ) Geography of Venezuela References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Extreme High Temperature in Venezuela '' . wunderground . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Extreme Low Temp in Venezuela '' . Wunderground . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . NOTE : Pass the cursor over the subrayed record to see the source of this . `` This location is probably uninhabited , but is close to the town of San Isidro de Apartaderos. − 11 ° C ( 12 ° F ) has been reported from an uninhabited high altitude at Páramo de Piedras Blancas , Mérida state . '' Jump up ^ Silva , Gustavo ( 2010 ) . Tipos y subtipos climáticos de Venezuela ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Universidad de Los Andes . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Silva , Gustavo ( 2002 ) . `` Classification of thermal floors in Venezuela '' ( PDF ) . Revista Geográfica Venezolana ( in Spanish ) . 43 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 328 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` Tipos Climáticos '' . Venezuela Virtual . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) Venezuela articles History New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia Federal War 1895 crisis 1902 -- 03 crisis World War II 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002 -- 03 general strike Recall referendum of 2004 2007 RCTV protests Venezuela under Chávez ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Dakazo Protests ( since 2014 ) 2014 protests 2017 protests 2017 constitutional crisis Geography Cities metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Politics Administrative divisions regions states Constitution Elections Foreign relations Local Public Planning Council Military Missions National Assembly Constituent Assembly 1999 2017 President list Supreme Tribunal of Justice Guayana Esequiba ( Reclamation area ) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People 's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will Copei A New Era Democratic Action",
"8": "Vente Venezuela Economy Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy International rankings Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Internet domain Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Culture Cinema films Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag Outline Index Book Portal Climate of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Venezuela&oldid=829166261 '' Categories : Climate of Venezuela Geography of Venezuela Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Română Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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4323871331649279373
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who invented the printing press and in what year
|
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"Johannes Gutenberg around 1440",
"the German Johannes Gutenberg",
"around 1440",
"Johannes Gutenberg",
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{
"0": "Printing press - wikipedia Printing press Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical device . For the modern technology of printing , see printing . Recreated Gutenberg press at the International Printing Museum , Carson , California Part of a series on the History of printing Woodblock printing 200 Movable type 1040 Printing press c. 1440 Etching c. 1515 Mezzotint 1642 Aquatint 1772 Lithography 1796 Chromolithography 1837 Rotary press 1843 Hectograph 1869 Offset printing 1875 Hot metal typesetting 1884 Mimeograph 1886 Photostat and rectigraph 1907 Screen printing 1911 Spirit duplicator 1923 Dot matrix printing 1925 Xerography 1938 Phototypesetting 1949 Inkjet printing 1951 Dye - sublimation 1957 Laser printing 1969 Thermal printing c. 1972 3D printing 1981 Solid Ink printing 1986 Digital printing 1991 A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium ( such as paper or cloth ) , thereby transferring the ink . This was a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth , paper or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink , and accelerated the process . Typically used for texts , the invention and spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium . The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440 , based on existing screw presses . Gutenberg , a goldsmith by profession , developed a printing system , by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes , as well as making inventions of his own . His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities . Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe .",
"1": "In East Asia , where it was invented , the usefulness of movable type was limited by the complexity of the writing system and , without the hand mould , the production of sorts ( individual letters of type ) was slow . In Europe , the two inventions , the hand mould and the printing press , together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents , particularly in short print runs . The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries . By 1500 , printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes . In the 16th century , with presses spreading further afield , their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies . The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing , and lent its name to a new branch of media , `` the press '' . In Renaissance Europe , the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication , which permanently altered the structure of society . The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and ( revolutionary ) ideas transcended borders , captured the masses in the Reformation and threatened the power of political and religious authorities . The sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class . Across Europe , the increasing cultural self - awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto - nationalism , and accelerated by the development of European vernacular languages , to the detriment of Latin 's status as lingua franca . In the 19th century , the replacement of the hand - operated Gutenberg - style press by steam - powered rotary presses allowed printing on an industrial scale .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Economic conditions and intellectual climate 1.2 Technological factors 2 Function and approach 3 Gutenberg 's press 4 The Printing Revolution 4.1 Mass production and spread of printed books 4.2 Circulation of information and ideas 5 Book printing as art form 6 Industrial printing presses 6.1 Rotary press 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History Main article : History of printing Economic conditions and intellectual climate See also : History of capitalism and Medieval university Medieval university class ( 1350s ) The rapid economic and socio - cultural development of late medieval society in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenberg 's invention : the entrepreneurial spirit of emerging capitalism increasingly made its impact on medieval modes of production , fostering economic thinking and improving the efficiency of traditional work - processes . The sharp rise of medieval learning and literacy amongst the middle class led to an increased demand for books which the time - consuming hand - copying method fell far short of accommodating . Technological factors See also : History of Western typography and Medieval technology Technologies preceding the press that led to the press 's invention included : manufacturing of paper , development of ink , woodblock printing , and distribution of eye - glasses . At the same time , a number of medieval products and technological processes had reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes . Gutenberg took up these far - flung strands , combined them into one complete and functioning system , and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of his own : Early modern wine press . Such screw presses were applied in Europe to a wide range of uses and provided Gutenberg with the model for his printing press . The screw press which allowed direct pressure to be applied on flat - plane was already of great antiquity in Gutenberg 's time and was used for a wide range of tasks . Introduced in the 1st century AD by the Romans , it was commonly employed in agricultural production for pressing wine grapes and ( olive ) oil fruit , both of which formed an integral part of the mediterranean and medieval diet . The device was also used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns .",
"3": "Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread through the German lands since the late 14th century and which worked on the same mechanical principles . Gutenberg adopted the basic design , thereby mechanizing the printing process . Printing , however , put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing . Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the platen on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity . To speed up the printing process , he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed . Movable type sorted in a letter case and loaded in a composing stick on top The concept of movable type was not new in the 15th century ; movable type printing had been invented in China during the Song dynasty , and was later used in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty , where metal movable - type printing technology was developed in 1234 . In Europe , sporadic evidence that the typographical principle , the idea of creating a text by reusing individual characters , was well understood and employed in pre-Gutenberg Europe had been cropping up since the 12th century and possibly before . The known examples range from Germany ( Prüfening inscription ) to England ( letter tiles ) to Italy . However , the various techniques employed ( imprinting , punching and assembling individual letters ) did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted . Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating typesetting and printing as two separate work steps . A goldsmith by profession , he created his type pieces from a lead - based alloy which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today . The mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special hand mould , the matrix . The Latin alphabet proved to be an enormous advantage in the process because , in contrast to logographic writing systems , it allowed the type - setter to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen different letters . Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of the codex , which had originated in the Roman period . Considered the most important advance in the history of the book prior to printing itself , the codex had completely replaced the ancient scroll at the onset of the Middle Ages ( 500 AD ) .",
"4": "The codex holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format ; it is more convenient to read ( by turning pages ) , is more compact , less costly , and , in particular , unlike the scroll , both recto and verso could be used for writing − and printing . A paper codex of the acclaimed 42 - line Bible , Gutenberg 's major work A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at mechanizing paper manufacture . The introduction of water - powered paper mills , the first certain evidence of which dates to 1282 , allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both Chinese and Muslim papermaking . Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy , reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further ; papermaking centers reached Germany a century later . Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on the rapid spread of movable - type printing . It is notable that codices of parchment , which in terms of quality is superior to any other writing material , still had a substantial share in Gutenberg 's edition of the 42 - line Bible . After much experimentation , Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional water - based inks caused by soaking the paper , and found the formula for an oil - based ink suitable for high - quality printing with metal type . Function and approach This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This woodcut from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text - blocks . Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day , printing around 3,600 pages in the process . A printing press , in its classical form , is a standing mechanism , ranging from 5 to 7 feet ( 1.5 to 2.1 m ) long , 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) wide , and 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) tall .",
"5": "Type , small metal letters that have a raised letter on one end , is arranged into pages and placed in a frame to make a forme , which itself is placed onto a flat stone , ' bed , ' or ' coffin . ' The text is inked using two balls , pads mounted on handles . The balls were made of dog skin leather , because it has no pores , and stuffed with sheep 's wool and were inked . This ink was then applied to the text evenly . One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan . The paper was damp as this lets the type ' bite ' into the paper better . Small pins hold the paper in place . The paper is now held between a frisket and tympan ( two frames covered with paper or parchment ) . These are folded down , so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked type . The bed is rolled under the platen , using a windlass mechanism . A small rotating handle is used called the ' rounce ' to do this , and the impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the platen . To turn the screw the long handle attached to it is turned . This is known as the bar or ' Devil 's Tail . ' In a well - set - up press , the springiness of the paper , frisket , and tympan caused the bar to spring back and raise the platen , the windlass turned again to move the bed back to its original position , the tympan and frisket raised and opened , and the printed sheet removed . Such presses were always worked by hand . After around 1800 , iron presses were developed , some of which could be operated by steam power . Gutenberg 's press See also : Letterpress printing Johannes Gutenberg 's work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn -- a man who had previously instructed in gem - cutting -- and Andreas Heilmann , owner of a paper mill . However , it was not until a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that an official record existed ; witnesses ' testimony discussed Gutenberg 's types , an inventory of metals ( including lead ) , and his type molds .",
"6": "Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith , Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman . He was the first to make type from an alloy of lead , tin , and antimony , which was critical for producing durable type that produced high - quality printed books and proved to be much better suited for printing than all other known materials . To create these lead types , Gutenberg used what is considered one of his most ingenious inventions , a special matrix enabling the quick and precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template . His type case is estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes , most of which were required for special characters , ligatures , punctuation marks , and so forth . Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil - based ink which was more durable than the previously used water - based inks . As printing material he used both paper and vellum ( high - quality parchment ) . In the Gutenberg Bible , Gutenberg made a trial of coloured printing for a few of the page headings , present only in some copies . A later work , the Mainz Psalter of 1453 , presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his successors Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer , had elaborate red and blue printed initials . The printing Revolution The Printing Revolution occurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas , acting as an `` agent of change '' through the societies that it reached . ( Eisenstein ( 1980 ) ) Mass production and spread of printed books See also : Global spread of the printing press and List of early modern newspapers Spread of printing in the 15th century from Mainz , Germany The European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries . The invention of mechanical movable type printing led to a huge increase of printing activities across Europe within only a few decades . From a single print shop in Mainz , Germany , printing had spread to no less than around 270 cities in Central , Western and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century . As early as 1480 , there were printers active in 110 different places in Germany , Italy , France , Spain , the Netherlands , Belgium , Switzerland , England , Bohemia and Poland .",
"7": "From that time on , it is assumed that `` the printed book was in universal use in Europe '' . In Italy , a center of early printing , print shops had been established in 77 cities and towns by 1500 . At the end of the following century , 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities , with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be active . Despite this proliferation , printing centres soon emerged ; thus , one third of the Italian printers published in Venice . By 1500 , the printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million copies . In the following century , their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies . European printing presses of around 1600 were capable of producing about 1,500 impressions per workday . By comparison , book printing in East Asia , did not use presses and was solely done by block printing . Of Erasmus 's work , at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime alone ( 1469 -- 1536 ) . In the early days of the Reformation , the revolutionary potential of bulk printing took princes and papacy alike by surprise . In the period from 1518 to 1524 , the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold ; between 1518 and 1520 , Luther 's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies . The rapidity of typographical text production , as well as the sharp fall in unit costs , led to the issuing of the first newspapers ( see Relation ) which opened up an entirely new field for conveying up - to - date information to the public . Incunable are surviving pre-16th century print works which are collected by many of the libraries in Europe and North America . Circulation of information and ideas See also : The Gutenberg Galaxy `` Modern Book Printing '' sculpture , commemorating Gutenberg 's invention on the occasion of the 2006 World Cup in Germany The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals , helping to bring on the scientific revolution . Because of the printing press , authorship became more meaningful and profitable . It was suddenly important who had said or written what , and what the precise formulation and time of composition was .",
"8": "This allowed the exact citing of references , producing the rule , `` One Author , one work ( title ) , one piece of information '' ( Giesecke , 1989 ; 325 ) . Before , the author was less important , since a copy of Aristotle made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna . For many works prior to the printing press , the name of the author has been entirely lost . Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages , page numbering , tables of contents , and indices became common , though they previously had not been unknown . The process of reading also changed , gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent , private reading . Over the next 200 years , the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic rise in the adult literacy rate throughout Europe . The printing press was an important step towards the democratization of knowledge . Within 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press , the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe ( Eisenstein , 1969 ; 52 ) . Now that more people had access to knowledge both new and old , more people could discuss these works . Furthermore , now that book production was a more commercial enterprise , the first copyright laws were passed to protect what we now would call intellectual property rights . On the other hand , the printing press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information which may have been incorrect . A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works , to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area , increasing the variety of published works . The printed word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars , in effect ' decreasing ' their variability . This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe . A third consequence of popularization of printing was on the economy . Printing press was associated with higher levels of city growth . Publication of trade related manuals and books teaching techniques like double - entry bookkeeping , increased reliability of trade and led to decline of merchant guilds and rise of individual traders . Book printing as art form Page - setting room ( ca . 1920 ) For years , book printing was considered a true art form .",
"9": "Typesetting , or the placement of the characters on the page , including the use of ligatures , was passed down from master to apprentice . In Germany , the art of typesetting was termed the `` black art '' , in allusion to the ink - covered printers . It has largely been replaced by computer typesetting programs , which make it easy to get similar results more quickly and with less physical labor . Some practitioners continue to print books the way Gutenberg did . For example , there is a yearly convention of traditional book printers in Mainz , Germany . Some theorists , such as McLuhan , Eisenstein , Kittler , and Giesecke , see an `` alphabetic monopoly '' as having developed from printing , removing the role of the image from society . Other authors stress that printed works themselves are a visual medium . Certainly , modern developments in printing have revitalized the role of illustrations . Industrial printing presses At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution , the mechanics of the hand - operated Gutenberg - style press were still essentially unchanged , although new materials in its construction , amongst other innovations , had gradually improved its printing efficiency . By 1800 , Lord Stanhope had built a press completely from cast iron which reduced the force required by 90 % , while doubling the size of the printed area . With a capacity of 480 pages per hour , it doubled the output of the old style press . Nonetheless , the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became obvious . Koenig 's 1814 steam - powered printing press Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically : First , the use of steam power for running the machinery , and second the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders . Both elements were for the first time successfully implemented by the German printer Friedrich Koenig in a series of press designs devised between 1802 and 1818 . Having moved to London in 1804 , Koenig soon met Thomas Bensley and secured financial support for his project in 1807 . Patented in 1810 , Koenig had designed a steam press `` much like a hand press connected to a steam engine . '' The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811 . He produced his machine with assistance from German engineer Andreas Friedrich Bauer .",
"10": "Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to The Times in London in 1814 , capable of 1,100 impressions per hour . The first edition so printed was on 28 November 1814 . They went on to perfect the early model so that it could print on both sides of a sheet at once . This began the long process of making newspapers available to a mass audience ( which in turn helped spread literacy ) , and from the 1820s changed the nature of book production , forcing a greater standardization in titles and other metadata . Their company Koenig & Bauer AG is still one of the world 's largest manufacturers of printing presses today . Rotary press The steam powered rotary printing press , invented in 1843 in the United States by Richard M. Hoe , allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day . Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper , as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace . By the late 1930s or early 1940s , rotary presses had increased substantially in efficiency : a model by Platen Printing Press was capable of performing 2,500 to 3,000 impressions per hour . Also , in the middle of the 19th century , there was a separate development of jobbing presses , small presses capable of printing small - format pieces such as billheads , letterheads , business cards , and envelopes . Jobbing presses were capable of quick set - up ( average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes ) and quick production ( even on treadle - powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour ( iph ) with one pressman , with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained on simple envelope work ) . Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost - effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time .",
"11": "Gallery Model of the Common Press , used from 1650 to 1850 Printing press from 1811 Stanhope press from 1842 Imprenta Press V John Sherwin from 1860 See also General Imprimatur Printing Typography Printing presses Adana Printing Presses Albion press Columbian Printing Press Flexography Vertical print press Other inventions Color printing Lithography Offset printing Desktop publishing Electronic publishing Computer printer Composing stick Notes Jump up ^ For example , in 1999 , the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no . 1 on their `` People of the Millennium '' countdown . In 1997 , Time -- Life magazine picked Gutenberg 's invention as the most important of the second millennium ; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years , 1,000 People : Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium . The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era . Jump up ^ McLuhan 1962 ; Eisenstein 1980 ; Febvre & Martin 1997 ; Man 2002 ^ Jump up to : Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1976 ) : `` The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 - 1800 '' , London : New Left Books , quoted in : Anderson , Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas . Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '' , Fondo de cultura económica , Mexico 1993 , ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2 , pp. 58f . Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , p. 387 : At the same time , then , as the printing press in the physical , technological sense was invented , ' the press ' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage . The phenomenon of publishing was born . Jump up ^ Anderson , Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas . Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '' , Fondo de cultura económica , Mexico 1993 , ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2 , pp.",
"12": "63 -- 76 Jump up ^ Gerhardt 1978 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Eisenstein 1980 ; Febvre & Martin 1997 ; Man 2002 Jump up ^ Jones , Colin . The Cambridge Illustrated History of France ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43294 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 21 -- 35 Jump up ^ Onken 2009 ; White 1984 , pp. 31f. ; Schneider 2007 , pp. 156 -- 159 Jump up ^ Schneider 2007 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Schulte 1939 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 39f . Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 39 -- 46 Jump up ^ Tsien Tsuen - Hsuin ; Joseph Needham ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Science and Civilisation in China . 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 158,201 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Asa and Burke , Peter ( 2002 ) A Social History of the Media : from Gutenberg to the Internet , Polity , Cambridge , pp. 15 - 23 , 61 - 73 . Jump up ^ Germany : Brekle 1995 , pp. 23 -- 26 ; Brekle 1997 , p. 62 ; Brekle 2005 , p. 25 ; England : Lehmann - Haupt 1940 , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Brekle 1997 , p. 62 ; Italy : Lipinsky 1986 , pp. 75 -- 80 ; Koch 1994 , p. 213 . Lipinsky surmises that this typographical technique was known in Constantinople from the 10th to 12th century and that the Venetians received it from there ( p. 78 ) . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 : `` Printing '' , retrieved 27 November 2006 Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , pp.",
"13": "51 -- 55 Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , pp. 51 -- 55 ; Hellinga 2007 , p. 208 : Gutenberg 's invention took full advantage of the degree of abstraction in representing language forms that was offered by the alphabet and by the Western forms of script that were current in the fifteenth century . Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 24 -- 30 Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 1 , 38 -- 67 , 75 : The most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing was the replacement of the roll by the codex ; this we may define as a collection of sheets of any material , folded double and fastened together at the back or spine , and usually protected by covers . ( p. 1 ) Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 45 -- 53 . Technically speaking , a scroll could be written on its back side , too , but the very few ancient specimen found indicate that this was never considered a viable option . ( p. 46 ) Jump up ^ Burns 1996 , p. 418 Jump up ^ Thompson 1978 , p. 169 ; Tsien 1985 , p. 68 − 73 ; Lucas 2005 , p. 28 , fn. 70 Jump up ^ Thompson 1978 , p. 169 ; Burns 1996 , pp. 414 -- 417 Jump up ^ Burns 1996 , p. 417 Jump up ^ Febvre & Martin 1997 , pp. 41 -- 44 ; Burns 1996 , p. 419 : In the West , the only inhibiting expense in the production of writings for an increasingly literate market was the manual labor of the scribe himself . With his mechanization by movable - type printing in the 1440s , the manufacture of paper , until then relatively confined , began to spread very widely . The Paper Revolution of the thirteenth century thus entered a new era . Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 7f.",
"14": ": Despite all that has been said above , even the strongest supporters of papyrus would not deny that parchment of good quality is the finest writing material ever devised by man . It is immensely strong , remains flexible indefinitely under normal conditions , does not deteriorate with age , and possesses a smooth , even surface which is both pleasant to the eye and provides unlimited scope for the finest writing and illumination . Jump up ^ The ratio between paper and parchment copies is estimated at around 150 to 30 ( Hanebutt - Benz 2000 , pp. 158 -- 189 ) . Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 67f. : From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600 , assuming a fifteen - hour workday , was between 3,200 and 3,600 impressions per day . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) RIND Survey ( The Press Institute of India - Research Institute for Newspaper Development ) June 2015 , p14 ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. 1998 . ( pp 58 -- 69 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 Jump up ^ Mahnke 2009 , p. 290 Jump up ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Buringh & van Zanden 2009 , p. 417 , table 2 Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Borsa 1976 , p. 314 ; Borsa 1977 , p. 166 − 169 Jump up ^ Pollak , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The performance of the wooden printing press '' . The library quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 264 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Needham 1965 , p.",
"15": "211 : The outstanding difference between the two ends of the Old World was the absence of screw - presses from China , but this is only another manifestation of the fact that this basic mechanism was foreign to that culture . Widmann 1974 , p. 34 , fn. 14 : In East Asia , both woodblock and movable type printing were manual reproduction techniques , that is hand printing . Duchesne 2006 , p. 83 ; Man 2002 , pp. 112 -- 115 : Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block - printing ; there were no screw - based presses in the east , because they were not wine - drinkers , did n't have olives , and used other means to dry their paper . Jump up ^ Issawi 1980 , pp. 492 Jump up ^ Duchesne 2006 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , pp. 387f . Jump up ^ The British Library Incunabula Short Title Catalogue gives 29,777 separate editions ( not copies ) as of 8 January 2008 , which however includes some print items from the 16th century ( retrieved 11 March 2010 ) . According to Bettina Wagner : `` Das Second - Life der Wiegendrucke . Die Inkunabelsammlung der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek '' , in : Griebel , Rolf ; Ceynowa , Klaus ( eds . ) : `` Information , Innovation , Inspiration. 450 Jahre Bayerische Staatsbibliothek '' , KG Saur , München 2008 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 11772 - 5 , pp. 207 -- 224 ( 207f . ) , the Incunabula Short Title Catalogue lists 28,107 editions published before 1501 . Jump up ^ Peck , Josh . `` The State of Publishing : Literacy Rates . '' McSweeney 's Internet Tendency . McSweeney , 5 July 2011 . Web . 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Malte Herwig , `` Google 's Total Library '' , Spiegel Online International , Mar. 28 , 2007 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Howard Rheingold , `` Moblogs Seen as a Crystal Ball for a New Era in Online Journalism '' , Online Journalism Review , Jul. 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Julia C. Crick ; Alexandra Walsham ( 2004 ) . The uses of script and print , 1300 -- 1700 . Cambridge University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81063 - 0 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Nick Bilton ( 14 September 2010 ) . I Live in the Future & Here 's How It Works : Why Your World , Work , and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59111 - 1 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Dittmar . `` Information technology and economic change : The impact of the printing press '' . VoxEU . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Prateek Raj . `` How the Postal System and the Printing Press Transformed European Markets '' . Evonomics . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. 1998 . ( pp 130 -- 133 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. ( 1998 ) . A History of Graphic Design ( Third ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29198 - 5 . References On the effects of the printing press Boruchoff , David A. ( 2012 ) , `` The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times : An Idea and Its Public '' , in Klaus Hock ; Gesa Mackenthun , Entangled Knowledge : Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference , Münster : Waxmann , pp.",
"17": "133 -- 163 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8309 - 2729 - 7 Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten ( 2009 ) , `` Charting the `` Rise of the West '' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries `` , The Journal of Economic History , 69 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 445 , doi : 10.1017 / s0022050709000837 Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. ( 1980 ) , The Printing Press as an Agent of Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29955 - 1 Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. ( 2005 ) , The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe ( 2nd , rev . ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 60774 - 4 ( More recent , abridged version ) Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1997 ) , The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 , London : Verso , ISBN 1 - 85984 - 108 - 2 Man , John ( 2002 ) , The Gutenberg Revolution : The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World , London : Headline Review , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 9 McLuhan , Marshall ( 1962 ) , The Gutenberg Galaxy : The Making of Typographic Man ( 1st ed . ) , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6041 - 9 Technology of printing Bechtel , G.",
"18": "( 1992 ) , Gutenberg et l'invention de l'imprimerie , Paris : Fayard , ISBN 2 - 213 - 02865 - 6 Bolza , Hans ( 1967 ) , `` Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine '' , Technikgeschichte , 34 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 89 Borsa , Gedeon ( 1976 ) , `` Druckorte in Italien vor 1601 '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 311 -- 314 Borsa , Gedeon ( 1977 ) , `` Drucker in Italien vor 1601 '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 166 -- 169 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 1995 ) , `` Eine weitere Spur einer typographischen Werkstatt beim Kloster Prüfening im 12 . Jahrhundert '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , 70 : 23 -- 26 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 1997 ) , `` Das typographische Prinzip . Versuch einer Begriffsklärung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , 72 : 58 -- 63 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 2005 ) , Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119 . Eine paläographisch - typographische Untersuchung ( brief summary ) , Regensburg : Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft , ISBN 3 - 937527 - 06 - 0 Burns , Robert I. ( 1996 ) , `` Paper comes to the West , 800 -- 1400 '' , in Lindgren , Uta , Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400 . Tradition und Innovation ( 4th ed . ) , Berlin : Gebr . Mann Verlag , pp. 413 -- 422 , ISBN 3 - 7861 - 1748 - 9 Childress , Diana ( 2008 ) , Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press , Minneapolis : Twenty - First Century Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 4024 - 9 Ch'on Hye - bong : `` Typography in Korea '' , Koreana , Vol.",
"19": "7 , No. 2 ( 1993 ) , pp. 10 -- 19 Stearns , Peter N ( ed . ) . Encyclopedia of World History ( 6 ed . ) . The Houghton Mifflin Company / Bartleby.com . Citation Crompton , Samuel Willard ( 2004 ) , The Printing Press . Transforming Power of Technology , Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7451 - X Duchesne , Ricardo ( 2006 ) , `` Asia First ? '' , The Journal of the Historical Society , 6 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 91 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5923.2006. 00168. x Fontaine , Jean - Paul ( 1999 ) , L'aventure du livre : Du manuscrit medieval a nos jours , Paris : Bibliothèque de l'image Gerhardt , Claus W. ( 1971 ) , `` Warum wurde die Gutenberg - Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst ? '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 43 -- 57 Gerhardt , Claus W. ( 1978 ) , `` Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert ? '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 212 -- 217 Hanebutt - Benz , Eva - Maria ( 2000 ) , `` Gutenbergs Erfindungen '' , Gutenberg . Aventur und Kunst : Vom Geheimunternehmen zur ersten Medienrevolution , Mainz : Stadt Mainz , pp. 158 -- 189 Hellinga , Lotte ( 2007 ) , `` The Gutenberg Revolutions '' , in Eliot , Simon ; Rose , Jonathan , A Companion to the History of the Book , Blackwell Publishing , pp. 207 -- 220 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2765 - 3 Hind , Arthur M. , An Introduction to a History of Woodcut , Houghton Mifflin Co.",
"20": "1935 ( in USA ) , reprinted Dover Publications , 1963 ISBN 0 - 486 - 20952 - 0 Issawi , Charles ( 1980 ) , `` Europe , the Middle East and the Shift in Power : Reflections on a Theme by Marshall Hodgson '' , Comparative Studies in Society and History , 22 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 504 , doi : 10.1017 / s001041750000949x Kapr , Albert ( 1996 ) , Johannes Gutenberg . The Man and his Invention , Aldershot : Scolar , ISBN 1 - 85928 - 114 - 1 Koch , Walter ( 1994 ) , Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik ( 1985 -- 1991 ) , Monumenta Germaniae Historica : Hilfsmittel , 14 , München , p. 213 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 88612 - 114 - 4 Lehmann - Haupt , Hellmut ( 1940 ) , `` Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII . Jahrhunderts '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 93 -- 97 Lipinsky , Angelo ( 1986 ) , `` La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili '' , Ateneo Veneto , 24 : 75 -- 80 Lucas , Adam Robert ( 2005 ) , `` Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds . A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe '' , Technology and Culture , 46 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 30 , doi : 10.1353 / tech. 2005.0026 Mahnke , Helmut ( 2009 ) , Der kunstreiche Johannes Gutenberg und die Frühzeit der Druckkunst , Norderstedt : Books on Demand , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 5041 - 7 Needham , Joseph : `` Science and Civilisation in China '' , Physics and Physical Technology ( Vol.",
"21": "4 ) , Mechanical Engineering ( Part 2 ) , Cambridge University Press , 1965 Onken , Björn ( 2009 ) , `` Presses '' , in Cancik , Hubert ; Schneider , Helmuth , Brill 's New Pauly Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 : `` Printing '' . Retrieved 27 November 2006 Roberts , Colin H. ; Skeat , T.C. ( 1983 ) , The Birth of the Codex , London : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 726024 - 1 Schneider , Helmuth ( 2007 ) , `` Technology '' , in Scheidel , Walter ; Morris , Ian ; Saller , Richard , The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco - Roman World , Cambridge University Press , pp. 144 -- 171 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78053 - 7 Schulte , Alfred ( 1939 ) , `` Papierpresse , Druckerpresse und Kelter '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 52 -- 56 Thompson , Susan ( 1978 ) , `` Paper Manufacturing and Early Books '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 314 : 167 -- 176 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1978. tb47791. x Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) , Paper and Printing , Science and Civilisation in China , Chemistry and Chemical Technology ( Vol. 5 , Part 1 ) , Cambridge University Press Weber , Johannes ( 2006 ) , `` Strassburg , 1605 : The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe '' , German History , 24 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 412 , doi : 10.1191 / 0266355406gh380oa White , K.D. ( 1984 ) , Greek and Roman Technology , London : Thames and Hudson Widmann , Hans ( 1974 ) , `` Der koreanische Buchdruck und Gutenbergs Erfindung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 32 -- 34 Wolf , Hans - Jürgen ( 1974 ) , Geschichte der Druckpressen ( 1st ed . )",
"22": ", Frankfurt / Main : Interprint External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing press . Centre for the History of the Book Gutenberg printing − Photos of Incunabula and the Gutenberg Bible ( 1455 ) Internet Archive : Printing ( 1947 ) − a film from the Prelinger Archives explaining the printing industry ( hide ) Letterpress printing History of printing Printer Ways to make impressions Movable type Type casting Type metal Punchcutter Matrix Blocks and plates Stereotype Logographic printing Wood engraving Electrotype Zinc etching Typesetting Manual typesetting Type case Composing stick Sort Slug Strut Reglet Furniture Leading Quoin Chase Forme Hellbox Hot metal typesetting Linotype machine Monotype System Ludlow Typograph Intertype Machine Paige Compositor Printing press Parts of a press Platen Frisket Tympan Bed Inking Offset ink Ink ball Composition roller Types of presses Hand press Stanhope Columbian Albion Jobbing press Golding & Company Chandler & Price Colt 's Armory Cylinder press Rotary press Other equipment Folding machine Paper cutter Addressograph Related arts Typography Bookbinding Printmaking Papermaking GND : 4523304 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"23": "php?title=Printing_press&oldid=804471745 '' Categories : Printing Johannes Gutenberg 1445 introductions Textual scholarship Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Patois Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 ,",
"24": "at 06 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays the queen in victoria and abdul
|
[
"Judi Dench",
"Judi Dench",
"Judi Dench",
"Judi Dench",
"Judi Dench"
] |
{
"0": "Victoria & Abdul - wikipedia Victoria & Abdul Jump to : navigation , search Victoria & Abdul British release poster Directed by Stephen Frears Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Beeban Kidron Tracey Seaward Screenplay by Lee Hall Based on Victoria & Abdul by Shrabani Basu Starring Judi Dench Ali Fazal Eddie Izzard Adeel Akhtar Paul Higgins Michael Gambon Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Danny Cohen Edited by Melanie Ann Oliver Production company BBC Films Perfect World Pictures Working Title Films Cross Street Films Distributed by Universal Pictures ( UK ) Release date September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) ( Venice ) September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 111 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Box office $65.4 million Victoria & Abdul is a 2017 British biographical comedy - drama film directed by Stephen Frears and written by Lee Hall . The film is based on the book of same name by Shrabani Basu , about the real - life relationship between Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her Indian Muslim servant Abdul Karim . It stars Judi Dench , Ali Fazal , Michael Gambon , Eddie Izzard , Tim Pigott - Smith and Adeel Akhtar . The film had its world premiere at the 74th Venice Film Festival , and was theatrically released on 15 September 2017 in the United Kingdom . It has grossed over $65 million worldwide . The film was nominated for Best Costume Design and Best Makeup and Hairstyling at the 90th Academy Awards , and Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy ( for Dench ) at the 75th Golden Globe Awards .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 6 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Abdul Karim , a young prison clerk from Agra , India , is instructed to travel to England for Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee in 1887 to present her with a mohur , a gold coin which has been minted as a token of appreciation from British - ruled India . The Queen , who is lonely and tired of her fawning courtiers , develops an interest in and later a friendship with Abdul . She spends time with him alone , and promotes him to become her Munshi . She asks him to teach her Urdu and the Qur'an . When Victoria discovers that he is married , she invites his wife and mother - in - law to join him to England . They arrive wearing black Burqas , to the consternation of the household . While Victoria treats Abdul as a son , his preferment is resented by her household and inner circle , including her son Bertie and the Prime Minister . The household plots to undermine their relationship , hoping that Abdul will be sent home . When Victoria embarrasses herself by recounting to the court the one - sided account of the Indian Mutiny that Abdul had told her , Victoria 's faith and trust in him are shaken and she decides he must go home . But the following day she changes her mind and asks him to stay . She gives Abdul a bejewelled locket with her photograph . Victoria 's interest in India grows , and at her Isle of Wight home of Osborne House , she has the Durbar Room built for state functions , elaborately decorated with carvings by Bhai Ram Singh in an intricate style , and with a carpet from Agra . She hangs portraits of Indians in the House . She tells the household that she intends to give Abdul a knighthood . The Prime Minister is adamant that the royal household must find a way to get rid of Abdul . They research his family background in India , and present Victoria with a dossier to show that his family is more ordinary and poor than Abdul has told her .",
"2": "When Victoria insists her doctor examine Abdul to find out why his wife has not fallen pregnant , he discovers that Abdul has gonorrhea , and rushes to tell the Queen , expecting her to dismiss him in disgust . However , Victoria remains loyal to Abdul and admonishes her courtiers for plotting against him . Eventually the household decides that , if Victoria does not break with Abdul , they will all resign . They also threaten to certify Victoria as insane . When Victoria is told , she angrily summons the entire household to the Durbar Room and demands that anyone who wants to resign step forward . When none do so , she tells them she has decided not to make Abdul a knight , but to include him in her next honours list as a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order . When Victoria falls ill , she urges Abdul to return to India , while she can still provide him with protection . She warns him that when she dies , the court will turn on him , but Abdul insists that he will stay with Victoria until the end of her life . In 1901 , Victoria dies , and her son Bertie , now Edward VII , rejects Abdul , burning all the gifts and papers he has received from the Queen , and sending him and his family back to India . Abdul 's wife manages to save the locket for him . It is revealed that Abdul lived in India until his death eight years later in 1909 . The film ends with Abdul kneeling at a large statue of the Queen close to the Taj Mahal , talking to it and kissing its feet in respect . Cast ( edit ) Judi Dench as Queen Victoria Ali Fazal as Abdul Karim Eddie Izzard as Bertie , Prince of Wales Adeel Akhtar as Mohammed Tim Pigott - Smith as Sir Henry Ponsonby Olivia Williams as Jane Spencer , Baroness Churchill Fenella Woolgar as Miss Phipps Paul Higgins as Sir James Reid , Physician to the Queen Robin Soans as Arthur Bigge Julian Wadham as Alick Yorke Simon Callow as Mr. Puccini Michael Gambon as Lord Salisbury Production ( edit ) On 17 June 2016 , it was reported that Judi Dench would play Queen Victoria in Victoria & Abdul , a film based on the book of the same name by Shrabani Basu .",
"3": "Stephen Frears was set to direct . Dench had also portrayed Victoria in the 1997 film Mrs Brown . On 5 August 2016 , it was announced that Ali Fazal would play Victoria 's confidant Abdul Karim , while the film would be co-produced by Working Title Films and BBC Films , and co-financed by BBC and Focus Features . Focus also handles U.S. distribution rights , while Universal Pictures International handles all other countries . The script was written by Lee Hall , and the producers are Beeban Kidron , Tracey Seaward , Tim Bevan , and Eric Fellner , while the other cast includes Eddie Izzard , Michael Gambon , Tim Pigott - Smith , and Adeel Akhtar . Principal photography on the film began on 15 September 2016 , at Victoria 's former royal residence Osborne House on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom . Costumes from the production were on display at Osborne House , from 24 July until 30 September 2017 . To capitalise on the renewed interest in Victoria arising from both the film and the concurrent second season of ITV 's Victoria television series , the Isle of Wight Tourist Board has created a ' Victoria 's Island Trail ' encouraging tourists to visit the key locations on the island that have connections to the Queen . The production also filmed at The Chatham Historic Dockyard , Kent on The HMS Gannet and the quayside adjacent to the ship . Release ( edit ) Victoria & Abdul was released for audiences in the United Kingdom on 15 September 2017 . Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 66 % based on 175 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Victoria & Abdul reunites Dame Judi Dench with the role of Queen Victoria -- which is all this period drama needs to overcome its imbalanced narrative . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' .",
"4": "In the Women 's Voices for Change , Alexandra MacAaron , who rated the movie eight out of ten , wrote that `` Judi Dench 's Oscar - worthy second turn as Queen Victoria is a poignant portrait of fading power and human connection . '' Christopher Orr 's response from The Atlantic was positive , and he wrote `` Victoria & Abdul is worth seeing for Dench 's magisterial performance and for Frears 's light but sure directorial touch . Just do n't mistake it for actual history . '' Writing for The Independent , Amrou Al - Kadhi was highly critical : `` Films like Victoria & Abdul seek to absolve our barbaric behaviour in colonised countries . '' He criticised the white - washing of the British Raj and the `` offensive two - dimensionality '' of Abdul 's character , who is shown kissing the feet of Queen Victoria and expressing gratitude for being among the `` glorious people '' of the British Empire . In the Daily Express , critic Andy Lea rated the film two out of five , describing Abdul 's character as `` disappointingly servile '' and criticising the plot as `` decent material for a knockabout farce '' , but praising Dench as `` predictably brilliant '' . In his 4 - out - of - 4 - rated review , Rex Reed in the New York Observer wrote : `` Judi Dench gives a touching , majestic performance '' and , complimenting the script and direction , he said that `` every scene is gorgeous to look at , every shot magnificently detailed and richly framed . And the exemplary performances are as good as it gets in movies today . ''",
"5": "Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Festival Nominee ( s ) Result 2017 26th Heartland Film Festival Truly Moving Picture Award Stephen Frears Won 21st Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Film Composer Award Thomas Newman Won 2018 14th North Texas Film Critics Association Best Actress Judi Dench Nominated 7th AACTA International Awards Best Actress Nominated 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Nominated 38th London Film Critics Circle Awards British / Irish Actress of the Year Nominated 17th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards Best Actress Nominated 22nd Satellite Awards Best Actress Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Lee Hall Nominated Best Costume Design Consolata Boyle Nominated 71st British Academy Film Awards Best Makeup and Hair Daniel Phillips and Lou Sheppard Nominated 90th Academy Awards Best Makeup and Hairstyling Nominated Best Costume Design Consolata Boyle Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VICTORIA AND ABDUL ( PG ) '' . Universal Pictures Int ( UK ) . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Victoria and Abdul ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ritman , Alex ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Judi Dench to play Queen Victoria in Stephen Frears ' ' Victoria and Abdul ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Frears ' ' Victoria and Abdul ' Adds Ali Fazal And Eddie Izzard ; Working Title - BBC Co-Pro , Focus Co-Fi And Distributing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Isobel ( September 15 , 2016 ) .",
"6": "`` ' Victoria and Abdul ' filming starts today at Osborne House '' . On The Wight . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moreno , Jon ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Dame Judi Dench filming at Osborne House for new Queen Victoria movie '' . Isle of Wight County Press . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Judi Dench film costumes to go on display at Queen Victoria 's former home '' . The Daily Mirror . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria initiative to increase Isle of Wight tourism '' . Isle of Wight County Press . Isle of Wight Country Press . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Victoria and Abdul Article '' . Jump up ^ `` Victoria & Abdul ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria & Abdul reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Long Live the Queen ! '' Judi Dench Rules in Victoria and Abdul `` . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher . `` The Lightweight Appeal of ' Victoria & Abdul ' '' . Jump up ^ Al - Kadhi , Amrou . `` Victoria and Abdul is another dangerous example of British filmmakers whitewashing colonialism '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lea , Andy . `` Victoria and Abdul review : An interesting true story that feels like a cop - out '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Rex . `` Victoria and Abdul review : Judi Dench Gives a Touching , Majestic Performance in ' Victoria and Abdul ' '' . New York Observer . Retrieved 20 October 2017 .",
"7": "External links ( edit ) Official website Victoria & Abdul on IMDb Stephen Frears filmography Feature films Gumshoe ( 1971 ) The Hit ( 1984 ) My Beautiful Laundrette ( 1985 ) Prick Up Your Ears ( 1987 ) Sammy and Rosie Get Laid ( 1987 ) Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) The Grifters ( 1990 ) Hero ( 1992 ) Mary Reilly ( 1996 ) The Van ( 1996 ) The Hi - Lo Country ( 1998 ) High Fidelity ( 2000 ) Liam ( 2000 ) Dirty Pretty Things ( 2002 ) Mrs Henderson Presents ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Chéri ( 2009 ) Tamara Drewe ( 2010 ) Lay the Favorite ( 2012 ) Philomena ( 2013 ) The Program ( 2015 ) Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) Victoria & Abdul ( 2017 ) Television Three Men in a Boat ( 1975 ) Me ! I 'm Afraid of Virginia Woolf ( 1978 ) Afternoon Off ( 1979 ) Bloody Kids ( 1979 ) Walter ( 1982 ) Walter and June ( 1983 ) Saigon : Year of the Cat ( 1983 ) December Flower ( 1984 ) The Bullshitters : Roll Out The Gunbarrel ( 1984 ) Mr.",
"8": "Jolly Lives Next Door ( 1987 ) The Snapper ( 1993 ) Fail Safe ( 2000 ) The Deal ( 2003 ) Muhammad Ali 's Greatest Fight ( 2013 ) A Very English Scandal ( 2018 ) Works by Lee Hall Films Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gabriel & Me ( 2001 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) The Wind in the Willows ( 2006 ) Toast ( 2010 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Victoria & Abdul ( 2017 ) Musicals / opera Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2005 ) Beached ( 2011 ) Plays I Luv You Jimmy Spud ( 1995 ) The Love Letters of Ragie Patel ( 1997 ) The Sorrows of Sandra Saint ( 1997 ) Spoonface Steinberg ( 1997 ) Cooking with Elvis ( 1999 ) NE1 ( 2000 ) The Chain Play ( 2001 ) Child of the Snow ( 2005 ) Two 's Company ( 2005 ) The Pitmen Painters ( 2007 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 2014 ) Our Ladies of Perpetual Succour ( 2015 ) Network ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=Victoria_%26_Abdul&oldid=837852906 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films British films British biographical films American drama films British drama films BBC Films films Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria on film Drama films based on actual events Films scored by Thomas Newman Films about old age Films based on non-fiction books Films directed by Stephen Frears Films produced by Tim Bevan Films produced by Eric Fellner Films set in the Victorian era Films set in 1887 Films set in 1901 Films set in England Films set in Florence Films set in India Films set in London Films set in Scotland Films shot in Agra Films shot in Delhi Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films shot in Scotland Films shot in Surrey Films shot in Yorkshire Working Title Films films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
4,
6,
0,
2,
5,
8,
9,
7,
1,
3
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[
4,
6,
0,
2,
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1361387107747167157
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where is the hotel used in the movie the shining
|
[
"the Timberline Lodge on the slopes of Mt. Hood in Oregon",
"the Timberline Lodge on the slopes of Mt. Hood in Oregon",
"The Stanley Hotel"
] |
{
"0": "The Stanley hotel - wikipedia The Stanley hotel Jump to : navigation , search `` Stanley Hotel '' redirects here . For the hotel in Nairobi , Kenya , see Stanley Hotel , Nairobi . The Stanley Hotel U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district Location 333 Wonderview Avenue , Estes Park , Colorado Coordinates 40 ° 23 ′ 0 '' N 105 ° 31 ′ 6 '' W / 40.38333 ° N 105.51833 ° W / 40.38333 ; - 105.51833 Coordinates : 40 ° 23 ′ 0 '' N 105 ° 31 ′ 6 '' W / 40.38333 ° N 105.51833 ° W / 40.38333 ; - 105.51833 Architect Freelan Oscar Stanley , T. Robert Weiger , Henry Rogers Architectural style Colonial Revival NRHP reference # 85001256 Added to NRHP May 26 , 1977 ( Expanded June 20 , 1985 & April 16 , 1998 ) The Stanley Hotel is a 142 - room Colonial Revival hotel in Estes Park , Colorado . Approximately five miles from the entrance to Rocky Mountain National Park , the Stanley offers panoramic views of Lake Estes , the Rockies and especially Long 's Peak . It was built by Freelan Oscar Stanley of Stanley Steamer fame and opened on July 4 , 1909 , catering to the American upper class at the turn of the century . The hotel and its surrounding structures are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Stanley Hotel hosted the horror novelist Stephen King , serving as inspiration for the Overlook Hotel in his 1977 bestseller The Shining and its 1980 film adaption of the same name , as well as the location for the 1997 miniseries . Today , it includes a restaurant , spa , and bed - and - breakfast and provides guided tours which feature the history and alleged paranormal activity of the site .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Gallery 3 Architecture 3.1 Main Building 3.2 Concert Hall 3.3 The Lodge 3.4 The Hedge Maze 4 The Shining 5 Film location and arts venue 6 Haunted reputation 7 Famous Guests 8 Ownership History 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) In 1903 , the Yankee steam - powered car inventor Freelan Oscar Stanley ( 1849 - 1940 ) was stricken with a life - threatening resurgence of tuberculosis . The most highly recommended treatment of the day was fresh , dry air with lots of sunlight and a hearty diet . Therefore , like many `` lungers '' of his day , Stanley resolved to take the curative air of Rocky Mountain Colorado . He and Flora arrived in Denver in March and , in June , decided to spend the rest of the summer in the mountains , in Estes Park . Over the course of the season , Stanley 's health improved dramatically . Impressed by the beauty of the valley and grateful for his recovery , he decided to return every year . He lived to the ripe age of 91 , dying of a heart attack in Newton , Massachusetts , one year after his wife , in 1940 . By 1907 , Stanley had recovered completely . However , not content with the rustic accommodations , lazy pastimes and relaxed social scene of their new summer home , Stanley resolved to turn Estes Park into a resort town . In 1907 , construction began on the Hotel Stanley , a 48 - room grand hotel that catered to the class of wealthy urbanites who composed the Stanleys ' social circle back east . The 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount - Earl The land was officially purchased in 1908 through the representatives of Lord Dunraven , the Anglo - Irish peer who had originally acquired it by stretching the provisions of the Homestead Act and pre-emption rights . Between 1872 and 1884 , Dunraven claimed 15,000 acres ( 61 km ) of the Estes Valley in an unsuccessful attempt to create a private hunting preserve , making him one of the largest foreign holders of American lands .",
"2": "Unpopular with the local ranchers and farmers , Dunraven left the area for the last time in 1884 relegating the ranch to the management of an overseer . Dunraven 's presence in Colorado had become so well known in the United States that his situation was parodied in Charles King 's novel Dunraven Ranch ( 1892 ) as well as James A. Michener 's Centennial ( 1974 ) . His reputation was such that , when Stanley suggested `` The Dunraven '' as a name for his new hotel , 180 people signed a buckskin petition requesting that he name it for himself instead . The structure was completed in 1909 and featured a hydraulic elevator , dual electric and gas lighting , running water , a telephone in every guest room and a fleet of specially - designed Stanley `` Model Z '' Mountain Wagons to bring guests from the train depot twenty miles away ; all of this at a time when Estes Park was little more than a locale for hunters and naturalists . Originally , Stanley chose an ocher color for the hotel 's exterior with white accents and trim . The hotel was not equipped with heat until 1983 and closed for the winter every year . The presence of the hotel and Stanley 's own involvement greatly contributed to the growth of Estes Park ( incorporated in 1917 ) and the creation of the Rocky Mountain National Park ( established in 1915 ) . Stanley operated the hotel almost as a pastime remarking once that he spent more money than he made each summer . In 1926 , he sold the Stanley to a private company incorporated for the sole purpose of running it . The venture failed and , in 1929 , Stanley purchased his property out of foreclosure selling it again , in 1930 , to fellow auto and hotel magnate Roe Emery of Denver . During Emery 's tenure as owner , the structures were painted white inside and out and most of the original electro - gas fixtures were replaced . Gallery ( edit ) June 2008 February 2011 South elevation Lobby looking east Music Room looking south Architecture ( edit ) The Stanley Hotel National Register Historic District contains eleven contributing buildings including the main hotel , a concert hall , carriage house and The Lodge , a smaller bed - and - breakfast originally called Stanley Manor . The buildings were designed by F.O.",
"3": "Stanley with the professional assistance of Denver architect T. Robert Wieger , Henry `` Lord Cornwallis '' Rogers , and contractor Frank Kirchoff . The site was chosen for its vantage overlooking the Estes valley and Long 's Peak within the National Park . The main building is a steel - frame structure with wood cladding resting upon a granite masonry foundation . Wood for flooring , clapboarding and finishing was brought from Kirchoff 's Denver Lumberyard and the Bluff City Lumber Company of Pine Bluff , Arkansas . The Griffith sawmill near Bierstadt Lake and Stanley 's own Hidden Valley lumber operation , located in the future national park , supplied framing material . The materials were brought to Lyons , Colorado by rail and thence to Estes Park by mule - drawn wagon . Simultaneously , Stanley oversaw the construction of a hydroelectric power plant which brought electricity to Estes Park for the first time in 1909 . Stanley claimed that his hotel was the first to be powered entirely by electricity from the lighting to the kitchens . Water was supplied by the Black Canyon Creek which was dammed in 1906 . The style of the campus is so - called Colonial Revival . Although rare in the western United States , F.O. Stanley chose the Colonial Revival for its fashionable popularity in New England where he had already designed his own home and a social club in the style . The hotel 's clientele would presumably , like the Stanleys , have identified the style with New England respectability and sophistication in contrast to the rusticity of the surrounding town . At one time , Stanley planned to build another , more economical hotel in Estes Park as well as a headquarters and residence for the superintendent of the Rocky Mountain National Park in the same style , to harmonize with his grand hotel . While the forms and layouts of the buildings are suited to their modern uses , their ornamentation exhibits the stylistic hallmarks of Georgian or Federal architecture from the staunch symmetry of the south elevation to the cupola , dormers , Palladian windows , side - and fan - lights , scroll brackets and `` swan 's neck '' pediments that articulate the exterior . Main building ( edit ) The floor plan of the main hotel building was laid out to accommodate the various activities popular with the American upper class at the turn of the twentieth century and the spaces are decorated accordingly .",
"4": "The music room , for instance , with its cream - colored walls ( originally green and white ) , large windows and fine , classical plaster - work was designed for letter - writing during the day and chamber music at night - cultured pursuits perceived as feminine . On the other hand , the smoking lounge ( today the Piñon Room ) and adjoining billiard room , with their dark stained - wood elements and granite fireplace were designated for enjoyment by male guests . Stanley himself , having been raised in a Protestant household in the tee - totaling State of Maine and having recovered from a serious lung disease , did not smoke cigars or drink alcohol , but these were essential after - dinner activities for most men at the time . Billiards , however , was among Stanley 's most cherished pastimes . The layout was also determined by air circulation . The window at the top of the grand stair provides a pleasant breeze across the lobby , French doors in the state rooms open onto shaded verandas and the two curving staircases connecting the guest corridors prevent stagnant air in the upper floors . Although the hotel was finally updated with central heating in 1983 , guests still depend on Rocky Mountain breezes for cooling in the summer . Also completed in 1983 , the hotel 's service tunnel connects the basement level to the staff entrance . It is cut directly through the granite on which the hotel sits . Concert hall ( edit ) The concert hall , east of the hotel , was built by Stanley in 1909 with the assistance of Henry `` Lord Cornwallis '' Rogers , the same architect who designed his summer cottage . According to popular legend , it was built as a gift for Flora Stanley who was an avid pianist despite her failing eyesight . The interior is decorated in the same manner as the smaller music room and somewhat resembles that of the Boston Symphony Hall ( McKim , Mead & White , 1900 ) with which the Stanleys may have been familiar . The stage features a trap door , used for theatrical entrances and exits . The lower level once housed a bowling alley . This feature has long since disappeared but it possibly resembled the one at the Stanley 's Hunnewell Club in Newton , pictures of which are archived in the Newton Free Library . The hall underwent extensive repair and renovation in the 2000s .",
"5": "The Lodge ( edit ) Once called Stanley Manor , this smaller hotel between the main structure and the concert hall is a 2 : 3 scaled - down version of the main hotel . Unlike its model , the manor was fully heated from completion in 1910 which may indicate that Stanley planned to use it as a winter resort when the main building was closed for the season . However , unlike many other Colorado mountain towns now famous for their winter sports , Estes Park never attracted off - season visitors in Stanley 's day and the manor remained empty for much of the year . Today it is called The Lodge and serves as a bed - and - breakfast off - limits to the public . The hedge maze ( edit ) In 2015 , the open area in front of the hotel , originally a driveway for Stanley Steamers and a promenade for guests to enjoy mountain views , was replaced with a hedge maze . This non-historic feature was added to evoke the hotel 's connection to The Shining . Although a hedge maze features prominently in Stanley Kubrick 's version of The Shining , no such feature can be found in Stephen King 's novel . The lawn of the Overlook Hotel , as King imagined it , was adorned with topiary animals and it was set that way for the shooting of the miniseries in 1996 . Historically , neither feature existed at the Stanley . The design was the result of a competition , chosen from amongst 300 entrants from across the globe . The winning submission was designed by New York architect Mairim Dallaryan Standing . In 2016 , John Cullen , owner of the Stanley Hotel , announced a competition for a sculpture to be the centerpiece of the terrace in front of the hotel . Sculptors Sutton Betti and Daniel Glanz won the competition with a sculpture of F.O. Stanley holding one of his violins . The sculpture was installed and dedicated on September 29 , 2016 . They used another hotel to film the outside shots and the Stanley for inside shots . The Shining ( edit ) Cover of The Shining , first edition , 1977 On October 30 , 1974 , horror writer Stephen King and his wife Tabitha spent one night at the Stanley Hotel during their one year of residency in Boulder , Colorado .",
"6": "They were driving through Estes Park as night approached when they happened upon the Stanley Hotel . They decided to book a room and , upon checking in , discovered that they were the only overnight guests . `` They were just getting ready to close for the season , and we found ourselves the only guests in the place -- with all those long , empty corridors . '' He and his wife were served dinner in an empty dining room accompanied by canned orchestral music . `` Except for our table all the chairs were up on the tables . So the music is echoing down the hall , and , I mean , it was like God had put me there to hear that and see those things . '' That night , according to King , `` I dreamed of my three - year - old son running through the corridors , looking back over his shoulder , eyes wide , screaming . He was being chased by a fire - hose . I woke up with a tremendous jerk , sweating all over , within an inch of falling out of bed . I got up , lit a cigarette , sat in a chair looking out the window at the Rockies , and by the time the cigarette was done , I had the bones of The Shining firmly set in my mind . '' The Shining was published in 1977 and became the third great success of King 's career after Carrie and ' Salem 's Lot . The Overlook Hotel - the fictional hotel in King 's book inspired by the Stanley - is an evil entity haunted by its many victims . Room 217 of the Overlook features prominently in the novel , having been the room where King spent the night at the Stanley . This is the room on the second floor in the center of the west wing with a balcony overlooking the south terrace . Room 217 remains the hotel 's most requested accommodation . Film location and arts venue ( edit ) In 1980 , The Shining became the basis for a film adaptation directed by Stanley Kubrick . Kubrick 's vision for the movie differed from King 's significantly in many ways , including the portrayal of the Overlook Hotel . The exteriors of Kubrick 's Overlook were supplied by the Timberline Lodge on the slopes of Mt . Hood in Oregon . Inspiration for the interior sets ( erected at Elstree Studios in England ) came from the 1927 Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park .",
"7": "The management of the Timberline Lodge , fearful that guests would refuse to stay in their Room 217 if it were featured in a horror movie , insisted that Kubrick change the haunted room in the film to Room 237 . In 1997 The Shining TV series was produced , with the Stanley Hotel as the primary shooting location . A playhouse version of the main building which adorned the lawn of the Overlook Hotel in the series can be viewed in the basement of the Stanley . The Hotel has also been used as a filming location for other movies and TV shows ; most notably , as the fictional `` Hotel Danbury '' of Aspen , CO , in the 1994 film Dumb and Dumber . From 2013 to 2015 , the hotel property hosted the Stanley Film Festival , an independent horror film festival operated by the Denver Film Society , held in early May . The festival featured screenings , panels , student competitions , audience awards and receptions . The Stanley Film Festival was put on hiatus in 2016 , and canceled for 2017 . The historic Stanley Concert Hall serves as venue for various musical groups such as country - punk band Murder By Death which has performed a Shining - themed series of concerts in the space . Haunted reputation ( edit ) Despite a peaceful early history , in the years following the publication of The Shining , The Stanley Hotel has gained a reputation among paranormal investigators for frequent activity . The hotel offers guided `` Ghost Tours '' to guests and visitors which feature spaces reputed to be exceptionally active . The hotel has also served as a location for numerous paranormal investigation shows such as Ghost Hunters and Ghost Adventures . Famous guests ( edit ) The Stanley Hotel has hosted the following persons of note : 1934 - Erich Fromm , the German psychoanalyst 1936 - Gov.",
"8": "Alf Landon ( R , Kansas ) : opponent to Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's re-election 1974 - Stephen King , author who was inspired to write The Shining from his stay in room 217 1976 - Bob Dylan & Joan Baez , classic rock icons during the Rolling Thunder Revue tour 1994 - HM Emperor Akihito of Japan with consort and crown prince , on a state visit to the US Ownership History ( edit ) 1908 - 26 - Freelan Oscar Stanley 1926 - 29 - The Stanley Corporation 1929 - 30 - Freelan Oscar Stanley 1930 - ? - Roe Emery Maurice L. Albertson , Civil Engineer at CSU Maxwell Abbell , Chicago real estate investor 1995 -- present - Grand Heritage Hotel Group See also ( edit ) Freelan Oscar Stanley The Shining ( novel ) The Shining ( film ) The Shining ( miniseries ) Colonial Revival Architecture Estes Park , CO National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County , Colorado References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain Legends '' . LegendsOfAmerica.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Culture '' . US-Parks.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Turkewitz , Julie ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Hotel That Inspired ' The Shining ' Builds on Its Eerie Appeal '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Beahm , George ( September 1998 ) . Stephen King from A to Z : An Encyclopedia of His Life and Work . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 9780836269147 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ `` The Stephen King Companion '' Beahm , George Andrews McMeel press 1989 Jump up ^ `` Stephen King Country '' Beahm , George Running Press 1999 Jump up ^ Vvdailypress.com Archived October 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stephen King : America 's Best Loved Boogeyman '' Beahm , George Andrews McMeel Press 1998 Jump up ^ `` Stanley Hotel Ghost Story '' . Allstays.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ McHargue , Brad . `` Inaugural Stanley Film Festival to Showcase Independent Horror Cinema May 2 -- 5 at the Stanley Hotel '' . Mile High Cinema . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Chris ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Stanley Hotel Cancels 2017 Horror Film Fest ; Film Center Director Resigns '' . Westword . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Haunted Hotel History '' . www.stanleyhotel.com . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Ghost Stories Shine with Authenticity '' . www.stanleyhotel.com . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Sky ( 14 April 2016 ) . `` Stanley Hotel guest captures creepy figure in lobby '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Tours Estes Park Colorado Tours The Stanley Hotel '' . www.stanleyhotel.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : Haunted Stanley Hotel Suspends Ghost Hunts '' . Jump up ^ `` The Stanley Hotel : Season 2 , Episode 22 '' . Syfy . Jump up ^ `` Best of the Stanley Hotel : Season 3 , Episode 5 '' . Syfy . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Hotel - Ghost Adventures - TravelChannel.com '' . Travel Channel . Jump up ^ Funk , Rainer ( 2000 ) . Erich Fromm : His Life and Ideas , an Illustrated Biography . A&C Black . p. 82 . ISBN 9780826415196 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Steve ( 2016 ) . Legendary Locals of Estes Park . Arcadia Publishing .",
"10": "ISBN 9781439655955 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Headquarters at Estes Park for Alf Landon '' . Newspapers.com . Greeley Daily Tribune from Greeley , Colorado . June 24 , 1936 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Tracy ( 2000 ) . Encounters with Bob Dylan : If You See Him , Say Hello . humble Press . ISBN 9780964700925 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( album.rmnp100.com ) '' . album.rmnp100.com . Retrieved 14 October 2017 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Official Website Stanley Hotel National Register Nomination Rocky Mountain National Park Attractions Alpine Visitor Center Alpine Tundra Research Beaver Meadows Visitor Center Agnes Vaille Shelter Dutchtown ( ghost town ) Fall River Pass Horseshoe Park Kawuneeche Valley Lulu City ( ghost town ) Lumpy Ridge Middle Park Milner Pass ( Continental Divide ) Moraine Park Museum and Amphitheater Petit Grepon ( spire ) Upper Beaver Meadows Wild Basin Peaks Chief Cheley Peak Fairchild Mountain Hagues Peak Hallett Peak Longs Peak Mount Chiquita Mount Ida Mount Julian Mount Alice Mount Meeker Mummy Mountain Mummy Range Never Summer Mountains Flattop Mountain Lean Mountain Mount Richthofen Static Peak Taylor Peak Twin Sisters Peaks Ypsilon Mountain Hiking trails and technical climbs Hiking trails Bear Lake Bierstadt Lake Continental Divide Trail East Inlet Trail East Longs Peak Trail -- Longs Peak Trail -- Keyhole Route -- Shelf Trail Fern Lake Trail Flattop Mountain Trail Lake Haiyaha Trail Lost Lake Trail Shadow Mountain Trail Thunder Lake Trail - Bluebird Lake Trail Upper Beaver Meadows Technical climbs Casual Route Northcutt - Carter Route ( Hallett Peak ) South Face ( Petit Grepon ) Glaciers Andrews Glacier The Dove ( glacier ) Mills Glacier Moomaw Glacier Rowe Glacier Saint Vrain Glaciers Taylor Glacier Tyndall Glacier Bodies of water Bear Lake Bierstadt Lake Chasm Falls Dream Lake Fern Lake Haynach Lakes Hidden River Murphy Lake La Poudre Pass Lake Roaring River Snowdrift Lake Sprague Lake History History of Rocky Mountain National Park NRHP listings in RMNP NRHP in Rocky Mountain NP template Districts or areas Cache La Poudre River Corridor National Heritage Area Fall River Entrance Historic District Holzwarth Historic District People Earl of Dunraven Elkanah Lamb Stephen H.",
"12": "Long Enos Mills Freelan Oscar Stanley Ute people Lodging & camping Grand Lake Lodge The Stanley Hotel Natural disasters Big Thompson River flash flood ( 1976 ) Lawn Lake Dam flood ( 1982 ) Mountain pine beetle outbreak ( 1996 + ) Big Meadows fire ( 2013 ) Transportation Park Roads Fall River Road Trail Ridge Road / US 34 Highways US 34 US 36 SH 7 Denver International Airport Denver Union Station RTD Nearby municipalities Allenspark Boulder Estes Park Grand Lake Longmont Lyons Geology and geography Geology of the Rocky Mountains Ecology of the Rocky Mountains Continental Divide Front Range Rivers of the Rocky Mountains Rocky Mountains subalpine zone Additional information Rocky Mountain National Park Category Colorado Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Stanley_Hotel&oldid=818442448 '' Categories : Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Buildings and structures in Larimer County , Colorado Reportedly haunted locations in Colorado Neoclassical architecture in Colorado Estes Park , Colorado Tourist attractions in Larimer County , Colorado Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County , Colorado Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
0,
7,
5,
12,
6,
11,
9,
3,
4,
1,
8,
2,
10
] |
[
0,
7,
5,
12,
6
] |
7792739727631752488
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where in the bible are the 12 disciples
|
[
"Mark 3:13–19",
"Matthew 10:1–4",
"Luke 6:12–16",
"Acts 1:13",
"John 6:67–71"
] |
{
"0": "Apostles - wikipedia Apostles Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Disciple ( Christianity ) . For the general concept meaning a messenger and ambassador , see Apostle . For other uses , see Apostle ( disambiguation ) . `` Twelve Apostles '' redirects here . For other uses , see Twelve Apostles ( disambiguation ) . The Last Supper , a late 1490s mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci , is a depiction of the last supper of Jesus and his twelve apostles on the eve of his Crucifixion . Santa Maria della Grazie , Milan . Jesus and his twelve apostles , fresco with the Chi - Rho symbol ☧ , Catacombs of Domitilla , Rome . Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal Relics of the Apostles . Photo taken while they were in Utah USA 2017 during the Relic Tour. ( 1 ) In Christian theology and ecclesiology , the apostles ( Greek : ἀπόστολος , translit .",
"1": "apóstolos , lit . ' one who is sent away ' ) , particularly the Twelve Apostles ( also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve ) , were the primary disciples of Jesus , the central figure in Christianity . During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD , the apostles were his closest followers and became the primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus . The word disciple is sometimes used interchangeably with apostle ; for instance , the Gospel of John makes no distinction between the two terms . In modern usage , prominent missionaries are often called apostles , a practice which stems from the Latin equivalent of apostle , i.e. missio , the source of the English word missionary . For example , Saint Patrick ( AD 373 -- 463 ) was the `` Apostle of Ireland '' , Saint Boniface ( 680 -- 755 ) was the `` Apostle to the Germans '' , Saint José de Anchieta ( 1534 - 1597 ) was the `` Apostle of Brazil '' and Saint Peter of Betancur ( 1626 - 1667 ) was the `` Apostle of Guatemala '' . While Christian tradition often refers to the apostles as being twelve in number , different gospel writers give different names for the same individual , and apostles mentioned in one gospel are not mentioned in others . The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles during the ministry of Jesus is recorded in the Synoptic Gospels . After his resurrection , Jesus sent eleven of them ( minus Judas Iscariot , who by then had died ) by the Great Commission to spread his teachings to all nations . This event is commonly called the Dispersion of the Apostles . There is also an Eastern Christian tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke of there having been as many as 70 apostles during the time of Jesus ' ministry . Prominent figures in early Christianity , notably Paul , were often called apostles , even though their ministry or mission came after the life of Jesus . The period of early Christianity during the lifetimes of the apostles is called the Apostolic Age . During the 1st century AD , the apostles established churches throughout the territories of the Roman Empire and , according to tradition , through the Middle East , Africa , and India .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Background 3 History of the Twelve Apostles 3.1 Calling by Jesus 3.2 Replacement of Judas 3.3 Paul , Apostle of the Gentiles 3.4 Deaths 3.4. 1 Tombs of the Apostles 4 List of the Twelve Apostles 4.1 List of the Twelve Apostles as identified by the Bible 5 Other apostles mentioned in the New Testament 5.1 Men who followed Jesus 5.2 Women who followed Jesus 5.3 The Seventy Disciples 5.4 The authors of the Gospels 5.4. 1 Authors attributed to be of the Twelve Apostles 5.4. 2 Authors that were not of the Twelve Apostles 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The Synaxis of the Twelve Apostles . Russian , 14th century , Moscow Museum . The word `` apostle '' comes from the Greek word ἀπόστολος ( apóstolos ) , formed from the prefix ἀπό - ( apó - , `` from '' ) and root στέλλω ( stéllō , `` I send '' , `` I depart '' ) and originally meaning `` messenger , envoy '' . It has , however , a stronger sense than the word messenger , and is closer to a `` delegate '' . The Greek - English Lexicon of the New Testament argues that its Christian use translated a Jewish position known in Hebrew as the sheliach ( שליח ) . This ecclesiastical meaning of the word was later translated into Latin as missio , the source of the English `` missionary '' . Background ( edit ) In the New Testament , the names of the majority of the apostles are Hebrew names , although some had Greek names . Even Paul , the `` apostle of the Gentiles '' , who said that Jesus revealed himself to him only after his ascension and appointed him to his mission , was a Jew by birth and proud of it , although after his conversion he adopted the Roman cognomen Paulus , rendered in English as Paul , as his name .",
"3": "Paul claimed with much insistency this title and its rights , and made the case to the Corinthian Church that he was an apostle by the evidence of the fruits of his ministry , of which they themselves were . Mark 6 : 7 -- 13 states that Jesus initially sent out these twelve in pairs ( cf . Mt 10 : 5 -- 42 , Lk 9 : 1 -- 6 ) to towns in Galilee . The text states that their initial instructions were to heal the sick and drive out demons . They are also instructed to `` take nothing for their journey , except a staff only : no bread , no wallet , no money in their purse , but to wear sandals , and not put on two tunics '' , and that if any town rejects them they ought to shake the dust off their feet as they leave , a gesture which some scholars think was meant as a contemptuous threat ( Miller 26 ) . Their carrying of just a staff ( Matthew and Luke say not even a staff ) is sometimes given as the reason for the use by Christian bishops of a staff of office in those denominations that believe they maintain an apostolic succession . Later in the Gospel narratives the twelve apostles are described as having been commissioned to preach the Gospel to `` all the nations '' , regardless of whether Jew or Gentile . Paul emphasized the important role of the apostles in the church of God when he said that the household of God is `` built upon the foundation of apostles and prophets , Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone '' . Although not one of the apostles commissioned during the life of Jesus , Paul , a Jew named Saul of Tarsus , claimed a special commission from the risen Jesus and is considered `` the apostle of the Gentiles '' , for his missions to spread the gospel message after his conversion . In his writings , the epistles to Christian churches throughout the Levant , Paul did not restrict the term `` apostle '' to the Twelve , and often refers to his mentor Barnabas as an apostle . The restricted usage appears in the Revelation to John . By the 2nd century AD , association with the apostles was esteemed as an evidence of authority . Churches which are believed to have been founded by one of the apostles are known as apostolic sees .",
"4": "Paul 's epistles were accepted as scripture , and two of the four canonical gospels were associated with apostles , as were other New Testament works . Various Christian texts , such as the Didache and the Apostolic Constitutions , were attributed to the apostles . Bishops traced their lines of succession back to individual apostles , who were said to have dispersed from Jerusalem and established churches across great territories . Christian bishops have traditionally claimed authority deriving , by apostolic succession , from the Twelve . Early Church Fathers who came to be associated with apostles , such as Pope Clement I with St. Peter , are referred to as the Apostolic Fathers . The Apostles ' Creed , popular in the West , was said to have been composed by the apostles themselves . History of the twelve apostles ( edit ) Calling by Jesus ( edit ) James Tissot , The Exhortation to the Apostles . Main article : Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles The three Synoptic Gospels record the circumstances in which some of the disciples were recruited , Matthew only describing the recruitment of Simon , Andrew , James , and John . All three Synoptic Gospels state that these four were recruited fairly soon after Jesus returned from being tempted by the devil . Despite Jesus only briefly requesting that they join him , they are all described as immediately consenting , and abandoning their nets to do so . Traditionally the immediacy of their consent was viewed as an example of divine power , although this statement is not made in the text itself . The alternative and much more ordinary solution is that Jesus was simply friends with the individuals beforehand , as implied by the Gospel of John , which states that Peter ( Simon ) and Andrew are the disciples of John the Baptist , and started following Jesus as soon as Jesus had been baptized . The Bible identifies Jesus as a tekton , a Greek word meaning builder or artisan , traditionally translated as carpenter . Considering this profession , it is plausible that Jesus had been employed to build and repair fishing vessels , thus having many opportunities to interact with and befriend such fishermen . Albright and Mann extrapolate from Simon 's and Andrew 's abandonment of their nets that Matthew is emphasizing the importance of renunciation by converting to Christianity , since fishing was profitable , although required large start - up costs , and abandoning everything would have been an important sacrifice .",
"5": "Regardless , Simon and Andrew 's abandonment of what were effectively their most important worldly possessions was taken as a model by later Christian ascetics . Adriaen van de Venne 's Fishers of Men . Oil on panel , 1614 Matthew describes Jesus meeting James and John , also fishermen and brothers , very shortly after recruiting Simon and Andrew . Matthew and Mark identify James and John as sons of Zebedee . Luke adds to Matthew and Mark that James and John worked as a team with Simon and Andrew . Matthew states that at the time of the encounter , James and John were repairing their nets , but readily joined Jesus without hesitation . This parallels the accounts of Mark and Luke , but Matthew implies that the men have also abandoned their father ( since he is present in the ship they abandon behind them ) , and Carter feels this should be interpreted to mean that Matthew 's view of Jesus is one of a figure rejecting the traditional patriarchal structure of society , where the father had command over his children ; most scholars , however , just interpret it to mean that Matthew intended these two to be seen as even more devoted than the other pair . The Synoptic Gospels go on to describe that much later , after Jesus had later begun his ministry , he noticed , while teaching , a tax collector in his booth . The tax collector , ' Levi ' according to some Gospels , ' Matthew ' according to others , is asked by Jesus to become one of his disciples . Matthew / Levi is stated to have accepted and then invited Jesus for a meal with his friends . Tax collectors were seen as villains in Jewish society , and the Pharisees are described as asking Jesus why he is having a meal with such disreputable people . The reply Jesus gives to this is now well known : `` it is not the healthy who need a doctor , but the sick . I have not come to call the righteous , but sinners '' . Replacement of Judas ( edit ) Main article : Saint Matthias After Judas Iscariot betrayed Christ and then in guilt committed suicide before Christ 's resurrection ( in one Gospel account ) , the apostles numbered eleven .",
"6": "When Jesus had been taken up from them , in preparation for the coming of the Holy Spirit that he had promised them , Peter advised the brethren : Judas , who was guide to those who took Jesus ... For he was numbered with us , and received his portion in this ministry ... For it is written in the book of Psalms , `` Let his habitation be made desolate , Let no one dwell therein '' , and , `` Let another take his office '' ... So one of the men who have accompanied us during all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us , beginning from the baptism of John until the day he was taken up from us , must become with us a witness to his resurrection -- Acts 1 : 15 -- 26 So , between the ascension of Christ and the day of Pentecost , the remaining apostles elected a twelfth apostle by casting lots , a traditional Israelite way to determine the will of God ( see Proverbs 16 : 33 ) . The lot fell upon Matthias . Paul the Apostle in his First Epistle to the Corinthians , appears to give the first historical reference to the twelve apostles : For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received : that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures , that he was buried , that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures , and that he appeared to Cephas , then to the twelve . Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time , most of whom are still alive , though some have fallen asleep . Then he appeared to James , then to all the apostles . Last of all , as to one untimely born , he appeared also to me .",
"7": "-- 1 Corinthians 15 : 3 -- 8 Paul , apostle of the Gentiles ( edit ) Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship Paul the Apostle Related literature Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Main article : Paul the Apostle In his writings , Paul the Apostle , although not one of the original twelve , described himself as an apostle , one `` born out of due time '' ( e.g. , Romans 1 : 1 , 1 Corinthians 15 : 8 and other letters ) . He was called by the resurrected Jesus himself during his Road to Damascus vision and given the name `` Paul '' . With Barnabas , he was allotted the role of apostle in the church . He referred to himself as the apostle of the Gentiles . As the Catholic Encyclopedia states , `` It is at once evident that in a Christian sense , everyone who had received a mission from God , or Christ , to man could be called ' Apostle ' '' ; thus extending the original sense beyond the twelve . Since Paul claimed to have received the gospel through a revelation of Jesus Christ after the latter 's death and resurrection ( rather than before like the twelve ) , he was often obliged to defend his apostolic authority ( 1 Cor. 9 : 1 `` Am I not an apostle ? '' ) and proclaim that he had seen and was anointed by Jesus while on the road to Damascus . James , Peter and John in Jerusalem accepted his calling to the apostleship from the Lord to the Gentiles ( specifically those not circumcised ) as of equal authority as Peter 's to the Jews ( specifically those circumcised ) according to Paul . `` James , Peter and John , those reputed to be pillars ... agreed that we ( Paul and Barnabas ) should go to the Gentiles , and they to the Jews . ''",
"8": "Paul , despite his divine calling as an apostle , considered himself perhaps inferior to the other apostles because he had originally persecuted Christ 's followers . In addition , despite the Little Commission of Matthew 10 , the twelve did not limit their mission to solely Jews as Cornelius the Centurion is widely considered the first Gentile convert and he was converted by Peter , and the Great Commission of the Resurrected Jesus is specifically to `` all nations '' . Deaths ( edit ) Of the twelve Apostles to hold the title after Matthias ' selection , Christian tradition has generally passed down that all but one were martyred , with John surviving into old age . Only the death of James , son of Zebedee is described in the New Testament . Matthew 27 : 5 says that Judas Iscariot threw the silver he received for betraying Jesus down in the Temple , then went and hanged himself . Acts 1 : 18 says that he purchased a field , then `` falling headlong he burst open in the middle and all his bowels gushed out '' . According to Edward Gibbon , early Christians ( second half of the second century and first half of the third century ) believed that only Peter , Paul , and James , son of Zebedee , were martyred . The remainder of the claims of martyred apostles do not rely upon historical or biblical evidence . Tombs of the apostles ( edit ) Basilica of St John Lateran ( Rome ) The relics of the Apostles are claimed by various Churches , many in Italy . Peter : buried in St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City , Rome , Italy Andrew : buried in St Andrew 's Cathedral , Patras , Greece James , son of Zebedee : buried in Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Galicia ( Spain ) John : buried in the Basilica of St. John in Ephesus Turkey Philip : buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Rome or possibly Hierapolis , near Denizli , Turkey Bartholomew : buried in the Basilica of Benevento , Italy , or Basilica of St. Bartholomew on the Island , Rome , Italy Matthew : buried in the Salerno Cathedral , Salerno , Italy James , son of Alpheus : buried in the Cathedral of St.",
"9": "James in Jerusalem or the Church of the Holy Apostles in Rome Thomas : buried in the Basilica of St. Thomas the Apostle in Ortona , Abruzzo , Italy or in the San Thome Basilica in Madras , India Simon : buried in St. Peter 's Basilica in Rome under the St. Joseph altar with St. Jude Jude Thaddeus : buried in St. Peter 's Basilica under the St. Joseph altar with St. Simon ; two bones ( relics ) located at National Shrine of St Jude in Chicago , Illinois Matthias : buried in the Saint Matthias Benedictine Abbey in Trier , Rhineland - Palatinate , Germany . Paul : relics located in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome Judas Iscariot : remains located in Akeldama , near the Valley of Hinnom , in Jerusalem , Israel List of the twelve apostles ( edit ) Jesus and the 12 apostles in Domus Galilaeae , Israel . The following is a list of the Twelve Apostles , named as they are most commonly referred to : Peter ( born Simon ) Andrew , brother of Peter James , son of Zebedee John , brother of James , son of Zebedee Philip Bartholomew Thomas Matthew James , son of Alphaeus Judas Thaddeus , also known as Jude Simon the Zealot , also known as Simon the Canaanite Judas Iscariot Matthias is not an original apostle and is a replacement for Judas Iscariot after the betrayal of Jesus . Paul is also not one of the original apostles , but is referred to and treated like one . He played a large role in composing the Bible and listing the lives of Jesus Christ and the Twelve Apostles . List of the twelve apostles as identified by the Bible ( edit ) Each of the four listings of apostles in the New Testament ( Mark 3 : 13 -- 19 , Matthew 10 : 1 -- 4 , Luke 6 : 12 -- 16 , and Acts 1 : 13 ) indicate that all the apostles were men . The canonical gospels and the book of Acts give varying names of the twelve apostles .",
"10": "The list in the Gospel of Luke differs from Matthew and Mark at two points . It lists `` Judas the son of James '' instead of `` Thaddeus '' . ( For more information , see Jude the Apostle . ) Unlike the Synoptic Gospels , the Gospel of John does not offer a formal list of apostles . Although it refers to `` the Twelve '' ( John 6 : 67 -- 71 ) , the gospel does not present any elaboration of who these twelve actually were , and the author of the Gospel of John does not mention them all by name . There is also no separation of the terms `` apostles '' and `` disciples '' in John .",
"11": "Gospel of Matthew Gospel of Mark Gospel of Luke Gospel of John Acts of the Apostles Simon ( `` who is called Peter '' ) Simon Simon Simon Peter Peter Andrew ( `` his ( Peter 's ) brother '' ) Andrew Andrew Andrew Andrew James ( `` son of Zebedee '' ) James James one of the `` sons of Zebedee '' James John ( `` his ( James 's ) brother '' ) John / one of the `` Boanerges '' John one of the `` sons of Zebedee '' John Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip Bartholomew Bartholomew Bartholomew Nathanael Bartholomew Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas ( `` also called Didymus '' ) Thomas Matthew ( `` the publican '' ) Matthew Matthew not mentioned Matthew James ( `` son of Alphaeus '' ) James James not mentioned James Thaddaeus ( or `` Lebbaeus '' ) Thaddaeus Judas ( `` son of James '' ) Jude ( `` not Iscariot '' ) Judas son of James Simon ( `` the Canaanite '' ) Simon ( `` the Cananaean '' ) Simon ( `` who was called the Zealot '' ) not mentioned Simon the Zealot Judas Iscariot Judas Iscariot Judas Iscariot Judas ( `` son of Simon Iscariot '' ) ( Judas replaced by Matthias ) Other apostles mentioned in the New Testament ( edit ) Men who followed Jesus ( edit ) Person called apostle Where in Scripture Notes Barnabas Acts 14 : 14 -- Andronicus and Junia Rom 16 : 7 Paul states that Andronicus and Junia were `` of note among the apostles . '' This has been traditionally interpreted in one of two ways : That Andronicus and Junia were `` of note among the apostles , '' that is , distinguished apostles .",
"12": "That Andronicus and Junia were `` well known among the apostles '' meaning `` well known to the apostles '' If the first view is correct then Paul may be referring to a female apostle - the Greek name ( Iounian ) is in the accusative and could be either Junia ( a woman ) or Junias ( a man ) . Later manuscripts add accents to make it unambiguously Junias , however while `` Junia '' was a common name , `` Junias '' was not , and both options are favoured by different Bible translations . In the second view , it is believed that Paul is simply making mention of the outstanding character of these two people which was acknowledged by the apostles . Historically it has been virtually impossible to tell which of the two views were correct . The second view , in recent years , has been defended from a scholarly perspective by Daniel Wallace and Michael Burer . Silas 1 Thes. 1 : 1 , 2 : 6 Referred to as one along with Timothy and Paul , he also performs the functioning of an apostle as Paul 's companion in Paul 's second missionary journey in Acts 15 : 40ff . Timothy 1 Thes. 1 : 1 , 2 : 6 Timothy is referred to as an apostle along with Silas and Paul . However , in 2 Cor. 1 : 1 he is only called a `` brother '' when Paul refers to himself as `` an apostle of Christ '' . Timothy performs many of the functions of an apostle in the commissioning of Paul in 1st and 2nd Timothy , though in those epistles Paul refers to him as his `` son '' in the faith . Apollos 1 Cor. 4 : 9 Included among `` us apostles '' along with Paul and Cephas ( Peter ) .",
"13": "( see also : 4 : 6 , 3 : 22 , and 3 : 4 -- 6 ) Women who followed Jesus ( edit ) In Luke ( 10 : 38 -- 42 ) , Mary , sister of Lazarus , is contrasted with her sister Martha , who was `` cumbered about many things '' while Jesus was their guest , while Mary had chosen `` the better part , '' that of listening to the master 's discourse . John names her as the `` one who had anointed the Lord with perfumed oil and dried his feet with her hair '' ( 11 : 2 ) . In Luke , an unidentified `` sinner '' in the house of a Pharisee anoints Jesus ' feet . In Medieval Catholic folklore , Mary , the sister of Lazarus , was seen as the same as Mary Magdalene . Luke refers to a number of people accompanying Jesus and the twelve . From among them he names three women : `` Mary , called Magdalene , ... and Joanna the wife of Herod 's steward Chuza , and Susanna , and many others , who provided for them out of their resources '' ( Luke 8 : 2 - 3 ) . Mary Magdalene and Joanna are among the women who went to prepare Jesus ' body in Luke 's account of the resurrection , and who later told the apostles and other disciples about the empty tomb and words of the `` two men in dazzling clothes '' . Mary Magdalene is the most well - known of the disciples outside of the Twelve . More is written in the gospels about her than the other female followers . There is also a large body of lore and literature covering her . Other gospel writers differ as to which women witness the crucifixion and witness to the resurrection . Mark includes Mary , the mother of James and Salome ( not to be confused with Salomé the daughter of Herodias ) at the crucifixion and Salome at the tomb . John includes Mary the wife of Clopas at the crucifixion . The seventy disciples ( edit ) Main article : Seventy Disciples The `` seventy disciples '' or `` seventy - two disciples '' ( known in the Eastern Christian traditions as the `` Seventy Apostles '' ) were early emissaries of Jesus mentioned in the Gospel of Luke 10 : 1 -- 24 .",
"14": "According to Luke , the only gospel in which they appear , Jesus appointed them and sent them out in pairs on a specific mission which is detailed in the text . In Western Christianity , they are usually referred to as disciples , whereas in Eastern Christianity they are usually referred to as Apostles . Using the original Greek words , both titles are descriptive , as an apostle is one sent on a mission ( the Greek uses the verb form : apesteilen ) whereas a disciple is a student , but the two traditions differ on the scope of the words apostle and disciple . The authors of the Gospels ( edit ) Main article : Gospel Main article : Synoptic Gospels Authors attributed to be of the twelve apostles ( edit ) The Gospel of Matthew is anonymous : the author is not named within the text , and the superscription `` according to Matthew '' was added some time in the 2nd century . The tradition that the author was Matthew the Apostle begins with Papias of Hierapolis ( c . AD 100 -- 140 ) , an early bishop and Apostolic Father , who is cited by the Church historian Eusebius ( AD 260 -- 340 ) , as follows : `` Matthew collected the oracles ( logia : sayings of or about Jesus ) in the Hebrew language ( Hebraïdi dialektōi ) , and each one interpreted ( hērmēneusen -- perhaps ' translated ' ) them as best he could . '' Although the Gospel of John is anonymous , Christian tradition historically has attributed it to John the Apostle , son of Zebedee and one of Jesus ' Twelve Apostles . The gospel is so closely related in style and content to the three surviving Johannine epistles that commentators treat the four books , along with the Book of Revelation , as a single corpus of Johannine literature , albeit not necessarily written by the same author . Authors that were not of the twelve apostles ( edit ) The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously . Early Christian tradition , first attested by Papias of Hierapolis , ascribes it to John Mark , a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter . Hence its author is often called Mark , even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown . It was probably written c .",
"15": "AD 66 -- 70 , during Nero 's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt , as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution . The author used a variety of pre-existing sources , such as conflict stories ( Mark 2 : 1 -- 3 : 6 ) , apocalyptic discourse ( 4 : 1 -- 35 ) , and collections of sayings ( although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source ) . According to Church tradition , Luke the Evangelist , the companion of Paul , is believed to have authored the Gospel of Luke , though anonymously written and lacking an author 's name ; but while this view is still occasionally put forward the scholarly consensus emphasises the many contradictions between Acts and the authentic Pauline letters . The most probable date for its composition is around 80 -- 110 AD , and there is evidence that it was still being revised well into the 2nd century . See also ( edit ) Book : Apostle ( Christian ) Apostles ' Fast Council of Jerusalem Disciples of Jesus in Islam Female disciples of Jesus Great Commission New Apostolic Church Old Apostolic Church Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( LDS Church ) Seventy disciples The Twelve Imams Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eusebius , `` History of the Church '' 3.39. 14 -- 17 , c.",
"16": "325 CE , Greek text 16 : `` ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἱστόρηται τῷ Παπίᾳ περὶ τοῦ Μάρκου περὶ δὲ τοῦ Ματθαῖου ταῦτ ' εἴρηται Ματθαῖος μὲν οὖν Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ τὰ λόγια συνετάξατο , ἡρμήνευσεν δ ' αὐτὰ ὡς ἧν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος . Various English translations published , standard reference translation by Philip Schaff at CCEL : `` ( C ) oncerning Matthew he ( Papias ) writes as follows : ' So then ( 963 ) Matthew wrote the oracles in the Hebrew language , and every one interpreted them as he was able . ' ( 964 ) '' Online version includes footnotes 963 and 964 by Schaff . Irenaeus ( died c. 202 CE ) makes a similar comment , possibly also drawing on Papias , in his Against Heresies , Book III , Chapter 1 : `` Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect '' . See Bingham , Dwight Jeffrey ( 1998 ) . Irenaeus ' Use of Matthew 's Gospel in Adversus Haereses . Traditio exegetica Graeca. 7 . Louvain , Belgium : Peeters Publishers . pp. 64ff . ISBN 9789068319644 . Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 479 : `` Most scholars believe that the same person wrote all three documents but that he is not to be identified with either the apostle John or the author of the Gospel . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Apostle . ''",
"17": "Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280290 - 9 ^ Jump up to : `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Apostles '' . Jump up ^ As was not uncommon for Jews at the time , some of them had two names , one Hebrew / Aramaic and the other Greek . Hence the lists of Jesus ' twelve apostles contains 14 names not 12 ; the 4 Greek names are Andrew , Philip , Thaddaeus and Lebbaeus . Reference : John P. Meier 's A Marginal Jew . Jump up ^ Acts 9 : 1 -- 19 Gal 1 : 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Mt 28 : 19 , Mk 13 : 10 , and 16 : 15 Jump up ^ Cf. also Acts 15 : 1 -- 31 , Galatians 2 : 7 -- 9 , Acts 1 : 4 -- 8 , and Acts 10 : 1 -- 11 : 18 . Jump up ^ Revelation 21 : 14 . Jump up ^ An Intermediate Greek - English Lexicon . The Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott 's Greek - English Lexicon . Clarendon Press : Oxford , p. 797 . Jump up ^ `` Who were the 12 disciples ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ cf . Gal 1 : 12 ; Acts 9 : 3 -- 19 , 9 : 26 -- 27 , 22 : 6 -- 21 , 26 : 12 -- 23 Jump up ^ `` Who were the 12 disciples ? '' . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward ( 1826 ) . `` Chapter XVI . The Conduct of the Roman Government toward the Christians , from the Reign of Nero to that of Constantine '' . The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire . II . New York : J. & J. Harper for Collins & Hanney . p. 20 . 27 . In the time of Tertullian and Clemens of Alexandria the glory of martyrdom was confined to St.",
"18": "Peter , St. Paul and St. James . It was gradually bestowed on the rest of the apostles by the more recent Greeks , who prudently selected for the theatre of their preaching and sufferings some remote country beyond the limits of the Roman empire . See Mosheim , p. 81 . and Tillemont , Memoires Ecclesiastiques , tom . i . part 3 . Jump up ^ Were the Disciples Martyred for Believing the Resurrection ? A Blast From the Past , ehrmanblog.org ( behind paywall ) . Jump up ^ Wills , Garry ( 10 March 2015 ) . The Future of the Catholic Church with Pope Francis . Penguin Publishing Group . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 698 - 15765 - 1 . ( Candida Moss marshals the historical evidence to prove that `` we simply do n't know how any of the apostles died , much less whether they were martyred . '' ) Citing Moss , Candida ( 5 March 2013 ) . The Myth of Persecution : How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom . HarperCollins . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 210454 - 0 . Jump up ^ Many of the alternate locations of relics are sourced from this page http://www.saintsinrome.com/?m=0 Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Jump up ^ As stated in St. Philips wiki article Jump up ^ Matt 10 : 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Mark 3 : 13 -- 19 Jump up ^ Luke 6 : 12 -- 16 Jump up ^ Acts 1 : 13 Jump up ^ John 6 : 67 - 71 Jump up ^ John 11 : 16 John 20 : 24 John 21 : 2 Jump up ^ John 14 : 22 Jump up ^ John 6 : 67 - 71 Jump up ^ May , Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977 . Jump up ^ Crossan , J.D. and Reed , J.L.",
"19": ", In Search of Paul , Harper San Francisco ( 2004 ) , pp. 115 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051457 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrman , Bart . Peter , Paul , and Mary Magdalene : The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend . Oxford University Press , US . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530013 - 0 . Jump up ^ CBMW `` A Female Apostle ? '' , June 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ See Daniel B. Wallace and Michael H. Burer , `` Was Junia Really an Apostle ? '' NTS 47 ( 2001 ) : 76 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia : Disciple : `` The disciples , in this disciples , in this context , are not the crowds of believers who flocked around Christ , but a smaller body of His followers . They are commonly identified with the seventy - two ( seventy , according to the received Greek text , although several Greek manuscripts mention seventy - two , as does the Vulgate ) referred to ( Luke 10 : 1 ) as having been chosen by Jesus . The names of these disciples are given in several lists ( Chronicon Paschale , and Pseudo-Dorotheus in Migne , P.G. , XCII , 521 - 524 ; 543 - 545 ; 1061 -- 1065 ) ; but these lists are unfortunately worthless . '' Jump up ^ `` Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles '' . oca.org . Jump up ^ Harrington 1991 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Nolland 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Turner 2008 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Reddish 2011 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Perkins 1998 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp.",
"20": "13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Theissen & Merz 1998 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2005 , pp. 172 , 235 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , pp. 250 -- 53 . Further reading ( edit ) The Navarre Bible . ( RSV , Catholic Edition ) , Dublin : Four Courts Press , 1999 . Albright , W.F. and C.S. Mann . `` Matthew . '' The Anchor Bible Series . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Pope Benedict XVI , The Apostles . Full title is The Origins of the Church -- The Apostles and Their Co-Workers . published 2007 , in the US : ISBN 978 - 1 - 59276 - 405 - 1 ; different edition published in the UK under the title : Christ and His Church -- Seeing the face of Jesus in the Church of the Apostles , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86082 - 441 - 8 . Carson , D.A. `` The Limits of Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation -- and other Limits Too . '' in The Challenge of Bible Translation : Communicating God 's Word to the World . edited by Glen G Scorgie , Mark L. Strauss , Steven M. Voth . Carter , Warren . `` Matthew 4 : 18 -- 22 and Matthean Discipleship : An Audience - Oriented Perspective . '' Catholic Bible Quarterly . Vol. 59 . No. 1 . 1997 . Clarke , Howard W . The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers : A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2003 . `` Fishers of Men . '' A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature . David Lyle Jeffrey , general editor . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Karrer , Martin . `` Apostle , Apostolate . ''",
"21": "In The Encyclopedia of Christianity , edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley , 107 -- 08 . Vol. 1 . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2413 - 7 Mack , Burton L. , The Lost Gospel -- The Book of Q & Christian Origins . HarperCollins 1994 . Manek , Jindrich . `` Fishers of Men . '' Novum Testamentum. 1958 p. 138 Schweizer , Eduard . The Good News According to Matthew . Atlanta : John Knox Press , 1975 . Wuellner , Wilhelm H. The Meaning of `` Fishers of Men '' . Westminster Press , 1967 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apostles . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Apostles Apostle article from Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge Texts on Wikisource : `` Apostle '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . `` Apostle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . pp. 196 -- 199 . `` Apostles '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Coppieters , Honoré - Joseph ( 1913 ) . `` Apostles '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . `` Apostle '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Apostle '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary . 1897 . Liddell & Scott Strong 's G652 Apostle and Apostleship article from Jewish Encyclopedia The Twelve Apostles The Biographies of The Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ , the son of God . Apostles.com Biographies of Christ 's Apostles Cast Your Nets : Fishing at the Time of Jesus The Fishing Economy in Galilee The Twelve Apostles an Eastern Orthodox perspective by Rev. George Mastrantonis Apostle article from OrthodoxWiki Christian History : The Twelve Apostles Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints .",
"22": "`` The Twelve Apostles '' at the Christian Iconography website Commissioning of the Twelve Life of Jesus : Ministry Events Preceded by New Wine into Old Wineskins New Testament Events Followed by Beatitudes in the Sermon on the Mount / Plain Twelve Apostles of Jesus Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus the Less the Just James of Zebedee the Greater John Beloved Evangelist Patmos Judas Iscariot replaced by Matthias Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas New Testament people Jesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament Gospels Individuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man ( Bethsaida ) Caiaphas Man born blind ( `` Celidonius '' ) Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ( `` Dismas '' ) Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ( `` Gestas '' ) Jairus ' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha Mary , mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary , mother of James Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Naked fugitive Son of Nain 's widow Nathanael Nicodemus ( Nicodemus ben Gurion ) Salome Samaritan woman Satan Simeon Simon ,",
"23": "brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Simon the Pharisee Susanna Syrophoenician woman Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah Groups Angels Jesus 's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists Female disciples of Jesus God - fearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribes Seventy disciples Shepherds Zealots Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus ( James the Less ) James of Zebedee John Evangelist Patmos `` Disciple whom Jesus loved '' Judas Iscariot Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas Acts Aeneas Agabus Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias son of Nedebeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Elymas Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James , brother of Jesus Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen ( John ) Mark Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary , mother of ( John ) Mark Matthias Mnason Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Zenas Romans Herod 's family Gospels Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias",
"24": "Longinus Philip Pilate Pilate 's wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius Acts Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullus Epistles Achaicus Alexander Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Carpus Claudia Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epaphras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Justus John the Presbyter Junia Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Onesiphorus Pudens Philemon Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius Revelation Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of Babylon Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration",
"25": "Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History and tradition Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades",
"26": "Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Related topics Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Christianity portal GND : 4002455 - 6 NDL : 00571282 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostles&oldid=837480432 '' Categories : Biblical apostles Christian missions Christian terminology New Testament Greek words and phrases 1st - century Christianity Christian religious occupations Religious leadership roles Bible - related lists of people New Testament people Articles about multiple people Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Articles incorporating",
"27": "a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Interlingua Íslenska Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk",
"28": "nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Winaray 中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the first indian woman to be canonized as a saint
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[
"Saint Alphonsa, F.C.C., (born Anna Muttathupadathu; 19 August 1910 – 28 July 1946)",
"Saint Alphonsa",
"Saint Alphonsa",
"Saint Alphonsa, F.C.C., (born Anna Muttathupadathu",
"Saint Alphonsa"
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{
"0": "Saint Alphonsa - wikipedia Saint Alphonsa Jump to : navigation , search For the 1952 film , see Alphonsa ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Saint Alphonsa ( 1910 - 08 - 19 ) 19 August 1910 28 July 1946 ( 1946 - 07 - 28 ) ( aged 35 ) Venerated in Catholic Church Beatified 8 February 1986 Canonized 12 October 2008 , Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI Major shrine St. Mary 's Syro - Malabar Church , Bharananganam , Kerala , India Feast 28 July ( Syro - Malabar ) Attributes Catholic saint Patronage Against illness , diseases related to feet , Cherupusha Mission League , India Part of a series on Saint Thomas Christians History Saint Thomas Thomas of Cana Mar Sabor and Mar Proth Tharisapalli plates Synod of Diamper Coonan Cross Oath Religion Crosses Denominations Churches Syriac language Music Prominent persons Abraham Malpan Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban Kuriakose Elias Chavara Mar Thoma I Saint Alphonsa Sadhu Kochoonju Upadesi Kariattil Mar Ousep Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala Geevarghese Ivanios Saint Alphonsa Euphrasia Eluvathingal Thoma of Villarvattom Culture Margamkali Parichamuttukali Cuisine Suriyani Malayalam Part of a series on Christian mysticism Theology Philosophy (",
"1": "show ) Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices ( show ) Monasticism Monasticism Asceticism Spiritual direction Meditation Meditation Lectio Divina Active ascetism Contemplation Hesychasm Jesus prayer Quietism Stages of Christian perfection Divinization Catharsis Theosis Kenosis Spiritual dryness Passive ascetism Abstinence People ( by era or century ) ( show ) Antiquity ( show ) Ancient African Origen Gregory of Nyssa Pseudo-Dionysius Desert Fathers ( show ) Paul of Thebes Anthony the Great Arsenius the Great Poemen Macarius of Egypt Moses the Black Syncletica Athanasius John Chrysostom Hilarion John Cassian 11th 12th ( show ) Bernard of Clairvaux Guigo II Hildegard of Bingen Hadewijch Symeon the New Theologian 13th 14th ( show ) Dominican Dominic de Guzmán Franciscan Francis of Assisi Anthony of Padua Bonaventure Jacopone da Todi Angela of Foligno English Richard Rolle Walter Hilton Julian of Norwich Margery Kempe Flemish Beatrice of Nazareth John of Ruysbroeck German Meister Eckhart",
"2": "Johannes Tauler Henry Suso Female Beatrice of Nazareth Bridget of Sweden Catherine of Siena 15th 16th ( show ) Spanish Ignatius of Loyola Francisco de Osuna John of Ávila Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Others Catherine of Genoa 17th 18th ( show ) French Pierre de Bérulle Jean - Jacques Olier Louis de Montfort Charles de Condren John Eudes John of St. Samson Others María de Ágreda Anne Catherine Emmerich Veronica Giuliani Francis de Sales 19th ( show ) Dina Bélanger Catherine Labouré Mélanie Calvat Maximin Giraud Bernadette Soubirous Conchita de Armida Luisa Piccarreta Mary of the Divine Heart Thérèse of Lisieux Gemma Galgani 20th ( show ) Padre Pio Therese Neumann Marthe Robin Adrienne von Speyr Alexandrina of Balazar Faustina Kowalska Berthe Petit Sister Lúcia of Fátima Edgar Cayce Simone Weil Alfred Delp Thomas Merton Charles de Foucauld Contemporary papal views ( show ) Aspects of meditation ( Orationis Formas ,",
"3": "1989 ) Reflection on the New Age ( 2003 ) Literature Media ( show ) Lingua Ignota Ordo Virtutum Scivias Ascent of Mount Carmel Dark Night of the Soul Spiritual Canticle Way of Perfection Book of the First Monks The Interior Castle Abbey of the Holy Ghost A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation Diary : Divine Mercy in My Soul From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart The Glories of Mary The Imitation of Christ The Ladder of Divine Ascent Philokalia Revelations of Divine Love Spiritual Canticle The Story of a Soul Theologia Germanica Devotio Moderna The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima Sol de Fátima The Cloud of Unknowing The Consolation of Philosophy The Mirror of Simple Souls Sister Catherine Treatise Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii The Vision of Adamnán Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio Paradiso Part of a series on Christianity in India Background ( show ) Saint Thomas Christians ( Nasrani ) Saint Thomas Christian churches Saint Thomas Christian crosses Synod of Diamper Coonan Cross Oath Malankara ( historical ) People ( show ) Saint Thomas the Apostle Saint Alphonsa Saint Francis Xavier Saint Gonsalo Garcia Saint Euphrasia Eluvathingal Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara Saint Mother Teresa Bl.",
"4": "Devasahayam Pillai Mar Sabor and Mar Proth Mar Baselios Eldho Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar Thomas of Cana Ignatius Elias III Mar Gregorios of Parumala Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly Mar Joseph C. Panjikaran Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan Mar Geevarghese Dionysius Abraham Malpan Palackal Thoma Malpan Mar Augustine Kandathil William Carey Denominations ( show ) Catholic Catholic Church in India ; Syro - Malabar Catholic Syro - Malankara Catholic Oriental Orthodox Brahmavar Orthodox Church Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Church of the East Chaldean Syrian Malankara Church Reformed Mar Thoma Syrian Malabar Independent Syrian Church Protestant Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Assemblies Jehovah Shammah Christian Revival Church Church of North India Church of South India Garo Baptist Indian Brethren Indian Pentecostal Church of God Church of God ( Full Gospel ) North Bank Baptist Christian Northern Evangelical Lutheran Presbyterian The Pentecostal Mission St. Thomas Evangelical Seventh - day Adventist True Jesus United Evangelical Lutheran Indian Christianity portal Saint Alphonsa , F.C.C. , ( born Anna Muttathupadathu ; 19 August 1910 -- 28 July 1946 ) was an Indian religious sister and educator . She was the first woman of Indian origin to be canonised as a saint by the Catholic Church , and the first canonised saint of the Syro - Malabar Catholic Church , an Eastern Catholic Church based in India . Her feast day is observed on July 28th .",
"5": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Sister Alphonsa 1.3 Health decline 2 Death 3 Veneration 3.1 Beatification 3.2 Miracles 3.3 Canonization 3.4 Shrine 3.5 Feast 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Life ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) St Alphonsa was born as Anna Muttathupadathu in a Syro - Malabar Nasrani family to Cherian Ouseph and Mary Muttathupadathu in Kudamalloor , near Kottayam , on 19 August 1910 . She was baptised on 27 August . Alphonsamma , as she was locally known , was born in Arpookara , a village in the princely state of Travancore within Kerala , India . This lies within the Archdiocese of Changanassery . Her parents nicknamed her Annakkutty ( little Anna ) . She had a difficult childhood and experienced loss and suffering early on in life . Anna 's mother died when she was young , so her maternal aunt raised her . Hagiographies describe her early life as one of suffering at the hands of her stern foster mother and the teasing of schoolchildren . Anna was educated by her great - uncle , Father Joseph Muttathupadathu . When Anna was three - years - old , she contracted eczema and suffered for over a year . In 1916 Anna started school in Arpookara . She received her First Communion on 27 November 1917 . In 1918 she was transferred to a school in Muttuchira . Anna was from a rich family and because of that she received many marriage proposals from reputed families . Her foster mother wanted her to become a perfect housewife in a rich household . However , Anna sacrificed all this material fortune and wanted to dedicate her life to Jesus Christ .",
"6": "In 1923 , Anna 's feet were burnt when she fell into a pit of burning chaff ; local hagiographies describe this as a self - inflicted injury in order to avoid her foster mother 's attempt to arrange a marriage for her and thereby to fulfill her desire for becoming a Religious Sister instead . This accident left her permanently partially disabled . Sister Alphonsa ( edit ) When it became possible , Anna joined the Franciscan Clarist Congregation , a religious congregation of the Third Order of St. Francis , and through them , completed her schooling . Anna arrived at the Clarist convent at Bharananganam , Kottayam district , on Pentecost Sunday 1927 . She received the postulant 's veil on 2 August 1928 and took the name Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception in honour of St. Alphonsus Ligouri , whose feast day it was . In May 1929 Sister Alphonsa was assigned to teach at Malayalam High School at Vazhappally . Her foster mother died in 1930 . She resumed her studies at Changanacherry , while working as a temporary teacher at a school at Vakakkad . On 19 May 1930 Alphonsa entered the novitiate of the congregation at Bharananganam . On 11 August 1931 she completed the novitiate and took her first vows . Health decline ( edit ) The period 1930 -- 1935 was characterised by grave illness . Sister Alphonsa took her permanent vows on 12 August 1936 . Two days later she returned to Bharananganam from Changanacherry . She then taught high school at St. Alphonsa Girl 's High School , but was often sick and unable to teach . For most of her years as a Clarist Sister she endured serious illness . In December 1936 , it is claimed that she was cured from her ailments through the intervention of the Kuriakose Elias Chavara ( who was beatified at the same ceremony as she ) , but on 14 June 1939 she was struck by a severe attack of pneumonia which left her weakened . On 18 October 1940 , a thief entered her room in the middle of the night .",
"7": "This traumatic event caused her to suffer amnesia and weakened her again . Her health continued to deteriorate over a period of months . She received extreme unction on 29 September 1941 . The next day it is believed that she regained her memory , though not complete health . Her health improved over the next few years , until in July 1945 she developed gastroenteritis and liver problems that caused violent convulsions and vomiting . During the last year of her life she came to know Father Sebastian Valopilly ( later Bishop of Kerala ) who frequently brought her communion . This bishop became famous in Kerala for championing the cause of poor people from all religious backgrounds who had come to live in Thalassery as a result of shortages elsewhere . Death ( edit ) After a series of serious health problems , she died on 28 July 1946 , at a young age of 35 . She was buried at St. Mary 's Catholic Church , Bharananganam , Travancore ( present day ( Kottayam ) in the Diocese of Palai . Veneration ( edit ) Claims of her miraculous intervention began almost immediately upon her death and often involved the children of the convent school where she used to teach . On 2 December 1953 , Cardinal Eugène Tisserant inaugurated the diocesan process for her beatification and Alphonsa was declared a Servant of God . In 1985 , Pope John Paul II formally approved a miracle attributed to her intercession and on 9 July she became `` Venerable Sister Alphonsa '' . Beatification ( edit ) Venerable Sister Alphonsa was beatified along with Father Kuriakose Elias Chavara , T.O.C.D. , at Kottayam , on 8 February 1986 by Pope John Paul II during his Apostolic Pilgrimage to India . During his speech at Nehru Stadium , the Pope said : From early in her life , Sister Alphonsa experienced great suffering . With the passing of the years , the heavenly Father gave her an ever fuller share in the Passion of his beloved Son . We recall how she experienced not only physical pain of great intensity , but also the spiritual suffering of being misunderstood and misjudged by others .",
"8": "But she constantly accepted all her sufferings with serenity and trust in God. ... She wrote to her spiritual director : `` Dear Father , as my good Lord Jesus loves me so very much , I sincerely desire to remain on this sick bed and suffer not only this , but anything else besides , even to the end of the world . I feel now that God has intended my life to be an oblation , a sacrifice of suffering '' ( 20 November 1944 ) . She came to love suffering because she loved the suffering Christ . She learned to love the Cross through her love of the crucified Lord . Miracles ( edit ) Hundreds of miraculous cures are claimed from her intervention , many of them involving straightening of clubbed feet , possibly because of her having lived with deformed feet herself . Two of these cases were submitted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints as proof of her miraculous intervention . The continuing cures are chronicled in the magazine PassionFlower . Bishop Sebastian reported : About ten years ago , when I was in a small village in Wayanad outside Manatavady , I saw a boy walking with some difficulty , using a stick . As he approached me I noted that both of his feet were turned upside down . I had a stack of holy cards in my pocket with Alphonsa 's picture on them , so I pulled one of them out and gave it to the boy . When I told the boy that he should pray to this woman for the cure of his feet , the boy -- he was quite smart for a ten - year - old boy -- replied : `` But I 'm a Muslim , and , besides , I was born this way . '' I replied that God is very powerful , so let 's pray . A few months later , a boy and a gentleman appeared at the house here . I did n't recognize them at first but soon learned that it was the Muslim boy with his father , here to tell me that his feet had been cured through their prayers to Sister Alphonsa . They showed me the calluses on the tops of his feet , and you could see the marks which had been made from the years of his walking with his feet turned under . Before they left , the three of us had our pictures taken .",
"9": "The boy had reportedly taken Alphonsa 's picture card and asked Alphonsa to help fix his feet . Several days afterwards one of his feet supposedly turned around . He and the other members of his family then prayed for the cure of the second foot , which also supposedly turned around later . Canonization ( edit ) Birth centenary Commemorative coin released by the Reserve Bank of India On Sunday , 12 October 2008 , Pope Benedict XVI announced her canonization at a ceremony at Saint Peter 's Square . Indians from across the world , especially people from Kerala , gathered at the ceremony in Rome . Among them was a 10 - year - old Kerala boy Jinil Joseph whose clubfoot -- a birth defect -- was , in the judgment of Vatican officials , miraculously healed after prayers to Alphonsa in 1999 . The final ceremony for the canonization began with the holy relics of Alphonsa being presented to the Pope by Sister Celia , Mother General of the Franciscan Clarist Congregation , the congregation to which Sister Alphonsa belonged . Sister Celia was accompanied by Vice Postulator Father Francis Vadakkel and former Kerala minister K.M. Mani , all holding lit candles . Speaking in English , the Pope declared Sister Alphonsa a saint , after reading excerpts from the Bible . The Pope himself read out the biography of Alphonsa after the ceremony . In the homily , Pope Benedict XVI recalled Saint Alphonsa 's life as one of `` extreme physical and spiritual suffering '' . This exceptional woman ... was convinced that her cross was the very means of reaching the heavenly banquet prepared for her by the Father , , , , By accepting the invitation to the wedding feast , and by adorning herself with the garment of God 's grace through prayer and penance , she conformed her life to Christ 's and now delights in the `` rich fare and choice wines '' of the heavenly kingdom . `` ( Her ) heroic virtues of patience , fortitude and perseverance in the midst of deep suffering remind us that God always provides the strength we need to overcome every trial , '' the pope stated before the ceremony ended . The canonization was greeted with the bursting of firecrackers and the toll of church bells .",
"10": "St Mary 's Forane church at Kudmaloor , her home parish , also celebrated a special Mass . The grave at St Mary 's Forane Church in Bharananganam where the Franciscan Clarist Sister was buried had a chapel built there , which houses her mortal remains . Reserve bank of India Issued a 5 Rupees Commemorative Coin in 2009 marking the birth centenary of Saint Alphonsa . Tomb of Saint Alphonsa Shrine ( edit ) Her tomb at St. Mary 's Syro - Malabar Catholic Church , Bharananganam , has become a pilgrimage site as miracles have been reported by some of the faithful . Feast ( edit ) Thousands of people converge on the small town of Bharananganam when they celebrate the feast of Saint Alphonsa from 19 to 28 July each year ; her tomb has been designated as a pilgrimage site with numerous miracles being reported by pious devotees . See also ( edit ) Catholicism portal Kuriakose Elias Chavara Carmelites of Mary Immaculate Saint Thomas Christians Cyril Bernard Papali Catholic Bishops Conference of India Roman Catholicism in India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hacked by HEx Team Blackleets '' . stalphonsachurch.in . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Corinne G. Dempsey . Lessons in Miracles from Kerala , South India : Stories of Three `` Christian '' Saints . History of Religions , Vol. 39 , No. 2 , Christianity in India ( Nov. , 1999 ) , pp. 150 - 176 ^ Jump up to : `` Patron Saints Index '' . SQPN . Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beatification of Father Kuriakose Elias Chavara and Sister Alfonsa Muttathupandathu '' . Vatican . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saint Alphonsa : : History '' . www.syromalabarchurch.in . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception ( 1910 - 1946 ) '' , Vatican News service Jump up ^ `` St. Alphonsa '' , Kerala Catholic Times ^ Jump up to : `` St. Alphonsa '' , St. Alphonsa Syro Malabar Catholic Church , Los Angeles , California Jump up ^ `` Beatification speech of Pope John Paul II '' . Alphonsa site . Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Indian Catholics cheer their first woman saint Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Church celebrates Alphonsa 's canonisation '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 13 October 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ 5 Rupees Commemorative Coin of Saint Alphonsa https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08qn1timKLI ^ Jump up to : `` Sister Alphonsa 's canonisation date to be decided on March 1 '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Alphonsa . Official website St. Alphonsa Anna Muttathupadam of the Immaculate Conception , F.C.C.",
"12": "Pope John Paul II On Blessed Alphonsa of India 100 Maxims of the saint VIAF : 128587396 LCCN : n88228272 ISNI : 0000 0001 0775 3441 GND : 124110940 BNF : cb13751474q ( data ) ( hide ) Christianity in Kerala Denominations Assemblies of God in India Chaldean Syrian Church Church of God ( Full Gospel ) in India Church of South India Indian Pentecostal Church Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church Kerala Brethren Latin Catholic Church Malabar Independent Syrian Church Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Salvation Army St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India Syro - Malabar Catholic Church Syro - Malankara Catholic Church The Pentecostal Mission Religious organisations Divine Retreat Centre , Muringoor Jerusalem Retreat Center Kerala Catholic Bishops ' Council Parumala Seminary Potta Ashram Thrikkunnathu Seminary Related articles All India Catholic Union Angamaly police firing Benjamin Bailey ( missionary ) Bible translations into Malayalam Carmelites of Mary Immaculate Christianity in India Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux Hermann Gundert Malankara - Persia Relation Maramon Convention Pentecostalism in Kerala Saint Thomas Christians Sister Abhaya murder case Sisters of the Destitute Synod of Diamper Syrian churches of Kerala Syrian Malabar Nasrani Varthamanappusthakam Templates Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"13": "php?title=Saint_Alphonsa&oldid=818926180 '' Categories : Syro - Malabar Catholics Third Order Regular Franciscans Franciscan saints Eastern Catholic religious sisters and nuns 1910 births 1946 deaths Christian clergy from Kottayam 20th - century Christian saints Franciscan mystics Syro - Malabar saints Eastern Catholic saints Christian female saints of the Late Modern era Beatifications by Pope John Paul II Christianity in Kerala Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI Malayali people 20th - century Indian women Indian nuns Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II Women from Kerala Indian Christian saints Scholars from Kerala Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands Polski Português Русский Ślůnski Tagalog தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 12 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the meaning of the harp in ireland
|
[
"the arms of Ireland"
] |
{
"0": "Coat of arms of Ireland - wikipedia Coat of arms of Ireland Jump to : navigation , search Coat of arms of Ireland Details Armiger Republic of Ireland Adopted 1945 ( registered : Arms of Ireland ) c. 1541 ( recorded : Kingdom of Ireland ) , c. 1280 ( recorded : King of Ireland ) Escutcheon Azure a harp Or , stringed argent ( Irish : Ar ghorm cláirseach órga na sreanga airgidí ) Earlier versions Use The harp is used on all Acts of Oireachtas ; the seal of the President ; the cover of Irish passports ; various government departments ; the obverse of Irish euro coins . It is also used in the United Kingdom , where it appears in the lower - left quadrant of the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom and is incorporated as a badge into devices used by official bodies in Northern Ireland . The coat of arms of Ireland is blazoned as Azure a harp Or , stringed Argent ( a gold harp with silver strings on a blue background ) . These arms have long been Ireland 's heraldic emblem . References to them as being the arms of the king of Ireland can be found as early as the 13th century . These arms were adopted by Henry VIII of England when he ended the period of Lordship of Ireland and declared Ireland to be a kingdom again in 1541 . When the crowns of England , Scotland and Ireland were united in 1603 , they were integrated into the unified royal coat of arms of kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland . The harp was adopted as the emblem of the Irish Free State when it separated from the United Kingdom in 1922 . They were registered as the arms of Ireland with the Chief Herald of Ireland on 9 November 1945 . The depiction of the harp has changed over time . In the 17th century , during the period of the Kingdom of Ireland , the pillar of the harp began to be depicted as a bare - breasted woman . When the arms were restored as the arms of the independent Irish state in 1922 , a late - medieval Gaelic harp ( a cláirseach ) , the Trinity College Harp , was used as a model .",
"1": "Several variants of the arms of Ireland exist , including a heraldic badge and an infrequently used crest and torse . The Lordship of Ireland , the medieval realm of Ireland that existed between 1171 and 1541 under the English crown , had a separate arms , which are blazoned Azure , three crowns in pale Or , bordure Argent ( three golden crowns ordered vertically on a blue background with a white border ) . A variant of the arms of the ancient royal province of Meath were also apparently used at one time as the arms of Ireland . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Presidential Standard 1.2 Previous arms 2 Achievement 2.1 Supporters and motto 3 Green flag 4 Arms and Flag of the Four Provinces 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) As heraldry is essentially a feudal art , it was not until the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 that Irish coats of arms came into being , several decades after the art began to take seed in England and continental Europe . The earliest reference to a herald of arms for Ireland was in 1392 on the creation of the first Ireland King of Arms . The Ireland King of Arms , which was under the English College of Arms , was succeeded by an independent Ulster King of Arms , and an Athlone Pursuivant , in 1552 , which despite its name had jurisdiction for arms over all of Ireland . In 1943 , the Ulster King of Arms was merged with the Norroy King of Arms in England to form the Norroy and Ulster King of Arms . The office of the Chief Herald of Ireland was created as successor to the Ulster King of Arms and the arms of Ireland were registered by the Chief Herald of Ireland on 9 November 1945 . However , reference to the harp as the arms of the king of Ireland can be found in one of the oldest medieval rolls of arms . The Wijnbergen Roll , a French roll of arms dating from c. 1280 and preserved in The Hague , Netherlands , attributed `` D'azure a la harpe d'or '' ( English : Blue with a harp of gold ) to the King of Ireland ( `` le Roi d'Irlande '' ) .",
"2": "The harp , traditionally associated with King David , was a rare charge on medieval rolls and only two arms with a harp are listed in a collection of 19 early rolls . Triangular devices appeared on medieval Irish coinage by kings John and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries . These devices may have been crude harps or it may be that the harp developed from the use of triangles to distinguish Irish coins . The idea of a harp being the arms of Ireland may have originated as a reference to a fictional character , le roi d'irelande , in the courtly legend cycle of Tristan . Alternatively , it may have derived from a celebrated 13th century bardic poem , Tabhroidh Chugam Cruit mo Riogh , dedicated to the Donnchadh Cairbreach O'Briain ( d . 1242 ) , a Gaelic King of Thomond . Whatever its origins , the harp was adopted as the symbol of the new Kingdom of Ireland , established by Henry VIII , in 1541 . A document in the Office of the Ulster King of Arms , from either the late reign of Henry VIII or the early reign his son of Edward VI , states that they were the arms of the kingdom of Ireland . The arms were incorporated into the unified Royal Coats of Arms of England , Ireland and Scotland upon the Union of the Crowns of the three kingdoms in 1603 . Upon the secession of the Irish Free State from the United Kingdom in 1922 , the harp was taken as the emblem of the independent Irish state . Today , the image of the harp is used on the coins , passports and official seals of Ireland and is incorporated into the emblems of many bodies in Northern Ireland , such as the Police Service of Northern Ireland . The harp is frequently incorporated into the emblems of Irish companies , such as Guinness and Ryanair . It appears on the arms of countries with historical links to Ireland or the United Kingdom , such as Montserrat and Canada . In 1984 , exemplars of the modern design , approved by the Chief Herald , were registered by the Government of Ireland with the World Intellectual Property Organization under Article 6ter of the Paris Convention , which relates to state emblems . The government only registered `` left - facing '' images , with the harp 's sound board on the right .",
"3": "While the Attorney General 's office felt that right - facing images should also be registered , patent agents advised this might be interfere with Guinness Brewery 's use of such harps in its logo since the 1870s . Presidential Standard ( edit ) Standard of the President of Ireland As well as being the arms of Ireland , since 1945 the harp is the arms of each President of Ireland whilst in office . Typically the arms are borne as a banner in the form of a Presidential Standard . The standard is flown over Áras an Uachtaráin , the President 's residence in Dublin , at Dublin Castle when the President is in residence and on vehicles used by the President . As with other Presidential and Royal Standards , it is never flown at half mast . However , the Presidential Standard never takes precedence over the flag of Ireland , whereas , for example , the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom takes precedence over the flag of the United Kingdom . Previous arms ( edit ) Arms of the Lordship of Ireland . Arms of Kingdom of Ireland . The Lordship of Ireland , the medieval realm of Ireland that existed between 1171 and 1541 under the English crown , had separate arms . A commission of Edward IV in c. 1467 - 8 into the arms of Ireland found them to be blazoned Azure , three crowns in pale Or , bordure Argent ( three golden crowns ordered vertically on a blue background with a white border ) . The association of these arms with Ireland is likely to have originated with Irish magnates ( both Norman and Gaelic ) who fought in Edward I 's Scottish wars at the turn of the 14th century . These were the arms of Edmund the Martyr , which the Irish lords adopted as their banner in the same way as English lords identified with the banner of St. George . However , these arms were also well known in other medieval contexts and are often attributed to King Arthur . It is believed that the three crowns were abandoned as the arms of Ireland after Henry VIII 's split with the Papacy . Strictly speaking , following the Norman invasion of the 12th century , Ireland was a feudal possession of the Pope under the overlordship of the English monarch .",
"4": "The decision to change the three crowns arms may have sprung `` from an idea that they might denote the feudal sovereignty of the pope '' -- whose tiara has three crowns -- `` whose vassal the king of England was , as lord of Ireland . '' Despite this , the memory of the three crowns arms may have remained for a time with one Elizabethan variant of the harp , sometimes found on coins , maps and seals as early as 1562 , using of the three harps , one replacing each of the three crowns of the lordship 's arms . This appears to have been a creation of the newly established Ulster King of Arms and never captured the popular imagination sufficiently to replace the single Harp arms that was in use from the reign of Henry VIII . Thus , at the funeral cortège of Elizabeth I in 1603 depicted in a manuscript at the British Library , the Earl of Clanrickarde is shown carrying the banner of Ireland just as in the Wijnbergen Roll . A variant of arms of the royal province of Meath were also apparently used at one time as the arms of Ireland . Meath , now a part of the province of Leinster was once the province of the High Kings of Ireland . Its arms are of a king sitting on a throne on a blue field . The variant apparently used as the arms of Ireland were of a majesty on a sable ( black ) background instead of an azure ( blue ) field . Achievement ( edit ) The armorial achievement of the Kingdom of Ireland , including the infrequently used crest . Arms of Kingdom of Ireland after 1707 . The design of the harp used by the modern Irish state is based on the Brian Boru harp , a late - medieval Gaelic harp now in Trinity College , Dublin . The design is by an English sculptor , Percy Metcalfe . Metcalfe 's design was in response to a competition held by the state to design Irish coinage , which was to start circulation in December 1928 . Metcalfe 's design became the model for future official interpretations of the harp as an emblem of the state . The modern design is markedly different from earlier depictions .",
"5": "During the 17th century , it became common to depict the harp with a woman 's head and breasts , like a ship 's figurehead , as the pillar . It is not necessary to show a full complement of thirty strings , provided that the numbers do not fall below nine ( notwithstanding the illustration to the left ) . The strings are always silver and the harp is always gold . The harp is shown on a blue background . The colour of the field is sometimes called St. Patrick 's blue , a name applied to shades of blue associated with Ireland . In current designs , used by the UK and Irish states , the field is invariably a deep blue . The use of blue in the arms has been associated with Gormfhlaith , a Gaelic mythological personification of Ireland . The word Gormfhlaith is a compound of the Irish words gorm ( `` blue '' ) and flaith ( `` sovereign '' ) ; it is noted in early Irish texts as the name of several queens closely connected with dynastic politics in the 10th and 11th century Ireland . The National Library of Ireland , in describing the blue background of the arms , notes that in early Irish mythology the sovereignty of Ireland ( Irish : Flaitheas Éireann ) was represented by a woman often dressed in a blue robe . A crest , which was little used , is thought to have been created for the ascension of James I . This crest was blazoned : A tower triple towered or , from the portal a hart springing argent , attired and unguled also or . The torse was Or and azure . The torse and crest were apparently little used even during the period of the Kingdom of Ireland . From the Acts of Union in 1801 until the declaration of the Republic of Ireland in 1949 , the crest was used only intermittently . Unlike Scotland , Ireland did not reserve the right to bear a distinct coat of arms within the United Kingdom . The crest and torse are not employed by the Irish state today . Historically , the harp was frequently seen surmounted by a crown . In this case , the depiction is as heraldic badge , a device used to indicate allegiance to or the property of someone or something . Elizabeth I used the badge as her second Great Seal of 1586 .",
"6": "This motif had earlier featured of the coins of the Lordship of Ireland during the Tudor period and continued to be used on the coins of the Kingdom of Ireland . Following the creation of the United Kingdom , the device was used on the cap badges of the Royal Irish Constabulary and later the Royal Ulster Constabulary . The badge can be seen today on the cap badge of the Royal Irish Regiment of the British Army . The harp , unsurmounted by a crown , is used as a badge in the Republic of Ireland today , but the harp surmounted by a crown is also found ( e.g. in ' colours ' ties of Trinity College sports teams ) . Supporters and motto ( edit ) The heraldic badge of Ireland , created during the Tudor era , is distinguished from the arms of Ireland by being ensigned with a royal crown . The arms of Ireland are without supporters . However , historically , some depictions of the arms have been accompanied by various supporters . For example , during the late Tudor period , depictions of the arms appeared accompanied by a dragon and a lion , representing Wales and England . The Tudors were monarchs of England but of Welsh descent . In later centuries , following the union of the crowns of England and Scotland , depictions appeared accompanied by a lion and a unicorn , representing England and Scotland . Other depictions included two stags , representing Ireland , or a stag and a lion . However , none of these were ever a part of the blazon and should be interpreted in terms of artistic licence . Several mottos associated with Ireland and have also been used alongside representations of the harp , including the patriotic slogan , Erin Go Bragh ( English : Ireland Forever ) , Quis separabit ? ( English : Who will separate ( us ) ? ) , the motto of the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick , and It is new strung and shall be heard , the motto of the Society of United Irishmen . However , no heraldic motto has ever been granted to Ireland and none ever accompanies the coat of arms . Green flag ( edit ) The unofficial green ensign of Ireland from Bowles 's Universal Display of the Naval Flags of all Nations maritime flag chart , 1783 .",
"7": "As well as the coat of arms , which shows the harp on an Azure ( blue ) field , Ireland has long been associated with a flag also bearing the harp . This flag is identical to the coat of arms but with a green field , rather than blue , and is blazoned Vert , a Harp Or , stringed Argent ( a gold harp with silver strings on a green field ) . The earliest - known record of the green flag is attributed to Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill , a 17th - century exile and soldier in the Irish brigade of the Spanish army . His ship , the St. Francis , is recorded as flying from her mast top `` the Irish harp in a green field , in a flag '' as she lay at anchor at Dunkirk en route to Ireland . Ó Néill was returning to Ireland in order to participate in the Irish Confederate Wars ( 1641 -- 1653 ) , during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( a series of civil wars engulfing England , Ireland and Scotland ) , where he would contribute as a leading general . Variants of the green flag were flown by United Irishmen during the 1798 Rebellion and by the Irish émigré in foreign armys , such as the Irish Brigade of the Union Army during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) and Saint Patrick 's Battalion in the Mexican Army during the Mexican - American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . Although the Kingdom of Ireland never had an official flag , this flag is recorded as the flag of Ireland by 18th and 19th century sources . It was used as a naval jack and as the basis for the unofficial green ensign of Ireland , particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries . The flag is identical to the arms of the province of Leinster . It is believed that the Leinster arms are derived from it , rather than the other way around . Arms and flag of the four provinces ( edit ) Main article : Four Provinces Flag of Ireland The traditional arms of the four provinces of Ireland quartered to form the popular arms of Ireland . The flag of the four provinces of Ireland , quartered to form a popular flag of all of Ireland .",
"8": "The arms of the four traditional provinces of Ireland are popularly displayed quartered as arms of Ireland . The quartering is usually in the order Leinster first , Connacht second , Ulster third and Munster fourth . The resulting arms are frequently displayed in the form of a banner . They also appear as charges in other arms and emblems . For example , the arms of the Genealogical Office , which is headed by the Chief Herald of Ireland , are the four provinces shown quartered beneath a chief Gules , charged with a Tudor Portcullis Or between two Scrolls Argent ( a red band with a gold Tudor portcullis between two silver scrolls ) . The arms of Leinster ( Vert , a Harp Or , stringed Argent ) are believed to have likely evolved from the arms of Ireland itself with a change of tincture . Similarly , Munster 's arms ( Azure , three antique crowns Or ) are thought to have been derived from those of the former Lordship of Ireland , or from the short - lived dukedom of Ireland created for Robert de Vere in 1386 . The crowns now usually depicted as `` antique '' or `` eastern '' : a gold rim with eight sharp , triangular rays , of which five are seen . The arms of Ulster are the arms of the de Burgh , Earls of Ulster , combined with the red hand seal of the O'Neills . These two dynasties and symbols are inseparably linked to Ulster . The combination of them is blazoned Or , on a Cross Gules , an inescutcheon Argent , charged with a dexter hand erect aupaumee and couped at the wrist Gules . Finally , Connacht 's arms are blazoned Party Per Pale Argent and Azure , in the first an eagle dimidiated and displayed Sable in the second issuant from the partition an arm embowed and vested , the hand holding a sword erect , all Argent . These are believed to have been adopted from the arms of the medieval Schottenklöster ( Gaelic monastery ) in Regensburg , Germany .",
"9": "The arms of the Regensburg Schottenklöster , which date from at least the 14th century , combined the arms of the Holy Roman Emperor ( from whom the abbey received protection ) dimidiated with a symbol that may be linked with the crest of the O'Brien dynasty arms ( an 11th - century O'Brien is listed as the `` fundator '' of the abbey ) . The arms may have been granted to Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair , King of Connacht and the last High King of Ireland before the Norman invasion , by the abbey as a gift to return his patronage . The arms were given as the `` old tyme arms '' of Ireland by the Athlone Pursuivant , Edward Fletcher , c. 1575 and , with slight change of tinctures , became the arms of Connacht in the seventeenth century . See also ( edit ) Coat of arms of Northern Ireland Flag of Ireland Irish heraldry List of flags of Ireland Shamrock Great Seal of the Irish Free State Seal of the President of Ireland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Trinity College Harp was once thought to have belonged to Brian Boru , the 11th century High King of Ireland . However , the harp has since been dated to the 14th or 15th century and so can not have actually belonged to him . It is on permanent display in the Long Room of the library of Trinity College , Dublin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Library of Ireland ( Genealogical Office ) ( 17 September 2011 ) . `` Grant of Arms ( Registration ) : Arms of Ireland '' . National Library of Ireland Catalogue . National Library of Ireland . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Office of the Chief Herald , Arms of Ireland Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , The National Library of Ireland ( Grant Type : Registration ; Register volume : G.O. MS 111G ; Folio number : 20 ; Date : 9 November 1945 ) ^ Jump up to : Michael C. O'Laughlin , 2001 , The Irish Book of Arms , Irish Genealogical Association , p 15 Jump up ^ Hartemink , Ralf ( 1996 ) .",
"10": "`` Civic Heraldry of Ireland , National arms of Ireland '' . Heraldry of the World . ngw.nl . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Velde , François . `` Heraldry in Ireland '' . Heraldica . Jump up ^ William Henry Grattan Flood , 1905 , The Story of the Harp ; James Simon , 1810 , Simon 's Essay on Irish coins , and of the currency of foreign monies in Ireland ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , John ( Autumn 1991 ) , `` The Arms of Ireland : Medieval and Modern '' , Coat of Arms ( 155 ) ^ Jump up to : Carragin , Eoin ( 2007 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Heraldry in Ireland '' ( PDF ) . National Library of Ireland . p. 3 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary '' . Irish Patents Office . pp. Article 6ter . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` C. 4304 - 551 '' ( PDF ) . WIPO Circular ( 4304 ) . 15 February 1985 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Images : IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7 IE8 IE9 IE10 Jump up ^ Humphreys , Joe ( 28 December 2013 ) . `` State feared Guinness objections over plan to make harp logo a trademark '' . The Irish Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ W.G. Perrin and Herbert S. Vaughan , 1922 , `` British Flags . Their Early History and their Development at Sea ; with an Account of the Origin of the Flag as a National Device '' , Cambridge University Press : Cambridge , pp. 51 - 52 ^ Jump up to : Chambers 's Encyclopædia : A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge , 1868 , p. 627 Jump up ^ Questions and Answers , Notes and Queries , 1855 , p.",
"11": "350 ^ Jump up to : Fox - Davies , A.C. , 1915 , The Book of Public Arms , London Jump up ^ Boutell , Charles ; Fox - Davies , A.C. ( 1914 ) , The Handbook to English Heraldry ( Illustrated 11th ed . ) , Teddington , United Kingdom : The Echo Library , p. 160 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4068 - 2770 - 5 Jump up ^ Swyrich Corporation . `` antique crown '' . Symbolism . Swyrich Corporation . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of Ireland . Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland Two `` Ireland '' images in Ulster Office 's Draft Grants of Arms ca . 1580 - 1690 : folio 18 ( top left ) and folio 71 ( hide ) Coats of arms of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities Sovereign Military Order of Malta Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland&oldid=827253889 '' Categories : Irish culture National coats of arms National symbols of the Republic of Ireland National symbols of Ireland Coats of arms with harps Irish coats of arms Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles containing Latin - language text Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 17 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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5575695503847666333
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what is the origin of the word celsius
|
[
"named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius",
"the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius"
] |
{
"0": "Celsius - wikipedia Celsius Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Celsius ( disambiguation ) . A thermometer calibrated in degrees Celsius The Celsius scale , previously known as the centigrade scale , is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units ( SI ) . As an SI derived unit , it is used by all countries in the world , except the United States , Myanmar , and Liberia . It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius ( 1701 -- 1744 ) , who developed a similar temperature scale . The degree Celsius ( symbol : ° C ) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval , a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty . Before being renamed to honor Anders Celsius in 1948 , the unit was called centigrade , from the Latin centum , which means 100 , and gradus , which means steps . Before 1954 , the Celsius scale was based on 0 ° C for the freezing point of water and 100 ° C for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure following a change introduced in 1743 by Jean - Pierre Christin to reverse the Celsius thermometer scale ( from water boiling at 0 degrees and ice melting at 100 degrees ) . This scale is widely taught in schools today . By international agreement , since 1954 the unit `` degree Celsius '' and the Celsius scale are defined by absolute zero and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ( VSMOW ) , a specially purified water . This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale , which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero , the lowest temperature possible , is defined as being exactly 0 K and − 273.15 ° C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as exactly 273.16 K ( 0.01 ° C ; 32.02 ° F ) . This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Centigrade , hectograde and Celsius 1.2 Common temperatures 2 Name and symbol typesetting 2.1 Unicode character 3 Temperatures and intervals 4 Coexistence of Kelvin and Celsius scales 5 Melting and boiling points of water 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) An illustration of Anders Celsius 's original thermometer . Note the reversed scale , where 100 is the freezing point of water and 0 is its boiling point . In 1742 , Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius ( 1701 -- 1744 ) created a temperature scale which was the reverse of the scale now known by the name `` Celsius '' : 0 represented the boiling point of water , while 100 represented the freezing point of water . In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer , he recounted his experiments showing that the melting point of ice is essentially unaffected by pressure . He also determined with remarkable precision how the boiling point of water varied as a function of atmospheric pressure . He proposed that the zero point of his temperature scale , being the boiling point , would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at mean sea level . This pressure is known as one standard atmosphere . The BIPM 's 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) later defined one standard atmosphere to equal precisely 1,013,250 dynes per square centimetre ( 101.325 kPa ) . In 1743 , the Lyonnais physicist Jean - Pierre Christin , permanent secretary of the Académie des sciences , belles - lettres et arts de Lyon , working independently of Celsius , developed a scale where zero represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented the boiling point of water . On 19 May 1743 he published the design of a mercury thermometer , the `` Thermometer of Lyon '' built by the craftsman Pierre Casati that used this scale . In 1744 , coincident with the death of Anders Celsius , the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 -- 1778 ) reversed Celsius 's scale .",
"2": "His custom - made `` linnaeus - thermometer '' , for use in his greenhouses , was made by Daniel Ekström , Sweden 's leading maker of scientific instruments at the time , whose workshop was located in the basement of the Stockholm observatory . As often happened in this age before modern communications , numerous physicists , scientists , and instrument makers are credited with having independently developed this same scale ; among them were Pehr Elvius , the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( which had an instrument workshop ) and with whom Linnaeus had been corresponding ; Daniel Ekström , the instrument maker ; and Mårten Strömer ( 1707 -- 1770 ) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius . The first known Swedish document reporting temperatures in this modern `` forward '' Celsius scale is the paper Hortus Upsaliensis dated 16 December 1745 that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his , Samuel Nauclér . In it , Linnaeus recounted the temperatures inside the orangery at the University of Uppsala Botanical Garden : ... since the caldarium ( the hot part of the greenhouse ) by the angle of the windows , merely from the rays of the sun , obtains such heat that the thermometer often reaches 30 degrees , although the keen gardener usually takes care not to let it rise to more than 20 to 25 degrees , and in winter not under 15 degrees ... Centigrade , hectograde and Celsius ( edit ) Since the 19th century , the scientific and thermometry communities worldwide have referred to this scale as the centigrade scale . Temperatures on the centigrade scale were often reported simply as degrees or , when greater specificity was desired , as degrees centigrade ( symbol : ° C ) . Because the term centigrade was also the Spanish and French language name for a unit of angular measurement ( 1 / 10000 of a right angle ) and had a similar connotation in other languages , the term centesimal degree ( known as the gradian , `` grad '' or `` gon '' : 1g = 0.9 ° , 100g = 90 ° ) was used when very precise , unambiguous language was required by international standards bodies such as the BIPM . More properly , what was defined as `` centigrade '' then would now be `` hectograde '' .",
"3": "Furthermore , in the context here , centigrade / hectograde is referring to the whole 0 -- 100 range , not the given part thereof , hence `` 20 ° centigrade '' means `` 20g per 100 gradians '' ( or 20 % hectograde ) , not its literal description , `` 0.2 gradians '' . ( To be descriptively correct , `` 20 ° centigrade '' should be `` 20 ° hectocentigrade '' , or just `` 20 gradians '' ( 20g ) . ) To eliminate such confusion , the 9th CGPM and the CIPM ( Comité international des poids et mesures ) formally adopted `` degree Celsius '' in 1948 , formally keeping the recognized degree symbol , rather than adopting the gradian / centesimal degree symbol . For scientific use , `` Celsius '' is the term usually used , with `` centigrade '' otherwise continuing to be in common but decreasing use , especially in informal contexts in English - speaking countries . It was not until February 1985 that the forecasts issued by the BBC switched from `` centigrade '' to `` Celsius '' . Common temperatures ( edit ) Some key temperatures relating the Celsius scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below . Key scale relations Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit Absolute zero ( precisely , by definition ) 0 K − 273.15 ° C − 459.67 ° F Boiling point of liquid nitrogen 77.4 K − 195.8 ° C − 320.4 ° F Sublimation point of dry ice . 195.1 K − 78 ° C − 108.4 ° F Intersection of Celsius and Fahrenheit scales .",
"4": "233.15 K − 40 ° C − 40 ° F Melting point of H O ( purified ice ) 273.1499 K − 0.0001 ° C 31.9998 ° F Water 's triple point ( precisely , by definition ) 273.16 K 0.01 ° C 32.018 ° F Normal human body temperature ( approximate average ) 310.15 K 37.0 ° C 98.6 ° F Water 's boiling point at 1 atm ( 101.325 kPa ) ( approximate : see Boiling point ) 373.1339 K 99.9839 ° C 211.971 ° F Name and symbol typesetting ( edit ) The `` degree Celsius '' has been the only SI unit whose full unit name contains an uppercase letter since the SI base unit for temperature , the kelvin , became the proper name in 1967 replacing the term degrees Kelvin . The plural form is degrees Celsius . The general rule of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) is that the numerical value always precedes the unit , and a space is always used to separate the unit from the number , e.g. `` 30.2 ° C '' ( not `` 30.2 ° C '' or `` 30.2 ° C '' ) . Thus the value of the quantity is the product of the number and the unit , the space being regarded as a multiplication sign ( just as a space between units implies multiplication ) . The only exceptions to this rule are for the unit symbols for degree , minute , and second for plane angle ( ° , ′ , and '' , respectively ) , for which no space is left between the numerical value and the unit symbol . Other languages , and various publishing houses , may follow different typographical rules . Unicode character ( edit ) Unicode provides the Celsius symbol at codepoint U + 2103 °C degree celsius . However , this is a compatibility character provided for roundtrip compatibility with legacy encodings . It easily allows correct rendering for vertically written East Asian scripts , such as Chinese .",
"5": "The Unicode standard explicitly discourages the use of this character : `` In normal use , it is better to represent degrees Celsius `` ° C '' with a sequence of U + 00B0 ° degree sign + U + 0043 C latin capital letter c , rather than U + 2103 °C degree celsius . For searching , treat these two sequences as identical . '' Shown below is the degree Celsius character followed immediately by the two - component version : °C ° C When viewed on computers that properly support Unicode , the above line may be similar to the image in the line below ( enlarged for clarity ) : The canonical decomposition is simply an ordinary degree sign and `` C '' , so some browsers may simply display `` ° C '' in its place due to Unicode normalization . Temperatures and intervals ( edit ) The degree Celsius is a special name for the kelvin for use in expressing Celsius temperatures . The degree Celsius is also subject to the same rules as the kelvin with regard to the use of its unit name and symbol . Thus , besides expressing specific temperatures along its scale ( e.g. `` Gallium melts at 29.7646 ° C '' and `` The temperature outside is 23 degrees Celsius '' ) , the degree Celsius is also suitable for expressing temperature intervals : differences between temperatures or their uncertainties ( e.g. `` The output of the heat exchanger is hotter by 40 degrees Celsius '' , and `` Our standard uncertainty is ± 3 ° C '' ) . Because of this dual usage , one must not rely upon the unit name or its symbol to denote that a quantity is a temperature interval ; it must be unambiguous through context or explicit statement that the quantity is an interval . This is sometimes solved by using the symbol ° C ( pronounced `` degrees Celsius '' ) for a temperature , and C ° ( pronounced `` Celsius degrees '' ) for a temperature interval , although this usage is non-standard . What is often confusing about the Celsius measurement is that it follows an interval system but not a ratio system ; that it follows a relative scale not an absolute scale .",
"6": "This is put simply by illustrating that while 10 ° C and 20 ° C have the same interval difference as 20 ° C and 30 ° C , the temperature 20 ° C is not twice the air heat energy as 10 ° C. As this example shows , degrees Celsius is a useful interval measurement but does not possess the characteristics of ratio measures like weight or distance . Coexistence of kelvin and Celsius scales ( edit ) In science and in engineering , the Celsius scale and the Kelvin scale are often used in combination in close contexts , e.g. `` ... a measured value was 0.01023 ° C with an uncertainty of 70 μK ... '' . This practice is permissible because the magnitude of the degree Celsius is equal to that of the kelvin . Notwithstanding the official endorsement provided by decision # 3 of Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM , which stated `` a temperature interval may also be expressed in degrees Celsius '' , the practice of simultaneously using both ° C and K remains widespread throughout the scientific world as the use of SI - prefixed forms of the degree Celsius ( such as `` μ ° C '' or `` microdegrees Celsius '' ) to express a temperature interval has not been well - adopted . Melting and boiling points of water ( edit ) One effect of defining the Celsius scale at the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ( VSMOW , 273.16 K and 0.01 ° C ) , and at absolute zero ( 0 K and − 273.15 ° C ) , is that neither the melting nor boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere ( 101.325 kPa ) remains a defining point for the Celsius scale .",
"7": "In 1948 when the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) in Resolution 3 first considered using the triple point of water as a defining point , the triple point was so close to being 0.01 ° C greater than water 's known melting point , it was simply defined as precisely 0.01 ° C. However , current measurements show that the difference between the triple and melting points of VSMOW is actually very slightly ( < 0.001 ° C ) greater than 0.01 ° C. Thus , the actual melting point of ice is very slightly ( less than a thousandth of a degree ) below 0 ° C. Also , defining water 's triple point at 273.16 K precisely defined the magnitude of each 1 ° C increment in terms of the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale ( referencing absolute zero ) . Now decoupled from the actual boiling point of water , the value `` 100 ° C '' is hotter than 0 ° C -- in absolute terms -- by a factor of precisely 373.15 / 273.15 ( approximately 36.61 % thermodynamically hotter ) . When adhering strictly to the two - point definition for calibration , the boiling point of VSMOW under one standard atmosphere of pressure is actually 373.1339 K ( 99.9839 ° C ) . When calibrated to ITS - 90 ( a calibration standard comprising many definition points and commonly used for high - precision instrumentation ) , the boiling point of VSMOW is slightly less , about 99.974 ° C . This boiling - point difference of 16.1 millikelvin between the Celsius scale 's original definition and the current one ( based on absolute zero and the triple point ) has little practical meaning in common daily applications because water 's boiling point is very sensitive to variations in barometric pressure . For example , an altitude change of only 28 cm ( 11 in ) causes the boiling point to change by one millikelvin .",
"8": "Celsius temperature conversion formulae from Celsius to Celsius Fahrenheit ( ° F ) = ( ° C ) × ⁄ + 32 ( ° C ) = ( ( ° F ) − 32 ) × ⁄ Kelvin ( K ) = ( ° C ) + 273.15 ( ° C ) = ( K ) − 273.15 Rankine ( ° R ) = ( ( ° C ) + 273.15 ) × ⁄ ( ° C ) = ( ( ° R ) − 491.67 ) × ⁄ For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures , 1 ° C = 1 K = ⁄ ° F = ⁄ ° R Comparisons among various temperature scales See also ( edit ) Comparison of temperature scales Degrees of frost ITS - 90 Réaumur scale Thermodynamic temperature Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , the term `` Celsius ' thermometer '' had been used at least as early as 1797 . Further , the term `` The Celsius or Centigrade thermometer '' was again used in reference to a particular type of thermometer at least as early as 1850 . The OED also cites this 1928 reporting of a temperature : `` My altitude was about 5,800 metres , the temperature was 28 ° Celsius . '' However , dictionaries seek to find the earliest use of a word or term and are not a useful resource as regards to the terminology used throughout the history of science . According to several writings of Dr. Terry Quinn CBE FRS , Director of the BIPM ( 1988 -- 2004 ) , including `` Temperature Scales from the early days of thermometry to the 21st century '' ( PDF ) . ( 146 KiB ) as well as Temperature ( 2nd Edition / 1990 / Academic Press / 0125696817 ) , the term Celsius in connection with the centigrade scale was not used whatsoever by the scientific or thermometry communities until after the CIPM and CGPM adopted the term in 1948 . The BIPM was not even aware that `` degree Celsius '' was in sporadic , non-scientific use before that time .",
"9": "It is also noteworthy that the twelve - volume , 1933 edition of OED did n't even have a listing for the word Celsius ( but did have listings for both centigrade and centesimal in the context of temperature measurement ) . The 1948 adoption of Celsius accomplished three objectives : 1 . All common temperature scales would have their units named after someone closely associated with them ; namely , Kelvin , Celsius , Fahrenheit , Réaumur and Rankine . 2 . Notwithstanding the important contribution of Linnaeus who gave the Celsius scale its modern form , Celsius ' name was the obvious choice because it began with the letter C. Thus , the symbol ° C that for centuries had been used in association with the name centigrade could continue to be used and would simultaneously inherit an intuitive association with the new name . 3 . The new name eliminated the ambiguity of the term `` centigrade '' , freeing it to refer exclusively to the French - language name for the unit of angular measurement . Jump up ^ For Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water at one standard atmosphere ( 101.325 kPa ) when calibrated solely per the two - point definition of thermodynamic temperature . Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100 ° C. However , the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1 mK less . For more about the actual boiling point of water , see VSMOW in temperature measurement . There is a different approximation using ITS - 90 which approximates the temperature to 99.974 ° C Jump up ^ In 1948 , Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM stated , `` To indicate a temperature interval or difference , rather than a temperature , the word ' degree ' in full , or the abbreviation ' deg ' must be used . ''",
"10": "This resolution was abrogated in 1967 / 1968 by Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM which stated that ( `` The names `` degree Kelvin '' and `` degree '' , the symbols `` ° K '' and `` deg '' and the rules for their use given in Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM ( 1948 ) , ) ... and the designation of the unit to express an interval or a difference of temperatures are abrogated , but the usages which derive from these decisions remain permissible for the time being . '' Consequently , there is now wide freedom in usage regarding how to indicate a temperature interval . The most important thing is that one 's intention must be clear and the basic rule of the SI must be followed ; namely that the unit name or its symbol must not be relied upon to indicate the nature of the quantity . Thus , if a temperature interval is , say , 10 K or 10 ° C ( which may be written 10 kelvin or 10 degrees Celsius ) , it must be unambiguous through obvious context or explicit statement that the quantity is an interval . Rules governing the expressing of temperatures and intervals are covered in the BIPM 's `` SI Brochure , 8th edition '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.39 MiB ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Celsius temperature scale '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Celsius temperature scale , also called centigrade temperature scale , scale based on 0 ° for the freezing point of water and 100 ° for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure . Jump up ^ Helmenstine , Anne Marie ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` What Is the Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade ? '' . Chemistry.about.com . About.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SI brochure , section 2.1. 1.5 '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Essentials of the SI : Base & derived units '' . Retrieved 9 May 2008 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Celsius , Anders ( 1742 ) `` Observationer om twänne beständiga grader på en thermometer '' ( Observations about two stable degrees on a thermometer ) , Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar ( Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ) , 3 : 171 -- 180 and Fig. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 4 of the 10th meeting of the CGPM ( 1954 ) '' . Jump up ^ Don Rittner ; Ronald A. Bailey ( 2005 ) : Encyclopedia of Chemistry . Facts On File , Manhattan , New York City . pp. 43 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacqueline ( 2009 ) . `` Appendix I : Chronology '' . The Facts on File Dictionary of Weather and Climate . Infobase Publishing . p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0951 - 0 . 1743 Jean - Pierre Christin inverts the fixed points on Celsius ' scale , to produce the scale used today . Jump up ^ Mercure de France ( 1743 ) : MEMOIRE sur la dilatation du Mercure dans le Thermométre . Chaubert ; Jean de Nully , Pissot , Duchesne , Paris . pp. 1609 -- 1610 . Jump up ^ Journal helvétique ( 1743 ) : LION . Imprimerie des Journalistes , Neuchâtel . pp. 308 -- 310 . Jump up ^ Memoires pour L'Histoire des Sciences et des Beaux Arts ( 1743 ) : DE LYON . Chaubert , París . pp. 2125 -- 2128 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Citation : Uppsala University ( Sweden ) , Linnaeus ' thermometer Jump up ^ Citation for Daniel Ekström , Mårten Strömer , Christin of Lyons : The Physics Hypertextbook , Temperature ; citation for Christin of Lyons : Le Moyne College , Glossary , ( Celsius scale ) ; citation for Linnaeus ' connection with Pehr Elvius and Daniel Ekström : Uppsala University ( Sweden ) , Linnaeus ' thermometer ; general citation : The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory , History of the Celsius temperature scale Jump up ^ Citations : University of Wisconsin -- Madison , Linnæus & his Garden and ; Uppsala University , Linnaeus ' thermometer Jump up ^ `` CIPM , 1948 and 9th CGPM , 1948 '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` centigrade , adj. and n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ 1985 BBC Special : A Change In The Weather on YouTube Jump up ^ Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 1990 -- 1991 ) . Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . 71st ed . CRC Press . p. 4 -- 22 . Jump up ^ The ice point of purified water has been measured to be 6995890000000000000 ♠ 0.000 089 ( 10 ) degrees Celsius -- see Magnum , B.W. ( June 1995 ) . `` Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements '' ( PDF ) . Nist Technical Note . 1411 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Elert , Glenn ( 2005 ) . `` Temperature of a Healthy Human ( Body Temperature ) '' . The Physics Factbook . Retrieved 22 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unit of thermodynamic temperature ( kelvin ) '' . The NIST Reference on Constants , Units , and Uncertainty : Historical context of the SI .",
"13": "National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . 2000 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ BIPM , SI Brochure , Section 5.3. 3 . Jump up ^ For more information on conventions used in technical writing , see the informative SI Unit rules and style conventions by the NIST as well as the BIPM 's SI brochure : Subsection 5.3. 3 , Formatting the value of a quantity . Jump up ^ `` 22.2 '' . The Unicode Standard , Version 9.0 ( PDF ) . Mountain View , CA , USA : The Unicode Consortium . July 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 936213 - 13 - 9 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Note ( e ) of SI Brochure , Section , 2.2. 2 , Table 3 Jump up ^ Decision # 3 of Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM Jump up ^ H.D. Young , R.A. Freedman ( 2008 ) . University Physics with Modern Physics ( 12th ed . ) . Addison Wesley . p. 573 Jump up ^ This fact is demonstrated in the book Biostatistics : A Guide to Design , Analysis , and Discovery By Ronald N. Forthofer , Eun Sul Lee and Mike Hernandez Jump up ^ `` Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM ( 1948 ) '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Citation : London South Bank University , Water Structure and Behavior , notes c1 and c2 External links ( edit ) Look up Celsius in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . NIST , Basic unit definitions : Kelvin The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory , History of the Celsius temperature scale London South Bank University , Water , scientific data BIPM , SI brochure , section 2.1. 1.5 , Unit of thermodynamic temperature TAMPILE , Comparison of temperature scales C to F converter ,",
"14": "Celsius to Fahrenheit Converter Scales of temperature Celsius Delisle Fahrenheit Gas Mark Kelvin Leiden Newton Planck Rankine Réaumur Rømer Wedgwood Conversion formulas and comparison SI units Authority : International System of Units ( BIPM ) Base units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit bar dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute of arc neper second of arc tonne atomic units natural units See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Energy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"15": "php?title=Celsius&oldid=837499168 '' Categories : SI derived units Units of temperature Swedish inventions 18th - century introductions Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban .",
"16": "Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 06 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does a turnover take place in netball
|
[
"when a team loses possession of the ball to the opposing team before a player takes a shot at his team's basket"
] |
{
"0": "Turnover ( basketball ) - Wikipedia Turnover ( basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search In basketball , a turnover occurs when a team loses possession of the ball to the opposing team before a player takes a shot at his team 's basket . This can result from the ball being stolen , the player making mistakes such as stepping out of bounds , illegal screen , a double dribble , having a pass intercepted , throwing the ball out of bounds , three - second violation , five - second violation , or committing an error such as traveling , a shot clock violation , palming , a backcourt violation , or committing an offensive foul . A technical foul against a team that is in possession of the ball is a blatant example of a turnover , because the opponent is awarded a free throw in addition to possession of the ball . Some players are prone to turnovers because of having poor court vision or making mental mistakes . Also , many superstars average more turnovers than anybody on their team as they will often be handling the ball . A point guard may often have the most turnovers because they are usually the player that possesses the ball most for their respective team . According to Boston Globe sportswriter Bob Ryan , the concept of the turnover was first formulated by his colleague Jack Barry . Turnovers were first officially recorded in the NBA during the 1977 -- 78 season and ABA during the 1967 -- 68 season . Records ( edit ) The record for the most turnovers in an NBA game is held by Jason Kidd , who committed 14 turnovers against the New York Knicks on November 17 , 2000 while playing for the Phoenix Suns . The record for most turnovers in an NBA playoff game was 13 , set by James Harden on May 27 , 2015 while playing for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors . The WNBA has recorded turnovers since its inaugural season in 1997 . The record for the most turnovers by a WNBA team in one game is 33 . The record for the most turnovers by a WNBA player per season is held by Ticha Penicheiro , who committed 135 turnovers in 1999 . The career record for the most turnovers by a WNBA player is held by Becky Hammon , who committed 1224 turnovers .",
"1": "See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of WNBA career scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob . `` Bob Ryan says goodbye after 44 years '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOV playoff '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Leaders '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` TOV career '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying",
"2": "Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 --",
"3": "40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turnover_(basketball)&oldid=831738229 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball statistics Hidden categories : All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 00 : 20 . About Wikipedia",
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-6810329884310977510
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who plays lindsay denton in line of duty
|
[
"Keeley Clare Julia Hawes",
"Keeley Clare Julia Hawes",
"Keeley Clare Julia Hawes",
"Keeley Clare Julia Hawes",
"Keeley Clare Julia Hawes"
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{
"0": "Keeley Hawes - wikipedia Keeley Hawes Jump to : navigation , search Keeley Hawes Hawes in 2008 Keeley Clare Julia Hawes ( 1976 - 02 - 10 ) 10 February 1976 ( age 41 ) Marylebone , London , England Occupation Actress Years active 1989 -- present Spouse ( s ) Spencer McCallum ( m . 2001 ; div. 2004 ) Matthew Macfadyen ( m . 2004 ) Children Keeley Clare Julia Hawes ( born 10 February 1976 ) is an English actress . She starred in the film version of The Last September ( 1999 ) and has voiced roles in video games , such as Lara Croft in several of the Tomb Raider games . She is also known for her roles as Kitty Butler in Tipping the Velvet , Zoe Reynolds in Spooks ( 2002 -- 2004 ) , Alex Drake in Ashes to Ashes ( 2008 -- 2010 ) , Lady Agnes in the 2010 reboot of Upstairs , Downstairs , Detective Inspector Lindsay Denton in the second and third series of Line of Duty ( 2014 -- 2016 ) , as a mother in search of her abducted child in the BBC series The Missing , and as Louisa Durrell in the ITV series The Durrells . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1990s - 2001 : Early roles 2.2 2002 - 2014 : Television breakthrough 2.3 Critical recognition 3 Personal life 4 Philanthropy 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Stage 5.4 Video games 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Keeley Hawes ( 2014 ) Hawes was born in Marylebone , London , the daughter of a cab driver . She was trained at the Sylvia Young Theatre School , which included speech and drama training . She left home at the age of 17 , and while doing work experience at Cosmopolitan she was approached on the street by a modelling scout and signed up by Select Model Management .",
"1": "Career ( edit ) 1990s - 2001 : early roles ( edit ) Early in her career , Hawes featured in at least four music videos , for the singles `` Saturday Night '' by Suede , `` Marvellous '' by The Lightning Seeds , `` Come Around '' by The Mutton Birds , and `` She 's a Star '' by James . She first came into the public eye in the 1990s , having supporting roles in Troublemakers , Dennis Potter 's Karaoke ( 1995 ) , Heartbeat ( 1995 ) , The Beggar Bride ( 1997 ) , and as the young Diana Dors in the biopic The Blonde Bombshell ( 1999 ) . Hawes appeared in several BBC adaptations of classic and modern literature , including Our Mutual Friend ( 1998 ) , Wives and Daughters ( 1999 ) , Tipping the Velvet ( 2002 ) . 2002 - 2014 : television breakthrough ( edit ) From 2002 to 2004 , she appeared as Zoe Reynolds in the spy drama series Spooks . Among the co-stars was her future husband Matthew Macfadyen . In 2003 , she appeared in the BBC 's re-telling of The Canterbury Tales . From 2006 to 2007 , she appeared as Rosie in the British comedy The Vicar of Dibley . She was also cast as Jane in the 2007 comedy Death at a Funeral . In February 2006 , it was revealed that Hawes had replaced Jonell Elliott as the voice of Lara Croft . She voiced the role in Tomb Raider : Legend , reprising her role in the 2007 remake of the original Tomb Raider game , Tomb Raider : Anniversary , and again in 2008 's Tomb Raider : Underworld . She has also recorded her lines for the arcade - style Tomb Raider game Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light , released in 2010 . She returned to voice Lara again in Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light sequel Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris , released in 2014 . In 2007 , Hawes was cast as Alex Drake in Ashes to Ashes , the spin - off from the hit BBC series Life on Mars .",
"2": "It told the story of a female police officer in service with London 's Metropolitan Police , who , after being shot in 2008 , inexplicably regains consciousness in 1981 , having assimilated Sam Tyler 's fantasies after being imprisoned in a coma . The series , broadcast in 2008 , follows her fighting to wake up from the world of 1981 so she can get back to the present day and save her daughter . She was awarded the Best UK Television Actress Award in 2008 by the Glamour Awards for her role . In September 2009 , Hawes filmed the final series . The finale aired in May and gained over seven million viewers . In April 2008 , Hawes began filming the BBC drama Mutual Friends , which aired later that year . She appeared in the BAFTA award winning That Mitchell and Webb Look , and in 2010 , was a guest on the comedy panel show Would I Lie to You ? . In 2009 , she portrayed Det Supt Martha Lawson in a six - episode ITV series , Identity . In December 2010 , she starred as Lady Agnes Holland in the three - episode relaunch of Upstairs , Downstairs . On 25 April 2011 , Hawes narrated the documentary Kate and William : A Royal Love Story on BBC One , prior to the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton . On 20 June 2011 , she narrated the ITV1 documentary Four of a Kind as part of ITV 's Extraordinary Families season . She appeared as Catherine Mundi in the fantasy adventure film Mariah Mundi and the Midas Box . In July 2017 , Hawes appeared in a television advert promoting the ' All new Ford Fiesta ' . Critical recognition ( edit ) In 2014 , she starred as Detective Inspector Lindsay Denton in the second series of the BBC Two drama Line of Duty , giving what The Daily Telegraph described as `` the performance of 2014 '' . In the autumn of 2014 , she guest - starred as Ms. Delphox in the eighth series of Doctor Who . Personal Life ( edit ) Hawes married the DJ and cartoonist Spencer McCallum in December 2001 , when their son , Myles , was almost two years old . They divorced in 2004 .",
"3": "In November 2004 , Hawes married Matthew Macfadyen , her Spooks co-star . Their first child , a daughter , Maggie , was born in December of that year . Their second child , a son , Ralph , was born in September 2006 . In 2002 , after working on the television adaptation of Tipping the Velvet , Hawes was quoted in interviews with Diva magazine and Radio Times as saying that she is bisexual . Later , in a Daily Mail article , she explained that `` what I actually said was that everybody is probably perfectly capable of finding somebody of the same sex attractive , but I certainly have n't had any lesbian relationships '' , and in Radio Times , she said `` maybe what I meant is that everyone is a little bit bisexual ... I 've been married twice , both times to men '' . Philanthropy ( edit ) Hawes began working with UNICEF in 2012 ; in 2017 she became a UNICEF ambassador . Her main focus has been visiting children and families living in the Za'atari refugee camp and host communities in Amman . Many of these children and families had fled their homes in Syria due to the ongoing conflict .",
"4": "Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Moonstone Rachel Television film 1998 The Avengers Tamara 1999 The Last September Lois Farquar 2000 Complicity Yvonne 2001 Othello Dessie Brabant Television film 2003 Chaos and Cadavers Samantha Taggert 2005 A Cock and Bull Story Elizabeth 2007 Death at a Funeral Jane 2008 The Bank Job Wendy Leather Flashbacks of a Fool Adult Jessie 2013 Mariah Mundi and the Midas Box Catherine Mundi 2015 High - Rise Ann Royal Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Forever Green Carol Season 1 , episode 3 Troublemakers Mandy 6 episodes Ruth Rendell Mysteries Sarah Mabledene Episode : `` Talking to Strange Men '' Pie in the Sky Stella Jackson 2 episodes Karaoke Linda Langer Episode : `` Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday , Friday '' Heartbeat Michelle Episode : `` Snapped '' The Beggar Bride Angela Harper 1998 Our Mutual Friend Lizzie Hexam 4 episodes The Cater Street Hangman Charlotte Ellison 1999 The Blonde Bombshell Younger Diana Dors Wives and Daughters Cynthia Kirkpatrick 4 episodes 2001 Hotel ! Tricia Murder in Mind Deborah Episode : `` Sleeper '' 2002 A Is for Acid Gillian Rogers Me and Mrs Jones Jane Tipping the Velvet Kitty Butler Spooks Zoe Reynolds 2003 Lucky Jim Christine Callaghan The Canterbury Tales Emily Sex & Lies Kate The Murdoch Mysteries Dr.",
"5": "Julia Ogden 2 episodes 2005 ShakespeaRe - Told Ella Macbeth Episode : `` Macbeth '' Agatha Christie 's Marple Philippa Haymes Episode : `` A Murder Is Announced '' Under the Greenwood Tree Fancy Day The Best Man Kate Sheldrake 2006 After Thomas Nicola Graham The Vicar of Dibley Rosie Kennedy 2 episodes ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 2008 -- 2010 Ashes to Ashes DI Alex Drake Series Regular 2009 Mutual Friends Jen Identity DSI Martha Lawson 2010 - 2012 Upstairs ,",
"6": "Downstairs Lady Agnes Holland Regular Cast 2013 The Lady Vanishes Mrs Todhunter Television film The Tunnel Suze Harcourt Ambassadors Jennifer 2014 -- 2016 Line of Duty DI Lindsay Denton Main cast 2014 Doctor Who Ms Delphox / Madame Karabraxos Episode : `` Time Heist '' 2015 The Casual Vacancy Samantha Mollison Regular Cast 2016 Fungus The Bogeyman Wendy Snow Sky 1 mini series The Hollow Crown Queen Elizabeth 2 episodes The Missing Gemma Webster Main cast 2016 - present The Durrells Louisa Durrell Main cast 2017 Bodyguard Home Secretary Julia Montague Main cast Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Rocket to the Moon Belle National Theatre 2013 Barking in Essex Chrissie Wyndham Theatre Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 2006 Tomb Raider : Legend Lara Croft 2007 Tomb Raider : Anniversary Lara Croft 2008 Tomb Raider : Underworld Lara Croft 2009 Tomb Raider : Underworld -- Beneath the Ashes Lara Croft Tomb Raider : Underworld -- Lara 's Shadow Lara Croft Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Lara Croft 2014 Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris Lara Croft Awards ( edit ) Hawes won the `` Glamour Best UK Television Actress Award '' in 2008 for her role in Ashes to Ashes . She was also nominated for a TV Choice Award for the same role , and for the Best Actress award at the 2009 Crime Thriller Awards . She received a Leading Actress nomination for her role on Line of Duty for the 2015 British Academy Television Awards but ultimately lost out to Georgina Campbell . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mullen , Lost Voices '' . Phon.ucl.ac.uk. 18 June 1999 . Retrieved 19 April 2009 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` FROM MCDONALD 'S TO LARA CROFT : KEELEY HAWES SPEAKS '' . Go Think Big . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keeley Hawes : TV 's toughest detective '' . The Evening Standard . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Angela Wintle ( October 2010 ) . `` Ashes to Ashes star Keeley Hawes on co-stars , Surrey life and hitting the big time '' . Surrey Life . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ All the winners from the Glamour Women of the Year Awards 2008 ( Glamour.com UK ) Jump up ^ `` Would I Lie to You Episode 3 Series 4 '' . March 2012 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Adam Dawtrey ( 11 April 2012 ) . Aneurin Barnard tapped for ' Mariah Mundi ' . Variety Article . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.projectbobcat.com/media/retro-fiesta-tv-adverts Jump up ^ https://store.bbc.com/line-of-duty Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty series 2 on BBC Two '' . Northern Ireland Screen. 11 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Series 8 : Keeley Hawes cast as Ms Delphox '' . Doctor Who TV . 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` International DJ Producer '' . DJ Spencer Mac . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lockyer , By Daphne . `` Keeley Hawes and the men in her life '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Liz Hoggard ( 11 March 2006 ) . `` Keeley Hawes : Life after Spooks '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 3 June 2012 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Liz Hoggard ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` Ashes to Ashes star Keeley Hawes on surviving a showbiz marriage '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Macfadyen and Keeley Hawes welcome second child '' . People.com. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Czyzselska , Jana ( 1 October 2002 ) . `` Dyke Drama '' . Diva . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Radio Times , Tipping the Velvet , 5 -- 11 October 2002 Jump up ^ Paton , Maureen ( 5 April 2009 ) . `` Keeley Hawes : ' There 's a birth and a snog and lots of deaths ' '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ browne ( 3 March 2008 ) . `` Keeley Hawes : still delectable , but bisexual '' . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KEELEY HAWES UNICEF UK AMBASSADOR '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Worlds apart ... but working together '' . The Herald . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Aid 2016 raises record amount for Unicef UK '' . ITV . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kate ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Coben , Cole , Atkinson vie for crime awards '' . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 10 September 2009 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` BAFTA TV Awards : Benedict Cumberbatch Gets Third Nomination for ' Sherlock ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter .",
"9": "Retrieved 8 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keeley Hawes . Keeley Hawes on Twitter Keeley Hawes on IMDb Keeley Hawes page on the official BBC Spooks site , including an interview .",
"10": "Ashes to Ashes Interview ( hide ) Life on Mars and Ashes to Ashes Life on Mars Episode list List of characters US series Spanish series Russian series Czech series South Korean series Ashes to Ashes Episode list `` Series 1 , Episode 1 '' `` Series 1 , Episode 2 '' List of characters Characters Sam Tyler Gene Hunt Alex Drake Annie Cartwright Ray Carling Chris Skelton Shaz Granger Jim Keats VIAF : 34399825 LCCN : nr2003013781 ISNI : 0000 0001 1617 5057 GND : 140726837 SUDOC : 118131869 BNF : cb15087555v ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keeley_Hawes&oldid=816250466 '' Categories : 1976 births Living people English film actresses English television actresses English video game actresses English voice actresses People from Marylebone Alumni of the Sylvia Young Theatre School English female models 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Actresses from London English child actresses Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Twitter username same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 05 : 44 .",
"11": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8201122484810466598
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origin of rudolph the red nosed reindeer song
|
[
"songwriter Johnny Marks based on the 1939 story Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
] |
{
"0": "Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( song ) - wikipedia Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Rudolph , the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' Single by Gene Autry B - side `` If It Does n't Snow on Christmas '' `` Here Comes Santa '' `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' Released September 1 , 1949 Format 7 `` , 10 '' Recorded June 27 , 1949 Genre Christmas / Winter Holiday Length 3 : 10 Label Columbia 38610 Columbia MJV - 56 Columbia 4 - 38610 Columbia 33165 Challenge 1010 Challenge 59030 Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Marks Music video `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( audio ) on YouTube `` Rudolph , the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' is a song by songwriter Johnny Marks based on the 1939 story Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer published by the Montgomery Ward Company . Gene Autry 's recording hit No. 1 on the U.S. charts the week of Christmas 1949 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Other notable recordings 2 In popular culture 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) In 1939 Marks 's brother - in - law , Robert L. May , created the character Rudolph as an assignment for Montgomery Ward and Marks decided to adapt the story of Rudolph into a song . The song had an added introduction , paraphrasing the poem `` A Visit from Saint Nicholas '' ( public domain by the time the song was written ) , stating the names of the eight reindeer which went : `` You know Dasher and Dancer and Prancer and Vixen , Comet and Cupid and Donner and Blitzen , But do you recall The most famous reindeer of all ? '' The song was first sung by crooner Harry Brannon on New York City radio in early November 1949 , before Gene Autry 's recording hit No. 1 in the U.S. charts during Christmas 1949 . The song was suggested as a `` B '' side for a record Autry was making it .",
"1": "Autry rejected the song . His wife convinced him to use it . The success of this Christmas song by Autry gave support to Autry 's subsequent popular Easter song , `` Here Comes Peter Cottontail . '' Autry 's version of the song also holds the distinction of being the only chart - topping hit to fall completely off the chart after reaching No. 1 . The official date of its No. 1 status was for the week ending January 7 , 1950 , making it the first No. 1 song of the 1950s . The song was also performed on the December 6 , 1949 , Fibber McGee and Molly radio broadcast by Teeny ( Marion Jordan 's little girl character ) and The Kingsmen vocal group . The lyrics varied greatly from the Autry version . Autry 's recording sold 1.75 million copies its first Christmas season , eventually selling a total of 12.5 million . Cover versions included , sales exceed 150 million copies , second only to Bing Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' . The current copyright owner is Kobalt Music Group Other notable recordings ( edit ) 1950 : The song was recorded by Bing Crosby on June 22 , 1950 with John Scott Trotter and his Orchestra . His version reached No. 6 on Billboard magazine 's Best Selling Children 's Records chart and No. 14 on Billboard 's pop singles chart that year . 1950 : Spike Jones and his City Slickers released a version of the song that peaked at No. 7 on Billboard magazine 's pop singles chart and No. 8 on Billboard 's Best Selling Children 's Records chart . 1951 : Red Foley and The Little Foleys released a version of the song that peaked at No. 8 on Billboard magazine 's Best Selling Children 's Records chart . 1957 : The Cadillacs released a doo - wop version of the song that peaked at No. 11 on Billboard magazine 's Rhythm & Blues Records chart . 1960 : Alvin and the Chipmunks recorded a popular cover for their album Around the World with The Chipmunks that charted at # 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 .",
"2": "In their version , Rudolph himself sang with the Chipmunks , his vocals indicating suffering from a cold ( hence the red nose ) . They would record the song again for their 1961 album Christmas with The Chipmunks and their 1994 album A Very Merry Chipmunk as a duet with Gene Autry . 1960 : The Melodeers released a doo - wop version of the song that peaked at No. 72 on Billboard magazine 's Hot 100 singles chart . 1964 : Burl Ives recorded the song for the soundtrack of the holiday TV special Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . The soundtrack album containing Ives ' version reached No. 142 on the Billboard 200 albums sales chart . He would re-record the song the following year for his holiday album Have a Holly Jolly Christmas . 1968 : The Temptations released a version of the song that peaked at No. 12 on Billboard magazine 's special , year - end , weekly Christmas Singles chart ( this same version later got as high as No. 3 on the same chart in December 1971 ) . Their version of the song was also included on the group 's 1970 Christmas album , The Temptations Christmas Card . In popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The lyric `` All of the other reindeer '' can be misheard in dialects with the cot -- caught merger as the mondegreen `` Olive , the other reindeer '' , and has given rise to another character featured in her own Christmas television special , Olive , the Other Reindeer . The song in its Finnish translation , `` Petteri Punakuono '' , has led to Rudolph 's general acceptance in the mythology as the lead reindeer of Joulupukki , the Finnish Santa . In 2000 , John Frankenheimer directed a heist thriller called Reindeer Games , though it has no other connection to the song .",
"3": "References ( edit ) ASCAP Work ID : 480058686 ( ISWC : T0701273995 ) ^ Jump up to : `` GeneAutry.com : Music , Movies & More - The Essential Gene Autry , 1931 - 1953 '' . www.Autry.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Yule Laugh , Yule Cry : 10 Things You Did n't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Casey Kasem American Top 40 April 8 , 1979 Jump up ^ Badger , Reid ; Salem , James ( December 22 , 1996 ) . `` America 's Holiday Sound -- Distinctive artists '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Google News . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. ( August 15 , 1998 ) . The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives , Volume 1 . Gale . p. 550 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . , while Autry 's version of `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' sold more than 12.5 million copies Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn p. 43 Jump up ^ Whitburn p. 36 Jump up ^ Whitburn p. 25 Jump up ^ Whitburn p. 49 Jump up ^ `` ' Burl Ives ' Billboard 200 '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn p.",
"4": "61 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Reno erat Rudolphus , Sheet music in Latin with recorded Gregorian Chant Translation into Old English by Philip Chapman - Bell Preceded by `` Mule Train '' by Frankie Laine U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number - one single January 7 , 1950 ( Gene Autry ) Succeeded by `` I Can Dream , Ca n't I '' by The Andrews Sisters Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Music `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer `` Run Rudolph Run '' Film and television adaptations Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film short ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1964 TV special ) Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( 1976 TV special ) Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July ( 1979 TV film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 made - for - video film ) Related Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( video game ) Santa Claus 's reindeer Robert L. May Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St.",
"5": "Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs.",
"6": "Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St.",
"7": "Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"8": "php?title=Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(song)&oldid=818307366 '' Categories : 1910 Fruitgum Company songs 1949 songs Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer American Christmas songs Barry Manilow songs Bing Crosby songs Burl Ives songs Columbia Records singles Dean Martin songs Gene Autry songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Lynyrd Skynyrd songs Paul Anka songs Songs about animals Songs written by Johnny Marks The Crystals songs The Jackson 5 songs The Supremes songs The Temptations songs Christmas novelty songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 20 : 29 . About Wikipedia",
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when was hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy made
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{
"0": "The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy - wikipedia The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( disambiguation ) and Hitchhiker 's Guide ( disambiguation ) . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy First edition cover of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( novel ) Created by Douglas Adams Original work The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases ( 1978 -- 80 ) Print publications Book ( s ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 1985 ) Novel ( s ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1979 ) The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( 1980 ) Life , the Universe and Everything ( 1982 ) So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish ( 1984 ) Mostly Harmless ( 1992 ) And Another Thing ... ( 2009 ) Films and television Film ( s ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) Television series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1981 ) Games Video game ( s ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1984 ) Starship Titanic ( 1997 ) Audio Radio programme ( s ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases ( 1978 -- 80 ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Tertiary to Quintessential Phases ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Hexagonal Phase ( 2018 ) The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( sometimes referred to as HG2G , HHGTTG or H2G2 ) is a comedy science fiction series created by Douglas Adams . Originally a radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1978 , it was later adapted to other formats , including stage shows , novels , comic books , a 1981 TV series , a 1984 video game , and 2005 feature film .",
"1": "A prominent series in British popular culture , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy has become an international multi-media phenomenon ; the novels are the most widely distributed , having been translated into more than 30 languages by 2005 . In 2017 , BBC Radio 4 announced a 40th - anniversary celebration with Dirk Maggs , one of the original producers , in charge . This sixth series of the sci - fi spoof has been based on Eoin Colfer 's book And Another Thing , with additional unpublished material by Douglas Adams . The first of six new episodes was broadcast on 8 March 2018 . The broad narrative of Hitchhiker follows the misadventures of the last surviving man , Arthur Dent , following the demolition of the planet Earth by a Vogon constructor fleet to make way for a hyperspace bypass . Dent is rescued from Earth 's destruction by Ford Prefect , a human - like alien writer for the eccentric , electronic travel guide The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , by hitchhiking onto a passing Vogon spacecraft . Following his rescue , Dent explores the galaxy with Prefect and encounters Trillian , another human that had been taken from Earth prior to its destruction by the President of the Galaxy , the two - headed Zaphod Beeblebrox , and the depressed Marvin , the Paranoid Android . Certain narrative details were changed between the various adaptations .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Original radio series 4 Novels 4.1 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy 4.2 The Restaurant at the End of the Universe 4.3 Life , the Universe and Everything 4.4 So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish 4.5 Mostly Harmless 4.6 And Another Thing ... 5 Omnibus editions 5.1 The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide 5.2 The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide 6 Other Hitchhiker 's - related books and stories 6.1 Related stories 6.2 Published radio scripts 7 Television series 7.1 Other television appearances 8 Radio series three to five 9 Radio series six 10 Film 11 Stage shows 12 Live radio adaptation 13 LP album adaptations 14 Audiobook adaptations 15 Interactive fiction and video games 16 Comic books 17 `` Hitch - Hikeriana '' 18 International phenomenon 19 Spelling 20 See also 21 References 22 External links 22.1 Official sites 22.2 Other links Plot ( edit ) The various versions follow the same basic plot but they are in many places mutually contradictory , as Adams rewrote the story substantially for each new adaptation . Throughout all versions , the series follows the adventures of Arthur Dent , a hapless Englishman , following the destruction of the Earth by the Vogons , a race of unpleasant and bureaucratic aliens , to make way for an intergalactic bypass .",
"3": "Dent 's adventures intersect with several other characters : Ford Prefect ( who named himself after the Ford Prefect car to blend in with what was assumed to be the dominant life form , automobiles ) , an alien from a small planet somewhere in the vicinity of Betelgeuse and a researcher for the eponymous guidebook , who rescues Dent from Earth 's destruction ; Zaphod Beeblebrox , Ford 's eccentric semi-cousin and the Galactic President ; the depressed robot Marvin the Paranoid Android ; and Trillian , formerly known as Tricia McMillan , a woman Arthur once met at a party in Islington and the only other human survivor of Earth 's destruction thanks to Beeblebrox ' intervention . Background ( edit ) The first radio series comes from a proposal called `` The Ends of the Earth '' : six self - contained episodes , all ending with Earth 's being destroyed in a different way . While writing the first episode , Adams realized that he needed someone on the planet who was an alien to provide some context , and that this alien needed a reason to be there . Adams finally settled on making the alien a roving researcher for a `` wholly remarkable book '' named The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . As the first radio episode 's writing progressed , the Guide became the centre of his story , and he decided to focus the series on it , with the destruction of Earth being the only hold - over . Adams claimed that the title came from a 1971 incident while he was hitchhiking around Europe as a young man with a copy of the Hitch - hiker 's Guide to Europe book : while lying drunk in a field near Innsbruck with a copy of the book and looking up at the stars , he thought it would be a good idea for someone to write a hitchhiker 's guide to the galaxy as well . However , he later claimed that he had told this story so many times that he had forgotten the incident itself , and only remembered himself telling the story . His friends are quoted as saying that Adams mentioned the idea of `` hitch - hiking around the galaxy '' to them while on holiday in Greece in 1973 . Adams 's fictional Guide is an electronic guidebook to the entire universe , originally published by Megadodo Publications , one of the great publishing houses of Ursa Minor Beta .",
"4": "The narrative of the various versions of the story are frequently punctuated with excerpts from the Guide . The voice of the Guide ( Peter Jones in the first two radio series and TV versions , later William Franklyn in the third , fourth and fifth radio series , and Stephen Fry in the movie version ) , also provides general narration . Original radio series ( edit ) See also : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( radio series ) and The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases The first radio series of six episodes ( called `` Fits '' after the names of the sections of Lewis Carroll 's nonsense poem `` The Hunting of the Snark '' ) was broadcast in 1978 on BBC Radio 4 . Despite a low - key launch of the series ( the first episode was broadcast at 10 : 30 pm on Wednesday , 8 March 1978 ) , it received generally good reviews and a tremendous audience reaction for radio . A one - off episode ( a `` Christmas special '' ) was broadcast later in the year . The BBC had a practice at the time of commissioning `` Christmas Special '' episodes for popular radio series , and while an early draft of this episode of The Hitchhiker 's Guide had a Christmas - related plotline , it was decided to be `` in slightly poor taste '' and the episode as transmitted served as a bridge between the two series . This episode was released as part of the second radio series and , later , The Secondary Phase on cassettes and CDs . The Primary and Secondary Phases were aired , in a slightly edited version , in the United States on NPR Playhouse . The first series was repeated twice in 1978 alone and many more times in the next few years . This led to an LP re-recording , produced independently of the BBC for sale , and a further adaptation of the series as a book . A second radio series , which consisted of a further six episodes , and bringing the total number of episodes to 12 , was broadcast in 1980 . The radio series ( and the LP and TV versions ) greatly benefited from the narration of noted comedy actor Peter Jones as The Book . He was cast after it was decided that a `` Peter Jonesy '' sort of voice was required . This led to a three - month search for an actor who sounded exactly like Peter Jones , which was unsuccessful .",
"5": "The producers then hired Peter Jones as exactly the `` Peter Jonesy '' voice they were looking for . The series was also notable for its use of sound , being the first comedy series to be produced in stereo . Adams said that he wanted the programme 's production to be comparable to that of a modern rock album . Much of the programme 's budget was spent on sound effects , which were largely the work of Paddy Kingsland ( for the pilot episode and the complete second series ) at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop and Dick Mills and Harry Parker ( for the remaining episodes ( 2 -- 6 ) of the first series ) . The fact that they were at the forefront of modern radio production in 1978 and 1980 was reflected when the three new series of Hitchhiker 's became some of the first radio shows to be mixed into four - channel Dolby Surround . This mix was also featured on DVD releases of the third radio series . The theme tune used for the radio , television , LP and film versions is `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' , an instrumental piece composed by Bernie Leadon and recorded by The Eagles on their album One of These Nights . Only the transmitted radio series used the original recording ; a sound - alike cover by Tim Souster was used for the LP and TV series , another arrangement by Joby Talbot was used for the 2005 film , and still another arrangement , this time by Philip Pope , was recorded to be released with the CDs of the last three radio series . Apparently , Adams chose this song for its futuristic - sounding nature , but also for the fact that it had a banjo in it , which , as Geoffrey Perkins recalls , Adams said would give an `` on the road , hitch - hiking feel '' to it . The twelve episodes were released ( in a slightly edited form , removing the Pink Floyd music and two other tunes `` hummed '' by Marvin when the team land on Magrathea ) on CD and cassette in 1988 , becoming the first CD release in the BBC Radio Collection . They were re-released in 1992 , and at this time Adams suggested that they could retitle Fits the First to Sixth as `` The Primary Phase '' and Fits the Seventh to Twelfth as `` The Secondary Phase '' instead of just `` the first series '' and `` the second series '' .",
"6": "It was at about this time that a `` Tertiary Phase '' was first discussed with Dirk Maggs , adapting Life , the Universe and Everything , but this series would not be recorded for another ten years . Main cast : Simon Jones as Arthur Dent Geoffrey McGivern as Ford Prefect Susan Sheridan as Trillian Mark Wing - Davey as Zaphod Beeblebrox Stephen Moore as Marvin , the Paranoid Android Richard Vernon as Slartibartfast Peter Jones as The Book Novels ( edit ) The novels are described as `` a trilogy in five parts '' , having been described as a trilogy on the release of the third book , and then a `` trilogy in four parts '' on the release of the fourth book . The US edition of the fifth book was originally released with the legend `` The fifth book in the increasingly inaccurately named Hitchhiker 's Trilogy '' on the cover . Subsequent re-releases of the other novels bore the legend `` The ( first , second , third , fourth ) book in the increasingly inaccurately named Hitchhiker 's Trilogy '' . In addition , the blurb on the fifth book describes it as `` the book that gives a whole new meaning to the word ' trilogy ' '' . The plots of the television and radio series are more or less the same as that of the first two novels , though some of the events occur in a different order and many of the details are changed . Much of parts five and six of the radio series were written by John Lloyd , but his material did not make it into the other versions of the story and is not included here . Many consider the books ' version of events to be definitive because they are the most readily accessible and widely distributed version of the story . However , they are not the final version that Adams produced . Before his death from a heart attack on 11 May 2001 , Adams was considering writing a sixth novel in the Hitchhiker 's series . He was working on a third Dirk Gently novel , under the working title The Salmon of Doubt , but felt that the book was not working and abandoned it . In an interview , he said some of the ideas in the book might fit better in the Hitchhiker 's series , and suggested he might rework those ideas into a sixth book in that series .",
"7": "He described Mostly Harmless as `` a very bleak book '' and said he `` would love to finish Hitchhiker on a slightly more upbeat note '' . Adams also remarked that if he were to write a sixth instalment , he would at least start with all the characters in the same place . Eoin Colfer , who wrote the sixth book in the Hitchhiker 's series in 2008 -- 09 , used this latter concept but none of the plot ideas from The Salmon of Doubt . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( novel ) In The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( published in 1979 ) , the characters visit the legendary planet Magrathea , home to the now - collapsed planet - building industry , and meet Slartibartfast , a planetary coastline designer who was responsible for the fjords of Norway . Through archival recordings , he relates the story of a race of hyper - intelligent pan-dimensional beings who built a computer named Deep Thought to calculate the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe , and Everything . When the answer was revealed to be 42 , Deep Thought explained that the answer was incomprehensible because the beings did n't know what they were asking . It went on to predict that another computer , more powerful than itself would be made and designed by it to calculate the question for the answer . ( Later on , referencing this , Adams would create the 42 Puzzle , a puzzle which could be approached in multiple ways , all yielding the answer 42 . ) The computer , often mistaken for a planet ( because of its size and use of biological components ) , was the Earth , and was destroyed by Vogons to make way for a hyperspatial express route five minutes before the conclusion of its 10 - million - year program . Two members of the race of hyper - intelligent pan-dimensional beings who commissioned the Earth in the first place disguise themselves as Trillian 's mice , and want to dissect Arthur 's brain to help reconstruct the question , since he was part of the Earth 's matrix moments before it was destroyed , and so he is likely to have part of the question buried in his brain . Trillian is also human but had left Earth six months previously with Zaphod Beeblebrox , President of the Galaxy .",
"8": "The protagonists escape , setting the course for `` The Restaurant at the End of the Universe '' . The mice , in Arthur 's absence , create a phony question since it is too troublesome for them to wait 10 million years again just to cash in on a lucrative deal . The book was adapted from the first four radio episodes . It was first published in 1979 , initially in paperback , by Pan Books , after BBC Publishing had turned down the offer of publishing a novelization , an action they would later regret . The book reached number one on the book charts in only its second week , and sold over 250,000 copies within three months of its release . A hardback edition was published by Harmony Books , a division of Random House in the United States in October 1980 , and the 1981 US paperback edition was promoted by the give - away of 3,000 free copies in the magazine Rolling Stone to build word of mouth . In 2005 , Del Rey Books rereleased the Hitchhiker series with new covers for the release of the 2005 movie . To date , it has sold over 14 million copies . A photo - illustrated edition of the first novel appeared in 1994 . The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( edit ) Main article : The Restaurant at the End of the Universe In The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( published in 1980 ) , Zaphod is separated from the others and finds he is part of a conspiracy to uncover who really runs the Universe . Zaphod meets Zarniwoop , a conspirator and editor for The Guide , who knows where to find the secret ruler . Zaphod becomes briefly reunited with the others for a trip to Milliways , the restaurant of the title . Zaphod and Ford decide to steal a ship from there , which turns out to be a stunt ship pre-programmed to plunge into a star as a special effect in a stage show . Unable to change course , the main characters get Marvin to run the teleporter they find in the ship , which is working other than having no automatic control ( someone must remain behind to operate it ) , and Marvin seemingly sacrifices himself . Zaphod and Trillian discover that the Universe is in the safe hands of a simple man living on a remote planet in a wooden shack with his cat .",
"9": "Ford and Arthur , meanwhile , end up on a spacecraft full of the outcasts of the Golgafrinchan civilization . The ship crashes on prehistoric Earth ; Ford and Arthur are stranded , and it becomes clear that the inept Golgafrinchans are the ancestors of modern humans , having displaced the Earth 's indigenous hominids . This has disrupted the Earth 's programming so that when Ford and Arthur manage to extract the final readout from Arthur 's subconscious mind by pulling lettered tiles from a Scrabble set , it is `` What do you get if you multiply six by nine ? '' Arthur then comments , `` I 've always said there was something fundamentally wrong with the universe . '' The book was adapted from the remaining material in the radio series -- covering from the fifth episode to the twelfth episode , although the ordering was greatly changed ( in particular , the events of Fit the Sixth , with Ford and Arthur being stranded on pre-historic Earth , end the book , and their rescue in Fit the Seventh is deleted ) , and most of the Brontitall incident was omitted , instead of the Haggunenon sequence , co-written by John Loyd , the Disaster Area stunt ship was substituted -- this having first been introduced in the LP version . Adams himself considered Restaurant to be his best novel of the five . Life , the Universe and Everything ( edit ) Main article : Life , the Universe and Everything In Life , the Universe and Everything ( published in 1982 ) , Ford and Arthur travel through the space - time continuum from prehistoric Earth to Lord 's Cricket Ground . There they run into Slartibartfast , who enlists their aid in preventing galactic war . Long ago , the people of Krikkit attempted to wipe out all life in the Universe , but they were stopped and imprisoned on their home planet ; now they are poised to escape . With the help of Marvin , Zaphod , and Trillian , our heroes prevent the destruction of life in the Universe and go their separate ways . This was the first Hitchhiker 's book originally written as a book and not adapted from radio . Its story was based on a treatment Adams had written for a Doctor Who theatrical release , with the Doctor role being split between Slartibartfast ( to begin with ) , and later Trillian and Arthur .",
"10": "The front cover of The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide , a collection of the five books in the series written before Adams 's death , a leatherbound volume published in the United States by Portland House , a division of Random House , in 1997 In 2004 it was adapted for radio as the Tertiary Phase of the radio series . So Long , and Thanks for all the Fish ( edit ) Main article : So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish ( published in 1984 ) , Arthur returns home to Earth , rather surprisingly since it was destroyed when he left . He meets and falls in love with a girl named Fenchurch , and discovers this Earth is a replacement provided by the dolphins in their Save the Humans campaign . Eventually , he rejoins Ford , who claims to have saved the Universe in the meantime , to hitch - hike one last time and see God 's Final Message to His Creation . Along the way , they are joined by Marvin , the Paranoid Android , who , although 37 times older than the universe itself ( what with time travel and all ) , has just enough power left in his failing body to read the message and feel better about it all before expiring . This was the first Hitchhiker 's novel which was not an adaptation of any previously written story or script . In 2005 it was adapted for radio as the Quandary Phase of the radio series . Mostly Harmless ( edit ) Main article : Mostly Harmless Finally , in Mostly Harmless ( published in 1992 ) , Vogons take over The Hitchhiker 's Guide ( under the name of InfiniDim Enterprises ) , to finish , once and for all , the task of obliterating the Earth . After abruptly losing Fenchurch and traveling around the galaxy despondently , Arthur 's spaceship crashes on the planet Lamuella , where he settles in happily as the official sandwich - maker for a small village of simple , peaceful people .",
"11": "Meanwhile , Ford Prefect breaks into The Guide 's offices , gets himself an infinite expense account from the computer system , and then meets The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , Mark II , an artificially intelligent , multi-dimensional guide with vast power and a hidden purpose . After he declines this dangerously powerful machine 's aid ( which he receives anyway ) , he sends it to Arthur Dent for safety ( `` Oh yes , whose ? '' -- Arthur ) . Trillian uses DNA that Arthur donated for traveling money to have a daughter , and when she goes to cover a war , she leaves her daughter Random Frequent Flyer Dent with Arthur . Random , a more than typically troubled teenager , steals The Guide Mark II and uses it to get to Earth . Arthur , Ford , Trillian , and Tricia McMillan ( Trillian in this alternate universe ) follow her to a crowded club , where an anguished Random becomes startled by a noise and inadvertently fires her gun at Arthur . The shot misses Arthur and kills a man ( the ever - unfortunate Agrajag ) . Immediately afterwards , The Guide Mark II causes the removal of all possible Earths from probability . All of the main characters , save Zaphod , were on Earth at the time and are apparently killed , bringing a good deal of satisfaction to the Vogons . In 2005 it was adapted for radio as the Quintessential Phase of the radio series , with the final episode first transmitted on 21 June 2005 . And another Thing ... ( edit ) Main article : And Another Thing ... ( novel ) It was announced in September 2008 that Eoin Colfer , author of Artemis Fowl , had been commissioned to write the sixth instalment entitled And Another Thing ... with the support of Jane Belson , Adams 's widow . The book was published by Penguin Books in the UK and Hyperion in the US in October 2009 . The story begins as death rays bear down on Earth , and the characters awaken from a virtual reality . Zaphod picks them up shortly before they are killed , but completely fails to escape the death beams . They are then saved by Bowerick Wowbagger , the Infinitely Prolonged , whom they agree to help kill . Zaphod travels to Asgard to get Thor 's help .",
"12": "In the meantime , the Vogons are heading to destroy a colony of people who also escaped Earth 's destruction , on the planet Nano . Arthur , Wowbagger , Trillian and Random head to Nano to try to stop the Vogons , and on the journey , Wowbagger and Trillian fall in love , making Wowbagger question whether or not he wants to be killed . Zaphod arrives with Thor , who then signs up to be the planet 's God . With Random 's help , Thor almost kills Wowbagger . Wowbagger , who merely loses his immortality , then marries Trillian . Thor then stops the first Vogon attack and apparently dies . Meanwhile , Constant Mown , son of Prostetnic Jeltz , convinces his father that the people on the planet are not citizens of Earth , but are , in fact , citizens of Nano , which means that it would be illegal to kill them . As the book draws to a close , Arthur is on his way to check out a possible university for Random , when , during a hyperspace jump , he is flung across alternate universes , has a brief encounter with Fenchurch , and ends up exactly where he would want to be . And then the Vogons turn up again . In 2017 it was adapted for radio as the Hexagonal Phase of the radio series , with its premier episode first transmitted on 8 March 2018 ( exactly forty years , to the day , from the very first episode of the first series , the Primary Phase ) . Omnibus editions ( edit ) Two omnibus editions were created by Douglas Adams to combine the Hitchhiker series novels and to `` set the record straight '' . The stories came in so many different formats that Adams stated that every time he told it he would contradict himself . Therefore , he stated in the introduction of The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide that `` anything I put down wrong here is , as far as I 'm concerned , wrong for good . '' The two omnibus editions were The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide , Complete and Unabridged ( published in 1987 ) and The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide , Complete and Unabridged ( published in 1997 ) .",
"13": "The more than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide ( edit ) Published in 1987 , this 624 - page leatherbound omnibus edition contains `` wrong for good '' versions of the four Hitchhiker series novels at the time , and also includes one short story : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish `` Young Zaphod Plays it Safe '' The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide ( edit ) Published in 1997 , this 832 - page leatherbound final omnibus edition contains five Hitchhiker series novels and one short story : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Mostly Harmless `` Young Zaphod Plays it Safe '' Also appearing in The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide , at the end of Adams 's introduction , is a list of instructions on `` How to Leave the Planet '' , providing a humorous explanation of how one might replicate Arthur and Ford 's feat at the beginning of Hitchhiker 's . Other Hitchhiker 's - related Books and stories ( edit ) Related stories ( edit ) A short story by Adams , `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' , first appeared in The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book , a special large - print compilation of different stories and pictures that raised money for the then - new Comic Relief charity in the UK . The story also appears in some of the omnibus editions of the trilogy , and in The Salmon of Doubt . There are two versions of this story , one of which is slightly more explicit in its political commentary . A novel , Douglas Adams ' Starship Titanic : A Novel , written by Terry Jones , is based on Adams 's computer game of the same name , Douglas Adams 's Starship Titanic , which in turn is based on an idea from Life , the Universe and Everything . The idea concerns a luxury passenger starship that suffers `` sudden and gratuitous total existence failure '' on its maiden voyage .",
"14": "Wowbagger the Infinitely Prolonged , a character from Life , the Universe and Everything , also appears in a short story by Adams titled `` The Private Life of Genghis Khan '' which appears in some early editions of The Salmon of Doubt . Published radio Scripts ( edit ) Douglas Adams and Geoffrey Perkins collaborated on The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts , first published in the United Kingdom and United States in 1985 . A tenth - anniversary ( of the script book publication ) edition was printed in 1995 , and a twenty - fifth - anniversary ( of the first radio series broadcast ) edition was printed in 2003 . The 2004 series was produced by Above The Title Productions and the scripts were published in July 2005 , with production notes for each episode . This second radio script book is entitled The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Douglas Adams gets the primary writer 's credit ( as he wrote the original novels ) , and there is a foreword by Simon Jones , introductions by the producer and the director , and other introductory notes from other members of the cast . Television series ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( TV series ) The popularity of the radio series gave rise to a six - episode television series , directed and produced by Alan J.W. Bell , which first aired on BBC 2 in January and February 1981 . It employed many of the actors from the radio series and was based mainly on the radio versions of Fits the First to Sixth . A second series was at one point planned , with a storyline , according to Alan Bell and Mark Wing - Davey that would have come from Adams 's abandoned Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen project ( instead of simply making a TV version of the second radio series ) . However , Adams got into disputes with the BBC ( accounts differ : problems with budget , scripts , and having Alan Bell involved are all offered as causes ) , and the second series was never made . Elements of Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen were instead used in the third novel , Life , the Universe and Everything .",
"15": "The main cast was the same as the original radio series , except for David Dixon as Ford Prefect instead of McGivern , and Sandra Dickinson as Trillian instead of Sheridan . Other television appearances ( edit ) Segments of several of the books were adapted as part of the BBC 's The Big Read survey and programme , broadcast in late 2003 . The film , directed by Deep Sehgal , starred Sanjeev Bhaskar as Arthur Dent , alongside Spencer Brown as Ford Prefect , Nigel Planer as the voice of Marvin , Stephen Hawking as the voice of Deep Thought , Patrick Moore as the voice of the Guide , Roger Lloyd - Pack as Slartibartfast , and Adam Buxton and Joe Cornish as Loonquawl and Phouchg . Radio series three to five ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Tertiary to Quintessential Phases On 21 June 2004 , the BBC announced in a press release that a new series of Hitchhiker 's based on the third novel would be broadcast as part of its autumn schedule , produced by Above the Title Productions Ltd . The episodes were recorded in late 2003 , but actual transmission was delayed while an agreement was reached with The Walt Disney Company over Internet re-broadcasts , as Disney had begun pre-production on the film . This was followed by news that further series would be produced based on the fourth and fifth novels . These were broadcast in September and October 2004 and May and June 2005 . CD releases accompanied the transmission of the final episode in each series . The adaptation of the third novel followed the book very closely , which caused major structural issues in meshing with the preceding radio series in comparison to the second novel . Because many events from the radio series were omitted from the second novel , and those that did occur happened in a different order , the two series split in completely different directions . The last two adaptations vary somewhat -- some events in Mostly Harmless are now foreshadowed in the adaptation of So Long and Thanks For All The Fish , while both include some additional material that builds on incidents in the third series to tie all five ( and their divergent plotlines ) together , most especially including the character Zaphod more prominently in the final chapters and addressing his altered reality to include the events of the Secondary Phase .",
"16": "While Mostly Harmless originally contained a rather bleak ending , Dirk Maggs created a different ending for the transmitted radio version , ending it on a much more upbeat note , reuniting the cast one last time . The core cast for the third to fifth radio series remained the same , except for the replacement of Peter Jones by William Franklyn as the Book , and Richard Vernon by Richard Griffiths as Slartibartfast , since both had died . ( Homage to Jones ' iconic portrayal of the Book was paid twice : the gradual shift of voices to a `` new '' version in episode 13 , launching the new productions , and a blend of Jones and Franklyn 's voices at the end of the final episode , the first part of Maggs ' alternative ending . ) Sandra Dickinson , who played Trillian in the TV series , here played Tricia McMillan , an English - born , American - accented alternate - universe version of Trillian , while David Dixon , the television series ' Ford Prefect , made a cameo appearance as the `` Ecological Man '' . Jane Horrocks appeared in the new semi-regular role of Fenchurch , Arthur 's girlfriend , and Samantha Béart joined in the final series as Arthur and Trillian 's daughter , Random Dent . Also reprising their roles from the original radio series were Jonathan Pryce as Zarniwoop ( here blended with a character from the final novel to become Zarniwoop Vann Harl ) , Rula Lenska as Lintilla and her clones ( and also as the Voice of the Bird ) , and Roy Hudd as Milliways compere Max Quordlepleen , as well as the original radio series ' announcer , John Marsh . The series also featured guest appearances by such noted personalities as Joanna Lumley as the Sydney Opera House Woman , Jackie Mason as the East River Creature , Miriam Margolyes as the Smelly Photocopier Woman , BBC Radio cricket legends Henry Blofeld and Fred Trueman as themselves , June Whitfield as the Raffle Woman , Leslie Phillips as Hactar , Saeed Jaffrey as the Man on the Pole , Sir Patrick Moore as himself , and Christian Slater as Wonko the Sane .",
"17": "Finally , Adams himself played the role of Agrajag , a performance adapted from his book - on - tape reading of the third novel , and edited into the series created some time after the author 's death . Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phase Main cast : Simon Jones as Arthur Dent Geoffrey McGivern as Ford Prefect Susan Sheridan as Trillian Mark Wing - Davey as Zaphod Beeblebrox Stephen Moore as Marvin , the Paranoid Android Richard Griffiths as Slartibartfast Sandra Dickinson as Tricia McMillan Jane Horrocks as Fenchurch Rula Lenska as the Voice of the Bird Samantha Béart as Random William Franklyn as The Book Radio series six ( edit ) The first of six episodes in a sixth series , the Hexagonal Phase , was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 8 March 2018 and featured Professor Stephen Hawking introducing himself as the voice of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Mk II by saying : `` I have been quite popular in my time . Some even read my books . '' Film ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( film ) After several years of setbacks and renewed efforts to start production and a quarter of a century after the first book was published , the big - screen adaptation of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy was finally shot . Pre-production began in 2003 , filming began on 19 April 2004 and post-production began in early September 2004 . After a London premiere on 20 April 2005 , it was released on 28 April in the UK and Australia , 29 April in the United States and Canada , and 29 July in South Africa . ( A full list of release dates is available at the IMDb . ) The movie stars Martin Freeman as Arthur , Mos Def as Ford , Sam Rockwell as President of the Galaxy Zaphod Beeblebrox and Zooey Deschanel as Trillian , with Alan Rickman providing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android ( and Warwick Davis acting in Marvin 's costume ) , and Stephen Fry as the voice of the Guide / Narrator . The plot of the film adaptation of Hitchhiker 's Guide differs widely from that of the radio show , book and television series .",
"18": "The romantic triangle between Arthur , Zaphod , and Trillian is more prominent in the film ; and visits to Vogsphere , the homeworld of the Vogons ( which , in the books , was already abandoned ) , and Viltvodle VI are inserted . The film covers roughly events in the first four radio episodes , and ends with the characters en route to the Restaurant at the End of the Universe , leaving the opportunity for a sequel open . A unique appearance is made by the Point - of - View Gun , a device specifically created by Adams himself for the movie . Commercially the film was a modest success , taking $21 million in its opening weekend in the United States , and nearly £ 3.3 million in its opening weekend in the United Kingdom . The film was released on DVD ( Region 2 , PAL ) in the UK on 5 September 2005 . Both a standard double - disc edition and a UK - exclusive numbered limited edition `` Giftpack '' were released on this date . The `` Giftpack '' edition includes a copy of the novel with a `` movie tie - in '' cover , and collectible prints from the film , packaged in a replica of the film 's version of the Hitchhiker 's Guide prop . A single - disc widescreen or full - screen edition ( Region 1 , NTSC ) were made available in the United States and Canada on 13 September 2005 . Single - disc releases in the Blu - ray format and UMD format for the PlayStation Portable were also released on the respective dates in these three countries . Stage shows ( edit ) Flyer for the 1979 stage production at the ICA of The Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy . Adam Pope playing Zaphod in an amateur production of HHGTTG by Prudhoe 's Really Youthful Theatre Company There have been multiple professional and amateur stage adaptations of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . There were three early professional productions , which were staged in 1979 and 1980 .",
"19": "The first of these was performed at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London , between 1 and 19 May 1979 , starring Chris Langham as Arthur Dent ( Langham later returned to Hitchhiker 's as Prak in the final episode of 2004 's Tertiary Phase ) and Richard Hope as Ford Prefect . This show was adapted from the first series ' scripts and was directed by Ken Campbell , who went on to perform a character in the final episode of the second radio series . The show ran 90 minutes , but had an audience limited to eighty people per night . Actors performed on a variety of ledges and platforms , and the audience was pushed around in a hovercar , 1 / 2000th of an inch above the floor . This was the first time that Zaphod was represented by having two actors in one large costume . The narration of `` The Book '' was split between two usherettes , an adaptation that has appeared in no other version of H2G2 . One of these usherettes , Cindy Oswin , went on to voice Trillian for the LP adaptation . The second stage show was performed throughout Wales between 15 January and 23 February 1980 . This was a production of Clwyd Theatr Cymru , and was directed by Jonathan Petherbridge . The company performed adaptations of complete radio episodes , at times doing two episodes in a night , and at other times doing all six episodes of the first series in single three - hour sessions . This adaptation was performed again at the Oxford Playhouse in December 1981 , the Bristol Hippodrome , Plymouth 's Theatre Royal in May -- June 1982 , and also at the Belgrade Theatre , Coventry , in July 1983 . The third and least successful stage show was held at the Rainbow Theatre in London , in July 1980 . This was the second production directed by Ken Campbell . The Rainbow Theatre had been adapted for stagings of rock operas in the 1970s , and both reference books mentioned in footnotes indicate that this , coupled with incidental music throughout the performance , caused some reviewers to label it as a `` musical '' . This was the first adaptation for which Adams wrote the `` Dish of the Day '' sequence .",
"20": "The production ran for over three hours , and was widely panned for this , as well as for the music , laser effects , and the acting . Despite attempts to shorten the script , and make other changes , it closed three or four weeks early ( accounts differ ) , and lost a lot of money . Despite the bad reviews , there were at least two stand - out performances : Michael Cule and David Learner both went on from this production to appearances in the TV adaptation . In December 2011 a new stage production was announced to begin touring in June 2012 . This included members of the original radio and TV casts such as Simon Jones , Geoff McGivern , Susan Sheridan , Mark Wing - Davey and Stephen Moore with VIP guests playing the role of the Book . It was produced in the form of a radio show which could be downloaded when the tour was completed . This production was based on the first four Fits in the first act , with the second act covering material from the rest of the series . The show also featured a band , who performed the songs `` Share and Enjoy '' , the Krikkit song `` Under the Ink Black Sky '' , Marvin 's song `` How I Hate The Night '' , and `` Marvin '' , which was a minor hit in 1981 . The production featured a series of `` VIP guests '' as the voice of The Book including Billy Boyd , Phill Jupitus , Rory McGrath , Roger McGough , Jon Culshaw , Christopher Timothy , Andrew Sachs , John Challis , Hugh Dennis , John Lloyd , Terry Jones and Neil Gaiman . The tour started on 8 June 2012 at the Theatre Royal , Glasgow and continued through the summer until 21 July when the final performance was at Playhouse Theatre , Edinburgh . The production started touring again in September 2013 , but the remaining dates of the tour were cancelled due to poor ticket sales . Live radio adaptation ( edit ) On Saturday 29 March 2014 , Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation in front of a live audience , featuring many members of the original cast including Stephen Moore , Susan Sheridan , Mark Wing - Davey , Simon Jones and Geoff McGivern , with John Lloyd as the book . The adaptation was adapted by Dirk Maggs primarily from Fit the First , including material from the books and later radio Fits as well as some new jokes .",
"21": "It formed part of Radio 4 's Character Invasion series . LP album adaptations ( edit ) The first four radio episodes were adapted for a new double LP , also entitled The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( appended with `` Part One '' for the subsequent Canadian release ) , first by mail - order only , and later into stores . The double LP and its sequel were originally released by Original Records in the United Kingdom in 1979 and 1980 , with the catalogue numbers ORA042 and ORA054 respectively . They were first released by Hannibal Records in 1982 ( as HNBL 2301 and HNBL 1307 , respectively ) in the United States and Canada , and later re-released in a slightly abridged edition by Simon & Schuster 's Audioworks in the mid-1980s . Both were produced by Geoffrey Perkins and featured cover artwork by Hipgnosis . The script in the first double LP very closely follows the first four radio episodes , although further cuts had to be made for reasons of timing . Despite this , other lines of dialogue that were indicated as having been cut when the original scripts from the radio series were eventually published can be heard in the LP version . The Simon & Schuster cassettes omit the Veet Voojagig narration , the cheerleader 's speech as Deep Thought concludes its seven - and - one - half - million - year programme , and a few other lines from both sides of the second LP of the set . Hitchhiker 's theme , Journey of the Sorcerer , Original Records version excerpt Problems playing this file ? See media help . Most of the original cast returned , except for Susan Sheridan , who was recording a voice for the character of Princess Eilonwy in The Black Cauldron for Walt Disney Pictures . Cindy Oswin voiced Trillian on all three LPs in her place . Other casting changes in the first double LP included Stephen Moore taking on the additional role of the barman , and Valentine Dyall as the voice of Deep Thought . Adams 's voice can be heard making the public address announcements on Magrathea . Because of copyright issues , the music used during the first radio series was either replaced , or in the case of the title it was re-recorded in a new arrangement .",
"22": "Composer Tim Souster did both duties ( with Paddy Kingsland contributing music as well ) , and Souster 's version of the theme was the version also used for the eventual television series . The sequel LP was released , singly , as The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Part Two : The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in the UK , and simply as The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in the USA . The script here mostly follows Fit the Fifth and Fit the Sixth , but includes a song by the backup band in the restaurant ( `` Reg Nullify and his Cataclysmic Combo '' ) , and changes the Haggunenon sequence to `` Disaster Area '' . Reg Nullify and his Cataclysmic Combo excerpt Problems playing this file ? See media help . As the result of a misunderstanding , the second record was released before being cut down in a final edit that Douglas Adams and Geoffrey Perkins had both intended to make . Perkins has said , `` ( I ) t is far too long on each side . It 's just a rough cut . ( ... ) I felt it was flabby , and I wanted to speed it up . '' The Simon & Schuster Audioworks re-release of this LP was also abridged slightly from its original release . The scene with Ford Prefect and Hotblack Desiato 's bodyguard is omitted . Sales for the first double - LP release were primarily through mail order . Total sales reached over 60,000 units , with half of those being mail order , and the other half through retail outlets . This is in spite of the facts that Original Records ' warehouse ordered and stocked more copies than they were actually selling for quite some time , and that Paul Neil Milne Johnstone complained about his name and then - current address being included in the recording . This was corrected for a later pressing of the double - LP by `` cut ( ting ) up that part of the master tape and reassembl ( ing ) it in the wrong order '' . The second LP release ( `` Part Two '' ) also only sold a total of 60,000 units in the UK . The distribution deals for the United States and Canada with Hannibal Records and Simon and Schuster were later negotiated by Douglas Adams and his agent , Ed Victor , after gaining full rights to the recordings from Original Records , which went bankrupt .",
"23": "Audiobook adaptations ( edit ) There have been three audiobook recordings of the novel . The first was an abridged edition ( ISBN 0 - 671 - 62964 - 6 ) , recorded in the mid-1980s for the EMI label Music For Pleasure by Stephen Moore , best known for playing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in the radio series and in the TV series . In 1990 , Adams himself recorded an unabridged edition for Dove Audiobooks ( ISBN 1 - 55800 - 273 - 1 ) , later re-released by New Millennium Audio ( ISBN 1 - 59007 - 257 - X ) in the United States and available from BBC Audiobooks in the United Kingdom . Also by arrangement with Dove , ISIS Publishing Ltd produced a numbered exclusive edition signed by Douglas Adams ( ISBN 1 - 85695 - 028 - X ) in 1994 . To tie - in with the 2005 film , actor Stephen Fry , the film 's voice of the Guide , recorded a second unabridged edition ( ISBN 0 - 7393 - 2220 - 6 ) . In addition , unabridged versions of books 2 - 5 of the series were recorded by Martin Freeman for Random House Audio . Freeman plays Arthur in the 2005 film adaptation . Audiobooks 2 - 5 follow in order and include : The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( ISBN 9780739332085 ) ; Life , the Universe , and Everything ( ISBN 9780739332108 ) ; So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish ( ISBN 9780739332122 ) ; and Mostly Harmless ( ISBN 9780739332146 ) . Interactive fiction and video games ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( video game ) Sometime between 1982 and 1984 ( accounts differ ) , the British company Supersoft published a text - based adventure game based on the book , which was released in versions for the Commodore PET and Commodore 64 . One account states that there was a dispute as to whether valid permission for publication had been granted , and following legal action the game was withdrawn and all remaining copies were destroyed .",
"24": "Another account states that the programmer , Bob Chappell , rewrote the game to remove all Hitchhiker 's references , and republished it as `` Cosmic Capers '' . Officially , the TV series was followed in 1984 by a best - selling `` interactive fiction '' , or text - based adventure game , distributed by Infocom . It was designed by Adams and Infocom regular Steve Meretzky and was one of Infocom 's most successful games . As with many Infocom games , the box contained a number of `` feelies '' including a `` Do n't panic '' badge , some `` pocket fluff '' , a pair of peril - sensitive sunglasses ( made of cardboard ) , an order for the destruction of the Earth , a small , clear plastic bag containing `` a microscopic battle fleet '' and an order for the destruction of Arthur Dent 's house ( signed by Adams and Meretzky ) . In September 2004 , it was revived by the BBC on the Hitchhiker 's section of the Radio 4 website for the initial broadcast of the Tertiary Phase , and is still available to play online . This new version uses an original Infocom datafile with a custom - written interpreter , by Sean Sollé , and Flash programming by Shimon Young , both of whom used to work at The Digital Village ( TDV ) . The new version includes illustrations by Rod Lord , who was head of Pearce Animation Studios in 1980 , which produced the guide graphics for the TV series . On 2 March 2005 it won the Interactive BAFTA in the `` best online entertainment '' category . A sequel to the original Infocom game was never made . An all - new , fully graphical game was designed and developed by a joint venture between The Digital Village and PAN Interactive ( no connection to Pan Books / Pan Mcmillan ) . This new game was planned and developed between 1998 and 2002 , but like the sequel to the Infocom game , it also never materialised . In April 2005 , Starwave Mobile released two mobile games to accompany the release of the film adaptation . The first , developed by Atatio , was called `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Vogon Planet Destructor '' . It was a typical top - down shooter and except for the title had little to do with the actual story .",
"25": "The second game , developed by TKO Software , was a graphical adventure game named `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Adventure Game '' . Despite its name , the newly designed puzzles by TKO Software 's Ireland studio were different from the Infocom ones , and the game followed the movie 's script closely and included the new characters and places . The `` Adventure Game '' won the IGN 's `` Editors ' Choice Award '' in May 2005 . On 25 May 2011 , Hothead Games announced they were working on a new edition of The Guide . Along with the announcement , Hothead Games launched a teaser web site made to look like an announcement from Megadodo Publications that The Guide will soon be available on Earth . It has since been revealed that they are developing an iOS app in the style of the fictional Guide . Comic Books ( edit ) The front cover of the DC Comics adaptation of the first book In 1993 , DC Comics , in conjunction with Byron Preiss Visual Publications , published a three - part comic book adaptation of the novelisation of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . This was followed up with three - part adaptations of The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in 1994 , and Life , the Universe and Everything in 1996 . There was also a series of collectors ' cards with art from and inspired by the comic adaptations of the first book , and a graphic novelisation ( or `` collected edition '' ) combining the three individual comic books from 1993 , itself released in May 1997 . Douglas Adams was deeply opposed to the use of American English spellings and idioms in what he felt was a very British story , and had to be talked into it by the American publishers , although he remained very unhappy with the compromise . The adaptations were scripted by John Carnell . Steve Leialoha provided the art for Hitchhiker 's and the layouts for Restaurant . Shepherd Hendrix did the finished art for Restaurant . Neil Vokes and John Nyberg did the finished artwork for Life , based on breakdowns by Paris Cullins ( Book 1 ) and Christopher Schenck ( Books 2 -- 3 ) . The miniseries were edited by Howard Zimmerman and Ken Grobe .",
"26": "`` Hitch - Hikeriana '' ( edit ) Do n't Panic towel Many merchandising and spin - off items ( or `` Hitch - Hikeriana '' ) were produced in the early 1980s , including towels in different colours , all bearing the Guide entry for towels . Later runs of towels include those made for promotions by Pan Books , Touchstone Pictures / Disney for the 2005 movie , and different towels made for ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha , the official Hitchhiker 's Appreciation society . Other items that first appeared in the mid-1980s were T - shirts , including those made for Infocom ( such as one bearing the legend `` I got the Babel Fish '' for successfully completing one of that game 's most difficult puzzles ) , and a Disaster Area tour T - shirt . Other official items have included `` Beeblebears '' ( teddy bears with an extra head and arm , named after Hitchhiker 's character Zaphod Beeblebrox , sold by the official Appreciation Society ) , an assortment of pin - on buttons and a number of novelty singles . Many of the above items are displayed throughout the 2004 `` 25th Anniversary Illustrated Edition '' of the novel , which used items from the personal collections of fans of the series . Stephen Moore recorded two novelty singles in character as Marvin , the Paranoid Android : `` Marvin '' / `` Metal Man '' and `` Reasons To Be Miserable '' / `` Marvin I Love You '' . The last song has appeared on a Dr. Demento compilation . Another single featured the re-recorded `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' ( arranged by Tim Souster ) backed with `` Reg Nullify In Concert '' by Reg Nullify , and `` Only the End of the World Again '' by Disaster Area ( including Douglas Adams on bass guitar ) listen ( help info ) . These discs have since become collector 's items . The 2005 movie also added quite a few collectibles , mostly through the National Entertainment Collectibles Association .",
"27": "These included three prop replicas of objects seen on the Vogon ship and homeworld ( a mug , a pen and a stapler ) , sets of `` action figures '' with a height of either 3 or 6 inches ( 76 or 150 mm ) , a gun -- based on a prop used by Marvin , the Paranoid Android , that shoots foam darts -- a crystal cube , shot glasses , a ten - inch ( 254 mm ) high version of Marvin with eyes that light up green , and `` yarn doll '' versions of Arthur Dent , Ford Prefect , Trillian , Marvin and Zaphod Beeblebrox . Also , various audio tracks were released to coincide with the movie , notably re-recordings of `` Marvin '' and `` Reasons To Be Miserable '' , sung by Stephen Fry , along with some of the `` Guide Entries '' , newly written material read in - character by Fry . SpaceX CEO Elon Musk launched his Tesla Roadster into an elliptical heliocentric orbit as part of the initial test launch of the Falcon Heavy . On the car 's dashboard , the phrase `` Do n't Panic ! '' appears , as a nod to the Hitchhiker 's Guide . International phenomenon ( edit ) Many science fiction fans and radio listeners outside the United Kingdom were first exposed to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy in one of two ways : shortwave radio broadcasts of the original radio series , or by Douglas Adams being `` Guest of Honour '' at the 1979 World Science Fiction Convention , Seacon , held in Brighton , England . It was there that the radio series was nominated for a Hugo Award ( the first radio series to receive a nomination ) but lost to Superman . A convention exclusively for H2G2 , Hitchercon I , was held in Glasgow , Scotland , in September 1980 , the year that the official fan club , ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha , was organised .",
"28": "In the early 1980s , versions of H2G2 became available in the United States , Canada , Germany ( Per Anhalter durch die Galaxis ) , Denmark ( Håndbog for vakse galakseblaffere ) , the Netherlands ( Transgalactisch Liftershandboek ) , Sweden ( Liftarens guide till galaxen ) , Finland ( Linnunradan Käsikirja Liftareille ) and also Israel ( מדריך הטרמפיסט לגלקסיה ) .",
"29": "In the meantime the book has been translated into more than thirty languages , such as Bulgarian ( Пътеводител на галактическия стопаджия ) , Czech ( Stopařův průvodce Galaxií ) , Farsi / Persian ( راهنمای مسافران مجانی کهکشان ) , French ( Le routard galactique ) , Greek ( Γυρίστε το Γαλαξία με Ωτο - στόπ ) , Hungarian ( Galaxis Útikalauz stopposoknak ) , Italian ( Guida galattica per gli autostoppisti ) , Japanese ( 銀河 ヒッチハイク ・ ガイド ) , Korean ( 은하수 를 여행 하는 히치하이커 를 위한 안내서 ) , Latvian ( Galaktikas ceļvedis stopētājiem ) , Norwegian ( Haikerens guide til Galaksen , first published as På tommeltotten til melkeveien ) , Brazilian Portuguese ( Guia do Mochileiro das Galáxias ) , Portuguese ( À Boleia Pela Galáxia ) , Polish ( Autostopem przez galaktykę ) , Romanian ( Ghidul autostopistului galactic ) , Russian ( Автостопом по Галактике ) , Serbian ( Autostoperski vodič kroz galaksiju ) , Slovenian ( Štoparski vodnik po Galaksiji ) , Spanish ( Guía del autoestopista galáctico ) , Slovak ( Stopárov sprievodca galaxiou ) , Czech ( Stopařův průvodce galaxií ) and Turkish ( Otostopçunun Galaksi Rehberi ) .",
"30": "Spelling ( edit ) The different versions of the series spell the title differently − thus Hitch - Hiker 's Guide , Hitch Hiker 's Guide and Hitchhiker 's Guide are used in different editions ( US or UK ) , formats ( audio or print ) and compilations of the book , with some omitting the apostrophe . Some editions used different spellings on the spine and title page . The h2g2 's English Usage in Approved Entries claims that Hitchhiker 's Guide is the spelling Adams preferred . At least two reference works make note of the inconsistency in the titles . Both , however , repeat the statement that Adams decided in 2000 that `` everyone should spell it the same way ( one word , no hyphen ) from then on . '' See also ( edit ) Hitchhiking List of minor characters from The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Places in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Phrases from The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Technology in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Races and species in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy cast lists `` The Last Question '' , a story written by Isaac Asimov that inspired Deep Thought Timeline of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy versions Towel Day References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The spelling of Hitchhiker 's Guide has varied in different editions . For consistency this article always spells it this way . See Spelling of Hitchhiker 's Guide . Jump up ^ `` Jo Kent saves cult hg2g game from scrapheap '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Douglasadams.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( 2003 ) . Do n't Panic : Douglas Adams and the `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Titan Books . pp. 144 -- 145 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 742 - 2 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) .",
"31": "The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 120 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Reference Guide to British Popular Culture '' . Oxford Royale. 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy to land back on Radio 4 '' . BBC mediacentre , 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Hexagonal Phase '' . BBC online , 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ See for example `` Introduction : A Guide to the Guide - some unhelpful remarks by the author '' by Adams p. vi - xi in the compilation `` The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide '' ISBN 0 - 517 - 14925 - 7 Jump up ^ Webb , Nick ( 2005 ) . Wish You Were Here : The Official Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US hardcover ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 47650 - 6 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 340 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Online definition of ' fit ' . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 33 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 147 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas .",
"32": "The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Geoffrey Perkins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 447 - 20488 - 6 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 253 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . ( 2005 ) . Dirk Maggs , dramatisations and editor. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Pan Books . xiv . ISBN 0 - 330 - 43510 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2002 ) . Peter Guzzardi , ed . The Salmon of Doubt : Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time ( First UK ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 198 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 76657 - 1 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 131 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ Review of Neil Gaiman 's Do n't Panic Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil : Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion , Chapter 14 . Titan Books Ltd. 1987 -- 1993 Jump up ^ Gaiman , Appendix V : Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen ^ Jump up to : `` New Hitchhiker 's author announced '' . Entertainment / Arts . BBC News . 16 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide series to ride again '' . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Eoin Colfer to write sixth Hitchhiker 's Guide book '' . Culture -- Books . UK . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05l1s3f Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03v379k Jump up ^ https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/03/the-hitchhikers-guide-to-the-galaxy-returns-with-the-original-cast/ ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction : A Guide to the Guide - Some unhelpful remarks from the author '' by Adams p. vi - xi in the omnibus edition `` The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide '' ISBN 0 - 681 - 40322 - 5 Jump up ^ BBC Press Office release , announcing a new series ( the third ) to be transmitted on BBC Radio 4 beginning in September 2004 . Jump up ^ Webb , page 324 . Jump up ^ ( https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09vm093 BBC Radio 4 schedule Jump up ^ Stamp , Robbie , editor ( 2005 ) . The Making of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Filming of the Douglas Adams Classic . Boxtree . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 2585 - 5 .",
"34": "CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb page for the release dates of the movie adaptation of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Jump up ^ Box office data page , including opening weekends for the US and UK releases of the 2005 movie . Jump up ^ Gaiman , page 61 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . pp. 48 -- 57 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy set for stage return '' . BBC . 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Original cast confirmed for Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy stage play '' . BBC . 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Golder ( 2 June 2012 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Live Tour : Simon Jones Interview '' . SFX . Future Publishing . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Marmion ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy Radio Show gets a big thumbs up '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Robin Duke ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` Boldly going where few us understood anyway '' . Blackpool Gazette . Johnston Press . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Glaxy , Royal Concert Hall '' . Nottingham Post . Northcliffe Newspapers Group . 23 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Nikki Jarvis ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy radio show comes to The Churchill Theatre , Bromley '' .",
"35": "Bromley News Shopper . Newsquest . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Vale ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy Radio Show Live ! '' . The Stage . The Stage Newspaper Limited . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Show LIVE ! '' . Hitchhiker 's Live Website . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Show LIVE ! Tour Dates '' . Hitchhiker 's Live Website . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Dirk Maggs '' . AudioGO BBC Audiobooks website . Jump up ^ `` Hitchhikers Guide tour cancelled '' . chortle.co.uk. 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily , Western ( 29 March 2014 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy cast reunite ahead of Radio 4 broadcast '' . Western Daily Press . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Simpson , MJ , Hitchhiker , page 143 Jump up ^ Gaiman , Pages 72 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 145 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 144 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 76 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J.",
"36": "( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 148 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Design Manual for the Interactive Fiction language Inform . Accessed 2 August 2006 . See also their works cited under `` Hitchhiker - 64 '' . Jump up ^ `` Hitchhiker 's Guide '' . infocom-if.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitch Hiker 's Guide to the Galaxy -- The Adventure Game '' . douglasadams.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . mobygames.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 's Hitchhiker 's Guide homepage . Jump up ^ New online version of the 1984 Hitchhiker 's Guide computer game , by Steve Meretzky and Douglas Adams . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Official Awards Database '' . Bafta.org . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` reports interactive Bafta wins '' . BBC News . 2 March 2005 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ In late 2000 the TDV / Pan venture was spun off as a separate company , Phase 3 Studios Jump up ^ `` 1999 TDV Press Release about the graphical ' Hitchhiker 's Guide ' game '' . Tdv.com. 20 September 1999 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Internet Archive Wayback Machine copy of information about the aborted Hitchhiker 's Guide graphical PC game , originally posted on MJ Simpson 's PlanetMagrathea.com site Jump up ^ Webpage about the `` Vogon Planet Destructor '' Archived 1 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine . game hosted at ign.com . Jump up ^ Webpage about The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Adventure Game Archived 1 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine . hosted at ign.com .",
"37": "Jump up ^ `` DON 'T PANIC ! '' . Hothead Games . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The New Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Thenewhitchhikersguide.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Blum , Matt ( 4 August 2011 ) . `` Simon Jones , the Original Arthur Dent , Discusses the Upcoming Hitchhiker 's iOS App ! '' . Wired . Jump up ^ A wiki devoted to the history of H2G2 themed towels . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/spacex-starman-1.4524624 Jump up ^ Style page at h2g2 , with their own justification for using Hitchhiker 's Guide . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts . Additional Material by M.J. Simpson ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Bibliography Adams , Douglas ( 2002 ) . Guzzardi , Peter , ed . The Salmon of Doubt : Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time ( first UK ed . ) . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 76657 - 1 . -- -- -- -- ( 2003 ) . Perkins , Geoffrey , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts . MJ Simpson , add . mater ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Gaiman , Neil ( 2003 ) . Do n't Panic : Douglas Adams and the `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' .",
"38": "Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 742 - 2 . Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( first US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Stamp , Robbie , editor ( 2005 ) . The Making of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Filming of the Douglas Adams Classic . Boxtree . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 2585 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Webb , Nick ( 2005 ) . Wish You Were Here : The Official Biography of Douglas Adams ( first US hardcover ed . ) . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 47650 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' dated 2008 - 05 - 17 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official sites ( edit ) `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( TV series ) '' ( Cult ) . UK : The BBC ( includes information , links and downloads ) . `` 2004 -- 2005 series '' ( Radio 4 ) . UK : The BBC . `` Movies : The Hitchhikers ' Guide to the Galaxy '' ( official site ) . Go . Archived from the original on 28 May 2004 .",
"39": "The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 movie ) on IMDb The Hitch Hikers Guide to the Galaxy ( 1981 TV series ) on IMDb `` Guide '' . h2g2 . UK . `` The Hitchhikers ' Guide to the Galaxy '' . Encyclopedia of Television . Museum.TV . `` Screen Online The Hitchhikers ' Guide to the Galaxy TV series '' . British Film Institute . `` Graphic novels : H2G2 '' . DC Comics . Other links ( edit ) Grime , James ; Adesso , Gerardo ; Moriarty , Phil . `` 42 and Douglas Adams '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Books Main series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Mostly Harmless Related works `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' The Salmon of Doubt by Eoin Colfer And Another Thing . Media Radio series Phases 1 & 2 Phases 3 , 4 ,",
"40": "5 & 6 The Original Radio Scripts TV series Film Timeline of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy versions Cast lists Games The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion media Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Characters Arthur Dent Ford Prefect Zaphod Beeblebrox Marvin the Paranoid Android Trillian Slartibartfast The Guide Minor characters Races and species Vogons Miscellanea Phrases Places Technology Somebody else 's problem Encyclopedia Galactica In culture h2g2 Hitchcon Towel Day `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' 18610 Arthurdent 25924 Douglasadams Bidenichthys beeblebroxi Erechthias beeblebroxi Portal Works by Douglas Adams Novels The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long ,",
"41": "and Thanks for All the Fish Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency The Long Dark Tea - Time of the Soul Mostly Harmless Short stories `` The Private Life of Genghis Khan '' `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' Books The Meaning of Liff The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts Last Chance to See The Deeper Meaning of Liff Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Salmon of Doubt Screenplays Monty Python 's Flying Circus `` Patient Abuse '' Out of the Trees Doctor Who The Pirate Planet City of Death Shada The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( TV series ) Hyperland The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( film ) Video games The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Bureaucracy Starship Titanic See also The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( series ) Douglas Adams at the BBC The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Future ( BBC radio series ) The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book VIAF : 182157875 LCCN : no2010139811 BNF : cb13173759h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"42": "php?title=The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy&oldid=838435615 '' Categories : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy 42 1978 radio programme debuts BBC Radio comedy programmes British radio dramas Comic science fiction Novel series Novels by Douglas Adams The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( radio series ) Time travel novels Hitchhiking in fiction Radio programs adapted into comics Radio programs adapted into novels Radio programs adapted into plays Radio programs adapted into video games Radio programs adapted into television programs Post-apocalyptic fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Spoken articles Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 00 : 48 .",
"43": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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{
"0": "Chlorofluorocarbon - wikipedia Chlorofluorocarbon Jump to : navigation , search Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) are fully halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon , chlorine , and fluorine , produced as volatile derivative of methane , ethane , and propane . They are also commonly known by the DuPont brand name Freon . The most common representative is dichlorodifluoromethane ( R - 12 or Freon - 12 ) . Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants , propellants ( in aerosol applications ) , and solvents . Because CFCs contribute to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere , the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol , and they are being replaced with other products such as hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) ( e.g. , R - 410A ) and R - 134a . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure , properties and production 2 Reactions 3 Applications 4 Classes of compounds , nomenclature 4.1 Numbering system 5 History 5.1 Commercial development and use 5.2 Regulation 5.2. 1 Regulatory gap 5.2. 2 Regulation and DuPont 5.3 Phasing - out of CFCs 5.4 Development of alternatives for CFCs 6 Environmental impacts 7 Tracer of ocean circulation 7.1 CFC and SF tracer - derived age of ocean water 7.1. 1 Partial pressure and ratio dating techniques 8 Safety 9 References 10 External links Structure , properties and production ( edit ) Main article : Organofluorine chemistry As in simpler alkanes , carbon in the CFCs bonds with tetrahedral symmetry . Because the fluorine and chlorine atoms differ greatly in size and effective charge from hydrogen and from each other , the methane - derived CFCs deviate from perfect tetrahedral symmetry . The physical properties of CFCs and HCFCs are tunable by changes in the number and identity of the halogen atoms . In general , they are volatile but less so than their parent alkanes .",
"1": "The decreased volatility is attributed to the molecular polarity induced by the halides , which induces intermolecular interactions . Thus , methane boils at − 161 ° C whereas the fluoromethanes boil between − 51.7 ( CF H ) and − 128 ° C ( CF ) . The CFCs have still higher boiling points because the chloride is even more polarizable than fluoride . Because of their polarity , the CFCs are useful solvents , and their boiling points make them suitable as refrigerants . The CFCs are far less flammable than methane , in part because they contain fewer C-H bonds and in part because , in the case of the chlorides and bromides , the released halides quench the free radicals that sustain flames . The densities of CFCs are higher than their corresponding alkanes . In general , the density of these compounds correlates with the number of chlorides . CFCs and HCFCs are usually produced by halogen exchange starting from chlorinated methanes and ethanes . Illustrative is the synthesis of chlorodifluoromethane from chloroform : HCCl + 2 HF → HCF Cl + 2 HCl The brominated derivatives are generated by free - radical reactions of the chlorofluorocarbons , replacing C-H bonds with C - Br bonds . The production of the anesthetic 2 - bromo - 2 - chloro - 1 , 1 , 1 - trifluoroethane ( `` halothane '' ) is illustrative : CF CH Cl + Br → CF CHBrCl + HBr Reactions ( edit ) The most important reaction of the CFCs is the photo - induced scission of a C - Cl bond : CCl F → CCl F + Cl The chlorine atom , written often as Cl , behaves very differently from the chlorine molecule ( Cl ) . The radical Cl is long - lived in the upper atmosphere , where it catalyzes the conversion of ozone into O. Ozone absorbs UV - B radiation , so its depletion allows more of this high energy radiation to reach the Earth 's surface . Bromine atoms are even more efficient catalysts ; hence brominated CFCs are also regulated .",
"2": "Applications ( edit ) CFCs and HCFCs are used in a variety of applications because of their low toxicity , reactivity and flammability . Every permutation of fluorine , chlorine and hydrogen based on methane and ethane has been examined and most have been commercialized . Furthermore , many examples are known for higher numbers of carbon as well as related compounds containing bromine . Uses include refrigerants , blowing agents , propellants in medicinal applications and degreasing solvents . Billions of kilograms of chlorodifluoromethane are produced annually as precursor to tetrafluoroethylene , the monomer that is converted into Teflon . Classes of compounds , nomenclature ( edit ) Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) : when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CCl F and C Cl F , where m is nonzero . Hydro - chlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) : when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formula CCl F H and C Cl F H , where m , n , x , and y are nonzero . and bromofluorocarbons have formulae similar to the CFCs and HCFCs but also include bromine . Hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) : when derived from methane , ethane , propane , and butane , these compounds have the respective formulae CF H , C F H , C F H , and C F H , where m is nonzero . Numbering system ( edit ) Main article : refrigerant § Refrigerants by class A special numbering system is used for fluorinated alkanes , prefixed with Freon - , R - , CFC - and HCFC - , where the rightmost value indicates the number of fluorine atoms , the next value to the left is the number of hydrogen atoms plus 1 , and the next value to the left is the number of carbon atoms less one ( zeroes are not stated ) , and the remaining atoms are chlorine . Freon - 12 , for example , indicates a methane derivative ( only two numbers ) containing two fluorine atoms ( the second 2 ) and no hydrogen ( 1 - 1 = 0 ) . It is therefore CCl F .",
"3": "Another , easier equation that can be applied to get the correct molecular formula of the CFC / R / Freon class compounds is this to take the numbering and add 90 to it . The resulting value will give the number of carbons as the first numeral , the second numeral gives the number of hydrogen atoms , and the third numeral gives the number of fluorine atoms . The rest of the unaccounted carbon bonds are occupied by chlorine atoms . The value of this equation is always a three figure number . An easy example is that of CFC - 12 , which gives : 90 + 12 = 102 - > 1 carbon , 0 hydrogens , 2 fluorine atoms , and hence 2 chlorine atoms resulting in CCl F. The main advantage of this method of deducing the molecular composition in comparison with the method described in the paragraph above is that it gives the number of carbon atoms of the molecule . Freons containing bromine are signified by four numbers . Isomers , which are common for ethane and propane derivatives , are indicated by letters following the numbers : ( hide ) Principal CFCs Systematic name Common / trivial name ( s ) , code Boiling point ( ° C ) Formula Trichlorofluoromethane Freon - 11 , R - 11 , CFC - 11 23.77 CCl F Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon - 12 , R - 12 , CFC - 12 − 29.8 CCl F Difluoromethane / pentafluoroethane R - 410A , Puron , AZ - 20 − 48.5 50 % CH F / 50 % CHF CF Chlorotrifluoromethane Freon - 13 , R - 13 , CFC - 13 − 81 CClF Chlorodifluoromethane R - 22 , HCFC - 22 − 40.8 CHClF Dichlorofluoromethane R - 21 , HCFC - 21 8.9 CHCl F Chlorofluoromethane Freon 31 , R - 31 ,",
"4": "HCFC - 31 − 9.1 CH ClF Bromochlorodifluoromethane BCF , Halon 1211 , H - 1211 , Freon 12B1 − 3.7 CBrClF 1 , 1 , 2 - Trichloro - 1 , 2 , 2 - trifluoroethane Freon 113 , R - 113 , CFC - 113 , 1 , 1 , 2 - Trichlorotrifluoroethane 47.7 Cl FC - CClF 1 , 1 , 1 - Trichloro - 2 , 2 , 2 - trifluoroethane Freon 113a , R - 113a , CFC - 113a 45.9 Cl C - CF 1 , 2 - Dichloro - 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 - tetrafluoroethane Freon 114 , R - 114 , CFC - 114 , Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 3.8 ClF C - CClF 1 - Chloro - 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 - pentafluoroethane Freon 115 , R - 115 , CFC - 115 , Chloropentafluoroethane − 38 ClF C - CF 2 - Chloro - 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 - tetrafluoroethane R - 124 , HCFC - 124 − 12 CHFClCF 1 , 1 - Dichloro - 1 - fluoroethane R - 141b , HCFC - 141b 32 Cl FC - CH 1 - Chloro - 1 , 1 - difluoroethane R - 142b , HCFC - 142b − 9.2 ClF C - CH Tetrachloro - 1 , 2 - difluoroethane Freon 112 , R - 112 , CFC - 112 91.",
"5": "5 CCl FCCl F Tetrachloro - 1 , 1 - difluoroethane Freon 112a , R - 112a , CFC - 112a 91.5 CClF CCl 1 , 1 , 2 - Trichlorotrifluoroethane Freon 113 , R - 113 , CFC - 113 48 CCl FCClF 1 - bromo - 2 - chloro - 1 , 1 , 2 - trifluoroethane Halon 2311a 51.7 CHClFCBrF 2 - bromo - 2 - chloro - 1 , 1 , 1 - trifluoroethane Halon 2311 50.2 CF CHBrCl 1 , 1 - Dichloro - 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3 - pentafluoropropane R - 225ca , HCFC - 225ca 51 CF CF CHCl 1 , 3 - Dichloro - 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 - pentafluoropropane R - 225cb , HCFC - 225cb 56 CClF CF CHClF History ( edit ) Carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) was used in fire extinguishers and glass `` anti-fire grenades '' from the late nineteenth century until around the end of World War II . Experimentation with chloroalkanes for fire suppression on military aircraft began at least as early as the 1920s . Freon is a trade name for a group of CFCs which are used primarily as refrigerants , but also have uses in fire - fighting and as propellants in aerosol cans . Bromomethane is widely used as a fumigant . Dichloromethane is a versatile industrial solvent . The Belgian scientist Frédéric Swarts pioneered the synthesis of CFCs in the 1890s .",
"6": "He developed an effective exchange agent to replace chloride in carbon tetrachloride with fluoride to synthesize CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) and CFC - 12 ( CCl F ) . In the late 1920s , Thomas Midgley , Jr. improved the process of synthesis and led the effort to use CFC as refrigerant to replace ammonia ( NH ) , chloromethane ( CH Cl ) , and sulfur dioxide ( SO ) , which are toxic but were in common use . In searching for a new refrigerant , requirements for the compound were : low boiling point , low toxicity , and to be generally non-reactive . In a demonstration for the American Chemical Society , Midgley flamboyantly demonstrated all these properties by inhaling a breath of the gas and using it to blow out a candle in 1930 . Commercial development and use ( edit ) During World War II , various chloroalkanes were in standard use in military aircraft , although these early halons suffered from excessive toxicity . Nevertheless , after the war they slowly became more common in civil aviation as well . In the 1960s , fluoroalkanes and bromofluoroalkanes became available and were quickly recognized as being highly effective fire - fighting materials . Much early research with Halon 1301 was conducted under the auspices of the US Armed Forces , while Halon 1211 was , initially , mainly developed in the UK . By the late 1960s they were standard in many applications where water and dry - powder extinguishers posed a threat of damage to the protected property , including computer rooms , telecommunications switches , laboratories , museums and art collections . Beginning with warships , in the 1970s , bromofluoroalkanes also progressively came to be associated with rapid knockdown of severe fires in confined spaces with minimal risk to personnel . By the early 1980s , bromofluoroalkanes were in common use on aircraft , ships , and large vehicles as well as in computer facilities and galleries . However , concern was beginning to be expressed about the impact of chloroalkanes and bromoalkanes on the ozone layer .",
"7": "The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer did not cover bromofluoroalkanes as it was thought , at the time , that emergency discharge of extinguishing systems was too small in volume to produce a significant impact , and too important to human safety for restriction . Regulation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the late 1970s , the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the ozone layer . After the development of his electron capture detector , James Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the air , finding a mole fraction of 60 ppt of CFC - 11 over Ireland . In a self - funded research expedition ending in 1973 , Lovelock went on to measure CFC - 11 in both the Arctic and Antarctic , finding the presence of the gas in each of 50 air samples collected , and concluding that CFCs are not hazardous to the environment . The experiment did however provide the first useful data on the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere . The damage caused by CFCs was discovered by Sherry Rowland and Mario Molina who , after hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock 's work , embarked on research resulting in the first publication suggesting the connection in 1974 . It turns out that one of CFCs ' most attractive features -- their low reactivity -- is key to their most destructive effects . CFCs ' lack of reactivity gives them a lifespan that can exceed 100 years , giving them time to diffuse into the upper stratosphere . Once in the stratosphere , the sun 's ultraviolet radiation is strong enough to cause the homolytic cleavage of the C - Cl bond . NASA projection of stratospheric ozone , in Dobson units , if chlorofluorocarbons had not been banned . Animated version . By 1987 , in response to a dramatic seasonal depletion of the ozone layer over Antarctica , diplomats in Montreal forged a treaty , the Montreal Protocol , which called for drastic reductions in the production of CFCs .",
"8": "On 2 March 1989 , 12 European Community nations agreed to ban the production of all CFCs by the end of the century . In 1990 , diplomats met in London and voted to significantly strengthen the Montreal Protocol by calling for a complete elimination of CFCs by the year 2000 . By the year 2010 , CFCs should have been completely eliminated from developing countries as well . Ozone - depleting gas trends Because the only CFCs available to countries adhering to the treaty is from recycling , their prices have increased considerably . A worldwide end to production should also terminate the smuggling of this material . However , there are current CFC smuggling issues , as recognized by the United Nations Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) in a 2006 report titled `` Illegal Trade in Ozone Depleting Substances '' . UNEP estimates that between 16,000 -- 38,000 tonnes of CFCs passed through the black market in the mid-1990s . The report estimated between 7,000 and 14,000 tonnes of CFCs are smuggled annually into developing countries . Asian countries are those with the most smuggling ; as of 2007 , China , India and South Korea were found to account for around 70 % of global CFC production , South Korea later to ban CFC production in 2010 . Possible reasons for continued CFC smuggling were also examined : the report noted that many banned CFC producing products have long lifespans and continue to operate . The cost of replacing the equipment of these items is sometimes cheaper than outfitting them with a more ozone - friendly appliance . Additionally , CFC smuggling is not considered a significant issue , so the perceived penalties for smuggling are low . While the eventual phaseout of CFCs is likely , efforts are being taken to stem these current non-compliance problems . By the time of the Montreal Protocol , it was realised that deliberate and accidental discharges during system tests and maintenance accounted for substantially larger volumes than emergency discharges , and consequently halons were brought into the treaty , albeit with many exceptions . Regulatory gap ( edit ) While the production and consumption of CFCs are regulated under the Montreal Protocol , emissions from existing banks of CFCs are not regulated under the agreement .",
"9": "In 2002 , there were an estimated 5,791 kilotons of CFCs in existing products such as refrigerators , air conditioners , aerosol cans and others . Approximately one - third of these CFCs are projected to be emitted over the next decade if action is not taken , posing a threat to both the ozone layer and the climate . A proportion of these CFCs can be safely captured and destroyed . Regulation and DuPont ( edit ) In 1978 the United States banned the use of CFCs such as Freon in aerosol cans , the beginning of a long series of regulatory actions against their use . The critical DuPont manufacturing patent for Freon ( `` Process for Fluorinating Halohydrocarbons '' , U.S. Patent # 3258500 ) was set to expire in 1979 . In conjunction with other industrial peers DuPont formed a lobbying group , the `` Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy , '' to combat regulations of ozone - depleting compounds . In 1986 DuPont , with new patents in hand , reversed its previous stance and publicly condemned CFCs . DuPont representatives appeared before the Montreal Protocol urging that CFCs be banned worldwide and stated that their new HCFCs would meet the worldwide demand for refrigerants . Phasing - out of CFCs ( edit ) Use of certain chloroalkanes as solvents for large scale application , such as dry cleaning , have been phased out , for example , by the IPPC directive on greenhouse gases in 1994 and by the volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) directive of the EU in 1997 . Permitted chlorofluoroalkane uses are medicinal only . Bromofluoroalkanes have been largely phased out and the possession of equipment for their use is prohibited in some countries like the Netherlands and Belgium , from 1 January 2004 , based on the Montreal Protocol and guidelines of the European Union . Production of new stocks ceased in most ( probably all ) countries in 1994 . However many countries still require aircraft to be fitted with halon fire suppression systems because no safe and completely satisfactory alternative has been discovered for this application . There are also a few other , highly specialized uses .",
"10": "These programs recycle halon through `` halon banks '' coordinated by the Halon Recycling Corporation to ensure that discharge to the atmosphere occurs only in a genuine emergency and to conserve remaining stocks . The interim replacements for CFCs are hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) , which deplete stratospheric ozone , but to a much lesser extent than CFCs . Ultimately , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) will replace HCFCs . Unlike CFCs and HCFCs , HFCs have an ozone depletion potential ( ODP ) of 0 . DuPont began producing hydrofluorocarbons as alternatives to Freon in the 1980s . These included Suva refrigerants and Dymel propellants . Natural refrigerants are climate friendly solutions that are enjoying increasing support from large companies and governments interested in reducing global warming emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning . Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change . On 21 September 2007 , approximately 200 countries agreed to accelerate the elimination of hydrochlorofluorocarbons entirely by 2020 in a United Nations - sponsored Montreal summit . Developing nations were given until 2030 . Many nations , such as the United States and China , who had previously resisted such efforts , agreed with the accelerated phase out schedule . Development of alternatives for CFCs ( edit ) Work on alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants began in the late 1970s after the first warnings of damage to stratospheric ozone were published . The hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) are less stable in the lower atmosphere , enabling them to break down before reaching the ozone layer . Nevertheless , a significant fraction of the HCFCs do break down in the stratosphere and they have contributed to more chlorine buildup there than originally predicted . Later alternatives lacking the chlorine , the hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) have an even shorter lifetimes in the lower atmosphere . One of these compounds , HFC - 134a , is now used in place of CFC - 12 in automobile air conditioners .",
"11": "Hydrocarbon refrigerants ( a propane / isobutane blend ) are also used extensively in mobile air conditioning systems in Australia , the USA and many other countries , as they have excellent thermodynamic properties and perform particularly well in high ambient temperatures . One of the natural refrigerants ( along with ammonia and carbon dioxide ) , hydrocarbons have negligible environmental impacts and are also used worldwide in domestic and commercial refrigeration applications , and are becoming available in new split system air conditioners . Various other solvents and methods have replaced the use of CFCs in laboratory analytics . In Metered - dose inhalers ( MDI ) , a non-ozone effecting substitute was developed as a propellant , known as `` hydrofluoroalkane . ''",
"12": "Applications and replacements for CFCs Application Previously used CFC Replacement Refrigeration & air - conditioning CFC - 12 ( CCl F ) ; CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) ; CFC - 13 ( CClF ) ; HCFC - 22 ( CHClF ) ; CFC - 113 ( Cl FCCClF ) ; CFC - 114 ( CClF CClF ) ; CFC - 115 ( CF CClF ) ; HFC - 23 ( CHF ) ; HFC - 134a ( CF CFH ) ; HFC - 507 ( a 1 : 1 azeotropic mixture of HFC 125 ( CF CHF2 ) and HFC - 143a ( CF CH ) ) ; HFC 410 ( a 1 : 1 azeotropic mixture of HFC - 32 ( CF H ) and HFC - 125 ( CF CF H ) ) Propellants in medicinal aerosols CFC - 114 ( CClF CClF ) HFC - 134a ( CF CFH ) ; HFC - 227ea ( CF CHFCF ) Blowing agents for foams CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) ; CFC 113 ( Cl FCCClF ) ; HCFC - 141b ( CCl FCH ) HFC - 245fa ( CF CH CHF ) ; HFC - 365 mfc ( CF CH CF CH ) Solvents , degreasing agents , cleaning agents CFC - 11 ( CCl F ) ; CFC - 113 ( CCl FCClF ) None Environmental impacts ( edit ) As previously discussed , CFCs were phased out via the Montreal Protocol due to their part in ozone depletion . However , the atmospheric impacts of CFCs are not limited to its role as an active ozone reducer . This anthropogenic compound is also a greenhouse gas , with a much higher potential to enhance the greenhouse effect than CO . Infrared absorption bands trap heat from escaping earth 's atmosphere . In the case of CFCs , the strongest of these bands are located in the spectral region 7.8 -- 15.3 μm -- referred to as an atmospheric window due to the relative transparency of the atmosphere within this region .",
"13": "The strength of CFC bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere , at which the compound absorbs and emits radiation , are two factors that contribute to CFCs ' `` super '' greenhouse effect . Another such factor is the low concentration of the compound . Because CO is close to saturation with high concentrations , it takes more of the substance to enhance the greenhouse effect . Conversely , the low concentration of CFCs allow their effects to increase linearly with mass . Tracer of ocean circulation ( edit ) Because the time history of CFC concentrations in the atmosphere is relatively well known , they have provided an important constraint on ocean circulation . CFCs dissolve in seawater at the ocean surface and are subsequently transported into the ocean interior . Because CFCs are inert , their concentration in the ocean interior reflects simply the convolution of their atmospheric time evolution and ocean circulation and mixing . CFC and SF tracer - derived age of ocean water ( edit ) Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) are anthropogenic compounds that have been released into the atmosphere since the 1930s in various applications such as in air - conditioning , refrigeration , blowing agents in foams , insulations and packing materials , propellants in aerosol cans , and as solvents . The entry of CFCs into the ocean makes them extremely useful as transient tracers to estimate rates and pathways of ocean circulation and mixing processes . However , due to production restrictions of CFCs in the 1980s , atmospheric concentrations of CFC - 11 and CFC - 12 has stopped increasing , and the CFC - 11 to CFC - 12 ratio in the atmosphere have been steadily decreasing , making water dating of water masses more problematic . Incidentally , production and release of sulfur hexafluoride ( SF ) have rapidly increased in the atmosphere since the 1970s . Similar to CFCs , SF is also an inert gas and is not affected by oceanic chemical or biological activities . Thus , using CFCs in concert with SF as a tracer resolves the water dating issues due to decreased CFC concentrations . Using CFCs or SF as a tracer of ocean circulation allows for the derivation of rates for ocean processes due to the time - dependent source function . The elapsed time since a subsurface water mass was last in contact with the atmosphere is the tracer - derived age .",
"14": "Estimates of age can be derived based on the partial pressure of an individual compound and the ratio of the partial pressure of CFCs to each other ( or SF ) . Partial pressure and ratio dating techniques ( edit ) The age of a water parcel can be estimated by the CFC partial pressure ( pCFC ) age or SF partial pressure ( pSF ) age . The pCFC age of a water sample is defined as : p C F C = ( C F C ) F ( T , S ) ( \\ displaystyle pCFC = ( \\ frac ( ( CFC ) ) ( F ( T , S ) ) ) ) where ( CFC ) is the measured CFC concentration ( pmol kg ) and F is the solubility of CFC gas in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity . The CFC partial pressure is expressed in units of 10 -- 12 atmospheres or parts - per - trillion ( ppt ) . The solubility measurements of CFC - 11 and CFC - 12 have been previously measured by Warner and Weiss Additionally , the solubility measurement of CFC - 113 was measured by Bu and Warner and SF by Wanninkhof et al. and Bullister et al.",
"15": "Theses authors mentioned above have expressed the solubility , F , at a total pressure of 1 atm as : ln F = a 1 + a 2 ( 100 T ) + a 3 ln ( T 100 ) + a 4 ( T 100 ) 2 + S ( b 1 + b 2 ( T 100 ) + b 3 ( T 100 ) ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ ln F = a_ ( 1 ) + a_ ( 2 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 100 ) ( T ) ) \\ right ) + a_ ( 3 ) \\ ln \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \\ right ) + a_ ( 4 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + S \\ left ( b_ ( 1 ) + b_ ( 2 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \\ right ) + b_ ( 3 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( T ) ( 100 ) ) \\ right ) \\ right ) ) where F = solubility expressed in either mol l or mol kg atm , T = absolute temperature , S = salinity in parts per thousand ( ppt ) , a , a , a , b , b , and b are constants to be determined from the least squares fit to the solubility measurements . This equation is derived from the integrated Van ' t Hoff equation and the logarithmic Setchenow salinity dependence . It can be noted that the solubility of CFCs increase with decreasing temperature at approximately 1 % per degree Celsius . Once the partial pressure of the CFC ( or SF ) is derived , it is then compared to the atmospheric time histories for CFC - 11 , CFC - 12 , or SF in which the pCFC directly corresponds to the year with the same . The difference between the corresponding date and the collection date of the seawater sample is the average age for the water parcel . The age of a parcel of water can also be calculated using the ratio of two CFC partial pressures or the ratio of the SF partial pressure to a CFC partial pressure .",
"16": "Safety ( edit ) According to their material safety data sheets , CFCs and HCFCs are colorless , volatile , toxic liquids and gases with a faintly sweet ethereal odor . Overexposure at concentrations of 11 % or more may cause dizziness , loss of concentration , central nervous system depression and / or cardiac arrhythmia . Vapors displace air and can cause asphyxiation in confined spaces . Although non-flammable , their combustion products include hydrofluoric acid , and related species . Normal occupational exposure is rated at 0.07 % and does not pose any serious health risks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Climate Change . '' The White House . 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mironov , O.G. ( 1968 ) . `` Hydrocarbon pollution of the sea and its influence on marine organisms '' . Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen. 17 : 335 -- 339 . Bibcode : 1968HWM ... 17 ... 335M . doi : 10.1007 / BF01611234 . Jump up ^ Ozone layer treaty could tackle super polluting HFCs Archived 2014 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... rtcc.org. 15 July 2014 Jump up ^ Siegemund , Günter et al. ( 2002 ) `` Fluorine Compounds , Organic '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a11_349 Jump up ^ Rossberg , M. et al. ( 2006 ) `` Chlorinated Hydrocarbons '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a06_233. pub2 Jump up ^ Bellis , Mary . Freon . inventors.about.com Jump up ^ Carlisle , Rodney ( 2004 ) . Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries , p. 351 . John Wiley & Songs , Inc. , New Jersey . ISBN 0 - 471 - 24410 - 4 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ McNeill , J.R. ( 2001 ) Something New Under the Sun : An Environmental History of the Twentieth - Century World New York : Norton , xxvi , 421 pp. ( as reviewed in the Journal of Political Ecology Archived 2004 - 03 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Lee , Bing - Sun ; Chiou , Chung - Biau ( October 2008 ) . `` The Relationship of Meteorological and Anthropogenic Factors to Time Series Measurements of CFC - 11 , CFC - 12 , and CH3CCl3 Concentrations in the Urban Atmosphere '' . Atmospheric Environment. 42 ( 33 ) : 7707 . Bibcode : 2008AtmEn ... 42.7706 L . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2008.05. 042 . Jump up ^ `` Illegal Trade in Ozone Depleting Substances '' Archived 2012 - 03 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... United Nations Environmental Programme. 2007 . Web . 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ S. Korea to ban import , production of freon , halon gases in 2010 Archived 2014 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Yonhap News Agency . 23 December 2009 Jump up ^ Campbell , Nick et al. `` HFCs and PFCs : Current and Future Supply , Demand and Emissions , plus Emissions of CFCs , HCFCs and Halons '' , Ch. 11 in IPCC / TEAP Special Report : Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System Jump up ^ Chlorofluorocarbons : An Overlooked Climate Threat , EESI Congressional Briefing Archived 2009 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Eesi.org . Retrieved on 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Desombre , E.R. , 2000 : Domestic Sources of International Environmental Policy : Industry , Environmentalists , and U.S. Power . MIT Press . SBN : 9780262041799 . p. 93 .",
"18": "^ Jump up to : `` Ethics of Du Pont 's CFC Strategy 1975 -- 1995 '' , Smith B. Journal of Business Ethics , Volume 17 , Number 5 , April 1998 , pp. 557 -- 568 ( 12 ) Jump up ^ Welcome to the Halon Corporation Archived 2009 - 09 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Halon.org . Retrieved on 24 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Prinn , R.G. ; Weiss , R.F. ; Fraser , P.J. ; Simmonds , P.G. ; Cunnold , D.M. ; Alyea , F.N. ; O'Doherty , S. ; Salameh , P. ; Miller , B.R. ; Huang , J. ; Wang , R.H.J. ; Hartley , D.E. ; Harth , C. ; Steele , L.P. ; Sturrock , G. ; Midgley , P.M. ; McCulloch , A. ( 27 July 2000 ) . `` A History of Chemically and Radiatively Important Gases in Air Deduced from ALE / GAGE / AGAGE '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres. 105 ( D14 ) : 17751 -- 17792 . Bibcode : 2000JGR ... 10517751P . doi : 10.1029 / 2000JD900141 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . Jump up ^ `` Ozone Layer Depletion '' , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Archived 2008 - 09 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . accessed 25 June 2008 Jump up ^ Freon ® : 1930 . In Depth Archived 2011 - 03 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... dupont.com ( 30 January 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Broder , John M. ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` A Novel Tactic in Climate Fight Gains Some Traction '' . The New York Times . p . A9 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 .",
"19": "Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Velders , G.J.M. ; Andersen , S.O. ; Daniel , J.S. ; Fahey , D.W. ; McFarland , M. ( 2007 ) . `` The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 104 ( 12 ) : 4814 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 104.4814 V . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0610328104 . PMC 1817831 . PMID 17360370 . Jump up ^ HCFC Phaseout Schedule Archived 2009 - 07 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... Epa.gov ( 28 June 2006 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Greenpeace , Cool Technologies '' Archived 2008 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories . TemaNord 516 / 2003 Archived February 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Norden.org ( 1 January 2003 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rothman , L ; Gordon , I.E. ; Barbe , A. ; Benner , D. Chris ; Bernath , P.F. ; Birk , M. ; Boudon , V. ; Brown , L.R. ; Campargue , A. ; Champion , J. - P. ; Chance , K. ; Coudert , L.H. ; Dana , V. ; Devi , V.M. ; Fally , S. ; Flaud , J. - M. ; Gamache , R.R.",
"20": "; Goldman , A. ; Jacquemart , D. ; Kleiner , I. ; Lacome , N. ; Lafferty , W.J. ; Mandin , J. - Y. ; Massie , S.T. ; Mikhailenko , S.N. ; Miller , C.E. ; Moazzen - Ahmadi , N. ; Naumenko , O.V. ; Nikitin , A.V. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 100 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 533 -- 572 . Bibcode : 2009JQSRT. 110 ... 533R . doi : 10.1016 / j. jqsrt. 2009.02. 013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ramanathan , V ( 1975 ) . `` Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons : Climatic Implications '' . Science , New Series . 190 ( 4209 ) : 50 -- 52 . Bibcode : 1975Sci ... 190 ... 50R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 190.4209. 50 . JSTOR 1740877 . ^ Jump up to : Ramanathan , V ; Y . Feng ( 2009 ) . `` Air pollution , greenhouse gases and climate change : Global and regional perspectives '' . Atmospheric Environment. 43 : 37 -- 50 . Bibcode : 2009AtmEn ... 43 ... 37R . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2008.09. 063 . Jump up ^ Plummer LN and Busenberg E. ( 2006 ) . `` Chlorofluorocarbons in aquatic environments '' , Ch. 1 , pp. 1 -- 8 . In IAEA ( ed . )",
"21": ", Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology -- A guidebook Archived 2016 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. : Vienna , International Atomic Energy Agency . ^ Jump up to : Bullister , J.L. ; Wisegarver , D.P. ( 2008 ) . `` The shipboard analysis of trace levels of sulfur hexafluoride , chlorofluorocarbon - 11 and chlorofluorocarbon - 12 in seawater '' . Deep - Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers. 55 ( 8 ) : 1063 -- 1074 . Bibcode : 2008DSRI ... 55.1063 B . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2008.03. 014 . Jump up ^ Watanabe , Y.W. ; Shimamoto , A. ; Ono , T. ( 2003 ) . `` Comparison of Time - Dependent Tracer Ages in the Western North Pacific : Oceanic Background Levels of SF , CFC - 11 , CFC - 12 and CFC - 113 '' . Journal of Oceanography. 59 ( 5 ) : 719 -- 729 . doi : 10.1023 / B : JOCE. 0000009600.12070. 1a . ^ Jump up to : Fine , R.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Observations of CFCs and SF as ocean tracers '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Marine Science . 3 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 95 . Bibcode : 2011ARMS ... 3 ... 173F . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. marine. 010908.163933 . PMID 21329203 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Warner , M.J. ; Weiss , R.F. ( 1985 ) . `` Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater '' . Deep - Sea Research Part A : Oceanographic Research Papers.",
"22": "32 ( 12 ) : 1485 -- 1497 . Bibcode : 1985DSRA ... 32.1485 W . doi : 10.1016 / 0198 - 0149 ( 85 ) 90099 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Min , D.H. ; Warner , M.J. ; Bullister , J.L. ( 2010 ) . `` Estimated rates of carbon tetrachloride removal in the thermocline and deep waters of the East Sea ( Sea of Japan ) '' . Marine Chemistry . 121 : 100 -- 111 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marchem. 2010.03. 008 . ^ Jump up to : Bu , X. ; Warner , M.J. ( 1995 ) . `` Solubility of chlorofluorocarbon 113 in water and seawater '' . Deep - Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers. 42 ( 7 ) : 1151 -- 1161 . Bibcode : 1995DSRI ... 42.1151 B . doi : 10.1016 / 0967 - 0637 ( 95 ) 00052 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wanninkhof , R. ; Ledwell , J.R. ; Watson , A.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Analysis of sulfur hexafluoride in seawater '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 96 : 8733 . Bibcode : 1991JGR ... 96.8733 W . doi : 10.1029 / 91JC00104 . Jump up ^ Bullister , J.L. ; Wisegarver , D.P. ; Menzia , F.A. ( 2002 ) . `` The solubility of sulfur hexafluoride in water and seawater '' . Deep - Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers. 49 : 175 -- 187 . Bibcode : 2002DSRI ... 49 ... 175B . doi : 10.1016 / S0967 - 0637 ( 01 ) 00051 - 6 .",
"23": "Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Material Safety Data Sheet Archived 2011 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... National Refrigerants Jump up ^ WHO . `` Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons '' . International Programme on Chemical Safety . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Gas conversion table Nomenclature FAQ Numbering scheme for Ozone - Depleting Substances and their substitutes Class I Ozone - Depleting Substances Class II Ozone - Depleting Substances ( HCFCs ) CFC illegal trade History of halon - use by the US Navy Ozone Loss : The Chemical Culprits Process using pyrolysis in an ultra high temperature plasma arc , for the elimination of CFCs ( 1 ) Environmental Investigation Agency : Reports etc. on illegal trade and solutions ( 2 ) Environmental Investigation Agency in the USA : Reports etc.",
"24": "on illegal trade and solutions Freon in car A / C ( 3 ) Phasing out halons in extinguishers Halomethanes Monosubstituted CH F CH Cl CH Br CH I Disubstituted CH F CH ClF CH BrF CH FI CH Cl CH BrCl CH ClI CH Br CH BrI CH I Trisubstituted CHF CHClF CHBrF CHF I CHCl F C * HBrClF C * HClFI CHBr F C * HBrFI CHFI CHCl CHBrCl CHCl I CHBr Cl C * HBrClI CHClI CHBr CHBr I CHBrI CHI Tetrasubstituted CF CClF CBrF CF I CCl F CBrClF CClF I CBr F CBrF I CF I CCl F CBrCl F CCl FI CBr ClF C * BrClFI CClFI CBr F CBr FI CBrFI CFI CCl CBrCl CCl I CBr Cl CBrCl I CCl I CBr Cl CBr ClI CBrClI CClI CBr CBr I CBr I CBrI CI CAt * Chiral compound . Functional groups Only carbon , hydrogen and oxygen Hydrocarbons Allene Alkene ( Allyl , Vinyl ) Alkyl ( Methyl , Ethyl , Propyl , Butyl ,",
"25": "Pentyl ) Alkyne Benzyl Carbene Cumulene Methylene bridge Methylene group Methine Phenyl Other Acetoxy Acetyl Acryloyl Acyl Aldehyde Alkoxy ( Methoxy ) Benzoyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Dioxirane Epoxide Ester Ether Ethylenedioxy Hydroxy Ketone Methylenedioxy Peroxide ( Organic ) Ynone Only one element apart from C , H , O Nitrogen Amine Azo compound Cyanate Hydrazone Imide Imine Isocyanate Isonitrile Nitrene Nitrile Nitro compound Nitroso compound Organic amide Oxime Phosphorus Phosphonate Phosphonous Sulfur Disulfide Sulfone Sulfonic acid Sulfoxide Thial Thioester Thioether Thioketone Thiol Selenium Selenol Selenonic acid Seleninic acid Selenenic acid Tellurium Tellurol Other Isothiocyanate Phosphoramide Sulfenyl chloride Sulfonamide Thiocyanate See also chemical classification , chemical nomenclature ( inorganic ,",
"26": "organic ) Pollution Air pollution Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Indoor air quality Global dimming Global distillation Global warming Ozone depletion Atmospheric particulate matter Smog Water pollution Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products Environmental impact of shipping Environmental monitoring Eutrophication Freshwater environmental quality parameters Groundwater pollution Hypoxia Marine debris Marine pollution Nutrient pollution Ocean acidification Oil spill Septic tank Surface runoff Thermal pollution Turbidity Urban runoff Wastewater Water quality Water stagnation Waterborne diseases Soil contamination Bioremediation Electrical resistance heating Herbicide Open defecation Pesticide Phytoremediation Soil Guideline Values ( SGVs ) Radioactive contamination Actinides in the environment Bioremediation of radioactive waste Environmental radioactivity Fission product Nuclear fallout Plutonium in the environment Radiation poisoning Radium in the environment Uranium in the environment Other types of pollution Land degradation Light pollution Pollution from nanomaterials Noise pollution Radio spectrum pollution Urban heat island Visual pollution Inter-government treaties Basel Convention CLRTAP Kyoto Protocol MARPOL Convention Montreal Protocol OSPAR Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention Major organizations Basel Action Network Central Pollution Control Board ( India ) DEFRA Environment Agency ( England and Wales ) Scottish Environment Protection Agency U.S.",
"27": "EPA European Environment Agency Greenpeace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorofluorocarbon&oldid=830639065 '' Categories : Chlorofluorocarbons Aerosol propellants DuPont Firefighting Greenhouse gases Halogenated solvents Halomethanes Heating , ventilating , and air conditioning Ozone depletion Refrigerants Belgian inventions Environmental controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"28": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Madea - wikipedia Madea Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Medea . This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Madea Madea serving time in prison for committing a series of crimes in Madea Goes to Jail First appearance I Can Do Bad All by Myself ( stage play ) Diary of a Mad Black Woman ( film ) Created by Tyler Perry Portrayed by Tyler Perry Information Family `` Big Mabel '' Murphy ( mother ) Frederick ( brother ) Joe ( brother ) Irene Andrews ( sister ; deceased ) Helen McCarter ( granddaughter ) Gina ( granddaughter ) Maylene `` Maylee '' Griffith ( granddaughter ) Vianne ( granddaughter ) Lisa ( granddaughter ) Tina ( granddaughter ) Jackie ( granddaughter ) LaKeisha Griffith ( great - granddaughter ) Shemar ( great - granddaughter ) Spouse ( s ) Johnny Simmons ( deceased ) Children Michayla Williams ( given away ) Michelle Griffin ( deceased ) William Simmons ( deceased ) Cora Jean Simmons Relatives Vickie ( niece ) Angela ( niece ) Mike ( great - nephew ) Sonny ( nephew ) Brian Simmons ( nephew ) Tiffany Simmons ( great - niece ) BJ Simmons ( great - nephew ) Victoria Breaux ( niece ) Lisa Breaux ( great - niece ) Vanessa Breaux ( great - niece ) Nima ( great - niece ) Jonathan ( great - nephew ) Ruby ( aunt ) Eileen Murphy ( niece ) Lacey Murphy ( great - niece ) Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons is a character created and portrayed by Tyler Perry . The character is a tough elderly black woman . Vindictive in nature , Madea gets even in a bad way . When asked why she felt the need to get somebody all the time , Madea answered : `` Well when you gettin ' got and somebody done got you and you go get them , when you get ' em , everybody 's gon ' get got . ''",
"1": "Additionally , Madea has a tendency to overreact and is willing to threaten to use deadly weapons , destroy property , use physical violence , take on the law , and use any and all means necessary to show up an offending party . Incorrigible in her overreactive ways , Madea has repeatedly landed herself in court ( usually before Judge Mablean ) , anger management classes , house arrest , and even prison . Despite her questionable methods , she stands for what 's right and has a nurturing side . As examples , Madea is often seen officiously involving herself in circumstances in which others have been wronged , offering self - defense tips , instruction , or avenging them on her own ; by her very nature , Madea is more than willing to `` thug out '' on some of the sassiest and brattiest of children and teens , but also shows to care about their well - being in the end . The character combines an unusual pronunciation style with her locutions , such as `` Heller , how ya dern ? '' or `` Halleluyer praise da lort ! '' Madea is based on Perry 's mother and his aunt , as well Eddie Murphy 's performance in Nutty Professor II : The Klumps . In Perry 's own words Madea is `` ... exactly the PG version of my mother and my aunt , and I loved having an opportunity to pay homage to them . She would beat the hell out of you but make sure the ambulance got there in time to make sure they could set your arm back ... '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Criminal background 3 Personality 3.1 Hard side and language use 3.2 Soft side 3.3 Pet peeves 4 Madea 's family 4.1 Madea 's mother 4.2 Siblings 4.3 Madea 's parenting , husbands , and children 5 Media & entertainment featuring Madea 5.1 Plays ( including recorded plays ) 5.2 Films 5.2. 1 Animated film 5.3 Television programs 5.3. 1 House of Payne ( guest appearances ) 5.3. 2 Meet the Browns ( mentioned ) 5.3.",
"2": "3 Love Thy Neighbor ( guest appearance ) 5.4 Book 6 Reception 6.1 Acclaim 6.2 Parody and satire 6.3 Orlando Jones 's April Fools prank 6.4 Criticism 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early years ( edit ) Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons was born in Greensburg , Louisiana , on April 26 , 1935 . ( Madea was 68 in the first play , I Can Do Bad All by Myself , as well as Madea 's Class Reunion . Her ages in the other plays are unknown because they take place between these two plays , and there 's no continuity offered . In Madea Goes to Jail , Madea was around 75 ) . In `` I Can Do Bad All by Myself , '' she reveals she once lived in Cleveland , Ohio , but later returned to Atlanta . Madea was brought up in poverty and grew up living in shacks with her immediate family . Madea has stated that although her family did n't have much , they had love . According to Family Reunion , Madea 's mother , `` Big Mabel '' Murphy , was a hooker during Madea 's childhood and was n't at all religious . As a result , Madea grew up with little knowledge of Christianity ( as an elderly woman , Madea has a tendency to misquote the Bible ) . She attended Booker T. Washington High School , where she served as a cheerleader . When Madea was 16 , her parents moved her and the rest of her immediate family to Atlanta , Georgia , in a shotgun house . It was reported in Madea 's book , Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings , that Madea 's mother and father would n't allow her to go out at all until she turned 17 or 18 . In the films , it has been revealed that Madea used to be a stripper , and her stagenames were Magnitude and Delicious . It is heavily implied that she was a prostitute as well . Criminal background ( edit ) Madea has a lifelong criminal record that began at age 9 with a charge of petty theft .",
"3": "It is also reported that Madea was charged with her first felony at this age , and her crimes began progressing to illegal gambling at age 18 , which later evolved into check fraud , identity theft , insurance fraud ( presumably related to her nine deceased husbands ) , assault , attempted murder , vehicle theft ( mostly Lexus vehicles , the first vehicle she ever stole being a 1992 Lexus LS400 ) , reckless driving ( including smashing through objects , notably a mansion gate , a Cadillac CTS , and a fast food window in Diary of a Mad Black Woman , Goes to Jail , and Big Happy Family respectively ) and forklifting vehicles out of parking spaces ( usually for taking spaces that she wants to park at , as she did to many Camrys and Scions , as well as a Pontiac Solstice that she ruined in Madea Goes to Jail ) . Throughout the series , she is a repeat offender . In Diary of a Mad Black Woman alone , Madea and her granddaughter Helen McCarter were both charged with `` criminal trespassing , reckless endangerment , criminal possession of a handgun , assault with a deadly weapon , ( driving on a ) suspended license , expired registration , reckless driving , and a broken taillight '' , which placed Madea on house arrest , while her granddaughter was bailed for $5,000 . In Family Reunion , she violated the terms of house arrest by taking off her house arrest bracelet but was given the opportunity to avoid jail by becoming a foster mother . In Meet the Browns , Madea was stopped by police as a normal traffic stop , only to refuse to pull over ( fearing that she 'll be sent to jail again ) , which leads her into a high - speed car chase with several law enforcement officials and news helicopters . In Goes to Jail , Madea was about to get sent to jail , but was reluctantly released by Judge Mablean after learning the arresting officers did not read the Miranda rights warning when she was arrested ( as the officers claimed that Madea was fighting with them ) , so she finally admits that her license was suspended indefinitely ( implying that her license was suspended when she was 30 years old ) and also gets ordered to anger management counseling , making it the very last opportunity for her to avoid jail . She , however , began driving as soon as Cora neglected her daughterly duties .",
"4": "Madea 's brother Joe ( also played by Perry ) refers to her as a `` po - po ho '' , meaning someone who is a professional at evading law enforcement . In A Madea Christmas , Madea confides in her great - niece Eileen that she sold `` trees '' ; when Eileen asks if they were Christmas trees , Madea replies that `` when you smoke ' em , they make you feel like it 's Christmas '' , implying that she once was a marijuana dealer . Personality ( edit ) Hard side and language use ( edit ) Scurrilous and saucy in remarks and behavior , Madea is full of comical sass and vulgar and abusive language . She also has many catch phrases , such as `` You crazy as hell , '' and `` I oughta punch you in da face ! '' In addition , she uses Ebonics and other various urban expressions . Madea also intentionally adds a mispronounced `` t '' sound to many of her words , such as `` Africant Americant '' , `` cooking and cleanting '' and `` living for da Lort ( Lord ) . '' Madea is mostly noted for her outrageous overreactions and thuggish toughness over which she has shown no shame . For example , the character has four general methods of attack : Destruction of property , such as demolishing others ' household appliances with a chainsaw Weapon violence , such as stabbing others with a lit cigarette Physical violence , such as strangling and pounding others with her bare hands and elbows Intimidation through outrageous browbeating tactics and threats , such as firing off her Glock pistol , which she keeps handy with her in her purse at all times ( from the extended interval of rapid - fire sounds in Madea Goes To Jail , it is implied that she owns a fully automatic assault - rifle , as well , but only brings it out on `` special occasions '' ) When using guns , Madea shoots around targets , using intimidation rather than actually killing or injuring anyone . As another form of intimidation , Madea frequently boasts of having killed in the past . As an example , she once claimed to have murdered Jimmy Hoffa over him insulting her . She also claimed to have shot Tupac Shakur while arguing over a parking space ; although she claims not to have killed him in the shooting .",
"5": "Soft side ( edit ) In spite of her outrageous and shocking behaviors , Madea is consultative , protective , loving , and motherly at heart . This is heavily evidenced in Gets a Job , in which Madea provides life lessons , guidance , and direction to all the residents and staff members of a nursing home . Moreover , on numerous occasions , Madea has accepted family members who were without a place to stay into her home on her own accord . These family members have included her granddaughter Helen ( Diary of a Mad Black Woman film ) , granddaughter Vianne ( I Can Do Bad All by Myself ) , her great niece Vanessa and her two kids ( Madea 's Family Reunion ) , and ex-convict Bobby Mitchell ( I Can Do Bad All by Myself ) . Quite often , Madea has offered direction and guidance to those who were being abused within their romantic relationships . Though much of this direction and guidance tends to come in the form of extreme warmongering , Madea 's heart is always in the right place . Madea also instructs troubled individuals about the mistakes they 've made in their life choices and leads them down the path of forgiveness and improvement . While in prison in the film Madea Goes to Jail , Madea attends an anger management church meeting under duress . During the meeting , Madea ends up lecturing all the women to stop playing victims , stop whining , and start taking actions to improving their lives . Madea is mentally strong and offers nurturing advice to struggling individuals whom she cares for . Pet peeves ( edit ) Madea has a series of pet peeves : disrespectful youth , gum popping , rude people ; lazy people ; people who do n't return shopping carts ; adulterous people ; and `` people who are just plain stupid . '' She is also a firm critic of men that sag their pants , believing that it looks cheap and sloppy . Madea 's Family ( edit ) ( Note : There are a few discrepancies and plot holes in Madea 's family tree as between the regular films and the stage - plays ) Madea 's mother ( edit ) In the book Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings , Madea gives details on her mother , `` Big Mable '' Murphy , who was described as `` unusually large '' .",
"6": "`` Big Mable '' is characterized as being very gentle , mild - mannered , kind and peaceful woman , with a long and very dangerous fuse . In Family Reunion , Madea revealed that `` Big Mabel '' was a hooker during Madea 's childhood and not at all religious . Siblings ( edit ) Madea 's brothers According to Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings , Madea has several brothers . Two of them are Frederick ( revealed in the book ) and Joe . Brother : Joe Joe ( also played by Perry ) is Madea 's most recognizable brother as he lives with her and frequently appears in Madea films . A wise guy who 's very coarse , misbehaved , and ornery , Joe has no qualms with such tendencies as openly farting and hurling about insulting wisecracks about people , including Madea . Despite being elderly , he constantly makes crude passes at younger women . Joe regularly smokes marijuana in spite of his need to be on oxygen . On smoking marijuana , Joe has stated , `` God made this for us . God made this little tree , Viagra and oxygen . Put them altogether and you can take a woman to heaven and back ! '' Joe has at least three children : Brian , Donna , and George Needleman . ( Note : The Joe character precedes the Madea character in debut , as Joe 's first appearance was in the 1998 play I Know I 've Been Changed , taking place when the Madea character had not yet originated . After one other play , Madea is unveiled in the 1999 play I Can Do Bad All by Myself as Joe 's sister ) Joe 's children : Brian , Donna , and George Brian ( also played by Perry ) is a criminal defense attorney , who often gets roped into Madea 's messes as he represents her in the many criminal trials Madea lands herself in . He is married to Debra and has two children , Tiffany and BJ ( Brian Jr . ) . Joe 's daughter , Donna , is married to Isaac . She appeared in Madea 's Family Reunion . In Witness Protection , Joe discovers that he has a biracial son named George Needleman with his long - lost flame Barbara .",
"7": "Barbara confirms this by comparing George 's age to how many years ago Joe had the affair with her . However , George never finds out about this despite several hints from Joe . Therefore , George is Madea 's distant nephew . Madea 's sister In Family Reunion , it was revealed that Madea has an older sister named Irene Andrews , who has a son named Sonny and a daughter named Victoria . The film begins with everyone leaving Irene 's funeral . Madea was shown as not caring much for her sister ; in fact , not only does Madea claim she 's happy Irene 's died , but she has also said Irene probably died on purpose to get out of repaying Madea a $20 loan . In Madea Goes to Jail , Madea helps out Sonny by letting him stay at her home rent - free . Madea 's parenting , husbands , and children ( edit ) In Madea Goes to Jail , it was revealed that Madea supported her children by stripping , pole dancing , and professional wrestling , among other things . Madea has buried nine husbands , among them Jimmy and Johnny . Madea claims to have shot some of them and poisoned others of them with her sweet potato pie . After each husband died , they were buried quickly and Madea collected their life insurance checks . Each time it 's happened , Madea has stated `` I 'm tryin ' to get to the insurance company by five , and the casino by nine ! '' First husband : Johnny Simmons Madea killed her first husband Johnny Simmons ( deceased ) , the father of Michelle and William . Madea implies that she was glad when he died and that their marriage was n't good . Johnny 's niece Vickie appears in Family Reunion ; she is the mother of four sons . Daughter with first husband : Michelle Griffin Madea 's daughter , Michelle Griffin , was born when Madea and her first husband , Johnny , were teenagers . Michelle grew up to be a prostitute and neglectful mother of two daughters of her own , Maylee and Vianne , who appear in the play I Can Do Bad All by Myself . Michelle 's children might have different fathers . Michelle 's husband was a drunk who did n't spend enough time with either of his children .",
"8": "Madea explains that Michelle did not know the father of Maylee and called her `` Maybe '' because she was sleeping with four or five men when she got pregnant . Madea changed it to `` Maylee '' when she took her and Vianne out of the projects to raise them . Maylee has a 14 - year - old daughter Keisha , who is also seen as pregnant . Daughter : Cora Simmons Madea 's daughter , Cora Simmons , is her most recognized and only child to appear in most of the plays and movies . Cora is 50 in Diary of a Mad Black Woman . She was born in 1953 when Madea was 18 . Cora is a devout Christian and is often in the company of her father Leroy Brown . Tina and Lisa only appear in Family Reunion , but are the only granddaughters to be mentioned all the time . Cora thought that Johnny was her father until Class Reunion , in which Madea reminded Cora that she ( Cora ) was the product of a one - night stand with Leroy Brown during their prom in 1953 . This suggests that Madea is 62 years old in her first appearance , as well as in Madea 's Class Reunion when her parents attend their 50th class reunion . Once Cora learned the truth , she became closer to Mr. Brown , visiting his family ( in Meet the Browns ) and taking him to the hospital in What 's Done in the Dark . Their father / daughter plotline is shown on movies in Meet the Browns , the TV series Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , and its spin - off series Meet the Browns . In the movie Tyler Perry 's Madea 's Big Happy Family , Cora enlists the help of Maury Povich to find out if Leroy Brown is in fact her father , after a blood test proves he is not . DNA tests reveal that Leroy Brown is not the father of Cora . In Madea 's Big Happy Family there is no apparent relation between Leroy Brown and Cora other than friends . Son : William Simmons William is Madea 's youngest and only son . Depending on the chronological order of the plays , William could be older than Cora . William is married to Myrtle .",
"9": "As far as the plays , Myrtle only appears in the Diary of a Mad Black Woman . She is , however , mentioned in the I Can Do Bad All by Myself play . In the plays , Myrtle is in her fifties . In the film timeline , Myrtle is in her 70s , and is placed in a retirement home . This shows a natural propensity to disregard timelines humorously , because Madea herself is only in her mid-seventies . William and Myrtle have three children : Helen , Jackie , and Gina , all of whom have either appeared or been mentioned in one of the plays ( though only Helen is mentioned in the movie ) . William 's oldest daughter , Helen , is in her mid to late 30s during Diary of a Mad Black Woman , which makes William in his fifties . Tyler Perry has confirmed that in A Madea Family Funeral ( 2018 ) Madea has another brother named Heathrow ( Also played by Perry ) . A Vietnam war veteran . Media & entertainment featuring Madea ( edit ) Madea has appeared in several plays ( some of which have been recorded for repeated viewing ) , fully produced films , a couple of television programs ( guest appearances ) , one book and one animated film . The character made her first appearance in the 1999 play I Can Do Bad All by Myself , later appearing in numerous other plays by Perry , then appearing in films based on those plays .",
"10": "Plays ( including recorded plays ) ( edit ) I Can Do Bad All By Myself -- 1999 Diary of a Mad Black Woman -- 2001 Madea 's Family Reunion -- 2002 Madea 's Class Reunion -- 2003 Madea Goes to Jail -- 2006 Madea 's Big Happy Family -- 2010 A Madea Christmas -- 2011 Madea Gets a Job -- 2012 Madea 's Neighbors from Hell -- 2013 Madea on the Run -- 2015 Films ( edit ) Diary of a Mad Black Woman -- 2005 Madea 's Family Reunion -- 2006 Meet the Browns ( cameo ) -- 2008 Madea Goes to Jail -- 2009 I Can Do Bad All by Myself -- 2009 Madea 's Big Happy Family -- 2011 Madea 's Witness Protection -- 2012 A Madea Christmas -- 2013 Boo ! A Madea Halloween -- 2016 Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween -- 2017 A Madea Family Funeral -- 2018 Animated film ( edit ) Madea 's Tough Love -- 2015 Television programs ( edit ) House of Payne ( guest appearances ) ( edit ) In the TBS comedy - drama House of Payne pilot episode `` Bully and the Beast '' , Madea was the foster mother of Nikki . She factored into the plot through a school altercation between her adopted daughter and Curtis Payne 's ( the series ' protagonist ) great - nephew Malik . Curtis takes a particular disliking to Madea , who is not in the least bit intimidated by Curtis at all . Rather conversely , Curtis became intimidated by Madea and had nightmares about her . In the episode `` The Wench Who Saved Christmas '' , Curtis tries to discourage everyone from having the Christmas spirit . He later fell asleep and dreamt that Madea was the ghost of Christmas past , present , and future . In this form , she tried to teach him a lesson about his killjoy behavior . In the episode `` Wife Swap '' , Curtis ' wife Ella chastises him for taking her for granted . That night , Curtis has an extended nightmare where he is married to Madea instead of Ella .",
"11": "Meet the Browns ( mentioned ) ( edit ) On another TBS series , Meet the Browns , Madea is said to be the mother of Cora Simmons as a result of a one - night stand with the show 's lead character , She is an unseen character throughout the series . Love Thy Neighbor ( guest appearance ) ( edit ) On January 21 , 2015 , Madea made a special guest appearance in the Oprah Winfrey Network comedy series , Love Thy Neighbor . The episode titled `` Madea 's Pressure Is Up '' aired as part of the 3rd season of Love Thy Neighbor . Book ( edit ) Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings : Perry wrote the book in the character 's persona . The book was published on April 11 , 2006 . Reception ( edit ) Acclaim ( edit ) Entertainment Weekly put the character on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Whether she 's going to jail or just opening up a can of whupass , Tyler Perry 's Madea is the profane , gun - toting granny you never had but ( maybe ) wish you did . '' Parody and satire ( edit ) In early December 2012 , Madea was parodied on Saturday Night Live by actor Jamie Foxx . In the American Dad ! episode `` Spelling Bee My Baby , '' Steve Smith deliberately misspelled his words in a spelling bee so as to express his love for Akiko ( who was also competing ) , instead spelling random Tyler Perry / Madea films . The character was parodied on The Boondocks episode `` Pause '' , in which a thinly disguised version of Perry named Winston Jerome plays a similar character to Madea called Ma Duke . The character , and Perry himself , were both spoofed on South Park Madea was spoofed in the film Scary Movie 5 . In A Haunted House 2 , the church ladies say they 're going to see Madea 's latest film , Madea Goes to Mars . A few episodes of The Cleveland Show feature a character named Auntie Momma , who is a large , loud woman , who is later revealed to be the cross-dressing alter ego of Donna 's uncle Kevin .",
"12": "Orlando Jones 's April Fools prank ( edit ) On April 1 , 2013 , Orlando Jones pulled an April Fools ' Day prank , informing the public via his Huffington Post account that he would be replacing Perry as Madea . Jones led the public to believe that the decision had come amid Perry 's prior obligations , assisting Oprah Winfrey with her struggling OWN network . As part of the prank , Jones released a photo of himself to the public in which he was impersonating Madea . In addition , he incorporated several pretend quotes seemingly issued by Perry , both acknowledging the news and giving Jones his blessing to continue on with the character . Unaware of the prank , however , many fans responded with great outrage and criticism . As result of increasing outcries from fans , Perry informed the public on April 15 , 2013 , that the news was untrue . Perry was quoted as stating , `` That was an April Fool 's joke that HE did . Not true . And not funny . When I 'm done with Madea , she is done . '' Criticism ( edit ) Perry has been accused of minstrelsy and playing into black stereotypes with the Madea character , most notably by fellow black director Spike Lee . Perry 's argument with Lee dates back to a 2009 interview in which Lee referred to Perry 's films as `` coonery buffoonery '' . Lee equated the Madea movies with the old - time minstrel shows which lampooned black people as dim - witted , lazy , buffoonish , superstitious and happy - go - lucky , and further stated that if a white director made a movie depicting black people in such a manner he would be ostracized . Perry responded by stating that his films were meant as entertainment and should not be taken so seriously . Stated Perry , `` I am sick of him talking about me . I am sick of him saying , ' This is a coon , this is a buffoon . ' I am sick of him talking about black people going to see movies . This is what he said : ' You vote by what you see ' -- as if black people do n't know what they want to see . I am sick of him .",
"13": "He talked about Whoopi , he talked about Oprah , he talked about me , he talked about Clint Eastwood . Spike needs to shut the hell up ! '' See also ( edit ) Cross-gender acting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Another Fine Mess : A History of American Film Comedy - Saul Austerlitz - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Pulsford , Brendan. `` Tyler Perry 's `` Madea '' Toys With Stereotypes - Arts `` . The Wesleyan Argus . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Madea Goes to Jail '' . Moviemistakes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 10 - movies '' . 10 - movies . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jet - Google Books . Books.google.com. 2006 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Tasha ( 2012 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Tyler Perry and the Business of ' Madea ' '' . ScreenPicks . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Atlanta Magazine - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings : Madea 's Uninhibited ... - Tyler Perry - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hip Hop , News , Entertainment , Social and Business Network '' . The Flow Online . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry Transforms : From Madea To Family Man '' . NPR. 2012 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Fierce Angels : The Strong Black Woman in American Life and Culture - Sheri Parks - Google Books .",
"14": "Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings : Madea 's Uninhibited ... - Tyler Perry - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Madea saves all again in ' Madea Gets a Job ' HamptonRoads.com PilotOnline.com '' . HamptonRoads.com. 2013 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2017/film/news/two-tyler-perry-movies-2018-lionsgate-1202476181/ Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , Vol. 1 : Episodes 1 - 20 ( 3 Discs ) - DVD '' . Bestbuy.com. 2007 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : Tyler Perry 's Madea visits House of Payne - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. 2007 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's House Of Payne - Season 4 , Episode 1 : Wife Swap '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Browns TV show canceled + renewed TV shows '' . TV Series Finale. 2011 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( December 11 , 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ McGlynn , Katla ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's Madea Meets ' Alex Cross ' On Jamie Foxx ' SNL ' Episode ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) . `` '' The Full Cognitive Redaction Of Avery Bullock By The Coward Stan Smith '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( 2010 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Aaron McGruder 's Boondocks ' lampoons Tyler Perry '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ www.imdb.com/title/tt0795461/fullcredits/ Jump up ^ Scott , Tracy. `` Tyler Perry calls Orlando Jones ' news ' not true and not funny ' '' . S2SMagazine.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spike Lee on Black Enterprise '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ The Coon Character , Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia , Ferris State University . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ John Kenrick , A History of the Musical : Minstrel Shows , musicals101.com. 1996 , revised 2003 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Madea 's Tyler Perry Blasts Spike Lee : ' Spike Can Go Straight to Hell ! ' '' . Movieline . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Madea Tyler Perry official website ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 !",
"17": "A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madea&oldid=819287649 '' Categories : Comedy characters Fictional African - American people Fictional characters from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Fictional characters from Louisiana Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Fictional cross-dressers Fictional smokers Girls with guns films Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 14 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the team that beat the eagles this season
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{
"0": "2017 Philadelphia Eagles season - wikipedia 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Head coach Doug Pederson General manager Howie Roseman Owner Jeffrey Lurie Home field Lincoln Financial Field Results Record 13 -- 3 Division place 1st NFC East Playoff finish TBD Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) Pro Bowlers QB Carson Wentz S Malcolm Jenkins TE Zach Ertz OG Brandon Brooks OT Lane Johnson DT Fletcher Cox ← 2016 Eagles seasons 2018 → The 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season is the franchise 's 85th season in the National Football League and the second under head coach Doug Pederson . The Eagles improved their 7 -- 9 record from 2016 , reaching a record of 13 -- 3 . Their win against the Los Angeles Rams allowed them to clinch the division title for the first time since 2013 , but came with the loss of Carson Wentz to a torn ACL . He will also not be able to participate in his first Pro Bowl because of the injury . A close win against the New York Giants in Week 15 helped the Eagles clinch a first - round bye for the first time since 2004 . A Monday Night win over the Oakland Raiders allowed the Eagles to clinch home - field advantage for first time since 2004 as well . They shall face the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round . In total 6 players were selected for the Pro Bowl , including 4 receiving it for the first time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Roster changes 1.1 Free agents 1.2 Free agent signings 1.3 Departures 1.4 Trades 2 Draft 3 Staff 4 Current roster 5 Preseason 6 Regular season 6.1 Schedule 6.2 Game summaries 6.2. 1 Week 1 : at Washington Redskins 6.2. 2 Week 2 : at Kansas City Chiefs 6.2. 3 Week 3 : vs. New York Giants 6.2. 4 Week 4 : at Los Angeles Chargers 6.2. 5 Week 5 : vs.",
"1": "Arizona Cardinals 6.2. 6 Week 6 : at Carolina Panthers 6.2. 7 Week 7 : vs. Washington Redskins 6.2. 8 Week 8 : vs. San Francisco 49ers 6.2. 9 Week 9 : vs. Denver Broncos 6.2. 10 Week 11 : at Dallas Cowboys 6.2. 11 Week 12 : vs. Chicago Bears 6.2. 12 Week 13 : at Seattle Seahawks 6.2. 13 Week 14 : at Los Angeles Rams 6.2. 14 Week 15 : at New York Giants 6.2. 15 Week 16 : vs. Oakland Raiders 6.2. 16 Week 17 : vs. Dallas Cowboys 7 Postseason 7.1 Schedule 7.2 Game summaries 7.2. 1 NFC Divisional Playoffs : vs. ( # 6 ) Atlanta Falcons 8 Standings 8.1 Division 8.",
"2": "2 Conference 9 Awards and Honors 10 References Roster changes ( edit ) Free agents ( edit ) Position Player Tag 2017 Team Notes RB Kenjon Barner UFA Philadelphia Eagles Signed 1 - year deal DE Bryan Braman UFA New Orleans Saints Signed 1 - year deal TE Trey Burton RFA Philadelphia Eagles Signed 1 - year tender CB Nolan Carroll UFA Dallas Cowboys Signed 3 - year deal LB Najee Goode RFA Philadelphia Eagles Signed 1 - year deal DT Bennie Logan UFA Kansas City Chiefs Signed 1 - year deal LB Stephen Tulloch UFA Retired Jaylen Watkins RFA Philadelphia Eagles Signed 1 - year deal RB Terrell Watson UFA Pittsburgh Steelers Signed 1 - year deal Stefen Wisniewski UFA Philadelphia Eagles Signed 3 - year deal Player re-signed by the Eagles Free agent signings ( edit ) Position Player Tag 2016 Team Date signed Notes WR Torrey Smith UFA San Francisco 49ers March 9 Signed 3 - year / $15 million deal WR Alshon Jeffery UFA Chicago Bears March 9 Signed 1 - year / $14 million deal OG Chance Warmack UFA Tennessee Titans March 9 Signed 1 - year / $1.51 million deal QB Nick Foles UFA Kansas City Chiefs March 13 Signed 2 - year / $11 Million deal DE Chris Long UFA New England Patriots March 28 Signed 2 - year deal CB Patrick Robinson UFA Indianapolis Colts March 28 Signed 1 - year deal QB Matt McGloin UFA Oakland Raiders April 10 Signed 1 - year / $800 k deal RB LeGarrette Blount UFA New England Patriots May 17 Signed 1 - year / $2.8 million deal Departures ( edit ) Pos .",
"3": "Player Age 2017 Team CB Nolan Carroll 30 Dallas Cowboys OLB Connor Barwin 30 Los Angeles Rams DT Bennie Logan 27 Kansas City Chiefs QB Chase Daniel 30 New Orleans Saints QB Aaron Murray 26 Los Angeles Rams CB Leodis McKelvin 31 TBD WR Dorial Green - Beckham 24 TBD DE Marcus Smith II 25 Seattle Seahawks RB Ryan Mathews 29 TBD Trades ( edit ) April 4 : The Eagles traded the 74th pick in the 2017 NFL Draft to the Baltimore Ravens to acquire Timmy Jernigan and the 99th pick in the 2017 NFL draft . July 26 : Guard Allen Barbre was traded to the Denver Broncos in exchange for a 2019 seventh - round draft selection . August 11 : The Eagles traded wide receiver Jordan Matthews and their 2018 third - round draft selection to the Buffalo Bills in exchange for cornerback Ronald Darby . August 28 : Long snapper Jon Dorenbos was traded to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for a 2019 seventh - round draft selection . October 31 : At the trade deadline , the Eagles traded a 2018 draft 4th round pick to the Miami Dolphins for running back Jay Ajayi . Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NFL Draft 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Draft Round Selection Player Position College 14 Derek Barnett DE Tennessee 43 Sidney Jones CB Washington 99 Rasul Douglas CB West Virginia 118 Mack Hollins WR North Carolina 132 Donnel Pumphrey RB San Diego State 5 166 Shelton Gibson WR West Virginia 184 Nathan Gerry LB Nebraska 6 214 Elijah Qualls DT Washington Notes The Eagles traded their original 2017 first - round selection ( No.",
"4": "12 overall ) , their first - , third - and fourth - round selections in 2016 , as well as a 2018 second - round selection to the Cleveland Browns , in exchange for the Browns ' 2016 first - round selection and the Browns fourth - round compensatory selection ( No. 139 overall ) . The Eagles acquired an additional first - round selection , along with a 2018 fourth - round selection in a trade that sent quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings . The Eagles traded their third - round selection ( No. 74 overall ) to the Baltimore Ravens for DT Timmy Jernigan and one of the Ravens third - round selections ( No. 99 overall ) . Undrafted Free Agents Player Position College Tyler Orlosky West Virginia Billy Brown TE Shepherd Victor Salako OT Oklahoma State Greg Ward Jr . WR Houston Cameron Johnston Ohio State Corey Clement RB Wisconsin Winston Craig DT Richmond Jomal Wiltz CB Iowa State Tre ′ Sullivan Shepherd Randall Goforth CB UCLA Jerod Evans QB Virginia Tech Charles Walker DT Oklahoma Staff ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel - Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel - Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy - Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting - Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting - Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting - Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive - Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive - T.J.",
"5": "McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro - Trey Brown Director of Player Engagement - Paul Lancaster Director of Football Compliance - Jon Ferrari Assistant Director of Football Analytics - Taylor Rajack Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Frank Reich Quarterbacks -- John DeFilippo Running Backs -- Duce Staley Wide Receivers -- Mike Groh Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Offensive Quality Control / Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Coaching Support Staff Coaching Assistant - Spencer Phillips Coaching Assistant / Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti Coaching Assistant - Trent Miles Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Keith Gray Strength Assistant - Ben Wagner Director of Sports Science and Reconditioning -- Shaun Huls → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Current roster ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles roster",
"6": "view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 7 Nate Sudfeld Running backs 36 Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 14 Marcus Johnson 82 Torrey Smith Tight ends 88 Trey Burton 87 Brent Celek 86 Zach Ertz Offensive linemen 66 Will Beatty T 79 Brandon Brooks G 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 73 Isaac Seumalo G 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 94 Beau Allen DT 96 Derek Barnett DE 50 Bryan Braman DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT 75 Vinny Curry DE 55 Brandon Graham DE 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE 98 Elijah Qualls DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 57 Dannell Ellerbe MLB 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 52 Najee Goode OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB Defensive backs 41 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB 24 Corey Graham FS 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 22 Sidney Jones CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 31 Jalen Mills CB 21 Patrick Robinson CB 26 Jaylen Watkins SS Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K 45 Rick Lovato LS 8 Donnie Jones P",
"7": "Reserve lists -- Elie Bouka CB ( Future ) -- Randall Goforth CB ( IR ) 58 Jordan Hicks MLB ( IR ) -- Cameron Johnston P ( Future ) 42 Chris Maragos FS ( IR ) 71 Jason Peters T ( IR ) 34 Donnel Pumphrey RB ( IR ) -- Aziz Shittu DT ( IR ) 43 Darren Sproles RB ( IR ) 6 Caleb Sturgis K ( IR ) 59 Joe Walker MLB ( IR ) 11 Carson Wentz QB ( IR ) -- Dom Williams WR ( IR ) -- Marquess Wilson WR ( Future ) -- Adam Zaruba TE ( Future ) Practice squad 68 Josh Andrews G 33 De'Vante Bausby CB 85 Billy Brown TE 19 Rashard Davis WR 78 Darrell Greene G 39 Harold Jones - Quartey SS 35 D.J. Killings CB 49 Tre Sullivan S 16 Bryce Treggs WR 89 Greg Ward Jr . WR Rookies in italics Roster updated January 9 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 15 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Preseason ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.",
"8": "com recap August 10 at Green Bay Packers L 9 -- 24 0 -- 1 Lambeau Field Recap August 17 Buffalo Bills W 20 -- 16 1 -- 1 Lincoln Financial Field Recap August 24 Miami Dolphins W 38 -- 31 2 -- 1 Lincoln Financial Field Recap August 31 at New York Jets L 10 -- 16 2 -- 2 MetLife Stadium Recap Regular season ( edit ) Schedule ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.",
"9": "com recap September 10 at Washington Redskins W 30 -- 17 1 -- 0 FedExField Recap September 17 at Kansas City Chiefs L 20 -- 27 1 -- 1 Arrowhead Stadium Recap September 24 New York Giants W 27 -- 24 2 -- 1 Lincoln Financial Field Recap October 1 at Los Angeles Chargers W 26 -- 24 3 -- 1 StubHub Center Recap 5 October 8 Arizona Cardinals W 34 -- 7 4 -- 1 Lincoln Financial Field Recap 6 October 12 at Carolina Panthers W 28 -- 23 5 -- 1 Bank of America Stadium Recap 7 October 23 Washington Redskins W 34 -- 24 6 -- 1 Lincoln Financial Field Recap 8 October 29 San Francisco 49ers W 33 -- 10 7 -- 1 Lincoln Financial Field Recap 9 November 5 Denver Broncos W 51 -- 23 8 -- 1 Lincoln Financial Field Recap 10 Bye 11 November 19 at Dallas Cowboys W 37 -- 9 9 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap 12 November 26 Chicago Bears W 31 -- 3 10 -- 1 Lincoln Financial Field Recap 13 December 3 at Seattle Seahawks L 10 -- 24 10 -- 2 CenturyLink Field Recap 14 December 10 at Los Angeles Rams W 43 -- 35 11 -- 2 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Recap 15 December 17 at New York Giants W 34 -- 29 12 -- 2 MetLife Stadium Recap 16 December 25 Oakland Raiders W 19 -- 10 13 -- 2 Lincoln Financial Field Recap 17 December 31 Dallas Cowboys L 0 -- 6 13 -- 3 Lincoln Financial Field Recap Note : Intra-division opponents are in bold text .",
"10": "Game summaries ( edit ) Week 1 : at Washington Redskins ( edit ) Week One : Philadelphia Eagles at Washington Redskins -- Game summary Total Eagles 7 9 11 30 Redskins 0 14 0 17 at FedExField , Landover , Maryland Date : September 10 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 78,685 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kenny Albert , Ronde Barber and Kristina Pink Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Nelson Agholor 58 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 11 : 43 . Eagles 7 -- 0 . Drive : 3 plays , 56 yards , 1 : 07 . Second quarter PHI -- LeGarrette Blount 1 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( kick failed ) , 13 : 28 . Eagles 13 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 39 yards , 4 : 20 . WAS -- Ryan Kerrigan 24 - yard interception return ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 8 : 39 . Eagles 13 -- 7 . Drive : 0 plays , 24 yards , 0 : 00 . WAS -- Chris Thompson 29 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 1 : 26 . Redskins 14 -- 13 . Drive : 8 plays , 69 yards , 2 : 39 . PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 50 - yard field goal , 0 : 04 . Eagles 16 -- 14 . Drive : 10 plays , 43 yards , 1 : 17 . Third quarter PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 42 - yard field goal , 10 : 42 . Eagles 19 -- 14 . Drive : 9 plays , 51 yards , 4 : 22 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 33 - yard field goal , 2 : 11 . Eagles 19 -- 17 .",
"11": "Drive : 16 plays , 66 yards , 8 : 32 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 37 - yard field goal , 2 : 02 . Eagles 22 -- 17 . Drive : 6 plays , 33 yards , 3 : 47 . PHI -- Fletcher Cox 20 - yard fumble return , ( Alshon Jeffery pass from Carson Wentz ) , 1 : 38 . Eagles 30 -- 17 . Drive : 0 plays , 20 yards , 0 : 00 . Top passers PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 26 / 39 , 307 yards , 2 TD , INT WAS -- Kirk Cousins -- 23 / 40 , 240 yards , TD , INT Top rushers PHI -- LeGarrette Blount -- 14 rushes , 46 yards WAS -- Robert Kelley -- 10 rushes , 30 yards Top receivers PHI -- Zach Ertz -- 8 receptions , 93 yards WAS -- Terrelle Pryor -- 6 receptions , 66 yards The Eagles kicked off the 2017 season on the road against the Redskins . The Eagles started of with two TD passes from Carson Wentz to give them a 13 -- 0 lead . ( Kicker Caleb Sturgis missed an extra point after the 2nd TD . ) However , the Redskins came back with a Ryan Kerrigan pick six and a TD pass from Kirk Cousins to RB Chris Thompson to give them a 14 -- 13 lead late in second quarter . The Eagles responded with a field goal to give them a 16 -- 14 lead at the half . The third quarter only consisted of field goals . The Eagles led 22 -- 17 at the end of the third quarter . In the fourth quarter , Kirk Cousins fumbled the ball which Eagles ' DE Fletcher Cox recovered for a TD to seal an Eagles victory . This was the Eagles first win against the Redskins since September 2014 , ending a five - game losing streak to their division rival . With the win , the Eagles started 1 -- 0 for the sixth time in the last seven season openers .",
"12": "Week 2 : at Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Week Two : Philadelphia Eagles at Kansas City Chiefs -- Game summary Total Eagles 0 7 10 20 Chiefs 7 14 27 at Arrowhead Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri Date : September 17 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT / 12 : 00 p.m. CDT Game weather : 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 74,971 Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kevin Burkhardt , Charles Davis and Pam Oliver Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter KC -- Cairo Santos 34 - yard field goal , 11 : 22 . Chiefs 3 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 73 yards , 3 : 38 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 34 - yard field goal , 4 : 28 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 63 yards , 6 : 54 . Second quarter KC -- Cairo Santos 39 - yard field goal , 0 : 17 . Chiefs 6 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 3 yards , 0 : 49 . Third quarter PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 16 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 4 : 08 . Eagles 10 -- 6 . Drive : 7 plays , 81 yards , 4 : 20 . KC -- Kareem Hunt 53 - yard run ( Cairo Santos kick ) , 1 : 20 . Chiefs 13 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 83 yards , 2 : 48 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 40 - yard field goal , 11 : 57 . Tied 13 -- 13 . Drive : 10 plays , 49 yards , 4 : 23 . KC -- Travis Kelce 15 - yard pass from Alex Smith ( Cairo Santos kick ) , 6 : 25 . Chiefs 20 -- 13 . Drive : 5 plays , 31 yards , 2 : 51 .",
"13": "KC -- Kareem Hunt 2 - yard run ( Cairo Santos kick ) , 2 : 14 . Chiefs 27 -- 13 . Drive : 6 plays , 56 yards , 3 : 13 . PHI -- Nelson Agholor 9 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 0 : 08 . Chiefs 27 -- 20 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 06 . Top passers PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 25 / 46 , 333 yards , 2 TD , INT KC -- Alex Smith -- 21 / 28 , 251 yards , TD Top rushers PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 4 rushes , 55 yards KC -- Kareem Hunt -- 13 rushes , 81 yards , 2 TD Top receivers PHI -- Zach Ertz -- 5 receptions , 97 yards KC -- Travis Kelce -- 8 receptions , 103 yards , TD Doug Pederson faced off for the first time against his mentor , Andy Reid for the first time in Week 2 , as the Eagles travelled to Arrowhead Stadium to take on the Kansas City Chiefs . In a surprisingly defensive dominated game , the Chiefs led 6 -- 3 at halftime , following a missed field goal to close out the first half by Eagles rookie kicker Jake Elliott . The Eagles took a 10 -- 6 lead in the third quarter , with Carson Wentz finding his new wide receiver , Alshon Jeffery for their first touchdown connection of the year . Chiefs rookie running back Kareem Hunt answered with a 53 - yard touchdown run , and fourth quarter touchdowns by Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce and Hunt opened up the lead to 27 -- 13 with just over 2 minutes remaining in the game . Wentz led the Eagles on a scoring drive , finding Nelson Agholor in the back of the end zone with 8 seconds left in the game . The Eagles recovered the ensuing onside kick , but the Hail Mary pass to end the game fell incomplete . Eagles running back LeGarrette Blount had 1 carry for zero yards in the game , and Pederson received heat post game for not running the ball enough . The Eagles fell to 1 -- 1 on the season .",
"14": "Week 3 : vs. New York Giants ( edit ) Week Three : New York Giants at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Giants 0 0 0 24 24 Eagles 0 7 7 13 27 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : September 24 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 89 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter No scoring Second quarter PHI -- LeGarrette Blount 1 - yard run ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 9 : 29 . Eagles 7 -- 0 . Drive : 18 plays , 90 yards , 9 : 34 . Third quarter PHI -- Zach Ertz 3 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 5 : 15 . Eagles 14 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 18 yards , 3 : 43 . Fourth quarter NYG -- Odell Beckham , Jr. 10 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 12 : 39 . Eagles 14 -- 7 . Drive : 5 plays , 55 yards , 2 : 10 . NYG -- Odell Beckham , Jr. 4 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 10 : 53 . Tied 14 -- 14 . Drive : 4 plays , 33 yards , 1 : 20 . NYG -- Sterling Shepard 77 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 7 : 12 . Giants 21 -- 14 . Drive : 2 plays , 78 yards , 0 : 40 . PHI -- Corey Clement 15 - yard run ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 5 : 40 . Tied 21 -- 21 . Drive : 4 plays , 39 yards , 1 : 32 .",
"15": "NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 41 - yard field goal , 3 : 08 . Giants 24 -- 21 . Drive : 7 plays , 39 yards , 2 : 32 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 46 - yard field goal , 0 : 51 . Tied 24 -- 24 . Drive : 8 plays , 62 yards , 2 : 17 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 61 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Eagles 27 -- 24 . Drive : 3 plays , 19 yards , 0 : 13 . Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning -- 35 / 47 , 366 yards , 3 TD , 2 INT PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 21 / 31 , 176 yards , TD Top rushers NYG -- Orleans Darkwa -- 7 rushes , 22 yards PHI -- Wendell Smallwood -- 12 rushes , 71 yards Top receivers NYG -- Sterling Shepard -- 7 receptions , 133 yards , TD PHI -- Alshon Jeffery -- 4 receptions , 56 yards Heading into this game , there were many questions on the run game especially on Legarrette Blount as well as the offensive line who have struggled through the first two games . Plus , the Eagles were dealing with injuries on defense to S Rodney McLeod , CB Ronald Darby and backup S Corey Graham leaving Malcolm Jenkins and Chris Maragos the only healthy safeties . Despite all of the setbacks , The Eagles hosted the 0 -- 2 Giants who have only scored 13 points through the first 2 weeks of the season . Both teams started off in slow fashion , with no first quarter points . A LeGarrette Blount 1 yard touchdown run in the second quarter were the only points of the first half , after the Eagles stopped the Giants from reaching the end zone from 1 yard out to close out the first half . Coming out in the third quarter with a 7 -- 0 lead , the Eagles added the only points of the third quarter with Carson Wentz finding tight end Zach Ertz for a 3 - yard touchdown .",
"16": "The Eagles defense ( who were playing a solid game ) broke down in the fourth quarter allowing the Giants to score 21 unanswered points to start the fourth quarter , as quarterback Eli Manning found his all pro wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. twice for touchdowns , and second year wide receiver Sterling Shepard once for a 77 - yard touchdown . Fletcher Cox left the game with a calf injury . Eagles rookie running back Corey Clement ran for a 15 - yard touchdown to tie the score at 21 . After exchanging field goals , Wentz and the Eagles offense took over , looking to move into field goal range . Wentz connected with Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard pass , setting up a Jake Elliott 61 yard field goal attempt with 1 second remaining . Elliott converted on the 61 yard attempt , the longest in Eagles franchise history as time expired . Wentz was quietly efficient in the game , completing 21 of 31 attempts for 176 yards and one touchdown despite playing behind a struggling offensive line . The win came at an expense , as running back Darren Sproles was ruled out for the remainder of the season with a broken arm and torn ACL , both of which occurred on the same play . Despite this injury , the Eagles ran the ball efficiently through most of the game . With the close win , the Eagles advanced to 2 -- 1 tying the Cowboys and the Redskins for first place in the NFC East while the Giants fell to 0 -- 3 in the basement of the division . Week 4 : at Los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Week Four : Philadelphia Eagles at Los Angeles Chargers -- Game summary Total Eagles 10 6 7 26 Chargers 0 10 0 14 24 at StubHub Center , Carson , California Date : October 1 Game time : 4 : 05 p.m. EDT / 1 : 05 p.m.",
"17": "PDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 25,374 Referee : Carl Cheffers TV announcers ( Fox ) : Dick Stockton , Mark Schlereth and Shannon Spake Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 8 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 8 : 00 . Eagles 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 63 yards , 4 : 44 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 45 - yard field goal , 0 : 05 . Eagles 10 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 60 yards , 5 : 35 . Second quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 40 - yard field goal , 6 : 42 . Eagles 13 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 63 yards , 5 : 15 . LAC -- Tyrell Williams 75 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Younghoe Koo kick ) , 6 : 32 . Eagles 13 -- 7 . Drive : 1 play , 75 yards , 0 : 10 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 53 - yard field goal , 4 : 08 . Eagles 16 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 40 yards , 2 : 24 . LAC -- Younghoe Koo 28 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Eagles 16 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 72 yards , 0 : 56 . Third quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 47 - yard field goal , 0 : 55 . Eagles 19 -- 10 . Drive : 13 plays , 70 yards , 6 : 51 . Fourth quarter LAC -- Austin Ekeler 35 - yard run ( Younghoe Koo kick ) , 13 : 42 . Eagles 19 -- 17 . Drive : 7 plays , 60 yards , 2 : 13 .",
"18": "PHI -- Wendell Smallwood 3 - yard run ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 9 : 14 . Eagles 26 -- 17 . Drive : 7 plays , 71 yards , 4 : 28 . LAC -- Hunter Henry 4 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Younghoe Koo kick ) , 6 : 44 . Eagles 26 -- 24 . Drive : 8 plays , 70 yards , 2 : 30 . Top passers PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 17 / 31 , 242 yards , TD LAC -- Philip Rivers -- 22 / 38 , 347 yards , 2 TD Top rushers PHI -- LeGarrette Blount -- 16 rushes , 136 yards LAC -- Austin Ekeler -- 1 rush , 35 yards , TD Top receivers PHI -- Zach Ertz -- 5 receptions , 81 yards LAC -- Keenan Allen -- 5 receptions , 138 yards The Eagles travelled to the west coast to take on the Los Angeles Chargers . Many Eagle fans invaded StubHub Center making it an unofficial home game for the Eagles ( This would later be dubbed Lincoln Financial Field west by fans on Twitter ) . The Eagles jumped out to a 7 -- 0 lead early , after Chris Long forced a fumble to set up an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Carson Wentz to Alshon Jeffery . The Eagles would score on their first 5 drives of the game . Chargers quarterback Philip Rivers found Tyrell Williams for a 75 - yard touchdown pass , trimming the lead to 13 -- 7 midway through the 2nd quarter . The Eagles responded with a field goal to extend the lead . But , Chargers kicker Younghoe Koo kicked a field goal the change the scoreboard to 16 -- 10 before halftime . The Eagles were up 19 -- 17 when running back Wendell Smallwood ran for a three - yard touchdown , increasing the lead to 26 -- 17 . A touchdown drive capped off by Philip Rivers finding second year tight end Hunter Henry with 6 : 44 left in the game made the score 26 -- 24 .",
"19": "Riding LeGarrette Blount and his 136 yards , which included a 68 - yard run , the Eagles were able to grind out the remaining time on the clock and hold on for their second close win in a row . The Eagles were overall efficient on offense . The defense played well despite giving up big plays and allowing Philip Rivers to throw 347 yards . With the win , the Eagles advanced to 3 -- 1 maintaining a narrow 1 game lead in the NFC East . Week 5 : vs. Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) Week Five : Arizona Cardinals at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Cardinals 0 7 0 0 7 Eagles 21 0 10 34 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : October 8 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) , showers Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : John Hussey TV announcers ( Fox ) : Chris Myers , Daryl Johnston and Laura Okmin Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Trey Burton 15 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 8 : 19 . Eagles 7 -- 0 . Drive : 10 plays , 49 yards , 5 : 26 . PHI -- Zach Ertz 11 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 3 : 52 . Eagles 14 -- 0 . Drive : 3 plays , 15 yards , 1 : 30 . PHI -- Torrey Smith 59 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 0 : 43 . Eagles 21 -- 0 . Drive : 3 plays , 64 yards , 1 : 33 . Second quarter ARI -- John Brown 13 - yard pass from Carson Palmer ( Phil Dawson kick ) , 11 : 42 . Eagles 21 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 60 yards , 4 : 01 . Third quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 36 - yard field goal , 9 : 18 .",
"20": "Eagles 24 -- 7 . Drive : 11 plays , 57 yards , 5 : 42 . PHI -- Nelson Agholor 72 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 6 : 16 . Eagles 31 -- 7 . Drive : 3 plays , 73 yards , 1 : 01 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 28 - yard field goal , 2 : 00 . Eagles 34 -- 7 . Drive : 13 plays , 47 yards , 9 : 14 . Top passers ARI -- Carson Palmer -- 28 / 44 , 291 yards , TD PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 21 / 30 , 304 yards , 4 TD , INT Top rushers ARI -- Chris Johnson -- 9 rushes , 21 yards PHI -- LeGarrette Blount -- 14 rushes , 74 yards Top receivers ARI -- J.J. Nelson -- 4 receptions , 80 yards PHI -- Nelson Agholor -- 4 receptions , 93 yards , TD The Eagles scored early and often in this game , for their first blowout win of the season . Carson Wentz found tight ends Trey Burton and Zach Ertz for early touchdowns , and later connected with wide receiver Torrey Smith for a 59 - yard touchdown to finish the first quarter . Following Smith 's touchdown , the Eagles unveiled their baseball home run celebration for the first time all season . The closest the Cardinals came was in the second quarter when they trailed 21 -- 7 following a John Brown 13 yard touchdown . In the mid third quarter , on 3rd and 19 , Wentz found wide receiver Nelson Agholor for a 72 - yard touchdown pass , on which Agholor juked rookie safety Budda Baker and finished the play with the Nestea Plunge . The final score was 34 -- 7 , and Wentz threw for four touchdowns , including three first quarter TD passes .",
"21": "Week 6 : at Carolina Panthers ( edit ) Week Six : Philadelphia Eagles at Carolina Panthers -- Game summary Total Eagles 7 11 7 28 Panthers 7 6 7 23 at Bank of America Stadium , Charlotte , North Carolina Date : October 12 ( Thursday ) Game time : 8 : 25 p.m. EDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 74,373 Referee : Pete Morelli TV announcers ( CBS / NFLN / Amazon Video ) : Jim Nantz , Tony Romo , Tracy Wolfson and Jay Feely Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 50 - yard field goal , 6 : 57 . Eagles 3 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 63 yards , 5 : 18 . CAR -- Graham Gano 39 - yard field goal , 2 : 17 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 33 yards , 4 : 40 . Second quarter CAR -- Cam Newton 16 - yard run ( Graham Gano kick ) , 10 : 34 . Panthers 10 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 43 yards , 1 : 59 . PHI -- Zach Ertz 1 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 2 : 32 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 12 yards , 3 : 56 . Third quarter PHI -- Zach Ertz 17 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( LeGarrette Blount run ) , 13 : 59 . Eagles 18 -- 10 . Drive : 2 plays , 17 yards , 0 : 08 . CAR -- Graham Gano 20 - yard field goal , 11 : 19 . Eagles 18 -- 13 . Drive : 8 plays , 23 yards , 2 : 40 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 48 - yard field goal , 8 : 02 . Eagles 21 -- 13 .",
"22": "Drive : 7 plays , 44 yards , 3 : 17 . CAR -- Graham Gano 46 - yard field goal , 3 : 23 . Eagles 21 -- 16 . Drive : 7 plays , 37 yards , 2 : 38 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Nelson Agholor 24 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 14 : 55 . Eagles 28 -- 16 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 28 . CAR -- Christian McCaffrey 1 - yard pass from Cam Newton ( Graham Gano kick ) , 8 : 04 . Eagles 28 -- 23 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 6 : 51 . Top passers PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 16 / 30 , 222 yards , 3 TD CAR -- Cam Newton -- 28 / 52 , 239 yards , TD , 3 INT Top rushers PHI -- LeGarrette Blount -- 14 rushes , 67 yards CAR -- Cam Newton -- 11 rushes , 71 yards , TD Top receivers PHI -- Alshon Jeffery -- 4 receptions , 71 yards CAR -- Kelvin Benjamin -- 9 receptions , 99 yards Coming off a 34 -- 7 drubbing of the Arizona Cardinals , the Eagles ( 4 -- 1 ) travelled to take on the Carolina Panthers ( 4 -- 1 ) . The Eagles drove into Panthers territory on their first possession of the game , but a Julius Peppers strip sack against Halapoulivaati Vaitai , who was filling in for a concussed Lane Johnson . The Panthers led 10 -- 3 , with their only TD coming from a 16 - yard touchdown run from quarterback Cam Newton . Late in the second quarter , rookie cornerback Rasul Douglas intercepted Cam Newton deep in Panthers territory , leading to a Zach Ertz 1 yard touchdown reception . The Eagles opened up the second half with another Zach Ertz touchdown , a 17 - yard strike from Carson Wentz . Leading 21 -- 16 after three quarters , the Eagles opened up the fourth quarter with Carson Wentz hooking up with wide receiver Nelson Agholor for a 24 - yard touchdown .",
"23": "Cam Newton led the Panthers on a long touchdown drive , trimming the score to 28 -- 23 . A late interception by cornerback Jalen Mills and a fourth down stop by the Eagles defense sealed the Eagles fifth victory of the season , and proved they were a legitimate contender in the NFC . Week 7 : vs. Washington Redskins ( edit ) Week Seven : Washington Redskins at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Redskins 7 7 7 24 Eagles 0 17 7 10 34 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : October 23 ( Monday ) Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EDT Game weather : 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Ed Hochuli TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Sean McDonough , Jon Gruden and Lisa Salters Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter WAS -- Nick Rose 27 - yard field goal , 11 : 18 . Redskins 3 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 66 yards , 3 : 42 . Second quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 50 - yard field goal , 13 : 15 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 33 yards , 4 : 04 . WAS -- Chris Thompson 7 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Nick Rose kick ) , 9 : 14 . Redskins 10 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 76 yards , 4 : 01 . PHI -- Mack Hollins 64 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 3 : 19 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 80 yards , 3 : 01 . PHI -- Zach Ertz 4 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 0 : 22 . Eagles 17 -- 10 . Drive : 6 plays , 70 yards , 1 : 30 . Third quarter PHI -- Corey Clement 9 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 9 : 43 .",
"24": "Eagles 24 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 86 yards , 5 : 17 . WAS -- Jordan Reed 5 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Nick Rose kick ) , 0 : 44 . Eagles 24 -- 17 . Drive : 8 plays , 52 yards , 4 : 04 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Nelson Agholor 10 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 11 : 10 . Eagles 31 -- 17 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 34 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 42 - yard field goal , 6 : 19 . Eagles 34 -- 17 . Drive : 4 plays , 2 yards , 2 : 20 . WAS -- Jordan Reed 12 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Nick Rose kick ) , 3 : 16 . Eagles 34 -- 24 . Drive : 9 plays , 66 yards , 3 : 02 . Top passers WAS -- Kirk Cousins -- 30 / 40 , 303 yards , 3 TD , INT PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 17 / 25 , 268 yards , 4 TD , INT Top rushers WAS -- Chris Thompson -- 7 rushes , 38 yards PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 8 rushes , 63 yards Top receivers WAS -- Vernon Davis -- 4 receptions , 67 yards PHI -- Zach Ertz -- 5 receptions , 89 yards , TD Following the 28 -- 23 victory on Thursday Night Football against the Panthers , the Eagles were once again in a prime time matchup ; this time , a Monday Night matchup against the Washington Redskins . The Eagles started off the game in sluggish fashion , and after being backed up over 20 yards due to penalties on their first drive of the game , Carson Wentz threw his 4th interception of the season . After exchanging field goals , Redskins running back Chris Thompson caught a 7 - yard touchdown pass from quarterback Kirk Cousins . Wentz and the Eagles responded with an offensive outburst to end the first half .",
"25": "Wentz found rookie wide receiver Mack Hollins for a 64 - yard touchdown , and later found tight end Zach Ertz for a four - yard strike to end the first half . The Eagles increased their lead to 24 -- 10 early in the third quarter , with Wentz finding rookie running back Corey Clement on a beautiful throw in the corner of the end zone . The Redskins responded at the end of the third , with Kirk Cousins finding tight end Jordan Reed for a five - yard touchdown . Once again , Wentz led the Eagles down the field , capping of the drive with a 10 - yard touchdown to Nelson Agholor . A Jake Elliott field goal later in the quarter opened the lead to 34 -- 17 , and the Eagles went on to win 34 -- 24 . Wentz once again was in MVP form , completing 17 / 25 attempts for 268 yards and 4 TDs . However , the win came at a cost , as future Hall of Fame left tackle Jason Peters was lost for the season with a torn ACL , and starting middle linebacker Jordan Hicks was also lost for the season with a ruptured achilles . Week 8 : vs. san francisco 49ers ( edit ) Week Eight : San Francisco 49ers at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total 49ers 0 0 7 10 Eagles 14 10 6 33 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : October 29 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , rain Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Clete Blakeman TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kenny Albert , Charles Davis and Pam Oliver Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 40 - yard field goal , 2 : 35 . Eagles 3 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 47 yards , 5 : 50 . Second quarter PHI -- Zach Ertz 1 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( kick failed ) , 1 : 51 . Eagles 9 -- 0 .",
"26": "Drive : 6 plays , 32 yards , 2 : 51 . PHI -- Jalen Mills 37 - yard interception return ( Alshon Jeffery pass from Carson Wentz ) , 1 : 24 . Eagles 17 -- 0 . Drive : 0 plays , 37 yards , 0 : 00 . Third quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 51 - yard field goal , 8 : 01 . Eagles 20 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 19 yards , 1 : 25 . SF -- Matt Breida 21 - yard pass from C.J. Beathard ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 4 : 29 . Eagles 20 -- 7 . Drive : 2 plays , 21 yards , 0 : 14 . PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 53 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 3 : 37 . Eagles 27 -- 7 . Drive : 3 plays , 75 yards , 0 : 52 . Fourth quarter PHI -- LeGarrette Blount 12 - yard run ( kick failed ) , 10 : 22 . Eagles 33 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 47 yards , 3 : 38 . SF -- Robbie Gould 50 - yard field goal , 5 : 20 . Eagles 33 -- 10 . Drive : 11 plays , 33 yards , 5 : 02 . Top passers SF -- C.J. Beathard -- 17 / 36 , 167 yards , TD , 2 INT PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 18 / 32 , 211 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers SF -- C.J. Beathard -- 6 rushes , 40 yards PHI -- Corey Clement -- 10 rushes , 54 yards Top receivers SF -- Matt Breida -- 4 receptions , 39 yards , TD PHI -- Alshon Jeffery -- 2 receptions , 62 yards , TD The Eagles looked to win their 6th game in a row against the winless 49ers .",
"27": "The Eagles got off to a slow start , only leading 3 -- 0 after the first quarter . Late in the second quarter , the Eagles blew the game open . Carson Wentz found tight end Zach Ertz for a 1 - yard touchdown in the back of the end zone off of a bootleg pass , and Jalen Mills intercepted rookie QB C.J. Beathard and returned it 37 yards for a touchdown . The 49ers appeared to have some life in the third quarter , following a Carson Wentz interception , leading to a Matt Breida 22 yard touchdown reception . However , the Eagles responded , with Wentz connecting with Alshon Jeffery for a 53 - yard touchdown , putting the game out of reach . The Eagles went on to win 33 -- 10 and advancing to 7 -- 1 on the season . Despite the win , the Eagles played a sloppy game in a rainy afternoon at the Linc . Week 9 : vs. Denver Broncos ( edit ) Week Nine : Denver Broncos at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Broncos 6 0 14 23 Eagles 17 14 13 7 51 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : November 5 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 61 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DEN -- Brandon McManus 52 - yard field goal , 10 : 35 . Broncos 3 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 47 yards , 4 : 25 . PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 32 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 6 : 34 . Eagles 7 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 65 yards , 4 : 01 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 45 - yard field goal , 1 : 53 . Eagles 10 -- 3 .",
"28": "Drive : 6 plays , 29 yards , 2 : 14 . PHI -- Corey Clement 15 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 0 : 53 . Eagles 17 -- 3 . Drive : 3 plays , 15 yards , 0 : 51 . Second quarter DEN -- Brandon McManus 53 - yard field goal , 11 : 05 . Eagles 17 -- 6 . Drive : 4 plays , 8 yards , 1 : 00 . PHI -- Trey Burton 27 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 9 : 15 . Eagles 24 -- 6 . Drive : 6 plays , 55 yards , 1 : 50 . DEN -- Brandon McManus 24 - yard field goal , 3 : 03 . Eagles 24 -- 9 . Drive : 12 plays , 69 yards , 6 : 12 . PHI -- Jay Ajayi 46 - yard run ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 1 : 20 . Eagles 31 -- 9 . 4 plays , 70 yards , 1 : 43 . Third quarter PHI -- Corey Clement 2 - yard run ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 7 : 32 . Eagles 38 -- 9 . 13 plays , 87 yards , 7 : 28 . PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 4 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( kick failed ) , 3 : 00 . Eagles 44 -- 9 . 3 plays , 11 yards , 1 : 25 . Fourth quarter DEN -- Demaryius Thomas 1 - yard pass from Brock Osweiler ( Brandon McManus kick ) , 9 : 45 . Eagles 44 -- 16 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 8 : 15 . DEN -- Brandon Marshall 19 - yard fumble return ( Brandon McManus kick ) , 8 : 09 . Eagles 44 -- 23 . Drive : 0 plays , 19 yards , 0 : 00 .",
"29": "PHI -- Corey Clement 4 - yard run ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 4 : 44 . Eagles 51 -- 23 . Drive : 5 plays , 43 yards , 3 : 25 . Top passers DEN -- Brock Osweiler -- 19 / 38 , 208 yards , TD , 2 INT PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 15 / 27 , 199 yards , 4 TD Top rushers DEN -- Devontae Booker -- 6 rushes , 21 yards PHI -- Jay Ajayi -- 8 rushes , 77 yards , TD Top receivers DEN -- Demaryius Thomas -- 8 receptions , 70 yards , TD PHI -- Alshon Jeffery -- 6 receptions , 84 yards , 2 TD Heading into the game , there was a lot of hype surrounding new Eagles running back Jay Ajayi who was traded prior to the NFL trade deadline . The Eagles looked to improve to 8 -- 1 for the first time since 2004 as they took on the Denver Broncos . The Broncos named Brock Osweiler as their starting quarterback , replacing Trevor Siemian . The Broncos took their only lead of the game on an opening drive that resulted with a Brandon McManus 53 yard field goal . Despite missing tight end Zach Ertz who was out with a hamstring injury , the Eagles offense did n't miss a beat . On their opening drive of the game , Carson Wentz faked a handoff to newly acquired running back Jay Ajayi , and found Alshon Jeffery wide open for a 32 - yard touchdown down the right sideline . Later in the first quarter , slot cornerback Patrick Robinson picked off Brock Osweiler on an intended pass to Demaryius Thomas , setting up a Corey Clement 15 yard touchdown reception , on a screen pass . The Eagles responded to another Brandon McManus field goal with a 27 - yard touchdown connection between Wentz and tight end Trey Burton . Following McManus ' third field goal of the first half , Jay Ajayi found the end zone for the first time with the Eagles , with a 46 - yard touchdown run to close the first half .",
"30": "The Eagles led 31 -- 9 at half time , and following a third quarter touchdown run by Corey Clement and touchdown reception by Alshon Jeffery , the Eagles led 44 -- 9 . The final score was 51 -- 23 , and Corey Clement finished the day with three touchdowns ( two rushing , one receiving ) . With the win , the Eagles went into the bye week with the best start since 2004 . They have also surpassed their win total from last season where they only got 7 wins . Furthermore ; this was the third largest victory at Lincoln Financial Field since the 54 -- 11 win over the Bears in 2013 and the largest victory in the Doug Pederson era . Week 11 : at Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Week Eleven : Philadelphia Eagles at Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary Total Eagles 7 0 16 14 37 Cowboys 6 0 0 9 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : November 19 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EST / 7 : 30 p.m. CST Game weather : 54 ° F ( 12 ° C ) , clear skies -- retractable roof open Game attendance : 93,247 Referee : Bill Vinovich TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DAL -- Mike Nugent 48 - yard field goal , 13 : 27 . Cowboys 3 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 7 yards , 1 : 38 . PHI -- Kenjon Barner 4 - yard run ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 9 : 16 . Eagles 7 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 19 . DAL -- Mike Nugent 27 - yard field goal , 3 : 20 . Eagles 7 -- 6 . Drive : 11 plays , 65 yards , 5 : 47 . Second quarter DAL -- Mike Nugent 47 - yard field goal , 1 : 00 . Cowboys 9 -- 7 .",
"31": "Drive : 15 plays , 59 yards , 7 : 19 . Third quarter PHI -- Corey Clement 11 - yard run ( Corey Clement run ) , 10 : 56 . Eagles 15 -- 9 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 04 . PHI -- Torrey Smith 11 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Alshon Jeffery pass from Carson Wentz ) , 5 : 40 . Eagles 23 -- 9 . Drive : 5 plays , 90 yards , 2 : 28 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Alshon Jeffrey 17 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( pass failed ) , 12 : 10 . Eagles 29 -- 9 . Drive : 11 plays , 85 yards , 5 : 48 . PHI -- Nigel Bradham 37 - yard fumble return ( Trey Burton pass from Carson Wentz ) , 10 : 43 . Eagles 37 -- 9 . Drive : 3 plays , - 3 yards , 1 : 19 . Top passers PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 14 / 27 , 168 yards , 2 TD DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 18 / 31 , 145 yards , 3 INT Top rushers PHI -- Jay Ajayi -- 7 carries , 91 yards DAL -- Alfred Morris -- 17 carries , 91 yards Top receivers PHI -- Alshon Jeffrey -- 3 receptions , 50 yards , TD DAL -- Dez Bryant -- 8 receptions , 63 yards The Eagles travelled to Dallas to take on the Cowboys , who were missing RB Ezekiel Elliott ( Suspension ) , LT Tyron Smith ( Groin ) , and LB Sean Lee ( Hamstring ) . In a game that the Eagles were expected to dominate , the Eagles started off slow in the first half with Dallas leading 9 -- 7 at halftime . Kicker Jake Elliott was ruled out for the game with a concussion , forcing the Eagles to use backup linebacker Kamu Grugier - Hill for kickoffs , and to go for two point conversions .",
"32": "The Eagles converted three of four two point conversions , as their touchdowns came on the ground from Corey Clement , and through the air , with Carson Wentz finding Torrey Smith for an 11 - yard TD and Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard TD on fourth down . Late in the fourth quarter , rookie defensive end Derek Barnett notched his 2nd sack of the game , a strip sack of Dak Prescott , leading to a Nigel Bradham 37 yard scoop and score . The Eagles harassed Dak Prescott all game , sacking him 4 times , intercepting him three times , and forcing one fumble . With this win , the Eagles improved to 9 -- 1 and improved their lead in the NFC East . Week 12 : vs. Chicago Bears ( edit ) Week Twelve : Chicago Bears at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Bears 0 0 0 Eagles 7 17 0 7 31 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : November 26 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 49 ° F ( 9 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Walt Coleman TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kevin Burkhardt , Charles Davis and Pam Oliver Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Zach Ertz 17 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 6 : 04 . Eagles 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 44 yards , 3 : 36 . Second quarter PHI -- Nelson Agholor 15 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 10 : 52 . Eagles 14 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 56 yards , 5 : 27 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 45 - yard field goal , 6 : 52 . Eagles 17 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 18 yards , 2 : 29 . PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 8 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 0 : 05 . Eagles 24 -- 0 .",
"33": "Drive : 13 plays , 69 yards , 4 : 33 . Third quarter CHI -- Cairo Santos 38 - yard field goal , 8 : 40 . Eagles 24 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 36 yards , 6 : 20 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Nelson Agholor 0 - yard fumble return ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 13 : 37 . Eagles 31 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 73 yards , 2 : 25 . Top passers CHI -- Mitchell Trubisky : 17 / 33 , 147 yards , 2 INT PHI -- Carson Wentz : 23 / 36 , 227 yards , 3 TD Top rushers CHI -- Mitchell Trubisky : 4 rushes , 12 yards PHI -- LeGarrette Blount : 15 rushes , 97 yards Top receivers CHI -- Dontrelle Inman : 4 receptions , 64 yards PHI -- Zach Ertz : 10 receptions , 103 yards , TD With the Eagles heading into this game at 9 -- 1 , they looked to take down the 3 -- 7 Chicago Bears . The Eagles blew out the Bears with a final score of 31 -- 3 and improved to 10 -- 1 on the season . The Eagles held the Bears to no first downs in the first half , and led 24 -- 0 at halftime . Zach Ertz became the first Eagles receiver of 2017 to record at least 100 receiving yards in a game , catching 10 passes for 103 yards and a touchdown . Alshon Jeffery had 5 receptions for 52 yards and a touchdown . Nelson Agholor added 3 receptions for 32 yards , including a 15 - yard touchdown , and recovered a Jay Ajayi fumble for a touchdown late in the game . Carson Wentz continued his MVP campaign , completing 23 of 36 passes , for 227 yards , and 3 touchdowns . The Eagles defense stymied Mitchell Trubisky and the Bears offense , holding running back Jordan Howard to 6 yards on 7 rushes . Malcolm Jenkins and Corey Graham each added one interception .",
"34": "Week 13 : at Seattle seahawks ( edit ) Week Thirteen : Philadelphia Eagles at Seattle Seahawks -- Game summary Total Eagles 0 0 7 10 Seahawks 10 0 7 7 24 at CenturyLink Field , Seattle , Washington Date : December 3 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EST / 5 : 30 p.m. PST Game weather : 44 ° F ( 7 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 69,075 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter SEA -- Blair Walsh 46 - yard field goal , 9 : 47 . Seahawks 3 -- 0 . Drive : 12 plays , 53 yards , 5 : 13 . SEA -- Jimmy Graham 11 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Blair Walsh kick ) , 0 : 10 . Seahawks 10 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 85 yards , 2 : 48 . Second quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 26 - yard field goal , 7 : 51 . Seahawks 10 -- 3 . Drive : 16 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 19 . Third quarter SEA -- Tyler Lockett 1 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Blair Walsh kick ) , 5 : 42 . Seahawks 17 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 80 yards , 3 : 57 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Nelson Agholor 27 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 12 : 08 . Seahawks 17 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 81 yards , 3 : 48 . SEA -- J.D. McKissic 15 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Blair Walsh kick ) , 7 : 29 . Seahawks 24 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 73 yards , 4 : 39 .",
"35": "Top passers PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 29 / 45 , 348 yards , TD , INT SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 20 / 31 , 227 yards , 3 TD Top rushers PHI -- Jay Ajayi -- 9 rushes , 35 yards SEA -- Mike Davis -- 16 rushes , 64 yards Top receivers PHI -- Nelson Agholor -- 7 receptions , 141 yards , TD SEA -- Doug Baldwin -- 5 receptions , 84 yards Top tacklers PHI -- Mychal Kendricks -- 5 solo tackles , 4 assisted SEA -- Bobby Wagner -- 9 solo tackles , 4 assisted Week 14 : at Los Angeles Rams ( edit ) Week Fourteen : Philadelphia Eagles at Los Angeles Rams -- Game summary Total Eagles 14 10 7 12 43 Rams 7 7 14 7 35 at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Los Angeles , California Date : December 10 Game time : 4 : 25 p.m. EST / 1 : 25 p.m. PST Game weather : 83 ° F ( 28 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 67,752 Referee : Craig Wrolstad TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter LA -- Todd Gurley 2 - yard rush ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 13 : 00 . Rams 7 -- 0 . Drive : 3 plays , 37 yards , 0 : 56 . PHI -- Brent Celek 5 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 8 : 44 . Tie 7 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 66 yards , 4 : 16 . PHI -- Trey Burton 20 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 2 : 54 . Eagles 14 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 52 yards , 3 : 43 . Second quarter PHI -- Trey Burton 11 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 11 : 10 .",
"36": "Eagles 21 -- 7 . Drive : 11 plays , 80 yards , 4 : 32 . LA -- Cooper Kupp 6 - yard pass from Jared Goff ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 9 : 24 . Eagles 21 -- 14 . Drive : 6 plays , 70 yards , 1 : 46 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 22 - yard field goal , 0 : 09 . Eagles 24 -- 14 . Drive : 10 plays , 80 yards , 1 : 40 . Third quarter LA -- Sammy Watkins 1 - yard pass from Jared Goff ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 11 : 41 . Eagles 24 -- 21 . Drive : 6 plays , 71 yards , 3 : 19 . LA -- Blake Countess 16 - yard blocked punt return ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 10 : 07 . Rams 28 -- 24 . Drive : 0 plays , 16 yards , 0 : 00 . PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 2 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 2 : 20 . Eagles 31 -- 28 . Drive : 15 plays , 77 yards , 7 : 47 . Fourth quarter LA -- Todd Gurley 1 - yard rush ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 13 : 58 . Rams 35 -- 31 . Drive : 7 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 22 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 41 - yard field goal , 9 : 54 . Rams 35 -- 34 . Drive : 10 plays , 47 yards , 4 : 04 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 33 - yard field goal , 3 : 45 . Eagles 37 -- 35 . Drive : 7 plays , 5 yards , 4 : 28 . PHI -- Brandon Graham 16 - yard fumble return ( rush failed ) , 0 : 00 . Eagles 43 -- 35 . Drive : 0 plays , 16 yards , 0 : 00 .",
"37": "Top passers PHI -- Carson Wentz : 23 / 41 , 291 yards , 4 TD , INT LA -- Jared Goff : 16 / 26 , 199 yards , 2 TD Top rushers PHI -- Jay Ajayi : 15 rushes , 78 yards LA -- Todd Gurley : 13 rushes , 96 yards , 2 TD Top receivers PHI -- Torrey Smith : 6 receptions , 100 yards LA -- Cooper Kupp : 5 receptions , 118 yards , TD Top tacklers PHI -- Nigel Bradham , Ronald Darby : 6 tackles LA -- John Johnson : 7 tackles , 4 assists For the first time since 2013 , the Eagles clinched the NFC East title , but Carson Wentz suffered an apparent knee injury while trying to dive for a touchdown late in the third quarter . He did throw a touchdown pass to Alshon Jeffery before being ruled out for the game 's remainder . The Eagles were already without Darren Sproles , Jason Peters and Jordan Hicks for the rest of the year . Nick Foles would come in and replace Wentz . This was also the first matchup of the Jared Goff - Carson Wentz rivalry . The day after the game , Wentz was revealed to have torn his ACL , officially ending his season and making Nick Foles the starting quarterback for the rest of the season . Week 15 : at New York Giants ( edit ) Week Fifteen : Philadelphia Eagles at New York Giants -- Game summary Total Eagles 7 14 10 34 Giants 13 10 6 0 29 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : December 17 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 76,896 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( Fox ) : Thom Brennaman , Chris Spielman and Peter Schrager Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter NYG -- Orleans Darkwa 1 - yard rush ( kick blocked ) , 9 : 04 . Giants 6 -- 0 .",
"38": "Drive : 13 plays , 76 yards , 5 : 56 . PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 3 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 5 : 28 . Eagles 7 -- 6 . Drive : 7 plays , 38 yards , 3 : 36 . NYG -- Tavarres King 13 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 1 : 26 . Giants 13 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 02 . Second quarter NYG -- Sterling Shepard 67 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 13 : 44 . Giants 20 -- 7 . Drive : 3 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 03 . PHI -- Zach Ertz 10 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 4 : 49 . Giants 20 -- 14 . Drive : 5 plays , 20 yards , 1 : 24 . PHI -- Trey Burton 13 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 2 : 20 . Eagles 21 -- 20 . Drive : 3 plays , 18 yards , 0 : 56 . NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 28 - yard field goal , 0 : 27 . Giants 23 -- 21 . Drive : 11 plays , 50 yards , 1 : 53 . Third quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 28 - yard field goal , 9 : 18 . Eagles 24 -- 23 . Drive : 11 plays , 64 yards , 5 : 42 . PHI -- Nelson Agholor 10 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 5 : 47 . Eagles 31 -- 23 . Drive : 5 plays , 64 yards , 2 : 51 . NYG -- Tavarres King 57 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( pass failed ) , 1 : 57 . Eagles 31 -- 29 .",
"39": "Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 50 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 20 - yard field goal , 3 : 56 . Eagles 34 -- 29 . Drive : 14 plays , 60 yards , 7 : 30 . Top passers PHI -- Nick Foles : 24 / 38 , 237 yards , 4 TD NYG -- Eli Manning : 37 / 57 , 434 yards , 3 TD , INT Top rushers PHI -- Jay Ajayi : 12 rushes , 49 yards NYG -- Wayne Gallman : 8 rushes , 39 yards Top receivers PHI -- Nelson Agholor : 7 receptions , 59 yards , TD NYG -- Sterling Shepard : 11 receptions , 139 yards , TD Top tacklers PHI -- Nigel Bradham : 8 tackles , 3 assists , Rodney McLeod : 7 tackles , 4 assists NYG -- Eli Apple : 7 tackles , 2 assists , Darian Thompson : 6 tackles , 3 assists The Philadelphia Eagles headed into Week 15 of the 2017 NFL Season at 11 - 2 . With them clinching the NFC East in Week 14 in a win against the Rams , the Eagles were now fighting for the 1st seed in the NFC playoffs , home - field advantage , and a first - round bye . This was the first week that the Eagles played without MVP - candidate , Carson Wentz after he went down with a torn ACL in Week 14 which ended his season . Backup quarterback , Nick Foles led the Eagles offense for his first time since 2014 . The Eagles quickly fell behind 6 - 0 in the first few minutes of the 1st as Eli Manning and the New York Giants marched down the field and scored on their opening possession . The Eagles responded with a 3 - yard pass from Nick Foles to Alshon Jeffery and went up 7 - 6 . Towards the end of the 1st , the Giants scored again with a 13 - yard touchdown pass to Tavarres King to put them up 13 - 7 .",
"40": "In the beginning of the second quarter , the Giants continued to show dominance as Eli Manning threw a 67 - yard touchdown pass to put the Giants up 20 - 7 . Nick Foles and the offense would eventually close the gap to bring the Eagles within two points at halftime with the Giants leading 23 - 21 . The Eagles would eventually take the lead off of a 28 - yard field goal from Jake Elliot to put them up 24 - 23 . In the middle of the fourth , Nelson Agholor caught a 10 - yard pass from Nick Foles which gave the Eagles a 31 - 23 lead . The Giants responded with a score of their own , a 57 - yard touchdown pass to Tavarres King which cut the Eagles lead to 31 - 29 . In the fourth , Jake Elliott hit a 20 - yard field goal to put the Eagles up 34 - 29 . The Eagles won the game 34 - 29 on a last minute defensive stop in their own territory . Despite the win , the defense played a terrible game against a woeful Giants team . With this win , the Eagles improved to a league best , 12 - 2 . With this win , the Eagles clinched a first - round bye for the first time since 2004 . Week 16 : vs. Oakland Raiders ( edit ) NFL Christmas Games Week Sixteen : Oakland Raiders at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Raiders 0 7 0 10 Eagles 7 0 9 19 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : December 25 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EST Game weather : 29 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) , partly cloudy Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Ronald Torbert TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Sean McDonough , Jon Gruden and Lisa Salters Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Jay Ajayi 17 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 2 : 51 . Eagles 7 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 58 yards , 6 : 16 .",
"41": "Second quarter OAK -- Amari Cooper 63 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 36 . Tie 7 -- 7 . Drive : 3 plays , 74 yards , 1 : 24 . Third quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 25 - yard field goal , 10 : 50 . Raiders 10 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 69 yards , 4 : 10 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 35 - yard field goal , 2 : 13 . Tie 10 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 13 yards , 1 : 33 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 48 - yard field goal , 0 : 22 . Eagles 13 -- 10 . Drive : 6 plays , 21 yards , 0 : 32 . PHI -- Derek Barnett 23 - yard fumble return ( rush failed ) . Eagles 19 -- 10 . Drive : 0 plays , 23 yards , 0 : 00 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr : 15 / 29 , 140 yards , TD , 2 INT PHI -- Nick Foles : 19 / 38 , 163 yards , TD , INT Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch : 25 rushes , 95 yards PHI -- Jay Ajayi : 14 rushes , 52 yards Top receivers OAK -- Amari Cooper : 3 receptions , 66 yards , TD PHI -- Zach Ertz : 9 receptions , 81 yards Top tacklers OAK -- NaVorro Bowman : 6 tackles , 1 assist PHI -- Nigel Bradham : 6 tackles , 2 assists This game proved to be the opposite of the previous game as the defense and special teams had to carry the offense to a 19 - 10 victory over the Raiders . With the win the Eagles would improve to 13 - 2 in the season and clinch home - field advantage throughout the NFC Playoffs . Week 17 : vs.",
"42": "Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Week Seventeen : Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Cowboys 0 0 0 6 6 Eagles 0 0 0 0 0 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : December 31 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 19 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : John Parry TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kenny Albert , Ronde Barber and Kristina Pink Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter No Scoring Second quarter No Scoring Third quarter No Scoring Fourth quarter DAL -- Brice Butler 20 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( kick failed ) , 12 : 19 . Cowboys 6 -- 0 . Drive : 12 plays , 103 yards , 5 : 48 . Top passers DAL -- Dak Prescott : 17 / 30 , 179 yards , TD PHI -- Nate Sudfeld : 19 / 23 , 134 yards Top rushers DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott : 27 rushes , 103 yards PHI -- LeGarrette Blount : 9 rushes , 37 yards Top receivers DAL -- Brice Butler : 2 receptions , 50 yards , TD PHI -- Mack Hollins : 3 receptions , 25 yards Top tacklers DAL -- Sean Lee : 7 tackles , 1 assist PHI -- Jaylen Watkins : 7 tackles Postseason ( edit ) See also : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs Schedule ( edit ) Playoff round Date Kickoff Opponent ( seed ) Result Record Game site TV NFL.com recap Wild Card First - round bye Divisional January 13 , 2018 4 : 35 p.m. EST Atlanta Falcons ( 6 ) Lincoln Financial Field NBC Game summaries ( edit ) NFC Divisional Playoffs : vs.",
"43": "( # 6 ) Atlanta Falcons ( edit ) NFC Divisional Playoffs : ( # 6 ) Atlanta Falcons at ( # 1 ) Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Falcons 0 0 0 0 0 Eagles 0 0 0 0 0 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : January 13 , 2018 Game time : 4 : 35 p.m. EST TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Preview ( show ) Game information First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers ATL -- PHI -- Top rushers ATL -- PHI -- Top receivers ATL -- PHI -- Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) NFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Philadelphia Eagles 13 0 . 813 5 -- 1 10 -- 2 457 295 L1 Dallas Cowboys 9 7 0 . 563 5 -- 1 7 -- 5 354 332 W1 Washington Redskins 7 9 0 . 438 1 -- 5 5 -- 7 342 388 L1 New York Giants 13 0 . 188 1 -- 5 1 -- 11 246 388 W1 Conference ( edit ) NFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Philadelphia Eagles East 13 0 . 813 5 -- 1 10 -- 2 . 461 . 433 L1 Minnesota Vikings North 13 0 . 813 5 -- 1 10 -- 2 . 492 . 447 W3 Los Angeles Rams West 11 5 0 . 688 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 . 504 .",
"44": "460 L1 New Orleans Saints South 11 5 0 . 688 4 -- 2 8 -- 4 . 535 . 483 L1 Wild Cards 5 Carolina Panthers South 11 5 0 . 688 3 -- 3 7 -- 5 . 539 . 500 L1 6 Atlanta Falcons South 10 6 0 . 625 4 -- 2 9 -- 3 . 543 . 475 W1 Did not qualify for the playoffs 7 Detroit Lions North 9 7 0 . 563 5 -- 1 8 -- 4 . 496 . 368 W1 8 Seattle Seahawks West 9 7 0 . 563 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 . 492 . 444 L1 9 Dallas Cowboys East 9 7 0 . 563 5 -- 1 7 -- 5 . 496 . 438 W1 10 Arizona Cardinals West 8 8 0 . 500 3 -- 3 5 -- 7 . 488 . 406 W2 11 Green Bay Packers North 7 9 0 . 438 2 -- 4 5 -- 7 . 539 . 357 L3 12 Washington Redskins East 7 9 0 . 438 1 -- 5 5 -- 7 . 539 . 429 L1 13 San Francisco 49ers West 6 10 0 . 375 1 -- 5 3 -- 9 . 512 . 438 W5 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 5 11 0 . 313 1 -- 5 3 -- 9 . 555 .",
"45": "375 W1 15 Chicago Bears North 5 11 0 . 313 0 -- 6 1 -- 11 . 559 . 500 L1 16 New York Giants East 13 0 . 188 1 -- 5 1 -- 11 . 531 . 458 W1 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Philadelphia claimed the No. 1 seed over Minnesota based on winning percentage vs. common opponents . Philadelphia 's cumulative record against Carolina , Chicago , the Los Angeles Rams and Washington was 5 -- 0 , compared to Minnesota 's 4 -- 1 cumulative record against the same four teams . ^ Jump up to : The Los Angeles Rams claimed the No. 3 seed over New Orleans based on head - to - head victory . ^ Jump up to : New Orleans clinched the NFC South division over Carolina based on head - to - head sweep . ^ Jump up to : Detroit finished ahead of Dallas and Seattle based on conference record , while Seattle finished ahead of Dallas based on head - to - head victory . ^ Jump up to : Green Bay finished ahead of Washington based on record vs. common opponents . Green Bay 's cumulative record against Dallas , Minnesota , New Orleans and Seattle was 2 -- 3 , compared to Washington 's 1 -- 4 cumulative record against the same four teams . ^ Jump up to : Tampa Bay finished ahead of Chicago based on head - to - head victory . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division .",
"46": "Legend w -- Clinched wild card x -- Clinched playoff berth y -- Clinched division z -- Clinched first - round bye * -- Clinched home - field advantage Awards and Honors ( edit ) Recipient Award ( s ) Jake Elliott Week 3 : NFC Special Teams Player of the Week Kenjon Barner Week 5 : NFC Special Teams Player of the Week Carson Wentz Week 7 : NFC Offensive Player of the Week Week 8 : NFC Offensive Player of the Month Jalen Mills Week 8 : NFC Defensive Player of the Week References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Legwold , Jeff ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Broncos make trade to add Allen Barbre to offensive line competition '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Bills trade Sammy Watkins to Rams , acquire Mattews '' . NFL Network . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Eagles trade LS Jon Dorenbos to Saints for draft pick '' . NFL Network . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' ( It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode ) Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the",
"47": "New Meadowlands Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 3 ) 1960 1980 League championships ( 3 ) 1948 1949 1960 Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 85 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976",
"48": "1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Philadelphia Eagles seasons 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990",
"49": "1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 66 ) or Super Bowl ( 1967 -- ) victory Italics indicates NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 66 ) or Super Bowl ( 1967 -- ) appearance ( hide ) 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Philadelphia_Eagles_season&oldid=819380799 '' Categories : 2017 National Football League season by team Philadelphia Eagles seasons 2017 in sports in Pennsylvania 2010s in Philadelphia NFC East championship seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 01 : 50 .",
"50": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays kevins shrink on kevin probably saves the world
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{
"0": "Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - wikipedia Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World Jump to : navigation , search Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World Genre Fantasy Comedy - drama Created by Michele Fazekas Tara Butters Starring Jason Ritter JoAnna Garcia Swisher Kimberly Hebert Gregory India de Beaufort J. August Richards Chloe East Dustin Ybarra Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michele Fazekas Tara Butters Chris Dingess Craig DiGregorio Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fazekas & Butters ABC Studios Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Original release October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) -- present Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( stylized as Kevin ^ Saves the World ) is an American high - concept angelic - themed fantasy comedy - drama television series that was created and executive produced by Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters for ABC Studios . The series airs on ABC as a Tuesday night entry during the 2017 -- 18 television season , and was greenlit on May 11 , 2017 . The series premiered on October 3 , 2017 . The show is set in Taylor , Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring / Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Kevin , a down - on - his - luck man who survived a suicide attempt , moves in with his twin sister Amy , an engineer and professor at the local college , and Amy 's teenage daughter Reese . Shortly after , he discovers a celestial being named Yvette ; Yvette claims that God has tasked Kevin with saving the world , and sent Yvette to guide and protect him .",
"1": "Only Kevin can see and hear Yvette , so his conversations appear to be hallucinations to those around him . The series also explores a mystery , as there are supposed to be 36 righteous souls in each generation , but for unknown reasons , Kevin is the only one left . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jason Ritter as Kevin Finn JoAnna Garcia as Amy Cabrera ( née Finn ) Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Yvette India de Beaufort as Kristin Allen J. August Richards as Sheriff Deputy Nathan Purcell Chloe East as Reese Cabrera Dustin Ybarra as Tyler Medina Recurring / Guest ( edit ) Barbara Eve Harris as Colonel O'Donnell Michael Harney as Karl Gilmore Sam Huntington as Jake Gilmore Lesley Boone as Lucille Emma Bell as Deb Christian Ochoa as Ben Lauren Blumenfeld as Ava Richard Masur as Dr. Sloane Kate Flannery as Anne Will Sasso as Dave Brandon Quinn as Ignacio `` Iggy '' DePerro Anjali Bhimani as Susan Allen Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Paul McGuigan Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 4.17 After getting fired from his Wall Street job and surviving a suicide attempt , Kevin Finn returns to his hometown to live with his twin sister Amy , a widowed mom , and her teenage daughter Reese . While Amy is away at a work assignment , a meteor crashes to earth near her home . Kevin and Reese investigate , and when Kevin touches the meteorite , he is hurtled backward . He begins having strange visions , including a mysterious woman named Yvette that only Kevin can see . Yvette calls herself one of God 's messengers , tasked with locating the 36 righteous souls of this generation , of which Kevin is the only one known to be left .",
"2": "`` Listen Up '' Kevin Dowling Craig DiGregorio & Jack Kenny October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 3.61 Yvette tells Kevin that not even she knows what happened to the other 35 righteous ones , and that they 'll have to let the universe guide them . She explains that Kevin needs to strengthen his soul by performing good deeds . While helping the son of a brewery pub owner find his true path , Kevin reconnects with his ex-girlfriend Kristin and the two sleep together . They ponder getting back together , but both remember how badly Kevin treated Kristin in the past and decide it 's not a good idea . Kevin has a vision of an island surrounded by ocean . `` Sweet Little Lies '' Peter Leto Chris Dingess & Davah Avena October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 3.26 Kevin tries to intervene as a wedding planner for Deb , whose former childhood friend proposed to her when she got cancer . But now that Deb is healthy , she reveals to Kevin that she does not want to get married . Kevin has a vision of a mariachi band . Yvette meets with Ava , a celestial messenger like herself . Ava says she will gather all the other messengers to meet about finding the rest of the righteous , but come meeting time , they are the only two to show up . Ava then says that she too is giving up . `` How to be Good '' J. Miller Tobin Teleplay by : Brant Englestein Story by : Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2.87 Kevin helps Lucille , Tyler 's rude boss at the diner , and gets dragged into a feud between Lucille and her estranged sister , Anne . Kevin later has a vision of being in an Asian marketplace . Reese confronts Kevin about the strange things she 's observed , and asks if the meteorite gave him superpowers .",
"3": "5 `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' Rob Hardy Craig DiGregorio October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2.71 After Yvette convinces him to withdraw his entire $30,000 severance pay and give it away , Kevin helps a woman who can not afford her son 's diabetes medication . He later has a vision of being chased by a tiger through a jungle . Amy finds Reese 's journal and sees that Kevin caused Reese to be thrown in jail . She angrily tells Kevin to pack up and move out . 6 `` Rocky Road '' Wendey Stanzler Jack Kenny November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2.91 Kevin begins looking for places to stay , hitting up Tyler , Kristin and Nathan . He also helps a man who lost his job 18 months ago look for work , learning that the man never told his wife and has now exhausted their life savings . Angry at her mom , Reese skips school and runs away to an abandoned factory . Kevin and Amy arrive to talk her down , but Reese slips from her perch and falls . Yvette suspends Reese in mid air for a couple of seconds , allowing Kevin to get underneath and catch her . A dumbfounded Amy observes , and starts seeing Kevin the way Reese has seen him . Kevin gets a printout of all his previous visions , plus a new one of mountaintops in the clouds . 7 `` Dave '' Ron Underwood Chris Dingess November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2.62 Kevin and Yvette are joined by Dave ( Will Sasso ) , another celestial messenger , who helps them on Kevin 's next assignment . The assignment turns out to be helping Kristin 's cancer - stricken mother Susan ( Anjali Bhimani ) find some joy while living out her last days . Kevin later sees a vision of a flaming gazebo . Meanwhile , Amy wants to use science to figure out what she witnessed when Reese fell , and soon meets Iggy ( Brandon Quinn ) , a theology professor who tries to convince her that it 's okay for some things to remain unexplained .",
"4": "Also , Nathan tells Reese he wants to ask Amy out on a date , but Reese will not give him permission . 8 `` Chrysalis '' Metin Hüseyin Kevin Deiboldt December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 2.62 Kevin sees a vision of blue butterflies , and follows one to an art class held by Ethan ( Enoch King ) . Kevin offers to help Ethan get over his fear of rejection by taking him to an art show , later realizing this will conflict with Reese 's school play . Dave appears and reveals himself to Ethan , offering to take him to the art showing so Kevin can be with his family . At the same time , Yvette meets with Ava , who tells her that Dave has turned all the celestial messengers against her . Kevin angrily confronts Yvette about being able to reveal herself to other people , and asks what else she 's hidden from him . Yvette admits she does not know if the other 35 righteous really exist , and is operating on faith alone . Kevin chooses to work with Dave , which backfires when Ethan gets scared and backs out of the show . Kevin returns to Yvette while making things right with Ethan by setting up a surprise showing of Ethan 's paintings . Ethan offers a painting of a blue butterfly to Kevin as a thank you , also telling Kevin about a trip he took that inspired it . Kevin now knows where the next righteous soul will be found . Elsewhere , Kristin helps Amy prepare for her first date with Iggy , but later notices that Amy will not tell Nathan about the date . 9 `` Probably '' Tamra Davis Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 2.49 Kevin travels to Laos , taking Tyler along . The two are befriended by Vong ( David Huynh ) , whom Kevin and Yvette briefly think is the next righteous but he 's not . Kevin sees another of his visions and wants to press on , but Yvette now has doubts and thinks Dave may have been right . Yvette appears as human and is approached by Tyler , who finds her fascinating .",
"5": "The two dance to a mariachi band ( another of Kevin 's earlier visions ) , which renews Yvette 's faith . Kevin and Tyler , with help from Lucille on video chat , then help Vong 's wife deliver their first child , and it turns out the baby is the next righteous soul . Back at home , Reese tells Amy that Nathan wanted to ask her out . Amy meets Nathan the next day and tells him about Iggy , but says she now knows she was n't yet ready to date and is glad she realized this with someone she does n't truly care about . Nathan later does something special for Amy . 10 `` The Ugly Sleep '' J. Miller Tobin Davah Avena January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 2.62 Kevin helps Charlie ( Trent Garrett ) , who is despondent over a recent breakup , meet someone new , but when the someone new turns out to be Kristin , it leads to awkwardness . The situation causes Charlie to realize the girl he left is his one true love , and he returns to her . Inspired by Kevin 's good deeds , Reese befriends a new girl at school who is struggling to fit in . Meanwhile , Yvette sees that Tyler is still smitten over her and tries to figure out a way to help him move on . Kevin has a vision of a snow - covered area in the woods . As the episode closes , Kristin tells Kevin that she submitted his name for an open substitute teacher position . 11 `` Solo '' Lee Rose Kevin Deiboldt January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2.39 On his first day as a substitute teacher , Kevin encounters an introverted kid named Adam and extracts information about who will be the target of the annual `` Freshman Prank '' . After Adam reveals the target is Kristin , he becomes even more disliked for squealing . Kevin tries to help Adam become noticed for something else -- namely , pulling off the most legendary Freshman Prank since the one Kevin engineered 20 years ago . Meanwhile , Amy and Nathan have an awkward first date , but later enjoy helping Kevin , Adam and Tyler as they plan the prank .",
"6": "Adam has a vision of being on the deck of a crabbing boat . 12 `` Caught White - Handed '' Jennifer Lynch Brant Englestein January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2.46 Reese is with Kevin when he tracks his next subject , and she realizes her uncle has stumbled upon the mysterious `` acorn fairy '' -- a person who has been doing good deeds around Taylor for the last ten years . In trying to help the woman ( Kathleen Wilhoite ) , Kevin unintentionally causes her real identity to be revealed , along with her criminal past . Meanwhile , Yvette learns that the person responding to Tyler 's ads searching for her is Kevin , who says he was just trying to figure out a way to let his friend down easy . This backfires when Tyler decides to travel to Canada to locate his true love . Kevin has a vision of the boat from the previous episode , but this time Tyler is with him . 13 `` Fishtail '' J. Miller Tobin Craig DiGregorio & Chris Dingess February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBD Production ( edit ) The series was originally called The Gospel of Kevin , but the name was changed since the show was not `` overtly religious '' . The series was picked up for a 16 - episode full season on November 10 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) Cristela Alonzo , who played a lead role as the heaven - sent entity in the original pilot , was replaced by Kimberly Hebert Gregory after the series was picked up . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 3 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.17 N / A 2.17 N / A 6.33 `` Listen Up '' October 10 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.",
"7": "61 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Sweet Little Lies '' October 17 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.26 TBD 1.75 TBD 5.01 `` How to be Good '' October 24 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.87 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' October 31 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.71 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Rocky Road '' November 7 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Dave '' November 14 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Chrysalis '' December 5 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Probably '' December 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.49 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` The Ugly Sleep '' January 2 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Solo '' January 9 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.39 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Caught White - Handed '' January 16 , 2018 0.6 / 2 2.46 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Fishtail '' February 6 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.73 / 10 based on 22 reviews .",
"8": "The website 's consensus reads , `` Breezily entertaining , Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World relies on its likable lead to carry its still - sketchy premise , hinting at deeper potential that 's yet to develop . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders ' The Mayor ' , Zach Braff Comedy , ' Gospel of Kevin ' , ' Crossing ' , ' Good Doctor ' , Shondaland Drama to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Marvel 's ' Inhumans , ' Daveed Diggs ' ' The Mayor ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' series premiere react : Meet the last of the Righteous '' . EW.com. 2017 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 .",
"9": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) .",
"10": "`` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - kevin ( probably ) saves the world on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malone , Michael ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Show Name Changes ( Probably ) Help the Series '' . Broadcasting & Cable : 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC : ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' Gets 3 - Episode Back Order , ' The Mayor ' Gets 3 More Scripts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' : Kimberly Hébert Gregory To Co-Star On ABC Series , Replacing Cristela Alonzo '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Official website Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Child Support ( since 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) Designated Survivor ( since 2016 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( since 2017 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) The Middle ( since 2009 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Scandal ( since 2012 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Somewhere Between ( since 2017 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) Summer The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) Steve Harvey 's Funderdome ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) What Would You Do ?",
"12": "( since 2008 ) Daytime The Chew ( since 2011 ) General Hospital ( since 1963 ) The View ( since 1997 ) Late night Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC Indianapolis 500 IndyCar Series on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Alex , Inc. ( 2018 ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( 2018 ) The Crossing ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars : Athletes Edition ( 2018 ) Deception ( 2018 ) For the People ( 2018 ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( 2018 ) Station 19 ( 2018 ) Take Two ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_(Probably)_Saves_the_World&oldid=821797469 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American Broadcasting Company network shows American fantasy television series Angelic - themed television series Television series by ABC Studios English - language television programs Television shows set in Texas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 18 : 07 . About Wikipedia",
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9,
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3,
7,
2,
11,
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12,
6,
8,
0,
10
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[
1,
9,
3,
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2
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-8265428613517661810
|
what is the cash option for the mega millions
|
[
"whether they wish to collect a jackpot prize in cash or annuity"
] |
{
"0": "Mega Millions - wikipedia Mega Millions Jump to : navigation , search Mega Millions ( which began as The Big Game in 1996 and renamed , temporarily , to The Big Game Mega Millions six years later ) is an American multi-jurisdictional lottery game ; it is offered in 44 states , the District of Columbia , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The first ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions drawing was in 2002 ; see below . ( What is now Mega Millions initially was offered in six states ; the logo for all versions of the game following the retiring of The Big Game name featured a gold - colored ball with six stars to represent the game 's initial membership . ) Mega Millions is drawn at 11 p.m. Eastern Time on Tuesday and Friday evenings , including holidays . Mega Millions is administered by a consortium of its 12 original lotteries ; the drawings are held at the studios of WSB - TV in Atlanta , Georgia , supervised by the Georgia Lottery . Under the current version 's regulations ( which began October 28 , 2017 with the first drawing October 31 ) for Mega Millions , the minimum Mega Millions advertised jackpot is $40 million , paid in 30 graduated yearly installments , increasing 5 percent each year ( unless the cash option is chosen ; see below for differences by lotteries on cash / annuity choice regulations . ) The jackpot increases when there is no top - prize winner ( see below for information on how the Mega Millions jackpot is funded . ) As of December 13 , 2017 , there has yet to be a jackpot winner under the current Mega Millions format , including wagers for the newly created Just the Jackpot option . Reflecting common practice among American lotteries , the jackpot is advertised as a nominal value of annual installments . A cash value option ( the usual choice ) , when chosen by a jackpot winner , pays the approximate present value of the installments . Mega Millions ' previous format began on October 19 , 2013 ; its first drawing was three days later . The current version of Mega Millions uses a 5 / 70 ( for the white balls ) plus 1 / 25 ( for the `` Mega Ball '' ) double matrix to select its winning numbers . Each game costs $2 .",
"1": "Of the 46 Mega Millions jurisdictions , all but California offer an option , called Megaplier ( plays with the Megaplier are $3 each ) where non-jackpot prizes are multiplied by 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5 . The Megaplier was made available to all Mega Millions jurisdictions in January 2011 ; it began as an option available only in Texas . The October 28 , 2017 Mega Millions ' format change resulted in the game 's first price increase : plays are $2 each ( $3 with the Megaplier ; up from $1 and $2 respectively ) ; as part of the format change , the `` Just the Jackpot '' option was introduced to seven of the game 's members . The new option is two plays for $3 ; only the jackpot can be won ( or shared ) on this wager . The largest jackpot in Mega Millions history was $656 million annuity value ( with a cash option of $474 million ) for the March 30 , 2012 drawing , in which there were three jackpot - winning tickets ; one each in Illinois , Kansas , and Maryland . All three tickets had been claimed by April 18 , with each set of winners choosing the cash option of $158 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 The 2010 expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball 2 Current Mega Millions members 2.1 Mega Millions and Powerball 3 History 3.1 The Big Game 3.2 The Big Game Mega Millions 3.3 2010 cross-sell expansion 3.4 October 2013 format change 3.5 October 2017 format / price point change 3.5.",
"2": "1 `` Just the Jackpot '' option 4 Record jackpots 5 Versions of ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions 5.1 Megaplier 5.2 Winning and probability 5.3 Payment options and claiming prizes 6 Drawings 7 Record jackpots ( listed by cash value ) 8 Revenue 9 Miscellany 10 See also 11 Notes 12 External links The 2010 expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball ( edit ) Mega Millions lottery tickets from New Jersey ( left ) and New York ; see below for rule variations among the game 's 46 members , including where the Just the Jackpot option will be offered beginning October 28 , 2017 On October 13 , 2009 , the Mega Millions consortium and Multi-State Lottery Association ( MUSL ) reached an agreement in principle to cross-sell Mega Millions and Powerball in American lottery jurisdictions , with the two groups referred to as the `` Mega Power Lottery '' by many users . The expansion occurred on January 31 , 2010 , as 23 Powerball members began selling Mega Millions tickets for their first drawing on February 2 , 2010 ; likewise , 10 Mega Millions members began selling Powerball tickets for their first drawing the next day . Montana ( joining Mega Millions on March 1 , 2010 ) was the first jurisdiction to add either game after the cross-sell expansion . Nebraska ( March 20 , 2010 ) , Oregon ( March 28 , 2010 ) , Arizona ( April 18 , 2010 ) , Maine ( May 9 , 2010 ) , Colorado and South Dakota ( the latter two on May 16 , 2010 ) also have joined Mega Millions since the expansion . As of January 2016 , there are 46 lotteries offering Mega Millions and Powerball ; Florida joined Mega Millions in May 2013 . ( Puerto Rico , whose lottery began in the 1930s , currently does not offer Mega Millions ) . Before the agreement , the only stores which sold Mega Millions and Powerball tickets were retailers whose business was on a border between jurisdictions which sold competing games . The current Mega Millions format began in October 2013 ; the game will use a different double matrix as of October 2017 .",
"3": "Mega Millions plays will become $2 per game upon the format change ; it is unknown exactly how the `` Megaplier '' will be utilized . Current Mega Millions members ( edit ) As of October 2017 , Mega Millions is available in 44 states and the District of Columbia ( in blue ) , plus the US Virgin Islands ( not shown ) Mega Millions replaced The Big Game in 2002 ( see below for the evolution of the name Mega Millions ) . Mega Millions and Powerball ( edit ) Lottery Powerball Mega Millions Arizona 000000001994 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1994 000000002010 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2010 Arkansas 000000002009 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2009 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 California 000000002013 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2013 000000002005 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2005 Connecticut 000000001995 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1995 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Colorado 000000002001 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2001 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 Delaware 000000001991 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1991 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 District of Columbia 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Florida 000000002009 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2009 000000002013 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 ,",
"4": "2013 Georgia 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Idaho 000000001990 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1990 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Illinois 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Indiana 000000001990 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1990 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Iowa 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Kansas 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Kentucky 000000001991 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1991 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Louisiana 000000001995 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1995 000000002011 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2011 Maine 000000002004 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 2004 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2010 Maryland 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 ,",
"5": "1996 Massachusetts 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Michigan 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Minnesota 000000001990 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1990 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Missouri 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Montana 000000001989 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1989 000000002010 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2010 Nebraska 000000001994 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1994 000000002010 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2010 New Hampshire 000000001995 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1995 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 New Jersey 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001999 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1999 New Mexico 000000001996 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1996 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 New York 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 ,",
"6": "2002 North Carolina 000000002006 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2006 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 North Dakota 000000002004 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2004 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Ohio 000000002010 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2010 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 Oklahoma 000000002006 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2006 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Oregon 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2010 Pennsylvania 000000002002 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2002 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Puerto Rico 000000002014 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2014 Not offered Rhode Island 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 South Carolina 000000002002 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2002 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 South Dakota 000000001990 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1990 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 Tennessee 000000002004 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 ,",
"7": "2004 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Texas 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000002003 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 2003 US Virgin Islands 000000002010 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2010 Vermont 000000002003 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 2003 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Virginia 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Washington 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000002002 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2002 West Virginia 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Wisconsin 000000001989 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1989 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Wyoming 000000002014 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2014 000000002014 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2014 Alabama , Alaska , Hawaii , Mississippi , Nevada and Utah do not sell lottery tickets . In 2013 , Wyoming became the 44th state to establish a lottery ; the next year , it began , initially offering both Mega Millions and Powerball . In most cases , a lottery joining Mega Millions on or after January 31 , 2010 offered Powerball before the MUSL cross-sell expansion .",
"8": "History ( edit ) The Big game ( edit ) The Big Game logo prior to the Mega Millions name change . Tickets for The Big Game began to be sold in Georgia , Illinois , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , and Virginia on August 31 , 1996 . The Big Game was the brainchild of lottery directors Rebecca Paul ( of the Georgia Lottery ) and Penelope W. Kyle ( of the Virginia Lottery . ) The Big Game initially was drawn weekly , on Friday . The Georgia Lottery was a member of MUSL at the time and wanted to sell both games for the remainder of 1996 ; however , within a few days , Georgia was forcibly removed from MUSL , returning with the 2010 cross-selling expansion . Beginning in January 1999 , jackpot winners were given the option to receive their prize in cash . In May 1999 , New Jersey joined The Big Game , the only jurisdiction to enter as a participant before The Big Game became Mega Millions in 2002 . The Big game Mega Millions ( edit ) The Big Game Mega Millions logo following the addition of the name Mega Millions Ohio and New York joined The Big Game consortium on May 15 , 2002 , when the game was renamed The Big Game Mega Millions , temporarily retaining the old name and the original `` gold ball '' logo . The `` Big Money Ball '' became the `` Mega Ball . '' While the game 's name was altered , the yellow ball in the new Mega Millions logo continued to read `` The Big Game '' until February 2003 , after which it was replaced with six stars representing the original members of the consortium . The first ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions drawing was held two days later , on May 17 . The Mega Millions trademark is owned by the Illinois Lottery . The first three lotteries to join Mega Millions were Washington ( in September 2002 ) , Texas ( in 2003 ) and California ( in 2005 ) ; California was the last addition to Mega Millions before the cross-sell expansion of 2010 . Montana joined Mega Millions on March 1 , 2010 , the first addition to Mega Millions after the cross-sell expansion .",
"9": "When Texas joined Mega Millions in 2003 , it began offering an option , initially available only to Texas Lottery players , known as the Megaplier , which was similar to Powerball 's Power Play . The 11 Mega Millions lotteries without Megaplier on the January 31 , 2010 cross-selling date gradually added the multiplier option ; by January 2011 , all Mega Millions lotteries , except for California , offered the Megaplier . The Texas Lottery owns the trademark to Megaplier . On June 24 , 2005 , to commemorate California joining Mega Millions , that night 's drawing was held in Hollywood , with Carrie Underwood assisting host Glenn Burns for the draw . For the November 15 , 2005 drawing , a group called `` The Lucky 7 '' held the only jackpot - winning ticket , purchased in Anaheim , California , winning $315 million . They chose the cash option , splitting $175 million before federal withholdings . This remains the largest prize won by a single Mega Millions ticket . On March 6 , 2007 , the Mega Millions jackpot reached $390 million , which is the record for the third largest jackpot in U.S. history . The jackpot was shared by two tickets , both matching the numbers of 16 - 22 - 29 - 39 - 42 and Mega Ball 20 . Both winners chose the cash option , with each share $116,557,083 before withholdings . 2010 cross-sell expansion ( edit ) The New Jersey Lottery , among others , in early 2009 announced it would seek permission to sell Powerball tickets alongside Mega Millions . In October 2009 , an agreement between Mega Millions and MUSL allowed all U.S. lotteries , including New Jersey 's , to offer both games . On January 31 , 2010 , Mega Millions expanded to include the 23 MUSL members ; as of that date , 35 jurisdictions were participating in Mega Millions . On the same day , 10 existing Mega Millions - participating lotteries began selling Powerball tickets . Ohio joined Powerball on April 16 , 2010 . On March 1 , 2010 , Montana became the first MUSL member to add Mega Millions after the cross-sell expansion .",
"10": "Nebraska became the 37th Mega Millions participating member on March 20 , 2010 , followed by Oregon as the 38th member on March 28 , Arizona as the 39th member on April 18 , and Maine as 40th Mega Millions participant on May 9 , 2010 . Colorado and South Dakota added Mega Millions on May 16 , 2010 , bringing the total to 42 jurisdictions . The most recent additions to Mega Millions were the U.S. Virgin Islands , in October 2010 , and Louisiana in November 2011 . Florida joined Mega Millions on May 15 , 2013 ; the first drawing to include Florida - bought tickets was two days later . Presumably due to their experience with the Power Play option for Powerball , all 23 lotteries joining Mega Millions on January 31 , 2010 immediately offered Megaplier to their players . The Megaplier continues to be drawn by Texas Lottery computers , as California does not offer the multiplier . Montana , offering Powerball before the expansion date , became the 24th lottery to offer the Megaplier , followed by Nebraska ( the 25th ) , Oregon ( the 26th ) , Arizona ( as the 27th ) and Maine ( as the 28th lottery to offer the Megaplier option ) . After Colorado and South Dakota joined Mega Millions , this raised the number of lotteries offering the Megaplier to 37 . Mega Millions tickets bought with the Megaplier option , beginning September 12 , 2010 , automatically won $1 million ( instead of $250,000 ) if the five white balls -- but excluding the Mega Ball -- are matched . On March 13 , 2010 , New Jersey became the first Mega Millions participant ( just before the cross-sell expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning ticket for Powerball after joining that game . The ticket was worth over $211 million annuity ( the cash option was chosen ) . On May 28 , 2010 , North Carolina became the first Powerball member ( just before the cross-selling expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning Mega Millions ticket after joining Mega Millions , with an annuity jackpot of $12 million .",
"11": "In January 2012 , Mega Millions ' rival Powerball was altered ; among the changes were a price increase of $1 for each play , as a result , a base game costs $2 , or $3 with the Power Play option . At the time , there were no plans to change the price of a Mega Millions play , with or without the Megaplier ( see below for the 2017 format change that includes the base price for a Mega Millions play to be raised to $2 . ) The price increase for playing Powerball was a major factor in Louisiana deciding to pursue joining Mega Millions , as that state 's lottery joined Mega Millions on November 16 , 2011 . October 2013 format change ( edit ) The final 5 / 56 + 1 / 46 Mega Millions drawing was held on October 18 , 2013 ; that night 's jackpot of $37 million was not won . The first drawing under the revised 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 format -- which saw the jackpot estimate `` leap '' to $55 million due to the change in the annuity structure -- occurred on October 22 , 2013 . The minimum jackpot was then $15 million , with rollovers of at least $5 million . Second prize ( 5 + 0 ) became $1 million cash . In the revised format , players chose 5 of 75 white ball numbers , and the `` Gold Ball '' number out of 15 . The Megaplier option remained ; the 5x multiplier was added . Lower prize tiers ( through October 18 , 2013 ; and October 19 , 2013 - October 27 , 2017 ) based on a $1 play : Match 5 + 0 : $250,000 / $1 million Match 4 + MB : $10,000 / $5,000 Match 4 + 0 : $150 / $500 Match 3 + MB : $150 / $50 Match 3 + 0 : $7 / $5 Match 2 + MB : $10 / $5 Match 1 + MB : $3 / $2 Match 0 + MB : $2 / $1 Payouts in California remained pari - mutuel .",
"12": "The odds of winning or sharing a Mega Millions jackpot ( 2013 - 2017 version ) : 1 in about 258.9 million . The overall odds of winning a prize were 1 in 14.71 , including the base $1 prize for a `` Mega Ball '' - only match . Prizes and odds ( 2013 - 2017 version ) : 5 numbers plus the Mega Ball ( 5 + 1 ) : 1 in 258,890,850 5 numbers but not the Mega Ball ( 5 + 0 ) : 1 in 17,259,390 4 + 1 : 1 in 739,688 4 + 0 : 1 in 52,835 3 + 1 : 1 in 10,720 3 + 0 : 1 in 766 2 + 1 : 1 in 473 1 + 1 : 1 in 56 Mega Ball only : 1 in 21 The odds for winning the $1 prize , 1 in 21 , reflected the possibility of matching at least one of the white balls , as well as the Mega Ball . The annuity -- which was 20 annual payments ( no cash option was available ) when The Big Game began -- changed from 26 equal yearly installments to 30 graduated annual payments ( increasing 5 percent yearly ) with the format change on October 19 , 2013 . October 2017 format / price point change ( edit ) On October 28 , 2017 , the price of a Mega Millions play doubled , to $2 ; the first drawing under the current price point was October 31 , 2017 . The Mega Millions double matrix changed , from 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 to the current 5 / 70 + 1 / 25 . The starting jackpot became $40 million , with minimum rollovers of $5 million . The `` Megaplier '' option ( which again is not offered in California ) was retained , with an adjustment to its multipliers . ( The final jackpot for the $1 version was $30 million , which was not won ; the initial jackpot for the new version would still be $40 million with a jackpot hit . )",
"13": "Mega Millions prize tiers effective October 28 , 2017 ( changed amounts in boldface ) for a $2 base play ( except prizes won in California ) : 5 + MB : Jackpot ; starting jackpot raised to $40 million ( annuity value ) 5 + 0 : $1,000,000 ( $1,000,000 ) 4 + MB : $10,000 ( $5,000 ) 4 + 0 : $500 ( $500 ) 3 + MB : $200 ( $50 ) 3 + 0 : $10 ( $5 ) 2 + MB : $10 ( $5 ) 1 + MB : $4 ( $2 ) 0 + MB : $2 ( $1 ) The new prize structure allocates roughly 75 percent of the prize pool for the jackpot ; this is , in part , to facilitate the new Just the Jackpot option . The 2013 - 2017 version allocated about 68 percent towards the jackpot . `` Just the jackpot '' option ( edit ) Each of the 46 Mega Millions participants , in preparation for the October 28 , 2017 format change , were given the choice of offering a $3 , two - game play ( called `` Just the Jackpot '' ) . A player choosing this option is not eligible for any of the eight lower - tier prizes ; therefore , the Megaplier option is not available for Just the Jackpot wagers . These lotteries offered the `` Just the Jackpot '' option upon the format change : Georgia , Hoosier Lottery , Kansas , Massachusetts , Nebraska , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , Ohio , South Dakota , Texas , Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . Kentucky has since added `` Just the Jackpot '' , with other lotteries potentially adding it . Not known is whether a second series of playslips would be printed for lotteries offering `` Just the Jackpot '' beginning after the October 28 , 2017 format change . `` Just the Jackpot '' wagers and regular Mega Millions plays are printed on separate tickets . Most participating lotteries ' wagers are terminal - generated ; however , `` Just the Jackpot '' wagers in Kansas and Texas allow the player to choose their numbers , while Wisconsin players must ask for a terminal - generated ticket .",
"14": "Record jackpots ( edit ) The largest Mega Millions jackpot , advertised as $640 million at the time of the drawing ( annuitized ) or $462 million ( cash value ) , was drawn on March 30 , 2012 . The initial estimate for that drawing ( following the March 27 drawing , which was $363 million annuity ) was $476 million ( later increased to $500 million and again to $540 million ) ; brisk ticket sales pushed the jackpot values , both annuitized ( to $656 million ) and the cash option ( $474 million ) higher . The amount spent on Mega Millions for drawings following its previous jackpot win , on January 24 , 2012 , was at least $1.5 billion . three jackpot - winning tickets had been confirmed ( Illinois , Kansas , and Maryland ) . Mega Millions ' second - largest jackpot , $648 million , was for the December 17 , 2013 drawing . Two winning tickets , one each from California and Georgia , were sold . The holder of the Georgia ticket claimed the next morning ; they selected the cash option , which amounted to $173,819,742.50 before withholdings . The holder of the California ticket claimed on January 3 , 2014 . ( The California ticket holder received an equal share , but potentially a larger cash - option amount , as California lottery winnings are exempt from state income tax ) . '' Mega Millions ' third - largest jackpot , $540 million , was for the July 8 , 2016 drawing . One ticket from Indiana won the jackpot ; the winner chose the cash option . Mega Millions ' fourth - largest jackpot , $533 million , was for the March 30 , 2018 drawing . One ticket from New Jersey won the jackpot ; Riverdale Lukoil South Gas Station sold the winning ticket . Mega Millions ' fifth - largest jackpot , $414 million , was for the March 18 , 2014 drawing . Two tickets , one each from Florida and Maryland , split the prize ; both sets of winners chose the cash option , splitting $230.9 million ( as noted below , interest rates change , resulting in different ratios between the cash values and annuity values of jackpots ) . Mega Millions ' sixth - largest jackpot annuity value ( $390 million ) was for the March 6 , 2007 drawing .",
"15": "Two tickets , one each from Georgia and New Jersey , won $195 million ( annuity value ) each . The holders of each ticket also chose the cash option . Versions of ( the Big game ) Mega Millions ( edit ) Versions of The Big Game and Mega Millions have used different matrices : Start Date 5 white balls out of Mega Balls Jackpot odds September 6 , 1996 50 25 1 : 52,969,000 January 13 , 1999 50 36 1 : 76,275,360 May 15 , 2002 52 52 1 : 135,145,920 June 22 , 2005 56 46 1 : 175,711,536 October 19 , 2013 75 15 1 : 258,890,850 October 28 , 2017 ( current ) 70 25 1 : 302,575,350 Megaplier ( edit ) Mega Millions players have the option to activate a multiplier , called Megaplier , in 45 of its 46 jurisdictions ; it is functionally similar to Powerball 's Power Play ; except the latter can not multiply second prize by 5 . ( Neither Megaplier nor Power Play are offered in California because its state penal code distinguishes between a `` lottery '' in which the bank can not be `` broken '' , and a `` banked game '' whose bank theoretically could be broken ; only a `` lottery '' was authorized by the state Lottery Act . ) By adding $1 to a basic Mega Millions game , to $3 , a player has an opportunity to multiply any non-jackpot prize by 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5 . The Megaplier is drawn by the Texas Lottery ( before the cross-sell expansion on January 31 , 2010 , it was the only lottery to offer Megaplier ) , which is drawn by a random number generator ( RNG ) . The odds for each Megaplier possibility are not uniform .",
"16": "Megaplier Former odds ( October 19 , 2013 -- October 27 , 2017 ) Current odds 2x 1 : 7.5 1 : 3 3x 1 : 3.75 1 : 2.5 4x 1 : 5 1 : 5 5x 1 : 2.5 1 : 15 Megaplier wagers made for drawings from September 12 , 2010 through October 18 , 2013 that won second prize ( then $250,000 ) were automatically elevated to 4x , winning $1 million . This `` guarantee '' did not carry over to the following version of Mega Millions , although the $1 million second prize became $5 million if the Megaplier is 5x . Winning and probability ( edit ) Former Mega Millions odds ( October 19 , 2013 -- October 27 , 2017 ) : Matches Prize Approximate probability of winning White balls ( pool of 75 ) Mega Ball ( pool of 15 ) 5 Jackpot 1 in 258,890,850 5 0 $1 million 1 in 18,492,204 $5,000 1 in 739,688 0 $500 1 in 52,835 $50 1 in 10,720 0 $5 1 in 766 $5 1 in 473 $2 1 in 56 0 $1 1 in 21 The probability and odds can be taken into a mathematical perspective : The probability of winning the jackpot ( through October 27 , 2017 ) was 1 : ( C ) x ( 15 ) ; that is : 75 ways for the first white ball times 74 ways for the second times 73 for the third times 72 for the fourth times 71 for the last white ball divided by 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 , or 5 ! , and this number is then multiplied by 15 ( 15 possible numbers for the `` Megaball '' ) .",
"17": "Therefore , ( 75 x 74 x 73 x 72 x 71 ) / ( 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 ) x 15 = 258,890,850 , which means any combination of five white balls plus the Megaball has a 1 : 258,890,850 chance of winning the jackpot . Similarly , the odds for second prize are 1 : ( C ) x ( 15 / 14 ) = 1 : 18,492,204 chance of winning . The overall probability of winning any prize was 1 in 14.7 . If there are no jackpot winners for a specific drawing , the jackpot will keep increasing , however , the odds will still remain the same . Payouts through October 18 , 2013 : Matches Prize Approximate probability of winning White balls ( pool of 56 ) Mega Ball ( pool of 46 ) 5 Jackpot 1 in 175,711,536 ( C × 46 ) 5 0 $250,000 1 in 3,904,701 ( C × 46 / 45 ) $10,000 1 in 689,065 0 $150 1 in 15,313 $150 1 in 13,781 $10 1 in 844 0 $7 1 in 306 $3 1 in 141 0 $2 1 in 74.8 ( the probability for this prize was not 1 : 46 , because there is the possibility of matching at least one of the `` white '' balls , which decreases the likelihood of matching only the `` Mega Ball '' ) Overall probabilities : 1 in 755 of winning any of the top six prizes , 1 in 40 of winning any prize . In California , prize levels are paid on a parimutuel basis , rather than the fixed lower - tier amounts for winners in other Mega Millions jurisdictions . California 's eight lower - tier Mega Millions prize pools are separate from those shared by the other 45 lotteries . California 's second prize is a `` secondary jackpot '' ; its payout sometimes exceeds $1 million cash , even though California does not offer the Megaplier .",
"18": "Payment options and claiming prizes ( edit ) In Georgia , New Jersey , and Texas , players must choose , in advance , whether they wish to collect a jackpot prize in cash or annuity . Georgia and New Jersey winners can change an annuity ticket to cash should they be eligible for a jackpot share ; however , the choice is binding in Texas . The other Mega Millions members allow the cash / annuity choice to be made after winning ( usually 60 days after claiming the ticket ) , although in Florida the 60 - day `` clock '' starts with the drawing in which the jackpot prize was won . If a jackpot prize is not claimed within the respective jurisdiction 's time limit , each of the 46 Mega Millions members get back the money they contributed to that jackpot . Each of the 46 lotteries have rules in regards to unclaimed prizes ; most Mega Millions members set aside unclaimed winnings for educational purposes . In 2007 , a $31 million prize went unclaimed in New York . Many prizes of $250,000 each have been unclaimed , including several in Michigan for 2007 drawings . Mega Millions winners have either 180 days ( California non-jackpot prizes only ) or one year to claim prizes , including the jackpot ( although some Mega Millions winners lose the right to collect a jackpot in cash if they wait more than 60 days after the drawing ) . The minimum age to purchase a Mega Millions ticket is 18 , except in Arizona , Iowa and Louisiana , where the minimum is 21 , and in Nebraska ; its minimum is 19 . Generally ( an exception is Virginia ) , minors can win on tickets received as gifts ; the rules according to each Mega Millions member vary for minors receiving prizes . Rules vary according to the applicable laws and regulations in the jurisdiction where the ticket is sold , and the winner 's residence ( e.g. if a New Jerseyan wins on a ticket bought near their workplace in Manhattan ) . Mega Millions winnings are exempt from state income tax in California ; while Florida , New Hampshire , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Washington state , and Wyoming do not have an income tax . On the other hand , some residents of New York City and Yonkers , New York pay three levels of income tax , as these cities levy income taxes .",
"19": "Drawings ( edit ) Drawings are usually held at the studios of WSB - TV in Atlanta , Georgia . The original host was WSB 's chief meteorologist , Glenn Burns . Currently , most drawings are emceed by the full - time host of Georgia Lottery drawings , John Crow , with Brian Hooker the main substitute host . For larger jackpots , the drawing sometimes is moved to Times Square , with New York Lottery announcer Yolanda Vega co-hosting . Before the January 31 , 2010 cross-sell expansion , Mega Millions was the only multi-jurisdictional lottery whose drawings were carried nationally , instead of airing only on stations in participating jurisdictions . Chicago - based cable superstation WGN - TV simulcast Mega Millions drawings on its national WGN America feed immediately following WGN 's 9pm ( Central Time ) newscast . Following the cross-sell expansion , WGN also began airing Powerball drawings nationally . WGN served as a default carrier of both major games where no local television station carried either multi-jurisdictional lottery 's drawings . Both drawings were removed from WGN America in late 2014 when it ceased carrying WGN 's newscasts . Two machines are used in each Mega Millions drawing . The model used for Mega Millions is the Criterion II , manufactured by Smartplay International of Edgewater Park , New Jersey . The balls are moved around by means of counter-rotating arms which randomly mix the balls . Individually , the five white balls , several seconds apart , drop through a hole in the bottom of the mixing drum .",
"20": "Record jackpots ( listed by cash value ) ( edit ) See also : Lottery jackpot records Cash value ( in millions USD ) Annuity value ( in millions USD ) Drawing date Winner ( s ) Description $474 $656 March 30 , 2012 3 ( MD , KS , IL ) World 's second largest jackpot ( cash or annuity ) $347.7 $648 December 17 , 2013 2 ( CA , GA ) Second - largest annuity value $240 $380 January 4 , 2011 2 ( ID , WA ) $233 $390 March 6 , 2007 2 ( GA , NJ ) $224 $400 March 18 , 2014 2 ( FL , MD ) $210 $336 August 28 , 2009 2 ( CA , NY ) NY winner chose annuity ( the cash / annuity choice made `` when playing '' required per then - NY Lottery rules ) $208.3 $330 August 31 , 2007 4 ( NJ , MD , TX , VA ) $197.5 $326 November 4 , 2014 1 ( NY ) Sold in Middletown , Orange County $202.9 $319 March 25 , 2011 1 ( Albany , NY ) $180 $363 May 9 , 2000 2 ( IL , MI ) Largest The Big Game jackpot Revenue ( edit ) Approximately 50 % of Mega Millions sales is returned to players as prizes ; the remainder is split ( each lottery has different rules regarding these funds ) among retailers , marketing , and operations , as well as the 46 jurisdictions offering the game ; different lotteries uses the proceeds in different ways . Miscellany ( edit ) In the aftermath of the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11 , 2001 , the legislature in Albany , fearing a monumental loss of revenue , passed legislation the following month , which was signed by Governor George Pataki , which included joining a multi-jurisdictional lottery game .",
"21": "Around the same time , for entirely different reasons , Ohio 's governor also gave the green light to joining a multi-jurisdictional game . Both lotteries opted to join The Big Game , which , at the time , was offered in seven states . The added populations of the two new jurisdictions , in turn , led to a larger double matrix . The first machine continued to hold white 52 balls , while 16 gold balls were added in the second , meaning there were 52 numbers to pick from in both parts of each $1 game . On May 15 , 2002 , the game was renamed The Big Game Mega Millions ; shortly after , it became just Mega Millions . Except for the 2010 cross-selling expansion , this was the only time The Big Game or Mega Millions simultaneously added more than one member . In 2005 , Mega Millions was the target of a mailing scam . A letter bearing the Mega Millions logo was used in a string of lottery scams designed to trick people into providing personal financial information by cashing bogus checks . The letter , which had been sent to people in several states via standard mail , included a check for what the scammers said was an unclaimed Mega Millions prize . If the check was cashed , it bounced , but not before the bank stamped it with a routing number and personal account information and sent it back to the fraudulent organization , providing them with the recipients ' financial information . A budget impasse due to the 2006 New Jersey Government shutdown led to the temporary closing of its non-essential agencies on July 1 , 2006 . Among the casualties were the Atlantic City casinos and the New Jersey Lottery . Not only were New Jersey 's in - house games ( such as Pick - 6 ) not drawn for about a week , but all New Jersey lottery terminals were shut down , meaning Mega Millions could not be played in New Jersey , even though Mega Millions was drawn as usual . A similar shutdown happened in Minnesota on July 1 , 2011 . Elecia Battle made national headlines in January 2004 when she claimed that she had lost the winning ticket in the December 30 , 2003 Mega Millions drawing . She then filed a lawsuit against the woman who had come forward with the ticket , Rebecca Jemison . Several days later , when confronted with contradictory evidence , she admitted that she had lied .",
"22": "Battle was charged with filing a false police report the following day . As a result of this false report , she was fined $1,000 , ordered to perform 50 hours of community service , and required to compensate the police and courts for various costs incurred . The January 4 , 2011 Mega Millions drawing drew attention for its similarity to `` The Numbers , '' a sequence of six numbers that served as a plot device of the ABC drama series Lost . One such usage involved character Hugo `` Hurley '' Reyes playing the sequence in a similar `` Mega Lotto '' game , winning a nine - figure jackpot and subsequently experiencing numerous misfortunes in his personal life . The first three numbers ( 4 , 8 , 15 ) and mega ball ( 42 ) in the Mega Millions drawing matched the first three numbers and the final number ( which Hurley also used as the `` mega ball '' number ) in the Lost sequence . The last two numbers in the Mega Millions drawing did not match the last two numbers that were used in the scene . Those who played `` The Numbers '' , including from quick - picks , won $150 ( $118 in California ) in a non-Megaplier game ; $600 with the multiplier . The 12 original ( before the 2010 cross-sell expansion ) Mega Millions members have each produced at least one Mega Millions jackpot winner . See also ( edit ) Lottery jackpot records Powerball Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mega Millions FAQs '' . Megamillions.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Official Home '' . Megamillions.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mega Millions '' . Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2 winning tickets in $636 M Mega Millions drawing - CBS News '' . CBS News with contributions from Associated Press . 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic mega-jackpot split by two tickets '' . Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 .",
"23": "Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Increases Final Jackpot to $656 M - ABC News '' . Associated Press via ABC News . 2012 - 04 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Power Lottery '' . Worldlottery.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions with Megaplier : Maine State Lottery '' . Mainelottery.com. 2013 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` California 's First Mega Millions Jackpot Winners The Lucky Seven -- Claim Prize '' . Mega Millions. 2005 - 11 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Jackpot History '' . Megamillions.com. 2013 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Face man wins half of record $390 M jackpot '' . Megamillions.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( dead link ) Bicker , Benjamin ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) . `` MegaMillions Lotto Results , Winning Numbers , News & More '' . Lotto-results-online.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( blog.timesunion.com/capitol/archives/274243/mega-millions-lottery-tickets-will-go-from-1-to-2/ Mega Millions lottery tickets will go from $1 to $2 ) Jump up ^ Matt Stevens ; Carol J. Williams ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Mega Millions mania leads to disappointment in California '' . Los Angeles Times .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` Winning tickets for Mega Millions jackpot sold in Maryland , Illinois '' . CNN . 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Mega Millions jackpot winner comes forward '' . Georgia Lottery via Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` $324 million winner comes forward in California '' . California Lottery via Mega Millions. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions : : The official Web site of the Missouri Lottery '' . Molottery.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` How To Play '' . Mega Millions . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Prizes are uniform in all Mega Millions jurisdictions , with the exception of California ( where all prizes , including the jackpot , are pari - mutuel ; payouts are based on sales and the number of winners of each prize tier . ) All other Mega Millions members ' second through ninth prizes are set amounts , although in rare cases they can be reduced . ^ Jump up to : If more than one play wins the jackpot in a given drawing , the prize is divided equally among 5 + 1 plays . Winners have one year to collect a jackpot share ; for other prizes , the deadline also is one year , except in California , where it is 180 days . Other than in and Texas ( see below ) , a jackpot winner has 60 days from either the drawing , or in some jurisdictions , after claiming , to choose cash or annuity . The relative value of actual cash jackpot share fluctuates . Jackpots began at $15 million ( disbursed in 30 graduated annual payments if the annuity is chosen ) ; the corresponding cash value fluctuates depending on interest rates . Jump up ^ `` ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 '' . Google . 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sal Khan .",
"25": "`` Mega Millions Jackpot Probability '' . Khan Academy . Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 5 ) * ( 51 choose 0 ) * 45 ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 4 ) * ( 51 choose 1 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 4 ) * ( 51 choose 1 ) * 45 ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 3 ) * ( 51 choose 2 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 2 ) * ( 51 choose 3 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 3 ) * ( 51 choose 2 ) * 45 ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 1 ) * ( 51 choose 4 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ Lotto Numbers Jump up ^ `` CA Lottery Regulations '' ( PDF ) . California Lottery. 2012 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ kowens ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Calottery.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What Happens to Unclaimed Prizes ? '' . Michigan.gov. 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Many major U.S. lottery prizes unclaimed '' . UPI.com. 2007 - 12 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ Michigan.gov , Lottery - Top Unclaimed Prizes Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Drawing Time '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . 11 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on Tuesdays and Fridays Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` WGN America dropping Illinois Lottery drawings '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Megamillions Jackpot with 321 millions dollars win in New York stats '' . Jump up ^ `` Where does Mega Millions money go after the jackpot ? '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Logo Officials Warn of Lottery scams '' . ScamFraudAlert. 2011 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Women argue over ' lost ' jackpot '' . BBC News . 2004 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Midwest : Ohio : Apology For Lottery Claim '' . The New York Times . 2004 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Midwest : Ohio : Lottery Tale Costs Her $6,596 '' . The New York Times . 2004 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bonner , Jessie et al. ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) . 2 winners for $380 M lottery sold in Wash. , Idaho . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official website Telemarketing and Telephone Services : Prizes & Sweepstakes on U.S. Federal Trade Commission website New Spin On Sweepstakes Scams on U.S.",
"27": "Federal Trade Commission website Preceded by Powerball World 's largest lottery jackpot May 9 , 2000 -- February 18 , 2006 Succeeded by Powerball Preceded by Powerball World 's largest lottery jackpot March 30 , 2012 -- January 13 , 2016 Succeeded by Powerball ( hide ) Lotteries in the United States US lotteries Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas US Virgin Islands Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Multi-state games ( by number of jurisdictions ) Powerball ( 47 ) Mega Millions ( 46 ) Lucky for Life ( 25 ) Lotto America ( 13 ) Cash4Life ( 9 ) MegaHits ( 5 ) 2by2 ( 3 ) Tri-State Lottery ( 3 ) All or Nothing ( 2 ) Former multi-state games Cash4Life ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Daily Millions Decades of Dollars Hot Lotto Lotto * America ( 1988 - 1992 ) Lotto South Midwest Millions Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Wild Card Win for Life Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mega_Millions&oldid=837834217 '' Categories : Georgia Lottery Lottery games in the United States Lottery monopolies Mega Ball lottery games 1996 introductions 1996 in Georgia ( U.S.",
"28": "state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Română Русский Suomi ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 09 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is the pacific ocean located on the world map
|
[
"0°N 160°W / 0°N 160°W / 0; -160Coordinates",
"extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east"
] |
{
"0": "Pacific Ocean - Wikipedia Pacific Ocean Jump to : navigation , search `` North Pacific '' , `` Pacific '' , and `` Pacific region '' redirect here . For the region in Colombia , see Pacific Region , Colombia . For other uses , see North Pacific ( disambiguation ) and Pacific ( disambiguation ) . Pacific Ocean Coordinates 0 ° N 160 ° W / 0 ° N 160 ° W / 0 ; - 160 Coordinates : 0 ° N 160 ° W / 0 ° N 160 ° W / 0 ; - 160 Surface area 165,250,000 km ( 63,800,000 sq mi ) Average depth 4,280 m ( 14,040 ft ) Max . depth 10,911 m ( 35,797 ft ) Water volume 710,000,000 km ( 170,000,000 cu mi ) Islands List of islands Earth 's oceans Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern World Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth 's oceanic divisions . It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or , depending on definition , to Antarctica ) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east . At 165,250,000 square kilometers ( 63,800,000 square miles ) in area ( as defined with an Antarctic southern border ) , this largest division of the World Ocean -- and , in turn , the hydrosphere -- covers about 46 % of Earth 's water surface and about one - third of its total surface area , making it larger than all of Earth 's land area combined . Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean . The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean , with two exceptions : the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands , while straddling the equator , are deemed wholly within the South Pacific . Its mean depth is 4,280 meters ( 14,040 feet ) . The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world , reaching a depth of 10,911 meters ( 35,797 feet ) .",
"1": "The western Pacific has many peripheral seas . Though the peoples of Asia and Oceania have traveled the Pacific Ocean since prehistoric times , the eastern Pacific was first sighted by Europeans in the early 16th century when Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and discovered the great `` southern sea '' which he named Mar del Sur ( in Spanish ) . The ocean 's current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521 , as he encountered favorable winds on reaching the ocean . He called it Mar Pacífico , which in both Portuguese and Spanish means `` peaceful sea '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early migrations 1.2 European exploration 1.3 New Imperialism 2 Geography 2.1 Bordering countries and territories 2.1. 1 Sovereign nations 2.1. 2 Territories 2.2 Landmasses and islands 3 Water characteristics 4 Climate 5 Geology 5.1 Geological history 5.2 Seamount chains 6 Economy 6.1 Fishing 7 Environmental issues 8 Major ports and harbors 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 12 External links History ( edit ) Early migrations ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2017 ) Universalis Cosmographia , the Waldseemüller map dated 1507 , from a time when the nature of the Americas was ambiguous , particularly North America , as a possible part of Asia , was the first map to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans . South America was generally considered a `` new world '' and shows the name `` America '' for the first time , after Amerigo Vespucci Made in 1529 , the Diogo Ribeiro map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size Maris Pacifici by Ortelius ( 1589 ) . One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean Important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times .",
"2": "About 3000 BC , the Austronesian peoples on the island of Taiwan mastered the art of long - distance canoe travel and spread themselves and their languages south to the Philippines , Indonesia , and maritime Southeast Asia ; west towards Madagascar ; southeast towards New Guinea and Melanesia ( intermarrying with native Papuans ) ; and east to the islands of Micronesia , Oceania and Polynesia . Long - distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan . Trade , and therefore knowledge , extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia . By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of this trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims . In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality . From 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean . European Exploration ( edit ) Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration , circa 1702 -- 1707 . Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration , circa 1754 . The first contact of European navigators with the western edge of the Pacific Ocean was made by the Portuguese expeditions of António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão , via the Lesser Sunda Islands , to the Maluku Islands , in 1512 , and with Jorge Álvares 's expedition to southern China in 1513 , both ordered by Afonso de Albuquerque from Malacca . The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached a new ocean . He named it Mar del Sur ( literally , `` Sea of the South '' or `` South Sea '' ) because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific . Spanish explorations and routes across the Pacific Ocean . Later , Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian ( Spanish ) expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519 . Magellan called the ocean Pacífico ( or `` Pacific '' meaning , `` peaceful '' ) because , after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn , the expedition found calm waters . The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century .",
"3": "Although Magellan himself died in the Philippines in 1521 , Spanish Basque navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano led the expedition back to Spain across the Indian Ocean and round the Cape of Good Hope , completing the first world circumnavigation in a single expedition in 1522 . Sailing around and east of the Moluccas , between 1525 and 1527 , Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands , the Aru Islands , and Papua New Guinea . In 1542 -- 43 the Portuguese also reached Japan . In 1564 , five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands . For the remainder of the 16th century , Spanish influence was paramount , with ships sailing from Mexico and Peru across the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines via Guam , and establishing the Spanish East Indies . The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco , in one of the longest trade routes in history . Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu , the Marquesas , the Cook Islands , the Solomon Islands , and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific . Later , in the quest for Terra Australis ( i.e. , `` the ( great ) Southern Land '' ) , Spanish explorations in the 17th century , such as the expedition led by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , discovered the Pitcairn and Vanuatu archipelagos , and sailed the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea , named after navigator Luís Vaz de Torres . Dutch explorers , sailing around southern Africa , also engaged in discovery and trade ; Willem Janszoon , made the first completely documented European landing in Australia ( 1606 ) , in Cape York Peninsula , and Abel Janszoon Tasman circumnavigated and landed on parts of the Australian continental coast and discovered Tasmania and New Zealand in 1642 . In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum -- a sea closed to other naval powers . As the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships . On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines .",
"4": "The 18th century marked the beginning of major exploration by the Russians in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands , such as the First Kamchatka expedition and the Great Northern Expedition , led by the Danish Russian navy officer Vitus Bering . Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada , and Alaska . The French explored and settled Polynesia , and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia , Hawaii , and the North American Pacific Northwest . In 1768 , Pierre - Antoine Véron , a young astronomer accompanying Louis Antoine de Bougainville on his voyage of exploration , established the width of the Pacific with precision for the first time in history . One of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789 -- 1794 . It sailed vast areas of the Pacific , from Cape Horn to Alaska , Guam and the Philippines , New Zealand , Australia , and the South Pacific . New imperialism ( edit ) See also : New Imperialism The Bathyscaphe Trieste , before her record dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench , 23 January 1960 Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers , and later , Japan and the United States . Significant contributions to oceanographic knowledge were made by the voyages of HMS Beagle in the 1830s , with Charles Darwin aboard ; HMS Challenger during the 1870s ; the USS Tuscarora ( 1873 -- 76 ) ; and the German Gazelle ( 1874 -- 76 ) . Dupetit Thouars taking over Tahiti on 9 September 1842 In Oceania , France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively . After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887 , Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888 . By occupying Easter Island , Chile joined the imperial nations . By 1900 nearly all Pacific islands were in control of Britain , France , United States , Germany , Japan , and Chile .",
"5": "Although the United States gained control of Guam and the Philippines from Spain in 1898 , Japan controlled most of the western Pacific by 1914 and occupied many other islands during World War II . However , by the end of that war , Japan was defeated and the U.S. Pacific Fleet was the virtual master of the ocean . Since the end of World War II , many former colonies in the Pacific have become independent states . Geography ( edit ) Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the International Space Station . Anvil tops of thunderclouds are also visible . The Pacific separates Asia and Australia from the Americas . It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern ( North Pacific ) and southern ( South Pacific ) portions . It extends from the Antarctic region in the South to the Arctic in the north . The Pacific Ocean encompasses approximately one - third of the Earth 's surface , having an area of 165,200,000 km ( 63,800,000 sq mi ) -- significantly larger than Earth 's entire landmass of some 150,000,000 km ( 58,000,000 sq mi ) . Extending approximately 15,500 km ( 9,600 mi ) from the Bering Sea in the Arctic to the northern extent of the circumpolar Southern Ocean at 60 ° S ( older definitions extend it to Antarctica 's Ross Sea ) , the Pacific reaches its greatest east - west width at about 5 ° N latitude , where it stretches approximately 19,800 km ( 12,300 mi ) from Indonesia to the coast of Colombia -- halfway around the world , and more than five times the diameter of the Moon . The lowest known point on Earth -- the Mariana Trench -- lies 10,911 m ( 35,797 ft ; 5,966 fathoms ) below sea level . Its average depth is 4,280 m ( 14,040 ft ; 2,340 fathoms ) , putting the total water volume at roughly 710,000,000 km ( 170,000,000 cu mi ) . Due to the effects of plate tectonics , the Pacific Ocean is currently shrinking by roughly 2.5 cm ( 1 in ) per year on three sides , roughly averaging 0.52 km ( 0.20 sq mi ) a year .",
"6": "By contrast , the Atlantic Ocean is increasing in size . Along the Pacific Ocean 's irregular western margins lie many seas , the largest of which are the Celebes Sea , Coral Sea , East China Sea ( East Sea ) , Philippine Sea , Sea of Japan ( East Sea ) , South China Sea ( South Sea ) , Sulu Sea , Tasman Sea , and Yellow Sea ( West Sea of Korea ) . The Indonesian Seaway ( including the Strait of Malacca and Torres Strait ) joins the Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the west , and Drake Passage and the Strait of Magellan link the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean on the east . To the north , the Bering Strait connects the Pacific with the Arctic Ocean . As the Pacific straddles the 180th meridian , the West Pacific ( or western Pacific , near Asia ) is in the Eastern Hemisphere , while the East Pacific ( or eastern Pacific , near the Americas ) is in the Western Hemisphere . The Southern Pacific Ocean harbors the Southeast Indian Ridge crossing from south of Australia turning into the Pacific - Antarctic Ridge ( north of the South Pole ) and merges with another ridge ( south of South America ) to form the East Pacific Rise which also connects with another ridge ( south of North America ) which overlooks the Juan de Fuca Ridge . For most of Magellan 's voyage from the Strait of Magellan to the Philippines , the explorer indeed found the ocean peaceful . However , the Pacific is not always peaceful . Many tropical storms batter the islands of the Pacific . The lands around the Pacific Rim are full of volcanoes and often affected by earthquakes . Tsunamis , caused by underwater earthquakes , have devastated many islands and in some cases destroyed entire towns . The Martin Waldseemüller map of 1507 was the first to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans . Later , the Diogo Ribeiro map of 1529 was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size .",
"7": "Bordering countries and Territories ( edit ) The island geography of the Pacific Ocean Basin Regions , island nations and territories of Oceania Sovereign nations ( edit ) Australia Brunei Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Japan Kiribati North Korea South Korea Malaysia Marshall Islands Mexico Nauru Nicaragua New Zealand Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Taiwan Thailand Timor - Leste Tonga Tuvalu United States Vanuatu Vietnam The status of Taiwan and China is disputed . For more information , see political status of Taiwan . Territories ( edit ) American Samoa ( US ) Baker Island ( US ) Cook Islands ( New Zealand ) Coral Sea Islands ( Australia ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( US ) Hong Kong ( China ) Howland Island ( US ) Jarvis Island ( US ) Johnston Island ( US ) Kingman Reef ( US ) Macau ( China ) Midway Atoll ( US ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( New Zealand ) Norfolk Island ( Australia ) Northern Mariana Islands ( US ) Palmyra Atoll ( US ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Tokelau ( New Zealand ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Wake Island ( US ) Landmasses and Islands ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Islands This ocean has most of the islands in the world . There are about 25,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean . The islands entirely within the Pacific Ocean can be divided into three main groups known as Micronesia , Melanesia and Polynesia . Micronesia , which lies north of the equator and west of the International Date Line , includes the Mariana Islands in the northwest , the Caroline Islands in the center , the Marshall Islands to the west and the islands of Kiribati in the southeast . Melanesia , to the southwest , includes New Guinea , the world 's second largest island after Greenland and by far the largest of the Pacific islands .",
"8": "The other main Melanesian groups from north to south are the Bismarck Archipelago , the Solomon Islands , Santa Cruz , Vanuatu , Fiji and New Caledonia . The largest area , Polynesia , stretching from Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south , also encompasses Tuvalu , Tokelau , Samoa , Tonga and the Kermadec Islands to the west , the Cook Islands , Society Islands and Austral Islands in the center , and the Marquesas Islands , Tuamotu , Mangareva Islands , and Easter Island to the east . Islands in the Pacific Ocean are of four basic types : continental islands , high islands , coral reefs and uplifted coral platforms . Continental islands lie outside the andesite line and include New Guinea , the islands of New Zealand , and the Philippines . Some of these islands are structurally associated with nearby continents . High islands are of volcanic origin , and many contain active volcanoes . Among these are Bougainville , Hawaii , and the Solomon Islands . The coral reefs of the South Pacific are low - lying structures that have built up on basaltic lava flows under the ocean 's surface . One of the most dramatic is the Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia with chains of reef patches . A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform , which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands . Examples include Banaba ( formerly Ocean Island ) and Makatea in the Tuamotu group of French Polynesia . Pacific Ocean up sun from the rocks Point Reyes headlands , Point Reyes National Seashore , California Tahuna maru islet , French Polynesia Los Molinos on the coast of Southern Chile Water characteristics ( edit ) Sunset in Monterey County , California , U.S. The volume of the Pacific Ocean , representing about 50.1 percent of the world 's oceanic water , has been estimated at some 714 million cubic kilometers ( 171 million cubic miles ) . Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from − 1.4 ° C ( 29.5 ° F ) , the freezing point of sea water , in the poleward areas to about 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) near the equator .",
"9": "Salinity also varies latitudinally , reaching a maximum of 37 parts per thousand in the southeastern area . The water near the equator , which can have a salinity as low as 34 parts per thousand , is less salty than that found in the mid-latitudes because of abundant equatorial precipitation throughout the year . The lowest counts of less than 32 parts per thousand are found in the far north as less evaporation of seawater takes place in these frigid areas . The motion of Pacific waters is generally clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere ( the North Pacific gyre ) and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The North Equatorial Current , driven westward along latitude 15 ° N by the trade winds , turns north near the Philippines to become the warm Japan or Kuroshio Current . Turning eastward at about 45 ° N , the Kuroshio forks and some water moves northward as the Aleutian Current , while the rest turns southward to rejoin the North Equatorial Current . The Aleutian Current branches as it approaches North America and forms the base of a counter-clockwise circulation in the Bering Sea . Its southern arm becomes the chilled slow , south - flowing California Current . The South Equatorial Current , flowing west along the equator , swings southward east of New Guinea , turns east at about 50 ° S , and joins the main westerly circulation of the South Pacific , which includes the Earth - circling Antarctic Circumpolar Current . As it approaches the Chilean coast , the South Equatorial Current divides ; one branch flows around Cape Horn and the other turns north to form the Peru or Humboldt Current . Climate ( edit ) Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America Typhoon Tip at global peak intensity on 12 October 1979 The climate patterns of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres generally mirror each other . The trade winds in the southern and eastern Pacific are remarkably steady while conditions in the North Pacific are far more varied with , for example , cold winter temperatures on the east coast of Russia contrasting with the milder weather off British Columbia during the winter months due to the preferred flow of ocean currents . In the tropical and subtropical Pacific , the El Niño Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) affects weather conditions .",
"10": "To determine the phase of ENSO , the most recent three - month sea surface temperature average for the area approximately 3,000 km ( 1,900 mi ) to the southeast of Hawaii is computed , and if the region is more than 0.5 ° C ( 0.9 ° F ) above or below normal for that period , then an El Niño or La Niña is considered in progress . In the tropical western Pacific , the monsoon and the related wet season during the summer months contrast with dry winds in the winter which blow over the ocean from the Asian landmass . Worldwide , tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer , when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest . However , each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns . On a worldwide scale , May is the least active month , while September is the most active month . November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active . The Pacific hosts the two most active tropical cyclone basins , which are the northwestern Pacific and the eastern Pacific . Pacific hurricanes form south of Mexico , sometimes striking the western Mexican coast and occasionally the southwestern United States between June and October , while typhoons forming in the northwestern Pacific moving into southeast and east Asia from May to December . Tropical cyclones also form in the South Pacific basin , where they occasionally impact island nations . In the arctic , icing from October to May can present a hazard for shipping while persistent fog occurs from June to December . A climatological low in the Gulf of Alaska keeps the southern coast wet and mild during the winter months . The Westerlies and associated jet stream within the Mid-Latitudes can be particularly strong , especially in the Southern Hemisphere , due to the temperature difference between the tropics and Antarctica , which records the coldest temperature readings on the planet . In the Southern hemisphere , because of the stormy and cloudy conditions associated with extratropical cyclones riding the jet stream , it is usual to refer to the Westerlies as the Roaring Forties , Furious Fifties and Shrieking Sixties according to the varying degrees of latitude . Geology ( edit ) Main articles : Geology of the Pacific Ocean and Pacific Plate Ring of Fire . The Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and oceanic trenches .",
"11": "Ulawun stratovolcano situated on the island of New Britain , Papua New Guinea The ocean was first mapped by Abraham Ortelius ; he called it Maris Pacifici following Ferdinand Magellan 's description of it as `` a pacific sea '' during his circumnavigation from 1519 to 1522 . To Magellan , it seemed much more calm ( pacific ) than the Atlantic . The andesite line is the most significant regional distinction in the Pacific . A petrologic boundary , it separates the deeper , mafic igneous rock of the Central Pacific Basin from the partially submerged continental areas of felsic igneous rock on its margins . The andesite line follows the western edge of the islands off California and passes south of the Aleutian arc , along the eastern edge of the Kamchatka Peninsula , the Kuril Islands , Japan , the Mariana Islands , the Solomon Islands , and New Zealand 's North Island . The dissimilarity continues northeastward along the western edge of the Andes Cordillera along South America to Mexico , returning then to the islands off California . Indonesia , the Philippines , Japan , New Guinea , and New Zealand lie outside the andesite line . Within the closed loop of the andesite line are most of the deep troughs , submerged volcanic mountains , and oceanic volcanic islands that characterize the Pacific basin . Here basaltic lavas gently flow out of rifts to build huge dome - shaped volcanic mountains whose eroded summits form island arcs , chains , and clusters . Outside the andesite line , volcanism is of the explosive type , and the Pacific Ring of Fire is the world 's foremost belt of explosive volcanism . The Ring of Fire is named after the several hundred active volcanoes that sit above the various subduction zones . The Pacific Ocean is the only ocean which is almost totally bounded by subduction zones . Only the Antarctic and Australian coasts have no nearby subduction zones . Geological History ( edit ) The Pacific Ocean was born 750 million years ago at the breakup of Rodinia , although it is generally called the Panthalassic Ocean until the breakup of Pangea , about 200 million years ago . The oldest Pacific Ocean floor is only around 180 Ma old , with older crust subducted by now .",
"12": "Seamount chains ( edit ) The Pacific Ocean contains several long seamount chains , formed by hotspot volcanism . These include the Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain and the Louisville Ridge . Economy ( edit ) The exploitation of the Pacific 's mineral wealth is hampered by the ocean 's great depths . In shallow waters of the continental shelves off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand , petroleum and natural gas are extracted , and pearls are harvested along the coasts of Australia , Japan , Papua New Guinea , Nicaragua , Panama , and the Philippines , although in sharply declining volume in some cases . Fishing ( edit ) Fish are an important economic asset in the Pacific . The shallower shoreline waters of the continents and the more temperate islands yield herring , salmon , sardines , snapper , swordfish , and tuna , as well as shellfish . Overfishing has become a serious problem in some areas . For example , catches in the rich fishing grounds of the Okhotsk Sea off the Russian coast have been reduced by at least half since the 1990s as a result of overfishing . Environmental issues ( edit ) Main article : Marine pollution See also : Great Pacific garbage patch and Environmental impact of shipping Marine debris on a Hawaiian coast The quantity of small plastic fragments floating in the north - east Pacific Ocean increased a hundredfold between 1972 and 2012 . Marine pollution is a generic term for the harmful entry into the ocean of chemicals or particles . The main culprits are those using the rivers for disposing of their waste . The rivers then empty into the ocean , often also bringing chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture . The excess of oxygen - depleting chemicals in the water leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone . Marine debris , also known as marine litter , is human - created waste that has ended up floating in a lake , sea , ocean , or waterway . Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines , frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter . In addition , the Pacific Ocean has served as the crash site of satellites , including Mars 96 , Fobos - Grunt , and Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite .",
"13": "Major ports and harbors ( edit ) Main article : List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean See also ( edit ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Pacific Alliance Pacific - Antarctic Ridge Pacific coast Pacific hurricane Pacific Time Zone Pacific War Seven Seas Trans - Pacific Partnership Typhoon War of the Pacific Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pacific Ocean '' . Britannica Concise. 2006 . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Jump up ^ International Hydrographic Organization ( 1953 ) . `` Limits of Oceans and Seas '' ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Monte Carlo , Monaco : International Hydrographic Organization . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Atlas : Japan Marine Science and Technology Center '' . Retrieved 4 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Ferdinand Magellan '' . Newadvent.org. 1 October 1910 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Library Acquires Copy of 1507 Waldseemüller World Map -- News Releases ( Library of Congress ) '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , David ( 2004 ) . South Pacific . David Stanley . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56691 - 411 - 6 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hannard ( 1991 ) , page 7 Jump up ^ Milton , Giles ( 1999 ) . Nathaniel 's Nutmeg . London : Sceptre . pp. 5 , 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 69676 - 7 . Jump up ^ Porter , Jonathan . ( 1996 ) ( 1996 ) . Macau , the Imaginary City : Culture and Society , 1557 to the Present . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3749 - 6 Jump up ^ Ober , Frederick Albion .",
"14": "Vasco Nuñez de Balboa . Library of Alexandria . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4655 - 7034 - 5 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Camino , Mercedes Maroto . Producing the Pacific : Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration ( 1567 -- 1606 ) , p. 76 . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Life in the sea : Pacific Ocean '' , Oceanário de Lisboa . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Galvano , Antonio ( 2004 ) ( 1563 ) . The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original Unto the Year of Our Lord 1555 , issued by the Hakluyt Society . Kessinger Publishing . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 9022 - 6 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kratoska , Paul H. ( 2001 ) . South East Asia , Colonial History : Imperialism before 1800 , Volume 1 de South East Asia , Colonial History . Taylor & Francis . pp. 52 -- 56 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Whiteway , Richard Stephen ( 1899 ) . The rise of Portuguese power in India , 1497 -- 1550 . Westminster : A. Constable . Jump up ^ Steven Thomas , `` Portuguese in Japan '' . Steven 's Balagan . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , James D. ; Delpar , Helen ; Brungardt , Maurice Philip ; Weldon , Richard N. ( January 2000 ) . A Reference Guide to Latin American History . M.E. Sharpe . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 744 - 6 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez - Armesto , Felipe ( 2006 ) . Pathfinders : A Global History of Exploration . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 305 -- 307 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06259 - 7 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ J.P. Sigmond and L.H. Zuiderbaan ( 1979 ) Dutch Discoveries of Australia. Rigby Ltd , Australia . pp. 19 -- 30 ISBN 0 - 7270 - 0800 - 5 Jump up ^ Primary Australian History : Book F ( B6 ) Ages 10 -- 11 . R.I.C. Publications . 2008 . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74126 - 688 - 7 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lytle Schurz , William ( 1922 ) , `` The Spanish Lake '' , The Hispanic American Historical Review , 5 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 194 , JSTOR 2506024 Jump up ^ Williams , Glyndwr ( 2004 ) . Captain Cook : Explorations And Reassessments . Boydell Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 100 - 6 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Marty , Christoph . `` Charles Darwin 's Travels on the HMS Beagle '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Voyage of the HMS Challenger '' . www.interactiveoceans.washington.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ A Synopsis of the Cruise of the U.S.S. `` Tuscarora '' : From the Date of Her Commission to Her Arrival in San Francisco , Cal . Sept. 2d , 1874 . Cosmopolitan printing Company . 1874 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Keith ( 1881 ) . A Physical , Historical , Political , & Descriptive Geography . E. Stanford . ^ Jump up to : Bernard Eccleston , Michael Dawson . 1998 . The Asia - Pacific Profile . Routledge . p. 250 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ William Sater , Chile and the United States : Empires in Conflict , 1990 by the University of Georgia Press , ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1249 - 5 Jump up ^ Tewari , Nita ; Alvarez , Alvin N. ( 17 September 2008 ) . Asian American Psychology : Current Perspectives . CRC Press . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84169 - 749 - 9 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Area of Earth 's Land Surface '' , The Physics Factbook . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Nuttall , Mark ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of the Arctic : A-F . Routledge . p. 1461 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 436 - 8 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Plate Tectonics '' , Bucknell University . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Greg ( 2009 ) . Plate Tectonics . Capstone . pp. 9 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 4232 - 0 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ International Hydrographic Organization ( 1953 ) . Limits of Oceans and Seas . International Hydrographic Organization . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Agno , Lydia ( 1998 ) . Basic Geography . Goodwill Trading Co. , Inc . pp. 25 -- . ISBN 978 - 971 - 11 - 0165 - 7 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : The trade winds '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Shirley Rousseau Murphy ( 1979 ) . The Ring of Fire . Avon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 47191 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Edward ( 2008 ) . Tsunami : The Underrated Hazard . Springer . pp.",
"17": "26 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 74274 - 6 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Map That Named America '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ribero , Diego ( London : W. Griggs , ( 1887 ? ) ) , Carta universal en que se contiene todo lo que del mundo se ha descubierto fasta agora / hizola Diego Ribero cosmographo de su magestad , ano de 1529 , e ( n ) Sevilla , W. Griggs , retrieved 30 September 2017 Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ K , Harsh ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` This ocean has most of the islands in the world '' . Mysticalroads . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ishihara , Masahide ; Hoshino , Eiichi ; Fujita , Yoko ( 2016 ) . Self - determinable Development of Small Islands . Springer . p. 180 . ISBN 9789811001321 . Jump up ^ United States . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council ( 2009 ) . Toward an Ecosystem Approach for the Western Pacific Region : from Species - based Fishery Management Plans to Place - based Fishery Ecosystem Plans : Environmental Impact Statement . Evanston , IL : Northwestern University . p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Academic American encyclopedia . Grolier Incorporated. 1997 . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7172 - 2068 - 7 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lal , Brij Vilash ; Fortune , Kate ( 2000 ) . The Pacific Islands : An Encyclopedia . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 63 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2265 - 1 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Barbara A. ( 2009 ) .",
"18": "Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania . Infobase Publishing . pp. 521 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1913 - 7 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dunford , Betty ; Ridgell , Reilly ( 1996 ) . Pacific Neighbors : The Islands of Micronesia , Melanesia , and Polynesia . Bess Press . pp. 125 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57306 - 022 - 6 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Rosemary G. ; Clague , David A. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Islands . University of California Press . p. 706 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25649 - 1 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coral island '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru '' , Charting the Pacific . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PWLF.org -- The Pacific WildLife Foundation -- The Pacific Ocean '' . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Mongillo , John F. ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of Environmental Science . University Rochester Press . pp. 255 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 147 - 1 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : Salinity '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wind Driven Surface Currents : Equatorial Currents Background '' , Ocean Motion . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kuroshio '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aleutian Current '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 June 2013 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ `` South Equatorial Current '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : Islands '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Climate Prediction Center ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` ENSO : Recent Evolution , Current Status and Predictions '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . pp. 5 , 19 -- 20 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Monsoon . Archived 22 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved on 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory -- Hurricane Research Division . `` Frequently Asked Questions : When is hurricane season ? '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 25 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean '' , World Factbook , CIA . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ John P. Stimac . Air pressure and wind . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Walker , Stuart ( 1998 ) . The sailor 's wind . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 91 . ISBN 9780393045550 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Alexander ( 15 December 2006 ) . Map New Zealand : 100 Magnificent Maps from the Collection of the Alexander Turnbull Library . Godwit . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86962 - 126 - 1 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Trent , D.D. ; Hazlett , Richard ; Bierman , Paul ( 2010 ) . Geology and the Environment . Cengage Learning . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 73755 - 5 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lal , Brij Vilash ; Fortune , Kate ( January 2000 ) . The Pacific Islands : An Encyclopedia . University of Hawaii Press .",
"20": "p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2265 - 1 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mueller - Dombois , Dieter ( 1998 ) . Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands . Springer . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 98313 - 4 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEOL 102 The Proterozoic Eon II : Rodinia and Pannotia '' . Geol.umd.edu. 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Mussett , Alan E. ; Khan , M. Aftab ( 23 October 2000 ) . Looking Into the Earth : An Introduction to Geological Geophysics . Cambridge University Press . p. 332 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78574 - 7 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : Fisheries '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : Commerce and Shipping '' , The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , 6th edition . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean Threats & Impacts : Overfishing and Exploitation '' Archived 12 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Center for Ocean Solutions . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Plastic waste in the North Pacific is an ongoing concern BBC 9 May 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` PHOTOS : Giant Ocean - Trash Vortex Documented - A First '' . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Gerlach : Marine Pollution , Springer , Berlin ( 1975 ) Further reading ( edit ) Barkley , Richard A. ( 1968 ) . Oceanographic Atlas of the Pacific Ocean . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . prepared by the Special Publications Division , National Geographic Society . ( 1985 ) . Blue Horizons : Paradise Isles of the Pacific . Washington , D.C.",
"21": ": National Geographic Society . ISBN 0 - 87044 - 544 - 8 . Cameron , Ian ( 1987 ) . Lost Paradise : The Exploration of the Pacific . Topsfield , Mass. : Salem House . ISBN 0 - 88162 - 275 - 3 . Couper , A.D. ( ed . ) ( 1989 ) . Development and Social Change in the Pacific Islands . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 00917 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Gilbert , John ( 1971 ) . Charting the Vast Pacific . London : Aldus . ISBN 0 - 490 - 00226 - 9 . Lower , J. Arthur ( 1978 ) . Ocean of Destiny : A Concise History of the North Pacific , 1500 -- 1978 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0101 - 8 . Napier , W. ; Gilbert , J. ; Holland , J. ( 1973 ) . Pacific Voyages . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04335 - X . Nunn , Patrick D. ( 1998 ) . Pacific Island Landscapes : Landscape and Geological Development of Southwest Pacific Islands , Especially Fiji , Samoa and Tonga . editorips@usp.ac.fj . ISBN 978 - 982 - 02 - 0129 - 3 . Oliver , Douglas L. ( 1989 ) . The Pacific Islands ( 3rd ed . ) . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1233 - 6 . Paine , Lincoln . The Sea and Civilization : A Maritime History of the World ( 2015 ) . Ridgell , Reilly ( 1988 ) . Pacific Nations and Territories : The Islands of Micronesia , Melanesia , and Polynesia ( 2nd ed . ) . Honolulu : Bess Press . ISBN 0 - 935848 - 50 - 9 .",
"22": "Samson , Jane . British imperial strategies in the Pacific , 1750 -- 1900 ( Ashgate Publishing , 2003 ) . Soule , Gardner ( 1970 ) . The Greatest Depths : Probing the Seas to 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) and Below . Philadelphia : Macrae Smith . ISBN 0 - 8255 - 8350 - 0 . Spate , O.H.K. ( 1988 ) . Paradise Found and Lost . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 1715 - 5 . Terrell , John ( 1986 ) . Prehistory in the Pacific Islands : A Study of Variation in Language , Customs , and Human Biology . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 30604 - 3 . Historiography ( edit ) Davidson , James Wightman . `` Problems of Pacific history . '' Journal of Pacific History 1 # 1 ( 1966 ) : 5 -- 21 . Gulliver , Katrina . `` Finding the Pacific world . '' Journal of World History 22 # 1 ( 2011 ) : 83 -- 100 . online Igler , David ( 2013 ) . The Great Ocean : Pacific Worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 991495 - 8 . Munro , Doug . The Ivory Tower and Beyond : Participant Historians of the Pacific ( Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2009 ) . Routledge , David . `` Pacific history as seen from the Pacific Islands . '' Pacific Studies 8 # 2 ( 1985 ) : 81 + online Samson , Jane . `` Pacific / Oceanic History '' in Kelly Boyd , ed. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2 . Taylor & Francis . pp. 901 -- 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pacific Ocean . Look up pacific ocean in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . EPIC Pacific Ocean Data Collection Viewable",
"23": "on - line collection of observational data NOAA In - situ Ocean Data Viewer plot and download ocean observations NOAA PMEL Argo profiling floats Realtime Pacific Ocean data NOAA TAO El Niño data Realtime Pacific Ocean El Niño buoy data NOAA Ocean Surface Current Analyses -- Realtime ( OSCAR ) Near - realtime Pacific Ocean Surface Currents derived from satellite altimeter and scatterometer data Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa",
"24": "Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon",
"25": "Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros",
"26": "Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains",
"27": "moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber",
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"34": "VIAF : 239882807 LCCN : sh85096476 GND : 4044981 - 6 NDL : 00572510 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Ocean&oldid=838233459 '' Categories : Pacific Ocean Oceans Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use American English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles to be expanded from October 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Pages using div col with deprecated parameters CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca",
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"37": "Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 204 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 19 : 04 .",
"38": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who won the battle of saratoga in 1777
|
[
"the Americans",
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"the Americans",
"the Americans"
] |
{
"0": "Battles of Saratoga - wikipedia Battles of Saratoga Jump to : navigation , search Battles of Saratoga Part of the American Revolutionary War Saratoga campaign Surrender of General Burgoyne by John Trumbull , 1822 . This painting hangs in the United States Capitol Rotunda .",
"1": "Date September 19 and October 7 , 1777 Location Stillwater , Saratoga County , New York 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W / 42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Coordinates : 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W / 42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Result Freeman 's Farm : British Pyrrhic victory Bemis Heights : Decisive American victory British surrender October 17 Belligerents United States Canadian Auxiliaries Great Britain Quebec Loyalists Hesse - Cassel Hesse - Hanau Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Commanders and leaders Horatio Gates Benedict Arnold Benjamin Lincoln Enoch Poor Ebenezer Learned Daniel Morgan James Livingston John Burgoyne Simon Fraser † Baron Riedesel Strength 9,000 ( first battle ) over 12,000 ( second battle ) over 15,000 ( at time of surrender ) 7,200 ( first battle ) 6,600 ( second battle ) Casualties and losses 90 killed 240 wounded 440 killed 695 wounded 6,222 captured Saratoga Campaign 1777 Fort Ticonderoga Hubbardton Fort Anne Slaying of Jane McCrea Fort Stanwix Oriskany Bennington 1st Saratoga ( Freeman 's Farm ) Forts Clinton and Montgomery 2nd Saratoga ( Bemis Heights ) Kingston The Battles of Saratoga ( September 19 and October 7 , 1777 ) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign , giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War .",
"2": "British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward from Canada in the Champlain Valley , hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from Lake Ontario ; the southern and western forces never arrived , and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York . He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of Saratoga , New York . They both failed . Burgoyne found himself trapped by superior American forces with no relief in sight , so he retreated to Saratoga ( now Schuylerville ) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17 . His surrender , says historian Edmund Morgan , `` was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory . '' Burgoyne 's strategy to divide New England from the southern colonies had started well but slowed due to logistical problems . He won a small tactical victory over General Horatio Gates and the Continental Army in the September 19 Battle of Freeman 's Farm at the cost of significant casualties . His gains were erased when he again attacked the Americans in the October 7 Battle of Bemis Heights and the Americans captured a portion of the British defenses . Burgoyne was therefore compelled to retreat , and his army was surrounded by the much larger American force at Saratoga , forcing him to surrender on October 17 . News of Burgoyne 's surrender was instrumental in formally bringing France into the war as an American ally , although it had previously given supplies , ammunition , and guns , notably the de Valliere cannon which played an important role in Saratoga . This battle also resulted in Spain joining France in the war against Britain . The battle on September 19 began when Burgoyne moved some of his troops in an attempt to flank the entrenched American position on Bemis Heights . Benedict Arnold anticipated the maneuver and placed significant forces in his way . Burgoyne did gain control of Freeman 's Farm , but it came at the cost of significant casualties . Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle , while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York City .",
"3": "Patriot militia forces continued to arrive , meanwhile , swelling the size of the American army . Disputes within the American camp led Gates to strip Arnold of his command . British General Sir Henry Clinton moved up from New York City and attempted to divert American attention by capturing two forts in the Hudson River highlands on October 6 , but his efforts were too late to help Burgoyne . Burgoyne attacked Bemis Heights again on October 7 after it became apparent that he would not receive relieving aid in time . This battle culminated in heavy fighting marked by Arnold 's spirited rallying of the American troops . Burgoyne 's forces were thrown back to the positions that they held before the September 19 battle , and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British situation 1.2 American situation 2 First Saratoga : Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) 2.1 Prelude 2.2 Battle 3 Interlude 4 Second Saratoga : Battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) 4.1 British foray 4.2 American attack 5 Surrender 6 Aftermath 6.1 French aid 7 Legacy 8 References in Popular Culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Background Main article : Saratoga campaign The American Revolutionary War was approaching the two - year point , and the British changed their plans . They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies . The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three - way pincer movement in 1777 . The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York , following the Mohawk River , and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City . The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal , and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany , New York , severing New England from the other colonies .",
"4": "British situation General John Burgoyne was referred to by some as `` Gentleman Johnny '' for his manners ( portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds , c. 1760 ) British General John Burgoyne moved south from the province of Quebec in June 1777 to gain control of the upper Hudson River valley . His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a victory at Fort Ticonderoga . Elements of the army had reached the upper Hudson as early as the end of July , but logistical and supply difficulties delayed the main army at Fort Edward . One attempt to alleviate these difficulties failed when nearly 1,000 men were killed or captured at the August 16 Battle of Bennington . Furthermore , news reached Burgoyne on August 28 that St. Leger 's expedition down the Mohawk River valley had turned back after the failed Siege of Fort Stanwix . General William Howe had taken his army from New York City by sea on a campaign to capture Philadelphia instead of moving north to meet Burgoyne . Most of Burgoyne 's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington , and his situation was becoming difficult . He needed to reach defensible winter quarters , requiring either retreat back to Ticonderoga or advance to Albany , and he decided to advance . He then deliberately cut communications to the north so that he would not need to maintain a chain of heavily fortified outposts between his position and Ticonderoga , and he decided to cross the Hudson River while he was in a relatively strong position . He ordered Baron Riedesel , who commanded the rear of the army , to abandon outposts from Skenesboro south , and then had the army cross the Hudson just north of Saratoga between September 13 and 15 . American situation General Horatio Gates , portrait by Gilbert Stuart The Continental Army had been in a slow retreat since Burgoyne 's capture of Ticonderoga early in July , under the command of Major General Philip Schuyler , and was encamped south of Stillwater , New York . On August 19 , Major General Horatio Gates assumed command from Schuyler , whose political fortunes had fallen over the loss of Ticonderoga and the ensuing retreat .",
"5": "Gates and Schuyler were from very different backgrounds and did not get along with each other ; they had previously argued over command issues in the army 's Northern Department . The army was growing in size because of increased militia turnout following calls by state governors , the success at Bennington , and widespread outrage over the slaying of Jane McCrea , the fiancée of a Loyalist in Burgoyne 's army by Indians under Burgoyne 's command . General George Washington 's strategic decisions also improved the situation for Gates ' army . Washington was most concerned about the movements of General Howe . He was aware that Burgoyne was also moving , and he took some risks in July . He sent aid north in the form of Major General Benedict Arnold , his most aggressive field commander , and Major General Benjamin Lincoln , a Massachusetts man noted for his influence with the New England militia . He ordered 750 men from Israel Putnam 's forces defending the New York highlands to join Gates ' army in August , before he was certain that Howe had indeed sailed south . He also sent some of the best forces from his own army : Colonel Daniel Morgan and the newly formed Provisional Rifle Corps , which comprised about 500 specially selected riflemen from Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Virginia , chosen for their sharpshooting ability . This unit came to be known as Morgan 's Riflemen . Map showing the movements of the opposing armies in the Saratoga campaign , and plan of the Battles of Saratoga ( inset ) On September 7 , Gates ordered his army to march north . A site was selected for its defensive potential that was known as Bemis Heights , just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Saratoga ; the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko . The heights had a clear view of the area and commanded the only road to Albany , where it passed through a defile between the heights and the Hudson River . To the west of the heights lay more heavily forested bluffs that would present a significant challenge to any heavily equipped army .",
"6": "First Saratoga : battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) Prelude Moving cautiously , since the departure of his Native American support had deprived him of reliable reports on the American position , Burgoyne advanced to the south after crossing the Hudson . On September 18 the vanguard of his army had reached a position just north of Saratoga , about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) from the American defensive line , and skirmishes occurred between American scouting parties and the leading elements of his army . The American camp had become a bed of festering intrigue ever since Arnold 's return from Fort Stanwix . While he and Gates had previously been on reasonably good terms in spite of their prickly egos , Arnold managed to turn Gates against him by taking on officers friendly to Schuyler as staff , dragging him into the ongoing feud between the two . These conditions had not yet reached a boil on September 19 , but the day 's events contributed to the situation . Gates had assigned the left wing of the defenses to Arnold , and assumed command himself of the right , which was nominally assigned to General Lincoln , whom Gates had detached in August with some troops to harass the British positions behind Burgoyne 's army . Initial dispositions and movements at the Battle of Freeman 's Farm , 19 September 1777 Both Burgoyne and Arnold understood the importance of the American left , and the need to control the heights there . After the morning fog lifted around 10 am , Burgoyne ordered the army to advance in three columns . Baron Riedesel led the left column , consisting of the German troops and the 47th Foot , on the river road , bringing the main artillery and guarding supplies and the boats on the river . General James Inglis Hamilton commanded the center column , consisting of the 9th , 20th , 21st , and 62nd regiments , which would attack the heights , and General Simon Fraser led the right wing with the 24th Regiment and the light infantry and grenadier companies , to turn the American left flank by negotiating the heavily wooded high ground north and west of Bemis Heights .",
"7": "Arnold also realized such a flanking maneuver was likely , and petitioned Gates for permission to move his forces from the heights to meet potential movements , where the American skill at woodlands combat would be at an advantage . Gates , whose preferred strategy was to sit and wait for the expected frontal assault , grudgingly permitted a reconnaissance in force consisting of Daniel Morgan 's men and Henry Dearborn 's light infantry . When Morgan 's men reached an open field northwest of Bemis Heights belonging to Loyalist John Freeman , they spotted British advance troops in the field . Fraser 's column was slightly delayed and had not yet reached the field , while Hamilton 's column had also made its way across a ravine and was approaching the field from the east through dense forest and difficult terrain . Riedesel 's force , while it was on the road , was delayed by obstacles thrown down by the Americans . The sound of gunfire to the west prompted Riedesel to send some of his artillery down a track in that direction . The troops Morgan 's men saw were an advance company from Hamilton 's column . Battle Map depicting the positions at 1 : 00 pm Morgan placed marksmen at strategic positions , who then picked off virtually every officer in the advance company . Morgan and his men then charged , unaware that they were headed directly for Burgoyne 's main army . While they succeeded in driving back the advance company , Fraser 's leading edge arrived just in time to attack Morgan 's left , scattering his men back into the woods . James Wilkinson , who had ridden forward to observe the fire , returned to the American camp for reinforcements . As the British company fell back toward the main column , the leading edge of that column opened fire , killing a number of their own men . Modern view of the battleground of Freeman 's Farm There was then a lull in the fighting around 1 : 00 pm as Hamilton 's men began to form up on the north side of the field , and American reinforcements began to arrive from the south .",
"8": "Learning that Morgan was in trouble , Gates ordered out two more regiments ( 1st and 3rd New Hampshire ) to support him , with additional regiments ( 2nd New York , 4th New York , the 1st Canadian , and Connecticut militia ) from the brigade of Enoch Poor to follow . Burgoyne arrayed Hamilton 's men with the 21st on the right , the 20th on the left , and the 62nd in the center , with the 9th held in reserve . Map depicting the positions at 3 : 00 pm The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action . Morgan 's men had regrouped in the woods , and picked off officers and artillerymen . They were so effective at reducing the latter that the Americans several times gained brief control of British field pieces , only to lose them in the next British charge . At one point it was believed that Burgoyne himself had been taken down by a sharpshooter ; it was instead one of Burgoyne 's aides , riding a richly dressed horse , who was the victim . The center of the British line was very nearly broken at one point , and only the intervention of General Phillips , leading the 20th , made it possible for the 62nd to reform . In Roger Lamb 's memoir , ( a British soldier present at the battle ) , he wrote ' ' In this battle an unusual number of officers fell , as our army abounded with young men of respectability at this time , who after several years of general peace anterior to the American revolution , were attracted to the profession of arms . Three sulbalterns ( officers ) of the 20th regiment on this occasion , the oldest of whom did not exceed the age of seventeen years , were buried together ' ' The final stroke of the battle belonged to the British . Around 3 pm , Riedesel sent a messenger to Burgoyne for instructions . He returned two hours later with orders to guard the baggage train , but also to send as many men as he could spare toward the American right flank . In a calculated risk , Riedesel left 500 men to guard the vital supply train and marched off toward the action with the rest of his column .",
"9": "Two of his companies advanced on the double and opened vicious fire on the American right , and Fraser 's force threatened to turn the American left flank . In response to the latter threat , Arnold requested more forces , and Gates allowed him to dispatch Ebenezer Learned 's brigade ( 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts ) . ( If Arnold had been on the field , these forces might have instead faced the larger danger posed by Riedesel 's force . ) Fortunately for the American right , darkness set in , bringing an end to the battle . The Americans retreated back to their defenses , leaving the British on the field . Map depicting the positions at 5 : 00 pm Burgoyne had gained the field of battle , but suffered nearly 600 casualties . Most of these were to Hamilton 's center column , where the 62nd was reduced to the size of a single company , and three quarters of the artillerymen were killed or wounded . American losses were nearly 300 killed and seriously wounded . It has been widely recounted in histories of this battle that General Arnold was on the field , directing some of the action . However , John Luzader , a former park historian at the Saratoga National Historical Park , carefully documents the evolution of this story and believes it is without foundation in contemporary materials , and that Arnold remained at Gates ' headquarters , receiving news and dispatching orders through messengers . Arnold biographer James Kirby Martin , however , disagrees with Luzader , arguing that Arnold played a more active role at Freeman 's Farm by directing patriot troops into position and possibly leading some charges before being ordered back to headquarters by Gates . Interlude ... an attack or even menace of an attack on Fort Montgomery must be of great use ... Burgoyne to Clinton , September 23 , 1777 Burgoyne 's council discussed whether to attack the next day , and a decision was reached to delay further action at least one day , to September 21 . The army moved to consolidate the position closer to the American line while some men collected their dead . The attack on the 21st was called off when Burgoyne received a letter dated September 12 from Henry Clinton , who was commanding the British garrison in New York City . Clinton suggested that he could `` make a push at ( Fort ) Montgomery in about ten days . ''",
"10": "( Fort Montgomery was an American post on the Hudson River , in the New York Highlands south of West Point ) . If Clinton left New York on September 22 , `` about ten days '' after he wrote the letter , he still could not hope to arrive in the vicinity of Saratoga before the end of the month . Burgoyne , running low on men and food , was still in a very difficult position , but he decided to wait in the hope that Clinton would arrive to save his army . Burgoyne wrote to Clinton on September 23 , requesting some sort of assistance or diversion to draw Gates ' army away . Clinton sailed from New York on October 3 , and captured Forts Montgomery and Clinton on October 6 . The furthest north any of his troops reached was Clermont , where they raided the estate of the prominent Patriot Livingston family on October 16 . Plan of battlefield of Saratoga , and views of John Neilson 's house ( which served as headquarters for Enoch Poor and Benedict Arnold ) from south , east and inside Unknown to either side at Saratoga , General Lincoln and Colonel John Brown had staged an attack against the British position at Fort Ticonderoga . Lincoln had collected 2,000 men at Bennington by early September . Brown and a detachment of 500 men captured poorly defended positions between Ticonderoga and Lake George , and then spent several days ineffectually bombarding the fort . These men , and some of the prisoners they freed along the way , were back in the American camp by September 29 . In the American camp , the mutual resentment between Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold finally exploded into open hostility . Gates quickly reported the action of September 19 to the Congress and Governor George Clinton of New York , but he failed to mention Arnold at all . The field commanders and men universally credited Arnold for their success . Almost all the troops involved were from Arnold 's command and Arnold was the one directing the battle while Gates sat in his tent . Arnold protested , and the dispute escalated into a shouting match that ended with Gates relieving Arnold of his command and giving it to Benjamin Lincoln . Arnold asked for a transfer to Washington 's command , which Gates granted , but instead of leaving he remained in his tent .",
"11": "There is no documentary evidence for a commonly recounted anecdote that a petition signed by line officers convinced Arnold to stay in camp . During this period there were almost daily clashes between pickets and patrols of the two armies . Morgan 's sharpshooters , familiar with the strategy and tactics of woodland warfare , constantly harassed British patrols on the western flank . As September passed into October it became clear that Clinton was not coming to help Burgoyne , who put the army on short rations on October 3 . The next day , Burgoyne called a war council in which several options were discussed , but no conclusive decisions were made . When the council resumed the next day , Riedesel proposed retreat , in which he was supported by Fraser . Burgoyne refused to consider it , insisting that retreat would be disgraceful . They finally agreed to conduct an assault on the American left flank with two thousand men , more than one - third of the army , on October 7 . The army he was attacking , however , had grown in the interval . In addition to the return of Lincoln 's detachment , militiamen and supplies continued to pour into the American camp , including critical increases in ammunition , which had been severely depleted in the first battle . The army Burgoyne faced on October 7 was more than 12,000 men strong and was led by a man who knew how much trouble Burgoyne was in . Gates had received consistent intelligence from the stream of deserters leaving the British lines and had also intercepted Clinton 's response to Burgoyne 's plea for help . Second Saratoga : battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) See also : Second Saratoga order of battle British foray Benedict Arnold at Battle of Bemis Heights While Burgoyne 's troop strength was nominally higher , he likely had only about 5,000 effective , battle - ready troops on October 7 , as losses from the earlier battles in the campaign and desertions following the September 19 battle had reduced his forces . General Riedesel advised that the army retreat . Burgoyne decided to reconnoiter the American left flank to see if an attack was possible .",
"12": "As an escort , the generals took Fraser 's Advanced Corps , with light troops and the 24th Foot on the right and the combined British grenadiers on the left , and a force drawn from all the German regiments in the army in the center . There were eight British cannon under Major Williams and two Hesse - Hanau cannon under Captain Pausch . Leaving their camp between 10 and 11 am , they advanced about three - quarters of a mile ( 1 km ) to Barber 's wheat field on a rise above Mill Brook , where they stopped to observe the American position . While the field afforded some room for artillery to work , the flanks were dangerously close to the surrounding woods . Gates , following the removal of Arnold from the field command , assumed command of the American left and gave the right to General Lincoln . When American scouts brought news of Burgoyne 's movement to Gates , he ordered Morgan 's riflemen out to the far left , with Poor 's men ( 1st , 2nd , and 3rd New Hampshire on the left ; the 2nd and 4th New York Regiments ) on the right , and Learned 's ( 1st New York , 1st Canadian , 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts Regiments , plus militia companies ) in the center . A force of 1,200 New York militia under Brigadier General Abraham Ten Broeck was held in reserve behind Learned 's line . In all , more than 8,000 Americans took the field that day , including about 1,400 men from Lincoln 's command that were deployed when the action became particularly fierce . Benedict Arnold portrait by Thomas Hart The opening fire came between 2 and 2 : 30 pm from the British grenadiers . Poor 's men held their fire , and the terrain made the British shooting largely ineffective . When Major Acland led the British grenadiers in a bayonet charge , the Americans finally began shooting at close range . Acland fell , shot in both legs , and many of the grenadiers also went down . Their column was a total rout , and Poor 's men advanced to take Acland and Williams prisoner and capture their artillery . On the American left , things were also not going well for the British .",
"13": "Morgan 's men swept aside the Canadians and Native Americans to engage Fraser 's regulars . Although slightly outnumbered , Morgan managed to break up several British attempts to move west . While General Fraser was mortally wounded in this phase of the battle , a frequently told story claiming it to be the work of Timothy Murphy , one of Morgan 's men , appears to be a 19th - century fabrication . The fall of Fraser and the arrival of Ten Broeck 's large militia brigade ( which roughly equaled the entire British reconnaissance force in size ) , broke the British will , and they began a disorganized retreat toward their entrenchments . Burgoyne was also very nearly killed by one of Morgan 's marksmen ; three shots hit his horse , hat , and waistcoat . The first phase of the battle lasted about one hour and cost Burgoyne nearly 400 men , including the capture of most of the grenadiers ' command , and six of the ten field pieces brought to the action . American attack Troop dispositions and initial movements at the Battle of Bemis Heights At this point , the Americans were joined by an unexpected participant . General Arnold , who was `` betraying great agitation and wrath '' in the American camp , and may have been drinking , rode out to join the action . Gates immediately sent Major Armstrong after him with orders to return ; Armstrong did not catch up with Arnold until the action was effectively over . ( A letter , written by a witness to proceedings in the camp , suggests that Arnold did in fact have authorization from Gates to engage in this action . ) The defenses on the right side of the British camp were anchored by two redoubts . The outermost one was defended by about 300 men under the command of the Hessian Heinrich von Breymann , while the other was under the command of Lord Balcarres . A small contingent of Canadians occupied the ground between these two fortifications . Most of the retreating force headed for Balcarres ' position , as Breymann 's was slightly north and further away from the early action . Arnold led the American chase , and then led Poor 's men in an attack on the Balcarres redoubt .",
"14": "Balcarres had set up his defenses well , and the redoubt was held , in action so fierce that Burgoyne afterwards wrote , `` A more determined perseverance than they showed ... is not in any officer 's experience '' . Seeing that the advance was checked , and that Learned was preparing to attack the Breymann redoubt , Arnold moved toward that action , recklessly riding between the lines and remarkably emerging unhurt . He led the charge of Learned 's men through the gap between the redoubts , which exposed the rear of Breymann 's position , where Morgan 's men had circled around from the far side . In furious battle , the redoubt was taken and Breymann was killed . Arnold 's horse was hit in one of the final volleys , and Arnold 's leg was broken by both shot and the falling horse . Major Armstrong finally caught up with Arnold to officially order him back to headquarters ; he was carried back in a litter . The capture of Breymann 's redoubt exposed the British camp , but darkness was setting in . An attempt by some Germans to retake the redoubt ended in capture as darkness fell and an unreliable guide led them to the American line . Surrender Further information on Burgoyne 's surrender after these battles : Saratoga campaign § Surrender Burgoyne had lost 1,000 men in the two battles , leaving him outnumbered by roughly 3 to 1 ; American losses came to about 500 killed and wounded . Burgoyne had also lost several of his most effective leaders , his attempts to capture the American position had failed , and his forward line was now breached . After the second battle , Burgoyne lit fires at his remaining forward positions and withdrew under the cover of darkness . He withdrew his men 10 -- 15 miles north , near present - day Schuylerville , New York . By the morning of October 8 , he was back in the fortified positions he had held on September 16 . On October 13 , with his army surrounded , Burgoyne held a council of war to propose terms of surrender . Riedesel suggested that they be paroled and allowed to march back to Canada without their weapons .",
"15": "Burgoyne felt that Gates would not even consider such terms , asking instead to be conveyed to Boston , where they would sail back to Europe . After several days of negotiations , the two sides signed the capitulation . On October 17 , Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates . The British and German troops were accorded the traditional honors of war as they marched out to surrender . The troops formed the Convention Army , named after the convention that granted them safe passage back to Europe . However , the Continental Congress revoked the convention , and the Convention Army was kept in captivity until the end of the war . Aftermath Boot Monument , depicting Arnold 's injured leg Burgoyne 's failed campaign marked a major turning point in the war . General Burgoyne returned to England and was never given another commanding position in the British Army . The British learned that the Americans would fight bravely and effectively . Said one British officer : The courage and obstinacy with which the Americans fought were the astonishment of everyone , and we now became fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them , incapable of standing a regular engagement and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful works . In recognition of his contribution to the battles at Saratoga , General Arnold had his seniority restored ( he had lost it after being passed over for promotion earlier in 1777 ) . His leg wound left Arnold bedridden for five months . Later , while still unfit for field service but serving as military governor of Philadelphia , Arnold entered into treasonous correspondence with the British . He received command of the fort at West Point and plotted to hand it over to the British , only to flee into the British lines when the capture of his contact John Andre led to the exposure of the plot . Arnold went on to serve under William Phillips , the commander of Burgoyne 's right wing , in a 1781 expedition into Virginia . Although he left the direction of the battle to subordinates , General Gates received a great deal of credit as the commanding general for the greatest American victory of the war to date . He may have conspired with others to replace George Washington as the commander - in - chief . Instead , he received the command of the main American army in the South .",
"16": "He led it to a disastrous defeat at the 1780 Battle of Camden , where he was at the forefront of a panicked retreat . Gates never commanded troops in the field again . In response to Burgoyne 's surrender , Congress declared December 18 , 1777 , as a national day `` for solemn Thanksgiving and praise '' ; it was the nation 's first official observance of a holiday with that name . French aid Once news of Burgoyne 's surrender reached France , King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco - American alliance and French entry into the war . This moved the conflict onto a global stage . As a consequence , Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the war in North America to theaters in the West Indies and Europe , and rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations . Being defeated by the British in the French and Indian War more than a decade earlier , France found an opportunity of revenge by aiding the colonists throughout the Revolutionary War . Prior to the Battle of Saratoga , France did n't fully aid the colonists . However , after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists , France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war , and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers , donations , loans , military arms , and supplies . Legacy The battlefield and the site of Burgoyne 's surrender have been preserved , and are now administered by the National Park Service as the Saratoga National Historical Park , which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . The park preserves a number of the buildings in the area and contains a variety of monuments . The Saratoga Monument obelisk has four niches , three of which hold statues of American commanders : Gates and Schuyler and of Colonel Daniel Morgan . The fourth niche , where Arnold 's statue would go , is empty . A more dramatic memorial to Arnold 's heroism , that does not name him , is the Boot Monument . Donated by Civil War General John Watts de Peyster , it shows a boot with spurs and the stars of a major general .",
"17": "It stands at the spot where Arnold was shot on October 7 charging Breymann 's redoubt and is dedicated to `` the most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army '' . Six Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 102nd Inf , 125th QM Co , 181st Inf , 182nd Inf and 192nd MP Bn ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Saratoga . There are now only thirty units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era . There are a number of ships named after the battles including USS Saratoga ( 1842 ) , USS Saratoga ( CV - 3 ) , and USS Saratoga ( CV - 60 ) < center Saratoga Monument obelisk View of the battlefield from the visitor center of Saratoga National Historic Park Benjamin Franklin honored the victory in Saratoga by commissioning and designing an Augustin Dupré medallion . It was minted in Paris in 1783 . The Surrender of General Burgoyne depicted on a 1927 US Postage Stamp References in popular culture In an episode of The Brady Bunch titled `` Everyone Ca n't be George Washington '' , which originally aired on December 22 , 1972 , Peter ( Christopher Knight ) is assigned the part of Benedict Arnold in a school play about the American Revolution . His teacher Miss Bailey incorrectly states that Benedict Arnold was wounded at the Battle of Saratoga when there was , in fact no SINGLE Battle of Saratoga . She also fails to mention that Arnold was wounded during the assault on Quebec City in the same leg . See also American Revolutionary War portal Capital District portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Saratoga National Historical Park References Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 355 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 395 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 436 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p.",
"18": "371 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 368 Jump up ^ Morgan , Edmund ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic : 1763 -- 1789 . pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Springfield Armory Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 335 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 348 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 320 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 332 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 189 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 265 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 290 -- 95 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 296 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 337 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 288 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 216 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 347 -- 48 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 299 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 300 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 351 -- 52 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 352 , 355 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 357 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 356 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 307 -- 08 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp.",
"19": "358 -- 60 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 309 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 362 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 240 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 310 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 310 -- 12 Jump up ^ Hagist , Don ( 2004 ) . A British Soldier 's Story : Roger Lamb 's narrative of the American Revolution . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 391 -- 92 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 368 -- 69 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 319 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 515 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 388 -- 90 , describes the relevant primary sources , and shows how early historians , including Lossing and Stone , gave rise to the story , and its propagation by later historians , including Nickerson . Jump up ^ Martin , James Kirby ( 1997 ) . Benedict Arnold , Revolutionary Hero : An American Warrior Reconsidered . New York University Press . pp. 378 -- 81 , 514 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5560 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 343 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 375 -- 76 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 345 -- 51 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 376 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 377 -- 79 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 324 -- 26 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp.",
"20": "385 -- 88 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 271 Jump up ^ Charles Kuralt , narrator ( 2009 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Misfortunes of War '' . The Revolutionary War . The Military Channel . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 333 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 356 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 326 -- 27 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 353 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 358 Jump up ^ Bird p. 223 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 359 -- 60 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 284 -- 85 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 286 ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 361 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 400 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. xxii ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 364 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 285 ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 362 Jump up ^ Williams , Stephen ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Letters change view of Benedict Arnold , Gen. Gates '' . The Daily Gazette . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 365 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 287 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 291 -- 95 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 366 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 368 Jump up ^ Riedesel , Frederika Charlotte ( 1867 ) .",
"21": "Letters and Journals Relating to the War of the American Revolution . Translated by Stone , William L. Albany : Joel Munsell . Jump up ^ Morrissey , Brendan ( 2000 ) . Saratoga 1777 : Turning Point of a Revolution . Oxford : Osprey . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 862 - 4 . Jump up ^ See Ketchum , Morrissey , and Nickerson . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Saratoga -- A Major Turning Point of The Revolutionary War '' . Saratoga.com . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Victor Brooks ; Robert Hohwald ( 1999 ) . How America Fought Its Wars : Military Strategy from the American Revolution to the Civil War . Da Capo Press . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 372 Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2007 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1985 ) , pp. 147 -- 51 Jump up ^ Historic Society of Pennsylvania ( 1896 ) , p. 90 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. xxiii Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1985 ) , pp. 106 -- 07 Jump up ^ `` States give thanks '' . History.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Washington , George ( 2002 ) . Grizzard , Jr. , Frank E. ; Hoth , David R. , eds . General Orders , 17 December 1777 . The Original Papers of George Washington , Revolutionary War Series . 12 . Charlottesville , Va. : Univ Press of Virginia . pp. 620 -- 621 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 405 -- 48 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 447 Jump up ^ Perkins , James . `` France in the Revolution '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Saratoga National Historical Park Jump up ^ Saratoga activities Archived November 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 102nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 195 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 192nd Military Police Battalion . Jump up ^ Petty , Dan . `` The US Navy Aircraft Carriers '' . www.navy.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bennett ( 2008 ) , p. 456 Bibliography Bennett , William J ; Cribb , John ( 2008 ) . The American Patriot 's Almanac . Thomas Nelson Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 267 - 9 . Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( 1896 ) . The Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography , Volume 20 . Historical Society of Pennsylvania . OCLC 1762062 . Corbett , Theodore. ( 2012 ) No Turning Point : The Saratoga Campaign in Perspective . Norman OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1997 ) . Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . New York : Henry Holt .",
"23": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 9 . OCLC 41397623 . ( Paperback ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 1 ) Luzader , John F. Saratoga : A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 44 - 9 . Morrissey , Brendan ( 2000 ) . Saratoga 1777 : Turning Point of a Revolution . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 862 - 4 . OCLC 43419003 . Murphy , Jim ( 2007 ) . The Real Benedict Arnold . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 77609 - 4 . Nickerson , Hoffman ( 1967 ) ( 1928 ) . The Turning Point of the Revolution . Port Washington , NY : Kennikat . OCLC 549809 . Pancake , John ( 1985 ) . This Destructive War . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0191 - 7 . Randall , Willard Sterne ( 1990 ) . Benedict Arnold : Patriot and Traitor . William Morrow and Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55710 - 034 - 4 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . `` Saratoga National Historical Park '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . `` Saratoga National Historical Park -- Tour Stop 7 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Bird , Harrison ( 1963 ) .",
"24": "`` March To Saratoga General Burgoyne And The American Campaign 1777 '' . New York Oxford University Press . Further reading Creasy , Sir Edward ( 1908 ) . The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World . Furneaux , Rupert ( 1971 ) . The Battle of Saratoga . New York : Stein and Day . Mintz , Max M ( 1990 ) . The Generals of Saratoga : John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04778 - 9 . Patterson , Samuel White ( 1941 ) . Horatio Gates : Defender of American Liberties . Columbia University Press . Savas , Theodore P ; Dameron , J. David ( 2005 ) . A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . Savas Beatie . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 12 - X . Ward , Christopher ( 1952 ) . War of the Revolution , 2 Volumes . MacMillan . External links Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Saratoga . Saratoga : The Tide Turns on the Frontier , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan War Boardgame on the Battle of Saratoga Monument to Arnold 's leg at Saratoga , from pbs.org Battle of Bemis ' Heights , and Retreat of Burgoyne `` Battle of Freeman 's Farm '' . Britishbattles.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . `` The Battle of Saratoga '' . Britishbattles.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Animated History of the Saratoga Campaign `` Friedrich Kaltofen , one of the intentionally misnamed ' Brunswick Deserters . ' '' . Retrieved 9 October 2014 .",
"25": "George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr.",
"26": "President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S.",
"27": "Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Silver bullion coins Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball Washington ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr.",
"28": "( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St.",
"29": "George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Saratoga&oldid=835977723 '' Categories : 1777 in New York ( state ) 1777 in the United States Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Battles of the American Revolutionary War Conflicts in 1777 New York ( state ) in the American Revolution Saratoga County , New York Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 22 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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lilo and stitch the series season 1 episode 1
|
[
"Richter"
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{
"0": "List of Lilo & Stitch : the series episodes - wikipedia List of Lilo & Stitch : the series episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of Lilo & Stitch : The Series episodes . Note that Stitch , Experiment 626 , appears in every episode , so he is not included in the `` Experiments Mentioned '' list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Pilot film 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2003 -- 04 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2004 -- 06 ) 4 Television finale film 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network Pilot August 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 26 ) Direct - to - video 39 September 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) February 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 28 ) Disney Channel ABC Kids 26 November 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 05 ) July 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 29 ) Finale June 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) Disney Channel Pilot film ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Direct - to - video release date Stitch ! The Movie Tony Craig and Bobs Gannaway Bobs Gannaway and Jess Winfield August 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 26 ) The story is an introduction to Dr. Jumba Jookiba 's remaining 625 experiments , which he created with the financing of Dr. Jacques von Hämsterviel . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2003 -- 04 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"1": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Richter '' Victor A. Cook Thomas D. Hart September 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) 106 An earthquake rocks the island , prompting Pleakley to study earthquake safety . When it is discovered that the earthquakes were caused by an experiment , Lilo and Stitch must travel underground to catch it before it cracks the Earth in half ( and before Gantu catches it ) . Experiments mentioned : Richter ( 513 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . `` Phantasmo '' Don MacKinnon Henry Gilroy September 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 27 ) 110 Stitch wins an oyster containing a hidden experiment pod at a restaurant crane game . When the pod gets wet , however , the ghostly experiment possesses Scrump the doll and causes all sorts of mischief . When Stitch is blamed , he must prove himself innocent by catching the experiment in the act . Experiment mentioned : Phantasmo ( 375 ) . `` Clip '' Victor Cook Kevin D. Campbell October 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 04 ) 112 After causing chaos at a beauty salon , Lilo and Stitch meet the hair - eating experiment that made Jumba nearly bald . However , when they try to use it to get revenge on Mertle for her cruel words , the hairball gets lose and threatens to eat up all the hair on the island . Meanwhile , Jumba regrows an afro and Gantu gets stuck dancing at a luau . In the end , Clip becomes good and is repurposed to give people the perfect haircut . When Jumba gets his hair cut , he is given back his normal three hairs and realizes that 's how he likes it . Experiment mentioned : Clip ( 177 ) . `` Mr. Stenchy '' Victor A. Cook Madellaine Paxson October 11 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 11 ) 107 Lilo rescues an irresistibly cute experiment . Jumba warns that the new experiment will release a terrible odor soon .",
"2": "However , Lilo is invited to Mertle 's FHGH ( Future Hawaiian Girls of Hawaii ) tea party if she brings the adorable experiment . Stitch is jealous of the attention received by the new experiment and allows Gantu to capture him . Gantu then develops an affection for the cute experiment , making 625 jealous . Lilo and Stitch rescue Mr. Stenchy as he begins to release the odor . Jumba puts Mr. Stenchy on a rocket and sends him to Pleakley 's home planet where the odor is considered appealing . Experiments mentioned : Mr. Stenchy ( 254 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 5 5 `` Holio '' Don MacKinnon Jim Peronto October 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 12 ) 116 Mertle receives a charm bracelet for her birthday , but one of the charms is actually an experiment pod . Lilo and Stitch must try to retrieve it before she gets it wet , or else the universe will be sucked into a black hole . Meanwhile , Nani must prepare for a company inspection . Experiments mentioned : Holio ( 606 ) . 6 6 `` Spooky '' Don MacKinnon Madellaine Paxson October 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 12 ) 102 Halloween episode . Experiment 300 is discovered , which can morph into a person 's worst fear . It is revealed that Mertle and her friends ' worst fear is seeing Lilo without her head , and Lilo has fears of clowns and an abandoned house . Stitch 's worst fear is water , and Nani 's worst fear is hearing Cobra Bubbles say that he has to take away Lilo . Jumba 's worst fear is his ex-wife . Pleakley 's worst fear is his mother . Experiment mentioned : Spooky ( 300 ) . 7 7 `` Cannonball '' Don MacKinnon Kevin D. Campbell October 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 13 ) 104 A tsunami - creating experiment appears with the threat of endangering the entire world if it reaches the ocean .",
"3": "Lilo and Stitch must use the newly designed X-Buggy to capture it before Gantu does . Meanwhile , Lilo 's hula halau participates in a sand - sculpting contest . Experiments mentioned : Cannonball ( 520 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 8 8 `` Yapper '' Don MacKinnon Catherine Lieuwen October 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 13 ) 108 Mertle gets a pet dog , names her `` Gigi '' and enters her in a dog show in Honolulu , and Lilo enters Stitch in the same dog show in hopes of beating Mertle and winning her friendship . Meanwhile , Jumba and Pleakley go sightseeing around the city and run into Gantu . Experiments mentioned : Gigi ( 007 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 9 9 `` Yin - Yang '' Don MacKinnon Henry Gilroy October 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 17 ) 105 Two experiments activate at the same time while Lilo and Stitch are arguing . Lilo and Stitch insist that they each can catch an experiment without the other . Meanwhile , Jumba and Pleakley make a bet to see which one will capture an experiment first , and Gantu forces 625 to help him catch them both . The race is on because Jumba theorizes that the world will be doomed if the two elementally opposing experiments touch each other , they will destroy Earth . Eventually , Lilo and Stitch team up together again and help each other capture the experiments each was after using the `` tools '' given to them by Jumba and Pleakley . Lilo repurposes the experiments to create a new island . Experiments mentioned : Yin ( 501 ) , Yang ( 502 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 10 10 `` Kixx '' Victor A. Cook Catherine Lieuwen October 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 20 ) 103 An experiment causes trouble by bullying people around the island , and a chemical reaction from a bad snack combination results in Stitch losing his ability to fight .",
"4": "Lilo must retrain him so that he can defeat Kixx before Gantu does . Experiments mentioned : Kixx ( 601 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 11 11 `` Splodyhead '' Victor Cook Henry Gilroy October 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 24 ) 117 In order to catch an experiment , Lilo , Stitch , Jumba , Pleakley , Gantu , and Reuben travel to the island of Ni ʻihau . After becoming stranded on the beach under the threat of being blasted by Splodyhead , the two opposing teams become one `` tribe '' and are forced to work together to survive . This initially does n't go well as Gantu and Stitch both want to be the leader until 625 nominates Lilo . Under Lilo 's leadership , the group manages to disable Splodyhead 's powers , causing him to flee , but he 's captured when Gantu and Stitch team up together against him . Gantu gets the experiment , but when David and Nani show up to rescue Lilo , Stitch , Jumba and Pleakley , they only agree to help him and 625 back to shore if he gives them the experiment , which he reluctantly does . Experiments mentioned : Splodyhead ( 619 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 12 12 `` Amnesio '' Don MacKinnon Catherine Lieuwen October 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 27 ) 118 It is Lilo 's birthday , but no one seems to remember . While they hand out invitations for their own party , they encounter an experiment that gives people amnesia and causes them to lose their memories of each other . Now thinking that her name is Martha , Stitch is an escaped convict , and Gantu is her partner cop named Lenny , Lilo teams up with him to hunt down Stitch and find clues to their lost memories . Experiments mentioned : Gigi ( 007 ) , Nosox ( 204 ) , Amnesio ( 303 ) , and Whatsisname ( 340 ) .",
"5": "13 13 `` Swirly '' Victor Cook Brian Swenlin November 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 03 ) 129 A popular television show comes to Hawaii as a hypnotizing experiment is activated . Lilo dislikes the show , but under the experiment 's spell , she is instructed to be more like Mertle , who happens to love the show . Stitch is also hypnotized and wants to be on the show . Hamsterviel orders Gantu to go on the show and use the experiment to hypnotize the audience , bringing them under Hamsterviel 's power . Lilo and Stitch rescue Swirly just in time and leave Gantu stranded in front of a live audience . Experiments mentioned : Swirly ( 383 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 14 14 `` Fibber '' Don MacKinnon Catherine Lieuwen November 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 07 ) 113 Pleakley 's mother calls to inform him of his arranged marriage , so he lies that he is engaged to an Earth girl . When his family comes for the wedding , though , Pleakley must pretend that Nani is his fiancée . Eventually , the truth is exposed and Pleakley 's family accepts him for who he is while revealing that while all are successful , they are actually envious of him . This episode is notable in that Kevin McDonald ( voice of Pleakley ) is joined by his former The Kids in the Hall castmates : Dave Foley , Mark McKinney , Scott Thompson , and Bruce McCulloch . Note : Fibber is the experiment that always beeps when a person makes a lie . Pleakley 's full name is Wendy Pleakley . Fibber is abandoned by Lilo and Stitch , who let Gantu take him . In the episode `` Snafu '' , they manage to rescue him . Experiments mentioned : Fibber ( 032 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) .",
"6": "15 15 `` Tank '' Victor Cook Madellaine Paxson November 10 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 10 ) 120 Lilo wins tickets to the Elizabethan Fair and invites the hula girls to join her . Mertle refuses to go because she does not want to be with Lilo , and Stitch is not allowed inside because no dogs are admitted . They team up to catch a metal - eating experiment . Eventually , Gantu is allowed to capture the experiment to save Mertle and Stitch . The hula girls take Mertle back , and Lilo apologizes to Stitch for neglecting him . Experiments mentioned : Tank ( 586 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . Notes : Special guest appearance by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , who voices a singing minstrel . 16 16 `` Sprout '' Victor Cook Madellaine Paxson November 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 14 ) 111 Lilo makes a bet with Mertle to win the orchid competition at the Kokaua Town fair and steals a dangerous plant experiment against Jumba 's warnings , while Pleakley grows a giant `` Pinormous '' pineapple and Stitch practices being a cowboy for the rodeo . However , when the experiment gets loose and spreads its roots all over the fairgrounds , Stitch must defeat it cowboy - style . Experiment mentioned : Sprout ( 509 ) . 17 17 `` Elastico '' Victor Cook Cate Lieuwen November 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 17 ) 132 Lilo ignores Stitch while working on a new hula dance . Stitch finds a cousin performing as a circus entertainer and when he attempts to capture Elastico , he is adopted as a circus performer himself . Gantu captures but can not hold Elastico , who returns to the circus . Lilo realizes that Stitch has left and convinces him to stay in Hawaii and not travel with his new circus family .",
"7": "Experiments mentioned : Felix ( 010 ) , Topper ( 025 ) , Clip ( 177 ) , Elastico ( 345 ) , Yin ( 501 ) , Yang ( 502 ) , Richter ( 513 ) , Cannonball ( 520 ) , Slushy ( 523 ) , Yaarp ( 613 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 18 18 `` Yaarp '' Victor Cook John Wray November 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 21 ) 122 Lilo 's idea for an alien invasion alarm to improve the hula school is rejected , so she tries to write a letter to the mayor about it . Meanwhile , a loud experiment causes Stitch to temporarily lose his hearing , so earless Pleakley is given the job of capturing the experiment himself . While Pleakley is off looking for Yaarp , Gantu captures Stitch and will not let him free without a trade . Experiment mentioned : Yaarp ( 613 ) . 19 19 `` 627 '' Don MacKinnon Henry Gilroy November 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 24 ) 123 Stitch becomes egotistical after beating his experiment catching record , so Jumba decides to put him in his place by activating his brand new experiment , 627 . Being more powerful than 626 with none of his weaknesses , Stitch may meet his match when 627 escapes Jumba 's custody and falls into the hands of Gantu. 627 works for Gantu capturing experiments and proves unbeatable until 625 , jealous of the attention 627 gets , calls Lilo and reveals that 627 's weakness is laughter . Lilo and Stitch use this to defeat 627 , and as it is impossible to turn him good , they use a dehydrator to turn him back into a pod , but Jumba is shown to have an Experiment 628 whose pod he stores on his ship . Experiments mentioned : Slimy ( 390 ) , Deforestator ( 515 ) , Eva ( 567 ) , Zap ( 603 ) , Reuben ( 625 ) , 627 , and 628 .",
"8": "20 20 `` The Asteroid '' Victor Cook Laura McCreary December 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 01 ) 109 Lilo and Stitch visit a planetarium and overhear Cobra Bubbles 's warning of an asteroid set to impact Earth . With no one believing them or bothering to seek shelter , Stitch formulates a plan to go into outer space and destroy it to save the planet . However , when they discover that the asteroid itself is home to an alien , Lilo and Stitch must decide which home they must sacrifice for the sake of the other . In the end , the group uses Jumba 's ship 's hyperdrive to safely push the asteroid away from Earth without destroying it , but leaving Jumba and Pleakley permanently stranded on Earth . No new experiments appear in this episode . Experiments mentioned : Hammerface ( 033 ) , Sparky ( 221 ) , Spooky ( 300 ) , Swirly ( 383 ) , Richter ( 513 ) , Digger ( 529 ) , Kixx ( 601 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 21 21 `` Topper '' Don MacKinnon Thomas D. Hart December 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 05 ) 114 It is Christmas Eve , and Lilo is trying to teach Stitch how Hawaiians celebrate Christmas . However , when Gantu has an experiment pod giftwrapped for Dr. Hämsterviel , everyone mistakes Stitch 's hunt for the box as a selfish attempt to hoard presents for himself . Experiments mentioned : Topper ( 025 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 22 22 `` Melty '' Don MacKinnon Madellaine Paxson December 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 08 ) 134 While trying to catch a fire - breathing experiment , Lilo falls into a puddle of mud in front of Keoni . To erase her embarrassment , she tries to use Jumba 's time - traveling invention . Each time she tries to change the past , it creates a progressively worse future . Finally , Lilo realizes that she must live events as they were meant to occur and repeats her embarrassing fall .",
"9": "However , Keoni later shows up to cheer her up . Experiments mentioned : Melty ( 228 ) . 23 23 `` Houdini '' Don MacKinnon Brian Swenlin & John Wray December 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 12 ) 119 Stitch and Pleakley are hired to do a magic show at Mertle 's `` half - birthday '' party . After their act turns out to be horrible , Lilo secretly activates an experiment that turns things invisible to help make the show a success . It is , and Mertle 's Hollywood producer aunt Stacy hires them to do their trick on national television . However , when Houdini runs away and leaves Stitch invisible , Lilo will have to find them both before her ʻohana looks like frauds . Meanwhile , Reuben finds 119 's experiment pod at the grocery store , thinking it is 611 's pod , but Gantu takes all credit for it while searching for Experiment 604 through his heat goggles . In the end , Houdini arrives just in time to make the magic trick work , revealing himself to be the true magician and getting a magic show with Mertle 's aunt Stacy . Experiments mentioned : Fudgy ( 054 ) , Inverto ( 119 ) , Yin ( 501 ) , Yang ( 502 ) , Cannonball ( 520 ) , Kixx ( 601 ) , Houdini ( 604 ) , El Fin ( 611 ) , Splodyhead ( 619 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 24 24 `` Sinker '' Victor A. Cook Kenneth Koonce & Robert Martin December 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 15 ) 124 A small , purple shark - like experiment is destroying and sinking enemy ships with its large dorsal fin . His one true place is at a Japanese restaurant where he uses his large fin to cut up vegetables and fillet fish for the chefs to make sushi . Experiments mentioned : Sinker ( 602 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) .",
"10": "25 25 `` Nosy '' Don MacKinnon Cate Lieuwen December 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 19 ) 128 Nani invites her prospective boss home to demonstrate the spirit of Ohana . Lilo has a crush on the boss 's son Keoni . Before the visit , they find a new experiment who is designed to snoop around and dig up dirt on the enemy . The experiment is so annoying that Lilo and Stitch give Nosy to Gantu . Nosy then annoys Gantu and Hamsterville so much that they release him . He returns to Lilo 's house just in time to finish the visit with Nani 's boss . In the end Nosy returns to Gantu 's ship and spreads rumors about Gantu to 625 . Nosy is voiced by Bobcat Goldthwait . Experiments mentioned : Nosy ( 199 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 26 26 `` Finder '' Don MacKinnon Madellaine Paxson December 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 22 ) 130 Stitch becomes jealous of a new experiment when Lilo takes him to show - and - tell instead of Stitch . Meanwhile , Dr. Hämsterviel escapes from prison and travels to Earth , where he is `` adopted '' by Mertle . While the Grand Councilwoman offers to reinstate Gantu 's position for the capture of Dr. Hämsterviel , Stitch strives to upstage Finder by finding him first . Mertle is captured by Gantu by accident and Stitch and Finder team up to rescue her , with Finder flying Stitch to Gantu 's ship . Stitch disables Gantu 's ship again and Mertle is rescued , while the Grand Councilwoman takes Hämsterviel into custody but does n't reinstate Gantu due to his kidnapping Mertle . Finder is put to work running a Lost and Found at the beach . Experiments mentioned : Finder ( 158 ; mis - numbered 458 in the episode ) , Yin ( 501 ) , Yang ( 502 ) , Richter ( 513 ) , Cannonball ( 520 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) .",
"11": "27 27 `` Slushy '' Victor Cook Henry Gilroy December 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 26 ) 127 523 chills the weather in Lilo 's town during a very hot day . He makes it so cold that it starts to snow . Slushy also battles with Splodyhead ( 619 ) . Splodyhead wins and restores the warm climate of the island . Slushy finds his one true place at the ice cream shop creating shave ice . Experiments mentioned : Slushy ( 523 ) , Splodyhead ( 619 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 28 28 `` Dupe '' Victor Cook Madellaine Paxson December 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 29 ) 126 Lilo hosts a slumber party , but none of her classmates from hula school come . When she finds an experiment that creates duplicates , she tries to duplicate herself so that she can have friends . Stitch saves her , but is duplicated . Stitch is weakened by the duplication when his strength is divided among all the duplicates . Gantu is able to use several experiments to capture Stitch . Lilo tricks Gantu into using Dupe to turn his few experiments into an army and then combines the Stitches back into one full - strength Stitch . Experiments mentioned : Hammerface ( 033 ) , Dupe ( 344 ) , Yin ( 501 ) , Yang ( 502 ) , Richter ( 513 ) , Cannonball ( 520 ) , Thresher ( 544 ) , Heat ( 609 ) , Plasmoid ( 617 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 29 29 `` Short Stuff '' Don MacKinnon Henry Gilroy January 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 02 ) 133 Lilo takes Stitch to a carnival , but Stitch is too short for the rides . A small crablike experiment that fouls up machinery is activated . Pleakley uses Jumba 's invention to make Stitch grow , but Gantu interrupts and Stitch grows too big . Then , Shortstuff is also zapped , and the two giants battle each other back at the Carnival .",
"12": "Shortstuff is defeated after Stitch returns to normal size and becomes a new ride at the Carnival at his giant size . Experiments mentioned : Shortstuff ( 297 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 30 30 `` Angel '' Don MacKinnon Cate Lieuwen January 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 05 ) 125 The search for the next experiment stops when Stitch falls in love with a female experiment , but Lilo is suspicious of her . When she looks up Angel in Jumba 's computer , she discovers that the experiment turns good experiments back to evil by singing her siren song . Experiments mentioned : Sparky ( 221 ) , Yin ( 501 ) , Yang ( 502 ) , Richter ( 513 ) , Cannonball ( 520 ) , Slushy ( 523 ) , Kixx ( 601 ) , Angel ( 624 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 31 31 `` Felix '' Don MacKinnon Kevin D. Campbell January 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 09 ) 131 Gantu found an experiment , but lets it go . Lilo later finds it and takes it home , naming it Felix ( due to her statement that all `` neat freaks '' on television are named `` Felix '' ) . Felix is an experiment mad with cleanness and cleans everything . For that , Felix becomes very good friends with Pleakley , but Felix is so mad with cleaning that he thinks everything around him are dirty and ends up wanting to destroy Lilo , Stitch and the others . Lilo and Stitch must save everyone from Felix 's mania and clean the home before Nani returns . Experiments mentioned : Felix ( 010 ) , Cannonball ( 520 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 32 32 `` Poxy '' Victor A. Cook Thomas D. Hart January 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) 101 A small microbe - like experiment enters Pleakley 's body , causing a peculiar illness that gives him purple pimples , a swollen eye , extremely smelly feet , and uncontrollable burping .",
"13": "Lilo and Stitch must capture the experiment and remove it from within Pleakley by shrinking to microscopic size . However , they must act quickly , as their shrinking effect is only temporary , and Pleakley is at risk of exploding if they do not make it out of him in time . Experiments mentioned : Poxy ( 222 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . Note : This episode is based on the 1966 movie Fantastic Voyage . 33 33 `` Hunkahunka '' Don MacKinnon Chad F. Rogers January 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) 121 It is Valentine 's Day , and Lilo uses an experiment that makes people fall in love to make Keoni fall in love with her . Stitch must catch the experiment before Gantu does . Experiments mentioned : Hunkahunka ( 323 ) . 34 34 `` Sample '' Don MacKinnon Thomas D. Hart January 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) 139 Stitch is afraid of going to the vet and ends up meeting an experiment that can repeat any sound . Two alien hunters try to capture Stitch , Sample , and Gantu . Experiments mentioned : Sample ( 258 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 35 35 `` Baby - Fier '' Victor Cook Cate Lieuwen & Kevin D. Campbell January 12 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 12 ) 136 An experiment that turns people into babies activates and turns Stitch , Nani , Jumba , Pleakley and Gantu into babies . Baby Stitch and Baby Gantu battle for the experiment , while Lilo and Baby Jumba ( who still possesses the intellect of adult Jumba ) have to mix an antidote for the age regression requiring adult coffee in the mix . In the end , Stitch gets it and everything goes back to normal . Experiments mentioned : Babyfier ( 151 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) .",
"14": "36 36 `` Bonnie & Clyde '' Don MacKinnon Henry Gilroy January 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 16 ) 135 After being grounded for being rowdy , Lilo and Stitch sneak out of their room and meet a criminal experiment duo , who urges them to do whatever they want . After causing trouble around the island and realizing the consequences of their naughty behavior , though , Lilo and Stitch decide to capture the crooks to redeem themselves . They pretend that they are working with the two again , but once they are taken to their hideout , capture the two experiments who are then taken to their one true place : prison . Lilo and Stitch have to clean up the mess they made as repayment for their crimes . The experiments names are parodies of the bank robbing duo , Bonnie and Clyde . Experiments mentioned : Bonnie ( 149 ; mis - numbered 349 in the episode ) , Clyde ( 150 ; mis - numbered 350 in the episode ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 37 37 `` Slugger '' Victor Cook Madellaine Paxson January 26 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) 138 Lilo 's baseball team loses to Mertle 's team , due to Pleakley 's lack of competence . Later Lilo and Mertle make a bet for another game and that whoever wins the game will get the other player 's personal items . Then a small , yellow , pterosaur - like experiment activates that is designed to deflect projectiles with his tail shaped like a baseball bat . Lilo decides to place him on their team in Pleakley 's place , in hopes of beating Mertle 's team . But to make matters worse Mertle has placed Gantu on her team , who has promised to help her win the game with a bargain to achieve the experiment at the end . Mertle ends up changing things so they play basketball instead of baseball , but Pleakley saves the day as he turns out to be a champion player of a similar game on his homeworld .",
"15": "Experiments mentioned : Yin ( 501 ) , Yang ( 502 ) , Richter ( 513 ) , Slushy ( 523 ) , Kixx ( 601 ) , Slugger ( 608 ) , Splodyhead ( 619 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 38 38 `` Bad Stitch '' Victor Cook Jan Strnad January 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 30 ) 115 Nani has been receiving a lot of bills for Stitch 's destruction , so she gets Lilo to try and train him to be more civilized ( otherwise he would be thrown out of the ʻohana ) . When Lilo 's attempts prove to be unsuccessful Stitch decides to leave and ends up being kidnapped by Dr. Hämsterviel , who plans to turn him evil again . Lilo , Jumba and Pleakley must now rescue him before it 's too late . No new experiments appear in this episode . Experiment mentioned : Reuben ( 625 ) . 39 39 `` Drowsy '' Victor Cook Thomas D. Hart & John Wray February 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 28 ) 137 Stitch uses an experiment to get restless Lilo to sleep , but can not wake her up the next day . While he is forced to use her sleeping body as a puppet to complete her responsibilities , Gantu is instructed to capture the experiment and kidnap the vacationing Regis Philbin . Experiments mentioned : Stopgo ( 102 ) , Finder ( 158 ) , Nosox ( 204 ) , Clickster ( 239 , but 102 was stated as 239 ) , Alexander ( 274 ) , Drowsy ( 360 ) , Sinker ( 602 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . Note : Special guest appearance by Regis Philbin , voicing himself . Season 2 ( 2004 -- 06 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod .",
"16": "code 40 `` Spike '' Tony Craig John Wray November 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 05 ) 201 Lilo wants to beat Mertle at the `` ' Ohana Rama '' family trivia contest , but loses confidence when Stitch is poked by a porcupine - like experiment whose quills makes people 99 % goofy and 1 % clever . Meanwhile , Pleakley starts a therapy group named `` E.A.R.W.A.X '' to rehabilitate experiments . Experiments mentioned : Fibber ( 032 ) , Squeak ( 110 ) , Bonnie ( 149 ) , Clyde ( 150 ) , Nosy ( 199 ) , Spike ( 319 ) , Slushy ( 523 ) , Yaarp ( 613 ) , and Splodyhead ( 619 ) . 41 `` Frenchfry '' Victor Cook Madellaine Paxson November 12 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) 202 After Nani bans junk food , Lilo and Stitch encounter an experiment that cooks delicious cuisine . Little do they know , they will be unable to stop eating because his food never fills people up , no matter how much they eat . Frenchfry is actually trying to fatten them up so that he can eat them himself . Experiments mentioned : Frenchfry ( 062 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 42 `` Swapper '' Victor Cook Madellaine Paxson November 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) 204 Lilo meets a new friend named Victoria who also joins Lilo 's hula class . However , Mertle will stop at nothing to try and befriend her so that she will not be Lilo 's friend . Lilo then attempts to prove that she 's not weird by throwing a `` Lilo 's not weird '' party . However , an experiment appears that switches people 's minds , which results in Lilo and Stitch , Jumba and Pleakley switching bodies . From Stitch 's body Lilo must make sure the party is successful , while Stitch has to pretend to be her . Eventually the experiment is defeated and Victoria reveals that she likes weird .",
"17": "Experiments mentioned : Swapper ( 355 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 43 `` Shoe '' Tony Craig Kevin D. Campbell December 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 10 ) 203 When Nani ends up short on cash , the rest of the ' ohana decide to start a `` Bed and Not Breakfast '' to bring in extra money . An experiment designed to bring bad luck threatens to ruin the business , until Jumba remembers that its effect can be reversed to turn very bad luck into very good luck . Experiments mentioned : Poki ( 036 ) , Backhoe ( 040 ) , Shoe ( 113 ) , Yin ( 501 ) , Deforestator ( 515 ) , Kixx ( 601 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 44 5 `` Slick '' Rob LaDuca Heather Lombard & Evan Gore January 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 07 ) 205 Lilo and Stitch compete with Mertle to sell the most candy bars for their hula halau . The competition turns fierce when a slick - talking experiment appears that has the ability to sell anything . Experiments mentioned : Slick ( 020 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 45 6 `` Skip '' Victor Cook John Wray February 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 11 ) 206 Tired of childhood restrictions , Lilo uses an experiment that skips time ahead ten years in the future to turn herself into a teenager and then into an adult . However , while she and Stitch disappear for twenty years , Dr. Hämsterviel captures the experiments and takes over the world . Experiments mentioned : Clink ( 086 ) , Skip ( 089 ) , Shoe ( 113 ) , Clog ( 143 ) , Finder ( 158 ) , Cheney ( 205 ) , Sparky ( 221 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) .",
"18": "46 7 `` Checkers '' Rob LaDuca Cate Liewen March 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 04 ) 207 Lilo 's hula halau is building a Merrie Monarch parade float , and Lilo is upset that the others do not like her ideas . However , when a crown - shaped experiment sits on her head , its power causes everyone to treat her like a queen . After she sees the consequences of her rule and decides to step down , Gantu takes the experiment and makes himself king . Experiments mentioned : Checkers ( 029 ) , Backhoe ( 040 ) , Clip ( 177 ) , Sparky ( 221 ) , Spooky ( 300 ) , Elastico ( 345 ) , Yin ( 501 ) , Richter ( 513 ) , Deforestator ( 515 ) , Cannonball ( 520 ) , Slushy ( 523 ) , Digger ( 529 ) , Kixx ( 601 ) , Holio ( 606 ) , Splodyhead ( 619 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 47 8 `` PJ '' Rob LaDuca Kevin D. Campbell April 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 01 ) 209 When Lilo is blamed for pranking her strict substitute hula teacher , she decides to use a practical - jokester experiment to get revenge and impress Mertle . Stitch must stop them before the jokes go too far . Experiments mentioned : Gigi ( 007 ) , PJ ( 133 ) , and Drowsy ( 360 ) . 48 9 `` Ploot '' Victor Cook Heather Lombard & Evan Gore April 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 22 ) 217 Lilo tries to clean Pudge 's grotto for Earth Day , but meets an experiment that eats trash and later redistributes it across the island as pollutant goo . When Stitch gets sick from eating trash , Lilo must find a way to stop Ploot by herself . Eventually Stitch is cured and thanks to Pleakley a way to defeat Ploot is found through a combination of air fresheners .",
"19": "With help from Stitch , Lilo defeats Ploot herself and he becomes good and sets to work at cleaning up trash and pollution rather than making it . Experiments mentioned : Slick ( 020 ) , Frenchfry ( 062 ) , Babyfier ( 151 ) , Finder ( 158 ) , Sparky ( 221 ) , Swapper ( 355 ) , Drowsy ( 360 ) , Ploot ( 505 ) , Richter ( 513 ) , Deforestator ( 515 ; 505 was also mistakenly referred to by this number throughout the episode ) , Kixx ( 601 ) , and Sinker ( 602 ) . 49 10 `` Snooty '' Rob LaDuca Madellaine Paxton May 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 13 ) 213 Victoria becomes afraid of an experiment after it attacks her and thinks that it is a vampire . Lilo tries to explain that she can capture it and turn it good , but after it puts Stitch out of commission , Victoria decides to team up with Gantu ( who , unknown to her is intending to use her a bait ) to `` slay '' the experiment . Later after Lilo shows up and saves her from Gantu she realizes her mistake and saves Snooty from Gantu . Furthermore , when Snooty shows a notable ability to clear out Victoria 's often - clogged sinuses , she decides to keep him as a pet . Experiments mentioned : Hammerface ( 033 ) , Frenchfry ( 062 ) , Shoe ( 113 ) , Snooty ( 277 ) , Phantasmo ( 375 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 50 11 `` Retro '' Rob LaDuca John Behnka & Rob Humphrey , Story by Dana Landsberg May 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 20 ) 214 Nani 's middle school friends return to Kaua'i and , thinking that Nani is vice president of the business she works for , invites her and her ʻohana on a yacht cruise . Meanwhile , Stitch encounters an experiment that reverts objects , animals , and even people to a primitive state . Experiment mentioned : Retro ( 210 ) .",
"20": "51 12 `` Belle '' Rob LaDuca David Warick & Amy Debartolomeis June 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 03 ) 216 While out trying to prove the existence of the Nightmarchers ( an ancient Hawaiian legend ) , Lilo , Mertle , Stitch , Jumba , and Pleakley tell each other scary stories . Meanwhile , Experiment 248 , later known as Belle , is being chased by Gantu . Hämsterviel and Reuben do not appear . Experiment mentioned : Belle ( 248 ) . 52 13 `` Morpholomew '' Victor Cook Brandon Sawyer July 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 01 ) 225 Keoni is going away for the weekend , so Lilo uses a shape - shifting experiment to transform into him , and win the island 's skateboarding competition 's grand prize . At the same time , Jake , Gramps and Fu Dog ( from American Dragon : Jake Long ) visit the island to check out reports that magical creatures ( actually Jumba 's experiments ) are running rampant . Nani and Pleakley do not appear in this episode . Experiment mentioned : Morpholomew ( 316 ) . Notes : This episode features a crossover with American Dragon : Jake Long . It also features a guest appearance by Miranda Cosgrove , star of Nickelodeon 's Drake & Josh and future star of Nickelodeon 's iCarly . 53 14 `` Spats '' Victor Cook Heather Lombard & Evan Gore August 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) 210 The Proud Family comes to visit Hawaii and stay in the `` bed and not breakfast '' for their visit . Experiment 397 is the on the loose , causing people to fight with each other . Experiment mentioned : Spats ( 397 ) . Note : This episode features a crossover with The Proud Family .",
"21": "54 15 `` Heckler '' Victor Cook Laura McCreary August 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 22 ) 218 Nani is having trouble organizing a charity dinner , so Pleakley offers to help entertain by providing stand - up comedy . However , when an experiment designed to mock people appears and leads Lilo down the wrong path , she and Stitch have to stop him before his heckling ruins the event . Experiments mentioned : Heckler ( 322 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . Guest Star : Will Sasso as Heckler . 55 16 `` Wishy - Washy '' Victor Cook Madellaine Paxson August 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 23 ) 221 It is nearly graduation for hula school , and everyone needs to have a picture with their parents , but Lilo does not have parents . Along comes Experiment 267 , who is designed to make wishes , so Lilo decides to try to get Nani and David married . Experiments mentioned : Wishy - Washy ( 267 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 56 17 `` Phoon '' Victor Cook Brandon Sawyer August 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 24 ) 211 Lilo quits experiment hunting to go to Hula Hip Hop Fusion school . Meanwhile , Experiment 540 is unleashed , causing Gantu to take a bad blow to the head . Jumba 's new device causes Phoon to mutate into a giant monster . Meanwhile , Gantu thinks that 625 and Hämsterviel are just figments of his imagination . Experiments mentioned : Phoon ( 540 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . 57 18 `` Bugby '' Victor Cook Thomas Hart August 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ) 223 Lilo builds a town called Bugapolis for her new friends in her bug collection , but Stitch keeps trying to eat the citizens . He loses his appetite , though , after Experiment 128 ( Bugby ) turns Lilo , Stitch , Jumba , and Pleakley into bugs .",
"22": "With the help of bugs named Chaps , Manny , and Sperk , they have to find a way to change themselves back soon because Nani has called an exterminator . Experiment mentioned : Bugby ( 128 ) . 58 19 `` Shush '' Rob LaDuca Jim Peronto August 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 26 ) 222 Experiment 234 , designed to collect private enemy conversations through its tail , is accidentally activated by Lilo . When Lilo gets into trouble after Shush overhears part of a conversion and thinking that Mertle hates her friends , Mertle , out of anger , willingly helps catch experiments for Hämsterviel . Experiments mentioned : Shush ( 234 ) . 59 20 `` Rufus '' Victor Cook Jim Peronto August 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 26 ) 208 When Stitch is kidnapped by Dr. Drakken , Pleakley calls on the help of Kim Possible to rescue him . Although they initially both want the other to step aside , Lilo and Kim must work together to accomplish this goal . Also , Jumba mistakes Rufus for the dangerous Experiment 607 . Gantu and Reuben do not appear ; they are replaced by Dr. Drakken and Shego in this episode . Experiment mentioned : Launch ( 607 ) . Note : This episode features a crossover with Kim Possible . 60 21 `` Lax '' Rob LaDuca Mark Drop January 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 16 ) 219 The cast of Recess visits Kaua ʻi so Gretchen can use a telescope to examine what she believes is a new planet . Meanwhile , an experiment designed to make people stop working zaps Stitch , Jumba , and Pleakley with its lazy beam . Lilo and her new friends try to catch the experiment while Stitch takes a vacation . Experiments mentioned : Lax ( 285 ) and Reuben ( 625 ) . Note : This episode features a crossover with Recess .",
"23": "61 22 `` Remmy '' Victor Cook Jim Peronto April 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 14 ) 215 It is the anniversary of Lilo 's parents ' death , and Lilo takes a nap to deal with her sadness about losing her parents . However , when an experiment enters her dreams and tries to dissolve them into nightmares , Stitch , Jumba , and Pleakley go in after it to capture it before she wakes up . Meanwhile , Nani tries to find a way to make Lilo feel happy again . Gantu and Reuben appear only in Lilo 's dream . Experiments mentioned : Felix ( 010 ) Slick ( 020 ) , Hamlette ( 024 ) , Fibber ( 032 ) Hammerface ( 033 ) , Poki ( 036 ) , Carmen ( 123 ) , Backhoe ( 040 ) , Frenchfry ( 062 ) , Squeak ( 110 ) , Shoe ( 113 ) , Sparky ( 221 ) , Melty ( 228 ) , Remmy ( 276 ) , Dupe ( 344 ) , Elastico ( 345 ) , Drowsy ( 360 ) , Yin ( 501 ) , Yang ( 502 ) , Deforestator ( 515 ) , Cannonball ( 520 ) , Slushy ( 523 ) , Thresher ( 544 ) , Heat ( 609 ) , Yaarp ( 613 ) , Angel ( 624 ) , Reuben ( 625 ) , and 627 . 62 23 `` Mrs. Hasagawa 's Cats Ace '' Rob LaDuca Heather Lombard & Evan Gore John Wray May 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 19 ) 220 This episode consists of two eleven - minute segments . 62a : Lilo and Stitch try to help Mrs. Hasagawa out by organizing her fruit stand and cleaning her yard . However , when she tries to offer them a bowl of apricots for their help , they discover that the bowl is actually full of experiment pods and that her house is full of stray experiments which she believes are `` cats '' . Lilo and Stitch try to gather all the experiments .",
"24": "Experiments mentioned : Doubledip ( 002 ) , Hamlette ( 024 ) , Gotchu ( 031 ) , Forehead ( 044 ) , Hocker ( 051 ) , Zawp ( 077 ) , Fetchit ( 090 ) , Mulch ( 111 ) , Shredder ( 134 ) , Geigenstein ( 201 ) , Pix ( 214 ) , Boomer ( 288 ) , Manners ( 358 ) , Woody ( 507 ) , Wrapper ( 521 ) , Slushy ( 523 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 62b : The leader of the Evil Genius Organization ( EGO ) believes that Jumba has turned good and wants to revoke his membership , but Lilo convinces him to visit Earth so that they can prove that Jumba is still worthy of membership . As they construct an elaborate facade to trick him , however , a failed non-evil experiment is activated . Gantu does not bother to catch this experiment . Experiments mentioned : Ace ( 262 ) , Yin ( 501 ) , Yang ( 502 ) , Sprout ( 509 ) , Richter ( 513 ) , Deforestator ( 515 ) , Slushy ( 523 ) , Kixx ( 601 ) , Holio ( 606 ) , Splodyhead ( 619 ) , Reuben ( 625 ) , and 627 . 63 24 `` Glitch Woops '' Rob LaDuca John Wray Heather Lombard & Evan Gore June 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) 224 This episode consists of two eleven - minute segments . 63a : Lilo is tired of doing chores and asks Jumba to build a machine to help her , so he ends up upgrading the entire house to do the chores itself . However , when an experiment designed to turn technology against its user enters the computer control system , Stitch must fight the house to rescue everyone . Experiments mentioned : Glitch ( 223 ) and Slugger ( 608 ) . 63b : A clumsy experiment causes Dr. Hämsterviel to nearly be caught by his prison guards , so he returns all the captured experiments to Gantu for safekeeping .",
"25": "However , when he lets the trouble - making experiment go , it threatens to ruin Pleakley 's chance at a domino championship . Experiments mentioned : Felix ( 010 ) , Gotchu ( 031 ) , Fibber ( 032 ) , Hammerface ( 033 ) , Forehead ( 044 ) , Zawp ( 077 ) , Nosy ( 199 ) , Retro ( 210 ) , Boomer ( 288 ) , Amnesio ( 303 ) , Woops ( 600 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . 64 25 `` Snafu '' Victor Cook Jess Winfield June 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) 226 When Lilo and Stitch learn from Nosy that all the experiments captured by Gantu are imprisoned in his ship ( as a result of the events of `` Woops '' ) , the two plan a rescue mission to free them . However , they accidentally activate an experiment designed to destroy complex plans . As Lilo and Stitch form a rescue team regardless , Jumba and Pleakley try to understand the meaning of love , and Gantu tries to use Angel 's song to turn the experiments evil again .",
"26": "Experiments mentioned : Felix ( 010 ) , Fibber ( 032 ) , Hammerface ( 033 ) , Fudgy ( 054 ) , Stamen ( 103 ) , Snafu ( 120 ) , Bonnie ( 149 ) , Clyde ( 150 ) , Finder ( 158 ) , Nosy ( 199 ) , Nosox ( 204 ) , Sparky ( 221 ) , Poxy ( 222 ) , Sample ( 258 ) , Tickle - Tummy ( 275 ) , Amnesio ( 303 ) , Hunkahunka ( 323 ) , Dupe ( 344 ) , Slimy ( 390 ) , Slushy ( 523 ) , Thresher ( 544 ) , Tank ( 586 ) , Zap ( 603 ) , Houdini ( 604 ) , Holio ( 606 ) , Heat ( 609 ) , Plasmoid ( 617 ) , Angel ( 624 ) , Reuben ( 625 ) , Stopgo ( 102 ) , Spot ( 099 ) , Cloudy ( 320 ) , Kernel ( 014 ) , Splat ( 519 ) , Gigi ( 007 ) . 65 26 `` Link '' Rob LaDuca John Behnke & Rob Humphrey July 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 29 ) 212 When Lilo and Mertle are forced to work together to find buried treasure , an experiment appears that binds together uncooperative people with indestructible , rubberlike slime . Mertle helps Lilo catch the experiment , while Stitch becomes stuck to Nani and Jumba becomes stuck to Pleakley . Experiments mentioned : Link ( 251 ) , Char ( 412 ) , Botulator ( 413 ) , Crusty ( 414 ) , Patter ( 415 ) , and Reuben ( 625 ) . Note : This episode first appeared as a bonus feature on the Leroy & Stitch DVD before it aired on television .",
"27": "Television finale film ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date DVD release date Leroy & Stitch Tony Craig and Bobs Gannaway Bobs Gannaway and Jess Winfield June 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) June 27 , 2006 Lilo , Stitch , Jumba and Pleakley have finally caught all of Jumba 's genetic experiments and found the one true place where each of them belongs . Stitch , Jumba and Pleakley are offered positions in the Galactic Alliance , turning them down so that they can stay on Earth with Lilo . However , Lilo realizes that her alien friends have places where they belong , and it is finally time to say `` aloha . '' Meanwhile , Gantu has left Earth and broken Dr. Jacques von Hämsterviel out of prison , who is planning to create and clone a new experiment named `` Leroy '' , one that will allow him to take over the galaxy . External links ( edit ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series on IMDb Lilo & Stitch : The Series at theTVDB.com ( hide ) Lilo & Stitch Walt Disney Animation Studios Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Films Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) Television Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) episodes Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) episodes Stitch & Ai ( 2017 ) Characters Stitch Attractions Stitch 's Great Escape ! ( 2004 -- present ) Stitch Encounter ( 2006 -- present ) The Enchanted Tiki Room : Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai !",
"28": "( 2008 -- present ) Stitch 's Supersonic Celebration ( 2009 ) Video games Disney 's Lilo & Stitch ( GBA ; 2002 ) Disney 's Lilo & Stitch : Trouble in Paradise ( 2002 ) Disney 's Stitch : Experiment 626 ( 2002 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hämsterviel Havoc ( 2004 ) Kingdom Hearts II ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Disney Stitch Jam ( 2009 ) Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep ( 2010 ) Motto ! Stitch ! DS : Rhythm de Rakugaki Daisakusen ( 2010 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) Kinect : Disneyland Adventures ( 2011 ) Disney Infinity series ( 2013 -- 16 ) Marvel Super Heroes ( 2.0 Edition ) ( 2014 ) Disney Magical World ( 2013 ) Disney Magical World 2 ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lilo_%26_Stitch:_The_Series_episodes&oldid=838406642 '' Categories : Lilo & Stitch Lists of Disney television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2012 All articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 20 : 12 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased . Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America .",
"1": "The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel . The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 .",
"2": "Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Seasons overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018 `` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward -- Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū -- ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? ''",
"4": "( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train .",
"5": "Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! )",
"6": "August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na !",
"7": "Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished .",
"8": "Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack .",
"9": "Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! )",
"10": "September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 !",
"11": "破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again .",
"12": "Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth .",
"13": "In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match .",
"14": "Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together .",
"15": "Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training .",
"16": "Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi !",
"17": "Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful .",
"18": "Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza .",
"19": "Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei !",
"20": "Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! )",
"21": "December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis !",
"22": "Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can -- but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter .",
"23": "Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him -- but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed -- with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga ( edit ) Overall No .",
"24": "Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 -- His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin -- Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 !",
"25": "主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' -- Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai -- Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team .",
"26": "Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー 様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven .",
"27": "32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip .",
"28": "Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto -- Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along .",
"29": "The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins .",
"30": "Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な !",
"31": "ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! )",
"32": "April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order .",
"33": "Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons -- And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū -- soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! ''",
"34": "( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ?",
"35": "モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere .",
"36": "The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu -- Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta -- `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers .",
"37": "The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails .",
"38": "Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help .",
"39": "Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Grand Zenō , who is the `` King of all Universes '' . Beerus says that Grand Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Grand Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot .",
"40": "Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi -- Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future -- Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future -- The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji -- Gokū Burakku shūrai ! ''",
"41": "( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him .",
"42": "While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time -- Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi -- Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited -- Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks ! ''",
"43": "`` Shitei saikai -- Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals .",
"44": "Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood -- Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono -- Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku -- Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne -- Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! ''",
"45": "( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find a better friend for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black !",
"46": "Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again .",
"47": "Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body -- Zamasu Descends '' / `` A God with an Invincible Body -- The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami -- Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind .",
"48": "58 12 `` Zamasu and Black -- The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black -- The Duo 's Mystery Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku -- Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with the Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis suggests a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . After losing to Goku , Whis believes Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive at the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice .",
"49": "Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Protect The Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore -- Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . Shortly afterwards , they leave Universe Ten 's Supreme Kai Realm . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to destroy Goku . Beerus saves Goku and destroys Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu destroyed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future -- Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Into the Future Once Again Goku Black 's True Identity Revealed ! '' `` Futatabi mirai e -- Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 April 21 , 2018 With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again .",
"50": "Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . Shortly afterwards , the two groups meet . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully destroyed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers . Goku Black had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of Goku 's timeline with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition -- The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Dreadful Tale of the Zero Mortal '' `` Zamasu no yabō -- Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 April 28 , 2018 Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! ''",
"51": "/ `` I Will Defend the World ! Trunks ' Furious Burst of Super Power ! '' `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 May 5 , 2018 While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な !",
"52": "ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power .",
"53": "Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun .",
"54": "Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form .",
"55": "Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts -- Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni -- saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline .",
"56": "They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever .",
"57": "Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance .",
"58": "Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off .",
"59": "Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis .",
"60": "Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts .",
"61": "Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape .",
"62": "75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn -- Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ !",
"63": "クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama !",
"64": "Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ?",
"65": "Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! ''",
"66": "`` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! ''",
"67": "`` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! ''",
"68": "`` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! ''",
"69": "( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine .",
"70": "Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan .",
"71": "Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 -- それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) .",
"72": "Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers !",
"73": "Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training .",
"74": "Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi .",
"75": "At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て !",
"76": "悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors .",
"77": "In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No.",
"78": "18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ !",
"79": "悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu !",
"80": "Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them .",
"81": "Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power .",
"82": "As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty !",
"83": "A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No.",
"84": "18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) .",
"85": "They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina .",
"86": "This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ?",
"87": "第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! )",
"88": "August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure .",
"89": "104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle !",
"90": "Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero !",
"91": "Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) .",
"92": "Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta .",
"93": "Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him .",
"94": "An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes !",
"95": "New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek .",
"96": "Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting .",
"97": "However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として !",
"98": "戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle .",
"99": "After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback !",
"100": "Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! ''",
"101": "( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina .",
"102": "Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! )",
"103": "December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him . Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! ''",
"104": "( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements .",
"105": "Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him .",
"106": "Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! ''",
"107": "( 疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning .",
"108": "Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up , using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , which is why he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead .",
"109": "Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks : Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and eliminates him from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain .",
"110": "However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament .",
"111": "Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches .",
"112": "Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! )",
"113": "March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again .",
"114": "Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight . Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 .",
"115": "Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 .",
"116": "Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 .",
"117": "Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 .",
"118": "Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows -- Screener '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 .",
"119": "Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 4 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 .",
"120": "Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr.",
"121": "Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=838398340 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Norsk Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 19 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-8392081634321923269
|
where does the name loyola university come from
|
[
"St. Ignatius of Loyola"
] |
{
"0": "Loyola University Chicago - wikipedia Loyola University Chicago Jump to : navigation , search Loyola University Chicago Former names St. Ignatius College ( 1870 -- 1909 ) Motto Ad majorem Dei gloriam ( Latin ) Motto in English For the greater glory of God Type Private Established 1870 Religious affiliation Roman Catholic ( Jesuit ) Academic affiliations AJCU NCA ACCU Endowment $750 million ( 2017 ) Chancellor Michael J. Garanzini President Jo Ann Rooney Provost Margaret Faut Callahan ( Health Sciences Division ) Academic staff 784 Administrative staff 1,608 Students 16,422 Undergraduates 11,129 Postgraduates 5,293 Location Chicago , Illinois , US 42 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 87 ° 39 ′ 28 '' W / 41.9999 ° N 87.6578 ° W / 41.9999 ; - 87.6578 Coordinates : 42 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 87 ° 39 ′ 28 '' W / 41.9999 ° N 87.6578 ° W / 41.9999 ; - 87.6578 Colors Maroon and Gold Nickname Ramblers Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I -- MVC Mascot Lu Wolf Website luc.edu Loyola University Chicago ( often referred to as Loyola or LUC ) is a private Catholic research university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded in 1870 by the Jesuits , today Loyola is one of the largest Catholic universities in the United States . Loyola 's professional schools have educated generations of local business and civic leaders , and distinguished programs in medicine , nursing , and health sciences are anchored by the nationally recognized Loyola University Medical Center . Comprising eleven colleges and schools , Loyola offers over 80 undergraduate and 140 graduate / professional programs and enrolls approximately 16,000 students . Loyola has six campuses across the Chicago metropolitan area , as well as a campus in Rome and guest programs in Beijing and Ho Chi Minh City .",
"1": "The flagship Lake Shore Campus is along the scenic shores of Lake Michigan in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods of Chicago , eight miles north of the Loop . Loyola 's athletic teams , nicknamed the Ramblers , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Missouri Valley Conference . Loyola won the 1963 NCAA men 's basketball championship , and remains the only school from Illinois to do so . The Ramblers are also two - time ( 2014 , 2015 ) NCAA champions in men 's volleyball . Among the more than 150,000 Loyola alumni , there are executives of major Chicago - based corporations such as McDonald 's and Baxter International , as well as dozens of local and national political leaders including the current Illinois Attorney General and Speaker of the House . Loyola alumni have won Emmy , Grammy , Peabody , and Pulitzer awards , as well as Guggenheim and MacArthur fellowships . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Campuses 2.1 Lake Shore Campus 2.1. 1 Sustainability 2.2 Water Tower Campus 2.3 Health Sciences Campus 2.4 John Felice Rome Center 2.5 Additional campuses 3 Academics 3.1 Tuition 3.2 Rankings and demographics 3.3 Religious education 3.4 Schools and colleges 4 Student life 4.1 Residential life 4.2 Greek life 4.3 College radio station 4.4 Athletics 5 Notable alumni 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Madonna della Strada Chapel Loyola was established as St. Ignatius College on June 30 , 1870 , by Jesuit priest and educator Fr . Arnold Damen . At that time Chicago was a much smaller , but rapidly growing , city just shy of 300,000 people , and as a result the original campus was much closer to the city center along Roosevelt Road . In 1909 the school was renamed Loyola University , and in 1912 it began to move to the current Lake Shore Campus ; today the original building is part of St. Ignatius College Prep , adjacent to the University of Illinois at Chicago .",
"2": "To meet the growing needs of Chicago , Loyola established professional schools in law ( 1908 ) , medicine ( 1909 ) , business ( 1922 ) , and nursing ( 1935 ) . The Chicago College of Dental Surgery became part of the university in 1923 , and was closed 70 years later . A downtown campus was founded in 1914 , and with it the School of Sociology . As the predecessor to the School of Social Work , it enrolled Loyola 's first female students , though the school would not become fully coeducational until 1966 . Loyola Academy , a college prep high school , occupied Dumbach Hall on the Lake Shore Campus until it was relocated to north suburban Wilmette in 1957 . The current Water Tower Campus opened in 1949 . In 1962 , Loyola opened a campus in Rome near the site of the 1960 Summer Olympics . In 1969 , Loyola established the School of Education and consolidated medical programs at the Loyola University Medical Center , a hospital and health care complex located in Maywood , an immediate suburb of Chicago . The university legally separated from the Jesuits in 1970 , and today is under lay control and governed by a board of trustees . Loyola purchased neighboring Mundelein College in 1991 . Mundelein Center Major capital campaigns since the turn of the century have greatly enhanced Loyola 's academic profile and campuses . In 2005 the Loyola University Museum of Art was established on the Water Tower Campus , and the Rome campus was renamed in honor of Director Emeritus John P. Felice . In 2009 , the Cuneo Foundation presented the university with the Cuneo Mansion and Gardens , a 100 - acre estate with an Italianate mansion and extensive collections of art and furnishings located in suburban Vernon Hills . The $50 million gift is the largest in Loyola history . In 2010 , Loyola purchased the Resurrection Retreat Center in Woodstock , which became the school 's fifth campus for retreat and ecological study . In 2012 , Loyola alumnus Michael R. Quinlan donated $40 million to the business school , which was renamed in his honor .",
"3": "During this time over 200,000 square - feet of LEED - certified sustainable spaces have been built on the Lake Shore Campus alone , along with significant mixed - use developments on the Water Tower Campus . Today , Loyola ranks among the top 103 universities in the nation , and is in the midst of over $800 million in capital construction projects . In 2015 , the university established Arrupe College , a uniquely structured two - year college designed to give low - income students access to a Loyola education . On May 23 , 2016 , Loyola named Jo Ann Rooney its 24th president . She is the first female president in the history of the university . Campuses ( edit ) Lake Shore campus ( edit ) Cudahy Library Loyola 's flagship Lake Shore Campus is along the shores of Lake Michigan in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods on the north side of Chicago , eight miles north of the Loop . Founded in 1912 , it is the primary residential campus for the school , and is the home of the College of Arts and Sciences , and a variety of graduate programs . A collection of over forty buildings , the campus offers ample green space and lakeshore access , as well as several landmarks : The Madonna della Strada Chapel , a striking Art Deco masterpiece completed in 1939 , is the center of Loyola 's religious life . The Mundelein Center , a 200 - foot tall Art Deco skyscraper completed in 1930 , is the home of Loyola 's fine and performing arts programs and a National Historical Landmark . The Joseph J. Gentile Arena , which holds 5,500 for basketball , volleyball , and campus events , was recently expanded to include the Norville Center , a student - athlete academic center and home of Rambler athletics . One of the largest events held annually in Gentile Arena is Colossus , which features a musical artist and comedian . Artists including Jason Derulo and John Mulaney have performed for Colossus . Halas Sports Center was remodeled and incorporated into the sprawling new Damen Student Center , the heart of campus social life . Cudahy Science Hall The E.M.",
"4": "Cudahy Memorial Library contains over 900,000 volumes and 3,600 periodical subscriptions , and in 2008 was expanded to include the Richard J. Klarchek Information Commons , an academic and social space with glass curtain walls that offer unparalleled views of the lake and campus . Science education and research takes place in the Quinlan Life Sciences building and the Institute of Environmental Sustainability , a multipurpose complex that includes academic space , a residence hall , a greenhouse , and the largest geothermal energy facility in Chicago . The Lake Shore Campus is connected to the famous Chicago ' L ' via the Loyola station on the CTA Red Line . Southbound trains pass through neighborhoods like Lake View and Lincoln Park on the way to the Loop and South Side , while northbound trains connect to Evanston , the home of Northwestern University . Klarchek Information Commons Sustainability ( edit ) Loyola is committed to creating environmentally sustainable campuses , and various efforts have reduced university energy use by 33 % since 1998 . Loyola has three LEED Silver certified buildings and four LEED Gold certified buildings , with all future construction to be LEED certified as well . Loyola has more green roofs than any college in the Midwest , which includes both new and renovated buildings . These efforts have not gone unnoticed : in 2014 , Loyola placed 4th nationally ( and 1st in Illinois ) in the Sierra Club 's ranking of America 's Greenest Colleges . Water Tower campus ( edit ) The Water Tower Campus opened in 1949 along a stretch of Michigan Avenue today known as the Magnificent Mile , and is named after the Chicago Water Tower , a city landmark that survived the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 . It is the home of the Quinlan School of Business , the School of Law , the School of Education , the School of Continuing and Professional Studies , the School of Social Work , the School of Communication , the Institute of Pastoral Studies , and Arrupe College , as well as a selection of classes from programs based elsewhere .",
"5": "The Chicago Water Tower , a city landmark and the campus namesake Dominated by mixed - use skyscrapers , campus buildings include the Corboy Law Center , Terry Student Center , Baumhart Hall , and landmark Lewis Towers , built in 1945 as the Illinois Catholic Women 's Club and today home of the Office of the President and the Loyola University Museum of Art . Recent construction includes The Clare , a 587 - foot tower that serves as both a retirement community and the home of the College of Communication , and the LEED certified John and Kathy Schreiber Center , which opened in 2015 as the new home of the Quinlan School of Business . The campus puts students at the heart of Chicago 's business and cultural life : it is steps from the offices of major corporations , Chicago 's premiere retail and tourist district , as well as institutions like the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Newberry Library . Holy Name Cathedral , the seat of the Archdiocese of Chicago , is directly adjacent to the south . The Water Tower Campus is also connected to the ' L ' via the Chicago station on the CTA Red Line . Students can conveniently travel between Water Tower Campus and Lakeshore Campus on a school - sponsored shuttle during the week . Health Sciences campus ( edit ) Founded in 1969 along with the Loyola University Medical Center , the Health Sciences Campus is the home of the Stritch School of Medicine , the Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing , and several programs that are part of the School of Continuing and Professional Studies . It is in Maywood , an immediate western suburb of Chicago , approximately eleven miles from the Loop . A leading academic center for teaching and research , Loyola University Medical Center comprises the main hospital , Loyola Outpatient Center , Ronald McDonald Children 's Hospital , Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center , and several medical office and laboratory buildings . In 2011 , the medical center was sold to Trinity Health , while Loyola continues to own and operate the academic buildings and select research facilities on campus . In 2017 , Loyola expanded its accelerated nursing program to an online - based format with lab in Downer 's Grove . John Felice Rome Center ( edit ) Loyola 's permanent campus in Rome opened in 1962 at Casa Italiana Viaggi Internazionali Studenti ( C.I.V.I.S. )",
"6": ", a dormitory originally built to host athletes during the 1960 Summer Olympics . In 1978 , the campus moved to its current location on Monte Mario approximately two miles northwest of the Vatican City . The campus is the home of the oldest American university program in Italy , and hosts students from both Loyola and other universities seeking to study abroad . In 2005 , the campus was renamed in honor of founder and Director Emeritus John P. Felice . Additional campuses ( edit ) In 2010 , Loyola founded the Retreat and Ecology Campus on the former site of the Resurrection Retreat Center in Woodstock , Illinois an outer suburb approximately fifty miles northwest of Chicago . The campus houses the university 's campus ministry programs , and offers a unique learning opportunity for students and faculty interested in the sciences . The property contains 20 acres ( 8 ha ) of natural habitat that includes ponds , streams , woods , and prairieland . Loyola also owns and operates the Cuneo Mansion and Gardens in suburban Vernon Hills , approximately thirty miles north of Chicago . The mansion and grounds were donated to the university in 2009 by the John and Herta Cuneo Foundation . The estate operates as a museum and hosts special events and a growing number of academic programs in business , education and law . Academics ( edit ) University rankings National U.S. News & World Report 103 Washington Monthly 142 Global QS 751 - 800 2013 New Freshman 2,503 Average GPA 3.74 50 % ACT Range 24 - 29 50 % SAT Math 520 - 630 50 % SAT Verbal 530 - 630 Tuition ( edit ) For the 2016 -- 2017 academic year , undergraduate tuition for new full - time students was $41,720 per year , not including room , board and fees including the CTA student transit ' U-Pass ' , Student Activity Fee , Technology Fee and mandatory health insurance . Graduate school tuition varies depending on the school . Rankings and demographics ( edit ) Loyola University Chicago is among the top 103 National Universities according to the latest ( 2017 ) U.S. News & World Report college rankings . U.S.",
"7": "News commonly places Loyola among their fifty `` Best Value '' colleges as well . In 2011 USA Today ranked Loyola 6th among `` colleges most committed to community service . '' Washington Monthly ranked Loyola 21st in the nation for hours of community service . Loyola 's Graduate School of Business has been ranked # 1 in Ethics nationwide by BusinessWeek , a unique distinction among hundreds of competitive undergraduate business programs in the United States . In addition , Loyola 's History Department ranked sixth in the nation in 2006 on the Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index , a respected ranking system of graduate faculty quality . In 2010 , the History Department also ranked in the top tier in the 2010 National Research Council 's evaluation of the nation 's graduate programs . A statue of Ignatius of Loyola was dedicated in 2000 and was relocated to the lobby of the Klarchek Information Commons . Religious education ( edit ) Religious education is still one of Loyola 's hallmarks as it is home to Saint Joseph College Seminary as well as the Jesuit First Studies program . Loyola 's First Studies Program is one of three in the country , with Fordham University and Saint Louis University housing the other two . During this three - year period , Jesuit Scholastics and Brothers generally study philosophy and some theology . First Studies is one part of an eleven - year formation process toward the Jesuit priesthood . This program is administered by the Chicago Province Society of Jesus . Saint Joseph College Seminary serves the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago and provides vocational training to candidates of diocesan priesthood . Loyola University also provides rigorous religious education for those seeking careers in lay ministry with the Loyola University Institute of Pastoral Studies as well as degree opportunities in interdisciplinary Catholic studies . Loyola 's Department of Theology also offers undergraduate and graduate courses in the study of systematic theology , ethics , and Biblical studies , offering a diverse set of classes that are not limited to religious studies in a Catholic context .",
"8": "Schools and colleges ( edit ) Loyola Chicago is composed of the following schools and colleges : College of Arts & Sciences Quinlan School of Business School of Communication School of Continuing and Professional Studies School of Education The Graduate School School of Law Stritch School of Medicine Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing School of Social Work Saint Joseph College Seminary Arrupe College The Institute of Environmental Sustainability Student Life ( edit ) Residential Life ( edit ) Most of the residence halls and apartments managed by Loyola 's Department of Residence Life are in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods surrounding the Lake Shore Campus . One , Baumhart Hall , is at the Water Tower Campus on the Magnificent Mile in Chicago . Most of Loyola 's residence halls are named after other Jesuit colleges and universities . First - year students may live in one of the following residences on the Lake Shore campus : Campion Hall , de Nobili Hall , Mertz Hall , Regis Hall , San Francisco Hall , and the Simpson Living Learning Center ( Simpson Hall ) . Simpson , Mertz , and de Nobili Halls are conveniently located above dining halls that serve these buildings and the halls surrounding them . Residence halls on the north side of campus are served by a dining hall and food court in the Damen Student Center . First - and second - year students are required to live in on - campus housing . Upperclass students are permitted to choose from fourteen residences at the Lake Shore campus : Bellarmine , Canisius , Fairfield , Fordham , Georgetown , LeMoyne , Marquette , Marquette South , Messina , Regis , Santa Clara , Seattle , Spring Hill and Xavier Halls . Santa Clara Hall is on Loyola Avenue right on Lake Michigan . Upperclassmen can also choose to live in Baumhart Hall , located at 26 E. Pearson , just a block from the Magnificent Mile in downtown Chicago . It is a 25 - floor apartment - style residence for upperclassmen and graduate students at Loyola University . Students living in Baumhart and taking classes on the Water Tower Campus have access to two dining facilities : Nina 's Cafe ( in the Corboy Law Center ) and LU 's Old - Fashioned Deli and Pub ( in the Terry Student Center ) .",
"9": "Greek Life ( edit ) Loyola University Chicago is home to several Greek letter organizations . Among them are traditional social fraternities and sororities , professional co-ed fraternities , and cultural interest fraternities and sororities . Inter-Fraternity Council chapters include Beta Theta Pi , Tau Kappa Epsilon , Sigma Chi , and Delta Sigma Phi . Panhellenic Council chapters include Alpha Chi Omega , Alpha Sigma Alpha , Phi Sigma Sigma , Kappa Kappa Gamma , Chi Omega , and Alpha Delta Pi . Professional co-ed fraternities include Delta Sigma Pi , Phi Delta Epsilon , as well as service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega . Cultural interest fraternities include the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations ( NALFO ) co-ed fraternity Alpha Psi Lambda . Loyola is also home to the Latino fraternity Lambda Upsilon Lambda fraternity , and the African - American fraternities Alpha Phi Alpha , Kappa Alpha Psi , and Phi Beta Sigma . Cultural interest sororities include Gamma Phi Omega , Sigma Lambda Gamma , Lambda Theta Alpha , Delta Phi Lambda , Delta Sigma Theta and Alpha Kappa Alpha . College radio station ( edit ) Loyola University owned and operated a low - power , carrier current radio station , WLUC - AM , in the 1960s . Students broadcast an eclectic music format on 600 kHz to Lake Shore Campus buildings and the surrounding Rogers Park neighborhood . The station had a well - equipped studio in a University - owned Student Life house on Loyola Avenue . The structure was demolished to make way for the Crown Center for the Humanities . WLUC - AM was replaced by an on - air FM station , WLUW , in the 1970s . Athletics ( edit ) LU Wolf at a Loyola Men 's basketball game Main article : Loyola Ramblers NCAA Division I National Championships ( 3 ) : 1963 Men 's Basketball , 2014 Men 's Volleyball , 2015 Men 's Volleyball Loyola is home to 11 varsity teams , most of which compete in NCAA Division I . The teams include men and women 's basketball , cross country , men and women 's golf , men and women 's soccer , softball , track , and men and women 's volleyball .",
"10": "The nickname `` Ramblers '' was first applied to Loyola 's football team in 1926 because they frequently traveled throughout the United States . LU Wolf is the mascot for the University . He was inspired by the coat - of - arms of St. Ignatius of Loyola , from whom Loyola derives its name , which depicts two wolves standing over a kettle . Taken from the heraldic crest carved in the lintel on St. Ignatius ' family home in Azpeitia , Spain , the wolves and cauldron refer to the prosperity and generosity of the Loyola family , who , after feeding family , retainers and soldiers , had enough food to feed even the wild animals . Loyola 's men 's basketball team , the Ramblers , won the 1963 national championship . Loyola is the only Division I NCAA school in Illinois to have won a national title in men 's basketball . They also hold the all - time highest win percentage of any team to ever compete in the NCAA tournament . Loyola sits slightly ahead of Duke University . The Loyola Ramblers men 's volleyball team won back - to - back NCAA championships in 2014 From 1970 to 1971 , Loyola had a club football team , led by Coach Dick Blackmore . The Ramblers won the Club Football National Championship in 1971 but were shut down after the University showed little interest . In 2012 , the club football program was started again by students Robert L. O'Mullan and Luke Culley . John Clarke was the first head coach , followed by Connor Gomez . The Rambler football team competes in the Great Lakes ( West ) conference in the National Club Football Association . The Loyola Ramblers men 's volleyball team won back - to - back NCAA championships in 2014 and 2015 . In 2018 , Loyola 's men 's basketball team won the Missouri Valley Conference tournament championship to qualify for the 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament for the first time since 1985 . The 11 - seed Ramblers recorded four straight upset victories against the Miami Hurricanes , Tennessee Volunteers , Nevada Wolf Pack , and Kansas State Wildcats to advance to the Final Four . However , the Michigan Wolverines defeated Loyola in the Final Four .",
"11": "Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of Loyola University Chicago people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University Facing Potential $4 Million Budget Deficit in 3 Years if Costs Not Cut '' . Loyola Phoenix . Jump up ^ `` Color Palette : University Marketing and Communication : Loyola University Chicago '' . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood , IL US News Best Hospitals '' . health.usnews.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LUC State of the University Fall 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Official Athletic Site '' . www.loyolaramblers.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NC Men 's Volleyball '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Key Facts . luc.edu Jump up ^ Young , Kathy . `` Research Guides : Archives and Special Collections : History of Loyola University Chicago '' . libguides.luc.edu . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The miracle along the lake '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How cheap money is helping Loyola expand '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Us : Loyola University Chicago '' . Loyola University Chicago -- Cuneo Mansion & Gardens . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Loyola Chicago Best College US News '' . colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A debt - free college for students who struggle most '' . CNN . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Lake Shore Campus Lake Shore Campus '' . www.luc.edu . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AssetDetail '' .",
"12": "focus.nps.gov . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cudahy Library -- Loyola University Chicago Archived May 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Institute of Environmental Sustainability About Us : Loyola University Chicago '' . Loyola University Chicago -- Institute of Environmental Sustainability . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Loyola is Doing What Loyola is Doing : Loyola University Chicago '' . Loyola University Chicago -- Institute of Environmental Sustainability . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Greenest Colleges : The Top 10 '' . Sierra Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Namesakes of campus buildings highlight Loyola 's long history '' . Loyola Phoenix . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The John and Kathy Schreiber Center : Loyola University Chicago '' . Loyola University Chicago -- Quinlan School of Business . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola selling hospitals to Trinity Health '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing '' . Loyola ABSN . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Rome Center Rome Center '' . www.luc.edu . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Felice 1923 -- 2008 : Loyola University Chicago '' . Loyola University Chicago -- John Felice Rome Center . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Retreat and Ecology Campus Retreat and Ecology Campus '' . www.luc.edu . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 National Universities Rankings '' . Washington Monthly . n.d . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Colleges 2017 : National Universities Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . September 12 , 2016 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` 2016 Rankings - National Universities '' . Washington Monthly . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings ® 2018 '' . Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our 2013 Freshman Class '' . Loyola University Chicago . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Undergraduate Schools '' . Loyola University Chicago -- Office of the Bursar . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ USA Today . Accessed 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Washington Monthly . Accessed 9 May 2016 . Archived December 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Ranked # 1 in Ethics by Businessweek '' . JoePRGuy . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle : Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loyola 's History Department Ranks Near the Top , LUC Website Archived January 31 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sorority & Fraternity Life '' . www.luc.edu , the Loyola University Chicago Website . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` About SFL '' . www.luc.edu , the Loyola University Chicago Website . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 1970 TO 1979 . www.lib.luc.edu . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramin , Nathan ( 2005 ) . College Prowler : Loyola University Chicago Off the Record . College Prowler . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59658 - 077 - 0 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Dan ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` Forget Illinois Shutout ; Relive Tourney 's Past '' . NY Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` Loyola Chicago tops Duke for all - time best NCAA tournament win percentage '' . SBNation . SBNation . March 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola wins men 's volleyball title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola - Chicago takes men 's volleyball title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Shannon ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Loyola earns 1st NCAA tournament bid since 1985 : ' It means a lot for the city of Chicago ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Loyola - Chicago Holds Off Nevada for a Third Straight Upset '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Culpepper , Chuck ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Loyola Chicago almost pulled off another miracle before falling to Michigan in Final Four '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loyola University Chicago .",
"15": "Official website Loyola University Chicago Academics Business Law Medicine Saint Joseph College Seminary Facilities Alumni Gym Beazley Institute for Health Law and Policy Chicago Dental Infirmary The Clare Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies John Felice Rome Center Joseph J. Gentile Arena Loyola Press Loyola University Medical Center Loyola University Museum of Art Madonna Della Strada Chapel Mundelein College Athletics Men 's basketball Men 's soccer Women 's basketball Organizations Alpha Delta Gamma Media Loyola Consumer Law Review Loyola Phoenix WLUW Related Chicago 's Jesuit University CTA station List of Loyola University Chicago people Links to related articles Missouri Valley Conference Members Bradley Braves Drake Bulldogs Evansville Purple Aces Illinois State Redbirds Indiana State Sycamores Loyola Ramblers Missouri State Bears and Lady Bears Northern Iowa Panthers Southern Illinois Salukis Valparaiso Crusaders Associate members Central Arkansas Bears ( men 's soccer ) Dallas Baptist Patriots ( baseball ) Little Rock Trojans ( women 's swimming & diving ) Stony Brook Seawolves ( women 's tennis ) Championships & awards Baseball Tournament Men 's Basketball Tournament ( Arch Madness ) Women 's Basketball Tournament Men 's Soccer Tournament Hall of Fame Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association Current Members Ball State Cardinals Fort Wayne Mastodons Lewis Flyers Lindenwood Lions Loyola Ramblers McKendree Bearcats Ohio State Buckeyes Quincy Hawks Colleges and universities in metropolitan Chicago Community and junior colleges DuPage Elgin Harper Joliet Lake County MacCormac McHenry County Moraine Valley Morton Oakton Prairie State South Suburban Triton Waubonsee City Colleges of Chicago Richard J. Daley Kennedy - King Malcolm X Olive - Harvey Truman Harold Washington Wilbur Wright Colleges Calumet College of St. Joseph Carthage Columbia Chicago Elmhurst Hebrew Theological Lake Forest Moody Bible Institute North Central St.",
"16": "Augustine Saint Joseph 's School of the Art Institute of Chicago Shimer Telshe Yeshiva Trinity Christian VanderCook College of Music Wheaton Universities Aurora Benedictine Chicago State Concordia DePaul Dominican East -- West Governors State Illinois Institute of Technology Indiana University Northwest Judson Lewis Loyola National Louis National University of Health Sciences North Park Northeastern Illinois Northern Illinois Northwestern Purdue University Northwest Robert Morris Roosevelt St.",
"17": "Francis Saint Mary of the Lake Saint Xavier Trinity International University of Chicago UIC Valparaiso Wisconsin - Parkside Graduate schools Adler School of Professional Psychology Catholic Theological Union Chicago School of Professional Psychology Chicago Theological Seminary Erikson Institute Garrett -- Evangelical Theological Seminary Illinois College of Optometry Institute for Clinical Social Work John Marshall Law School Lake Forest Graduate School of Management Lutheran School of Theology McCormick Theological Seminary Meadville Lombard Theological School Midwestern Northern Baptist Theological Seminary Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science Rush University Spertus Institute Toyota Technological Institute Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities East Boston College ( MA ) Holy Cross ( MA ) Fairfield ( CT ) Canisius ( NY ) Le Moyne ( NY ) Fordham ( NY ) Saint Peter 's ( NJ ) Saint Joseph 's ( PA ) Scranton ( PA ) Loyola Maryland ( MD ) Georgetown ( DC ) Mid West Creighton ( NE ) Detroit Mercy ( MI ) John Carroll ( OH ) Xavier ( OH ) Loyola Chicago ( IL ) Marquette ( WI ) Rockhurst ( MO ) Saint Louis ( MO ) South Wheeling Jesuit ( WV ) Loyola New Orleans ( LA ) Spring Hill ( AL ) West Gonzaga ( WA ) Seattle ( WA ) Loyola Marymount ( CA ) San Francisco ( CA ) Santa Clara ( CA ) Regis ( CO ) Graduate Berkeley ( CA ) Weston ( MA ) Catholicism portal Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago Ordinaries of the Archdiocese of Chicago Bishops William Quarter James Oliver Van de Velde Anthony O'Regan James Duggan Coadjutor bishop Thomas Patrick Roger Foley Archbishops Patrick Feehan James Edward Quigley George Mundelein Samuel Stritch Albert Gregory Meyer John Cody Joseph Bernardin Francis George Blase J. Cupich Catholicism portal Churches in the Archdiocese of Chicago Cathedral Holy Name Cathedral Basilicas Basilica of St.",
"18": "Hyacinth Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica Queen of All Saints Basilica Parishes Chicago Holy Cross Church Holy Family Church Holy Innocents Church Holy Trinity Church Church of the Immaculate Conception Nativity of Our Lord Church Notre Dame de Chicago Old St. Patrick 's Church Sacred Heart Church St. Barbara Church St. Clement Church St. Hedwig 's Church St. Ita 's Church St. John Cantius Church St. Josaphat Church St. Joseph Church St. Jerome Croatian Church St. Ladislaus Church St. Mary of Perpetual Help Church St. Mary of the Angels Church St. Mary of the Woods Catholic Church St. Michael 's Church , Old Town St. Michael the Archangel Church , South Shore St. Stanislaus Kostka Church St. Thomas the Apostle Church St. Vincent de Paul Church Church of St. Vitus St. Wenceslaus Church Cook County St. Anne Church , Barrington St. Mary of Częstochowa Church , Cicero Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church , Glenview SS . Cyril and Methodius Church , Lemont St. James Church , Lemont St. Martha Church , Morton Grove St. John Brebeuf Church , Niles St.",
"19": "Joseph Church , Wilmette Chapels Madonna Della Strada Chapel Education in the Archdiocese of Chicago Higher education DePaul University Dominican University Loyola University Chicago Saint Xavier University Stritch School of Medicine Seminaries Catholic Theological Union Saint Joseph College Seminary University of Saint Mary of the Lake High schools Chicago Brother Rice High School Christ the King Jesuit College Prep High School Cristo Rey Jesuit High School De La Salle Institute DePaul College Prep Hales Franciscan High School Holy Trinity High School Josephinum Academy Leo Catholic High School Marist High School Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School Mount Carmel High School Notre Dame High School for Girls Our Lady of Tepeyac High School Resurrection High School St. Benedict High School St. Francis de Sales High School St. Ignatius College Preparatory School St. Patrick High School St. Rita of Cascia High School Cook County St. Viator High School , Arlington Heights Queen of Peace High School , Burbank St. Laurence High School , Burbank Marian Catholic High School , Chicago Heights Nazareth Academy , La Grange Park Mount Assisi Academy , Lemont Notre Dame College Prep , Niles Fenwick High School , Oak Park Trinity High School , River Forest Guerin College Preparatory High School , River Grove Seton Academy , South Holland St. Joseph High School , Westchester Loyola Academy , Wilmette Regina Dominican High School , Wilmette Lake County Woodlands Academy of the Sacred Heart , Lake Forest Carmel High School , Mundelein St. Martin de Porres High School , Waukegan Former Higher education Barat College Lexington College St. Viator College High schools Academy of Our Lady , Chicago Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary , Chicago Immaculata High School , Chicago Maria High School , Chicago St. Gregory the Great High School , Chicago St. Scholastica Academy , Chicago Saint Louise de Marillac High School , Northfield Grade school Our Lady of the Angels School ,",
"20": "Chicago Clergy of the Archdiocese of Chicago Auxiliary bishops Alfred Leo Abramowicz Edwin Michael Conway William Edward Cousins Michael Dempsey Gustavo García - Siller John R. Gorman Raymond E. Goedert Thomas Joseph Grady Wilton Daniel Gregory Nevin William Hayes Raymond Peter Hillinger Edward Francis Hoban Thad J. Jakubowski Francis J. Kane Gerald Frederick Kicanas Jerome E. Listecki Timothy Joseph Lyne John R. Manz Alexander Joseph McGavick William Edward McManus William David O'Brien John L. May George V. Murry Cletus F. O'Donnell Thomas Paprocki Joseph N. Perry George J. Rassas Plácido Rodriguez Alberto Rojas Bernard James Sheil John George Vlazny Andrew Peter Wypych Priests who became bishop elsewhere Peter Joseph Baltes Robert Emmet Barron Romeo Roy Blanchette Stanislaus Vincent Bona Edward Braxton Maurice Francis Burke Edmund Michael Dunne Edward Joseph Dunne Edward Egan James Aloysius Griffin William Richard Griffin John Richard Keating James Patrick Keleher Moses E. Kiley Francis Joseph Magner Paul Marcinkus John McMullen Martin Dewey McNamara Peter Muldoon William Aloysius O'Connor Thomas Joseph Murphy Ernest John Primeau Paul Peter Rhode Patrick William Riordan Edward James Slattery Raymond James Vonesh Aloysius John Wycislo Priests John George Alleman Thaddeus J. Butler Donald Martin Carroll George Clements Daniel Coughlin John Joseph Egan Andrew Greeley George G. Higgins Reynold Henry Hillenbrand James Timothy O'Meara Michael Pfleger Jeremiah J. Rodell Catholicism portal Chicago portal ISNI : 0000 0001 1089 6558 GND : 1018404 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"21": "php?title=Loyola_University_Chicago&oldid=838325041 '' Categories : Loyola University Chicago Universities and colleges in Chicago Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States North Side , Chicago Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities Buildings with sculpture by Corrado Parducci Educational institutions established in 1870 Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association Catholic universities and colleges in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Instances of Infobox university using image size Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Simple English 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 09 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Shameless ( Season 8 ) - wikipedia Shameless ( Season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Shameless ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network Showtime Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes The eighth season of Shameless , an American comedy - drama television series based on the award - winning British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , was announced on December 19 , 2016 , a day after the seventh season finale . The season will consist of a total of 12 episodes . It is slated to premiere on November 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 References 4 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Jeremy Allen White as Philip `` Lip '' Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica Fisher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin Ball Emma Kenney as Deborah `` Debbie '' Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Recurring ( edit ) Christian Isaiah as Liam Gallagher Ruby Modine as Sierra Zack Pearlman as Neil Elliot Fletcher as Trevor Scott Michael Campbell as Brad Jessica Szohr as Nessa Richard Flood as Ford Farah Tahir as Adeeb Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 85 `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' Iain B. MacDonald John Wells November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) TBD 86 `` Where 's My Meth ? ''",
"1": "Anthony Hemingway Nancy M. Pimental November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) TBD 87 `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' Michael Morris Krista Vernoff November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) TBD 88 `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' Regina King TBA November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) TBD 89 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' TBA Sheila Callaghan December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Renewed For Season 8 By Showtime '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) Picks Up Eighth Season of Its Hit Series `` Shameless '' `` . The Futon Critic . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jade , Saura ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` TVLine Items : Shameless Return Date , DC 's Legends Hails Caesar and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' : Emmy Rossum Resolves Salary Standoff , Paving Way for Season 8 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , Shelia ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` we 're back , babies ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Shanola ( June 21 , 2017 ) .",
"2": "`` When you get an email with your first table read of SEASON 8 on a show you 've been on since the pilot , you ca n't help but give God praise ! ! ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paolo , Lyn ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` @ cameronmonaghan See you soon ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Modine , Ruby ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` First table read '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Emma ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` GIRL VS VEGGIE BURGER . a truthful & telling series by @ zackpearlman . friday night shoot vibezzz '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Shameless enlists Jessica Szohr for Season 8 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Casts Richard Flood ; Merit Leighton Joins ' Alexa & Katie ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 1 '' . Showtime . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 2 '' . Showtime . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 3 '' . Showtime . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 4 '' .",
"3": "Showtime . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shanola Hampton ( @ shanolahampton ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` The queen has arrived to direct episode 4 ! ! ! ! Yaaaaassss ! # ReginaKing # Shameless www.instagram.com/p/BWYQeArD7PL/ '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sheila Callaghan ( @ sheilacalla ) ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Episode 805 . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shameless episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Shameless Original version Episodes Characters Frank Gallagher Carl Gallagher Ian Gallagher Jamie Maguire Karen Maguire Mimi Maguire Shane Maguire Mickey Maguire U.S. adaptation Episodes 5 6 7 8 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shameless_(season_8)&oldid=807021668 '' Categories : Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 12 : 26 . About Wikipedia",
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who is playing halftime show super bowl 50
|
[
"Coldplay",
"Beyoncé",
"Bruno Mars",
"the British rock group Coldplay",
"special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars"
] |
{
"0": "Super Bowl 50 halftime show - wikipedia Super Bowl 50 halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl 50 halftime show Date February 7 , 2016 Location Santa Clara , California Venue Levi 's Stadium Headliner Coldplay Special guests Beyoncé , Bruno Mars with Mark Ronson , Gustavo Dudamel , Youth Orchestra L.A , University of California Marching Band Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) The Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show took place on February 7 , 2016 , at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California as part of Super Bowl 50 . It was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars , who previously had headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Performance 3 Critical reception 3.1 Controversy 4 Commercial reception 5 Set list 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Levi 's Stadium , location of Super Bowl 50 and the halftime show Coldplay , Rihanna , and Katy Perry were considered as potential acts for the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show in 2015 . Perry was soon confirmed as the headliner of the halftime show in October 2014 . In late November , 2015 , reports surfaced stating that multiple acts would perform during the halftime show . Coldplay was confirmed as the lead half time performer for Super Bowl 50 on December 3 , 2015 , one day before the release of their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams . It was confirmed that Beyoncé and Bruno Mars would join Coldplay as special guests . Chris Martin called Mars to ask him to perform with Coldplay ; however , Mars declined the offer . Nevertheless , the singer of Coldplay invited Mars to his studio in Malibu where he was working . There , Martin revealed to Mars that he wanted for him to perform `` Uptown Funk '' with Beyonce .",
"1": "Despite this , Mars still did n't think it was a good idea and asked the former to talk to Beyonce to see what was her opinion on that . Martin videotaped him and Mars , while the former sang a song to Beyoncé so that she would come to do the Super Bowl with both of them . Beyonce response was receptive to the idea . At that time , Mars and Beyoncé were both doing a diet and stressing out . One day before the performance they were `` watching playback backstage '' , while Beyonce ate a bag of Cheetos . Mars asked her `` That 's what you 're doing ? '' , to which she replied `` There 's nothing more we can do these last two days . It 's gon na be what it 's gon na be . So I 'm gon na enjoy this bag of Cheetos . '' Mars strongly believes that Beyoncé is `` coming for you every single time . So you better bring your A-game every time . '' Performance ( edit ) Coldplay performing the halftime show . Coldplay frontman Chris Martin during the performance . Field during the halftime show . The audience participates in a card stunt The show opened with Chris Martin singing the opening chorus from `` Yellow '' . He was then joined by the remaining band members of Coldplay to perform `` Viva la Vida '' , `` Paradise '' , and `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' with the Youth Orchestra Los Angeles conducted by Gustavo Dudamel and the University of California Marching Band . Bruno Mars , Mark Ronson , and a troupe of backing dancers ( dressed in the style of Michael Jackson ) then performed `` Uptown Funk '' . Beyoncé , also in a Jackson - inspired outfit and appearing with a set of backing dancers dressed as Black Panthers , then performed her new single `` Formation '' in a mass choreographed dance number before joining Mars onstage for a verse of `` Uptown Funk '' . Coldplay played a snippet of `` Clocks '' during a video montage of past Super Bowl halftime and national anthem performances , including those by Bruce Springsteen , Missy Elliott , Katy Perry , The Rolling Stones , Paul McCartney , Stevie Wonder , Diana Ross , James Brown , Whitney Houston , Michael Jackson , The Black Eyed Peas , U2 , Prince , Beyoncé and Mars .",
"2": "The show concluded with the band performing `` Fix You '' and `` Up&Up '' with Beyoncé , Mars and everyone taking part in the show . At the end of the performance , the audience participated in a card - stunt creating a rainbow and the phrase , `` Believe in love '' , the closing lyrics to Coldplay 's A Head Full of Dreams . Critical reception ( edit ) Bruno Mars performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show and received positive reviews . The performance received generally mixed review from critics , who complimented Beyoncé and Mars ' part of the performance but were critical of Coldplay . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times stated that Coldplay `` acted more as a stagehand than an actual performer '' while Beyoncé 's section of the performance was `` the night 's true event '' . Caramanica also noted that Beyoncé and Mars `` outsang '' Martin during the closing part of the performance . Andrew Barker of Variety similarly noted that `` Coldplay seemed resigned to politely allowing themselves to be played right off their own stage '' by the `` far flashier '' Mars and Beyoncé . In a review for Fox Sports , Chris Chase panned Coldplay 's performance , calling it `` inexplicable , indecipherable , and unnecessary '' and a `` musical snooze '' . Chase complimented Beyoncé 's and Mars ' appearances but described the performance as `` boring '' . Alex Needham of The Guardian gave the performance four stars , saying that `` Queen Bey at the height of her powers effortlessly overwhelmed Coldplay 's widescreen anthems in a show that seemed lightweight until she showed up '' . Beyoncé , seen here performing at the show , was both praised and castigated for her performance . Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that Martin `` seemed overwhelmed '' by the size of the event , and that despite being a `` personable and energetic performer '' , an `` awful lot '' of Martin 's energy `` went into jumping '' . Bianco praised Beyoncé 's appearance and stated that she `` stole the show '' . Wendy Geller of Yahoo ! also complimented Beyoncé 's and Mars ' appearances , but criticized the montage of previous halftime performances , describing it as `` confusing rather than touching '' and stating that the performance was `` definitely a cold play '' .",
"3": "Controversy ( edit ) Following the performance , Beyoncé was criticized for performing a song that they considered to be `` anti-police '' during the halftime show and for appearing to align herself with the Black Lives Matter movement . Former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani accused the performance of being anti-police and also criticized Beyoncé 's use of Black Power and Black Panther Party symbolism in her dance routine . `` This is football , not Hollywood , and I thought it was really outrageous that she used it as a platform to attack police officers who are the people who protect her and protect us , and keep us alive , '' he said . The controversy caused a `` # BoycottBeyonce '' hashtag on Twitter and protesters announced plans for an `` anti-Beyoncé '' rally on the morning of February 16 outside of the NFL 's headquarters in New York City , but no one showed up for such a rally . CNN political commentator Sally Kohn stated that `` too many police continue to show themselves to be far more interested in reactionary defensiveness and preserving the abusive status quo . '' Black Lives Matter activist Melina Abdullah praised Beyoncé and other artists who `` are willing to raise social consciousness and use their artistry to advance social justice . '' Commercial reception ( edit ) The halftime show became the fourth highest ever watched show in the United States , with total viewership of 115.5 million . Set list ( edit ) `` Yellow '' `` Viva la Vida '' `` Paradise '' `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' `` Uptown Funk '' ( Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ) ( contains elements of `` U Ca n't Touch This '' ) `` Formation '' ( Beyoncé ) ( contains elements of `` Crazy in Love '' ) `` Fix You '' / `` Up&Up '' ( featuring Mars and Beyoncé ) ( contains elements of `` Clocks '' , `` Midnight '' , `` Independent Women , Pt 1 '' , `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Purple Rain '' and `` Beautiful Day '' ) Setlist obtained from Billboard . See also ( edit ) 2016 in American music 2016 in American television References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coldplay performed at Pepsi Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . December 3 , 2015 .",
"4": "Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` NFL Asks Musicians for Money to Play Super Bowl '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Beyoncé , Redfoo , & Bruno Mars join Coldplay for the Super Bowl 50 halftime show '' . Vox . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eells , Josh ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Bruno Mars : The Private Anxiety of a Pop Perfectionist '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Talks `` 24K Magic '' , Beyoncé & Prince `` . Rap - Up . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Damien ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Bruno Mars Just Wants You to Have a Good Time '' . Black Entertainment Television . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Coldplay lets Beyonce , Bruno Mars overshadow band '' . WIVB . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : It 's Coldplay , Starring Beyoncé , at Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce could n't save Coldplay 's terrible Super Bowl halftime show '' . Fox Sports . February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl half - time show -- Beyonce easily steals the show from Coldplay '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé upstages Coldplay in Super Bowl halftime show '' . USA Today . February 7 , 2016 .",
"5": "Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Left in the Cold at Super Bowl 50 ; Beyoncé and Bruno Bring It '' . Yahoo ! Music . February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cutler , Jacqueline ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Beyoncé 's ' black power ' salute during Super Bowl 50 halftime show slammed by Rudy Giuliani as ' attack ' on police '' . New York Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` No one showed up to the anti-Beyonce rally at NFL headquarters '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Commentator , Sally Kohn , CNN Political . `` Beyonce a political superhero with rhythm ( Opinion ) '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Protests planned against and for Beyonce '' . CNN . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anger : Anti-Beyonce Rally Planned For Next Week At NFL Headquarters '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Frank Pallotta and Brian ( 8 February 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 audience is third largest in TV history '' . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7684905/lady-gaga-super-bowl-halftime-viewers-number Jump up ^ Platton , Adelle ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 Review : Coldplay , Beyonce & Bruno Mars Turn on an Electric Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Video of the Super Bowl 50 halftime show ( from the NFL 's official YouTube channel ) http://www.billboard.",
"6": "com/articles/news/super-bowl/6874799/bruno-mars-super-bowl-50-outfit-donatella-versace Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Coldplay Guy Berryman Jonny Buckland Will Champion Chris Martin Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Parachutes A Rush of Blood to the Head X&Y Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends Mylo Xyloto Ghost Stories A Head Full of Dreams Live albums Live 2003 LeftRightLeftRightLeft Live 2012 Ghost Stories Live 2014 Compilation albums The Singles 1999 -- 2006 Extended plays Safety Brothers & Sisters The Blue Room Acoustic Mince Spies Remixes EP Prospekt 's March iTunes Festival : London 2011 Live in Madrid Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall A",
"7": "Sky Full of Stars Live from Spotify London Kaleidoscope EP Tours Parachutes Tour A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour Twisted Logic Tour Viva la Vida Tour Mylo Xyloto Tour Ghost Stories Tour A Head Full of Dreams Tour Additional personnel Phil Harvey Rik Simpson Davide Rossi Ken Nelson Brian Eno Markus Dravs Tappin Gofton Jon Hopkins Related articles Labels Atlantic Capitol EMI Fierce Panda Parlophone Commercial Mylo Xyloto Comics Tidal Xyloband Television Festival of Flame Hope for Haiti Now Super Bowl 50 halftime show Global Citizen Festival One Love Manchester Charity Make Trade Fair ( Product ) Red Apparatjik We Are Here Square Peg in a Round Hole Come to Life Book Category Chris Martin Collaborations `` See It in a Boy 's Eyes '' `` Gravity '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( 2004 ) `` All Good Things ( Come to an End ) '' `` In the Sun '' `` Homecoming '' `` Want '' `` Me and Tennessee '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''",
"8": "( 2014 ) `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' `` Homesick '' Films Shaun of the Dead Brüno Avicii : True Stories Television Festival of Flame Global Citizen Festival Super Bowl 50 halftime show Related topics Coldplay Jonny Buckland Guy Berryman Will Champion Phil Harvey Gwyneth Paltrow ( then - wife ) Beyoncé Avicii Book Category Beyoncé Awards and nominations Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Dangerously in Love B'Day I Am ... Sasha Fierce Beyoncé Lemonade EPs True Star : A Private Performance Irreemplazable Above and Beyoncé : Dance Mixes Heat 4 : The Remix More Only Compilations Speak My Mind Beyoncé : Platinum Edition Live and video releases Live at Wembley B'Day Anthology Video Album The Beyoncé Experience Live Above and Beyoncé : Video Collection I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas I Am ... World Tour Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 Live in Atlantic City Live Concert tours Dangerously in Love Tour The Verizon Ladies First Tour The Beyoncé Experience I Am ... World Tour The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour On the Run Tour The Formation World Tour On the Run II Tour Concert residencies I Am ... Yours 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live Television Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Life Is But a Dream On the Run Tour : Beyoncé and Jay - Z Super Bowl 50 halftime show Lemonade Beyoncé 2018 Coachella performance Retail House of Deréon Heat Heat Rush Pulse Rise Tidal Ivy Park Related soundtracks Dreamgirls soundtrack Cadillac Records soundtrack Related topics Parkwood Entertainment Destiny 's Child Jay - Z ( husband ) Mathew Knowles ( father ) Tina Knowles ( mother ) Solange Knowles ( sister ) Frank Gatson Jr . Ashley Everett Bibi McGill True Star `` Kanyegate '' Let 's Move !",
"9": "Flash Workout Scaptia beyonceae EveryBODYisflawless Book Category Portal Bruno Mars Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs recorded Songs written Studio albums Doo - Wops & Hooligans Unorthodox Jukebox 24K Magic Extended plays It 's Better If You Do n't Understand Concert tours The Doo - Wops & Hooligans Tour Moonshine Jungle Tour 24K Magic World Tour Filmography Honeymoon in Vegas Rio 2 Related articles The Smeezingtons Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show Super Bowl 50 halftime show Book : Bruno Mars 2010s portal Beyoncé portal San Francisco Bay Area portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_50_halftime_show&oldid=823813276 '' Categories : 2016 in American music 2016 in American television 2016 in sports in California African - American - related controversies Beyoncé Bruno Mars Coldplay Race - related controversies in the United States Super Bowl halftime shows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 16 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the assassination of gianni versace american crime story season 2 episode 2
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"0": "The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story - wikipedia The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story Jump to : navigation , search The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story Promotional poster Starring Édgar Ramírez Darren Criss Ricky Martin Penélope Cruz Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network FX Original release January 17 -- March 21 , 2018 Season chronology ← Previous The People v. O.J. Simpson List of American Crime Story episodes The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story is the second season of the FX true crime anthology television series American Crime Story . The season premiered on January 17 , 2018 , and concluded on March 21 , 2018 . It consists of a total of 9 episodes , and explores the murder of designer Gianni Versace by serial killer Andrew Cunanan , based on Maureen Orth 's book Vulgar Favors : Andrew Cunanan , Gianni Versace , and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. History .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Special guest stars 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Promotion 5 Reception 5.1 Reviews 5.2 Reaction from individuals involved 5.3 Ratings 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of American Crime Story cast members Main ( edit ) Édgar Ramírez as Gianni Versace Darren Criss as Andrew Cunanan Ricky Martin as Antonio D'Amico Penélope Cruz as Donatella Versace Special guest stars ( edit ) Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin Aimee Mann as Bar Singer Finn Wittrock as Jeff Trail Recurring ( edit ) Joanna P. Adler as Mary Ann Cunanan Joe Adler as Jerome Gentes Annaleigh Ashford as Elizabeth Cote Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan Will Chase as Det . Paul Scrimshaw Giovanni Cirfiera as Santo Versace Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin Jay R. Ferguson as Agent Keith Evans Cody Fern as David Madson Max Greenfield as Ronnie Holston Sophie von Haselberg as Linda Elwell Edouard Holdener as Young Andrew Cunanan Christine Horn as Agent Talarah Gruber John Lacy as Howard Madson Cathy Moriarty as Vivian Oliva Michael Nouri as Norman Blachford Dascha Polanco as Det . Lori Wieder Terry Sweeney as David Gallo José Zúñiga as Det . George Navarro Guest ( edit ) Razaaq Adoti as Det . Pete Jackson Vincenzo Amato as Versace Spokesman Jack Armstrong as J. Paul Beitler Cullen Douglas as Agent Reynolds Nico Evers - Swindell as Philip Merrill Alex Fernandez as Supt .",
"2": "Matt L. Rodriguez Jacob Fortner as Duke Miglin Molly Price as Escort Agency Manager Paul Schneider as Paul Beck Tara Summers as Laura Trail Todd Waring as Lincoln Aston Michael Shamus Wiles as Det . Robert Tichich Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The Man Who Would Be Vogue '' Ryan Murphy Tom Rob Smith January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 3WAX01 2.22 On the morning of July 15 , 1997 , fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot and killed outside his Miami Beach mansion by wanted spree killer Andrew Cunanan . Seven years earlier , Cunanan meets Versace at a gay nightclub in San Francisco and tells his roommates about the encounter the following morning , albeit with most of the details fabricated . Cunanan later attends a performance of Capriccio as Versace 's guest and exchanges origin stories with him after the performance . In the present , Cunanan flees the scene , evading Versace 's partner Antonio D'Amico . Versace , meanwhile , is rushed to the hospital and pronounced dead . As local police start to collaborate with the federal authorities , Versace 's sister Donatella and brother Santo plan the future of their brother 's business empire while Cunanan purchases newspapers covering Versace 's death with a remorseless expression . 12 `` Manhunt '' Nelson Cragg Tom Rob Smith January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 3WAX02 1.42 In March 1994 , Versace learns that he is HIV positive and Donatella immediately blames Antonio for the illness . Three years later , Cunanan arrives in Miami after fleeing from South Carolina and moves into a motel under an assumed identity . He juggles working as a prostitute , giving his earnings to his homosexual neighbor Ronnie , and feeding his obsession with Versace . Versace , meanwhile , juggles dealing with creative block and reeling from Antonio 's proposal of a wedding .",
"3": "While at a nightclub one evening , Cunanan surprises Versace and Antonio and attempts to follow them only to lose them in the crowd . 13 `` A Random Killing '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Tom Rob Smith January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 3WAX03 1.26 In May 1997 , Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin is found dead in his garage by his wife Marilyn . One week earlier , Miglin invites Cunanan , whom he knows as a gay escort , over to his house after Marilyn leaves Chicago to promote her perfume brand . Cunanan proceeds to brutally torture and kill Miglin before stealing his Lexus . In the present , detectives assigned to the case discover gay pornographic magazines surrounding Miglin 's dead body . Marilyn insists that the killer owns the magazines and that her husband 's murder was nothing more than a random killing . The authorities later use the car 's phone in an attempt to track Cunanan , who learns about their plan after it is leaked to the media . He then abandons Miglin 's Lexus in Pennsville , New Jersey before gunning down caretaker William Reese and stealing his red pick - up truck . Marilyn , meanwhile , deals with her grief as she continues to promote her perfume . 14 `` House by the Lake '' Daniel Minahan Tom Rob Smith February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 3WAX04 0.98 In April 1997 , Cunanan lures former acquaintance Jeff Trail to the Minneapolis loft - apartment of his former lover , David Madson , and bludgeons him to death with a claw hammer . After forcing Madson to remain complicit , Cunanan decides to flee to Mexico when one of Madson 's co-workers visits him . The Minneapolis Police Department , meanwhile , discovers Trail 's corpse and suspect Madson to be the killer . They proceed to question Madson 's parents , who firmly believe that their son is innocent . When Madson confronts Cunanan about his lies , Cunanan realizes that he has lost his hold on his lover and shoots Madson near a lake outside Rush City .",
"4": "15 5 `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell '' Daniel Minahan Tom Rob Smith February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 3WAX05 0.91 In June 1995 , Versace ignores Donatella 's disapproval and makes his sexuality public in an interview . In November 1995 , U.S. Navy lieutenant Jeff Trail is suspected as a homosexual after saving a fellow veteran from being assaulted in San Diego . Following an unsuccessful suicide attempt , Trail goes to a gay bar and meets Cunanan . Trail later agrees to do an interview about homophobia in the military , during which he `` makes the decision '' to leave the Navy . Two years later , Cunanan runs into Trail and David Madson in Minneapolis . Both men , however , try to avoid him , with Trail staying at his sister 's house and Madson stating he has moved on . Abandoned and angry , Cunanan resolves to murder Trail . 16 6 `` Descent '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Tom Rob Smith February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 3WAX07 1.10 In 1996 , Cunanan lives in La Jolla , California with middle - aged businessman Norman Blachford , who handles his finances as part of their arranged relationship . During his twenty - seventh birthday party , Cunanan tries to impress David Madson by fabricating details about his life and boasting that everyone loves him . After an attempt to ask Blachford for more extravagant demands results in him being kicked out of their house , Cunanan spends thousands of dollars in an attempt to win Madson over only for Madson to cut all ties with him . Cunanan then turns to drugs and outs Jeff Trail to his father in a postcard , causing Trail to threaten him before moving to Minneapolis . Following a severe , drug - fueled bout of depression , Cunanan reunites with his mother Mary Ann and tells her he is going to Minneapolis .",
"5": "17 7 `` Ascent '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Tom Rob Smith March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 3WAX06 0.92 In 1992 , Versace pressures Donatella into taking over the company after his death . Following a failed attempt to collaborate on a dress for the Vogue anniversary gala , Versace is diagnosed with ear cancer and travels to Miami to recover , forcing Donatella to take the reins . That same year , Cunanan , who is living with Mary Ann , starts working as a gay escort for older men . He develops a relationship with architect Lincoln Aston , a close friend of Norman Blachford , only for Aston to break up with him after discovering he and David Madson spent the night together . Cunanan 's attempt to reconcile with Aston ends with him witnessing Aston 's brutal murder . Cunanan then moves out of his mother 's apartment following an argument and uses Aston 's death to develop a relationship with Blachford , who lets him move into his house . 18 8 `` Creator / Destroyer '' Matt Bomer Tom Rob Smith and Maggie Cohn March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 3WAX08 1.00 In 1957 Italy , a young Versace starts designing clothes under tutelage from his dressmaker mother . In 1980 , a young Cunanan receives preferential treatment from his stockbroker father Modesto , who abuses his mother and siblings . Seven years later , Cunanan juggles attending private school and secretly dating older men . Modesto , meanwhile , flees to Manila after being fired for embezzling from elderly clients and learning that he is wanted by the FBI , leaving his family penniless . Cunanan tracks him down and confronts him over the charges only to be rejected . Upon returning to the United States , Cunanan applies for a job at a pharmacy , where he tells the manager that Modesto owns pineapple plantations .",
"6": "19 9 `` Alone '' Daniel Minahan Tom Rob Smith March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 3WAX09 1.20 On the evening of July 15 , 1997 , Cunanan hides in a Miami Beach houseboat in an attempt to evade both local and federal authorities . Over the course of the next two days , Cunanan attempts to leave the island city only to continue hiding due to the strong police presence . As the authorities interrogate Mary Ann and Ronnie , Marilyn grapples with the fact that he has gone unpunished . At the same time , Cunanan 's friend Elizabeth Cote appeals to him in a television interview , David Madson 's father insists his son is a victim , and Modesto uses Cunanan 's story in an attempt to get attention . On July 22 , 1997 , as Versace is buried in his family vault near Lake Como , Italy , Donatella tells Antonio he can not reside in the house that he was promised . The next morning , the authorities corner Cunanan only for him to shoot himself in the mouth . Cunanan is later buried in a public mausoleum while Donatella prepares to meet with Versace 's lawyers and Antonio attempts suicide . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story was picked up on October 18 , 2016 , and was announced as the third season of the series , following the season about Katrina . The announcement also revealed that English author Tom Rob Smith would be the writer of multiple episodes of the season , including the first two , while executive producer Ryan Murphy would be directing the season premiere . Following the airing of the first season 's finale in April 2016 , it was revealed that series creators Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski would not be returning for the second season . In June 2017 , it was announced that Katrina would not begin production until early 2018 and that Versace would air in early 2018 , replacing Katrina as the show 's official second installment . On October 2 , 2017 , American Horror Story veteran Matt Bomer was announced as the director of the eighth episode , making it his directorial debut .",
"7": "During its production , the working title of the season was American Crime Story : Versace / Cunanan . In December 2017 , after the first public screening , it was revealed that Versace would have nine episodes , despite being originally reported to consist of ten episodes . Casting ( edit ) In February 2017 , Édgar Ramírez and Darren Criss joined the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Gianni Versace and Andrew Cunanan , respectively . Murphy confirmed the reports announcing Lady Gaga would portray Donatella Versace in The Assassination of Gianni Versace were false ; Penélope Cruz was later cast in the role . In April 2017 , it was announced that Ricky Martin was joining the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Antonio D'Amico , Versace 's longtime partner . On April 28 , 2017 , Annaleigh Ashford was seen filming on the set of The Assassination of Gianni Versace with Criss . On June 21 , 2017 , it was announced through Entertainment Weekly that Ashford 's role in the series would be as Elizabeth Cote , a friend of Cunanan 's since high school , while Nico Evers - Swindell would play her husband , Philip Merrill . On May 5 , 2017 , Murphy announced via his Instagram account that Max Greenfield joined the casting , by publishing a photo of Greenfield and Criss on the set . On June 21 , 2017 , it was announced that Finn Wittrock will star in The Assassination of Gianni Versace , playing Jeffrey Trail , Cunanan 's first victim . In November 2017 , the official Twitter account for the series revealed that Judith Light and Dascha Polanco are part of the cast . In December 2017 , the official webpage for the series released cast and character bios revealing that Max Greenfield would play Ronnie , whilst confirming the casting of Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin , Dascha Polanco as Detective Lori Wieder , Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan , Cody Fern as David Madson , and Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin . Filming ( edit ) According to multiple set reports and photos , principal photography of season 2 took place at the beginning of May 2017 , in Miami .",
"8": "As revealed by Darren Criss via his Twitter account , shooting ended during the week of November 13 . Promotion ( edit ) In September 2017 , FX released the first promotional teaser for The Assassination of Gianni Versace , showing doves sitting outside Versace 's former mansion and flying away when two gunshots ring out . A second teaser was released that same month , depicting Versace 's sister Donatella placing flowers on a casket . In October , a new teaser was released , depicting some police radio communications as a black clothes cover , with the name Versace on it , is being closed . The same month , a second teaser was released , showing Donatella kissing the stairs where Gianni was murdered , before entering in his mansion . On Halloween day , FX aired a new promotional video during a commercial break of the ninth episode of American Horror Story : Cult , which announced that the season would premiere on January 17 , 2018 . In November 2017 , four new teasers were released . The first one shows Versace relaxing next to his pool , as Cunanan comes out of it . The second one depicts D'Amico leaving Gianni 's house , as he hears two gunshots ( the unseen murder ) and runs to see what happened ; while a voice - over by Ricky Martin as D'Amico says that he was Gianni 's partner and lover . The third one shows Donatella and Gianni hugging and watching themselves in front of a mirror , as the latter tells his sister that she would be Versace without him . The fourth one depicts a running sewing machine , which ends up having some issues and not being able to finish its work . On November 15 , 2017 , the first full trailer for the season was released via the Twitter account of the series . It shows some moments of Cunanan 's unstable past and the first aftermaths of Versace 's assassination . The same day , it was announced that the first episode of the season would be available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers . On November 28 , 2017 , FX released a new short trailer depicting the main cast of the season : Cruz , Ramírez , Martin and Criss ; while a voice - over by Criss as Cunanan reveals how he feels the same as Versace .",
"9": "In December 2017 , more teasers were released . The first one opposes Versace and Cunanan as they speak about themselves and their past . The second one features a Versace fashion show where models start crying , as news reports about Versace 's death are being heard . The third one shows Cunanan trying to convince someone that he really has a date with Versace , while the scene is being cut by shots of the assassination and its aftermaths . The fourth one features Donatella Versace in a black dress for her brother 's funeral ; the fifth one shows different rooms of Versace 's mansion , with multiple voice - overs by different characters ; and the sixth one features a showering Cunanan , surrounding his face with duct tape , as Max Greenfield 's Ronnie asks him what he is doing . On December 28 , a first look at the series was released , with multiple interviews from the crew and the cast . That same day , a new teaser was also revealed , depicting Cunanan as he is about to kill his sexual partner and then Versace . At the start of January 2018 , a new teaser was released . It features Cunanan changing the license plate of his car and greeting a young girl , while a voice - over is saying that the police is looking after him and that he is very dangerous . On January 16 , 2018 , the full red band trailer was released , and a short version premiered the next day . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The second season of American Crime Story received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an approval rating of 86 % based on 81 reviews , with an average rating of 7.02 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Assassination of Versace starts with a bang and unfurls slowly , moving backward through an intricate ( and occasionally convoluted ) murder mystery anchored by a career - defining performance from Darren Criss . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 74 out of 100 , based on 35 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Reaction from individuals involved ( edit ) In January 2018 , the Versace family released a statement criticizing the series .",
"10": "They explained they have `` neither authorized nor had any involvement whatsoever '' in the production of the season , before adding that it `` should only be considered as a work of fiction . '' Executive producer Ryan Murphy answered that the series was `` not a work of fiction '' as it is based on a non-fiction book , Maureen Orth 's Vulgar Favors , and that the production team and FX stand by the author and her work . Comparing it to The People v. O.J. Simpson , Murphy added that the season is `` a work of non-fiction obviously with docudrama elements , '' and not a documentary . Following this answer , the Versace family released a second statement , still slamming the series as `` a work of fiction '' because `` the Orth book itself is full of gossip and speculation . '' They also heavily criticized Orth 's work , calling it an `` effort to create a sensational story '' with `` second - hand hearsay that is full of contradictions . '' They gave the example of Gianni Versace 's medical condition , as Orth claims that Versace was HIV positive at the time of his death . Antonio D'Amico also criticized the series , deeming some scenes as `` ridiculous '' and insisting that `` so much has been fictionalised '' . He also revealed that he does not plan to watch it , but that he would have been happy if Ricky Martin , who plays his role , got in contact to get some insight into his relationship with Versace . According to Ryan Murphy , Donatella Versace was very supportive that Penélope Cruz played her role . As Cruz and Versace are friends , Murphy explained that , when he offered her the role , Cruz asked the permission of Versace before agreeing to do it . He also revealed that , while Cruz was representing the series at the 75th Golden Globe Awards , Versace `` very graciously sent ( her ) a lovely and huge flower arrangement saying ' good luck . ' '' Ratings ( edit ) No .",
"11": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Would Be Vogue '' January 17 , 2018 0.7 2.22 0.6 1.76 1.3 3.98 `` Manhunt '' January 24 , 2018 0.4 1.42 0.7 1.98 1.1 3.40 `` A Random Killing '' January 31 , 2018 0.4 1.26 0.7 1.94 1.1 3.20 `` House by the Lake '' February 7 , 2018 0.3 0.98 0.6 1.79 0.9 2.77 5 `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell '' February 14 , 2018 0.2 0.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Descent '' February 28 , 2018 0.3 1.10 0.6 1.58 0.9 2.68 7 `` Ascent '' March 7 , 2018 0.3 0.92 0.5 1.55 0.8 2.47 8 `` Creator / Destroyer '' March 14 , 2018 0.3 1.00 0.5 1.57 0.8 2.57 9 `` Alone '' March 21 , 2018 0.3 1.20 0.6 1.62 0.9 2.82 American Crime Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep.",
"12": "5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 The People v. O.J. Simpson 5.12 3.90 3.34 3.00 2.73 3.00 2.89 2.91 2.76 3.27 The Assassination of Gianni Versace 2.22 1.42 1.26 0.98 0.91 1.10 0.92 1.00 1.20 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This episode was available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American Crime Story : Versace Gets January Premiere Date on FX '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Crime Story ' Renewed By FX For Season 3 , Will Take On Versace Murder '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Assassination of Gianni Versace : 6 Things We Learned From FX 's First Screening '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orth , Maureen ( 1999 ) . Vulgar Favors : Andrew Cunanan , Gianni Versace , and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. History ( 1st ; Hardcover ed . ) . Delacorte Press . ISBN 9780385332866 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Assassination Of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story ' : FX+ Subscribers Get Early Peek At First Episode '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2018 '' .",
"13": "ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 3.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 3.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 22 , 2018 ) .",
"14": "`` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 3.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Crime Story ' : 10 Things to Know About Season 2 '' . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Assassination of Gianni Versace is now officially FX 's next American Crime Story ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Bomer Joins American Crime Story : Versace -- But There 's a Twist '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ricky ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Who showed up on set ? '' . Instagram . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ricky ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ¡ Más escenas ! Esto sigue . @ americancrimestoryfx January 17th , 2018 DONT MISS IT '' . Instagram . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Edgar Ramirez & Darren Criss To Star In ' Versace : American Crime Story ' On FX '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga to Portray Donatella Versace in ' American Crime Story ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Will Not Play Donatella Versace in FX 's ' American Crime Story ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` Penélope Cruz To Play Donatella Versace In FX 's ' Versace : American Crime Story ' '' . Deadline . March 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ricky Martin To Co-Star In ' Versace : American Crime Story ' FX Limited Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alex 's Blog '' . Alex 's Blog . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Photos of ' The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Max Greenfield Boards ' Versace : American Crime Story ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story star Finn Wittrock joining The Assassination of Gianni Versace '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Uncover the crime . Follow to PREVIEW The Assassination of Gianni Versace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` From creator Ryan Murphy . Follow to PREVIEW The Assassination of Gianni Versace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story '' . FX Networks . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Askew , Susan ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` FX `` American Crime Story : Versace '' Filming `` . Re : MiamiBeach . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Darren Criss ( @ DarrenCriss ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` It 's been a crazy 8 months . To celebrate our final week of shooting , I give you the first trailer for # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` American Crime Story : Watch the first teaser for The Assassination of Gianni Versace '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` American Crime Story : Donatella mourns her brother in new Assassination of Gianni Versace teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` A dark obsession . A startling truth . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres in 2018 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Penelope Cruz is Donatella Versace . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres in 2018 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` A troubled path . A dangerous obsession . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The day genius was taken away . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) .",
"17": "Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` What is it without him ? The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stitch together the path of obsession . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the OFFICIAL TRAILER for # ACSVersace . The next installment of FX 's award - winning original series premieres January 17 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Penelope Cruz , Edgar Ramirez , Ricky Martin , and Darren Criss star in # ACSVersace . The next installment of FX 's award - winning series premieres January 17 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` The murders were n't famous until the victim was . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` A mogul . A murder . A manhunt . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17 . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 -- via Twitter .",
"18": "Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` He craved attention . He killed for fame . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres 1 / 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` She was left to pick up the pieces . # ACSVersace premieres 1 / 17 on FX '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Who would kill for a life they can not have ? See the truth behind The Assassination of Gianni Versace . FX 's award - winning series returns 1 / 17 . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 23 , 2017 ) . `` Everyone would know what he did . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres 1 / 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` See the story behind the largest failed manhunt in US history . Get a FIRST LOOK at the second installment of FX 's award - winning limited series , The Assassination of Gianni Versace . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Serial liar . Serial killer . The Assassination of Gianni Versace , the next installment of FX 's award - winning American Crime Story , premieres January 17 . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter .",
"19": "Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Did he fit the profile ? # ACSVersace premieres 1 / 17 , only on @ fxnetworks . @ DarrenCriss '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` He wanted to be famous ... So he killed a man who was . Watch the RED BAND trailer for the next installment of FX 's American Crime Story , The Assassination of Gianni Versace . # ACSVersace premieres tomorrow at 10p '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` This tragedy had many sides . The Assassination of Gianni Versace , the next installment of FX 's award - winning series returns TONIGHT at 10p on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` American Crime Story : The Assassination of Gianni Versace ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Murphy responds to Versace family : ' It is not a work of fiction ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Versace family releases second statement slamming ' bogus ' American Crime Story and author Maureen Orth '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Giuffrida , Angela ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' My life was torn in two when Gianni was shot ' -- Versace 's lover breaks silence '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) .",
"20": "`` ' Assassination of Gianni Versace ' posts solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 15 - 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Waco ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Alienist ' doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 29 - Feb. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Assassination of Gianni Versace ' posts more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' stays atop the cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 26 - March 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' and ' The Alienist ' make more solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' finale doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Krypton ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 19 - 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Crime Story : People v OJ Simpson : ratings '' .",
"21": "TV Series Finale. April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story on IMDb ( hide ) American Crime Story Cast members The People v. O.J. Simpson O.J. Simpson murder case O.J.",
"22": "Simpson Marcia Clark Johnnie Cochran Robert Kardashian Robert Shapiro Christopher Darden Lance Ito Gil Garcetti F. Lee Bailey The Assassination of Gianni Versace Gianni Versace Andrew Cunanan Donatella Versace Antonio D'Amico Source material Jeffrey Toobin ( The Run of His Life ) Maureen Orth ( Vulgar Favors ) Sheri Fink ( Five Days at Memorial ) Awards template Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Assassination_of_Gianni_Versace:_American_Crime_Story&oldid=838301634 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons 2018 American television series debuts American Crime Story seasons American LGBT - related television shows Fashion - themed television series Fictional portrayals of the Chicago Police Department Fictional portrayals of the Miami - Dade Police Department Gay - related television programs Murder in television Television shows about death Films about death Serial killers in television Television series set in 1990 Television series set in 1992 Television series set in 1994 Television series set in 1995 Television series set in 1996 Television series set in 1997 Television shows set in California Television shows set in Chicago Television shows set in Miami Television shows set in Minnesota Television shows set in San Diego True crime television series Versace Works about assassinations in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 04 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .",
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where do rory and paris go to college
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{
"0": "Rory Gilmore - wikipedia Rory Gilmore Jump to : navigation , search Rory Gilmore Gilmore Girls character Alexis Bledel as Rory Gilmore First appearance `` Pilot '' ( 1x01 ) October 5 , 2000 Last appearance `` Fall '' ( 8x04 ) November 25 , 2016 Created by Amy Sherman - Palladino Portrayed by Alexis Bledel Steffani Brass ( Young Rory ) Information Full name Lorelai Leigh Gilmore Nickname ( s ) Mary ( by Tristan ) Ace ( by Logan ) Loinfruit ( by Lorelai ) Scab - Nose ( childhood ) Droopy Drawers ( by Lorelai ) Occupation Freelance journalist Author Editor of Stars Hollow Gazette Former : Intern at Stanford Eagle Gazette Political reporter on Obama campaign Title Reporter Family Lorelai Gilmore ( mother ) Christopher Hayden ( father ) Luke Danes ( stepfather ) Georgia `` Gigi '' Hayden ( half - sister ) April Nardini ( stepsister ) Richard Gilmore ( grandfather ; deceased ) Emily Gilmore ( grandmother ) Lorelai ' Trix ' Gilmore ( great - grandmother ; deceased ) Charles Gilmore ( great - grandfather ; deceased ) Straub Hayden ( grandfather ; deceased ) Francine Hayden ( grandmother ) Significant other ( s ) Dean Forester , Jess Mariano , Logan Huntzberger Religion Protestant Christian Nationality American Relationships Dean Forester 1st Relationship : From Rory 's Dance ( 1x9 ) to Star Crossed Loves And Other Strangers ( 1x16 ) Jess Mariano From Let the games begin 3x8 - 3x20 Logan Huntzberger ( Unknown ) Lorelai Leigh `` Rory '' Gilmore is a fictional character from the WB / CW television series Gilmore Girls played by Alexis Bledel . She first appeared in the pilot episode of the series on October 5 , 2000 and appeared in every episode until the series finale on May 15 , 2007 . Bledel 's performance throughout the series ' run earned her a Young Artist Award , a Family Television Award and two Teen Choice Awards . She also received nominations for an ALMA Award , a Satellite Award , and a Saturn Award .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Storylines 3 Development 3.1 Casting and creation 3.2 Characterization 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Rory is the only daughter of Lorelai Gilmore , and the first - born daughter of Christopher Hayden . She was born October 8 , 1984 in Hartford , Connecticut , at 4 : 03am . Every year at that exact time , Lorelai wakes Rory up to tell her the story of her birth . Because Lorelai became pregnant with Rory when she was only sixteen , the two are more like friends than mother and daughter . Rory shares her mother 's taste in junk food , coffee , movies , music , and much more . She spent her first months living with her mother at her grandparent 's mansion until her mother ran away . The rest of her childhood she spent in the Independence Inn in Stars Hollow where her mother worked originally as a maid . The two lived in the potting shed behind the inn where Jackson 's cousin Rune lived in later seasons . Eventually , Lorelai was able to buy a nice house where Rory spent her adolescent years . Rory did not have much contact with her grandparents until she started to attend Chilton , which Lorelai preferred . Storylines ( edit ) Rory dreams of studying at Harvard University and gets accepted into the prestigious and fictional Chilton Academy , where she stays for her sophomore , junior , and senior years of high school . To pay tuition , Lorelai asks for the money from her estranged wealthy parents , Richard and Emily . They agree to pay for Rory 's education on the condition that the two come to their house every Friday night for dinner . Before leaving Stars Hollow High School , Rory meets Dean Forester . Rory almost convinced herself not to go to Chilton because of not wanting to leave Dean , but after learning of the huge sacrifices her mother made , she decides to go to Chilton . Rory and Dean date for two seasons , only breaking up once when Dean told Rory he loved her on their 3 - month anniversary , and she replied that she would have to think about it , but they eventually reconcile .",
"2": "Dean escorts Rory when she is presented to society at a debutante ball hosted by her grandmother 's chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution . During her time at Chilton , Rory becomes engaged in a feud with close academic rival , Paris Geller . Though the two later become friends , the rivalry continues into their university studies . Rory reluctantly runs for student government with Paris and wins , and writes for the Chilton paper , The Franklin . When she meets Jess Mariano , Rory feels an immediate attraction . They become friends first , but start to date after Dean breaks up with Rory because he sees that Rory likes Jess . However , various problems make their relationship difficult . After Jess skips school to go to work at Walmart , causing him to be unable to graduate or to take Rory to Prom , Jess decides to leave to go to California to see his estranged father , effectively breaking up with Rory . Jess does not tell Rory he is leaving , but later calls and does not say anything on the phone , until Rory caught on that it was him and revealed that she might have loved him but would just have to get over it . Later that year , still upset , Jess returns and tells Rory that he loves her and then leaves again . After graduating Chilton as valedictorian and with a 4.2 GPA , Rory goes on to attend Yale University , her grandfather 's alma mater , in season four , although her entire life she had wanted to go to Harvard , having decided that the benefits of Yale outweighed her dream of studying at Harvard . During her freshman year , Rory resides at Durfee Hall and shares a dorm room with Tana , Janet , and fellow Chilton alumna Paris Geller . She moves to Branford College , the same residential college that her grandfather , Richard Gilmore , lived in , at the beginning of her sophomore year . There she shares a dorm room with Paris . At Yale , Rory majors in English and pursues her interest in journalism ; she wants to be a foreign correspondent and her role - model is Christiane Amanpour . She writes for the Yale Daily News and is its editor towards the end of her studies . While at Yale , Rory reconnects with Dean , who married Lindsay ( a fellow school mate ) , straight after high school , but it is soon clear that he impulsively did it as a rebound from Rory .",
"3": "During the same period , Jess shows up at Yale to see Rory unexpectedly , and asks her to run away with him , but she refuses . Dean gets jealous but he and Rory grow closer and have an affair , during which Rory loses her virginity . Lorelai is angry and disappointed in Rory , who decides to leave for Europe with her grandmother for the summer to avoid conflicts . Shortly after , Dean separates from Lindsay and the two continue seeing each other . Meanwhile , Rory makes the acquaintance of the heir to the Huntzberger Publishing Company , Logan Huntzberger . She soon becomes interested in him and after Dean breaks up with her ( she was detained at a party arranged by her grandparents to introduce her to the wealthy and eligible sons of their Yale alumni friends , including Logan ) , she makes the first move at her grandparents ' vow - renewal . Their relationship begins casually as a `` no strings attached '' affair , because Logan makes it clear that he does not want to commit to a relationship . However , as time passes , Rory grows dissatisfied with their open relationship , and after a day of drunken introspection , she suggests they should end their sexual relationship and be friends because she is `` a girlfriend kind of girl . '' Logan interprets this as an ultimatum and unexpectedly agrees to date her exclusively . At her first time to dinner at Logan 's family home , the Huntzbergers reject Rory as a fit girlfriend for their son because of her aspirations to work and her background . However , Logan affirms his commitment to their relationship , although the pressure exerted by the Huntzbergers continues to dog the couple . To make amends , Logan 's father , Mitchum Huntzberger gives Rory an internship at one of his newspapers , the Stamford Eagle Gazette . At the end of her internship , Mitchum tells Rory that she does not have what it takes to be a journalist , although she would make a good assistant . Upset and angry , Rory cajoles Logan into leaving his sister 's engagement party , held at a marina , to steal a yacht and vent her frustration . When apprehended , Rory is sentenced to 300 hours of community service and rethinks her lifelong ambitions and current path at Yale . Her decision to take time off to consider her options precipitates the most sustained rift with Lorelai to date , beginning in the season five finale .",
"4": "She moves into her grandparents ' pool house , joins Emily 's branch of the Daughters of the American Revolution and begins working for the organization . Rory and Lorelai barely speak for months and are only reconciled mid-season six , in ' The Prodigal Daughter Returns ' . Experiencing some problems with the restricted liberty living with her grandparents , chiefly centering on her sexual relationship with Logan , Rory reassesses her life after another unexpected visit from Jess . He has achieved something with his own life by writing a novel and he encourages her to see that her current choices do not suit who she really is . However , Jess 's visit and Rory 's subsequent realization that she is doing nothing with her life precipitate an argument with Logan and the couple are estranged for some time . Rory doggedly pursues her former editor for a job at the Stamford Eagle Gazette , takes on extra courses at Yale to make up for her time away and is unexpectedly elected editor of the Yale Daily News , taking over from Paris . Rory and Logan reunite and cement their relationship despite his post-graduation spell working in London , England , and a failed business . She cultivates new friendships with girls involved in the arts and drama , Olivia and Lucy , although these relationships become fraught when Marty , a friend who had a crush on Rory in an earlier season , is revealed to be Lucy 's boyfriend . Having been unexpectedly elected editor of the Yale Daily News , Rory 's tenure later comes to an end and leaves her feeling deflated . She continues to work towards her goal , applying for the Reston Fellowship , to become an intern at the New York Times , as well as applying and interviewing for other jobs . She turns down one firm job offer , counting on getting the Reston Fellowship . When she is rejected , Rory is in turmoil , unable to concentrate on a final exam about John Milton 's epic poem , Paradise Lost , and generally experiencing great uncertainty about her future . At Rory 's own graduation party , where it is revealed she graduated with honors and membership in Phi Beta Kappa , Logan unexpectedly proposes marriage and asks her to move to Palo Alto , California , with him . She considers his offer but ultimately declines , suggesting they try to maintain a long - distance relationship . She says that she relishes the openness of her life and the opportunities before her : marriage now would limit that .",
"5": "Logan , however , finds the prospect of `` going backwards '' in their relationship unappealing and issues the ultimatum that it is `` all or nothing '' . Rory wordlessly returns his engagement ring and Logan walks away . As of the final episode , Rory had prepared numerous résumés to mail before going on vacation with her mother . She is offered a job as a reporter to cover Barack Obama 's presidential campaign and his bid for the Democratic Party nomination for an online magazine , when another reporter drops out at the last moment . Luke throws a surprise graduation party for Rory , which closes out the series . Nine years later , Rory is in a rut . She became a successful freelance journalist , but she got fired from a job to ghostwrite a book , and gave up her apartment to stay in different places like New York , London and Stars Hollow . She has been dating a man named Paul for two years , but does not seem to be invested in their relationship . After breaking up with Paul , she also engages in casual sex , including with a nameless man in a Wookie costume . While jetting back and forth between America and London , Rory sees Logan on the side . He , in turn , cheats on his fiancée with Rory , but he will not leave her for Rory . Rory interviews for more many jobs , but she does not receive any promising offers . Rory ends back in Stars Hollow and becomes the editor of The Stars Hollow Gazette . While at work one day , Jess visits her and gives her the idea of writing a book about her life and relationship with her mother , Lorelai . Rory and her mother have a falling out when Rory tells Lorelai about the book , as Lorelai does not want her life written about . Rory continues to wander , although very determined to write her novel . She breaks things off with Logan for good , believing their relationship is not what is best for her . She ends up reconciling with her mother and is present when Lorelai marries Luke . Rory later reveals to Lorelai that she is pregnant . While the father 's identity is not explicitly stated , the timing implies that it is Logan 's child .",
"6": "Development ( edit ) Rory Gilmore was played by Alexis Bledel Casting and creation ( edit ) Alexis Bledel had no previous acting experience : `` It was just one of those young , beautiful faces . We were trying to find someone new , someone interesting . There was something about her . In person she was very shy and quiet , not this vivacious energy , just very simple and pretty . '' Susanne Daniels who oversaw the development of Gilmore Girls said : `` Amy wanted to write a smart teenage girl character who was n't a bombshell , or a mousy loner yearning for a Prince Charming to come break her out of her shell . Amy had in mind a girl with real complexity -- a kid who was fiercely independent and intellectually precious but naïve in matters of the heart . '' Amy Sherman - Palladino said : `` What to me had not been done was a girl who was n't fucking around at 14 . A girl who was not interested in boys , not because of an aversion to boys , but who just was academically goal - oriented and really that 's what made her tick . And a girl who was very comfortable in her skin . Did n't need to be popular , was n't popular , but did n't care . Did n't look longingly at the group over by the soda fountain with the good shoes . Because she had her best friend , her mom , and she had her other friend , and she had her life . And her life is good . '' Edward Herrmann who portrayed Rory 's grandfather Richard , said of his relationship with Rory : `` I think that was Amy 's idea from the beginning , to have this relationship between the grandfather and the granddaughter blossom . Which was very hard on the daughter to see , this unaffected affection expressed between her father and her daughter . That was a lovely element in the show that I really enjoyed . '' Characterization ( edit ) Margaret Lyons of Vulture.com wrote `` Rory 's worst attribute , other than her slouchy posture , is her lack of impulse control . Rory 's strongest motivator is want -- if she wants to do it , she does . Her wants always win .",
"7": "Conveniently for her , her wants often align with social norms for WASP success , but on the occasions that they do n't , she still follows them . '' Alexis Bledel said of her character 's evolution up to the fifth season finale : `` Rory has been on a very specific path for most of her young life , so last season ( season 4 ) was the year that sort of opened her eyes to the fact that there are so many other things . She realized how competitive the field she was trying to get into is , and how slim her chances actually were , and how hard she 'd have to work ... when she already was working hard . We saw more about her than her academic goals , and it was fun to see where it would go . Viewers had never really seen ( Rory ) mess up too much . She was almost annoyingly perfect . You just never saw her do anything normal teenagers do , and Amy said when Rory messes up , it 's big . '' Described as `` a bright , well - behaved , pop - culturally savvy teenager '' , Jezebel further called her a `` feminist '' for reading feminist prose , dreaming of having a career like Christiane Amanpour and for rejecting a wedding proposal because she is too young . Reflecting on Rory 's decision to turn down Logan 's proposal , Matt Czuchry said : `` I feel that the show is about two strong independent women , and that refusal captures the heart of the show . And I do n't think it was personal to Logan . I just think it was the right decision for Rory regardless of who her boyfriend was . '' Commenting on Rory 's friendship with Paris , Sherman - Palladino said : `` She needs challenges , and Paris is relentless . Rory will want to stay close to that kind of person because it keeps her sharp , her eyes focused on the prize . '' She liked the contrast of personalities , `` Rory 's complete acceptance of people for who they are '' and Paris 's unwillingness `` to accept anyone , even herself . '' Reception ( edit ) After watching the pilot of the series , Ron Wertheimer of The New York Times wrote : `` Ms. Bledel , new to television , creates an appealing blend of precocious wisdom and teenage anxiety . ''",
"8": "Variety critic Laura Fries called Bledel `` the real star '' for her ability `` to articulate the wide range of often subtle emotions that confront teenagers . '' In his article discussing child actors playing `` more meaningful characters '' , Allan Johnson of the Chicago Tribune cited Bledel as one of `` two more young people who are showing some depth in their various portrayals '' . Shirly Li of The Atlantic praised the friendship between Rory and Paris , describing it as `` a deep platonic female relationship that did n't come prepackaged , but instead developed in front of viewers ' eyes . ( Their friendship ) should be remembered as a cultural landmark -- TV 's last , great , gradually developed friendship between teenage girls ... Gilmore Girls offered something that 's rare on TV but common in real life . For her portrayal of Rory Gilmore , Alexis Bledel won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Drama Series - Leading Young Actress in 2001 . She was nominated in the same category in 2002 . In the same year , Bledel won a Family Television Award for Best Actress . She also earned a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Comedy in 2005 and in 2006 . Bledel further received nominations from several organizations including the Online Film & Television Association Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2002 , the Saturn Awards and Satellite Awards in 2003 , and the ALMA Awards in 2006 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Written in the Stars '' Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9g5K9Mvpzs&feature=youtu.be&t=43 ^ Jump up to : Berman , A.S. ( July 9 , 2015 ) . The Gilmore Girls Companion . BearManor Media . ISBN 1 - 5939 - 3616 - 8 . Jump up ^ LaTempa , Susan ( April 29 , 2002 ) . `` The Best of Friends , 04.29. 02 ... '' GilmoreGirls.org . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Gilmore Girls Is Great , But Lorelai and Rory Might Be Terrible '' . Vulture.com .",
"9": "Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Acting the parts - Alexis Bledel charts some new territories '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tracie Egan Morrissey ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` 20 Feminist TV Characters '' . Jezebel . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Czuchry : Rory Turning Down Logan 's Proposal on Gilmore Girls Was `` the Right Decision '' `` . Us Weekly . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Minow , Nell ( May 18 , 2004 ) . `` Daughters , mothers and ' Gilmore Girls ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wertheimer , Ron ( October 5 , 2000 ) . `` TELEVISION REVIEW ; A Mother and Daughter , Both With Growing Pains '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fries , Laura ( October 4 , 2000 ) . `` Review : ' Gilmore Girls ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Allan ( November 9 , 2000 ) . `` From Cute To Astute '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` When Paris Met Rory : TV 's Last Great Teenage - Girl Friendship '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 22nd Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards - 2005 '' . Awards and Winners . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards - 2006 '' . Awards and Winners .",
"10": "Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OFTA Television Award '' . ofta.cinemasight.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NCLR ALMA AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . almaawards.com. 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Rory Gilmore on IMDb ( hide ) Gilmore Girls Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Lorelais ' First Day At Chilton '' `` Kill Me Now '' Season 2 `` Teach Me Tonight '' Season 3 Season 4 `` The Lorelais ' First Day at Yale '' Season 5 `` Wedding Bell Blues '' Season 6 Season 7 `` Bon Voyage '' A Year in the Life Characters Lorelai Gilmore Rory Gilmore Emily Gilmore See also Awards Stars Hollow Our Little Corner of the World : Music from Gilmore Girls Gilmore Guys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rory_Gilmore&oldid=821020573 '' Categories : Gilmore Girls Fictional characters introduced in 2000 Fictional college students Fictional journalists and media people Fictional characters from Connecticut Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8633446439194247784
|
who was the winner of the first indianapolis 500
|
[
"Ray Harroun",
"Ray Harroun",
"Ray Harroun",
"Ray Harroun",
"Ray Harroun"
] |
{
"0": "List of Indianapolis 500 winners - wikipedia List of Indianapolis 500 winners Jump to : navigation , search The winner of the Indianapolis 500 is awarded the Borg - Warner Trophy . The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race , held annually on the last weekend in May to coincide with Memorial Day . The race is held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , located in Speedway , Indiana . The Indianapolis 500 is an open - wheel car race and is currently sanctioned by Indy Racing League LLC , and has been run as an IndyCar Series event since 1996 . The Indianapolis 500 is considered one of the most traditional and historical races in the world , and is also considered one of the three most significant motorsport races in the world . The first Indianapolis 500 was held in 1911 , where Ray Harroun was declared the first winner , driving the Marmon Wasp . The race has been run annually since 1911 ( with exceptions during World War I and World War II ) and 71 drivers have been crowned champions of the 500 - mile race over the course of 101 races . The most race victories held by a single driver is four , which has been accomplished only by A.J. Foyt , Al Unser and Rick Mears . The Indianapolis 500 has also drawn many international drivers to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over the years , with 26 of the winners coming from outside of the United States , representing nine separate countries . The most recent champion of the Indianapolis 500 is Takuma Sato , winner of the 2017 race . The winner of the Indianapolis 500 receives many prizes , many based on past tradition . One of the most iconic traditions is for the winner of the Indianapolis 500 to drink a bottle of milk , a tradition started by Louis Meyer who won the race in 1936 . The winner is also presented with a wreath in victory lane , and has the opportunity to kiss the yard of brick ( the start / finish line ) , an Indianapolis Motor Speedway tradition started by NASCAR driver Dale Jarrett in 1996 at the Brickyard 400 and adopted by 500 winners since 2003 . The winner of the race also receives the pace car used during that race , and will have on the Borg - Warner Trophy a bas - relief sculpture of their face added to the base .",
"1": "The Borg - Warner Trophy has been used since 1936 and along with the sculpture on the original trophy , the winning driver and car owner receive a small replica . The Indianapolis 500 winner also receives a large purse , most recently at $ 2.49 million , given to Ryan Hunter - Reay in 2014 . Other prizes have been given to the race winner over the years , including a quilt , made by Jeanetta Holder , which is presented to the driver annually at the winner 's photo shoot . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of winners 1.1 Fisher Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1911 -- 1927 ) 1.2 Rickenbacker Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1928 -- 1945 ) 1.3 Hulman / George Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1946 -- 1955 ) 1.4 Hulman / George Era -- USAC sanctioning ( 1956 -- 1995 ) 1.5 Hulman / George Era -- INDYCAR sanctioning ( 1996 -- present ) 2 Driver statistics 2.1 Active driver victories 2.2 Multiple victories 2.3 Consecutive victories 2.4 Rookie winners ( inaugural race inclusive ) 2.5 Nationalities of non-American winners 2.6 Race and National Championship victories in same year 2.7 Winning drivers who did not start next race 3 Owners 3.1 Driver / Owners 4 Constructors and suppliers 4.1 Chassis 4.2 Engines 4.3 Tires 5 Miscellanea 5.1 Winning starting positions 5.1. 1 Chronological 5.1. 2 By starting position 5.2 Winning car numbers 5.2. 1 Chronological 5.2.",
"2": "2 By Number 6 Notes 7 References List of winners ( edit ) Fisher Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1911 -- 1927 ) ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team / Owner Chassis Engine Tire Race Distance Time Average Speed Car Name Laps Miles ( km ) 1911 May 30 Ray Harroun Nordyke & Marmon Company Marmon Marmon 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 6 : 42 : 08.039 74.59 mph ( 120.04 km / h ) Marmon Wasp 1912 May 30 Joe Dawson National Motor Vehicle Company National National 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 6 : 21 : 06.144 78.719 mph ( 126.686 km / h ) National Motor Vehicle 1913 May 30 Jules Goux Peugeot Peugeot Peugeot 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 6 : 35 : 05.108 75.933 mph ( 122.202 km / h ) Peugeot 1914 May 30 René Thomas Louis Delâge Company Delage Delage 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 6 : 03 : 45.060 82.474 mph ( 132.729 km / h ) L. Delâge 1915 May 31 Ralph DePalma E.C. Patterson Mercedes Mercedes BF 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 33 : 55.619 89.840 mph ( 144.583 km / h ) Mercedes E.C.",
"3": "Patterson 1916 May 30 Dario Resta Peugeot Auto Racing Company Peugeot Peugeot BF 120 300 miles ( 483 km ) 3 : 34 : 16.990 84.001 mph ( 135.187 km / h ) Peugeot Auto Racing 1917 No race held due to World War I 1918 1919 May 31 Howdy Wilcox I.M.S. Corporation Premier Premier 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 40 : 42.930 88.050 mph ( 141.703 km / h ) Peugeot Indianapolis Speedway Team 1920 May 31 Gaston Chevrolet William Small Company Frontenac Frontenac 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 38 : 31.901 88.618 mph ( 142.617 km / h ) Monroe William Small 1921 May 30 Tommy Milton Louis Chevrolet Frontenac Frontenac 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 34 : 44.578 89.621 mph ( 144.231 km / h ) Frontenac Louis Chevrolet 1922 May 30 Jimmy Murphy Jimmy Murphy Duesenberg Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 17 : 30.845 94.484 mph ( 152.057 km / h ) Jimmy Murphy 1923 May 30 Tommy Milton H.C.S. Motor Company Miller Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 31 : 19.618 90.545 mph ( 145.718 km / h ) H.C.S.",
"4": "Motor Company 1924 May 30 Lora L. Corum Duesenberg Duesenberg Duesenberg 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 05 : 23.595 98.234 mph ( 158.092 km / h ) Duesenberg Joe Boyer 1925 May 30 Peter DePaolo Duesenberg Duesenberg Duesenberg 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 56 : 39.401 101.127 mph ( 162.748 km / h ) Duesenberg 1926 May 31 Frank Lockhart Peter Kreis Miller Miller 160 * 400 miles ( 644 km ) 5 : 12 : 48.768 95.904 mph ( 154.343 km / h ) Miller Peter Kreis 1927 May 30 George Souders William S. White Duesenberg Duesenberg 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 07 : 33.022 97.545 mph ( 156.983 km / h ) Duesenberg William White Rickenbacker Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1928 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team / Owner Chassis Engine Tire Race Distance Time Average Speed Car Name Laps Miles ( km ) 1928 May 30 Louis Meyer Alden Sampson , II Miller Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 01 : 33.725 99.482 mph ( 160.101 km / h ) Miller Alden Sampson , II 1929 May 30 Ray Keech M.A.",
"5": "Yagle Miller Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 07 : 25.458 97.585 mph ( 157.048 km / h ) Simplex Piston Ring Yagle 1930 May 30 Billy Arnold Harry Hartz Summers Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 58 : 39.720 100.448 mph ( 161.655 km / h ) Miller Hartz 1931 May 30 Louis Schneider B.L. Schneider Stevens Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 5 : 10 : 27.948 96.629 mph ( 155.509 km / h ) Bowes Seal Fast Schneider 1932 May 30 Fred Frame Harry Hartz Wetteroth Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 48 : 03.761 104.144 mph ( 167.604 km / h ) Miller - Harry Hartz 1933 May 30 Louis Meyer Louis Meyer Miller Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 48 : 00.774 104.162 mph ( 167.632 km / h ) Tydol / Louis Meyer 1934 May 30 Bill Cummings H.C. Henning Miller Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 46 : 05.254 104.863 mph ( 168.761 km / h ) Boyle Products Henning 1935 May 30 Kelly Petillo Kelly Petillo Wetteroth Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 42 : 22.771 106.240 mph ( 170.977 km / h ) Gilmore Speedway Petillo 1936 May 30 Louis Meyer Louis Meyer Stevens Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 35 : 03.314 109.069 mph ( 175.",
"6": "530 km / h ) Ring Free Lou Meyer 1937 May 31 Wilbur Shaw Wilbur Shaw Shaw Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 24 : 07.861 113.580 mph ( 182.789 km / h ) Shaw - Gilmore 1938 May 30 Floyd Roberts Lou Moore Wetteroth Miller 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 15 : 58.362 117.200 mph ( 188.615 km / h ) Burd Piston Ring Lou Moore 1939 May 30 Wilbur Shaw Boyle Racing Headquarters Maserati Maserati 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 20 : 47.412 115.035 mph ( 185.131 km / h ) Boyle Racing Headquarters 1940 May 30 Wilbur Shaw Boyle Racing Headquarters Maserati Maserati 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 22 : 31.201 114.277 mph ( 183.911 km / h ) Boyle Racing Headquarters 1941 May 30 Floyd Davis Lou Moore Wetteroth Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 20 : 36.266 115.117 mph ( 185.263 km / h ) Noc - Out Hose Clamp Moore Mauri Rose 1942 No race held due to World War II 1943 1944 1945 Hulman / George Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1946 -- 1955 ) ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team / Owner Chassis Engine Tire Race Distance Time Average Speed ( mph ) ( km / h ) Car Name Laps Miles ( km ) 1946 May 30 George Robson Thorne Engineering Adams Sparks 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 21 : 16.711 114.820 184.",
"7": "785 Thorne Engineering 1947 May 30 Mauri Rose Lou Moore Deidt Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 17 : 52.159 116.338 187.228 Blue Crown Spark Plug Moore 1948 May 31 Mauri Rose Lou Moore Deidt Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 10 : 23.286 119.814 192.822 Blue Crown Spark Plug Moore 1949 May 30 Bill Holland Lou Moore Deidt Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 4 : 07 : 15.939 121.327 195.257 Blue Crown Spark Plug Moore 1950 May 30 Johnnie Parsons Kurtis Kraft Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser 138 * 345 miles ( 555 km ) 2 : 46 : 55.967 124.002 199.562 Wynn 's Friction Kurtis - Kraft 1951 May 30 Lee Wallard Murrell Belanger Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 57 : 38.103 126.244 203.170 Murrell Belanger 1952 May 30 Troy Ruttman J.C. Agajanian Kuzma Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 52 : 41.930 128.922 207.480 J.C. Agajanian 1953 May 30 Bill Vukovich Howard B. Keck Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 53 : 01.668 128.740 207.187 Fuel Injection Howard Keck 1954 May 31 Bill Vukovich Howard B.",
"8": "Keck Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 49 : 17.261 130.840 210.567 Fuel Injection Howard Keck 1955 May 30 Bob Sweikert John Zink Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 53 : 59.576 128.213 206.339 John Zink Hulman / George Era -- USAC sanctioning ( 1956 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team / Owner Chassis Engine Tire Race Distance Time Average Speed ( mph ) ( km / h ) Car Name Laps Miles ( km ) 1956 May 30 Pat Flaherty John Zink Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 53 : 28.872 128.490 206.785 John Zink 1957 May 30 Sam Hanks George Salih Salih Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 41 : 14.238 135.601 218.229 Belond Exhaust George Salih 1958 May 30 Jimmy Bryan George Salih Salih Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 44 : 21.064 133.791 215.316 Belong AP George Salih 1959 May 30 Rodger Ward Leader Cards Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 40 : 47.470 135.857 218.641 Leader Cards 500 Roadster 1960 May 30 Jim Rathmann Ken - Paul Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 36 : 11.384 138.767 223.324 Ken - Paul 1961 May 30 A.J.",
"9": "Foyt Bignotti - Bowes Racing Trevis Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 35 : 37.540 139.130 223.908 Bowes Seal Fast Bignotti 1962 May 30 Rodger Ward Leader Cards Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 33 : 50.291 140.293 225.780 Leader Cards 500 Roadster 1963 May 30 Parnelli Jones J.C. Agajanian Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 29 : 35.365 143.137 230.357 J.C. Agajanian Willard Battery 1964 May 30 A.J. Foyt Ansted - Thompson Racing Watson Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 23 : 35.813 147.350 237.137 Sheraton - Thompson Ansted 1965 May 31 Jim Clark Team Lotus Lotus Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 19 : 05.370 150.686 242.506 Lotus powered by Ford 1966 May 30 Graham Hill Mecom Racing Team Lola Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 27 : 52.543 144.317 232.256 American Red Ball Mecom 1967 May 30 -- 31 A.J. Foyt Ansted - Thompson Racing Coyote Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 18 : 24.211 151.207 243.344 Sheraton - Thompson Ansted 1968 May 30 Bobby Unser Leader Cards Eagle Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 16 : 13.786 152.882 246.",
"10": "040 Rislone Leader Cards 1969 May 30 Mario Andretti STP Corporation Hawk Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 11 : 14.689 156.867 252.453 STP Oil Treatment 1970 May 30 Al Unser Vel 's Parnelli Jones Ford Colt Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 12 : 37.057 155.749 250.654 Johnny Lightning 1971 May 29 Al Unser Vel 's Parnelli Jones Ford Colt Ford 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 10 : 11.545 157.735 253.850 Johnny Lightning 1972 May 27 Mark Donohue Roger Penske Enterprises McLaren Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 04 : 23.851 162.962 262.262 Sunoco McLaren Penske 1973 May 28 -- 30 Gordon Johncock Patrick Racing Team Eagle Offenhauser 133 * 333 miles ( 535 km ) 2 : 05 : 25.320 159.036 255.944 STP Double Oil Filter Patrick May 26 Johnny Rutherford Bruce McLaren Motor Racing McLaren Offenhauser 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 09 : 10.094 158.589 255.224 McLaren Cars May 25 Bobby Unser All American Racers Eagle Offenhauser 174 * 435 miles ( 700 km ) 2 : 54 : 55.064 149.213 240.135 Jorgensen All American Racers 1976 May 30 Johnny Rutherford Bruce McLaren Motor Racing McLaren Offenhauser 102 * 255 miles ( 410 km ) 1 : 42 : 52.466 148.725 239.350 Hy - Gain / McLaren 1977 May 29 A.",
"11": "J. Foyt A.J. Foyt Enterprises Coyote Foyt 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 57.186 161.331 259.637 Gilmore Racing A.J. Foyt 1978 May 28 Al Unser Chaparral Racing Lola Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 54.974 161.363 259.689 First National City Chaparral 1979 May 27 Rick Mears Penske Racing Penske Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 08 : 47.950 158.899 255.723 The Gould Charge Penske 1980 May 25 Johnny Rutherford Chaparral Racing Chaparral Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 29 : 59.572 142.862 229.914 Pennzoil Chaparral Racing 1981 May 24 Bobby Unser Penske Racing Penske Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 35 : 41.819 139.084 223.834 The Norton Spirit Penske 1982 May 30 Gordon Johncock STP Patrick Racing Team Wildcat Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 09.122 162.029 260.760 STP Oil Treatment Patrick May 29 Tom Sneva Bignotti - Cotter March Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 03.092 162.117 260.902 Texaco Star Bignotti - Cotter 1984 May 27 Rick Mears Penske Cars March Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 03 : 21.638 163.612 263.",
"12": "308 Pennzoil Z - 7 Penske 1985 May 26 Danny Sullivan Penske Cars March Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 16 : 06.090 152.982 246.201 Miller American Penske 1986 May 31 Bobby Rahal Truesports March Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 55 : 43.457 170.722 274.750 Budweiser Truesports May 24 Al Unser Penske Racing , Incorporated March Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 04 : 59.121 162.175 260.995 Cummins - Holset Penske 1988 May 29 Rick Mears Penske Racing , Incorporated Penske Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 27 : 10.167 144.809 233.047 Pennzoil Z - 7 Penske 1989 May 28 Emerson Fittipaldi Patrick Racing , Incorporated Penske Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 59 : 01.074 167.581 269.695 Marlboro Patrick Racing 1990 May 27 Arie Luyendyk Doug Shierson Racing Lola Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 41 : 18.404 185.981 299.307 Domino 's Pizza Shierson 1991 May 26 Rick Mears Penske Racing , Incorporated Penske Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 50 : 00.791 176.457 283.980 Marlboro Penske Chevy 91 1992 May 24 Al Unser Jr .",
"13": "Galles - Kraco Racing Galmer Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 43 : 05.148 134.477 216.420 Valvoline Galmer 92 1993 May 30 Emerson Fittipaldi Penske Racing , Incorporated Penske Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 10 : 49.860 157.207 253.000 Marlboro Penske Chevy ' 93 1994 May 29 Al Unser Jr .",
"14": "Penske Racing , Incorporated Penske Mercedes - Benz 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 06 : 29.006 160.872 258.898 Marlboro Penske Mercedes 1995 May 28 Jacques Villeneuve Team Green Reynard Ford Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 15 : 17.561 153.616 247.221 Player 's LTD / Team Green Hulman / George Era -- INDYCAR sanctioning ( 1996 -- present ) ( edit ) Year Date Driver Team / Owner Chassis Engine Tire Race Distance Time Average Speed ( mph ) ( km / h ) Car Name Laps Miles ( km ) May 26 Buddy Lazier Hemelgarn Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 22 : 45.753 147.956 238.112 Delta Faucet / Montana Hemelgarn 1997 May 26 -- 27 Arie Luyendyk Treadway Racing G Force Oldsmobile 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 25 : 43.388 145.827 234.686 Wavephore / Sprint PCS Miller Lite / Provimi 1998 May 24 Eddie Cheever Team Cheever Dallara Oldsmobile 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 26 : 40.524 145.155 233.604 Rachel 's Potato Chips 1999 May 30 Kenny Bräck A.J. Foyt Enterprises Dallara Oldsmobile 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 15 : 51.182 153.176 246.513 A.J.",
"15": "Foyt PowerTeam Racing 2000 May 28 Juan Pablo Montoya Chip Ganassi Racing G Force Oldsmobile 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 58 : 59.431 167.607 269.737 Target 2001 May 27 Hélio Castroneves Marlboro Team Penske Dallara Oldsmobile 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 31 : 54.180 141.574 227.841 Team Penske 2002 May 26 Hélio Castroneves Marlboro Team Penske Dallara Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 00 : 10.871 166.499 267.954 Marlboro Team Penske 2003 May 25 Gil de Ferran Marlboro Team Penske Panoz G Force Toyota 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 11 : 56.989 156.291 251.526 Marlboro Team Penske May 30 Buddy Rice Rahal Letterman Racing Panoz G Force Honda 180 * 450 miles ( 724 km ) 3 : 14 : 55.2395 138.518 222.923 Rahal - Letterman Argent / Pioneer 2005 May 29 Dan Wheldon Andretti Green Racing Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 10 : 21.0769 157.603 253.637 Klein Tools / Jim Beam 2006 May 28 Sam Hornish Jr . Marlboro Team Penske Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 10 : 58.7590 157.085 252.",
"16": "804 Marlboro Team Penske 2007 May 27 Dario Franchitti Andretti Green Racing Dallara Honda 166 * 415 miles ( 668 km ) 2 : 44 : 03.5608 151.774 244.257 Canadian Club 2008 May 25 Scott Dixon Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 28 : 57.6792 143.567 231.049 Target Chip Ganassi Racing 2009 May 24 Hélio Castroneves Marlboro Team Penske Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 19 : 34.6427 150.318 241.913 Team Penske May 30 Dario Franchitti Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 37.0131 161.623 260.107 Target Chip Ganassi Racing 2011 May 29 Dan Wheldon Bryan Herta Autosport Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 56 : 11.7267 170.265 274.015 William Rast - Curb / Big Machine 2012 May 27 Dario Franchitti Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 58 : 51.2532 167.734 269.934 Target Chip Ganassi Racing 2013 May 26 Tony Kanaan KV Racing Technology Dallara Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 40 : 03.4181 187.433 301.",
"17": "644 Hydroxycut KV Racing Technology - SH Racing 2014 May 25 Ryan Hunter - Reay Andretti Autosport Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 2 : 40 : 48.2305 186.563 300.244 DHL Express 2015 May 24 Juan Pablo Montoya Team Penske Dallara Chevrolet 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 05 : 56.5286 161.341 259.653 Verizon Wireless 2016 May 29 Alexander Rossi Bryan Herta Autosport / Andretti Autosport Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 00 : 02.0872 166.634 268.171 National Automotive Parts Association 2017 May 28 Takuma Sato Andretti Autosport Dallara Honda 200 500 miles ( 805 km ) 3 : 13 : 03.3584 155.395 250.084 Panasonic / Ruoff Home Mortgage * * Race rain - shortened Driver statistics ( edit ) Active driver victories ( edit ) Wins Driver Years Hélio Castroneves 2001 2002 2009 Juan Pablo Montoya 2000 2015 Buddy Lazier Scott Dixon 2008 Tony Kanaan 2013 Ryan Hunter - Reay 2014 Alexander Rossi 2016 Takuma Sato 2017 Multiple victories ( edit ) Multiple driver victories Nineteen of seventy race - winning drivers , 27.14 % , have won the race more than once . Wins Driver Years A.J. Foyt 1961 1964 1967 1977 Al Unser , Sr .",
"18": "1970 1971 1978 Rick Mears 1979 1984 1988 1991 Louis Meyer 1928 1933 1936 Wilbur Shaw 1937 1939 1940 Mauri Rose 1941 1947 1948 Johnny Rutherford 1976 1980 Bobby Unser 1968 1981 Hélio Castroneves 2001 2002 2009 Dario Franchitti 2007 2012 Tommy Milton 1921 1923 Bill Vukovich 1953 1954 Rodger Ward 1959 1962 Gordon Johncock 1973 1982 Emerson Fittipaldi 1989 1993 Al Unser , Jr . 1992 1994 Arie Luyendyk 1990 1997 Dan Wheldon 2005 2011 Juan Pablo Montoya 2000 2015 Consecutive victories ( edit ) Wins Driver Years Wilbur Shaw 1939 -- 1940 Mauri Rose 1947 -- 1948 Bill Vukovich 1953 -- 1954 Al Unser , Sr . 1970 -- 1971 Hélio Castroneves 2001 -- 2002 Rookie winners ( inaugural race inclusive ) ( edit ) Year Driver 1911 Ray Harroun 1913 Jules Goux 1914 René Thomas 1926 Frank Lockhart 1927 George Souders 1966 Graham Hill 2000 Juan Pablo Montoya 2001 Hélio Castroneves 2016 Alexander Rossi * Louis Meyer won in his first start in 1928 , but had served as a relief driver , and thus running laps in competition , the year before .",
"19": "Nationalities of non-American winners ( edit ) Rank Nation National Wins Drivers Driver Wins United Kingdom 8 Dario Franchitti 2007 2012 Dan Wheldon 2005 2011 George Robson 1946 Jim Clark 1965 Graham Hill 1966 Brazil 7 Hélio Castroneves 2001 2002 2009 Emerson Fittipaldi 1989 1993 Gil de Ferran 2003 Tony Kanaan 2013 France Jules Goux 1913 René Thomas 1914 Gaston Chevrolet 1920 Italy Ralph DePalma 1915 Dario Resta 1916 Mario Andretti 1969 5 Netherlands Arie Luyendyk 1990 1997 Colombia Juan Pablo Montoya 2000 2015 7 Canada Jacques Villeneuve 1995 Sweden Kenny Bräck 1999 New Zealand Scott Dixon 2008 Japan Takuma Sato 2017 ( a ) American national ( b ) Brazilian national ( c ) British national Race and National Championship victories in same year ( edit ) Year Driver Championship Sanctioning Body * 1920 Gaston Chevrolet AAA Contest Board 1921 Tommy Milton 1922 Jimmy Murphy 1925 Peter DePaolo 1928 Louis Meyer 1930 Billy Arnold 1931 Louis Schneider 1933 Louis Meyer 1934 Bill Cummings 1935 Kelly Petillo 1937 Wilbur Shaw 1938 Floyd Roberts 1939 Wilbur Shaw 1955 Bob Sweikert 1959 Rodger Ward USAC 1961 A.J. Foyt 1962 Rodger Ward 1964 A.J. Foyt 1967 A.J.",
"20": "Foyt 1968 Bobby Unser 1969 Mario Andretti 1970 Al Unser 1979 Rick Mears SCCA / CART 1980 Johnny Rutherford CART 1986 Bobby Rahal 1989 Emerson Fittipaldi 1994 Al Unser , Jr . 1995 Jacques Villeneuve 2005 Dan Wheldon IndyCar 2006 Sam Hornish , Jr . 2007 Dario Franchitti 2008 Scott Dixon Dario Franchitti * From 1979 -- 1995 , the Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race and the American Open Wheel National Championship were sanctioned by separate organizations , USAC and CART , respectively . From 1980 -- 1995 , winners of a USAC Gold Crown Championship were officially declared . From 1985 onwards , the Indianapolis 500 was the only race on the Gold Crown calendar . The winner of the Indianapolis 500 would be the Gold Crown champion ; as such championship consisted solely of Indianapolis , Gold Crown winners from 1985 to 1995 are indistinguishable from Indianapolis winners in those same years .",
"21": "Winning drivers who did not start next race ( edit ) Year Won Driver Reason For Not Starting 1911 Ray Harroun Retired for second and final time in victory lane 1912 Joe Dawson Unknown ; returned , 1914 1914 René Thomas World War I service in France ; returned , 1919 1915 Ralph DePalma Inadmissible ( late ) entry application , 1916 , after facility management 's rejection of appearance - fee requirement ; returned , 1919 1916 Dario Resta Business interests ; returned , 1923 1920 Gaston Chevrolet Fatal motorsports accident , Beverly Hills Speedway , 25 November 1920 1924 Lora L. Corum Unknown ; returned , 1926 Joe Boyer Fatal motorsports accident , Altoona Speedway , 2 September 1924 1929 Ray Keech Fatal motorsports accident , Altoona Speedway , 15 June 1929 1935 Kelly Petillo Unknown ; returned , 1937 1941 Floyd Davis Unknown 1946 George Robson Fatal motorsports accident , Lakewood Speedway , 2 September 1946 1951 Lee Wallard Career - ending motorsports accident , shortly after victory 1952 Troy Ruttman Sprint car crash injury , August 1952 ; returned , 1954 1956 Pat Flaherty Severe injury , motorsports accident , Illinois State Fairgrounds , 18 August 1956 ; returned , 1959 1957 Sam Hanks Retired in victory lane 1981 Bobby Unser Semi-retired ; served as team manager for Josele Garza ; retired permanently in 1983 1994 Al Unser , Jr .",
"22": "Did not qualify ; returned , 2000 ( CART - IRL split ) 1995 Jacques Villeneuve Drove in Formula One ; returned , 2014 1999 Kenny Bräck Drove in CART ; returned , 2002 2000 Juan Pablo Montoya Drove in Formula One ; raced at IMS in the United States Grand Prix , 2001 -- 06 and Brickyard 400 , 2007 -- 2013 ; returned , 2014 2003 Gil de Ferran Retired at the conclusion of 2003 IRL season ; returned as a car owner for 2010 season . Buddy Rice Practice session crash injury , back injury ; replaced by Kenny Bräck ; returned , 2006 2007 Dario Franchitti Injured in NASCAR Nationwide Series Aaron 's 312 at Talladega ; returned , 2009 2011 Dan Wheldon Fatal motorsports accident , Las Vegas Motor Speedway , 16 October 2011 Davis was relieved by Mauri Rose on Lap 72 . Rose competed in the next 500 in 1946 . Franchitti had signed with Chip Ganassi Racing to run a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season for Ganassi in 2008 , but was injured April 25 at the Aaron 's 312 Nationwide Series race . That team shut down in July 2008 because of sponsorship issues , and Franchitti returned to the IRL with Ganassi in time for the exhibition race in Surfers Paradise , racing the full season in 2009 .",
"23": "Owners ( edit ) Wins Entrant ( Owner ) Victories 16 Penske Racing ( Roger Penske ) 1972 1979 1981 1984 1985 1988 1991 1993 1994 2001 2002 2003 2006 2009 2015 6 Team Green / Andretti Green Racing / Andretti Autosport / Andretti Herta Autosport 1995 2005 2007 2014 2016 2017 5 Lou Moore 1938 1941 1947 1948 1949 Chip Ganassi Racing ( Chip Ganassi ) 2000 2008 2012 A.J. Foyt Enterprises ( A.J. Foyt ) 1967 1977 1999 Leader Cards Racing ( Bob Wilke ) 1959 1962 1968 Patrick Racing ( Pat Patrick ) 1973 1982 1989 Peugeot Auto Racing Company 1913 1916 Duesenberg Automobile & Motors Company 1924 1925 Harry Hartz 1930 1932 Louis Meyer 1933 1936 Boyle Racing Headquarters 1939 1940 Howard B. Keck 1953 1954 John Zink 1955 1956 George Salih 1957 1958 J.C. Agajanian 1952 1963 Vel 's Parnelli Jones Racing ( Parnelli Jones & Velco Miletich ) 1970 1971 McLaren 1976 Chaparral Cars ( Jim Hall ) 1978 1980 Driver / Owners ( edit ) Driver / Owner victories Combined Wins Winner Victories Driver Driver - Owner Owner 5 A.J. Foyt 1961 1964 1967 1977 1999 Louis Meyer",
"24": "1928 1933 1936 Wilbur Shaw 1939 1940 1937 Parnelli Jones 1963 1970 1971 Bobby Rahal 1986 Jimmy Murphy 1922 Kelly Petillo 1935 Eddie Cheever 1998 Constructors and suppliers ( edit ) Chassis ( edit ) Wins Chassis Victories * 17 * Dallara 1998 1999 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 7 Penske 1979 1981 1988 1989 1991 1993 1994 6 Miller 1923 1926 1928 1929 1933 1934 Watson 1956 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 5 Kurtis Kraft 1950 1951 1953 1954 1955 March 1984 1985 1986 Duesenberg 1922 1924 1925 1927 Wetteroth 1932",
"25": "1935 1938 1941 Panoz / G Force 1997 2000 2003 Deidt 1947 1948 1949 Eagle 1968 1973 McLaren 1972 1976 Lola 1966 1978 1990 Peugeot 1913 1916 Frontenac 1920 1921 Stevens 1931 1936 Maserati 1939 1940 Salih 1957 1958 Colt 1970 1971 Coyote 1967 1977 Reynard 1995 Marmon 1911 National 1912 Delage 1914 Mercedes 1915 Premier 1919 Summers 1930 Shaw 1937 Adams 1946 Kuzma 1952 Trevis 1961 Lotus 1965 Brawner Hawk 1969 Chaparral 1980 Wildcat 1982 Galmer 1992 * Chassis mandatory for all entries , 2012 -- present * Engines ( edit ) Wins Engine Victories 27 Offenhauser 1935 1937 1941 1947 1948 1949",
"26": "1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1968 1972 1973 1976 12 Miller 1922 1923 1926 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1936 1938 Honda 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 2016 2017 10 Cosworth 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 9 Chevrolet 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 2002 2013 2015 8 Ford * 1965 1966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1995 5 Oldsmobile 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Duesenberg 1924 1925 1927 Peugeot 1913 1916",
"27": "Frontenac 1920 1921 Maserati 1939 1940 Mercedes - Benz 1915 1994 Marmon 1911 National 1912 Delage 1914 Premier 1919 Sparks 1946 Foyt 1977 Toyota 2003 * 1995 and 1996 races won by engines developed by Cosworth but badged as `` Ford - Cosworth '' and nominally considered Ford Motor Company products ; thus counted as Ford entries , in accordance with a 1992 arrangement mirroring that of `` Ford - Cosworth '' Formula One engines .",
"28": "Tires ( edit ) Wins Tire Victories 68 1911 1913 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1969 1970 1971 1997 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 29 1919 1967 1968 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 BF 1915 1916 1912 1914 Miscellanea ( edit ) Winning starting positions ( edit ) Entries starting from the first row have won forty - two out of one hundred one races , 41.6 % . Chronological ( edit ) 1910 's Pos . 1920 's Pos . 1930 's Pos . 1940 's Pos . 1950 's Pos . 1960 's Pos . 1970 's Pos .",
"29": "1980 's Pos . 1990 's Pos . 2000 's Pos . 2010 's Pos . 1911 28 1921 20 1931 13 1941 17 1951 1961 7 1971 5 1981 1991 2001 11 2011 6 1912 7 1922 1932 27 1942 1952 7 1962 1972 1982 5 1992 12 2002 13 2012 16 1913 7 1923 1933 6 1943 1953 1963 1973 11 1993 9 2003 10 2013 12 1914 15 1924 21 1934 10 1944 1954 19 1964 5 25 1984 1994 2014 19 1915 1925 12 1935 22 1945 1955 14 1965 1985 8 1995 5 2005 16 2015 15 1916 1926 15 1936 28",
"30": "1946 15 1956 1966 15 1976 1986 5 2006 2016 11 1917 1927 22 1937 1947 1957 13 1967 1977 20 1997 2007 2017 1918 1928 13 1938 1948 1958 7 1968 1978 5 1988 1998 17 2008 2018 1919 1929 6 1939 1949 1959 6 1969 1979 1989 1999 8 2009 2019 1920 6 1930 1940 1950 5 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 By starting position ( edit ) Pos .",
"31": "Wins Years : 1 ( Pole ) 20 1922 1923 1930 1938 1953 1956 1963 1970 1976 1979 1980 1981 1988 1991 1994 1997 2006 2008 2009 11 1915 1919 1925 1937 1940 1951 1960 1962 1965 1969 2000 11 1939 1947 1948 1968 1972 1984 1989 1990 2007 7 1916 1949 1967 1977 1986 2017 5 7 1950 1964 1971 1978 1982 1995 6 5 1920 1929 1933 1959 2011 7 5 1912 1913 1952 1958 1961 8 1985 1999 9 1993 10 1934 2003 11 1973 2001 2016 12 1992 2013 13 1928 1931 1957 2002 14 1955 15 1914 1946 1966 2015 16 2005 2012 17 1941 1998 18 0 ( Best finish , second : 1920 , 2009 , 2010 ) 19 1954 2014 20 1921 1926 21 1924 22 1927 1935 23 0 ( Best finish , second : 1933 ) 24 0 ( Best finish ,",
"32": "fourth : 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1995 , 2009 ) 25 26 0 ( Best finish , third : 1956 , 1960 ) 27 1932 28 1911 1936 29 0 ( Best finish , second : 1911 , 2002 ) 30 0 ( Best finish , fourth : 1936 ) 31 0 ( Best finish , fourth : 1951 ) 32 0 ( Best finish , second : 1957 , 1981 ) 33 0 ( Best finish , second : 1980 , 1992 ) 34 - 42 0 Winning car numbers ( edit ) Chronological ( edit ) 1910 's No . 1920 's No . 1930 's No . 1940 's No . 1950 's No . 1960 's No . 1970 's No . 1980 's No . 1990 's No . 2000 's No . 2010 's No . 1911 32 1921 1931 23 1941 16 1951 99 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 68 2011 98 1912 8 1922 35 1932 34 1942 1952 98 1962 1972 66 1982 20 1992 2002 2012 50 1913 16 1923 1933 36 1943 1953 14 1963 98",
"33": "1973 20 5 1993 2003 6 2013 11 1914 16 1924 15 1934 7 1944 1954 14 1964 1984 6 1994 31 15 2014 28 1915 1925 12 1935 5 1945 1955 6 1965 82 48 1985 5 1995 27 2005 26 2015 1916 17 1926 15 1936 8 1946 16 1956 8 1966 24 1976 1986 91 2006 6 2016 98 1917 1927 32 1937 6 1947 27 1957 9 1967 14 1977 14 25 1997 5 2007 27 2017 26 1918 1928 14 1938 23 1948 1958 1968 1978 1988 5 1998 51 2008 9 2018 1919",
"34": "1929 1939 1949 7 1959 5 1969 1979 9 1989 20 1999 14 2009 2019 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 30 2000 9 10 2020 By number ( edit ) No . Wins Years : 1 * 7 * 1923 1940 1950 1958 1961 1964 1971 9 1915 1921 1929 1939 1969 1970 1976 1978 2015 11 1919 1948 1962 1968 1981 1986 1991 1992 2002 2009 5 1920 1930 1960 1980 1993 5 6 1935 1959 1985 1988 1997 6 5 1937 1955 1984 2003 2006 7 1934 1949 8",
"35": "1912 1936 1956 9 1957 1979 2000 2008 10 11 2013 12 1925 13 0 14 6 1928 1953 1954 1967 1977 1999 15 1924 1926 16 1913 1914 1941 1946 17 1916 18 0 19 0 20 1973 1982 1989 21 0 22 0 23 1931 1938 24 1966 25 26 2005 2017 27 1947 1995 2007 28 2014 29 0 30 1990 31 1994 32 1911 1927 33 0 34 1932 35 1922 36",
"36": "1933 37 0 38 0 39 0 40 0 41 0 42 0 43 0 44 0 45 0 46 0 47 0 48 49 0 50 2012 No .",
"37": "Wins Years : 51 1998 52 0 53 0 54 0 55 0 56 0 57 0 58 0 59 0 60 0 61 0 62 0 63 0 64 0 65 0 66 1972 67 0 68 2001 69 0 70 0 71 0 72 0 73 0 74 0 75 0 76 0 77 0 78 0 79 0 80 0 81 0 82 1965 83 0 84 0 85 0 86 0 87 0 88 0 89 0 90 0 91 92 0 93 0 94 0 95 0 96 0 97 0 98 1952 1963 2011 2016 99 1951 0 0 No . Wins Years : 00 0 01 0 02 0 03 0 04 0 05 0 06 0 07 0 08 0 09 0 The race winners in 1975 , 1999 , 2010 and 2012 were all entitled to have car number 1 as defending series champions , but chose not to use it . Notes ( edit ) De Palma is usually shown as American , but his application for a United States passport ( available at ( 1 ) ) reveals that he did not become a US citizen until 1920 . Resta was an Italian - born naturalized Briton . The 1916 race was scheduled for 300 miles .",
"38": "Chevrolet was French - born and held Swiss citizenship . It is uncertain if he became a United States citizen before his death . Corum started the 1924 race in the car . During the race , Boyer took over in relief and drove the car to victory . As a result , the two drivers were declared co-winners . Davis started the 1941 race in the car . During the race , Rose took over in relief and drove the car to victory . As a result , the two drivers were declared co-winners . Robson was born in England , emigrated first to Canada and then to the United States . He became a United States citizen in 1937 . Andretti was an Italian - born naturalized American . The 2013 race holds the record for the fastest average speed . Gil de Ferran was French born . Mauri Rose was co-winner with Floyd Davis in 1941 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LA Times Indianapolis 500 trivia '' . latimes.com . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis 500 trivia '' . indianapolismotorspeedway.com . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Victory Banquet awards drivers '' . wthr.com . WTHR . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Granny 's quilts keep Indy 500 winners warm '' . motorsport.com . Motorsport.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1911 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1912 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ `` 1914 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1915 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1916 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1919 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1921 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ `` 1930 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1933 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1940 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 .",
"41": "Jump up ^ `` 1948 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ `` 1962 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ `` 1976 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ `` 1990 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 .",
"45": "Jump up ^ `` 2004 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Indianapolis 500 '' . racing-reference.info . Racing Reference . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis 500 Unofficial Lap Report '' . Indy Racing Information System . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 .",
"46": "Indianapolis 500 Track and race information Track Indianapolis Motor Speedway Race results IMS Museum Statistics Winners Pole - sitters Lap leaders Rookie of the Year Fatalities Firsts Pace cars Records Fastest laps By year Scott Brayton Award Louis Schwitzer Award Pit Stop Challenge Drivers List of drivers Non-qualifying drivers Female participants African - American participants Sanctioning bodies AAA Contest Board ( 1909 -- 1955 ) FIA ( 1950 -- 1960 ) USAC ( 1956 -- 1997 ) INDYCAR ( 1998 -- present ) Ownership Carl Fisher James Allison Arthur Newby Frank A. Wheeler Eddie Rickenbacker Tony Hulman Wilbur Shaw Mary F. Hulman Mari Hulman George Tony George Joie Chitwood Jeff Belskus Hulman & Company Officials Charlie Merz Tommy Milton Harry McQuinn Harlan Fengler Tom Binford Brian Barnhart Broadcasting Radio Bill Slater Sid Collins Paul Page Lou Palmer Bob Jenkins Mike King Donald Davidson Television Jim McKay Jackie Stewart Chris Schenkel Chris Economaki Sam Posey Jack Arute Jim Lampley Paul Page Bob Jenkins Todd Harris Marty Reid Allen Bestwick Other Tom Carnegie Robin Miller Ron McQueeney Related events Month of May Mini-Marathon IndyCar Grand Prix Indy Lights road course Freedom 100 Brickyard 400 Brickyard 400 Lilly Diabetes 250 Other U.S.",
"47": "Grand Prix Red Bull Grand Prix Triple Crown of Motorsport Brickyard Grand Prix Brickyard Sports Car Challenge IROC at Indy Indy Legends Charity Pro -- Am race Red Bull Air Race of Indianapolis Golf at IMS Champions Tour PGA Tour LPGA Tour Related area Town of Speedway Indianapolis Sports in Indianapolis Indiana Fairgrounds ( Hoosier Hundred ) Lucas Oil Raceway ( Carb Night Classic ) Lore Riding mechanic Andretti Curse Borg - Warner Trophy Indy / Charlotte `` Double Duty '' Entertainment Traditions Jigger Award 100 mph Club The Greatest 33 Jim Nabors Straight No Chaser Turbo Notable races The First 500 De Palma 's Heartbreaker Good Wine The Indy 300 First two - time winner 100 MPH Will Overhead First three - time winner Tony Hulman to the Rescue `` E-Z '' The youngest winner The Vukovich Accident Ward / Rathmann Duel British Invasion Sachs / MacDonald Tragedy The Turbine Mario 's Only Win A Race to Forget The Deluge The Glorious Fourth The first `` Split '' The Great Dispute Johncock & Mears Spin and Win The rainout The oldest winner Million Dollar Meeting The Closest Finish Orange juice instead of Milk Mercedes - Benz 500I Indy 505 The `` Split '' The Millenium 500 Racing vs. Rain Danicamania Uncrowned champion Centennial Anniversary The Fastest 500 Montoya Fifteen years later The 100th 500 Indianapolis 500 race summaries and box scores 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930",
"48": "1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029",
"49": "No races held 1917 -- 1918 or 1942 -- 1945 due to World War I and World War II , respectively . Indianapolis 500 winners Drivers Four - time A.J. Foyt Rick Mears Al Unser , Sr . Three - time Hélio Castroneves Dario Franchitti Louis Meyer Mauri Rose Johnny Rutherford Wilbur Shaw Bobby Unser Two - time Emerson Fittipaldi Gordon Johncock Arie Luyendyk Tommy Milton Juan Pablo Montoya Al Unser , Jr . Bill Vukovich Rodger Ward Dan Wheldon One - time Mario Andretti Billy Arnold Joe Boyer Kenny Bräck Jimmy Bryan Eddie Cheever Gaston Chevrolet Jim Clark Lora L. Corum Bill Cummings Floyd Davis Joe Dawson Gil de Ferran Pat Flaherty Fred Frame Ralph DePalma Pete DePaolo Scott Dixon Mark Donohue Jules Goux Sam Hanks Ray Harroun Graham Hill Bill Holland Sam Hornish , Jr . Ryan Hunter - Reay Parnelli Jones Tony Kanaan Ray Keech Buddy Lazier Frank Lockhart Jimmy Murphy Johnnie Parsons Kelly Petillo Bobby Rahal Jim Rathmann Dario Resta Buddy Rice Floyd Roberts George Robson Alexander Rossi Troy Ruttman Takuma Sato Louis Schneider Tom Sneva George Souders Danny Sullivan Bob Sweikert René Thomas Jacques Villeneuve Lee Wallard Howdy Wilcox Owners J.C. Agajanian Michael Andretti Eddie Cheever Louis Chevrolet A.J.",
"50": "Foyt Chip Ganassi Kim Green Andy Granatelli Dan Gurney Jim Hall Ron Hemelgarn Bryan Herta Parnelli Jones Kevin Kalkhoven Howard Keck Frank Kurtis David Letterman Louis Meyer Lou Moore Jimmy Murphy Pat Patrick Roger Penske Kelly Petillo Bobby Rahal Wilbur Shaw Doug Shierson Fred Treadway Jim Trueman Jimmy Vasser Teams A.J. Foyt Enterprises All American Racers Andretti - Green Racing / Andretti Autosport Bryan Herta Autosport Chaparral Cars Cheever Racing Chip Ganassi Racing Doug Shierson Racing Galles / KRACO Racing Hemelgarn Racing KV Racing Technology McLaren Racing Limited Mecom Racing Team Patrick Racing Penske Racing Rahal Letterman Racing Team Green Team Lotus Treadway Racing Truesports Vel 's Parnelli Jones Racing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indianapolis_500_winners&oldid=836576856 '' Categories : Indianapolis 500 winners Indianapolis 500 - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Hrvatski Magyar Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 16 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "United States territorial acquisitions - wikipedia United States territorial acquisitions Jump to : navigation , search See also : Territorial evolution of the United States This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Census Bureau map depicting territorial acquisitions and dates of statehood , probably created in the 1970s Map of the United States and directly - controlled territory at its greatest extent from 1898 -- 1902 , after the Spanish -- American War This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list , beginning with American independence . Note that this list primarily concerns land the United States of America acquired from other nation - states . History of U.S. expansion and influence Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Foreign interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the United States of America 2 1783 -- 1853 2.1 Louisiana Purchase 2.2 West Florida 2.3 Red River 2.4 East Florida 2.5 Along Canada -- US border 2.6 Texas 2.7 Oregon Territory 2.8 Mexican Cession 2.9 Gadsden Purchase 3 Since 1853 3.1 Alaska 3.2 Hawaii 3.3 Spanish colonies 3.3. 1 Cuba 3.3. 2 Puerto Rico 3.3. 3 Guam 3.3.",
"1": "4 Philippines 3.4 Wake Island 3.5 American Samoa 3.6 Dominican Republic 3.7 Panama Canal Zone 3.8 Virgin Islands 3.9 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 3.10 Mexican boundary 3.11 Canada 3.12 Northern Mariana Islands 3.13 Ryukyu Islands 3.14 South Korea 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 Further reading 7 External links History of the United States of America ( edit ) Main article : History of the Americas Control over North America ( 1750 -- 2008 ) Further information : Territorial evolution of North America since 1763 See also : European colonization of the Americas and First Nations 1783 -- 1853 ( edit ) Map of current U.S. states that are direct successor states of the original Thirteen Colonies that declared independence from Great Britain in 1776 . Indirect successor states ( Maine , Kentucky , West Virginia ) , the District of Columbia and states that acceded to the union after the American Revolutionary War are not included National Atlas map ( circa 2005 ) depicting territorial acquisitions . A government map , probably created in the mid-20th century , that depicts a simplified history of territorial acquisitions within the continental United States The 1783 Treaty of Paris with Great Britain defined the original borders of the United States . It generally stretched from the Eastern Seaboard to the Mississippi River in the west . There were ambiguities in the treaty regarding the exact border with Canada to the north that led to disputes that were resolved by the Webster -- Ashburton Treaty in 1842 . Beginning in the late 18th century , the new nation organized areas west of the Original thirteen states into several United States territories , setting a template for future expansion . Louisiana Purchase ( edit ) The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , was negotiated with Napoleon during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson ; the territory was acquired from France for $15 million ( equivalent to $245 million in present - day terms ) . A small portion of this land was ceded to Britain in 1818 in exchange for the Red River Basin .",
"2": "More of this land was ceded to Spain in 1819 with the Florida Purchase , but was later reacquired through Texas annexation and Mexican Cession . West Florida ( edit ) West Florida was declared to be a U.S. possession in 1810 by President James Madison after the territory had declared its independence from Spain . Madison ordered the U.S. Army to take control . Six weeks later , the army entered and occupied the capital , St. Francisville , putting an end to the republic after 74 days of independence . Spain did not relinquish its claim to sovereignty ( see West Florida controversy ) until ratification of the Adams - Onís Treaty . General Andrew Jackson personally accepted the delivery of West Florida from its Spanish governor on July 17 , 1821 . Red River ( edit ) The parts of Rupert 's Land and the Red River Colony south of the 49th parallel in the basin of the Red River of the North were acquired in 1818 from Britain under the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . East Florida ( edit ) The Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 with Spain resulted in Spain 's cession of East Florida and the Sabine Free State and Spain 's surrender of any claims to the Oregon Country . Article III of the treaty , when properly surveyed , resulted in the acquisition of a small part of central Colorado . Along Canada -- U.S. border ( edit ) Webster - Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with Britain split the disputed territory in Maine and New Brunswick and finalized the border with Canada , including the disputed Indian Stream territory . In 1850 Britain ceded to the U.S. less than one acre of underwater rock ( Horseshoe Reef ) in Lake Erie near Buffalo for a lighthouse . Texas ( edit ) Texas Annexation of 1845 : The independent Republic of Texas long sought to join the U.S. , despite Mexican claims and the warning by Mexican leader Antonio López de Santa Anna that this would be `` equivalent to a declaration of war against the Mexican Republic . '' Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28 , 1845 . On December 29 , 1845 , Texas became the 28th state .",
"3": "Texas had claimed New Mexico east of the Rio Grande but had only made one unsuccessful attempt to occupy it ; New Mexico was captured by the U.S. Army in August 1846 and then administered separately from Texas . Mexico acknowledged the loss of territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 . Oregon territory ( edit ) Oregon Country , the territory of North America west of the Rockies to the Pacific , was jointly controlled by the U.S. and Britain following the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 until June 15 , 1846 when the Oregon Treaty divided the territory at the 49th parallel ( see Oregon boundary dispute ) . The San Juan Islands were claimed and jointly occupied by the U.S. and the U.K. from 1846 -- 72 due to ambiguities in the treaty ( see Northwestern Boundary Dispute ) . Arbitration led to the sole U.S. possession of the San Juan Islands since 1872 . Mexican Cession ( edit ) Mexican Cession lands were captured in the Mexican -- American War in 1846 -- 48 , and ceded by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , where Mexico agreed to the present Mexico -- United States border except for the later Gadsden Purchase . The United States paid $15 million ( equivalent to $394 million in present - day terms ) and agreed to pay claims made by American citizens against Mexico which amounted to more than $3 million ( equivalent to $79 million today ) . Gadsden Purchase ( edit ) In the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 , the United States purchased a strip of land along the Mexico -- United States border for $10 million ( equivalent to $294 million in present - day terms ) , now in New Mexico and Arizona . The territory was also bought as Americans were passing through the land west to California . After the American Mexican War , over the dispute of border claims , American bought the land to prevent future conflict . Few historians would argue the territory was intended for a southern transcontinental railroad . 1833 Eagle Map of the U.S.",
"4": "Since 1853 ( edit ) Alaska ( edit ) Alaska Purchase from the Russian Empire for $7.2 million ( 2 cents per acre ) on March 30 , 1867 ( equivalent to $126 million in present - day terms ) , as a vital refueling station for ships trading with Asia . The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized territory on May 11 , 1912 , and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3 , 1959 . Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaii and Outlying Islands In 1959 , 94 % of Hawaii 's residents voted to relinquish all land claims ( proposition 2 ) to the United States and become a state . Today 's United States Minor Outlying Islands excluding Caribbean The Kingdom of Hawaii was closely linked by missionary work and trade to the U.S. by the 1880s . In 1893 business leaders overthrew the Queen of Hawaii and sought annexation . President Grover Cleveland strongly disapproved , so Hawaii set up an independent republic , the Republic of Hawaii . Southern Democrats in Congress strongly opposed a non-white addition . President William McKinley , a Republican , secured a Congressional resolution in 1898 , and the small republic joined the U.S. All its citizens became full U.S. citizens . One factor was the need for advanced naval bases to fend off Japanese ambitions . The Hawaiian Islands officially became an incorporated territory of the U.S. in 1900 . Following 94 % voter approval of the Admission of Hawaii Act , on August 21 , 1959 the Territory of Hawaii became the state of Hawaii , the 50th state . With Hawaii came two remote coral atolls : the Palmyra Atoll which had been annexed by the U.S. in 1859 , abandoned , then claimed in 1862 by the Kingdom of Hawaii , and the Stewart Islands , which had joined the Kingdom a few years before Palmyra . At Hawaiian statehood in 1959 , Palmyra and arguably the Stewarts were excluded from the new state . Palmyra remained an incorporated U.S. territory , while the Stewarts were claimed and are now controlled by the Solomon Islands .",
"5": "Spanish colonies ( edit ) Post-Spanish -- American War map of `` Greater America '' . Main article : Spanish -- American War Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ( for which the United States compensated Spain $20 million , equivalent to $588 million in present - day terms ) , were ceded by Spain after the Spanish -- American War in the 1898 Treaty of Paris . Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba , but did not cede it to the United States , so it became a protectorate . All four of these areas were under United States Military Government ( USMG ) for extended periods . Cuba became an independent nation in 1902 , and the Philippines became an independent nation in 1946 . This era also saw the first scattered protests against American imperialism . Noted Americans such as Mark Twain spoke out forcefully against these ventures . Opponents of the war , including Twain and Andrew Carnegie , organized themselves into the American Anti-Imperialist League . During this same period the American people continued to strongly chastise the European powers for their imperialism . The Second Boer War was especially unpopular in the United States and soured Anglo - American relations . The anti-imperialist press would often draw parallels between the U.S. in the Philippines and the British in the Second Boer War . Cuba ( edit ) Under the 1898 Treaty of Paris , Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba , with the island to be occupied by the United States . Under the Teller Amendment Congress had already decided against annexation . Cuba gained formal independence on 20 May 1902 . Under the new Cuban constitution , however , the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations through the Platt Amendment ; this , however , was later renounced as part of Franklin Roosevelt 's Good Neighbor Policy . Under the Platt Amendment ( 1901 ) , Cuba also agreed to lease to the U.S. the naval base at Guantánamo Bay . The naval base occupies land which the United States leased from Cuba in 1903 `` ... for the time required for the purposes of coaling and naval stations . ''",
"6": "The two governments later agreed that , `` So long as the United States of America shall not abandon the said naval station of Guantanamo or the two Governments shall not agree to a modification of its present limits , the station shall continue to have the territorial area that it now has , with the limits that it has on the date of the signature of the present Treaty . '' Puerto Rico ( edit ) On July 25 , 1898 , during the Spanish -- American War , Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guánica . As an outcome of the war , the Jones -- Shafroth Act granted all the inhabitants of Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship in 1917 . The U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor in 1948 . In 1950 , the Truman Administration allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution without affecting the unincorporated territory status with the U.S. A local constitution was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6 , 1952 , ratified by the U.S. Congress , approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year , and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25 , 1952 , the anniversary of the 1898 arrival of U.S. troops . Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado ( literally translated as `` Free Associated State '' ) , officially translated into English as Commonwealth , for its body politic . Guam ( edit ) In Guam , settlement by foreign ethnic groups was small at first . After World War II showed the strategic value of the island , construction of a huge military base began along with a large influx of people from other parts of the world . Guam today has a very mixed population of 164,000 . The indigenous Chamorros make up 37 % of the population . The rest of the population consists mostly of white Americans and Filipinos , with smaller groups of Chinese , Japanese , Koreans , Micronesians , Vietnamese and Indians . Guam today is almost totally Americanized . The situation is somewhat similar to that in Hawaii , but attempts to change Guam 's status as an ' unincorporated ' U.S. territory have yet to meet with success .",
"7": "Philippines ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) and Philippine -- American War The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April 1896 . The Spanish -- American War came to the Philippines on May 1 , 1898 , when the United States Navy 's Asiatic Squadron , commanded by Commodore George Dewey , defeated the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón during the Battle of Manila Bay . On June 12 , Philippine revolutionaries declared independence and establishment of the First Philippine Republic . On December 10 , 1898 , the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish -- American War was signed . The treaty transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States . This agreement was not recognized by the Philippine revolutionaries , who declared war against the United States on June 2 , 1899 . The Philippine -- American War ensued . In 1901 , Emilio Aguinaldo , president of the Malolos Republic , was captured and pledged his allegiance to the American government . The U.S. unilaterally declared an end to the conflict in 1902 . Scattered fighting continued , however , until 1913 . The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission , an appointed body with both American and Filipino members . and a popularly elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly . The Philippines became a U.S. colony in the fashion of Europe 's New Imperialism , with benevolent colonial practices . English joined Spanish as an official language , and English language education was made compulsory . In 1916 , the United States passed the Philippine Autonomy Act and committed itself to granting independence to the Philippines `` as soon as a stable government can be established therein . '' As a step to full independence in 1946 , partial autonomy as a Commonwealth was granted in 1935 . Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II . The United States suffered a total of 62,514 casualties , including 13,973 deaths in its attempt to liberate the Philippines from Imperial Japanese rule during the hard - fought Philippines campaign from 1944 -- 1945 .",
"8": "Full independence came with the recognition of Philippine sovereignty by the U.S. in 1946 . Wake Island ( edit ) Wake Island was annexed as empty territory by the United States in 1899 ( the claim is currently disputed by the Marshall Islands ) . American Samoa ( edit ) Germany , the United States , and Britain colonized the Samoan Islands . The nations came into conflict in the Second Samoan Civil War and the nations resolved their issues , establishing American Samoa as per the Treaty of Berlin , 1899 . The U.S. took control of its allotted region on June 7 , 1900 , with the Deed of Cession . Tutuila Island and Aunuu Island were ceded by their chiefs in 1900 , then added to American Samoa . Manua was annexed in 1904 , then added to American Samoa . Swains Island was annexed in 1925 ( occupied since 1856 ) , then added to American Samoa . ( The claim is currently disputed by Tokelau , a colonial territory of New Zealand . ) American Samoa was under the control of the U.S. Navy from 1900 to 1951 . American Samoa was made a formal territory in 1929 . From 1951 until 1977 , Territorial Governors were appointed by the Secretary of the Interior . Immigration of Americans was never as strong as it was , for instance , in Hawaii ; indigenous Samoans make up 89 % of the population . The islands have been reluctant to separate from the U.S. in any manner . Dominican Republic ( edit ) The Annexation of Santo Domingo was an attempted treaty during the later Reconstruction Era , initiated by United States President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869 , to annex `` Santo Domingo '' ( as the Dominican Republic was then commonly known ) as a United States territory , with the promise of eventual statehood . President Grant feared some European power would take the island in violation of the Monroe Doctrine . He privately thought annexation would be a safety valve for African Americans who were suffering persecution in the US , but he did not include this in his official messages . Grant speculated that the acquisition of Santo Domingo would help bring about the end of slavery in Cuba and elsewhere .",
"9": "Militarily he wanted a US naval port in the Dominican Republic which would also serve as protection for a projected canal across Nicaragua . On January 10 , 1870 President Grant formally submitted Sec . Fish 's Dominican Republic annexation treaty to the U.S. Senate . The treaty was stalled in the Senate until Sen. Sumner 's Foreign Relations Committee started hearings in mid February , 1870 . On 19 February , a referendum was held in the Dominican Republic , in which nearly 99 % of the votes cast were in favor of the annexation . Sec . Fish noted that the Senate was reluctant to pass any measures initiated by the Executive Branch . Sen. Sumner allowed the treaty to be debated openly on the Committee without giving his own opinion . However , on March 15 , Senator Sumner 's Foreign Relations Committee in a closed session voted to oppose the treaty 5 to 2 . On March 24 , in another closed session , Sen. Sumner came out strongly against the treaty . Sen. Sumner opposed the treaty believing annexation would be expensive , launch an American empire in the Caribbean , and would diminish independent Afro - Hispanic and African creole republics in the Western Hemisphere . Grant met with many Senators on Capitol Hill hoping to rally support for the Treaty , however , to no avail . Grant refused the suggestion that the treaty drop the Dominican statehood clause . Finally on June 30 , 1870 the Senate defeated the Dominican Republic Annexation treaty by a vote of 28 to 28 . Eighteen Senators had joined Sen. Sumner to defeat the Dominican annexation treaty . The first United States occupation of the Dominican Republic lasted from 1916 to 1924 . It was one of the many interventions in Latin America undertaken by the military forces of the United States . On May 13 , 1916 , Rear Admiral William B. Caperton forced the Dominican Republic 's Secretary of War Desiderio Arias , who had seized power from Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra , to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment . From the start of the intervention until the Marines withdrew in 1924 , they were in almost continuous actions on both the squad and platoon levels , fighting numerous small - unit actions with elusive bandits .",
"10": "Despite the ability of the Marines to bring a large amount of firepower to bear against the bandits from both the ground and the air , the leathernecks had their share of problems as well . Sometimes the enemy would successfully ambush a lone Marine patrol , killing all or most of its members , and would scatter before reinforcements arrived on the scene . Panama Canal Zone ( edit ) The Panama Canal Zone was an unorganized US territory located within the Republic of Panama . It was established under the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty in 1903 and disestablished in 1979 under the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties . Panama gained full control over the Panama Canal in 1999 . Virgin Islands ( edit ) A referendum on transferring ownership from Denmark to the United States was held on 9 January 1868 on the islands of Sankt Jan and Sankt Thomas , two of three main islands in the Danish West Indies . Of the votes cast , 98 % were in favor of the transfer , but it never materialized . A second referendum was held in all three islands on 17 August 1916 , once again with overwhelming support for the transfer . In 1917 , the United States purchased the former Danish colony of St. Croix , St. John and St. Thomas , which is now the U.S. Virgin Islands . The United States -- which had made an earlier approach in 1902 -- purchased these islands because they feared that the islands might be seized as a submarine base during World War I. After several months of secret negotiations , a sales price of $25 million was agreed . A non-binding referendum in Denmark held in late 1916 confirmed the decision to sell by a wide margin . The U.S. took possession of the islands on March 31 , 1917 a few days before the U.S entered the war . The deal was ratified and finalized on January 17 , 1917 , when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty ratifications . The territory was renamed the U.S. Virgin Islands . U.S. citizenship was granted to the inhabitants of the islands in 1927 .",
"11": "Trust territory of the Pacific Islands ( edit ) The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ( TTPI ) was a United Nations trust territory in Micronesia ( western Pacific ) administered by the United States from July 18 , 1947 , comprising the former League of Nations Mandate administered by Japan and taken by the U.S. in 1944 . The various island groupings in the Trust Territory were later divided up . The Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia achieved independence on October 21 , 1986 . Palau did so in 1994 . All three nations signed Compacts of Free Association with the United States . Mexican Boundary ( edit ) The Boundary Treaty of 1970 transferred 823 acres ( 3.33 km ) of Mexican territory to the U.S. , in areas near Presidio and Hidalgo , Texas , to build flood control channels . In exchange , the U.S. ceded 2,177 acres ( 8.81 km ) to Mexico , including five parcels near Presidio , the Horcon Tract containing the little town of Rio Rico , Texas , and Beaver Island near Roma , Texas . The last of these transfers occurred in 1977 . On November 24 , 2009 , the U.S. ceded 6 islands in the Rio Grande to Mexico , totaling 107.81 acres ( 0.4363 km ) . At the same time , Mexico ceded 3 islands and 2 cuts to the U.S. , totaling 63.53 acres ( 0.2571 km ) . This transfer , which had been pending for 20 years , was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty . The Chamizal Treaty of 1963 , which ended a hundred - year dispute between the two countries near El Paso , Texas , transferred 630 acres ( 2.5 km ) from the U.S. to Mexico in 1967 . In return , Mexico transferred 264 acres ( 1.07 km ) to the U.S. The Rio Grande Rectification Treaty of 1933 straightened and stabilized the 155 miles ( 249 km ) of river boundary through the highly developed El Paso - Juárez Valley .",
"12": "Numerous parcels of land ( 174 ) were transferred between the two countries during the construction period , 1935 -- 1938 . At the end , each nation had ceded an equal area of land ( 2,560.5 acres ( 10.362 km ) ) to the other . The Banco Convention of 1905 resulted in many exchanges of bancos ( land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff , often due to rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel ) between the two nations , most often in the Lower Rio Grande Valley . Under the treaty , the following transfers involving Texas occurred from 1910 -- 1976 : Year # Bancos Acres to USA Acres to Mexico Net total Year # Bancos Acres to USA Acres to Mexico Net total 1910 57 5,357.2 3,101.2 2,256 1942 63.3 0 63.3 1912 31 1,094.4 2,343.0 1,248.6 1943 482.9 100.5 382.4 1928 42 3,089.9 1,407.8 1,682.1 1944 14 253.7 166.2 87.5 1930 31 4,685.6 984.3 3,701.3 1945 16 240.9 333.5 − 92.6 1931 158.4 328.7 − 170.3 1946 185.8 0 185.8 1932 159.7 0 159.7 1949 190.2 281.9 − 91.7 1933 0 122.1 − 122.1 1956 508.3 0 508.3 1934 278.1 0 278.",
"13": "1 1968 0 154.6 − 154.6 1939 240.2 0 240.2 1970 21 449.8 1,881.8 − 1,432 1940 0 209.5 − 209.5 1976 6 49.2 0 49.2 1941 6 224.5 246.9 − 22.4 Total 245 17,712 acres ( 71.68 km ) 11,662 acres ( 47.19 km ) 6,050 acres ( 24.5 km ) In 1927 under the same 1905 Convention , the U.S. acquired two bancos from Mexico at the Colorado River border with Arizona . Farmers Banco , covering 583.4 acres ( 2.361 km ) , a part of the Cocopah Indian Reservation at 32 ° 37 ′ 27 '' N 114 ° 46 ′ 45 '' W / 32.62417 ° N 114.77917 ° W / 32.62417 ; - 114.77917 , was ceded to the U.S. with controversy . Fain Banco ( 259 acres ( 1.05 km ) ) at 32 ° 31 ′ 32 '' N 114 ° 47 ′ 28 '' W / 32.52556 ° N 114.79111 ° W / 32.52556 ; - 114.79111 also became U.S. soil . Proposed : Based on aerial surveys in 2008 , there are 138 cases where the widest channel of normal flow of the Rio Grande has shifted from previous surveys . Therefore , the International Boundary Line is to be changed under Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty . The result is 138 proposed transfers of territory that remain pending further evaluation and approval by the International Boundary and Water Commission and the two governments . Upon resolution , the U.S.",
"14": "is to cede 7 islands and 60 cuts in the Rio Grande to Mexico , totaling 1,251.2 acres ( 5.063 km ) , while Mexico is to cede 3 islands and 68 cuts to the U.S. , totaling 1,275.9 acres ( 5.163 km ) . Canada ( edit ) In 1925 , to correct an unintended effect from an earlier treaty , the U.S. ceded to Canada two enclaves comprising two and one - half acres of water territory in the Lake of the Woods . Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) The Northern Mariana Islands were part of the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands but decided in the 1970s not to seek independence . The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States was established in 1978 . Ryukyu Islands ( edit ) The United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands ( 琉球 列島 米国 軍 政府 Ryūkyū - rettō Beikoku Gunseifu ) was the government in Okinawa , Japan from 1945 to 1950 , whereupon it was replaced by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands from 1950 until 1972 . South Korea ( edit ) The United States Army Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK ; Korean : 재 조선 미 육군 사령부 군정청 ; Hanja : 在 朝鮮 美 陸軍 司令 部 軍政 廳 ) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula from September 8 , 1945 to August 15 , 1948 .",
"15": "See also ( edit ) Manifest Destiny Territorial evolution of the United States United States territory Historic regions of the United States American imperialism American Exceptionalism Rise of the New Imperialism Monroe doctrine Good Neighbor policy Guano Islands Act Roosevelt Corollary 51st state Foreign policy of the United States Overseas interventions of the United States List of United States military history events List of United States military bases National Atlas of the United States List of land borders with dates of establishment List of world map changes Territories of the United States on stamps Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1987 ) . ch 17 -- 20 Jump up ^ Junius P. Rodriguez , The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Samuel , C. Hyde Jr ( 2010 ) . `` Consolidating the Revolution : Factionalism and Finesse in the West Florida Revolt , 1810 '' . Louisiana History . 51 ( 3 ) : 261 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Ireland , Gordon ( 1941 ) . Boundaries , possessions , and conflicts in Central and North America and the Caribbean . New York : Octagon Books . p. 298 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty Text from the Avalon Project '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll , `` The Passionate Canadians : The Historical Debate about the Eastern Canadian - American Boundary , '' New England Quarterly , Vol. 70 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1997 ) , pp. 83 -- 101 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Boggs , Samuel Whittemore ( 1940 ) . International Boundaries : A Study of Boundary Functions and Problems . Columbia University Press . p. 48 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Student Information , Office of Economic Development , State of Alaska , archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 08 , retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Insular Areas : Application of the U.S.",
"16": "Constitution '' ( pdf ) . Report to the Chairman , Committee on Resources , House of Representatives . United States General Accounting Office . November 1997 . Page 39 , footnote 2 . Jump up ^ Miller 1984 , p. 163 `` ... Will Show No Mercy Real Warfare Ahead For Filipino Rebels Kitchener Plan Adopted The Administration Weary of Protracted Hostilities . ' The reference to Kitchener made eminently clear MacArthur 's intent , as the British general 's tactics in South Africa had already earned ... '' ^ Jump up to : `` Good Neighbor Policy '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval stations '' . The Avalon project , Yale Law School . February 23 , 1903 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty Between the United States of America and Cuba '' . The Avalon project , Yale Law School . May 29 , 1934 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Act of July 3 , 1950 , Ch. 446 , 64 Stat. 319 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- in Spanish ( Spanish ) Archived 2011 - 11 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- in English ( English translation ) . Jump up ^ Pedro Paterno 's Proclamation of War , MSC Schools , Philippines , June 2 , 1899 , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17 Jump up ^ Aguinaldo 's Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States , Philippine Culture , April 19 , 1901 , retrieved December 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ Philippine Autonomy Act ( Jones Law ) , Corpus Juris , August 28 , 1916 , archived from the original ( -- ) on June 12 , 2008 , retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 Jump up ^ Today in History : March 31 : Virgin Islands , U.S.",
"17": "Library of Congress , retrieved 2009 - 12 - 04 Jump up ^ International Boundary and Water Commission . `` Minutes 144 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ International Boundary and Water Commission . `` Minutes 158 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Jerry E. ( 1975 ) . Restless River , International Law and the Behavior of the Rio Grande . Texas Western Press . p. 64 . ISBN 9780874040500 . Jump up ^ Decisions of the Department of the Interior in cases relating to the public lands : 1927 -- 1954 . United States . Department of the Interior . Washington . For sale by the Superintendent of Documents , U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 25 , 337 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Map of the vicinity of the northwesternmost point of Lake of the Woods '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Stephen A. Flanders . Dictionary of American Foreign Affairs ( 1992 ) Glenn P. Hastedt , Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy ( 2004 ) Miller , Stuart Creighton ( 1984 ) , Benevolent Assimilation : The American Conquest of the Philippines , 1899 -- 1903 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03081 - 9 Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) . The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers .",
"18": "OCLC 138568 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to American benevolence at Wikiquote The Insular Empire : America in the Mariana Islands , PBS documentary film & website * Judis , John B. , `` Imperial Amnesia '' , Foreign Policy , doi : 10.2307 / 4152911 . ( Alternate link ) `` On the Coming Decline and Fall of the US Empire '' . transnational.org . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 30 . `` USA and Latin America '' . casahistoria.net . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 30 . History links to the early US involvement in Latin America from casahistoria .",
"19": "Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Colonial empires American Austro - Hungarian Belgian British Couronian Danish Dutch English French German Italian Japanese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Ottoman Portuguese Russian Soviet Spanish Swedish Colonies in antiquity Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S.",
"20": "List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern",
"21": "Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector",
"22": "Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from",
"23": "`` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions&oldid=821740027 '' Categories : History of United States expansionism Demographic history of the United States Overseas empires Territorial evolution of the United States Border - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Incomplete lists from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans Español فارسی Français 한국어 Português Română Русский Slovenščina Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 09 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where was the super bowl 52 played at
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{
"0": "Super Bowl LII - wikipedia Super Bowl LII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) New England Patriots ( AFC ) 41 33 Total PHI 9 13 7 12 41 NE 9 14 7 33 Date February 4 , 2018 Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota MVP Nick Foles , Quarterback Favorite Patriots by 5.5 Referee Gene Steratore Attendance 67,612 Ceremonies National anthem Pink Coin toss Hershel W. Williams , representing Medal of Honor recipients Halftime show Justin Timberlake TV in the United States Network NBC Universo ( Spanish language ) Announcers Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Edgar López ( play - by - play - Universo ) René Giraldo and Rolando Cantú ( analysts - Universo ) Verónica Contreras ( sidelines - Universo ) Nielsen ratings 43.1 ( national ) 56.2 ( Philadelphia ) 55.9 ( Boston ) U.S. viewership : 103.4 million est . avg . Market share 68 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $5 million Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish language ) Announcers Kevin Harlan ( play - by - play ) Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren ( analysts ) Ed Werder and Tony Boselli ( sideline reporters ) Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play - ESPN Deportes Radio ) Raúl Allegre ( analyst - ESPN Deportes Radio ) John Sutcliffe ( sideline - ESPN Deportes Radio ) ← LI Super Bowl LIII → Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season .",
"1": "The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference ( AFC ) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city . New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record , then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten , their third in four years , and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC - best 13 -- 3 record , a year after Dallas did it in 2016 , but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles . Still , the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance , having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX . Several records were set during Super Bowl LII , including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ) , the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ) , and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ) . The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points , and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired . Foles , who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , and caught a one - yard touchdown pass , was named Super Bowl MVP . Foles ' touchdown catch later became known as The Philly Special and joined NFL lore . The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years , with an average of 103.4 million viewers .",
"2": "Average TV viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers , 9 percent less than the previous year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - city selection 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 2 New England Patriots 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game notes 1.4. 1 Operations 1.4. 2 Associated events 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Advertising 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs 2.2 International broadcasts 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pre-game 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First Quarter 4.2 Second Quarter 4.3 Third Quarter 4.4 Fourth Quarter 4.5 Game statistics 4.6 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host - city selection ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Super Bowl LII was held . On October 8 , 2013 , the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium . Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls , including seven at the Superdome , most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . On May 20 , 2014 , the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta , Georgia .",
"3": "Teams ( edit ) The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014 . The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , the same as New England , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh , but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records . In the 2017 season , the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ) , while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points . The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season , he recorded a passer rating of 101.9 , throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns , with only seven interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns . Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards . Meanwhile , third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career , hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns , a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined . The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players , LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount , an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots , gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns , while Ajayi , picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins , rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams . Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line , lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks .",
"4": "The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ) . Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career , recording 5 ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries , and he had plenty of help around him , such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles , and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9 ⁄ sacks . Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88 . The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions , along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions . Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games , but suffered a major setback on December 10 , when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles . Still , Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game , as well as the next two . The Eagles lost a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld . Then in their two playoff games , Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards , three touchdowns and no interceptions . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016 . The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions . For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double - digit win season , finishing the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , one of four teams ( along with Philadelphia , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh ) with that record . By virtue of the tie - breaking procedures , they were granted the AFC 's number one overall seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . The previous season 's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season - ending injury . Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2 -- 2 record after four weeks , and the worst overall defense in the league at that point .",
"5": "The defense came together as a unit , and tighten up over the rest of the season however , with the Patriots going 11 -- 1 after week 4 . Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins , a division rival , though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one - game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week . The Patriots ' defense was improved by several late - season free - agent signings , including Eric Lee , a defensive end , previously from the Buffalo Bills , whom the Patriots signed in Week 12 , and James Harrison , a perennial All - Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers , whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas . In just six games for New England , Lee recorded 3 ⁄ sacks , a safety , and an interception . In his only regular season game with the Patriots , Harrison recorded two sacks . During the regular season , New England 's offense led the league in yards gained ( 6,307 ) and ranked second in points scored ( 458 ) . The 40 - year - old Brady finished his 18th season with a league - leading 4,577 passing yards , 32 touchdowns and just eight interceptions , earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award . One change that helped make up for the loss of Edelman was the acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks , who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns . Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski , who had played just eight games in the previous season , finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores . Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards , as well as another 240 yards returning punts . With the loss of their previous season 's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency , Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead , rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games . He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs . Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all - purpose yards , 30 receptions , and eight touchdowns .",
"6": "In passing situations , the team relied heavily on running back James White , who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground . These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin , who earned his first Pro Bowl selection . On special teams , kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37 , while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection . The Patriots ' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed ( 5,856 ) , but ranked fifth in fewest points , giving up only 296 . Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6 ⁄ sacks while also forcing two fumbles . Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5 ⁄ sacks . The Patriots also had a superb secondary , led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler ( two interceptions , three forced fumbles ) and Stephon Gilmore ( two interceptions , 47 solo tackles ) , as well as safeties Devin McCourty ( 97 combined tackles , one interception , one fumble recovery ) , Patrick Chung ( 84 tackles , one interception , two fumble recoveries ) and Duron Harmon ( four interceptions ) . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs In the playoffs , the Patriots earned a first - round bye and home - field advantage due to their status as the AFC 's first overall seed . In the divisional round , they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35 -- 14 , as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns . In that game , the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans ' running game to 65 yards rushing . They then defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24 -- 20 in the AFC Championship Game , rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14 -- 3 lead and whose league - best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half .",
"7": "Down 20 -- 10 in the fourth quarter , the Patriots comeback was sealed by two Brady - led drives , both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola , as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore , whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville 's last chance to score . Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion , leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt . Amendola was the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins , leading the team with 196 receiving yards , and serving as Brady 's primary target . Meanwhile , Philadelphia started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15 -- 10 , by stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after they had a first - down - and - goal situation on the Eagles 9 - yard line during their final drive . They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship Game . Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive , the Eagles defense held them to three punts , two turnovers on downs , two interceptions , and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game . Meanwhile , Foles had a great game , in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns . Pre-game notes ( edit ) This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX . Only one player , Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady , remained on either roster from that contest . Bill Belichick , the Patriots ' head coach in that contest , also remained in that position . Two Eagles , running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long , had been Patriots in 2017 's Super Bowl LI . The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII , because the AFC team is the designated home team in even - numbered years and the NFC team in odd - numbered years . As the designated home team , the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants , becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back - to - back Super Bowls , following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII . The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants .",
"8": "Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys . The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV ( who , coincidentally , had also worn green jerseys ) . Operations ( edit ) Security prescreening at the Mall of America before boarding the Metro Blue Line to U.S. Bank Stadium . To coordinate the game and 10 days of events , the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium . More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days . Among them were some 5,000 - plus media members ; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events , including parking . To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium , the stadium 's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game , and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter . The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass , while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access . Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations , as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures . Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality , corporate greed , and racist practices . 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game , and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium 's security perimeter . Under a 1998 agreement , the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets , and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium . The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota . The Eagles got the Vikings ' locker room and sideline . The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles ; until that point , the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible .",
"9": "Had that happened , the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities , while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota . Associated events ( edit ) Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead - up to the game . The Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee presented Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis . This ten - day free festival and concert series featured Sheila E. , the Revolution , Morris Day and the Time , and the New Power Generation , musicians from Minnesota who collaborated with Prince , a Minneapolis native . Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Super Bowl Live also included performances by Idina Menzel , Soul Asylum , the Suburbs , Bob Mould , Sounds of Blackness , Dessa , VocalEssence , Mint Condition , and the Jets . In addition to the concert series , Super Bowl Live featured a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) American Birkebeiner International Bridge on Nicollet Mall to showcase cross-country skiing , skijoring , fat - tire bicycle racing , and snow tubing demonstrations . There was also a snowmobile stunt show on February 3 . The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee . Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl . The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez , Imagine Dragons , and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium . Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl . Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed `` listening session '' of his newest album at Prince 's Paisley Park . Dave Matthews Band will perform at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul . The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani , the Chainsmokers , Florida Georgia Line , and Kygo . Planners originally scheduled a 64,000 - square - foot ( 5,900 m ) traveling nightclub for 9500 people , but cancelled , moving its concerts into the main casino . Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time .",
"10": "The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake , Minnesota , has the second - largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area , and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl - week events including winter activities , a hotdish competition , and fundraisers . Other events were held at the Mall of America ( including Radio Row as a home for national shows ) , Saint Paul 's RiverCentre and Xcel Energy Center , the Minnesota Vikings ' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie , and the University of Minnesota . `` Taste of the NFL '' is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul . Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip - line across the Mississippi River near downtown . The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing , an ice pyramid , and luminary candles at night . The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to , during and after the Super Bowl . Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities , as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 . The ice palace was planned , cancelled for lack of funds , then re-announced with sponsors . Events in Saint Paul will also include an extreme sports demonstration , a `` giant slide '' , and a block party . Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors . The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20 - by - 40 - foot ( 6.1 m × 12.2 m ) , 6 - foot - tall ( 1.8 m ) ice maze . The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 that included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships , an ice bar , and an `` urban ski competition '' . ESPN broadcast its studio programming from the IDS Center in downtown Minneapolis , while Golf Channel ( a sister network of Super Bowl LII broadcaster NBC ) aired two live episodes of David Feherty 's eponymous series from the State Theatre . Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies . Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL .",
"11": "NBC 's lead NFL team of play - by - play man Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game . Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes , with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo . The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel , where available . NBC employed 73 cameras within the stadium , and introduced `` volumetric - AR '' graphics featuring 3D body scanning of players . This was the last game in Westwood One 's current national radio contract with the NFL . Each participating team 's flagship station ( the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ - FM / Boston , and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP - FM / Philadelphia , along with WEMG / Camden , New Jersey for Spanish play - by - play ) carried the game with local announcers . ( For the second consecutive year , none of the local flagships are clear - channel stations , and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team 's immediate metropolitan area ; listeners who live outside the flagship stations ' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts . ) Under the terms of the Westwood One contract , any radio station that is not a local flagship , if it is to carry the game , is required to utilize the Westwood One feed . It was the first title win called by Eagles play - by - play announcer Merrill Reese , who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977 . Online streams of the game were provided by NBC . It was available on NBCSports.com , the NBC Sports app for mobile devices , tablets , connected - TV devices , and NBC.com without any required login . The Spanish - language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices , connected TV devices , and tablets but not mobile devices . Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017 -- 18 playoffs , Verizon still offers mobile streaming of games , but no longer holds exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers . Instead , Verizon elected to use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo !",
"12": "; on January 9 , 2018 , Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo ! Sports and go90 app , including Super Bowl LII . As a result of the deal , the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time , regardless of network ( because of Verizon 's previous exclusive rights deal , non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts , regardless of source ) . The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers . Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC 's pre-game coverage . Mike Tirico , who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC 's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games , did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea ( which opened on the Friday following the game ) . As NBC Sports Regional Networks operates regional sports networks in the markets of both teams which participated , the NBC Sports Boston and NBC Sports Philadelphia channels were used to provide additional coverage of the game from a local perspective . Both networks aired coverage from Minneapolis , including pre-game specials focusing on their respective team , followed by a joint broadcast immediately prior to the game . Nielsen reported a 47.4 / 70 % overnight rating in metered markets , peaking at 52.2 / 74 during the fourth quarter . These numbers are about 3 % lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI , and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Advertising ( edit ) Dan Lovinger , NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales , stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price `` north of $5 million '' ( the price set for the previous two Super Bowls ) for a 30 - second commercial during Super Bowl LII .",
"13": "As they began five days after the Super Bowl , NBC offered advertising packages that covered both Super Bowl LII and the 2018 Winter Olympics ( which marked the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network had aired both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year ) ; the network estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events . During the second quarter , an equipment failure caused NBC 's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break . No actual commercial time was lost . Anheuser - Busch has , as it has done in previous Super Bowls , purchased multiple commercials in the game , advertising Bud Light , Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra . For the first time since Super Bowl VIII , the company reduced the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial . However , a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a 5 - second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the `` ClydesdaleCam '' livestreaming event . Other signed advertisers included The Coca - Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico . Cellphone carrier T - Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating , featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds . The commercial also features Nirvana 's song `` All Apologies '' played as a lullaby . In the ad , Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them `` unstoppable '' and that they will demand fair and equal pay . T - Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying , `` This year , we wanted to use our # SuperBowl airtime to share that @ TMobile believes we all started in the same place . We are more alike than different . And we are unstoppable . '' Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with swift and harsh criticism for its use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct '' . Major news outlets and social media erupted in the controversy . Particularly disturbing to many viewers was the selective exploitation of King 's anti-consumerist , anti-advertising speech in an attempt to sell trucks .",
"14": "Lead - out programs ( edit ) NBC 's lead - out program was an episode of This Is Us , titled `` Super Bowl Sunday '' , alongside a special episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from Minneapolis ' Orpheum Theatre , with halftime performer Justin Timberlake , Dwayne Johnson , Chris Stapleton and the cast of This Is Us as guests . In a surprise move , Netflix used its advertising time to announce it had acquired the rights to The Cloverfield Paradox , the third film in the Cloverfield series , and would make it available immediately after the game , potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC . International broadcasts ( edit ) Rights holder ( s ) Australia The event aired live on the Seven Network and 7mate Brazil The Super Bowl was shown live by ESPN Brasil , with Paulo Antunes and Everaldo Marques as the announcers for the evening . It was also shown live on Cinemark , Cinépolis , Kinoplex and UCI movie theaters across the country . Canada Bell Canada holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV , CTV Two , RDS ( for French ) , TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN 's regional networks did not carry the game due to a schedule conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the national women 's curling championship . Bell reprised the previous year 's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences . On RDS , the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines . France beIn Sports2 and W9 broadcast the event . Germany ProSieben broadcast the Super Bowl for the first time , after it had previously been on sister channel Sat. 1 since Super Bowl XLVI . It was shown for no additional cost in standard - definition and on ProSieben HD in high - definition on HD+ as well as multiple cable and IPTV providers . It was also available on internet streaming service DAZN for no cost in addition to the regular subscription fee . Philippines The 5 Network broadcast the event in the Philippines . United Kingdom As per recent years , Super Bowl LII aired live on BBC One for no additional cost over the license fee .",
"15": "It was also available on Sky Sports with a subscription , through a Now TV Sports Pass , or as part of the NFL Gamepass Playoffs package . In a change to tradition , the BBC chose to use NBC 's feed instead of the NFL Films and NFL Network produced World Feed . U.S. military bases American Forces Network carried the Super Bowl live to members of the United States Armed Forces in Eurasia . Entertainment ( edit ) Pre-game ( edit ) The inside of the stadium on game day . Pink performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , while Leslie Odom Jr. sang `` America the Beautiful '' . Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem , later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum . She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance . No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem , in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2016 and 2017 seasons . Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony . World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin . Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Justin Timberlake performs on piano alongside projected archive footage of Prince during the Super Bowl LII halftime show . Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show , along with his band `` The Tennessee Kids '' and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band . Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC , and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Janet Jackson . Timberlake 's performance drew criticism for not being `` spectacular '' , looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous `` wardrobe malfunction '' encountered during his performance with Jackson , and for incorporating a video of Prince , who opposed performances combining the dead and the living . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter . The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half .",
"16": "The Patriots kicked off to the Eagles , who opened the game with a 14 - play , 67 - yard drive that took 7 : 05 off the clock and resulted in a 25 - yard Jake Elliott field goal , giving the Eagles a 3 -- 0 lead . The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , who completed 6 of 9 passes to five different receivers for 61 yards , with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi mixed in . Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays , hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard gain on third - and - 4 , and later found Torrey Smith for a 15 - yard completion on third - and - 12 . The Patriots responded with a drive of their own , almost with the exact same results ; quarterback Tom Brady completed 6 of 8 passes for 60 yards to four different receivers , the longest a 28 - yard strike to Chris Hogan . The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8 - yard line , where they had to settle for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26 - yard field goal , which tied the game at 3 -- 3 . The game 's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive , taking only three plays : a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor , a 36 - yard run up the middle by Blount , and a 34 - yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field . The ensuing extra point attempt from Elliott was missed wide right , which made the score 9 -- 3 in favor of the Eagles . The Patriots responded by advancing the ball to the Philadelphia 11 - yard line on their next drive , which was set up by a 50 - yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola , where the quarter ended . Second quarter ( edit ) With the second quarter under way , the Patriots came away empty - handed on the drive , as Gostkowski missed a 26 - yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap . New England 's defense forced the game 's only punt on the next drive .",
"17": "On the following drive , Brady completed a 23 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks , but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game with a concussion . On third down from near mid-field , the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Tom Brady . Brady was open , but dropped the throw from Amendola . They went for it on fourth down , and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete , giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35 - yard line on a turnover - on - downs . The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions , a 19 - yard catch by Zach Ertz on third - and - 7 , and a 22 - yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21 - yard line . On the next play , a 21 - yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown . They attempted a two - point conversion , which failed and brought the score to 15 -- 3 . The Patriots quickly struck back , as Brady completed a 46 - yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff . But the team could only gain two more yards , resulting in Gostkowski 's 45 - yard field goal that got the score to 15 -- 6 . The Eagles got the ball back with 7 : 24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown , when a 26 - yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43 - yard line . But on the next play , Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one - handed catch , and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception , which he returned eight yards to the 10 - yard line . The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven - play , 90 - yard drive , featuring a 43 - yard completion from Brady to Hogan . On the next play , James White scored with a 26 - yard touchdown run . Gostkowski missed the ensuing extra point , but the score was now 15 -- 12 . Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30 - yard line as time ran down to the two - minute warning .",
"18": "Two plays later , on third down - and - 3 , Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement , who took off for a 55 - yard gain to the New England 8 - yard line . Clement then ran the ball six yards to the two - yard line on the next play . Two plays later , Philadelphia faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock . Deciding to go for the touchdown , they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier . As Foles stepped up to the running back position , Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles , who was wide open in the right side of the end zone . Foles caught the football , making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , and the ensuing extra point was good , giving the Eagles a 22 -- 12 lead , which was taken into the locker room following a short drive by the Patriots . The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams , including most total yards combined ( 673 ) . This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl , with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles throwing for 215 yards . Third quarter ( edit ) The Patriots received the second - half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays . Gronkowski , who only caught one pass for nine yards in the first half , caught five passes for 68 yards on the drive , the last a 5 - yard touchdown reception to make the score 22 -- 19 . The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third down conversions by Foles . The first was a 17 - yard pass to Agholor on third - and - 6 from the Eagles 19 - yard line . Later in the drive , he threw a 14 - yard completion to Ertz on third - and - 1 from the New England 40 - yard line . Finally , he finished the possession with a 22 - yard touchdown pass to Clement on third - and - 6 .",
"19": "The touchdown was held up by a replay review , but replay officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball . An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29 -- 19 in favor of the Eagles . Brady responded with a 10 - play , 75 - yard drive , completing all three of his passes for 61 yards , the last one a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29 -- 26 . The Eagles followed with an 8 - play , 51 - yard drive featuring a 24 - yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play . By the end of the third quarter , the team had made it to the New England 16 - yard line . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32 -- 26 . However , Brady came back with another 75 - yard drive featuring a 30 - yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four - yard pass to Gronkowski , his second touchdown of the game , giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33 -- 32 . On their next drive , the Eagles faced third - and - 6 after two plays , but were able to keep the ball with a 7 - yard catch by Ertz . Eventually , they faced a fourth - and - 1 on their own 45 - yard line with 5 : 39 left in the game . Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt , Foles completed a 2 - yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive . Then after a 1 - yard Blount run , he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10 , 18 , and 10 yards , respectively , moving the ball to the New England 14 - yard line . Following a 3 - yard run by Ajayi , Foles threw a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2 : 21 remaining in the game . The play was held up on review , as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone ; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line .",
"20": "However , a failed two - point conversion left the Eagles with a 38 -- 33 lead . On the Patriots ' next drive , Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive 's second play for the only sack of the game for either team . Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball , allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1 : 05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts . Elliott then kicked a 46 - yard field goal , putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points , with the score at 41 -- 33 , and New England needing a touchdown and a two - point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime . After nine plays ( one of them a 13 - yard catch by Amendola on fourth - and - 10 ) , Brady reached the 49 - yard line , and with only nine seconds remaining , he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone , to no avail as time expired . The Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history , and their first league championship since 1960 , ending what was the third - longest championship drought in the NFL at 57 years . Game Statistics ( edit ) The trophy presentation after the game . The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75 , set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995 ; it and this game marked only the second time in the game 's history where the two teams combined for 70 + points . The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams ( combined ) with 1,151 yards , the most for any single game , regular season or postseason . The game had many other Super Bowl records set as well , including fewest punts from both teams ( one ) , most yards gained by a team ( 613 for New England ) and most points scored by a losing team ( 33 ) . Foles completed 28 - of - 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns , with one interception , and caught a touchdown pass . Clement , who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season , was the Eagles leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for eight yards . Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards .",
"21": "Blount was the game 's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown . Brady completed 28 - of - 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns , breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season . Amendola was his top target with eight receptions for 152 yards , while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine passes for 116 yards and two scores . Box score ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles ( NFC ) 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots ( AFC ) 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : February 4 , 2018 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya Recap , Game Book ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP PHI NE 7 : 55 14 67 7 : 05 PHI 25 - yard field goal by Elliott 0 4 : 17 9 67 3 : 38 NE 26 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 2 : 34 77 1 : 43 PHI Jeffery 34 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick no good ( wide right ) 9 8 : 48 6 65 3 : 05 PHI Blount 21 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass no good 15 7 : 24 5 48 1 : 24 NE 45 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 15 6 2 : 04 7 90 2 : 57 NE White 26 - yard touchdown run ,",
"22": "Gostkowski kick no good ( wide left ) 15 12 0 : 34 7 70 1 : 30 PHI Foles 1 - yard touchdown reception from Burton , Elliott kick good 22 12 12 : 15 8 75 2 : 45 NE Gronkowski 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 22 19 7 : 18 11 85 4 : 57 PHI Clement 22 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick good 29 19 3 : 23 7 75 3 : 55 NE Hogan 26 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 29 26 14 : 09 8 51 4 : 14 PHI 42 - yard field goal by Elliott 32 26 9 : 22 10 75 4 : 47 NE Gronkowski 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 32 33 2 : 21 14 75 7 : 01 PHI Ertz 11 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , 2 - point pass no good 38 33 1 : 05 1 : 04 PHI 46 - yard field goal by Elliott 41 33 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football .",
"23": "41 33 Final Statistics ( edit ) Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots First downs 25 29 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 19 23 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 10 / 16 5 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 2 / 2 1 / 2 Total net yards 538 613 Net yards rushing 164 113 Rushing attempts 27 22 Yards per rush 6.1 5.1 Net yards passing 374 500 Passing -- completions / attempts 29 / 44 28 / 49 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 Interceptions thrown 0 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 98 3 -- 44 Interceptions -- total return yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 8 Punts -- average yardage 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Fumbles -- lost 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 6 -- 35 1 -- 5 Time of possession 34 : 04 25 : 56 Turnovers The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch .",
"24": "Records set ( Unless otherwise noted , all records were only Super Bowl records ) Most yards allowed 613 Philadelphia Eagles Most yards allowed in a win 613 Most Super Bowl appearances , as team 10 New England Patriots Most points scored in a Super Bowl , losing team 33 Most total yards , team ( game ) 613 Most passing yards , team ( postseason game ) 500 Fewest punts , team ( game ) 0 Most players , 100 or more receiving yards ( Amendola 152 , Hogan 128 , Gronkowski 116 ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as player 8 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as starting player 8 Most pass attempts , player ( career ) 357 Most pass completions , player ( career ) 235 Most passing yards , player ( any postseason game ) 505 Most passing yards , player ( career ) 2,576 Most touchdown passes , player ( career ) 18 Oldest quarterback , as player 40 years 185 days Oldest quarterback , as starting player 40 years 185 days Most Super Bowl appearances , as head coach 8 Bill Belichick ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as coach 11 Most Super Bowl appearances , in any capacity 11 Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( game ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia ) Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( career ) Most Super Bowl games with TD pass and TD reception Longest field goal kicked by a rookie 46 yards Jake Elliott ( Philadelphia ) Most receiving yards , game , tight end 116 Rob Gronkowski ( New England ) Most total yards , both teams ( any NFL game ) 1,151 Philadelphia Eagles vs.",
"25": "New England Patriots Most first downs passing , both teams ( game ) 42 Most passing yards , both teams ( any postseason game ) 874 Most missed PAT attempts , both teams ( game ) Fewest punts , both teams ( game ) Records tied Fewest times sacked , as team ( game ) 0 Philadelphia Eagles Fewest fumbles , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest fumbles lost , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most missed PAT attempts , as team ( game ) Most Super Bowl losses , as team 5 New England Patriots Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most Super Bowl appearances , as kicker 5 Stephen Gostkowski ( New England ) Most pass attempts with no interceptions ( game ) 48 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most field goals , both teams ( game ) 5 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs , both teams ( game ) 54 Most pass attempts , both teams ( game ) 93 Most touchdown passes , both teams ( game ) 7 Fewest times sacked , both teams ( game ) Fewest punt returns , both teams ( game ) 0 Fewest punt return yards , both teams ( game ) 0 Individual statistics ( edit ) Eagles passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Nick Foles 28 / 43 373 Trey Burton 1 / 1 0 Eagles rushing Car Yds TD LG LeGarrette Blount 14 90 36 Jay Ajayi 9 57 0 26 Nelson Agholor 9 0 9 Corey Clement 8 0 6 Eagles receiving",
"26": "Rec Yds TD LG Nelson Agholor 9 84 0 24 Zach Ertz 7 67 19 Torrey Smith 5 49 0 17 Corey Clement 100 55 Alshon Jeffery 73 34 Nick Foles Trey Burton 0 0 0 0 Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Tom Brady 28 / 48 505 0 Danny Amendola 0 / 1 0 0 0 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG James White 7 45 26 Dion Lewis 9 39 0 8 Rex Burkhead 18 0 9 Tom Brady 6 0 6 Chris Hogan 0 Brandin Cooks 0 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Rob Gronkowski 9 116 25 Danny Amendola 8 152 0 50 Chris Hogan 6 128 43 James White 21 0 15 Rex Burkhead 46 0 46",
"27": "Brandin Cooks 23 0 23 Phillip Dorsett 19 0 19 Tom Brady 0 0 0 0 James Develin 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Philadelphia Position Position New England Offense Alshon Jeffery WR Brandin Cooks Halapoulivaati Vaitai LT Nate Solder Stefen Wisniewski LG Joe Thuney Jason Kelce David Andrews Brandon Brooks RG Shaq Mason Lane Johnson RT Cameron Fleming Zach Ertz TE Rob Gronkowski Nelson Agholor WR Chris Hogan Nick Foles QB Tom Brady LeGarrette Blount RB Dion Lewis Torrey Smith WR FB James Develin Defense Vinny Curry DE LE Trey Flowers Timmy Jernigan DT Lawrence Guy Fletcher Cox DT Malcom Brown Brandon Graham DE LB James Harrison Mychal Kendricks OLB LB Kyle Van Noy Nigel Bradham OLB LB Elandon Roberts Jalen Mills CB RCB Stephon Gilmore Ronald Darby CB LCB Eric Rowe Corey Graham Patrick Chung Rodney McLeod Devin McCourty Malcolm Jenkins Duron",
"28": "Harmon Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl LII had eight officials . The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers . Referee : Gene Steratore ( 114 ) Umpire : Roy Ellison ( 81 ) Down judge : Jerry Bergman ( 91 ) Line judge : Byron Boston ( 18 ) Field judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Side judge : Scott Edwards ( 3 ) Back judge : Perry Paganelli ( 46 ) Replay official : Paul Weidner This was Steratore 's first Super Bowl as a referee , though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Officials Named '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Referee GENE STERATORE will lead the seven - person crew of on - field game officials selected to work Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 at U.S. Bank Stadium , the NFL announced today Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles beat New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . February 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 4 , 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hanzus , Dan ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` P ! NK to perform national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League .",
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"31": "We will have three cities competing for Super Bowl LII : New Orleans , Minneapolis and Indianapolis Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI -- New York Giants vs. New England Patriots -- February 5th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowls in New Orleans : All 10 of them ! '' . NOLA.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- San Francisco 49ers vs. Baltimore Ravens -- February 3rd , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Tricentennial -- The 300th Anniversary '' . NOLA 2018 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike . `` Minneapolis awarded Super Bowl in 2018 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Seeds '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 21 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl preview : The 52 things you must know about Eagles vs. Patriots '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six Eagles Named To The 2018 Pro Bowl '' .",
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"33": "Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011301/2017/POST19/titans@patriots?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000906166&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL playoffs schedule , Super Bowl LII coverage '' . ESPN . January 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011300/2017/POST19/falcons@eagles?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000905891&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Weekly League Schedule '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Danny ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Super Bowl Rematch That Is n't '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krammer , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Trading places : Eagles ' LeGarrette Blount , Chris Long bring Patriots intel to Philadelphia huddles '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` New England Patriots to wear white in Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Why it 's better to wear white on Super Bowl Sunday '' .",
"34": "TheScore.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hartman , Sid ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Hartman : Twin Cities setting stage for Super Bowl LII in grand fashion '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruch , Michelle ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Navigating the Super Bowl '' . Southwest Journal . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Department of Revenue . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Bank Stadium rail stop wo n't be an option in 48 hours before Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayerle , Jennifer ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Homeless Shelter To Temporarily Move During Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Tim ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` A month of Super Bowl disruptions ahead for Metro Transit riders '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ; Pheifer , Pat ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl will limit light - rail use to ticket holders on game day '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ; Pheifer , Pat ; Sawyer , Liz ; Adler , Erin ( February 5 , 2018 ) .",
"35": "`` Protesters block light rail , rally outside U.S. Bank Stadium '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings would play Super Bowl as visitor in their home stadium '' . Yahoo Sports . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Super Bowl Host Committee raises $50 million , plans street closures '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` A ' very Minnesota ' Super Bowl Live lineup announced for free concerts on mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Birkebeiner Bridge will be part of Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for Super Bowl Experience ' theme park ' go on sale Tuesday '' . TwinCities.com . December 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson to headline game - day parties for Super Bowl LII ticket holders '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Norfleet , Nicole ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remodeled Minneapolis Armory to host days - long entertainment during Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune .",
"36": "Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raihala , Ross ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , the Chainsmokers to play local concerts during Super Bowl '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons to play Armory during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pink added to Super Bowl concert lineup at Armory '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to party at Prince 's Paisley Park during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Liz ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake helps tout Prior Lake as suburban epicenter for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riemenschneider , Chris ; Olson , Rochelle ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Club Nomadic canceled at Mystic Lake , concerts move to much smaller venues '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Massive traveling nightclub with expected big acts coming to Mystic Lake for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune .",
"37": "Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake slashes prices , loses one act in Super Bowl concert mix '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ December 15 , 2017 . `` There 's still time to get paid to work the Super Bowl '' . KARE . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Andy ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Suburbs ready for NFL weekend '' . Sun ThisWeek . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Fans can watch Super Bowl players , coach , national media at St. Paul pregame party '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` For Super Bowl , Minneapolis can expect rooftop snipers , restricted access and lots of security '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl tickets available Friday -- for Taste of the NFL event '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zipline across the Mississippi River during Super Bowl festival '' . Fox9.com . Fox Television Stations . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival considering an ice palace for 2018 at the State Capitol '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune .",
"38": "Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival plans to build ice castle after all '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` St. Paul hopes to cash in on Super Bowl with palace - sized plans '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCardle , Ellery ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` SB52 : Ice palace returning to St. Paul 's Winter Carnival '' . KARE . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ; Woltman , Nick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Haunted by 1992 , St. Paul Winter Carnival cancels Super Bowl ice palace '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul has big plans to capitalize on Super Bowl tourism '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Maze Coming To South Minneapolis Ahead Of Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . CBS Corporation . January 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Your Definitive Guide To Super Bowl LII '' . Forbes Travel Guide . January 12 , 2018 .",
"39": "Archived from the original on January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN chooses IDS Crystal Court for Super Bowl week set '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Feherty Hosting Back - to - Back Nights of `` Feherty Live '' in Minneapolis During Week of Super Bowl `` . Golf Channel . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Drumline to Perform Saturday at Super Bowl Live ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Drumline helps kick off Super Bowl Live event '' . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spain , Kevin ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBC looking to sell Super Bowl , Olympics ad combos '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC SPORTS ANNOUNCES SUPER BOWL LII ON - AIR TEAM FOR PATRIOTS - EAGLES -- NETWORK 'S 19TH SUPER BOWL BROADCAST '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO DEPORTES & UNIVERSO TO ONCE AGAIN PRESENT LIVE , EXCLUSIVE SPANISH - LANGUAGE NFL GAMES THIS SEASON -- INCLUDING SUPER BOWL LII '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC Sports Embarks on Largest - Scale Live Game Production in History '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC To Debut Virtual 3D Graphics Tech Incorporating Player Body Scans '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clapp , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's the Philadelphia Eagles ' radio call of the final play to win Super Bowl LII '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , TV News . `` Spanish - Language Live Super Bowl Telecast Will Be Presented by Telemundo Deportes and Universo '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Yahoo Sports will start streaming NFL playoff games this weekend , says Oath CEO Tim Armstrong '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon , NFL agree to new 5 - year deal worth nearly $2.5 billion '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL games will start streaming on all mobile carriers in January -- not just Verizon '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas wo n't work Super Bowl for NBC , even though he 's also not working the Olympics '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 .",
"41": "Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why NBC 's Mike Tirico will be skipping the Super Bowl in Minneapolis '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC Sports Regional Networks Are All About Synergy in Minneapolis '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Patton , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ratings Slip To 8 - Year Low As Eagles Score Historic Win '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Madison Avenue , NBC Wrangle Over $5 Million Super Bowl Ads ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Erika ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ads Ca n't Save TV '' . Fortune ( print mail distribution ) : 11 . ISSN 0015 - 8259 ... and pay rapt attention to commercials that cost roughly $5 million a ( 30 - second ) pop . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl , Winter Olympics '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What caused a nearly 30 - second ad blackout during Super Bowl '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian . `` NBC blames ' equipment failure ' for brief blackout during Super Bowl '' . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ `` Budweiser benches famous Clydesdales for Super Bowl LII '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile 's ad : Nirvana , Kerry Washington and a timely statement about equality '' . Money.Cnn.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Fallon to host ' Tonight Show ' live from Minneapolis after Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Fallon unveils guests for Mpls . Super Bowl show : Timberlake , the Rock , ' This Is Us ' cast '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mike ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Why Netflix 's surprise ' Cloverfield Paradox ' release could be a game - changer '' . Market Watch . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Darren ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 Brisbane : Best places to watch , when it starts , odds '' . News.com.au . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ `` CTV 'S $300,000 Watch to Win Contest is Back -- Article -- TSN '' . January 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Football - Sonntag '' . ProSieben ( in German ) . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 : TV channel , kick - off time and half - time show for Super Bowl 52 at the US Bank Stadium '' . The Sun . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Carlsonsports/status/960264692575895557 Jump up ^ Smith , George A. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` AFN Airing Super Bowl LII Live on TV and Radio '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom , Jr. to sing ' America The Beautiful ' at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Performer of ' America the Beautiful ' at Super Bowl LII is chosen '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wanshel , Elyse ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` This Is What Pink Spit Out Before The Super Bowl National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pink defends Super Bowl performance '' . CNN .",
"44": "Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl coin toss salute for Medal of Honor recipients '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWII Medal recipient does Super Bowl LII coin toss '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake set for SB LII halftime show '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris . `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake performing at Super Bowl LII halftime '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Justin Timberlake to Headline Super Bowl Halftime '' . Variety . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Rodger . `` The Winners and Losers From Super Bowl LII '' . The Ringer .",
"45": "Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Play By Play '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Patriots 26 - yard field goal attempt ends with crazy miss '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Felt , Hunter ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Eagles beat Patriots to win first title -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loumena , Dan ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Checking the stats at halftime '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots and Eagles gave us the 2nd highest - scoring Super Bowl ever '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Quarter - by - Quarter Score , Final Stats for Eagles vs. Patriots '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Who are the officials ? '' . The Post-Standard . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LII . Official",
"46": "website Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s",
"47": "XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII champions 4 Jake Elliott 6 Caleb Sturgis 7 Nate Sudfeld 8 Donnie Jones 9 Nick Foles ( MVP ) 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 21 Patrick Robinson 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 24 Corey Graham 26 Jaylen Watkins 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J.",
"48": "Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 39 Harold Jones - Quartey 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 43 Darren Sproles 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 50 Bryan Braman 51 Steven Means 52 Najee Goode 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 57 Dannell Ellerbe 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 66 Will Beatty 67 Chance Warmack 68 Josh Andrews 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 75 Vinny Curry 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 82 Torrey Smith 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 87 Brent Celek 88 Trey Burton 89 Greg Ward Jr . 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 94 Beau Allen 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls Randall Goforth Aziz Shittu Dom Williams Head coach : Doug Pederson Coaches : Eugene Chung Phillip Daniels John DeFilippo Dave Fipp Ken Flajole Keith Gray Mike Groh Matthew Harper Tim Hauck Josh Hingst Shaun Huls Trent Miles Ryan Paganetti T.J. Paganetti Justin Peelle Spencer Phillips Frank Reich Jim Schwartz Duce Staley Jeff Stoutland Press Taylor Cory Undlin Dino Vasso Chris Wilson Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders",
"49": "Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952",
"50": "1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough ,",
"51": "Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73",
"52": "78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona",
"53": "Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V )",
"54": "1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL",
"55": "champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . NFL on NBC Related programs The NFL on NBC pregame show ( Football Night in America ) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- 2017 ) College football programs College Football on NBC ( Notre Dame ) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators AFC Championship Game Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All - Star Game NFL Championship Game Preseason games American Bowl Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless Game",
"56": "`` The Clock Play '' Cleveland Browns relocation controversy `` The Holy Roller '' `` Snowplow Game '' `` Leon Lett Blunder II '' Postseason lore `` The Epic in Miami '' `` Ghost to the Post '' `` Immaculate Reception '' `` Red Right 88 '' `` The Freezer Bowl '' `` The Drive '' `` The Fumble '' `` The Comeback '' `` Beast Quake '' `` The Interception '' `` Philly Special '' Pre-AFL -- NFL merger lore `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` Heidi Game '' Sunday Night Football lore `` 4th and 2 '' 16 -- 0 `` Butt fumble '' Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' Faith Hill Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) III ( 1968 ) AFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1997 ) V ( 1970 ) VII ( 1972 ) IX ( 1974 ) XI ( 1976 ) XIII ( 1978 ) XV ( 1980 ) XVII ( 1982 ) XX ( 1985 ) XXIII ( 1988 ) XXVII ( 1992",
"57": ") XXVIII ( 1993 ) XXX ( 1995 ) XXXII ( 1997 ) Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) XLIII ( 2008 ) XLVI ( 2011 ) XLIX ( 2014 ) LII ( 2017 ) LV ( 2020 ) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 2009 2012 2013 2014 Website : NBC Sports - NFL News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII&oldid=838090435 '' Categories : 2010s in Minneapolis 2017 National Football League season 2018 in American football 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota American football in Minnesota February 2018 sports events in the United States New England Patriots postseason Philadelphia Eagles postseason Sports in Minneapolis Super Bowl Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from February 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles contradicting other articles Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 21 : 25 .",
"58": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is jared on the bold and the beautiful
|
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{
"0": "The Bold and the Beautiful Cast members - wikipedia The Bold and the Beautiful Cast members Jump to : navigation , search The Bold and the Beautiful is an American television soap opera , created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . It first aired on March 23 , 1987 . Currently , John McCook ( Eric Forrester ) and Katherine Kelly Lang ( Brooke Logan ) are the two longest - running cast members , having appeared on the show when it first aired . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : the main cast and recurring , or who are upcoming , returning or departing from the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current cast members 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Cast changes 2.1 Returning 3 Former cast members 4 Deceased cast members 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Current cast members Main cast Actor Character Duration Ref Darin Brooks Wyatt Spencer 2013 -- Kimberlin Brown Sheila Carter 1992 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 , 2017 -- Scott Clifton Liam Spencer 2010 -- Don Diamont Bill Spencer , Jr . 2009 -- Reign Edwards Nicole Avant 2015 -- Thorsten Kaye Ridge Forrester 2013 -- Katherine Kelly Lang Brooke Logan 1987 -- John McCook Eric Forrester 1987 -- Alley Mills Pamela Douglas 2006 -- Karla Mosley Maya Avant 2013 -- Annika Noelle Hope Logan 2018 -- Ingo Rademacher Thorne Forrester 2017 -- Nia Sioux Emma 2018 -- Rena Sofer Quinn Fuller 2013 -- Aaron D. Spears Justin Barber 2009 -- Heather Tom Katie Logan 2007 -- Anthony Turpel R.J.",
"1": "Forrester 2016 -- Jacqueline MacInnes Wood Steffy Forrester 2008 -- 13 , 2015 -- Recurring cast Actor Character Duration Ref Zane Alexander Achor Will Spencer 2013 -- Obba Babatundé Julius Avant 2015 -- Ian Buchanan Dr. James Warwick 1993 -- 99 , 2004 , 2007 -- 11 , 2017 -- Mick Cain C.J. Garrison 1997 -- 2004 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 -- Crystal Chappell Danielle Spencer 2012 -- Dick Christie Charlie Webber 2013 -- Othello Clark Othello 2011 -- Andrew Collins Jarrett Maxwell 2004 -- Zack Conroy Oliver Jones 2010 -- Jennifer Gareis Donna Logan 2006 -- Linsey Godfrey Caroline Spencer 2012 -- Courtney Grosbeck Coco Spectra 2017 -- Theodora Greece Alison Montgomery 2011 -- Jacqueline Hahn Dr. Caspary 2005 -- Jon Hensley Dr. Meade 2012 -- Anna Maria Horsford Vivienne Avant 2015 -- Dan Martin Lieutenant Baker 1997 -- Chris McKenna Dr.",
"2": "Hayden 2016 -- Zach Rance Zach 2014 -- Lawrence Saint - Victor Carter Walton 2013 -- Rodney Saulsberry Anthony Wallace 2010 -- Scott Turner Schofield Nick 2015 -- Tigerlily and Ginger Siler Rosie Forrester 2011 -- Taja V. Simpson Adele 2012 -- Hunter Tylo Taylor Hayes 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 13 , 2014 , 2018 -- Sandra Vergara Theresa Corazon 2013 -- Stephanie Wang Madison Lee 2007 -- Fred Willard John Forrester 2014 -- Jacob Young Rick Forrester 1997 -- 99 , 2011 -- Andres Zuno Rafael 2013 -- Cast changes Returning Actor Character Date Ref .",
"3": "Courtney Hope Sally Spectra TBA Former cast members Actor Character Duration Ref Marla Adams Beth Logan 1991 Luigi Amodeo Lorenzo Barelli 2002 -- 03 Justin Baldoni Graham Darros Judith Baldwin Beth Logan Texas Battle Marcus Forrester 2008 -- 13 Kabir Bedi Prince Omar Rashid 1994 -- 95 , 2005 Drew Tyler Bell Thomas Forrester 2004 -- 10 Brandon Beemer Owen Knight Casper Knight 2008 -- 12 2009 Paulo Benedeti Antonio Dominguez 2001 -- 02 , 2012 -- 13 , 2017 Tracey E. Bregman Lauren Fenmore Baldwin 1992 -- 99 , 2002 , 2004 , 2007 Ashleigh Brewer Ivy Forrester 2014 -- 18 Peter Brown Blake Hayes 1991 -- 92 Sarah Joy Brown Agnes Jones 2009 -- 11 Agnes Bruckner Bridget Forrester 1997 -- 99 Sabrina Bryan Alisa Cordova 2002 Nancy Burnett Beth Logan 1987 -- 89 , 1994 , 1996 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 Sarah G. Buxton Morgan DeWitt 2000 -- 01 , 2005 Ashley Lyn Cafagna Kimberly Fairchild 1998 -- 2001 Brian Patrick Clarke Storm Logan ( # 2 ) 1990 -- 91 Robert Clary Pierre Jourdan 1988 -- 89 Darlene Conley Sally Spectra 1989 -- 2006 Felisha Cooper Sasha Thompson 2015 -- 17 Mace Coronel R.J.",
"4": "Forrester 2013 -- 14 Barbara Crampton Maggie Forrester 1995 -- 98 Patrika Darbo Shirley Spectra 2017 -- 18 Eileen Davidson Ashley Abbott 2007 -- 08 Tamara Davies Tricia Quick 2002 - 03 Michelle Davison Ruthanne Owens 1991 -- 93 , 1995 , 1997 William deVry Storm Logan 2006 -- 08 , 2012 Michael Dietz Mark Maclaine 2002 -- 05 Lesley - Anne Down Jackie Marone 2003 -- 12 Courtnee Draper Mary Warwick 2002 Patrick Duffy Stephen Logan 2006 -- 11 Bobbie Eakes Macy Alexander 1989 -- 2000 , 2001 , 2002 - 03 Andrea Evans Tawny Moore 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 Kayla Ewell Caitlin Ramirez 2004 -- 05 Jennifer Finnigan Bridget Forrester 2000 -- 03 Susan Flannery Stephanie Forrester 1987 -- 2012 Rome Flynn Zende Forrester Dominguez 2015 -- 17 Pierson Fodé Thomas Forrester 2015 -- 18 Adrienne Frantz Amber Moore April Knight 1997 -- 2005 , 2010 -- 12 2003 Brian Gaskill Oscar Marone 2003 -- 04 Bryan Genesse Rocco Carner 1987 -- 89 , 2009 Frank and Morgan Gingerich Jack Marone 2010 -- 11 Ricky Paull Goldin Jesse Graves 2013 Charles Grant Grant Chambers 1996 -- 98 Adam Gregory Thomas Forrester 2010 -- 13 , 2014 Dax Griffin Shane McGrath 2006 -- 07 Ken Hanes Mike Guthrie 1993 -- 98 ,",
"5": "2010 Winsor Harmon Thorne Forrester 1996 -- 2016 Emily Harrison Bridget Forrester Rick Hearst Whipple Jones 2002 , 2009 -- 11 Danube Hermosillo Darlita 2017 -- 18 Ben Hogestyn Harry Jackson 2006 Addison Hoover Phoebe Forrester 2005 -- 06 Alex Hoover Steffy Forrester 2005 -- 06 Courtney Hope Sally Spectra 2017 -- 18 Jack Horan R.J. Forrester 2011 Mykel Shannon Jenkins Charlie Baker 2007 -- 09 , 2012 Joanna Johnson Caroline Spencer Forrester Karen Spencer 1987 -- 90 , 2001 1991 -- 94 , 2009 , 2011 -- 14 Ashley Jones Bridget Forrester 2004 -- 12 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 Lesli Kay Felicia Forrester 2005 -- 11 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 Sean Kanan Deacon Sharpe 2000 -- 05 , 2012 , 2014 -- 2017 Lauren Koslow Margo Maclaine Lynley 1987 -- 92 , 2002 Lorenzo Lamas Hector Ramirez 2004 -- 06 Teri Ann Linn Kristen Forrester 1987 -- 90 , 1992 -- 94 Mario Lopez Dr. Christian Ramirez 2006 Kyle Lowder Rick Forrester 2007 -- 11 Kristolyn Lloyd Dayzee Leigh Forrester 2010 -- 13 Constantine Maroulis Constantine Parros 2007 A Martinez Dr.",
"6": "Ramon Montgomery 2011 -- 12 Joseph Mascolo Massimo Marone 2001 -- 06 Kim Matula Hope Logan 2010 -- 14 , 2015 , 2016 MacKenzie Mauzy Phoebe Forrester 2006 -- 08 Todd McKee Jake Maclaine 1990 -- 92 , 2007 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 Daniel McVicar Clarke Garrison 1987 -- 92 , 1996 -- 2009 Tracy Melchior Kristen Forrester 2001 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13 Lilly Melgar Claudia Cortez 1996 - 97 Ronn Moss Ridge Forrester 1987 -- 2012 Carrie Mitchum Donna Logan 1987 -- 91 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 2001 Dylan Neal Dylan Shaw 1994 -- 97 Clayton Norcross Thorne Forrester 1987 -- 89 Ashlyn Pearce Alexandria Forrester 2013 -- 15 Sydney Penny Samantha Kelly 2003 -- 05 Robert Pine Stephen Logan 1988 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 Lindsay Price Michael Lai 1995 -- 97 Usher Raymond Raymond 1999 Robin Riker Beth Logan 2008 -- 10 Victor Rivers Ricardo Montemayor 2013 -- 14 Chris Robinson Jack Hamilton 1992 - 94 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 Gina Rodriguez Beverly 2011 -- 12 Jane A. Rogers Julie DeLorean 1990 -- 92 Antonio Sabàto Jr .",
"7": "Dante Damiano 2005 -- 06 Francisco San Martin Mateo 2017 Colleen Dion - Scotti Felicia Forrester 1990 -- 92 , 1997 , 2004 Mary Sheldon Donna Logan 1991 Hillary B. Smith Dr. Stacy Barton 2012 Nancy Sloan Katie Logan 1987 -- 89 , 1991 , 1994 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 Jim Storm Bill Spencer , Sr . 1987 -- 94 , 1997 , 2000 , 2003 , 2009 Michael Swan Adam Alexander 1998 -- 2000 , 2001 , 2002 -- 03 Marissa Tait Becky Moore 1999 - 2000 Justin Torkildsen Rick Forrester 1999 -- 2006 Jeff Trachta Thorne Forrester 1989 -- 96 Sandra Vidal Sofia Alonso 2001 -- 03 Lark Voorhies Jasmine Malone 1995 -- 96 Jack Wagner Nick Marone 2003 -- 12 Maitland Ward Jessica Forrester 1994 -- 96 Chris Warren Jr . Jimmy Ramirez 2004 -- 05 Ethan Wayne Storm Logan 1987 -- 89 , 1994 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Betty White Ann Douglas 2006 -- 07 , 2008 , 2009 Fred Willard John Forrester 2014 -- 15 Shanelle Workman Gabriela Moreno 2005 Alex Wyse Saul Feinberg 2017 -- 18 Deceased cast members Actor Character Date of Death Michael Fox Saul Feinberg June 1 , 1996 Philip O'Brien Minister / Rev. Marshall January 9 , 1999 Steve Allen Himself October 30 , 2000 Lesley Woods Grandma Helen Logan August 2 , 2003 Sandy Ward Det .",
"8": "Roy Banks March 6 , 2005 Frank Gorshin George May 17 , 2005 James Doohan Damon Warwick July 20 , 2005 Perry Stephens Steve Crown September 8 , 2005 Mark Roberts Dr. Adams / Dr. Reston January 5 , 2006 Michelle Davison Ruthanne Owens April 2 , 2006 Ric Mancini Vendor # 1 May 26 , 2006 Don Snell Clerk December 2 , 2006 Darlene Conley Sally Spectra January 14 , 2007 Luciano Giancarlo Waiter July 16 , 2007 Charlton Heston Himself April 5 , 2008 Patricia Place Nurse Busch September 20 , 2008 Richard Blackwell Himself October 19 , 2008 Douglas Barcellos Rico December 24 , 2008 Dick Gjonola Wayne Garfield October 25 , 2009 Christopher Cazenove Himself April 7 , 2010 Don Ross Charles Barnes January 15 , 2011 Jeff Conaway Mick Savage May 27 , 2011 Frank Marocco Musician March 3 , 2012 Kathryn Joosten Herself June 2 , 2012 Holly Lewis Gladys ' assistant June 22 , 2012 Phyllis Diller Gladys Pope August 20 , 2012 Michael Clarke Duncan Slash September 3 , 2012 Karen Kim Maya October 21 , 2012 Zheng Cao Herself February 21 , 2013 Jeanne Cooper Katherine Chancellor May 8 , 2013 Jerry Ayres Conway Weston , P.I. May 14 , 2013 Kirk Scott Frank Leonard November 16 , 2013 Tony Genaro Luis May 7 , 2014 Matthew Cowles Curtis Love May 22 , 2014 Bern Bennett Announcer May 29 , 2014 John Brandon Ben Maclaine August 25 , 2014 R.J.",
"9": "Adams David Johns Esq . January 26 , 2015 Jayne Meadows Herself April 26 , 2015 John Carter Richard Baker May 23 , 2015 Peter Brown Blake Hayes March 21 , 2016 Anthony Addabbo Tony `` Rush '' Carrera / Jonny Carrera October 18 , 2016 Joseph Mascolo Massimo Marone December 8 , 2016 Alan Thicke Rich Ginger December 13 , 2016 Erin Moran Kelly DeMartin April 22 , 2017 Bruce Gray Judge Morrissey December 13 , 2017 See also List of The Bold and the Beautiful characters References Jump up ^ `` The Bold and the Beautiful Cast and Details '' . Tvguide.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooke Logan Forrester Played by Katherine Kelly Lang on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eric Forrester Played by John McCook on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Emmy Winner Darin Brooks Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kimberlin Brown Returns to ' '' The Bold and the Beautiful as Supervillain Sheila Carter `` . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful : EP Bradley Bell Answers Our Burning Sheila Carter Questions '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings LLC . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam ( William ) Spencer III Played by Scott Clifton on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' .",
"10": "Soaps.sheknows.com . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Spencer , Jr . Played by Don Diamont on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` B&B CASTING EXCLUSIVE ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media , Inc . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Thorsten Kaye Cast as the New Ridge on The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thorsten Kaye Is B&B 's New Ridge '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pamela Douglas Played by Alley Mills on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/view/cd/NAA/cdid/478205/pid/400154 Jump up ^ `` Who 's Coming '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 49 ) : 12 -- 13 . December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Casting Exclusive ! B&B Recasts Hope '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Annika Noelle 's B&B Air Date , First Look Photo Revealed As Hope Logan '' . Soaps.com .",
"11": "United States : SheKnows Media . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the cast of Ingo Rademacher in the role of Thorne Forrester : Eades , Chris ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` General Hospital Star Ingo Rademacher Cast as Thorne on The Bold & the Beautiful ! '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . SOD ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher Is B&B 's New Thorne '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Giddens , Jamey ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher is B&B 's New Throne '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Fairman , Michael ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher Is The Bold and the Beautiful 's New Thorne ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Logan , Michael ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Casts Ingo Rademacher as the New Thorne Forrester '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` B&B Announces Ingo Rademacher 's First Air Date '' . Soap Opera Digest .",
"12": "United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Dance Moms star Nia Sioux joins The Bold and the Beautiful as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Rena Sofer Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Barber Played by Aaron D. Spears on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! Aaron D. Spears Upped At B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Logan Spencer Played by Heather Tom on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` B&B Casting News '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steffy Forrester Played by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jacqueline MacInnes Wood staying at B&B '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jacqueline MacInnes Wood Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Insider .",
"13": "United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Two - time Emmy nominee Jacqueline MacInnes Wood is heading back to CBS 's The Bold and the Beautiful as that maddeningly complicated sexbomb Steffy Forrester -- and this time the actress is under contract . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Parents : Anna Maria Horsford and Obba Babatundé Join The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Ian Buchanan Back to B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Doctor Is In : Ian Buchanan Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Spencer Played by Crystal Chappell on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ostrow , Joanne ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful does Aspen '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/content/pid/400037 Jump up ^ `` Oliver Jones Played by Zach Conroy on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Donna Logan Forrester Played by Jennifer Gareis on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Spencer Played by Linsey Godfrey on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' .",
"14": "Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` B&B Adds Another Spectra '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Could Jon Hensley Fill Ronn Moss ' Speedo on Bold and Beautiful ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Zap2It . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Michael ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Chris McKenna Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Chris McKenna 's first B&B airdate and character details revealed '' . United States : Soapcentral . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( January 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Big Brother 's ' Zach Rance Returning to ' B&B ' in February '' . United States : Soapoperanetwork.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/view/cd/NAA/cdid/478207/pid/400154 Jump up ^ Daniels , Karu F. ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Transgender actor Scott Turner Schofield lands ' The Bold and the Beautiful ' role '' . Daily News . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting for the Weeks of July 21 -- August 11 '' . CBS Interactive . July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Spoiler Alert ! B&B Shocker : Hunter Tylo Is Back ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc .",
"15": "Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Fred Willard Guest Stars on The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Forrester Played by Jacob Young on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jacob Young Reveals He 's Off - Contract at The Bold and the Beautiful '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Courtney Hope Back To B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Simms , Richard M. ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` A Forrester Family Reunion ! '' . CBS Soaps In Depth. 17 ( 52 ) : pg. 12 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` B&B CASTING NEWS '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jackie ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neighbours star ' inspired ' by Margot Robbie '' . Herald Sun . Australia : The Herald and Weekly Times . News Corp Australia . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Going '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 10 ) : 12 -- 13 . March 6 , 2017 .",
"16": "^ Jump up to : SOD ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Alert ! Spectra Gang Back At B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Shocks Fans With Spectra Surprise and We Have the Inside Scoop '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Lori ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Patrika Darbo Talks B&B Exit , Days Storylines , Indie Soaps '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Recruits Drumline Star Rome Flynn '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` B&B 's Rome Flynn Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! MEET B&B 'S NEW THOMAS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Has Their New Thomas : Pierson Fodé Joins The Cast ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 .",
"17": "Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Pierson Fodé Back To B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.soapcentral.com/bb/ftrees/moore.php Jump up ^ `` Amber Moore Played by Adrienne Frantz on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Thorne Forrester Played by Winsor Harmon on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` B&B 's Winsor Harmon goes to recurring ! '' . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` B&B 's Shocking Recast ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Danube Hermosillo Exits B&B As Darlita '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Courtney Hope Out at B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Forrester Played by Ashley Jones on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Sean Kanan Out at General Hospital , In at The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dayzee Leigh Played by Kristolyn Lloyd on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` B&B 's Lloyd Taking A Break '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Kim Matula Leaving The Bold and the Beautiful ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Matula Last Scene on The Bold and the Beautiful ! '' . Kim Matula 's Official Instagram . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hope Logan 's Final Day '' . Soaps She Knows . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Kim Matula 's Final Airdate Revealed As December 12th On The Bold and The Beautiful ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . United States . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ridge Forrester Played by Ronn Moss on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Moss 's Final Air Date Confirmed '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . August 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The New Aly ! '' . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 17 ( 45 ) : 11 .",
"19": "November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thorne 's New Daughter ! '' . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Forrester Cast On B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful LandsJane the Virgin Dreamboat Francisco San Martin '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Doohan '' . Imdb.it . May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Perry Stephens '' . Imdb.it . May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001063/ Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0226887/filmoseries#tt0092325 Jump up ^ `` Comedian Phyllis Diller Dies at 95 - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2013/06/former-bb-gh-and-dynasty-star-jerry-ayres-dies External links Official website The Bold and the Beautiful cast members on IMDb The Bold and The Beautiful at CBS.com ( hide ) The Bold and the Beautiful Current characters Maya Avant Nicole Avant Sheila Carter Zende Dominguez Pamela Douglas Eric Forrester Ivy Forrester Rick Forrester Ridge Forrester R.J.",
"20": "Forrester Steffy Forrester Thorne Forrester Quinn Fuller Brooke Logan Hope Logan Katie Logan Coco Spectra Sally Spectra Shirley Spectra Bill Spencer Liam Spencer Wyatt Spencer Recurring characters Alison Montgomery Justin Barber Bradley Baker Julius Avant Vivienne Avant Saul Feinberg Antonio Dominguez Felicia Forrester Kristen Forrester Bridget Forrester C.J.",
"21": "Garrison Deacon Sharpe Caroline Spencer Donna Logan Sasha Thompson Carter Walton James Warwick Charlie Webber John Forrester Jarrett Maxwell Mateo Darlita Notable previous characters Ashley Abbott Adam Alexander Macy Alexander Morgan DeWitt Deveney Dixon Dante Damiano Kimberly Fairchild Darla Einstein Lauren Fenmore Aly Forrester Jessica Forrester Marcus Forrester Maggie Forrester Phoebe Forrester Stephanie Forrester Thomas Forrester Clarke Garrison Taylor Hayes Agnes Jones Whipple Jones Oliver Jones Owen Knight Dayzee Leigh Beth Logan Stephen Logan Storm Logan Erica Lovejoy Margo Lynley Jake Maclaine Mark Maclaine Massimo Marone Jackie Marone Nick Marone Oscar Marone Amber Moore Sally Spectra Bill Spencer Caroline Spencer Forrester Karen Spencer Danielle Spencer Production crew Executive Producer Bradley Bell Head Writers Bradley Bell Michael Minnis Creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell Related articles Cast members Crew Characters Forrester Creations Jackie M Designs Spencer family Forrester family Logan family Marone family The Young and the Restless Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful_cast_members&oldid=838501638 '' Categories : Lists of actors by soap opera television series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2013 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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2343902375984110832
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who does the voice of mickey mouse on mickey mouse clubhouse
|
[
"Wayne Allwine",
"Bret Iwan",
"Wayne Allwine",
"Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse and Martian Mickey (2006-09)",
"Bret Iwan as Mickey Mouse, Martian Mickey, and Count Mickula (2009-16)",
"Wayne Allwine",
"Bret Iwan",
"Wayne Allwine",
"Bret Iwan"
] |
{
"0": "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse - Wikipedia Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with The Mickey Mouse Club . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Genre Children 's television series Adventure Comedy Fantasy Created by Walt Disney ( characters ) Bobs Gannaway Developed by Bobs Gannaway Voices of Wayne Allwine ( 2006 -- 09 ) Bret Iwan ( 2009 -- 16 ) Tony Anselmo Russi Taylor Tress MacNeille Bill Farmer Will Ryan April Winchell Jim Cummings Dee Bradley Baker Frank Welker Rob Paulsen Corey Burton Composer ( s ) Mike Feltzenbaum Michael Turner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 125 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bobs Gannaway Running time 30 minutes per episode Production company ( s ) Walt Disney Television Animation ( 2006 -- 12 ) Disney Television Animation ( 2012 -- 16 ) DQ Entertainment Distributor Buena Vista Television ( 2006 -- 07 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- 16 ) Release Original network Playhouse Disney ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Junior ( 2011 -- 16 ) Picture format HD : 1080p / 720p SD : 480p Produced in HD 16 : 9 , cropped to 4 : 3 in most countries .",
"1": "Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release May 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 05 ) -- November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) Chronology Related shows The Mickey Mouse Club Mickey and the Roadster Racers External links Official website disneyjunior.disney.com/mickey-mouse-clubhouse Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is an American computer - animated interactive children 's television series which aired from May 5 , 2006 , to November 6 , 2016 . The series , Disney Television Animation 's first computer animated series , is aimed at preschoolers . Bobs Gannaway , the Disney veteran who created it , is also responsible for other preschool shows , such as Jake and the Never Land Pirates and for DisneyToon Studios films including Secret of the Wings , The Pirate Fairy , and Planes : Fire & Rescue . The final episode aired on November 6 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main Cast 2.2 Recurring Cast 2.3 Guest Cast 3 Episode list 4 Home media releases 5 Production 6 Reception 7 Spin - off 7.1 Minnie 's Bow - Toons 7.2 Mickey and the Roadster Racers 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Mickey , Minnie , Donald , Daisy , Goofy , Pluto , and a mechanical assistant `` Mouseketool '' called Toodles , interact with the viewer to stimulate problem solving during each episode 's story . Disney says that each episode has the characters help children `` solve a specific age - appropriate problem utilizing basic math skills , such as identifying shapes and counting through ten . '' The series uses `` Disney Junior 's ' whole child ' curriculum of cognitive , social and creative learning opportunities . ''",
"2": "Once the problem of the episode has been explained , Mickey invites viewers to join him at the Mousekadoer , a giant Mickey - head - shaped computer whose main function is to distribute the day 's Mouseketools , a collection of objects needed to solve the day 's problem , to Mickey , one of them being a `` Mystery Mouskatool '' represented by a question mark , which , when the words `` Mystery Mouskatool '' are said , and the question mark change into the The Mouseketool you get to use . Once the tools have been shown to Mickey on the Mousekadoer screen , they are quickly downloaded to Toodles , a small , Mickey - head - shaped flying extension of the Mousekedoer . By calling , `` Oh Toodles ! '' Mickey summons him to pop up from where he is hiding and fly up to the screen so the viewer can pick which tool Mickey needs for the current situation . The show features two original songs performed by American alternative rock band They Might Be Giants , including the opening theme song , in which a variant of a Mickey Mouse Club chant ( `` Meeska Mooska Mickey Mouse ! '' ) is used to summon the Clubhouse . They Might Be Giants also perform the song used at the end of the show , `` Hot Dog ! '' which echoes Mickey 's first spoken words in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid . This is the first time the major Disney characters have regularly appeared on television in computer - animated form . The characters debuted in CG form in 2003 at the Magic Kingdom theme park attraction Mickey 's PhilharMagic , then in the 2004 home video Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas .",
"3": "Cast ( edit ) Main Cast ( edit ) Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse and Martian Mickey ( 2006 - 09 ) Bret Iwan as Mickey Mouse , Martian Mickey , and Count Mickula ( 2009 - 16 ) Russi Taylor as Minnie Mouse , Martian Minnie , and Quoodles Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck Tress MacNeille as Daisy Duck , Chip , Baby Red Bird , and Mommy Red Bird Bill Farmer as Goofy , Pluto , Goofbot , and Goofles Rob Paulsen as Toodles Recurring Cast ( edit ) Jim Cummings as Pete Corey Burton as Ludwig Von Drake and Dale April Winchell as Clarabelle Cow Dee Bradley Baker as Boo Boo Chicken , Santa Claus and Coco the monkey Frank Welker as Figaro , Butch the Bulldog , and Mr. Pettibone Will Ryan as Willie the Giant Nika Futterman as the Singing Lock Guest Cast ( edit ) Maurice LaMarche as Mortimer Mouse Dick Van Dyke as Captain Goof - Beard Grace Kaufman as Melody Mouse Chloë Grace Moretz as Boodles Avalon Robbins as Millie Mouse David Tennant as Igor the Door Episode list ( edit ) Main article : List of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse episodes Home media releases ( edit ) Title Episodes Release Date UPC Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey Saves Santa Mickey Saves Santa Goofy 's Bird Mickey - Goes - Seek November 14 , 2006 786936704266 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Great Clubhouse Hunt Mickey 's Great Clubhouse Hunt ( double length ) Donald 's Hiccups ( bonus episode ) March 20 , 2007 786936715149 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Treat Mickey 's Treat Goofy the Grape Doctor Daisy , M.D. August 28 , 2007 786936743548 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Storybook Surprises Minnie 's Mystery Donald the Frog Prince Minnie Red Riding Hood Sleeping Minnie February 24 ,",
"4": "2009 786936764581 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Big Splash Donald 's Ducks Pluto 's Bubble Bath Mickey Goes Fishing Pete 's Beach Blanket Luau October 5 , 2009 786936789355 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Adventures in Wonderland Mickey 's Adventures In Wonderland Goofy Goes Goofy December 1 , 2009 786936746792 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Choo - Choo Express Choo - Choo Express Mickey 's Big Job December 9 , 2009 786936787849 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Minnie 's Bow - Tique Minnie 's Pajama Party Minnie 's Bow - Tique Minnie 's Bee Story Minnie 's Picnic February 9 , 2010 786936796445 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Road Rally ( 71 min ) Road Rally Pluto Lends a Paw September 7 , 2010 786936804225 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Numbers Round - Up Mickey 's Round - Up Daisy Bo - Peep Mickey 's Big Surprise Super Goof 's Super Puzzle Mickey 's Show and Tell November 16 , 2010 786936804348 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Minnie 's Masquerade Minnie 's Masquerade Minnie 's Mouseke - Calendar A Surprise For Minnie Secret Spy Daisy The Friendship Team February 8 , 2011 786936804468 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Great Outdoors Mickey 's Camp Out Mickey and Minnie 's Jungle Safari Mickey 's Fishy Story ( bonus episode ) Daisy in the Sky Daisy 's Grasshopper May 24 , 2011 786936813869 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Space Adventure Space Adventure Goofy 's Thinking Cap November 8 , 2011 918968246810 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : I Heart Minnie Episode 010 -- Minnie 's Birthday Episode 011 -- Daisy 's Dance Episode 035 -- Daisy 's Pet Project Episode 053 -- Minnie 's Rainbow Episode 093 -- Minnie and Daisy 's Flower Shower February 7 ,",
"5": "2012 786936819717 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey & Donald Have a Farm Episode 100 -- Mickey and Donald Have A Farm Episode 027 -- Goofy 's Petting Zoo Episode 062 -- Clarabelle 's Clubhouse Mooo - sical Episode 030 -- Goofy the Home Maker Episode 081 -- Donald Hatches an Egg December 11 , 2012 786936832358 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Quest for the Crystal Mickey Episode 101 -- Quest For the Crystal Mickey Episode 074 -- Donald of the Desert Episode 097 -- Donald the Genie Episode 059 -- Goofy 's Coconutty Monkey Episode 073 -- Goofy 's Giant Adventure May 21 , 2013 786936834055 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Minnie 's the Wizard of Dizz Episode 103 -- Minnie 's the Wizard of Dizz Episode 087 -- The Golden Boo Boo Episode 092 -- Goofy 's Gone Ten episodes of `` Minnie 's Bow - Toons '' February 5 , 2013 786936832396 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Super Adventure ! Episode 105 -- Super Adventure Episode 082 -- Aye , Aye , Captain Mickey Episode 083 -- Mickey 's Mousekersize Episode 095 -- Mickey 's Little Parade December 3 , 2013 786936838121 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Around the Clubhouse World Episode 115 -- Around the Clubhouse World Episode 006 -- Donald and the Beanstalk Episode 008 -- Goofy On Mars Episode 029 -- Mickey 's Handy Helpers Episode 094 -- Pluto 's Dinosaur Romp February 11 , 2014 786936837247 Production ( edit ) Bill Farmer , the voice actor for Goofy and Pluto , stated in February 2014 that the recording of dialogue for new episodes has ceased , but that `` it will be quite a while before the show runs out of new episodes for TV . We have been on the air consistently since 2006 and we started recording in 2004 . So there is always a long lead - in time between recording and seeing it on TV . So do n't worry more is still to come , we just are not making any more . ''",
"6": "Reception ( edit ) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse received mixed to positive reviews , Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars , stating `` Parents need to know that Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is a lively series designed to help preschoolers acquire problem - solving and early mathematics skills -- and does so in a fun , exciting way . Although the show is very learning - focused , it 's engaging without being intimidating . '' Spin - off ( edit ) Minnie 's Bow - Toons ( edit ) Main article : Minnie 's Bow - Toons Minnie 's Bow - Toons is a spinoff series which premiered in the fall of 2011 on Disney Channel . It usually airs in the daytime Disney Junior programming block for younger audiences . It is based on the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse episode `` Minnie 's Bow - tique '' and depicts Minnie 's continuing adventures in business as proprietor of her own store which makes and sells bows for apparel and interior decoration . She interacts with many of the characters seen in the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse series . Mickey and the Roadster Racers ( edit ) Main article : Mickey and the Roadster Racers A second spin - off , Mickey and the Roadster Racers , debuted in January 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Disney Mickey Mouse Clubhouse CD -- Product Description . '' Disney Store `` . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oh Toodles ! Clubhouse Stories -- Mickey Mouse Clubhouse -- Playhouse Disney '' . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Playhouse Disney 's Mouskatool and Handy Manny Morning '' . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Big Splash Now On DVD Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment '' . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mike Gencarelli .",
"7": "`` Disney Legend , Bill Farmer talks about voicing Goofy and new Disney Junior series `` The 7D '' `` . Media Mikes . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse Clubhouse - TV Review '' . Jump up ^ Events , Fathom . `` Celebrate ' Disney Junior at the Movies ' and be Among First to See the New Series Mickey and the Roadster Racers , in Cinemas for One Day '' . Business Wire . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth . `` Watch : ' Mickey and the Roadster Racers ' to Debut on Disney Junior in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) 2000s portal 2010s portal Cartoon portal Official website Mickey Mouse Clubhouse on IMDb Mickey Mouse Clubhouse at the Big Cartoon DataBase Mickey Mouse in animation Short films Steamboat Willie The Barn Dance The Gallopin ' Gaucho Plane Crazy The Opry House When the Cat 's Away The Barnyard Battle The Karnival Kid Mickey 's Choo - Choo Mickey 's Follies The Plow Boy The Jazz Fool Wild Waves Jungle Rhythm The Haunted House The Barnyard Concert Just Mickey The Cactus Kid The Fire Fighters The Shindig The Chain Gang The Gorilla Mystery The Picnic Pioneer Days The Birthday Party Traffic Troubles The Castaway The Moose Hunt The Delivery Boy Mickey Steps Out Blue Rhythm Fishin ' Around The Barnyard Broadcast The Beach Party Mickey Cuts Up Mickey 's Orphans The Duck Hunt The Grocery Boy The Mad Dog The Barnyard Olympics Mickey 's Revue Musical Farmer Mickey in Arabia Mickey 's Nightmare Trader Mickey The Whoopee Party",
"8": "Touchdown Mickey The Klondike Kid The Wayward Canary Mickey 's Good Deed Building a Building The Mad Doctor Mickey 's Pal Pluto Mickey 's Mellerdrammer Ye Olden Days The Mail Pilot Mickey 's Mechanical Man Mickey 's Gala Premier Puppy Love The Steeple Chase The Pet Store Giantland Shanghaied Camping Out Playful Pluto Gulliver Mickey Mickey 's Steam Roller Orphan 's Benefit Mickey Plays Papa The Dognapper Two - Gun Mickey Mickey 's Man Friday The Band Concert Mickey 's Service Station Mickey 's Kangaroo Mickey 's Garden Mickey 's Fire Brigade Pluto 's Judgement Day On Ice Mickey 's Polo Team Orphan 's Picnic Mickey 's Grand Opera Thru the Mirror Mickey 's Rival Moving Day Alpine Climbers Mickey 's Circus Donald and Pluto Mickey 's Elephant The Worm Turns Magician Mickey Moose Hunters Mickey 's Amateurs Hawaiian Holiday Clock Cleaners Lonesome Ghosts Boat Builders Mickey 's Trailer The Whalers Mickey 's Parrot Brave Little Tailor Society Dog Show Mickey 's Surprise Party The Pointer Tugboat Mickey Pluto 's Dream House Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip The Little Whirlwind A Gentleman 's Gentleman Canine Caddy The Nifty Nineties Lend a Paw Mickey 's Birthday Party Symphony Hour Pluto and the Armadillo Squatter 's Rights Mickey 's Delayed Date Mickey Down Under Mickey and the Seal R'coon Dawg Pluto 's Party Pluto 's Christmas Tree The Simple Things Mickey 's Christmas Carol The Prince and the Pauper Runaway Brain Get a Horse !",
"9": "Feature films Fantasia Fun and Fancy Free Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas Fantasia 2000 Mickey 's Magical Christmas Mickey 's House of Villains Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas TV series The Mickey Mouse Club The Mouse Factory Good Morning , Mickey ! Mickey 's Mouse Tracks Mickey Mouse and Friends Mickey Mouse Works Disney 's House of Mouse ( episodes ) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Mickey Mouse Mickey and the Roadster Racers Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Special Agent Oso Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates Jungle Junction My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage !",
"10": "25 Days of Christmas Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Playhouse Disney 1990s Bear in the Big Blue House PB&J Otter Rolie Polie Olie Out of the Box 2000s The Book of Pooh Stanley JoJo 's Circus Shanna 's Show Higglytown Heroes Breakfast with Bear Little Einsteins My Friends Tigger & Pooh Bunnytown Johnny and the Sprites Charlie and Lola Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Handy Manny Happy Monster Band Imagination Movers Tasty Time with ZeFronk This is Daniel Cook This is Emily Yeung Jungle Junction Where Is Warehouse Mouse ?",
"11": "Special Agent Oso See also Disney Channel Disney Junior Walt Disney Television Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Mouse_Clubhouse&oldid=819493055 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings 2000s American animated television series 2010s American animated television series American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series American children 's musical television series Animated musical television series Computer - animated television series Disney Junior shows Donald Duck television series Family Channel shows Mickey Mouse television series Preschool education television series Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television series by Disney Television Animation Television spin - offs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles needing additional references from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1301404612765075489
|
which episode does gideon die in criminal minds
|
[
"the season ten episode \"Nelson's Sparrow\"",
"the season ten episode \"Nelson's Sparrow\"",
"\"Nelson's Sparrow\"",
"Nelson's Sparrow"
] |
{
"0": "Jason Gideon - wikipedia Jason Gideon Jump to : navigation , search Jason Gideon Criminal Minds character First appearance `` Extreme Aggressor '' 1x01 , September 22 , 2005 Last appearance `` In Name and Blood '' 3x02 , October 3 , 2007 ( as main cast ) `` Nelson 's Sparrow '' 10x13 , January 28 , 2015 ( Flashback ) Created by Jeff Davis Portrayed by Mandy Patinkin Ben Savage ( flashbacks , Nelson 's Sparrow ) Information Nickname ( s ) Gideon Occupation FBI Special Agent Title FBI BAU Senior Supervisory Special Agent FBI BAU Unit Chief Children Stephen Gideon ( son ) Seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 10 Jason Gideon was a fictional character in the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds , portrayed by Mandy Patinkin . Gideon was a Senior Supervisory Special Agent and the unit chief of the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit , and has appeared from the series ' pilot episode `` Extreme Aggressor '' , which was originally broadcast on September 22 , 2005 . He is also portrayed as a younger man by Ben Savage , in flashbacks . Mandy Patinkin abruptly left the show in 2007 just as his character abruptly quit from the BAU due to emotional distress . In 2012 , Patinkin opened up about why he left stating that the show `` was very destructive to my soul and my personality . After that , I did n't think I would get to work in television again . '' Gideon 's position is now held by his former partner and best friend , David Rossi , who has held it to this day . In Season Ten , Gideon was murdered by Donnie Mallick . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Characterization 3 Relationships 4 Storylines 4.1 Departure and Death 5 References Background ( edit ) Gideon was the protege of Max , who taught him everything he knew about profiling , but he did n't escape the hazing of being a new recruit . One of Gideon 's earliest cases was a bomber case , which was supervised by Max .",
"1": "As a prank for the new member , Max and the other investigators involved planted a list of the FBI director 's whereabouts over the next 48 hours in the bomber 's car for Gideon to find . When he found it , before Max could stop him , Gideon rushed up 25 flights of stairs and interrupted a meeting between the director and the U.S. Attorney General in an attempt to save him . While investigating the case of Adrian Bale , a.k.a. `` The Boston Shrapnel Bomber '' , Gideon had reportedly suffered a nervous breakdown after he sent six men into a warehouse before Bale detonated a bomb inside . All six agents and a hostage were killed , and he was heavily criticized about the event . He took a six - month medical leave because he was suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder . Upon his return from medical leave , he was given the Senior Agent position , as Hotch was confirmed as Unit Chief . Not much is known about his personal life , other than he has a son named Stephen , with whom he was estranged because of his commitment to his job . Characterization ( edit ) Through the first two seasons , Gideon was portrayed to be very good at chess , winning against Reid many times ( only exception being Reid 's birthday ) and encouraging him to `` think outside the box '' . Prior to the series , he was said to have had a `` nervous breakdown '' ( or `` major depressive episode '' ) after he sent six agents into a warehouse with a bomb in it ; all six agents & a hostage were killed , and he was heavily criticized about the event . He showed particular dislike for the practice of using religion as a defense or motivation for one 's crimes . Gideon participated in some field operations during his time with the BAU and had the rest of his team `` think outside the box '' as well , as he made a major advancement by shouting at the top of his lungs with pleas of mercy and , when questioned by his team , he said that the victims were being threatened to be kept quiet as neighbors would have heard the pleas if they were unrestrained . He blamed himself for the torture Reid received from Tobias Hankel as he had ordered Penelope Garcia to add a virus warning to the videos Hankel posted he also blamed himself that he was the one that got Elle Greenaway shot . Gideon also had a son named Stephen .",
"2": "The nature of their relationship has not been directly stated , but it was implied that they have not seen each other very recently . Gideon also has an obsession for birds and bird - watching . The character of Jason Gideon was partially based on real - life criminal profiler John E. Douglas , one of the founders of modern Behavioral Science . Relationships ( edit ) He helped Derek Morgan and Spencer Reid through their nightmares . He was shown to have a very close relationship with Reid , having hand - picked him from the FBI Academy for his team , helping Reid through many difficulties ( including his implied drug use ) , and even leaving the good - bye letter for Reid to find . Gideon did not know Garcia well , as expressed through an episode wherein he is placed with her while he is on crutches ; after they are placed , Garcia complains about him , and he does n't know her name . Storylines ( edit ) In the show 's first episode , `` Extreme Aggressor '' , Gideon was called back to work to help profile a killer , called `` The Seattle Strangler '' by the media , who abducts women and holds them prisoner before strangling them and dumping their bodies . After solving the case of the Seattle Strangler , Gideon is seen at an old - fashioned gas station in Dumfries , Virginia . While inside , Gideon notices that the cashier fits his profile of the Footpath Killer , a serial killer he had been investigating prior to being called in for the Seattle Strangler case . The man notices Gideon 's gun and threatens him with a shotgun , insisting that he tell him who he is . When Gideon reveals he is with the FBI , the gunman gets even more agitated . Gideon then tells the man that he can tell him the one thing no one has ever been able to tell him : why he stutters . However , Gideon did not truly know the answer but was merely trying to provoke a stutter in order to distract the killer . The killer forced Gideon down a hall and into a small room full of pictures of his many victims , an amount that was more than law enforcement had found . Gideon intentionally demeans and insults the killer , increasingly agitating him and making his stutter worse . He takes his eyes off Gideon just long enough for him to grab the gun and subdue the killer .",
"3": "In `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' , a copycat bomber uses the methods of serial bomber Adrian Bale ( the same criminal who committed the warehouse bombing that killed his six colleagues ) , and Gideon has to face his past and Bale , to find out who the bomber is and stop him . After saving the lives of more agents from a suicide bombing , Gideon was forced to make a deal with Bale to have him help them get a bomb off of an innocent man . When Gideon realizes that Bale is lying about how dismantle it , he calls his bluff , saving them all from a bomb going off . He then has the pleasure of returning Bale to prison , the burden of the six agents ' deaths presumably gone , even mocking him while he was being placed in a cell by using Bale 's own words ( `` ( A ) n emotional release '' ) in a sentence ; he states that he finds it an emotional release in putting away criminals like Bale . In `` No Way Out '' , Gideon faces the scariest and most evil serial killer in his entire career , Frank Breitkopf ( Keith Carradine ) . The BAU had received a call from Georgia Davis , the Sheriff of the Golconda , Nevada Sheriff 's Department , who had recently found two murder victims , both missing their right rib bones , similar to a case that took place in 1996 . However , Gideon realized that this unsub has been killing for thirty years . After studying one of the murder victims , he determined that the unsub has extensive medical knowledge , his victims are alive when he cut off their limbs , and that he uses Ketamine to immobilize his victims . With this information , Gideon and the team were able to build a profile of the killer . In order to find the unsub , the Sheriff 's Department set up a road - block looking for an RV , truck , or trailer , which was believed was the killer 's mode of transportation . Gideon later noticed that something was bothering Sheriff Davis , and she told him that the profile the BAU gave them reminded her of the experience made by a local named Jane Hanratty , a.k.a. Crazy Jane . Jane had encountered the unsub thirty years ago when her car broke down , but she believed that an alien had abducted her ; she survived the abduction .",
"4": "Gideon knew that the unsub allowed Jane to survive because she was n't scared of him . Eventually , Gideon discovered Frank in Fat Sam 's Diner and Deputy Silo told Gideon he had fifteen minutes to negotiate with the unsub . Frank tells them that he had left the schoolchildren in the middle of a desert , and that if he gets Jane , he will tell them where they are . Gideon makes a deal with Frank : he and Jane will come with him if he takes them to where the children are . Frank happily agrees to that . After they pick up Jane and deliver her to Frank , Gideon drives the two to the desert and drops them off , to which Frank tells Gideon where the children are . Frank and Jane then walk off while Gideon runs in the opposite way and finds the children , all unharmed . Gideon and Hotch try to follow Frank 's tracks , but they suddenly disappear in the desert . In `` No Way Out II : The Evilution of Frank '' , while Gideon is trying to make up his mind about what flowers to buy his friend , Sarah Jacobs , he sees Jane . When he looks up again , she has disappeared . Gideon then receives a call from Frank , who is in Gideon 's apartment , having murdered Sarah . He demands to have Jane back before hanging up . When the BAU begin to investigate , Gideon contacts Hotch from a payphone and tells him that Frank dumped something in the trash on the street , later revealed to be bloody clothing . During the investigation , it is deduced that Frank is hunting down people Gideon previously rescued . Frank later kills one such person , Rebecca Bryant , who was abducted by Randall Garner and held captive for two years before being rescued by the BAU . Later , Tracy Belle , the sole survivor of Jeffrey Charles , goes missing . Gideon and Garcia are later able to figure out that the only story that moved Frank the first time Gideon met him was the body of a woman who was found in an apartment on the Upper East Side of New York City because he was talking about his mother . Gideon then realizes that Frank was hiding his mother 's existence from everyone . Later , the team manages to find Frank , who is calmly sitting on a bench at the Union Train Station , waiting for them to bring him Jane .",
"5": "The team brings in Jane , who refuses to go with Frank . Gideon shows up and tells Frank about Sarah , Frank 's mother , whom Gideon claims was a whore . As Gideon and Hotch describe Frank 's mother , JJ and Reid locate Tracy , who is bound and gagged but alive and unharmed . Frank convinces Jane to come back to him , and the two commit suicide . Later , Tracy calls Gideon and thanks him for saving her once again . Departure and death ( edit ) Gideon began to lose confidence in his profiling skills after Frank Breitkopf murdered his girlfriend , Sarah Jacobs . During his final case in Arizona , he further lost faith in his abilities when his decision to release the unsub resulted in the deaths of both the unsub and a young woman . As a result of his actions , Aaron Hotchner was suspended , which was the final straw for Gideon . He then left his cabin shortly afterwards , leaving his gun and badge behind along with a letter for Reid to find as he sought to regain a belief in happy endings . He then leaves and begins traveling abroad . Gideon is last seen going into a Nevada diner to make an order . When asked by a waitress where he is going , he replies that he does n't know where he was going or how he would know when he got there . He then leaves the diner and subsequently drives off in his vehicle . In the season ten episode `` Nelson 's Sparrow '' , Gideon was murdered off - screen , having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer named Donnie Mallick ( Arye Gross ) , which prompts the BAU team to investigate Gideon 's murder . During the flashbacks focusing on a young version of him for the episode which show him working at the BAU in 1978 , he is played by Ben Savage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( September 15 , 2012 ) . `` Mandy Patinkin Regrets Criminal Minds : It Was Destructive to My Soul '' . Thought Co . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 CBS Sync Facts from Nelson 's Sparrow Criminal Minds S10 E13 '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2015 .",
"6": "Retrieved 29 January 2015 . ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Gideon&oldid=836189366 '' Categories : Criminal Minds characters Fictional Behavioral Analysis Unit agents Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 06 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Batman : the Enemy Within - wikipedia Batman : the Enemy Within Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Batman : The Enemy Within Developer ( s ) Telltale Games Publisher ( s ) Telltale Games Writer ( s ) Meghan Thornton Composer ( s ) Jared Emerson - Johnson Engine Telltale Tool Platform ( s ) iOS Android macOS Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Episode 1 ( show ) WW : August 8 , 2017 Episode 2 ( show ) WW : October 3 , 2017 Episode 3 ( show ) WW : November 21 , 2017 Episode 4 ( show ) WW : January 23 , 2018 Episode 5 ( show ) WW : March 27 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Batman : The Enemy Within is an episodic point - and - click graphic adventure video game developed and published by Telltale Games and distributed by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment under its DC Entertainment label . The game is a sequel to 2016 's Batman : The Telltale Series , which was based on Bob Kane and Bill Finger 's Batman character . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Characters 2.2 Setting 2.3 Plot 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Like most Telltale games , the game features a similar episodic format found in other titles ( such as Game of Thrones , The Walking Dead , The Wolf Among Us and Tales from the Borderlands ) . The player controls Bruce Wayne and his alter - ego Batman , with the game evenly split for both characters . The game features a branching narrative , similar to past Telltale games , giving the player options in approaching a situation and having that choice affect later events in the game .",
"1": "If the player had played the previous game , choices made , such as saving certain characters or stopping a criminal , may also be imported , though the game can be played as a standalone title . The game includes action sequences that are resolved similar to Telltale 's other games , using quick time events . The series also includes investigation sequences , allowing the player to use Batman 's detective skills to investigate areas . Sections of the game also present situations to the player where they may choose to approach as Bruce Wayne or as Batman . Crowd Play , a feature implemented in the predecessor , also returns for The Enemy Within , allowing streamers to let their audience interact with their session with the game . Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) The player once again assumes control of Bruce Wayne / Batman ( Troy Baker ) , a billionaire who secretly fights crime in Gotham . His butler and former legal guardian Alfred Pennyworth ( Enn Reitel ) , Police Commissioner James Gordon ( Murphy Guyer ) , and Wayne Enterprises Chief of Technology Lucius Fox ( Dave Fennoy ) return to assist Batman in the field . The game introduces `` The Agency '' , a mysterious government organization with its own agenda led by the ruthless Amanda Waller ( Debra Wilson ) . New supporting characters are also introduced , including Special Agent Iman Avesta ( Emily O'Brien ) , one of the Agency 's operatives , and Tiffany Fox ( Valarie Rae Miller ) , the daughter of Lucius and an employee at Wayne Enterprises . `` John Doe '' ( Anthony Ingruber ) and Selina Kyle / Catwoman ( Laura Bailey ) also return , now members of a group of criminals called `` the Pact '' . Other members of the group include Riddler ( Robin Atkin Downes ) , Bane ( J.B. Blanc ) , Dr. Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze ( Matthew Mercer ) and Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn ( Laura Post ) . Detective Renee Montoya ( Sumalee Montano ) , Reporter Jack Ryder ( Robert Clotworthy ) and Wayne Enterprises Chairwoman Regina Zellerbach ( Lorri Holt ) return with smaller roles within the series .",
"2": "New minor characters introduced include Police Detective Harvey Bullock ( Keith Szarabajka ) , Agency operative Vernon Blake ( Christian Lanz ) , international arms dealer Rumi Mori ( Keone Young ) , Riddler 's second - in - command Eli Knable ( Alex Hernandez ) , and Stacked Deck patrons Frank Dumfree and Willy Deever ( Kirk Thornton and Dave B. Mitchell respectively ) . Setting ( edit ) The Enemy Within is set in the same Batman continuity introduced in Batman : The Telltale Series , which took place a number of years into Batman 's career . Like the previous installment , the game is set during the mid-to - late 2010s in Gotham City , primarily the Batcave , Wayne Enterprises and Gotham City Police Headquarters . The game also follows the events of the previous game , taking place between a couple of months to a year after these events . Plot ( edit ) Approximately a year after the defeat of the Children of Arkham , Batman continues to patrol Gotham while slowly regaining his reputation as Bruce Wayne . While targeting an arms dealer , he witnesses the return of the Riddler , one of Gotham 's first super-criminals . Confronting the criminal with help from Gordon and the GCPD , he fails to capture him and is assisted by the Agency and their operatives . During their clean up , Batman meets Amanda Waller , the director of the Agency , who take over the investigation and offers to assist him in tracking Riddler . After returning to the Batcave with a puzzle left by Riddler , Bruce solves it , though is fazed when discovering a signal emitter . When Lucius Fox , the chief of technology at Wayne Enterprises investigates , he is mysteriously killed in an explosion . At Lucius ' funeral , Bruce reunites with former Arkham patient `` John Doe '' , who has been discharged for good behavior . John , having made a number of `` friends '' after his release , asks Bruce to meet and joined his group , which he refers to as `` the Pact '' . When finding out that Bruce is searching for Riddler , John gives him a lead to investigate in Gotham 's East End . With Gordon , Batman follows the lead to discover Riddler 's lair , where he discovers clues to his plans and a death trap to solve .",
"3": "Finding a radio wave guided homing missile , he deduces that the signal was actually a guide . Using further evidence he finds , Batman deduces that Riddler plans to target the Agency , having hacked the agent 's phones and making them send the targeting signal to call missiles to their locations . Determined to find Riddler , he follows another lead and tracks him to a freight ship . After escaping another deadly game set up by Riddler , Batman manages to redirect the missiles and defeats the criminal . As he is interrogated by the vigilante , Riddler is shot with a poisoned dart and dies , revealing that he is also a member of the Pact . As the Agency and GCPD arrive , Waller takes over law enforcement in Gotham and reveals to Batman her knowledge of his true identity . Waller suggests that he infiltrates the Pact as Bruce Wayne and gives him an ultimatum : work with the Agency to help arrest the Pact or risk having his identity exposed . Several moments later , a series of explosions go off throughout the city . Responding to an attack at the police arsenal , Batman battles another member of the Pact , Bane , who easily overpowers him with help from a steroid called Venom . Surviving thanks to help from either Gordon or Waller , Batman decides to follow the latter 's advice and meets with John to accept his offer . The two meet at a bar , where he is introduced to John 's former psychiatrist Harleen Quinzel , now the criminal Harley Quinn . Suspicious of Bruce , Harley gives him a chance to prove himself by stealing a prototype electrical skeleton key from Wayne Enterprises , with them joining him during the heist . Despite problems , including an unexpected encounter with Lucius ' grieving daughter Tiffany , he is able to get the device to them and an EMP generator . After this show of compliance , Bruce is called to meet the other members of the Pact , Bane and Mr. Freeze , and convince them to vote him into the group . Successful , he joins them on their latest heist : a mysterious package guarded by an Agency convoy . With Waller refusing to help , Bruce is forced to assist the Pact and escapes with them .",
"4": "Upon returning to the group 's hideout , the target is revealed to have been the Riddler 's body and that his former ally Catwoman is also a member of the Pact . After copying Riddler 's eyes , Harley reveals one of Riddler 's laptops , which he had left in their possession , and Bruce , John and Catwoman head to his hideout to find the location of their mark . After solving another death trap hidden in the lair , they discover the target to be an organization called SANCTUS , which Riddler was formerly associated with . The Pact also begin to suspect a mole , due to the time it took for the job to escalate , and suspicions fall on Bruce . After retrieving Harley 's laptop through help from either Selina or John , Bruce finds that SANCTUS was one of the Agency 's former divisions in charge of experimentation . The laptop contains evidence of a biological weapon called LOTUS and the location of the lab , where it is being kept . After the Pact learn of the lab 's location , Bruce is forced to either give himself or Selina up as the mole , leading to the Pact attempting to execute them . Depending on the decision , Bruce either accompanies them during the heist and sabotages it or escapes from his fate and confronts the group as Batman , possibly with Catwoman 's help . During the heist , Harley betrays the Pact and escapes with the virus , whilst Freeze and Bane are captured by the Agency . While searching for Quinn , Bruce learns that Project LOTUS was a failed restorative agent , with Riddler being the only known survivor of the experiment . The members of the Pact have planned to use his blood to convert the virus into a healing serum to cure their own ailments . However , Waller has been aware of this plan and plotting to blackmail them into joining the Agency , with the promise of a cure . Unknown to all parties , using even the working version can cause mental problems for the user . After following another lead given by John , Bruce finds him surrounded by agents ' bodies . Claiming it to be self defense , John realizes the truth about their `` friendship '' and reveals his knowledge of Bruce 's activities as Batman . Regardless of whether he believes him , Bruce leaves to help the Agency capture a volatile Harley Quinn .",
"5": "During the confrontation , John arrives and attacks the Agency , escaping with LOTUS and potentially Quinn , the latter depending on the player 's choices . Several weeks later , John , now known as `` Joker '' , reemerges , now either a vigilante with a twisted sense of right and wrong or a criminal collaborating with Quinn to get revenge on Bruce . The former has Batman briefly working with Joker to fights off the Agency , until he kidnaps and attempts to kill Waller . However , the latter has Joker and Harley terrorizing the city with LOTUS and forcing Bruce into a demented game , pitting him against his allies . Regardless of the path , Bruce learns that Tiffany murdered Riddler to avenge her father and he eventually defeats Joker . Following Joker 's capture , Waller orders the Agency to leave Gotham and promises not to reveal Bruce 's identity . As Batman , Bruce confronts Tiffany , leading to her either leaving to work for the Agency , joining him in his crusade against crime , escaping to become a fugitive , or being handed over to the authorities for murder . Returning to the manor , Bruce learns that Alfred has decided to leave Gotham to return home , having been struggling to continue since he was kidnapped by Lady Arkham . After a heated discussion , Bruce either decides to leave the life of vigilantism behind to convince Alfred to stay or allows him to leave whilst he continues to operate as Batman . In a post credits scene , Joker is shown to have been returned to Arkham Asylum . If he was a vigilante , he is either visited by Bruce or decides to become the hero 's archenemy . However , if he was a criminal , he is shown playing with a doll version of Bruce , which he promises to see again . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"6": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Enigma '' Kent Mudle James Windeler , Patrick Kevin Day & Shanon Ingles August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) `` The Pact '' Matthew Leach Luke McMullen , Chris Hockabout , Shanon Ingles & Patrick Kevin Day October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) `` Fractured Mask '' Sean Manning Ross Beeley , Shanon Ingles , Lauren R. Mee & Josh R. Trujillo November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) `` What Ails You '' Chris Rieser Patrick Kevin Day & Lauren R. Mee January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 5 5 `` Same Stitch '' Kent Mudle Meghan Thornton , Ross Beeley & Lauren R. Mee March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2018 ) Batman : The Enemy Within received generally positive reviews from critics , some of which considered it an improvement over its predecessor , earning praise for its story , choices , action sequences , and portrayal of the Batman mythos . The game won the award for `` Performance in a Drama , Supporting '' with Debra Wilson at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards , whereas its other nomination was for `` Game , Franchise Adventure '' . Many reviewers praised the game 's unique depiction of the Joker , with the player being given the opportunity to try to prevent him from becoming a villain . For example , Scott Maslow from GQ was happily surprised by this version of the Joker and said it managed to make `` Batman 's most overexposed villain '' interesting again : `` The Joker has always said his past is multiple - choice , but this is the first time I 've felt like I was the one checking the boxes . ''",
"7": "Bradley Shankar from MobileSyrup was especially positive with a review titled `` Batman : The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told '' . He explained : `` ... while there have been numerous great interpretations of the Batman - Joker relationship over the years , there has never been one quite as complex and morally grey as what Telltale has created with The Enemy Within '' . Tamoor Hussain from GameSpot gave the final episode a 9 / 10 , concluding : `` While Telltale 's first Batman season stuck a bit too close to established mythos and delivered an underwhelming ending , the second is a memorable Joker origin story that Bat - fans should make a point of playing . '' Stephanie Chan from VentureBeat was slightly less enthusiastic but still gave the game a score of 80 / 100 and said : `` By the end of the series , I 'll say that Batman : The Enemy Within has tentatively won me over . That 's purely on the strength of the relationship between Batman and The Joker . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Do n't forget - the next episode of Batman : The Enemy Within premieres October 3 ! What are your predictions for ' The Pact ? ' '' . Facebook . September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/telltalegames/status/971762476110016513 Jump up ^ Sheehan , Gavin ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Our Actions Have Consequences : We Review ' Batman : The Enemy Within ' '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyse , Chris ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Batman - The Enemy Within : The Enigma '' . Destructoid . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Enemy Within - The Telltale Series '' . GameSpot . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' .",
"8": "National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within Finally Makes the Joker Interesting Again , GQ Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told ( This Week in Gaming ) , MobileSyrup Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within Episode 5 Review - No More Joking Around , GameSpot Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within Episode Five review -- The Joker gets the last laugh , VentureBeat External links ( edit ) Official website Telltale Games Bone series Out from Boneville The Great Cow Race CSI series 3 Dimensions of Murder Hard Evidence Deadly Intent Fatal Conspiracy Sam & Max series Save the World Beyond Time and Space The Devil 's Playhouse Puzzle Agent series Puzzle Agent Puzzle Agent 2 Poker Night series Poker Night at the Inventory Poker Night 2 The Walking Dead series The Walking Dead Season Two Michonne A New Frontier Minecraft : Story Mode series Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 Batman series Batman : The Telltale Series The Enemy Within The Wolf Among Us Series The Wolf Among Us Season 2 Game of Thrones series Game of Thrones Season 2 Other titles Telltale Texas Hold'em Strong Bad 's Cool Game for Attractive People Wallace & Gromit 's Grand Adventures Tales of Monkey Island Back to the Future : The Game Jurassic Park : The Game Law & Order : Legacies Tales from the Borderlands Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Batman video games Lego series Lego Batman : The Videogame Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham Arkham series Arkham Asylum Arkham City Lockdown Arkham Origins Mobile Blackgate Arkham Knight Arkham VR Film - based Batman ( Ocean , 1989 ) Batman : The Video Game ( NES , 1989 ) Batman ( Mega Drive / Genesis , 1990 ) Batman ( arcade ,",
"9": "1990 ) Returns Forever Forever : The Arcade Game Batman & Robin Begins The Dark Knight ( cancelled ) Animation - based The Animated Series The Adventures of Batman & Robin Beyond : Return of the Joker Chaos in Gotham Gotham City Racer Vengeance Rise of Sin Tzu The Brave and the Bold -- The Videogame Other games Batman ( 1986 ) The Caped Crusader Return of the Joker Dark Tomorrow DC Universe Online Gotham City Impostors Batman ( 2013 ) The Telltale Series ( 2016 ) The Enemy Within ( 2017 ) List of Batman video games Batman franchise media Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman:_The_Enemy_Within&oldid=837683105 '' Categories : 2017 video games Android ( operating system ) games Batman arcade and video games Episodic video games IOS games Video games based on DC Comics MacOS games PlayStation 4 games Point - and - click adventure games Single - player video games Telltale Games games Video games developed in the United States Video games scored by Jared Emerson - Johnson Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles needing POV - check from April 2018 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 10 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7716908966138948936
|
how have scientists used nuclear power as a fuel for spacecraft
|
[
"either small fission systems or radioactive decay for electricity or heat"
] |
{
"0": "Nuclear power in space - wikipedia Nuclear power in space Jump to : navigation , search The KIWI A prime nuclear thermal rocket engine Mars rover powered by a RTG on Mars Nuclear power in space is the use of nuclear power in outer space , typically either small fission systems or radioactive decay for electricity or heat . Another use is for scientific observation , as in a Mössbauer spectrometer . One common type is a radioisotope thermoelectric generator , which has been used on many space probes and on manned lunar missions , and another is small fission reactors for Earth observation satellites such as the TOPAZ nuclear reactor . A radioisotope heater unit provides heat from radioactive decay of a material and can potentially produce heat for decades . Russia has sent about 40 reactors into space and its TOPAZ - II reactor can produce 10 kilowatts . The Romashka reactor family uses uranium and direct thermoelectric conversion to electricity , rather than using a heated fluid to drive a turbine . The United States tested a nuclear reactor in space for 43 days in 1965 . While not yet tested in space , the test of the Demonstration Using Flattop Fission ( DUFF ) on September 13 , 2012 was the first test of a nuclear reactor power system for space since then . Examples of nuclear power for space propulsion systems include nuclear electric rocket ( nuclear electric propulsion ) , radioisotope rocket , and radioisotope electric propulsion ( REP ) . One of the more explored is the nuclear thermal rocket , which was tested in the NERVA program . See also Category : Nuclear spacecraft propulsion ( category link ) . Nuclear pulse propulsion was the subject of Project Orion ( nuclear propulsion ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Benefits 2 Types 2.1 Radioisotope systems 2.2 Fission systems 2.3 Project Prometheus 3 Table 4 Visuals 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Benefits ( edit ) Both Viking landers used RTGs for power on the surface of Mars -- they were launched ( a Viking launch vehicle pictured ) and landed on Mars in the late 1970s While solar power is much more commonly used , nuclear power offers great advantages in many areas .",
"1": "Solar cells , although efficient , can only supply energy to spacecraft in orbits where the solar flux is sufficiently high , such as low Earth orbit and interplanetary destinations close enough to the Sun . Unlike solar cells , nuclear power systems function independently of sunlight , which is necessary for deep space exploration . Nuclear reactors are especially beneficial in space because of their lower weight - to - capacity ratio than solar cells . Therefore , nuclear power systems take up much less space than solar power systems . Compact spacecraft are easier to orient and direct in space when precision is needed . Estimates of nuclear power , which can power both life support and propulsion systems , suggest that use of these systems can effectively reduce both cost and flight time . Selected applications and / or technologies for space include Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Radioisotope heater unit Radioisotope piezoelectric generator Radioisotope rocket Nuclear thermal rocket Nuclear pulse propulsion Nuclear electric rocket Types ( edit ) Radioisotope systems ( edit ) SNAP - 27 on the Moon For more than fifty years , radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( RTGs ) have been the United States ' main nuclear power source in space . RTGs offer many benefits ; they are relatively safe and maintenance - free , are resilient under harsh conditions , and can operate for decades . RTGs are particularly desirable for use in parts of space where solar power is not a viable power source . Dozens of RTGs have been implemented to power 25 different US spacecraft , some of which have been operating for more than 20 years . Over 40 radioisotope thermoelectric generators have been used globally ( principally US and USSR ) on space missions . The advanced Stirling radioisotope generator ( ASRG , a model of Stirling radioisotope generator ( SRG ) ) produces roughly four times the electric power of an RTG per unit of nuclear fuel , but it is not yet ready to be implemented on an actual mission . NASA plans to utilize two ASRGs to explore Titan in the distant future . Cutaway diagram of the advanced Stirling radioisotope generator .",
"2": "Radioisotope power generators include : SNAP - 19 , SNAP - 27 ( Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power ) MHW - RTG GPHS - RTG MMRTG ASRG ( Advanced Stirling radioisotope generator ) Radioisotope heater units ( RHUs ) are also used on spacecraft to warm scientific instruments to the proper temperature so they operate efficiently . A larger model of RHU called the General Purpose Heat Source ( GPHS ) is used to power RTGs and the ASRG . Extremely slow - decaying radioisotopes have been proposed for use on realistic interstellar probes with multi-decade lifetimes . Another direction for development is an RTG assisted by subcritical reactions . Fission systems ( edit ) Fission power systems may be utilized to power a spacecraft 's heating or propulsion systems . In terms of heating requirements , when spacecraft require more than 100 kW for power , fission systems are much more cost effective than RTGs . Over the past few decades , several fission reactors have been proposed , but these fission systems have n't been utilized in US space projects as prominently as radioisotope systems have . The Soviet Union , however , launched 31 BES - 5 low power fission reactors in their RORSAT satellites utilizing thermoelectric converters between 1967 and 1988 . Shortly after , the Soviet Union developed TOPAZ reactors , which utilize thermionic converters instead . In 2008 , NASA announced plans to utilize a small fission power system to be used on the surface of the moon and Mars , and began testing `` key '' technologies for it to come to fruition . Nuclear thermal propulsion systems ( NTR ) are based on the heating power of a fission reactor , offering a more efficient propulsion system for thrust in launches and landings than one powered by chemical reactions . Current research focuses more on nuclear electric systems as the power source for providing thrust to propel spacecraft that are already in space . SAFE - 30 small experimental reactor circa 2002 Other space fission reactors for powering space vehicles include the SAFE - 400 reactor and the HOMER - 15 .",
"3": "In 2020 , Roscosmos ( the Russian Federal Space Agency ) plans to launch a spacecraft utilizing nuclear - powered propulsion systems ( developed at the Keldysh Research Center ) , which includes a small gas - cooled fission reactor with 1 MWe . As of 2010 , more than 30 small fission power system nuclear reactors have been sent into space in the Soviet RORSAT satellites , with only one -- SNAP - 10A -- by the US . Proposed fission power system spacecraft and exploration systems have included SP - 100 , JIMO nuclear electric propulsion , and Fission Surface Power . A number of Micro nuclear reactor types have been developed or are in development for space applications : Jan Leen Kloostermans ' U-battery RAPID - L closed cycle magnetohydrodynamic ( CCMHD ) power generation system SP - 100 Alkali Metal Thermoelectric Converter ( AMTEC ) Kilopower Project Prometheus ( edit ) Artists 's Conception of Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter which was mission for Prometheus . It was powered by a small fission reactor , which provided electrical power to ion engines and electronics . The long boom is used to create distance between the reactor and the rest of the space craft , on it are fins that radiate waste heat into space In 2002 , NASA announced an initiative towards developing nuclear systems , which later came to be known as Project Prometheus . A major part of the Prometheus Project was to develop the Stirling Radioisotope Generator and the Multi-Mission Thermoelectric Generator , both types of RTGs . The project also aimed to produce a safe and long - lasting space fission reactor system for a spacecraft 's power and propulsion , replacing the long - used RTGs . Budget constraints resulted in the effective halting of the project , but Project Prometheus has had success in testing new systems . After its creation , scientists successfully tested a High Power Electric Propulsion ( HiPEP ) ion engine , which offered substantial advantages in fuel efficiency , thruster lifetime , and thruster efficiency over other power sources .",
"4": "Table ( edit ) Examples of nuclear powered spacecraft : Name and / or model Fate / Location Selected examples of nuclear power systems in space SNAP - 10A Earth orbit ( 900 + km altitude ) Cosmos 469 BES - 5 Buk Cosmos 516 High orbited 1972 Cosmos 626 Earth orbit Cosmos 954 Earth re-entry 1978 ( over Canada ) Cosmos 1176 11788 / 11971 Earth orbit 870 -- 970 km Cosmos 1402 Earth re-entry 1983 ( South Atlantic ) Cosmos 1607 High orbited 1985 Cosmos 1670 High orbited 1985 Cosmos 1677 High orbited 1985 Cosmos 1682 High orbited 1986 Cosmos 1736 High orbited 1986 Cosmos 1771 High orbited 1986 Cosmos 1818 TEU - 5 Topol Earth orbit Cosmos 1860 Cosmos 1867 TEU - 5 Topol Cosmos 1900 High orbited 1987 Cosmos 1932 Earth orbit 800 -- 900 km See also Radioisotope thermoelectric generator # Nuclear power systems in space Visuals ( edit ) Red - hot shell containing plutonium undergoing nuclear decay , inside the Mars Science Laboratory MMRTG . MSL was launched in 2011 and landed on Mars in August 2012 . The MSL MMRTG exterior SNAP - 10A Space Nuclear Power Plant , shown here in tests on the Earth , launched into orbit in the 1960s . See also ( edit ) Nuclear technology portal Spaceflight portal Austere Human Missions to Mars Nuclear pulse propulsion Nuclear propulsion Nuclear thermal rocket Nuclear electric rocket Batteries in space Solar panels on spacecraft References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hyder , Anthony K. ; R.L. Wiley ; G. Halpert ; S. Sabripour ; D.J. Flood ( 2000 ) . Spacecraft Power Technologies . Imperial College Press . p. 256 . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 117 - 6 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ `` Department of Energy Facts : Radioisotope Heater Units '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Energy , Office of Space and Defense Power Systems . December 1998 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Power In Space '' . Spacedaily.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ponomarev - Stepnoi , N.N. ; Kukharkin , N.E. ; Usov , V.A. ( March 2000 ) . `` '' Romashka '' reactor - converter `` . Atomic Energy . New York : Springer . 88 ( 3 ) : 178 -- 183 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02673156 . ISSN 1063 - 4258 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - Researchers Test Novel Power System for Space Travel - Joint NASA and DOE team demonstrates simple , robust fission reactor prototype '' . Nasa.gov. 2012 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Radioisotope Electric Propulsion : Enabling the Decadal Survey Science Goals for Primitive Bodies '' ( PDF ) . Lpi.usra.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Zaitsev , Yury . `` Nuclear Power In Space '' . Spacedaily . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Lee ; Sterling Bailey ; Ryan Bechtel ; John Elliott ; Mike Houts ; Rick Kapernick ; Ron Lipinski ; Duncan MacPherson ; Tom Moreno ; Bill Nesmith ; Dave Poston ; Lou Qualls ; Ross Radel ; Abraham Weitzberg ; Jim Werner ; Jean - Pierre Fleurial ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Small Fission Power System Feasibility Study -- Final Report '' . NASA / DOE . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Space Nuclear Power : Since 1961 the U.S.",
"6": "has flown more than 40 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators ( RTGs ) with an essentially perfect operational record . The specifics of these RTGs and the missions they have powered have been thoroughly reviewed in the open literature . The U.S. has flown only one reactor , which is described below . The Soviet Union has flown only 2 RTGs and had shown a preference to use small fission power systems instead of RTGs . The USSR had a more aggressive space fission power program than the U.S. and flew more than 30 reactors . Although these were designed for short lifetime , the program demonstrated the successful use of common designs and technology . Jump up ^ `` Innovative Interstellar Probe '' . JHU / APL . Retrieved 22 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Arias , F.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Advanced Subcritical Assistance Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator : An Imperative Solution for the Future of NASA Exploration '' . JBIS. 64 : 314 -- 318 . Bibcode : 2011JBIS ... 64 ... 314A . Jump up ^ `` A Lunar Nuclear Reactor Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute '' . Sservi.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Page , Lewis ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Russia , NASA to hold talks on nuclear - powered spacecraft Muscovites have the balls but not the money '' . The Register . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breakthrough in quest for nuclear - powered spacecraft '' . Rossiiskaya Gazeta . October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Reactors for Space - World Nuclear Association '' . World-nuclear.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Reactors for Space '' . World Nuclear Association . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Successfully Tests Ion Engine '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Sven Grahn . `` The US - A program ( Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellites ) '' .",
"7": "Svengrahn.pp.se . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Old Russian Nuclear Satellite Returns '' . Spacedaily.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Technologies of Broad Benefit : Power '' . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . External links ( edit ) KRUSTY - Kilopower Reactor Using Stirling Technology Small Fission Power System Feasibility Study Nuclear Power in Space - Office of Nuclear Energy - U.S. Department of Energy (. pdf ) SAFE - 400 paper ( fission reactor ) Design Concept for a Nuclear Reactor - Powered Mars Rover David Poston , `` Space Nuclear Power : Fission Reactors '' Design and Testing of Small Nuclear (. pdf file ) Overview of NASA and nuclear power in space NASA Seeks Nuclear Power for Mars ( December 2017 ) ( hide ) ... in space Topics Accidents Animals Archaeology Architecture Batteries Christmas Colonization Corrosion Debris Dogs Dust Food Humans The human body The human body ( exposed ) Hygiene Industry Law Medicine Monkeys and non-human apes Music Nuclear power Neuroscience Plants Religion Sex Sleep Telescopes Toilet Tourism War Weapons Weather Women Writing See also Near space Outer space Space - based radar Space - based solar power Solar panels on spacecraft Human spaceflight Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_space&oldid=828140123 '' Categories : Nuclear power Space technology Nuclear power in space Nuclear spacecraft propulsion Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 20 : 08 . About Wikipedia",
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3903631751397750234
|
what does the ghost of christmas present sprinkle from his torch
|
[
"a little warmth",
"a little warmth",
"warmth",
"warmth"
] |
{
"0": "Ghost of Christmas Present - wikipedia Ghost of Christmas Present Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ghost of Christmas Present The Ghost of Christmas Present with Ebenezer Scrooge First appearance A Christmas Carol 1843 Created by Charles Dickens Information Species Spirit Gender male Relatives The Ghost of Christmas Past , The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come The Ghost of Christmas Present or The Spirit of Christmas Present is a fictional character in the work A Christmas Carol by novelist Charles Dickens . The Spirit closely resembles Father Christmas from local folklore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Appearance in various film adaptations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) The Ghost of Christmas Present is the second of the three spirits ( after the visitations by Jacob Marley and the Ghost of Christmas Past ) that haunt the miser Ebenezer Scrooge , in order to prompt him to repent . When he first appears before Scrooge , he invites him to `` come in and know me better , man . '' According to Dickens ' novel , the Ghost of Christmas Present appears to Scrooge as `` a jolly giant '' with dark brown curls . He wears a fur - lined green robe and on his head a holly wreath set with shining icicles . He carries a large torch , made to resemble a cornucopia , and appears accompanied by a great feast . He states that he has had `` more than eighteen hundred '' brothers and later reveals the ability to change his size to fit into any space . He also bears a scabbard with no sword in it , a representation of peace on Earth and good will toward men .",
"1": "The spirit transports Scrooge around the city , showing him scenes of festivity and also deprivation that are happening as they watch , sprinkling a little warmth from his torch as he travels . Amongst the visits are Scrooge 's nephew , and the family of his impoverished clerk , Bob Cratchit . Scrooge takes an interest in Cratchit 's desperately - ill son , Tiny Tim , and asks the Ghost if Tim will live . The Ghost first states that `` If these shadows remain unaltered by the Future , the child will die , '' and then -- quick to use Scrooge 's past heartless comments to two charitable solicitors against him -- states , `` What then ? If he be like to die , he had better do it , and decrease the surplus population . '' The spirit then warns Scrooge to `` forebear that wicked tongue until you have discovered for yourself what the surplus is , and where it is . '' and chillingly tells him `` It may be , that in the sight of heaven , you are more worthless and less fit to live than MILLIONS like this poor man 's child . '' The spirit finally reveals to Scrooge two emaciated children , subhuman in appearance and loathsome to behold , clinging to his robes , and names the boy as Ignorance and the girl as Want . The spirit warns Scrooge , `` Beware them both , and all of their degree , but most of all beware this boy , for on his brow I see that written which is Doom unless the writing be erased . '' The spirit once again quotes Scrooge , who asks if the grotesque children have `` no refuge , no resource , '' and the spirit retorts with more of Scrooge 's own words : `` Are there no prisons ? Are there no workhouses ? '' The Ghost of Christmas Present , having already aged , reveals that he will only exist on Earth for a `` very brief '' time , implied to be that single Christmas holiday . He finally disappears at the stroke of midnight on Twelfth Night , and leaves Scrooge to face the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come , as it approaches `` like a mist along the ground . '' Appearance in various film adaptations ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page .",
"2": "( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 1935 film Scrooge he is played by Oscar Asche . Also unlike most versions he is bald and clean shaven . In the 1938 film A Christmas Carol he is played by Lionel Braham . In the 1951 film Scrooge he is played by Francis De Wolff . In the 1962 TV special Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol , he appears before the Ghost of Christmas Past was meant to . In the 1970 musical adaptation Scrooge , Kenneth More portrays the main character . After a song ( `` I Like Life '' ) , the ghost takes Scrooge to Cratchit 's house to see a brief argument after Bob claims that the dinner is courtesy of Scrooge instead of Bob 's compensation , followed by a song by Tiny Tim ( `` The Beautiful Day '' ) . After questioning the ghost about Tiny Tim , the ghost takes Scrooge to his nephew 's house for a round of `` The Minister 's Cat '' before the ghost leaves Scrooge back in his home to meet the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come . `` Ignorance '' and `` Want '' do not appear in this adaptation . In the Academy Award - winning animated film A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) he is played by Felix Felton . In a 1979 Dutch musical De Wonderbaarlijke Genezing van ( The Wonderfull Cure of ) Ebenezer Scrooge , he is played by Paul van Gorcum . In the Disney 1983 animated adaptation titled Mickey 's Christmas Carol , Willie the Giant ( voiced by Will Ryan ) portrays the ghost . `` Ignorance '' and `` Want '' do not appear in this adaptation .",
"3": "In the 1984 film starring George C. Scott , the spirit is portrayed by Edward Woodward . He appears almost exactly as described in Dickens ' book . The Jetsons episode The Jetsons Christmas Carol portrays the spirit as of course a `` present '' , a festively wrapped gift box with enough of a sense of humor to illustrate the pun : `` I 'm Spirit # 2 ! '' he announces to Spacely . In Blackadder 's Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) Ebenezer Blackadder is visited by `` the Spirit of Christmas '' ( played by Robbie Coltrane ) who bears a close resemblance to the Ghost of Christmas Present of Dickens ' version . The 1988 film Scrooged 's incarnation of the ghost is a violent , shrill fairy played by Carol Kane . In A Flintstones Christmas Carol the spirit is portrayed by the unnamed man who was seen earlier in the cartoon disguised as Santa Claus , ringing a bell outside a department store . The Ghost of Christmas Present is featured in The Muppet Christmas Carol . He appears as a full - bodied Muppet with the face and voice performed by Jerry Nelson and his in - suit performer is Don Austen . Like in Mickey 's Christmas Carol , `` Ignorance '' and `` Want '' do n't appear . As he disappears after midnight strikes , he warns Scrooge of the coming of the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come before saying ( in a variation of the ghost 's well - known line ) `` Go forth and know him better , man . '' The Ghost of Christmas Present is featured in the `` Holiday Time ! '' entry of The Muppets Character Encyclopedia . In the 1993 Alvin and the Chipmunks episode , released as Alvin 's Christmas Carol , the Ghost of Christmas Present is portrayed by Theodore , who dresses in a Santa Claus suit and carries a sack which Alvin presumes is full of gifts . Through his sack , he shows Alvin how his family is celebrating Christmas while coping with his desire for personal happiness , much to Alvin 's surprise , and how he is Mr. Carroll 's only visitor with his paper route . Ignorance and Want do not appear in this rendition . In Ebbie the spirit is portrayed by Lorena Gale , who also played a gift wrapping employee of Dobson 's .",
"4": "In the 1998 animated musical television film An All Dogs Christmas Carol , Sasha becomes the spirit appearing to Carface Carruthers . In the 1999 film starring Patrick Stewart , the spirit is portrayed by Desmond Barrit . Roger Taylor of Duran Duran fame portrays the spirit in A Diva 's Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) . In A Carol Christmas ( 2003 ) , William Shatner portrayed a TV talk show host named `` Dr. Bob '' ( who habitually spouts off cliches ) appears before Carol Cartman as the spirit later in the movie . In Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas , Yosemite Sam ( Maurice LaMarche ) is portrayed as the Ghost of Christmas Present . In the 2009 film Disney 's A Christmas Carol , the ghost greatly resembles the version in the novel . ( Jim Carrey voices all three ghosts , and Scrooge himself . ) This version is depicted dying at length when midnight strikes ( to the point of dissolving into a skeleton before the twelfth strike ) and his warning about Ignorance and Want is also shortened , only saying `` Beware them both '' as the forms of Ignorance and Want rapidly turn into adults and repeat Scrooge 's unkind comments he had said to the charitable gentlemen from earlier ( Ignorance appearing in a prison cell , and Want being put in a straitjacket to be taken to a workhouse ) . In the Doctor Who 's 2010 Christmas Special , Amy Pond dressed up as a police officer presents herself in a hologram as the Ghost of Christmas Present , eventually getting interrupted at some reprises by Rory Williams dressed up as a Roman after some remarks . He is represented by DeStorm Power as Kanye West rapping against Scrooge in the third season of Epic Rap Battles of History where he is known as `` the ghost of whats right now '' . In the Thomas and Friends episode , Diesel 's Ghostly Christmas , the Ghost of Christmas Present is portrayed by Paxton . In the 2016 My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic episode `` A Hearth 's Warming Tail '' , Pinkie Pie ( Andrea Libman ) represents the `` Spirit of Hearth 's Warming Presents '' , named such for her avocation of gift - giving .",
"5": "She tours Snowfall Frost across the town to Snow Dash 's Hearth 's Warming Party singing `` Pinkie 's Present '' . In the Animaniacs episode `` A Christmas Plotz '' The Ghost of Christmas Present is played by Dot Warner dressed in Victorian clothing . After emerging from a present ( Dot : `` ha ha get it , it 's a pun '' ) she shows Plotz a movie about Ralph the Guard 's life on Christmas Eve . See also ( edit ) Jacob Marley Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come References ( edit ) Hearn , Michael P. ( 1989 ) . The Annotated Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens ; illustrated by John Leach ; with an introduction , notes and bibliography by Michael Patrick Hearn . New York : Avenel Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 68780 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol adaptations Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Characters Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Mr.",
"6": "Fezziwig Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Jacob Marley Tiny Tim Films Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost A Christmas Carol ( 1908 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1910 ) Scrooge ( 1913 ) Scrooge ( 1935 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) Scrooge ( 1951 ) It 's Never Too Late A Christmas Carol ( 1960 ) Scrooge ( 1970 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) An American Christmas Carol Mickey 's Christmas Carol Scrooged The Muppet Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1997 ) A Diva 's Christmas Carol Christmas Carol : The Movie A Carol Christmas Springtime with Roo Chasing Christmas A Christmas Carol ( 2006 ) A Dennis the Menace Christmas An American Carol Ghosts of Girlfriends Past A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Television `` The Christmas Carol '' ( 1949 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1954 ) Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol A Carol for Another Christmas Rich Little 's Christmas Carol A Special Sesame Street Christmas The Stingiest Man in Town Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1982 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) Blackadder 's Christmas Carol A Flintstones Christmas Carol Ebbie Ebenezer An All Dogs Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1999 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) An Easter Carol A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Karroll 's Christmas Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Nan 's Christmas Carol `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctor Who ) It 's Christmas , Carol ! Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale Musicals Scrooge ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Mrs.",
"7": "Bob Cratchit 's Wild Christmas Binge ( 2002 ) Plays A Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) Fellow Passengers ( 2004 ) A Klingon Christmas Carol ( 2007 ) Soundtracks A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Doctor Who : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Other Adaptations of A Christmas Carol Batman : Noël ( comic ) `` Green Christmas '' ( single ) The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins Ghosts List of ghosts Manifestations Haunted locations Haunted highways Haunted house Haunted trains Haunted ships Hungry ghost Phantom vehicle Poltergeist Residual haunting Vengeful ghost By continent and culture African South Africa Asian South Asian Bengali Burmese Chinese locations Ghost Festival Filipino locations India Japanese Onryō Korean Malay Thai locations Tibetan Vietnamese Europe France Slavic religion Romania United Kingdom Scotland North America Canada Caribbean Navajo Ghost sickness Ghost Dance Mexican locations Day of the Dead United States District of Columbia South America Colombia Oceania Maori Polynesian History Mesopotamian Ancient Egyptian culture Classical Antiquity Ghosts in English - speaking cultures Ghosts in Spanish - speaking cultures Parapsychology Apparitional experience Electronic voice phenomenon kaidan Ghost hunting Séance Mediumship Spirit photography Popular culture Films about ghosts India Stories about ghosts Halloween Samhain Paranormal television Court cases Booty v Barnaby Related Fear of ghosts Spectrophilia Spiritualism Spiritism The Ghost Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"8": "php?title=Ghost_of_Christmas_Present&oldid=818567038 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1843 Fictional ghosts A Christmas Carol characters Christmas characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles lacking reliable references from December 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with trivia sections from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 08 : 25 . About Wikipedia",
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2
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[
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-631926128215110114
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who won the 2018 women's royal rumble match
|
[
"Asuka",
"Asuka",
"Asuka",
"Asuka"
] |
{
"0": "Royal Rumble ( 2018 ) - Wikipedia Royal Rumble ( 2018 ) Jump to : navigation , search Royal Rumble ( 2018 ) Promotional poster featuring various WWE wrestlers Theme song ( s ) `` King Is Born '' by Aloe Blacc `` Power '' by Little Mix ft . Stormzy Information Promotion WWE Brand ( s ) Raw SmackDown Sponsor ( s ) KFC Rocket League Date January 28 , 2018 Attendance 17,629 Venue Wells Fargo Center City Philadelphia , Pennsylvania WWE Network event chronology NXT TakeOver : Philadelphia Royal Rumble ( 2018 ) Elimination Chamber ( 2018 ) Royal Rumble chronology Royal Rumble ( 2017 ) Royal Rumble ( 2018 ) Royal Rumble ( 2019 ) Royal Rumble ( 2018 ) was a professional wrestling pay - per - view ( PPV ) event and WWE Network event produced by WWE featuring wrestlers primarily from the Raw and SmackDown brands , as well as surprise appearances from competitors on the NXT brand . It took place on January 28 , 2018 , at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was the thirty - first event under the Royal Rumble chronology , the first to include a women 's Royal Rumble match , and consequently , two Royal Rumble matches . Nine matches were contested at the event , including three on the pre-show . In the main event , Asuka won the first - ever women 's Royal Rumble match , which was also the second women 's match to main event a WWE pay - per - view , and the first to main event one of WWE 's `` Big Four '' pay - per - views . The men 's Royal Rumble match was won by Shinsuke Nakamura . Other prominent matches included Brock Lesnar retaining the Universal Championship in a triple threat match against Braun Strowman and Kane , and AJ Styles retained the WWE Championship against Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn in a handicap match . The event was also notable for the surprise appearance of former UFC star Ronda Rousey following the women 's match , officially confirming that she had signed full - time with WWE .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Storylines 1.3 Cancellations 2 Event 2.1 Pre-show 2.2 Preliminary matches 2.3 Main event 3 Aftermath 3.1 Raw 3.2 SmackDown 4 Results 4.1 Men 's Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations 4.2 Women 's Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) As is tradition , the winner of the 30 - man Royal Rumble earned a world championship match at WrestleMania 34 for his choice of either Raw 's Universal Championship or SmackDown 's WWE Championship . The event also hosted the first - ever 30 - woman Royal Rumble , in which the winner earned a women 's championship match at WrestleMania 34 for her choice of either Raw 's Women 's Championship or SmackDown 's Women 's Championship . Asuka was the winner of the inaugural Women 's Royal Rumble match , and chose to challenge Charlotte Flair for the SmackDown Women 's Championship at WrestleMania 34 After Survivor Series , several women from NXT were promoted to the main rosters of both Raw and SmackDown . On the November 20 , 2017 episode of Raw , Paige , who had been out with an injury since June 2016 , returned along with the debuts of NXT 's Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville , forming the heel group Absolution , while similarly on the November 21 episode of SmackDown , NXT 's Ruby Riott , Liv Morgan , and Sarah Logan debuted and formed the heel group The Riott Squad . On the December 18 , 2017 episode of Raw , with a larger roster of women on the main rosters , Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon scheduled the first - ever women 's Royal Rumble match for the 2018 Royal Rumble , with the winner receiving a match at WrestleMania 34 for the top championship of their choice : Raw 's Women 's Championship or SmackDown 's Women 's Championship .",
"2": "Both brands ' respective commissioners and general managers agreed that the women 's match would have all of the same rules as the men 's match , including having 30 participants . Stephanie was announced to join the commentary team for the women 's match , and television host Maria Menounos was announced to be the special guest ring announcer . Storylines ( edit ) The card consisted of nine matches , including three on the pre-show , that resulted from scripted storylines and had results predetermined by WWE on both the Raw and SmackDown brands . Storylines were produced on WWE 's weekly television shows , Monday Night Raw , SmackDown Live , and 205 Live , the latter of which is cruiserweight - exclusive . For the first time , the card was highlighted by two Royal Rumble matches . On the October 16 , 2017 episode of Raw , Kane returned from a ten - month hiatus and helped Braun Strowman to defeat Roman Reigns in a steel cage match . Kane was then added to Strowman 's team at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs in the 5 - on - 3 handicap Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match . During the match , Kane accidentally hit Strowman with a chair , which caused tension between the two . Later on in the match , Kane turned on Strowman and crushed him in the back of a garbage truck ; their team ultimately lost . The two then feuded over the next several weeks , leading to a match on the December 11 episode to determine the number one contender against Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at the Royal Rumble , but the match ended in a double countout . Raw General Manager Kurt Angle then decided that Lesnar would defend the title against both Kane and Strowman in a triple threat match at the event . On the January 8 episode , Kane attacked Lesnar from behind , followed by an attack from Strowman . After laying Kane and Lesnar out backstage , Strowman knocked over a lighting rig and crushed both . Lesnar was taken to a medical facility while Kane refused medical attention . Due to his actions , Strowman was removed from the triple threat match and fired by Angle . Strowman went on a rampage backstage , including destroying Angle 's office and flipping over a tractor .",
"3": "Before he could do anymore damage , Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon rehired Strowman , putting him back into the Universal Championship match at the Royal Rumble . Shinsuke Nakamura won the 2018 Men 's Royal Rumble and chose to challenge AJ Styles for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 34 At Clash of Champions , SmackDown 's Commissioner Shane McMahon and General Manager Daniel Bryan both refereed a tag team match pitting Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn against Randy Orton and Shinsuke Nakamura , where Owens and Zayn would have been fired from WWE had they lost . During the match , there was controversy between Shane and Bryan , which resulted in Bryan giving a fast count for Owens and Zayn to win . Tensions between Shane and Bryan continued over the next couple of weeks , culminating on the final SmackDown of 2017 , when Bryan scheduled Owens to face WWE Champion AJ Styles in a non-title match in the main event , much to the disapproval of Shane , who felt that Owens should not be in the main event , or facing the WWE Champion . That match ended when Zayn interfered , allowing Owens to win . The next week , Zayn would also defeat Styles in a non-title match after interference from Owens . Enraged at back - to - back losses , Styles stated they might as well schedule him in a handicap match against Owens and Zayn , which Bryan took literally and scheduled for the Royal Rumble where Styles would also defend the WWE Championship against both men . On the January 9 episode of SmackDown , Styles said that although it was unfair , he was confident that he would win ; Owens and Zayn interrupted and claimed that they would become the first - ever co-WWE Champions . On the final SmackDown before the Royal Rumble , Styles faced Owens and Zayn in back - to - back matches where Shane threatened that if one were to interfere in the other 's match , that person would be fired . Styles managed to defeat Owens in the first match by submission , however , he would lose to Zayn in the second match . On the December 18 , 2017 episode of Raw , Seth Rollins ' tag team partner Dean Ambrose was injured by Samoa Joe .",
"4": "The following week , despite both wanting to take on Joe to avenge Ambrose , Raw General Manager Kurt Angle instead had his ( storyline ) son , Jason Jordan , and Rollins team up to face Cesaro and Sheamus for the Raw Tag Team Championship ; Jordan and Rollins defeated Cesaro and Sheamus to win the championship . After the former champions confronted Angle about their contractual rematch , Angle scheduled it for the Royal Rumble . On the January 15 episode , Jordan caused a distraction , allowing Titus Worldwide ( Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil ) to again defeat Cesaro and Sheamus in a rematch from the previous week , which Rollins disapproved of as he did not like Jordan acting on his own . Cesaro and Sheamus would try and return the favor during Rollins ' match against Finn Bálor , but it backfired , resulting in Rollins winning , and Cesaro and Sheamus brawling with Bálor Club members , Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson , at ringside . On Raw 25 the next week , Jordan and Rollins were the guests on Christian 's The Peep Show , which Cesaro and Sheamus interrupted and the two teams brawled where Rollins accidentally hit Jordan with a knee attack that was intended for Cesaro . At Clash of Champions , The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) retained the SmackDown Tag Team Championship in a fatal - four - way match against Rusev and Aiden English , The New Day 's Big E and Xavier Woods , and Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin . On the following episode of SmackDown , Gable and Benjamin defeated The Usos in a non-title match , and they were awarded with a championship match on the first SmackDown of 2018 , where they defeated The Usos to initially win the titles after pinning Jimmy Uso ; however , Jimmy was not the legal man , and thus the match was restarted and The Usos retained their championship . The following week , Gable and Benjamin confronted SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan over the incident . After questioning if they should have to defeat The Usos twice in the same night , Bryan decided that at the Royal Rumble , The Usos would defend the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Gable and Benjamin in a two - out - of - three - falls match .",
"5": "On January 26 , three matches were announced for the Royal Rumble pre-show . For SmackDown , it was announced that United States Champion Bobby Roode would have an open challenge for the title . Two tag team matches were scheduled for Raw : a rematch between Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson and The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ) from Raw 25 , and a six - man tag team match for the cruiserweight division with Kalisto , Gran Metalik , and Lince Dorado against Drew Gulak , TJP , and Gentleman Jack Gallagher . Cancellations ( edit ) Two other matches had been promoted for the event , but were later removed . The first was the tournament final for SmackDown 's then - vacant United States Championship . Originally scheduled for the PPV , the finals were instead contested on the January 16 episode of SmackDown , where Bobby Roode defeated Jinder Mahal to win the title . The second was a championship match for the Raw brand where WWE Cruiserweight Champion Enzo Amore was scheduled to defend the title against Cedric Alexander . However , after Amore was suspended from WWE on January 22 due to allegations of sexual harassment and sexual assault , the match was cancelled . Amore was released the next day and the title was vacated .",
"6": "Event ( edit ) Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : English commentators Michael Cole ( Raw / both Royal Rumble matches ) Corey Graves ( all matches ) Booker T ( Raw ) Tom Phillips ( SmackDown ) Byron Saxton ( SmackDown / Men 's Royal Rumble match / Six - man tag team match ) Vic Joseph ( Six - man tag team match ) Jerry Lawler ( Men 's Royal Rumble match ) Stephanie McMahon ( Women 's Royal Rumble match ) Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Marcelo Rodríguez German commentators Carsten Schaefer Tim Haber Calvin Knie Ring announcers Greg Hamilton ( SmackDown / Men 's Royal Rumble match ) JoJo ( Raw ) Maria Menounos ( Women 's Royal Rumble match ) Referees Jason Ayers Shawn Bennett Mike Chioda John Cone Dan Engler Chad Patton Charles Robinson Rod Zapata Interviewer Renee Young Pre-show panel Renee Young Peter Rosenberg David Otunga Jerry Lawler John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield Alundra Blayze Ric Flair Pre-show ( edit ) Three matches were contested during the pre-show : In the first match - featuring Raw 's cruiserweight division - Kalisto , Gran Metalik , and Lince Dorado faced TJP , Gentleman Jack Gallagher , and Drew Gulak in a six man tag team match . Kalisto performed a Salida Del Sol on TJP to score the win . Next , also from Raw , The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ) faced Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson . Dawson performed a Chop Block on Anderson to score the win . Finally , SmackDown 's United States Champion Bobby Roode issued an open challenge , which was answered by fellow SmackDown wrestler Mojo Rawley . Roode performed a Glorious DDT on Rawley to score the pinfall and retain the title . Preliminary matches ( edit ) The actual pay - per - view opened with AJ Styles defending the WWE Championship against Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn in a handicap match . In the end , Styles threw Zayn out of the ring and immediately Owens performed a Superkick on Styles .",
"7": "Owens - who was not the legal man - attempted a Pop Up Powerbomb on Styles , who countered into a roll up to retain the title . In a backstage segment , Owens and Zayn confronted SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon about the incident , however , after questioning if he saw what had happened , Shane smiled , replied `` Yep '' , and walked off . Next , The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin in a 2 - out - of - 3 - falls match . Jimmy and Jey performed a Double Superkick on Gable , who was kneeling , to score the first fall . Jey then pinned Benjamin with a small package to score the second fall to retain the title . After that , the 30 - man Royal Rumble match for a world championship match at WrestleMania 34 was contested . Rusev and Finn Bálor began the match as the first and second entrants , respectively . Baron Corbin ( # 4 ) eliminated Rhyno ( # 3 ) , but was eliminated by Bálor . Corbin attacked Bálor , Rusev , and Heath Slater ( # 5 ) , who just made his entrance . NXT Champion Andrade `` Cien '' Almas was a surprise entrant at # 7 . Tye Dillinger was scheduled to be # 10 , but was attacked backstage by Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn , resulting in Zayn taking Dillinger 's spot . Shinsuke Nakamura entered at # 14 and eliminated Zayn . John Cena entered at # 20 and eliminated Elias ( # 6 ) and The Hurricane ( a surprise entrant at # 21 ) . NXT 's Adam Cole , another surprise entrant , entered at # 23 . Randy Orton ( # 24 ) performed an RKO on Almas and eliminated him after a near 30 minute run . Rey Mysterio , another surprise entrant , entered at # 27 and eliminated Cole . Roman Reigns entered at # 28 and eliminated Titus O'Neil ( # 25 ) .",
"8": "Reigns and Seth Rollins ( # 18 ) teamed up and performed a Powerbomb on The Miz ( # 26 ) over the top rope to eliminate him , after which , Reigns immediately eliminated Rollins . Dolph Ziggler , making his return after vacating the United States Championship , entered at # 30 and eliminated Goldust ( # 29 ) , but was eliminated by Bálor . Reigns performed a Superman Punch on Orton and eliminated Orton . Mysterio performed a 619 on Cena and Reigns , but was eliminated by Bálor . Bálor , Nakamura , Cena , and Reigns were the final four . Cena eliminated Bálor ( who lasted nearly an hour ) and immediately afterwards fought with Nakamura , who performed a Kinshasa on Cena to eliminate him . Nakamura attacked Reigns and attempted a Kinshasa , however , Reigns countered into a Spear . As Reigns attempted to eliminate Nakamura , Nakamura countered , performed a Kinshasa on Reigns and then eliminated Reigns to win the match . Afterward , Renee Young interviewed Nakamura and asked which world championship he wanted to challenge for at WrestleMania 34 . He called out WWE Champion AJ Styles , thus choosing the WWE Championship and staying on SmackDown . Next , Seth Rollins and Jason Jordan defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against Cesaro and Sheamus . During the match , Jordan sustained a head injury ( after being thrown into the ring post by Cesaro ) , rendering him unable to compete . In the end , Sheamus and Cesaro performed a White Noise / Diving Neckbreaker combination on Rollins to win the title for a record - setting fourth time as a team , and a record - setting fifth time for Cesaro individually . In the fifth match , Brock Lesnar defended the Universal Championship against Braun Strowman and Kane in a triple threat match . Kane performed a Chokeslam on Lesnar and Strowman attacked Kane . Lesnar struck Kane with a chair , only for Strowman to attack Lesnar with a running dropkick . After Strowman performed a Chokeslam on Kane , Lesnar performed three German Suplexes on Strowman .",
"9": "Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Lesnar through a table , only for Kane to break up the pinfall at a two count . Kane then threw Strowman through a table positioned in the corner , and performed a Chokeslam on Strowman , with Lesnar breaking up the pinfall at a two count . Lesnar then performed an F - 5 on Strowman through an announce table and overturned another announce table on top of Strowman . Lesnar then performed an F - 5 on Kane through another announce table . Strowman performed two Running Powerslams on Lesnar , but Kane returned and struck Strowman with a chair . Lesnar knocked Strowman out of the ring and performed an F - 5 on Kane to retain the title . After the match , an enraged Strowman yelled at Lesnar that he did not beat him . Main event ( edit ) Ronda Rousey appeared for a few WWE events over the years ( pictured here at WrestleMania 31 with The Rock ) . She was rumored to be a surprise entrant in the women 's match , and although she denied that she would be at the event , she appeared after the match 's conclusion , confirming she had signed full - time with WWE The main event was the first - ever 30 - woman Royal Rumble match for a women 's championship match at WrestleMania 34 . Sasha Banks and Becky Lynch were the first and second entrants , respectively . There were numerous surprise entrants throughout the match - including Hall of Famers Lita , Jacqueline , Beth Phoenix , and Trish Stratus ; NXT wrestlers Kairi Sane and NXT Women 's Champion Ember Moon ; and past stars Torrie Wilson , Molly Holly , Michelle McCool ( who scored the most eliminations at 5 ) , Vickie Guerrero , and Kelly Kelly . SmackDown 's Nikki Bella , who had been on hiatus since WrestleMania 33 , and her free agent twin sister Brie Bella were also unannounced entrants . Banks , Asuka ( # 25 ) , Nikki , and Brie were the final four . Banks , Nikki , and Brie attacked Asuka , after which , Nikki and Brie eliminated Banks ( who lasted the longest at nearly 55 minutes ) .",
"10": "Asuka attacked Nikki and Brie , but Nikki performed a Rack Attack 2.0 on Asuka and then eliminated Brie . After a back - and - forth exchange , Asuka eliminated Nikki to win the match and earn a women 's championship match at WrestleMania 34 . After the match , Raw Women 's Champion Alexa Bliss and SmackDown Women 's Champion Charlotte Flair entered the ring . Before Asuka could make her decision for which title she wanted to challenge for , they were interrupted by the surprise appearance of former UFC star Ronda Rousey , officially confirming she had signed full - time with WWE . Rousey pointed to the WrestleMania sign and offered a handshake to Asuka , who refused . Rousey then shook hands with Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon as the event ended . The jacket which Rousey wore during this appearance belonged to life long idol Roddy Piper , whose son let her borrow it . Aftermath ( edit ) Raw ( edit ) On Raw the following night , Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon convinced Asuka to wait until after Elimination Chamber to make her decision , as Raw Women 's Champion Alexa Bliss was scheduled to defend her title in the first - ever women 's Elimination Chamber match , and the result may affect Asuka 's decision . Asuka was then confronted by Sasha Banks , who spent the longest time in the Royal Rumble match , and Banks challenged Asuka to a match that Asuka won . Banks , along with Bayley , Mandy Rose , Mickie James , and Sonya Deville were announced as the other competitors in the Elimination Chamber match . Nia Jax was also scheduled to face Asuka at Elimination Chamber where if she were to win , she would be added to the Asuka 's championship match at WrestleMania . On the February 12 episode of Raw , it was announced that Ronda Rousey would sign her Raw contract at Elimination Chamber . At SmackDown 's Fastlane pay - per - view , Asuka appeared and decided to challenge Charlotte Flair for the SmackDown Women 's Championship at WrestleMania .",
"11": "Since Shinsuke Nakamura decided to stay on SmackDown to challenge for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 34 , Raw General Manager Kurt Angle scheduled a number one contender 's Elimination Chamber match at the namesake event to determine who would face Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania . Six qualification matches were scheduled over the next couple of weeks . Braun Strowman and Kane battled in a last man standing match , which Strowman won to qualify . After the match , Kane was taken to a local hospital . Elias , John Cena , Roman Reigns , Intercontinental Champion The Miz , Finn Bálor , and Seth Rollins also qualified , marking the first seven - man Elimination Chamber match . New Raw Tag Team Champions Cesaro and Sheamus defended their titles against Titus Worldwide ( Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil ) , as they had beaten Cesaro and Sheamus two weeks in a row prior to the Royal Rumble ; Cesaro and Sheamus retained . The following week , Jason Jordan and Seth Rollins were scheduled to have their contractual rematch , but after Jordan was deemed unable to compete , he was replaced by Roman Reigns . Jordan , however , accidentally caused them to be disqualified . On 205 Live , Drake Maverick ( formerly known as Rockstar Spud in Impact Wrestling ) was appointed as the 205 Live General Manager . Maverick announced that there would be a 16 - man single elimination tournament to crown a new WWE Cruiserweight Champion , with the finals to occur at WrestleMania 34 . SmackDown ( edit ) On the following episode of SmackDown , Shinsuke Nakamura celebrated his win at the Royal Rumble , and said he would become the new WWE Champion at WrestleMania 34 . He was interrupted by Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn , who said that they should be the co-WWE Champions , but the referee failed at his job at the Royal Rumble . WWE Champion AJ Styles came out and said that Owens and Zayn could complain all they want , but there would be a dream match at WrestleMania between him and Nakamura .",
"12": "Styles then suggested to have a dream team that night with him and Nakamura facing Owens and Zayn , which SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan made official for later that night in which Styles and Nakamura won . During the match , there were tensions between Owens and Zayn as Bryan had also scheduled them to face each other the following week to determine the number one contender for the WWE Championship at Fastlane . The championship match at Fastlane then became a fatal five - way also involving Baron Corbin and Dolph Ziggler and finally a six - pack challenge when free agent John Cena qualified by defeating Styles in a non-title match . In the mid-card , a fatal four - way match between Kofi Kingston of The New Day , Jinder Mahal , Zack Ryder , and Rusev occurred to determine the number one contender against Bobby Roode for the United States Championship , which was won by Rusev , who was unsuccessful in winning the title . Also following the Royal Rumble , SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan revealed the first - ever `` SmackDown Top Ten List '' as voted on by the SmackDown roster to see who the wrestlers thought should get a title opportunity . This played into a storyline between Roode , who ranked 5th , Randy Orton , who ranked 9th , and Jinder Mahal , who did not rank , resulting in SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon scheduling Roode to defend the U.S. Championship against Orton at Fastlane . In the women 's division , SmackDown Women 's Champion Charlotte Flair praised the first - ever women 's Royal Rumble match , but wished that she could have competed in it . She addressed Ronda Rousey 's debut and questioned who her WrestleMania 34 opponent would be . The Riott Squad interrupted and Ruby Riott said Flair would not make it to WrestleMania and they attacked Flair . Carmella came out to try and cash - in her Money in the Bank briefcase on Flair , but was not able to as she accidentally knocked out the referee before the bell could ring . After feuding with The Riott Squad over the next few weeks , Flair was scheduled to defend her title against Riott at Fastlane . Results ( edit ) No .",
"13": "Results Stipulations Times Kalisto , Gran Metalik , and Lince Dorado defeated TJP , Gentleman Jack Gallagher , and Drew Gulak Six - man tag team match 13 : 20 The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ) defeated Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson Tag team match 9 : 10 Bobby Roode ( c ) defeated Mojo Rawley Singles match for the WWE United States Championship 7 : 45 AJ Styles ( c ) defeated Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn Handicap match for the WWE Championship 15 : 55 5 The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) ( c ) defeated Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin 2 -- 0 2 - out - of - 3 - falls match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship 13 : 55 6 Shinsuke Nakamura won by last eliminating Roman Reigns 30 - man Royal Rumble match for a world championship match at WrestleMania 34 1 : 05 : 27 7 Cesaro and Sheamus defeated Seth Rollins and Jason Jordan ( c ) Tag team match for the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship 12 : 49 8 Brock Lesnar ( c ) ( with Paul Heyman ) defeated Kane and Braun Strowman Triple threat match for the WWE Universal Championship 10 : 55 9 Asuka won by last eliminating Nikki Bella 30 - woman Royal Rumble match for a women 's championship match at WrestleMania 34 58 : 57 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match P -- indicates the match took place on the pre-show Men 's Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations ( edit ) -- Raw -- SmackDown -- NXT -- Free agent -- Winner Draw Entrant Brand Order Eliminated by Time Elimination ( s ) 01 ! 1 Rusev SmackDown 12 Bray Wyatt & Matt Hardy 30 : 28 0 02 ! 2 Finn Bálor Raw 27 John Cena 57 : 38 03 !",
"14": "3 Rhyno Raw Baron Corbin 02 : 06 0 04 ! 4 Baron Corbin SmackDown Finn Bálor 01 : 06 05 ! 5 Heath Slater Raw Bray Wyatt 00 : 33 * * 06 ! 6 Elias Raw 15 John Cena 26 : 00 0 07 ! 7 Andrade `` Cien '' Almas NXT 18 Randy Orton 29 : 24 08 ! 8 Bray Wyatt Raw 13 Matt Hardy 20 : 38 09 ! 9 Big E SmackDown 8 Jinder Mahal 14 : 14 0 10 ! 10 Sami Zayn * SmackDown 5 Shinsuke Nakamura 06 : 57 0 11 ! 11 Sheamus Raw Heath Slater 00 : 02 * * * 0 12 ! 12 Xavier Woods SmackDown 7 Jinder Mahal 08 : 24 0 13 ! 13 Apollo Crews Raw 6 Cesaro 05 : 16 0 14 ! 14 Shinsuke Nakamura SmackDown 30 ! -- Winner 4438 ! 44 : 38 03 ! 3 15 ! 15 Cesaro Raw 9 Seth Rollins 05 : 08 16 ! 16 Kofi Kingston SmackDown 11 Andrade `` Cien '' Almas 05 : 41 17 ! 17 Jinder Mahal SmackDown 10 Kofi Kingston 03 : 48 18 ! 18 Seth Rollins Raw 22 Roman Reigns 19 : 01 19 ! 19 Matt Hardy Raw 14 Bray Wyatt 01 : 17 20 ! 20 John Cena Free agent 28 Shinsuke Nakamura 29 : 14 21 !",
"15": "21 The Hurricane Free agent 16 John Cena 00 : 45 0 22 ! 22 Aiden English SmackDown 17 Finn Bálor 02 : 16 0 23 ! 23 Adam Cole NXT 19 Rey Mysterio 06 : 52 0 24 ! 24 Randy Orton SmackDown 25 Roman Reigns 13 : 55 25 ! 25 Titus O'Neil Raw 20 Roman Reigns 06 : 07 0 26 ! 26 The Miz Raw 21 Roman Reigns & Seth Rollins 05 : 20 0 27 ! 27 Rey Mysterio Free agent 26 Finn Bálor 09 : 39 28 ! 28 Roman Reigns Raw 29 Shinsuke Nakamura 21 : 52 29 ! 29 Goldust Raw 23 Dolph Ziggler 02 : 43 0 30 ! 30 Dolph Ziggler SmackDown 24 Finn Bálor 02 : 01 ( * ) - Tye Dillinger was announced as the # 10 entrant , but was attacked backstage by Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn , resulting in Zayn taking his spot . ( * * ) - Heath Slater spent significant time outside of the ring before officially entering the Rumble , due to being attacked by Baron Corbin and other wrestlers . ( * * * ) - WWE. com 's official website lists Sheamus ' time to be 20 seconds , but they have otherwise stated 2 seconds . Women 's Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations ( edit ) -- Raw -- SmackDown -- NXT -- Hall of Famer ( HOF ) -- Free agent -- Winner Draw Entrant Brand Order Eliminated by Time Elimination ( s ) 01 ! 1 Sasha Banks Raw 27 Brie Bella & Nikki Bella 54 : 46 02 !",
"16": "2 Becky Lynch SmackDown 14 Ruby Riott 30 : 54 03 ! 3 Sarah Logan SmackDown 7 Molly Holly 16 : 30 0 04 ! 4 Mandy Rose Raw Lita 03 : 52 0 05 ! 5 Lita HOF Becky Lynch 05 : 51 06 ! 6 Kairi Sane * NXT Dana Brooke 04 : 49 0 07 ! 7 Tamina SmackDown Lita 01 : 34 0 08 ! 8 Dana Brooke Raw 5 Torrie Wilson 02 : 59 09 ! 9 Torrie Wilson Free agent 6 Sonya Deville 03 : 04 10 ! 10 Sonya Deville Raw 8 Michelle McCool 06 : 41 11 ! 11 Liv Morgan SmackDown 9 Michelle McCool 05 : 12 0 12 ! 12 Molly Holly Free agent 10 Michelle McCool 04 : 04 13 ! 13 Lana SmackDown 11 Michelle McCool 02 : 54 0 14 ! 14 Michelle McCool Free agent 13 Natalya 08 : 38 5 15 ! 15 Ruby Riott SmackDown 17 Nia Jax 11 : 32 16 ! 16 Vickie Guerrero Free agent 12 Becky Lynch , Michelle McCool , Ruby Riott , & Sasha Banks 00 : 57 0 17 ! 17 Carmella SmackDown 21 Nikki Bella 18 : 45 0 18 ! 18 Natalya SmackDown 25 Trish Stratus 25 : 34 19 ! 19 Kelly Kelly Free agent 16 Nia Jax 05 : 02 0 20 !",
"17": "20 Naomi SmackDown 18 Nia Jax 06 : 49 0 21 ! 21 Jacqueline HOF 15 Nia Jax 01 : 52 0 22 ! 22 Nia Jax Raw 23 Asuka , Bayley , Brie Bella , Natalya , Nikki Bella , & Trish Stratus 17 : 56 23 ! 23 Ember Moon NXT 20 Asuka 06 : 14 0 24 ! 24 Beth Phoenix HOF 19 Natalya 02 : 22 0 25 ! 25 Asuka Raw 30 ! -- Winner 1941 ! 19 : 41 03 ! 3 26 ! 26 Mickie James Raw 22 Trish Stratus 08 : 24 0 27 ! 27 Nikki Bella SmackDown 29 Asuka 16 : 30 28 ! 28 Brie Bella Free agent 28 Nikki Bella 11 : 58 29 ! 29 Bayley Raw 24 Sasha Banks 05 : 04 30 ! 30 Trish Stratus HOF 26 Sasha Banks 05 : 36 ( * ) - Kairi Sane was a last minute replacement for Alicia Fox , who was originally scheduled to participate in the match , but got injured just prior to the event . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 1 / 8 : Reigns IC Title reign continues , Enzo vs. Cedric , the return of Miz , Lesnar responds and get crushed '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cutts , Daniel . `` WWE news : Little Mix hit ' Power ' to be official theme song for first ever women 's Royal Rumble '' . The Sun Newspaper ( UK ) . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Konuwa , Alfred ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Royal Rumble 2018 Results : News And Notes After Shinsuke Nakamura , Asuka Win '' . Forbes . New York City : Forbes Media , LLC. and Integrated Media . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble tickets available now '' . WWE . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The first - ever 30 - Woman Over-The - Top Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiorvanti , Timothy ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ronda Rousey joining WWE to perform as full - time pro wrestler '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 11 / 20 : Survivor Series fallout , Samoa Joe vs. Finn Balor , Reigns in Miz TV , a big name returns '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 11 / 21 : Survivor Series fallout including Shane McMahon responding to KO and Sami attacking him '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 12 / 18 Powell 's WWE Raw Live TV Review : Brock Lesnar and Paul Heyman return , Cedric Alexander vs. Drew Gulak for a WWE Cruiserweight Title shot , the build to the Royal Rumble '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's and Women 's Royal Rumble Match rules revealed '' . WWE . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( January 24 , 2018 ) .",
"19": "`` Stephanie McMahon to join commentary for Women 's Royal Rumble Match this Sunday '' . WWE.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Currier , Joseph ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Royal Rumble Notes : Pre-show Matches , Maria Menounos '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Maria Menounos to serve as guest ring announcer for the first - ever Women 's Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed . `` How Pro Wrestling Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Discovery Communications . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live & Televised Entertainment '' . WWE . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) . `` WWE 's ' Smackdown ' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Csonka , Larry . `` Triple H Conference Call Report : Discusses 205 Live , NXT Takeover : Toronto , Says HBK Working at the Performance Center and More '' . 411mania.com . 411mania.com . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` 10 / 16 Powell 's WWE Raw Live TV Review : Braun Strowman vs. Roman Reigns in a cage match , the final push for WWE TLC '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE TLC 2017 live review : Kurt Angle , Dean Ambrose , and Seth Rollins vs. Braun Strowman , Kane , The Miz , Sheamus , and Cesaro in a TLC match , AJ Styles vs. Finn Balor , Asuka debuts , Alexa Bliss vs.",
"20": "Mickie James for the Raw Women 's Championship '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` 12 / 11 Powell 's WWE Raw Live TV Review : Braun Strowman vs. Kane for a WWE Universal Championship match at the Royal Rumble , Roman Reigns vs. Cesaro for the IC Championship , Samoa Joe vs. Dean Ambrose , Seth Rollins vs. Sheamus '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 1 / 15 : Angle addresses Strowman after last week 's big angle with Lesnar and Kane , more Rumble hype , Jax vs. Asuka '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Clash of Champions 2017 live review : AJ Styles vs. Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship , Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn put their WWE careers on the line vs. Randy Orton and Shinsuke Nakamura with Shane McMahon and Daniel Bryan as referees '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Jake . `` 12 / 26 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : WWE Champion AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens , the final edition of 2017 '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` 01 / 02 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : WWE Champion AJ Styles vs. Sami Zayn in a non-title match , The Usos vs. Shelton Benjamin and Chad Gable for the Smackdown Tag Titles , U.S. Title tournament continues on the first Smackdown of 2018 '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake .",
"21": "`` 01 / 09 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : AJ Styles addressed handicap match title defense at the Royal Rumble , U.S. Title tournament continues , Bludgeon Brothers vs. The Ascension , Ruby Riott vs. Becky Lynch '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Jake . `` 1 / 23 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Final push for the Royal Rumble , Bobby Roode and New Day vs. Jinder Mahal , Rusev , and Aiden English , Liv Morgan vs. Naomi , Jey Uso vs. Chad Gable '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 12 / 25 Powell 's WWE Raw Live TV Review : John Cena returns on the Christmas edition , Roman Reigns vs. Samoa Joe for the Intercontinental Title , Sheamus and Cesaro vs. Seth Rollins and Jason Jordan for the Raw Tag Titles '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 1 / 22 : 25th Anniversary of Monday Night Raw including Vince McMahon , Two Locations , Parade of Superstars '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Jake . `` 12 / 19 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : AJ Styles , Shinsuke Nakaura , and Randy Orton vs. Jinder Mahal , Kevin Owens , and Sami Zayn , The Usos vs. Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin in a non-title match , Shane McMahon and Daniel Bryan fallout from Clash of Champions '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 1 / 16 : U.S. Title Tournament semi-finals with Xavier vs. Jinder , Roode vs. Mojo , Shane - Bryan drama continues '' . Pro Wrestling Torch .",
"22": "Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff . `` Enzo Amore suspended '' . WWE . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Enzo Amore released '' . WWE . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Royal Rumble Kickoff Show live review : Bobby Roode 's open challenge match for the U.S. Championship , The Revival vs. Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson , Kalisto , Lince Dorado , Gran Metalik vs. TJP , Jack Gallagher , and Drew Gulak '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Royal Rumble 2018 live review : Men 's and Women 's Royal Rumble matches , Brock Lesnar vs. Braun Strowman vs. Kane for the WWE Universal Championship , AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn in a handicap match for the WWE Championship '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Brian ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Ronda Rousey shoots down Royal Rumble rumors , plans to be out of the country '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why has Ronda Rousey made tribute to Roddy Piper in WWE , and who sings her theme ? '' . The Sun . 2018 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Three Elimination Chamber qualifying matches , The Miz vs. Roman Reigns for the Intercontinental Title , the night after the Royal Rumble '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 2 / 5 : Reigns vs. Bray Wyatt in Elimination Chamber qualifying match , more Elimination Chamber developments '' .",
"23": "Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Finn Balor vs. Matt Hardy vs. Bray Wyatt vs. Apollo Crews in a four - way Elimination Chamber qualifying match , Sasha Banks vs. Bayley '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` WWE Fastlane 2018 live review : AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens vs. Sami Zayn vs. Baron Corbin vs. Dolph Ziggler vs. John Cena in a six - way for the WWE Championship , The Usos vs. New Day for the Smackdown Tag Titles , Charlotte Flair vs. Ruby Riott for the Smackdown Women 's Championship '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heydorn , Zack ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` 1 / 30 WWE 205 Live Report : Rockstar Spud debuts as new G.M. with a new name , 16 - man tournament announced for vacated Cruiserweight Title '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 1 / 30 : Nakamura celebrates winning the Rumble , Owens & Sami controversial Styles finish '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 2 / 6 : Sami vs. KO for a right to face Styles , Shane takes issue with Bryan 's decision - making '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 2 / 13 Powell 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Baron Corbin vs. Dolph Ziggler for a spot in the four - way WWE Championship match at WWE Fastlane , Bobby Roode 's U.S. Title open challenge , Charlotte vs.",
"24": "Sarah Logan , New Day vs. Shelton Benjamin and Chad Gable '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 2 / 20 Barnett 's WWE SmackDown Live TV Review : New Day vs. Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin for a Smackdown Tag Title shot at WWE Fastlane , Charlotte , Naomi , and Becky Lynch vs. Riott Squad , WWE Champion AJ Styles appears '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Royal Rumble ' 18 Times '' . Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pappolla , Ryan . `` Kalisto , Gran Metalik & Lince Dorado def . TJP , Drew Gulak & Jack Gallagher '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` The Revival def . Luke Gallows & Karl Anderson '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` United States Champion Bobby Roode def . Mojo Rawley ( United States Championship Kickoff Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` WWE Champion AJ Styles def . Kevin Owens & Sami Zayn '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Usos def . Chad Gable & Shelton Benjamin ( 2 - out - of - 3 Falls Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Shinsuke Nakamura won the 2018 Men 's Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wortman , James . `` Sheamus & Cesaro def . Raw Tag Team Champions Seth Rollins & Jason Jordan '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Wortman , James . `` Universal Champion Brock Lesnar def . Braun Strowman and Kane '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Asuka won the first - ever Women 's Royal Rumble Match ; Ronda Rousey arrived '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full first - ever Women 's Royal Rumble Match statistics : entrants , eliminations , times and more '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2018 30 - Man Royal Rumble Match statistics : entrants , eliminations , times and more '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2018 30 - Man Royal Rumble Match statistics : entrants , eliminations , times and more '' . WWE.com. 2018 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fightful.com , Sean Ross Sapp of ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Sheamus lasted 2.25 seconds '' . @ SeanRossSapp . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Raw results , Jan. 29 , 2018 : John Cena and Finn Bálor clash one - on - one in `` Too Sweet '' Elimination Chamber Qualifying Match `` . WWE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sheamus ( 2 February 2018 ) . `` We need an official call on this ... stop - clock anyone ? '' . @ WWESheamus . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Rumble Just Ruined Sheamus ' Birthday '' . WWE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Andrew ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Alicia Fox Jokes About Her Broken Tailbone Injury '' . Fightful.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 .",
"26": "External links ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal Royal Rumble Official Website ← 2017 2018 ( 2018 ) WWE Network events WWE Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania 34 Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash Money in the Bank Extreme Rules SummerSlam Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions NXT TakeOver : Philadelphia TakeOver : New Orleans TakeOver : Chicago TakeOver : Brooklyn TakeOver : Los Angeles WWE pay - per - view and WWE Network events Royal Rumble 2017 2018 Current Royal Rumble ( 1989 -- present ) Elimination Chamber ( 2010 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present ) Fastlane ( 2015 -- present ) WrestleMania ( 1985 -- present ) Greatest Royal Rumble ( 2018 -- present ) Backlash ( 1999 -- 2009 , 2016 -- present ) Money in the Bank ( 2010 -- present ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2017 -- present ) Extreme Rules ( 2009 -- present ) SummerSlam ( 1988 -- present ) Hell in a Cell ( 2009 -- present ) TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs ( 2009 -- present ) Survivor Series ( 1987 -- present ) Clash of Champions ( 2016 -- present ) NXT TakeOver ( 2014 -- present ) Former The Wrestling Classic ( 1985 ) No Holds Barred ( 1989 ) This Tuesday in Texas ( 1991 ) One Night Only ( 1997 ) Capital Carnage ( 1998 ) In Your House ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Over the Edge ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fully Loaded ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Invasion ( 2001 ) Rebellion ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Insurrextion ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 1997 ,",
"27": "2003 -- 2004 ) Taboo Tuesday ( 2004 -- 2005 ) December to Dismember ( 2006 ) New Year 's Revolution ( 2005 -- 2007 ) One Night Stand ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Unforgiven ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Cyber Sunday ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Armageddon ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2008 ) Judgment Day ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Breaking Point ( 2009 ) Fatal 4 - Way ( 2010 ) Bragging Rights ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Capitol Punishment ( 2011 ) Vengeance ( 2001 -- 2007 , 2011 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 -- 2012 ) No Way Out ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 , 2012 ) NXT Arrival ( 2014 ) King of the Ring ( 1993 -- 2002 , 2015 ) The Beast in the East ( 2015 ) Live from Madison Square Garden ( 2015 ) Night of Champions ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Cruiserweight Classic Finale ( 2016 ) Roadblock ( 2016 ) United Kingdom Championship Special ( 2017 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 2017 ) Battleground ( 2013 -- 2017 ) No Mercy ( 1999 -- 2008 , 2016 -- 2017 ) Payback ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Mae Young Classic Finale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"28": "php?title=Royal_Rumble_(2018)&oldid=838425373 '' Categories : Royal Rumble 2018 WWE Network events Events in Philadelphia 2018 in Pennsylvania Professional wrestling in Philadelphia 2018 WWE pay - per - view events January 2018 events in the United States Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português Română ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where was part of the classic surfing movie endless summer filmed
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[
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"0": "The Endless Summer - wikipedia The Endless Summer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1966 documentary film . For other uses , see Endless Summer ( disambiguation ) . The Endless Summer Theatrical release poster Directed by Bruce Brown Produced by Bruce Brown Written by Bruce Brown Starring Mike Hynson Robert August Miki Dora Narrated by Bruce Brown Music by The Sandals Cinematography Bruce Brown Edited by Bruce Brown Distributed by Cinema V Monterey Media Release date June 15 , 1966 ( 1966 - 06 - 15 ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50,000 Box office $20 million The Endless Summer is a seminal 1966 surf movie ( the initial release was in 1964 , world - wide release was 1966 ) . Filmmaker / narrator Bruce Brown follows two surfers , Mike Hynson and Robert August , on a surfing trip around the world . Despite the balmy climate of their native California , cold ocean currents make local beaches inhospitable during the winter . They travel to the coasts of Australia , New Zealand , Tahiti , Hawaii , Senegal , Ghana , Nigeria and South Africa in a quest for new surf spots and introduce locals to the sport . Other important surfers of the time , such as Miki Dora , Phil Edwards and Butch Van Artsdalen also appear . Its title comes from the idea , expressed at both the beginning and end of the film , that if one had enough time and money it would be possible to follow the summer up and down the world ( northern to southern hemisphere and back ) , making it endless . The concept of the film was born through the suggestion of a travel agent to Bruce Brown during the planning stages of the film . The travel agent suggested that the flight from Los Angeles to Cape Town , South Africa and back would cost $50 more than a trip circumnavigating the world . After which , Bruce came up with the idea of following the summer season by traveling up and down the world .",
"1": "The narrative presentation eases from the stiff and formal documentary of the 1950s and early 1960s to a more casual and fun - loving personal style filled with sly humor . The surf rock soundtrack to the film was provided by The Sandals . The `` Theme to the Endless Summer '' was written by Gaston Georis and John Blakeley of the Sandals . It has become one of the best known film themes in the surf movie genre . When the movie was first shown , it encouraged many surfers to go abroad , giving birth to the `` surf - and - travel '' culture , with prizes for finding `` uncrowded surf '' , meeting new people and riding the perfect wave . It also introduced the sport , which had become popular outside of Hawaii and the Polynesian Islands in places like California and Australia , to a broader audience . In addition , it set the style for later surf - and - travel movies , including Momentum , ( These Are ) Better Days , and Thicker Than Water . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Reaction 2.1 Legacy 3 Sequels 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) Bruce Brown started surfing in the early 1950s . He took still photographs to show his mother what the draw of the sport was . While serving in the United States Navy on Oahu years later , he used an 8 mm movie camera to photograph surfers from California . Once Brown got back to the states , he edited his footage into an hour - long film . Surfer Dale Velzy showed it at his San Clemente shop , charging 25 cents for admission . Velzy bought Brown a 16 mm camera and together they raised $5,000 to make Slippery When Wet , Brown 's first `` real '' surf film . In the winter of 1958 , Brown went back to Hawaii to film the North Shore 's big surf . On the plane ride over , the novice filmmaker read a book about how to make movies . Brown said , `` I never had formal training in filmmaking and that probably worked to my advantage '' . By 1962 , he had spent five years making one surf film per year . He would shoot during the fall and winter months , edit during the spring and show the finished product during the summer .",
"2": "Brown remembered , `` I felt if I could take two years to make a film , maybe I could make something special '' . To do this , he would need a bigger budget than he had on previous films . To raise the $50,000 budget for The Endless Summer , Brown took the best footage from his four previous films and made Waterlogged . Brown took his completed film to several Hollywood studio distributors but was rejected because they did not think it would have mainstream appeal . In January , he took The Endless Summer to Wichita , Kansas for two weeks where moviegoers lined up in snowy weather in the middle of winter and it went on to selling out multiple screenings . Distributors were still not convinced and Brown rented a theater in New York City where his film ran successfully for a year . After the success of the run at New York 's Kips Bay Theater , Don Rugoff of Cinema 5 distribution said he did not want the film or poster changed and wanted them distributed as is , thus Brown selected him over other distributors who wished to alter the poster . Reaction ( edit ) When The Endless Summer debuted , it grossed $5 million domestically and over $20 million worldwide . Roger Ebert said of Brown 's work , `` the beautiful photography he brought home almost makes you wonder if Hollywood has n't been trying too hard '' . Time magazine wrote , `` Brown leaves analysis of the surf - cult mystique to seagoing sociologists , but demonstrates quite spiritedly that some of the brave souls mistaken for beachniks are , in fact , converts to a difficult , dangerous and dazzling sport '' . In his review for The New York Times , Robert Alden wrote , `` the subject matter itself -- the challenge and the joy of a sport that is part swimming , part skiing , part sky - diving and part Russian roulette -- is buoyant fun '' . Legacy ( edit ) The then - unknown break off Cape St. Francis in South Africa became one of the world 's most famous surfing sites thanks to The Endless Summer . In 2002 , The Endless Summer was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .",
"3": "Sequels ( edit ) In 1994 , Brown released a sequel , The Endless Summer II , in which surfers Pat O'Connell and Robert `` Wingnut '' Weaver retrace the steps of Hynson and August . It shows the growth and evolution of the surfing scene since the first film , which presented only classic longboard surfing . O'Connell rides a shortboard , which was developed in the time between the two movies , and there are scenes of windsurfing and bodyboarding . The film illustrates how far surfing had spread , with footage of surf sessions in France , South Africa , Costa Rica , Bali , Java , and even Alaska . The sequel follows a similar structure to the original , with another round the world surfing adventure reflecting on cultural differences since the first film was shot . In 2000 , Dana Brown , Bruce 's son , released The Endless Summer Revisited , which consisted of unused footage from the first two films , as well as original cast interviews . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Tim ( October 2004 ) . `` Big Waves , Big Screen '' . Bruce Brown Films . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bharath , Deepa ; Connelly , Laylan ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Surfing through time '' . Huntington Beach Wave . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Benning , Jim ( December 11 , 2006 ) . `` The Enduring Appeal of The Endless Summer '' . WorldHum . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Endless Summer - A Look Back at the Endless Summer ( DVD ) . monterey media . 2010 . Jump up ^ Tom Lisanti , Hollywood Surf and Beach Movies : The First Wave , 1959 - 1969 , McFarland 2005 , p270 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 12 , 1967 ) . `` The Endless Summer '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Surfs Up '' . Time . July 8 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Alden , Robert ( June 16 , 1966 ) .",
"4": "`` The Endless Summer '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cosford , Bill ( June 10 , 1994 ) . `` Beach Culture '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Endless Summer Bruce Brown Films The Endless Summer Official Website The Endless Summer on IMDb The Endless Summer at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Endless_Summer&oldid=818794836 '' Categories : 1966 films English - language films 1960s sports films Films directed by Bruce Brown United States National Film Registry films Documentary films about surfing Films shot in Indonesia Films shot in Senegal Films set on beaches Australian sports films Films shot in New Zealand Raglan , New Zealand Surfing in New Zealand Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 16 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who was the first woman to win who wants to be a millionaire
|
[
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel",
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel",
"Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel"
] |
{
"0": "Judith Keppel - wikipedia Judith Keppel Jump to : navigation , search Judith Keppel Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel ( 1942 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1942 ( age 75 ) Wolverhampton , Staffordshire , England Known for First winner of the British television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , Eggheads Spouse ( s ) Desmond Leon Corcoran ( 1964 -- 80 ) ( divorced ) Neil Shand ( 1985 -- 87 ) ( separated ) Children Sibylla Monacella Corcoran ( born 1966 ) Alexander Martin Desmond Corcoran ( born 1968 ) Aline Rose Corcoran ( born 1972 ) Parent ( s ) Walter Arnold Crispin Keppel ( father ) Relatives Arnold Keppel , 8th Earl of Albemarle ( great - grandfather ) Walter , 9th Earl of Albemarle ( grandfather ) Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall ( third cousin ) Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel ( born 18 August 1942 ) was the first one - million - pound winner on the television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? in the United Kingdom . She is also the only woman in the United Kingdom to have won it and also the first person to win a million pounds or more on a British television game show . She has appeared on the BBC Two quiz show Eggheads since 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 3 References 4 External links Personal life ( edit ) Keppel 's father Hon Walter Arnold Crispian Keppel ( 1914 -- 1996 ) was a lieutenant commander in the Fleet Air Arm , who moved with the family to various naval postings around Britain until they settled in London when she was 17 . She took A-levels at St Mary 's School , Wantage , and completed a secretarial course , and married her first husband Desmond Corcoran , an art dealer . The couple went on to have three children , Sibylla , Alexander , and Rosie , but divorced in 1980 . In 1985 she married comedy script writer Neil Shand .",
"1": "They separated in 1987 . Keppel is the granddaughter of Walter , 9th Earl of Albemarle . Her great - grandfather , the 8th Earl , was brother - in - law of Alice Keppel , the mistress of King Edward VII , and was the great - granduncle of Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall . The Duchess of Cornwall is therefore her third cousin . Through the noble lineage of her aforementioned grandfather , her ancestry can be traced back to Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England , who were the subjects of her million - pound question on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( edit ) £ 1 million ( 15 of 15 ) Which King was married to Eleanor of Aquitaine ? A : Henry I B : Henry II C : Richard I D: Henry V Keppel 's £ 1 million question Keppel appeared on the 20 November 2000 episode of the UK edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , becoming the 12th winner in the world and the first in the UK to win one million pounds . At the time , she was a garden designer living in Fulham and was `` struggling for money '' . Nonetheless , she had spent about 100 pounds phoning the quiz show more than 50 times to secure a place . `` BT rang me up and said , ' Do you realise your telephone bills are rising ? ' '' There was speculation at the time that the win was leaked to the press so that ITV would draw ratings away from BBC One which was showing the last episode of One Foot in the Grave in the same timeslot . However , the Independent Television Commission cleared Celador and ITV of the allegations . Keppel now appears on the BBC Two quiz show Eggheads , where she and four other quiz champions are pitted against members of the public . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' West Midlands ' county did not exist prior to 1st April 1974 . ' Staffordshire ' is correct Jump up ^ Charles Mosley ( ed . )",
"2": ", Burke 's Peerage , Baronetage & Knightage ( London : Burke 's Peerage , 1999 ) Jump up ^ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/233b6186-52c8-11e3-8586-00144feabdc0.html#axzz4115VmSpl Jump up ^ Woods , Judith ( 4 August 2001 ) . `` Thank God , I do n't have to move to France '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Sir William Coutts Keppel , 7th Earl of Albemarle thePeerage.com Jump up ^ `` My secret to winning Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Being single '' . Daily Telegraph . 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cool , calm , and collector of quiz show 's first million : But first the adverts as viewers wait for response to the final question '' . Herald Scotland . 21 November 2000 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire ? cleared of ratings ' fix ' '' . BBC News . 15 January 2001 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . External links ( edit ) Preceded by First winner Top prize winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) 20 November 2000 Succeeded by David Edwards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judith_Keppel&oldid=800263479 '' Categories : 1942 births Contestants on British game shows Living people People from Fulham Keppel family People educated at Heathfield School , Ascot People of United Empire Loyalist descent Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 12 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who won in the brown vs board of education case
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"0": "Brown v. Board of Education - wikipedia Brown v. Board of Education Jump to : navigation , search Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court of the United States Argued December 9 , 1952 Reargued December 8 , 1953 Decided May 17 , 1954 Full case name Oliver Brown , et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka , et al . Citations 347 U.S. 483 ( more ) 74 S. Ct. 686 ; 98 L. Ed . 873 ; 1954 U.S. LEXIS 2094 ; 53 Ohio Op. 326 ; 38 A.L.R. 2d 1180 Prior history Judgment for defendants , 98 F. Supp. 797 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) Subsequent history Judgment on relief , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ( Brown II ) ; on remand , 139 F. Supp. 468 ( D. Kan . 1955 ) ; motion to intervene granted , 84 F.R.D. 383 ( D. Kan . 1979 ) ; judgment for defendants , 671 F. Supp. 1290 ( D. Kan . 1987 ) ; reversed , 892 F. 2d 851 ( 10th Cir. 1989 ) ; vacated , 503 U.S. 978 ( 1992 ) ( Brown III ) ; judgment reinstated , 978 F. 2d 585 ( 10th Cir. 1992 ) ; judgment for defendants , 56 F. Supp . 2d 1212 ( D. Kan . 1999 ) Holding Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , because separate facilities are inherently unequal . District Court of Kansas reversed . Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Robert H. Jackson Harold H. Burton Tom C. Clark Sherman Minton Case opinions Majority Warren , joined by unanimous Laws applied U.S. Const . amend .",
"1": "XIV This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) Berea College v. Kentucky ( 1908 ) Educational segregation in the US prior to Brown Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 , which allowed state - sponsored segregation , insofar as it applied to public education . Handed down on May 17 , 1954 , the Warren Court 's unanimous ( 9 -- 0 ) decision stated that `` separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . '' As a result , de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution . This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement , and a model for many future impact litigation cases . However , the decision 's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools , and the Court 's second decision in Brown II ( 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ) only ordered states to desegregate `` with all deliberate speed '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Case 2.1 Filing and arguments 2.2 Supreme Court review 2.3 Unanimous opinion and consensus building 2.4 Holding 2.5 Local outcomes 3 Social implications 3.1 Deep South 3.2 Upland South 3.3 North 4 Legal criticism and praise 5 Brown II 6 Brown III 7 Related cases 8 Other comments 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background For much of the sixty years preceding the Brown case , race relations in the United States had been dominated by racial segregation .",
"2": "This policy had been endorsed in 1896 by the United States Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson , which held that as long as the separate facilities for the separate races were equal , segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment ( `` no State shall ... deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws '' ) . The plaintiffs in Brown asserted that this system of racial separation , while masquerading as providing separate but equal treatment of both white and black Americans , instead perpetuated inferior accommodations , services , and treatment for black Americans . Racial segregation in education varied widely from the 17 states that required racial segregation to the 16 in which it was prohibited . Brown was influenced by UNESCO 's 1950 Statement , signed by a wide variety of internationally renowned scholars , titled The Race Question . This declaration denounced previous attempts at scientifically justifying racism as well as morally condemning racism . Another work that the Supreme Court cited was Gunnar Myrdal 's An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy ( 1944 ) . Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration . The research performed by the educational psychologists Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark also influenced the Court 's decision . The Clarks ' `` doll test '' studies presented substantial arguments to the Supreme Court about how segregation affected black schoolchildren 's mental status . The United States and the Soviet Union were both at the height of the Cold War during this time , and U.S. officials , including Supreme Court Justices , were highly aware of the harm that segregation and racism played on America 's international image . When Justice William O. Douglas traveled to India in 1950 , the first question he was asked was , `` Why does America tolerate the lynching of Negroes ? '' Douglas later wrote that he had learned from his travels that `` the attitude of the United States toward its colored minorities is a powerful factor in our relations with India . ''",
"3": "Chief Justice Earl Warren , nominated to the Supreme Court by President Eisenhower , echoed Douglas 's concerns in a 1954 speech to the American Bar Association , proclaiming that `` Our American system like all others is on trial both at home and abroad , ... the extent to which we maintain the spirit of our constitution with its Bill of Rights , will in the long run do more to make it both secure and the object of adulation than the number of hydrogen bombs we stockpile . '' Case Filing and arguments Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal In 1951 , a class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka , Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas . The plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their 20 children . The suit called for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation . The Topeka Board of Education operated separate elementary schools under an 1879 Kansas law , which permitted ( but did not require ) districts to maintain separate elementary school facilities for black and white students in 12 communities with populations over 15,000 . The plaintiffs had been recruited by the leadership of the Topeka NAACP . Notable among the Topeka NAACP leaders were the chairman McKinley Burnett ; Charles Scott , one of three serving as legal counsel for the chapter ; and Lucinda Todd . The named plaintiff , Oliver L. Brown , was a parent , a welder in the shops of the Santa Fe Railroad , an assistant pastor at his local church , and an African American . He was convinced to join the lawsuit by Scott , a childhood friend . Brown 's daughter Linda , a third grader , had to walk six blocks to her school bus stop to ride to Monroe Elementary , her segregated black school one mile ( 1.6 km ) away , while Sumner Elementary , a white school , was seven blocks from her house . As directed by the NAACP leadership , the parents each attempted to enroll their children in the closest neighborhood school in the fall of 1951 . They were each refused enrollment and directed to the segregated schools . The case `` Oliver Brown et al.",
"4": "v . The Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas '' was named after Oliver Brown as a legal strategy to have a man at the head of the roster . The lawyers , and the National Chapter of the NAACP , also felt that having Mr. Brown at the head of the roster would be better received by the U.S. Supreme Court Justices . The 13 plaintiffs were : Oliver Brown , Darlene Brown , Lena Carper , Sadie Emmanuel , Marguerite Emerson , Shirley Fleming , Zelma Henderson , Shirley Hodison , Maude Lawton , Alma Lewis , Iona Richardson , and Lucinda Todd . The last surviving plaintiff , Zelma Henderson , died in Topeka , on May 20 , 2008 , at age 88 . The District Court ruled in favor of the Board of Education , citing the U.S. Supreme Court precedent set in Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) , which had upheld a state law requiring `` separate but equal '' segregated facilities for blacks and whites in railway cars . The three - judge District Court panel found that segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on negro children , but denied relief on the ground that the negro and white schools in Topeka were substantially equal with respect to buildings , transportation , curricula , and educational qualifications of teachers . Supreme Court Review The case of Brown v. Board of Education as heard before the Supreme Court combined five cases : Brown itself , Briggs v. Elliott ( filed in South Carolina ) , Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( filed in Virginia ) , Gebhart v. Belton ( filed in Delaware ) , and Bolling v. Sharpe ( filed in Washington D.C. ) . All were NAACP - sponsored cases . The Davis case , the only case of the five originating from a student protest , began when 16 - year - old Barbara Rose Johns organized and led a 450 - student walkout of Moton High School . The Gebhart case was the only one where a trial court , affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court , found that discrimination was unlawful ; in all the other cases the plaintiffs had lost as the original courts had found discrimination to be lawful .",
"5": "The Kansas case was unique among the group in that there was no contention of gross inferiority of the segregated schools ' physical plant , curriculum , or staff . The district court found substantial equality as to all such factors . The lower court , in its opinion , noted that , in Topeka , `` the physical facilities , the curricula , courses of study , qualification and quality of teachers , as well as other educational facilities in the two sets of schools ( were ) comparable . '' The lower court observed that `` colored children in many instances are required to travel much greater distances than they would be required to travel could they attend a white school '' but also noted that the school district `` transports colored children to and from school free of charge '' and that `` ( n ) o such service ( was ) provided to white children . '' In the Delaware case the district court judge in Gebhart ordered that the black students be admitted to the white high school due to the substantial harm of segregation and the differences that made the separate schools unequal . The NAACP 's chief counsel , Thurgood Marshall -- who was later appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967 -- argued the case before the Supreme Court for the plaintiffs . Assistant attorney general Paul Wilson -- later distinguished emeritus professor of law at the University of Kansas -- conducted the state 's ambivalent defense in his first appellate argument . In December 1952 , the Justice Department filed a friend of the court brief in the case . The brief was unusual in its heavy emphasis on foreign - policy considerations of the Truman administration in a case ostensibly about domestic issues . Of the seven pages covering `` the interest of the United States , '' five focused on the way school segregation hurt the United States in the Cold War competition for the friendship and allegiance of non-white peoples in countries then gaining independence from colonial rule . Attorney General James P. McGranery noted that The existence of discrimination against minority groups in the United States has an adverse effect upon our relations with other countries . Racial discrimination furnishes grist for the Communist propaganda mills . The brief also quoted a letter by Secretary of State Dean Acheson lamenting that The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country .",
"6": "British barrister and parliamentarian Anthony Lester has written that `` Although the Court 's opinion in Brown made no reference to these considerations of foreign policy , there is no doubt that they significantly influenced the decision . '' Unanimous opinion and consensus building The members of the U.S. Supreme Court that on May 17 , 1954 , ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional . In spring 1953 , the Court heard the case but was unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953 , with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks . The Court reargued the case at the behest of Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter , who used reargument as a stalling tactic , to allow the Court to gather a consensus around a Brown opinion that would outlaw segregation . The justices in support of desegregation spent much effort convincing those who initially intended to dissent to join a unanimous opinion . Although the legal effect would be same for a majority rather than unanimous decision , it was felt that dissent could be used by segregation supporters as a legitimizing counter-argument . Conference notes and draft decisions illustrate the division of opinions before the decision was issued . Justices Douglas , Black , Burton , and Minton were predisposed to overturn Plessy . Fred M. Vinson noted that Congress had not issued desegregation legislation ; Stanley F. Reed discussed incomplete cultural assimilation and states ' rights and was inclined to the view that segregation worked to the benefit of the African - American community ; Tom C. Clark wrote that `` we had led the states on to think segregation is OK and we should let them work it out . '' Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson disapproved of segregation , but were also opposed to judicial activism and expressed concerns about the proposed decision 's enforceability . Chief Justice Vinson had been a key stumbling block . After Vinson died in September 1953 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice . Warren had supported the integration of Mexican - American students in California school systems following Mendez v. Westminster . However , Eisenhower invited Earl Warren to a White House dinner , where the president told him : `` These ( southern whites ) are not bad people .",
"7": "All they are concerned about is to see that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes . '' Nevertheless , the Justice Department sided with the African American plaintiffs . In his reading of the unanimous decision , Justice Warren noted the adverse psychological effects that segregated schools had on African American children . Brown 's cite of the Kenneth and Mamie Doll Study was criticized by Justice Clarence Thomas in a later concurring opinion for implying black inferiority . According to Susan Firestone , the study itself is dubious in conclusion and unreliable in reproduction . While all but one justice personally rejected segregation , the judicial restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end . The activist faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead . Warren , who held only a recess appointment , held his tongue until the Senate confirmed his appointment . Warren convened a meeting of the justices , and presented to them the simple argument that the only reason to sustain segregation was an honest belief in the inferiority of Negroes . Warren further submitted that the Court must overrule Plessy to maintain its legitimacy as an institution of liberty , and it must do so unanimously to avoid massive Southern resistance . He began to build a unanimous opinion . Although most justices were immediately convinced , Warren spent some time after this famous speech convincing everyone to sign onto the opinion . Justices Jackson and Reed finally decided to drop their dissent . The final decision was unanimous . Warren drafted the basic opinion and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court . Reed was the last holdout and reportedly cried during the reading of the opinion . Holding Reporters who observed the court holding were surprised by two facts . First , the court made a unanimous decision . Prior to the ruling , there were reports that the court members were sharply divided and might not be able to agree . Second , the attendance of Justice Robert H. Jackson who had suffered a mild heart attack and was not expected to return to the bench until early June 1954 . `` Perhaps to emphasize the unanimity of the court , perhaps from a desire to be present when the history - making verdict was announced , Justice Jackson was in his accustomed seat when the court convened . ''",
"8": "Reporters also noted that former Secretary of State Dean Acheson ( who had related the case to foreign policy considerations ) and current Attorney General Herbert Brownell were in the courtroom . The key holding of the Court was that , even if segregated black and white schools were of equal quality in facilities and teachers , segregation by itself was harmful to black students and unconstitutional . They found that a significant psychological and social disadvantage was given to black children from the nature of segregation itself , drawing on research conducted by Kenneth Clark assisted by June Shagaloff . This aspect was vital because the question was not whether the schools were `` equal '' , which under Plessy they nominally should have been , but whether the doctrine of separate was constitutional . The justices answered with a strong `` no '' : ( D ) oes segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race , even though the physical facilities and other `` tangible '' factors may be equal , deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities ? We believe that it does ... `` Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The effect is greater when it has the sanction of the law , for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the negro group . A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn . Segregation with the sanction of law , therefore , has a tendency to ( retard ) the educational and mental development of negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racial ( ly ) integrated school system . '' ... We conclude that , in the field of public education , the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' has no place . Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . Therefore , we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are , by reason of the segregation complained of , deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment . Local outcomes Judgment and order of the Supreme Court for the case . The Topeka junior high schools had been integrated since 1941 . Topeka High School was integrated from its inception in 1871 and its sports teams from 1949 on . The Kansas law permitting segregated schools allowed them only `` below the high school level '' .",
"9": "Soon after the district court decision , election outcomes and the political climate in Topeka changed . The Board of Education of Topeka began to end segregation in the Topeka elementary schools in August 1953 , integrating two attendance districts . All the Topeka elementary schools were changed to neighborhood attendance centers in January 1956 , although existing students were allowed to continue attending their prior assigned schools at their option . Plaintiff Zelma Henderson , in a 2004 interview , recalled that no demonstrations or tumult accompanied desegregation in Topeka 's schools : `` They accepted it , '' she said . `` It was n't too long until they integrated the teachers and principals . '' The Topeka Public Schools administration building is named in honor of McKinley Burnett , NAACP chapter president who organized the case . Monroe Elementary was designated a U.S. National Historic Site unit of the National Park Service on October 26 , 1992 . Social implications Not everyone accepted the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In Virginia , Senator Harry F. Byrd , Sr. organized the Massive Resistance movement that included the closing of schools rather than desegregating them . See , for example , The Southern Manifesto . For more implications of the Brown decision , see School integration in the United States . Deep South Texas Attorney General John Ben Shepperd organized a campaign to generate legal obstacles to implementation of desegregation . In 1957 , Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out his state 's National Guard to block black students ' entry to Little Rock Central High School . President Dwight Eisenhower responded by deploying elements of the 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell , Kentucky , to Arkansas and by federalizing Arkansas 's National Guard . Also in 1957 , Florida 's response was mixed . Its legislature passed an Interposition Resolution denouncing the decision and declaring it null and void . But Florida Governor LeRoy Collins , though joining in the protest against the court decision , refused to sign it , arguing that the attempt to overturn the ruling must be done by legal methods . In Mississippi fear of violence prevented any plaintiff from bringing a school desegregation suit for the next nine years .",
"10": "When Medgar Evers sued to desegregate Jackson , Mississippi schools in 1963 White Citizens Council member Byron De La Beckwith murdered him . Two subsequent trials resulted in hung juries . Beckwith was not convicted of the murder until 1994 . In 1963 , Alabama Gov. George Wallace personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students . This became the infamous Stand in the Schoolhouse Door where Wallace personally backed his `` segregation now , segregation tomorrow , segregation forever '' policy that he had stated in his 1963 inaugural address . He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard , who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene . Upland South In North Carolina , there was often a strategy of nominally accepting Brown , but tacitly resisting it . On May 18 , 1954 the Greensboro , North Carolina school board declared that it would abide by the Brown ruling . This was the result of the initiative of D.E. Hudgins Jr. , a former Rhodes Scholar and prominent attorney , who chaired the school board . This made Greensboro the first , and for years the only , city in the South , to announce its intent to comply . However , others in the city resisted integration , putting up legal obstacles to the actual implementation of school desegregation for years afterward , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 , after numerous local lawsuits and both nonviolent and violent demonstrations . Historians have noted the irony that Greensboro , which had heralded itself as such a progressive city , was one of the last holdouts for school desegregation . In Moberly , Missouri , the schools were desegregated , as ordered . However , after 1955 , the African - American teachers from the local `` negro school '' were not retained ; this was ascribed to poor performance . They appealed their dismissal in Naomi Brooks et al. , Appellants , v. School District of City of Moberly , Missouri , Etc. , et al. ; but it was upheld , and SCOTUS declined to hear a further appeal .",
"11": "North Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , not a single new school had been built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist , even as the Second Great Migration caused overcrowding of existing schools . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Northern officials were in denial of the segregation , but Brown helped stimulate activism among African - American parents like Mae Mallory who , with support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and State of New York on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high - quality , historically - white schools . ( New York 's African - American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) The intellectual roots of Plessy v. Ferguson , the landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation in 1896 under the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' were , in part , tied to the scientific racism of the era . However , the popular support for the decision was more likely a result of the racist beliefs held by many whites at the time . In deciding Brown v. Board of Education , the Supreme Court rejected the ideas of scientific racists about the need for segregation , especially in schools . The Court buttressed its holding by citing ( in footnote 11 ) social science research about the harms to black children caused by segregated schools . Both scholarly and popular ideas of hereditarianism played an important role in the attack and backlash that followed the Brown decision . The Mankind Quarterly was founded in 1960 , in part in response to the Brown decision . Legal criticism and praise U.S.",
"12": "circuit judges Robert A. Katzmann , Damon J. Keith , and Sonia Sotomayor at a 2004 exhibit on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thurgood Marshall , and Brown v. Board of Education William Rehnquist wrote a memo titled `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' when he was a law clerk for Justice Robert H. Jackson in 1952 , during early deliberations that led to the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In his memo , Rehnquist argued : `` I realize that it is an unpopular and unhumanitarian position , for which I have been excoriated by ' liberal ' colleagues but I think Plessy v. Ferguson was right and should be reaffirmed . '' Rehnquist continued , `` To the argument ... that a majority may not deprive a minority of its constitutional right , the answer must be made that while this is sound in theory , in the long run it is the majority who will determine what the constitutional rights of the minorities are . '' Rehnquist also argued for Plessy with other law clerks . However , during his 1971 confirmation hearings , Rehnquist said , `` I believe that the memorandum was prepared by me as a statement of Justice Jackson 's tentative views for his own use . '' Justice Jackson had initially planned to join a dissent in Brown . Later , at his 1986 hearings for the slot of Chief Justice , Rehnquist put further distance between himself and the 1952 memo : `` The bald statement that Plessy was right and should be reaffirmed , was not an accurate reflection of my own views at the time . '' In any event , while serving on the Supreme Court , Rehnquist made no effort to reverse or undermine the Brown decision , and frequently relied upon it as precedent . Chief Justice Warren 's reasoning was broadly criticized by contemporary legal academics with Judge Learned Hand decrying that the Supreme Court had `` assumed the role of a third legislative chamber '' and Herbert Wechsler finding Brown impossible to justify based on neutral principles . Some aspects of the Brown decision are still debated . Notably , Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas , himself an African American , wrote in Missouri v. Jenkins ( 1995 ) that at the very least , Brown I has been misunderstood by the courts .",
"13": "Brown I did not say that `` racially isolated '' schools were inherently inferior ; the harm that it identified was tied purely to de jure segregation , not de facto segregation . Indeed , Brown I itself did not need to rely upon any psychological or social - science research in order to announce the simple , yet fundamental truth that the Government can not discriminate among its citizens on the basis of race. ... Segregation was not unconstitutional because it might have caused psychological feelings of inferiority . Public school systems that separated blacks and provided them with superior educational resources making blacks `` feel '' superior to whites sent to lesser schools -- would violate the Fourteenth Amendment , whether or not the white students felt stigmatized , just as do school systems in which the positions of the races are reversed . Psychological injury or benefit is irrelevant ... Given that desegregation has not produced the predicted leaps forward in black educational achievement , there is no reason to think that black students can not learn as well when surrounded by members of their own race as when they are in an integrated environment . ( ... ) Because of their `` distinctive histories and traditions , '' black schools can function as the center and symbol of black communities , and provide examples of independent black leadership , success , and achievement . Some Constitutional originalists , notably Raoul Berger in his influential 1977 book `` Government by Judiciary , '' make the case that Brown can not be defended by reference to the original understanding of the 14th Amendment . They support this reading of the 14th amendment by noting that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 did not ban segregated schools and that the same Congress that passed the 14th Amendment also voted to segregate schools in the District of Columbia . Other originalists , including Michael W. McConnell , a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit , in his article `` Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions , '' argue that the Radical Reconstructionists who spearheaded the 14th Amendment were in favor of desegregated southern schools . Evidence supporting this interpretation of the 14th amendment has come from archived Congressional records showing that proposals for federal legislation which would enforce school integration were debated in Congress a few years following the amendment 's ratification . The case also has attracted some criticism from more liberal authors , including some who say that Chief Justice Warren 's reliance on psychological criteria to find a harm against segregated blacks was unnecessary .",
"14": "For example , Drew S. Days has written : `` we have developed criteria for evaluating the constitutionality of racial classifications that do not depend upon findings of psychic harm or social science evidence . They are based rather on the principle that ' distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality , ' Hirabayashi v. United States , 320 U.S. 81 ( 1943 ) ... '' In his book The Tempting of America ( page 82 ) , Robert Bork endorsed the Brown decision as follows : By 1954 , when Brown came up for decision , it had been apparent for some time that segregation rarely if ever produced equality . Quite aside from any question of psychology , the physical facilities provided for blacks were not as good as those provided for whites . That had been demonstrated in a long series of cases ... The Court 's realistic choice , therefore , was either to abandon the quest for equality by allowing segregation or to forbid segregation in order to achieve equality . There was no third choice . Either choice would violate one aspect of the original understanding , but there was no possibility of avoiding that . Since equality and segregation were mutually inconsistent , though the ratifiers did not understand that , both could not be honored . When that is seen , it is obvious the Court must choose equality and prohibit state - imposed segregation . The purpose that brought the fourteenth amendment into being was equality before the law , and equality , not separation , was written into the law . In June 1987 , Philip Elman , a civil rights attorney who served as an associate in the Solicitor General 's office during Harry Truman 's term , claimed he and Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter were mostly responsible for the Supreme Court 's decision , and stated that the NAACP 's arguments did not present strong evidence . Elman has been criticized for offering a self - aggrandizing history of the case , omitting important facts , and denigrating the work of civil rights attorneys who had laid the groundwork for the decision over many decades . However , Frankfurter was also known for being one of court 's most outspoken advocates of the judicial restraint philosophy of basing court rulings on existing law rather than personal or political considerations . Public officials in the United States today are nearly unanimous in lauding the ruling .",
"15": "In May 2004 , the fiftieth anniversary of the ruling , President George W. Bush spoke at the opening of the Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site , calling Brown `` a decision that changed America for the better , and forever . '' Most Senators and Representatives issued press releases hailing the ruling . In an article in Townhall , Thomas Sowell argued that When Chief Justice Earl Warren declared in the landmark 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education that racially separate schools were `` inherently unequal , '' Dunbar High School was a living refutation of that assumption . And it was within walking distance of the Supreme Court . '' Brown II In 1955 , the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation . In their decision , which became known as `` Brown II '' the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur `` with all deliberate speed , '' a phrase traceable to Francis Thompson 's poem , The Hound of Heaven . Supporters of the earlier decision were displeased with this decision . The language `` all deliberate speed '' was seen by critics as too ambiguous to ensure reasonable haste for compliance with the court 's instruction . Many Southern states and school districts interpreted `` Brown II '' as legal justification for resisting , delaying , and avoiding significant integration for years -- and in some cases for a decade or more -- using such tactics as closing down school systems , using state money to finance segregated `` private '' schools , and `` token '' integration where a few carefully selected black children were admitted to former white - only schools but the vast majority remained in underfunded , unequal black schools . For example , based on `` Brown II , '' the U.S. District Court ruled that Prince Edward County , Virginia did not have to desegregate immediately . When faced with a court order to finally begin desegregation in 1959 the county board of supervisors stopped appropriating money for public schools , which remained closed for five years , from 1959 to 1964 . White students in the county were given assistance to attend white - only `` private academies '' that were taught by teachers formerly employed by the public school system , while black students had no education at all unless they moved out of the county .",
"16": "But the public schools reopened after the Supreme Court overturned `` Brown II '' in Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County , declaring that `` ... the time for mere ' deliberate speed ' has run out , '' and that the county must provide a public school system for all children regardless of race . Brown III In 1978 , Topeka attorneys Richard Jones , Joseph Johnson and Charles Scott , Jr. ( son of the original Brown team member ) , with assistance from the American Civil Liberties Union , persuaded Linda Brown Smith -- who now had her own children in Topeka schools -- to be a plaintiff in reopening Brown . They were concerned that the Topeka Public Schools ' policy of `` open enrollment '' had led to and would lead to further segregation . They also believed that with a choice of open enrollment , white parents would shift their children to `` preferred '' schools that would create both predominantly African American and predominantly European American schools within the district . The district court reopened the Brown case after a 25 - year hiatus , but denied the plaintiffs ' request finding the schools `` unitary '' . In 1989 , a three - judge panel of the Tenth Circuit on 2 -- 1 vote found that the vestiges of segregation remained with respect to student and staff assignment . In 1993 , the Supreme Court denied the appellant School District 's request for certiorari and returned the case to District Court Judge Richard Rodgers for implementation of the Tenth Circuit 's mandate . After a 1994 plan was approved and a bond issue passed , additional elementary magnet schools were opened and district attendance plans redrawn , which resulted in the Topeka schools meeting court standards of racial balance by 1998 . Unified status was eventually granted to Topeka Unified School District No. 501 on July 27 , 1999 . One of the new magnet schools is named after the Scott family attorneys for their role in the Brown case and civil rights . Related cases Main article : List of 14th amendment cases Other comments Linda Brown Thompson later recalled the experience of being refused enrollment : ... we lived in an integrated neighborhood and I had all of these playmates of different nationalities . And so when I found out that day that I might be able to go to their school , I was just thrilled , you know .",
"17": "And I remember walking over to Sumner school with my dad that day and going up the steps of the school and the school looked so big to a smaller child . And I remember going inside and my dad spoke with someone and then he went into the inner office with the principal and they left me out ... to sit outside with the secretary . And while he was in the inner office , I could hear voices and hear his voice raised , you know , as the conversation went on . And then he immediately came out of the office , took me by the hand and we walked home from the school . I just could n't understand what was happening because I was so sure that I was going to go to school with Mona and Guinevere , Wanda , and all of my playmates . Linda Brown died on March 25 , 2018 at the age of 76 . See also African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) Little Rock Nine Rubey Mosley Hulen , federal judge who made a similar ruling in an earlier case Timeline of the African American Civil Rights Movement Ruby Bridges , the first black child to attend an all - white elementary school in the South References Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education Decision ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Schuck , P.H. ( 2006 ) . Meditations of a Militant Moderate : Cool Views on Hot Topics . G - Reference , Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3961 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cottrol , Robert J. 2006 . `` Brown v. Board of Education '' . American Federalism : An Encyclopedia . http://encyclopedia.federalism.org/index.php?title=Brown_v._Board_of_Education Jump up ^ Harald E.L. Prins . `` Toward a World without Evil : Alfred Métraux as UNESCO Anthropologist ( 1946 -- 1962 ) '' . UNESCO . As a direct offshoot of the 1948 `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights , '' it sought to dismantle any scientific justification or basis for racism and proclaimed that race was not a biological fact of nature but a dangerous social myth .",
"18": "As a milestone , this critically important declaration contributed to the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court desegregation decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . ' ( in English ) Jump up ^ Myrdal , Gunnar ( 1944 ) . An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ `` Desegregation to diversity ? '' . American Psychological Association . 2004 . Retrieved May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Clark , 90 ; His Studies Influenced Ban on Segregation -- Los Angeles Times '' . Los Angeles Times . May 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary L. Dudziak , `` The Global Impact of Brown v. Board of Education '' SCOTUS Blog Jump up ^ Mary L Dudziak `` Brown as a Cold War Case '' Journal of American History , June 2004 Archived December 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Anderson , Legacy of Brown : Many people part of local case , Thirteen parents representing 20 children signed up as Topeka plaintiffs , The Topeka Capital - Journal ( Sunday , May 9 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Black , White , and Brown , PBS NewsHour ( May 12 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka MSN Encarta , archived on October 31 , 2009 from the original Archived October 31 , 2009 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Interactive map of locations in Topeka important to the Brown case -- Topeka Capital Journal online '' . Cjonline.com . October 26 , 1992 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown Foundation for Educational Equity , Excellence and Research , Myths Versus Truths Archived June 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine .",
"19": "( revised April 11 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ric Anderson , Legacy of Brown : Many people part of local case , Thirteen parents representing 20 children signed up as Topeka plaintiffs , The Topeka Capital - Journal ( Sunday , May 9 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Zelma Henderson , Who Aided Desegregation , Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Last surviving Brown v. Board plaintiff dies at 88 - TwinCities.com '' . May 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ School facilities for Negroes here held comparable , The Topeka State Journal ( August 3 , 1951 ) Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 98 F. Supp. 797 Archived January 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ( August 3 , 1951 ) . Jump up ^ Student Strike at Moton High ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Brown v. Board of Education , 98 F. Supp. 797 , 798 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) , rev 'd , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) . Jump up ^ Neier , By Aryeh . `` Brown v. Board of Ed : Key Cold War weapon '' . ^ Jump up to : Antonly Lester , `` Brown v. Board of Education Overseas '' PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 148 , NO . 4 , DECEMBER 2004 Archived May 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See Smithsonian , `` Separate is Not Equal : Brown v. Board of Education Archived June 30 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Cass R. Sunstein ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Did Brown Matter ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George R. Goethals , Georgia Jones Sorenson ( 2006 ) .",
"20": "The quest for a general theory of leadership . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 541 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Digital History '' . www.digitalhistory.uh.edu . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Gang That Always Liked Ike '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Warren , Earl ( 1977 ) . The Memoirs of Earl Warren . New York : Doubleday & Company . p. 291 . ISBN 0385128355 . Jump up ^ Mungazi , D.A. ( 2001 ) . Journey to the promised land : The African American struggle for development since the Civil War ( pp. 46 ) . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group Jump up ^ Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 , 551 U.S. 701 ( 2006 ) ( J. Thomas , concurring ) Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Kenneth Clark - Commentary Magazine '' . Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 2001 ) . Brown v. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515632 - 3 . Jump up ^ Caro , Robert A. ( 2002 ) . Master of the Senate . Vintage Books . p. 696 . ISBN 9780394720951 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Huston , Luther A. ( 18 May 1954 ) . `` High Court Bans School Segregation ; 9 - to - 0 Decision Grants Time to Comply '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AP WAS THERE : Original 1954 Brown v. Board story '' Archived December 9 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Topeka Capital Journal article on integration of THS sports teams '' . Cjonline.com . July 10 , 2001 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` Topeka Capital Journal on line article '' . Cjonline.com . February 28 , 2002 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Racial bar down for teachers here '' , Topeka Daily Capital ( January 19 , 1956 ) Jump up ^ `` First step taken to end segregation '' , Topeka Daily Capital ( September 9 , 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` Little Effect On Topeka '' Topeka Capital - Journal ( May 18 , 1954 ) Jump up ^ Erin Adamson , `` Breaking barriers : Topekans reflect on role in desegregating nation 's schools '' Archived April 27 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine. , Topeka Capital Journal ( May 11 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Massive Resistance '' to Integration ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Howell , Mark C. , John Ben Shepperd , Attorney General of the State of Texas : His Role in the Continuation of Segregation in Texas , 1953 - 1957 , Master 's Thesis , The University of Texas of the Permian Basin , Odessa , Texas , July 2003 . Jump up ^ The Little Rock Nine ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Michael Klarman , The Supreme Court , 2012 Term - Comment : Windsor and Brown : Marriage Equality and Racial Equality 127 Harv . L. Rev. 127 , 153 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Id . citing Karlman , From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality at 352 - 354 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` De La Beckwith v. State , 707 So . 2d 547 ( Miss . 1997 ) '' . Jump up ^ Standing In the Schoolhouse Door ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ The American Experience ; George Wallace : Settin ' the Woods on Fire ; Wallace Quotes , Public Broadcasting Service , pbs.org , 2000 . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . library.uncg.edu .",
"22": "Jump up ^ `` '' Summary of ' Civilities and Civil Rights ' : by William H. Chafe '' George Mason University website `` . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Brooks et al. , Appellants , v. School District of City of Moberly , Missouri , Etc. , et al. , Appellees , 267 F. 2d 733 ( 8th Cir. 1959 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Revisionist History Season 2 Episode 3 '' . Revisionist History . Jump up ^ Melissa F. Weiner , Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City ( Rutgers University Press , 2010 ) p. 51 - 66 Jump up ^ Adina Back `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 - 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) p. 65 - 91 Jump up ^ Austin Sarat ( 1997 ) . Race , Law , and Culture : Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education . Oxford University Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510622 - 0 . What lay behind Plessy v. Ferguson ? There were , perhaps , some important intellectual roots ; this was the era of scientific racism . Jump up ^ Charles A. Lofgren ( 1988 ) . The Plessy Case . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505684 - 6 . But he ( Henry Billings Brown ) at minimum established popular sentiment and practice , along with legal and scientific testimony on race , as a link in his train of reasoning . ^ Jump up to : Race , Law , and Culture : Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education By Austin Sarat . Page 55 and 59 . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510622 - 9 Jump up ^ Schaffer , Gavin ( 2007 ) . `` '' ' Scientific ' Racism Again ?",
"23": "`` : Reginald Gates , the Mankind Quarterly and the Question of `` Race '' in Science after the Second World War `` . Journal of American Studies . 41 ( 2 ) : 253 -- 278 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875807003477 . Jump up ^ Science for Segregation : Race , Law , and the Case Against Brown v. Board of Education . By John P. Jackson . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4271 - 8 Page 148 Jump up ^ William Rehnquist , `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Peter S. Canellos , Memos may not hold Roberts 's opinions , The Boston Globe , August 23 , 2005 . Here is what Rehnquist said in 1986 about his conversations with other clerks about Plessy : I thought Plessy had been wrongly decided at the time , that it was not a good interpretation of the equal protection clause to say that when you segregate people by race , there is no denial of equal protection . But Plessy had been on the books for 60 years ; Congress had never acted , and the same Congress that had promulgated the 14th Amendment had required segregation in the District schools ... I saw factors on both sides ... I did not agree then , and I certainly do not agree now , with the statement that Plessy against Ferguson is right and should be reaffirmed . I had ideas on both sides , and I do not think I ever really finally settled in my own mind on that ... ( A ) round the lunch table I am sure I defended it ... I thought there were good arguments to be made in support of it . S. Hrg.",
"24": "99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Justice William O. Douglas wrote : `` In the original conference there were only four who voted that segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional . Those four were Black , Burton , Minton , and myself . '' See Bernard Schwartz , Decision : How the Supreme Court Decides Cases , page 96 ( Oxford 1996 ) . Likewise , Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote : `` I have no doubt that if the segregation cases had reached decision last term , there would have been four dissenters -- Vinson , Reed , Jackson , and Clark . '' Id . Justice Jackson 's longtime legal secretary had a different view , calling Rehnquist 's Senate testimony an attempt to `` smear the reputation of a great justice . '' See Alan Dershowitz , Telling the Truth About Chief Justice Rehnquist , Huffington Post , September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . See also Felix Frankfurter on the death of Justice Vinson . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak , The Memo That Rehnquist Wrote and Had to Disown , NY Times ( September 11 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Cases where Justice Rehnquist has cited Brown v. Board of Education in support of a proposition Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Also see Jeffery Rosen , Rehnquist the Great ? , Atlantic Monthly ( April 2005 ) : `` Rehnquist ultimately embraced the Warren Court 's Brown decision , and after he joined the Court he made no attempt to dismantle the civil - rights revolution , as political opponents feared he would '' .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Michael Klarman , The Supreme Court , 2012 Term - Comment : Windsor and Brown : Marriage Equality and Racial Equality , 127 Harv . L. Rev. 127 , 142 ( 2013 ) citing Learned Hand , The Bill of Rights at 55 ( Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture , 1958 ) . Jump up ^ Id. , Pamela Karlan , `` What Can Brown Do For You : Neutral Principles and the Struggle Over the Equal Protection Clause , 58 DUKE L.J. 1049 ( 2008 ) citing Herbert Wechsler , Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law , 73 HARV . L. REV. 1 ( Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture , 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Missouri v. Jenkins , 515 U.S. 70 ( 1995 ) ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) . Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( May 1995 ) . `` Originalism and the desegregation decisions '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 4 ) : 947 -- 1140 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073539 . JSTOR 1073539 . Response to McConnell : Klarman , Michael J. ( October 1995 ) . `` Response : Brown , originalism , and constitutional theory : a response to Professor Mcconnell '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 7 ) : 1881 -- 1936 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073643 . JSTOR 1073643 . Response to Klarman : McConnell , Michael W. ( October 1995 ) . `` Reply : The originalist justification for Brown : a reply to Professor Klarman '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 7 ) : 1937 -- 1955 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073644 . JSTOR 1073644 . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` From 19th - Century View , Desegregation Is a Test '' .",
"26": "New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Days , III , Drew S. ( 2001 ) , `` Days , J. , concurring '' , in Balkan , Jack ; Ackerman , Bruce A. , What ' Brown v. Board of Education ' should have said , New York : New York University Press , p. 97 , ISBN 9780814798904 . Preview . Jump up ^ Harvard Law Review , Vol. 100 , No. 8 ( June 1987 ) , pp. 1938 -- 1948 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Randall Kennedy . `` A Reply to Philip Elman . '' Harvard Law Review 100 ( 1987 ) : 1938 -- 1948 . Jump up ^ A Justice for All , by Kim Isaac Eisler , page 11 ; ISBN 0 - 671 - 76787 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court History : Expanding civil rights , biographies of the robes : Felix Frankfurter '' . pbs.org/wnet . Educational Broadcasting Corp. , PBS . Jump up ^ Remarks by the President at Grand Opening of the Brown v Board of Education National Historic Site , Topeka , Kansas ( May 17 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dunbar High School After 100 Years '' . townhall.com . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ Jim Chen , Poetic Justice , 29 Cardozo Law Review ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ The `` Brown II , '' `` All Deliberate Speed '' Decision ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Smith , Bob ( 1965 ) . They Closed Their Schools . University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Topeka Public Schools Desegregation History : `` The Naming of Scott Computer Technology Magnet '' Archived October 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Brown v. Board of Education '' . PBS NewsHour. 2014 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 09 .",
"27": "Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Black / White and Brown : Brown versus the Board of Education of Topeka '' . KTWU Channel 11 . transcript of program produced by KTWU Channel 11 in Topeka , Kansas . Originally aired May 3 , 2004. : KTWU Video . 2005 - 09 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Romo ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Linda Brown , Who Was At Center Of Brown v. Board Of Education , Dies '' . NPR . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Further reading Keppel , Ben . Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture ( LSU Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Kluger , Richard ( 1975 ) . Simple Justice : The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America 's Struggle for Equality . New York : Knopf . ISBN 9780394472898 . External video Booknotes interview with Charles Ogletree on All Deliberate Speed , May 9 , 2004 , C - SPAN Ogletree , Charles J. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . All Deliberate Speed : Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 9780393058970 . Patterson , James T. , and William W. Freehling . Brown v. Board of Education : A civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2008 ) . `` '' Our decision does not end but begins the struggle over segregation '' Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 : Justice Robert H. Jackson `` . In Tushnet , Mark V. I dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 133 -- 150 . ISBN 9780807000366 . Preview .",
"28": "External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 347 U.S. 483 ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brown v. Board of Education . Case Brief for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka at Lawnix.com Case information and transcripts on The Curiae Project Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site ( US Park Service ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) ( full text with hyperlinks to cited material ) A copy of Florida 's 1957 Interposition Resolution in Response to the Brown decision , with Gov. Collin 's handwritten rejection of it . Made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida . U.S. District Court of Kansas : Records of Brown v. Board of Education , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Online documents relating to Brown vs. Board of Education , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Documents from the district court , including the original complaint and trial transcript , at the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse 60th Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education curated by Michigan State University 's Diversity of Excellence through Artistic Expression Brown v. Board of Education , Civil Rights Digital Library . `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Brown v. Board of Education '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : Historic Supreme Court Decisions ( hide ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc .",
"29": "Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St.",
"30": "Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr .",
"31": "Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr .",
"32": "Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh ,",
"33": "Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers ( hide ) United States Fourteenth Amendment case law Citizenship Clause Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) Elk v. Wilkins ( 1884 ) United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) Perez v. Brownell ( 1958 ) Afroyim v. Rusk ( 1967 ) Rogers v. Bellei ( 1971 ) Saenz v. Roe ( 1999 ) Due Process Clause Economic substantive due process Mugler v. Kansas ( 1887 ) Allgeyer v. Louisiana ( 1897 ) Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) Coppage v. Kansas ( 1915 ) Adams v. Tanner ( 1917 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Right to privacy Meyer v. Nebraska ( 1923 ) Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Right to abortion United States v. Vuitch ( 1971 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v.",
"34": "Wade ( 1973 ) H.L. v. Matheson ( 1981 ) City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health ( 1983 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Hodgson v. Minnesota ( 1990 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England ( 2006 ) Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Civil rights liability under Section 1983 Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) McNeese v. Board of Educ.",
"35": "( 1963 ) Pierson v. Ray ( 1967 ) Jenkins v. McKeithen ( 1969 ) Scheuer v. Rhodes ( 1974 ) Wood v. Strickland ( 1975 ) O'Connor v. Donaldson ( 1975 ) Paul v. Davis ( 1976 ) Imbler v. Pachtman ( 1976 ) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York ( 1978 ) Procunier v. Navarette ( 1978 ) Owen v. City of Independence ( 1980 ) Harlow v. Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Felder v. Casey ( 1988 ) Will v. Michigan Department of State Police ( 1989 ) Gonzaga University v. Doe ( 2002 ) Inyo County v. Paiute - Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community ( 2003 ) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams ( 2005 ) Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee ( 2009 ) Ashcroft v. Iqbal ( 2009 ) Los Angeles County v. Humphries ( 2010 ) Connick v. Thompson ( 2011 ) Other Holden v. Hardy ( 1898 ) Muller v. Oregon ( 1908 ) Buck v. Bell ( 1927 ) Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) West Coast Hotel v. Parrish ( 1937 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) In re Winship ( 1971 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Troxel v. Granville ( 2000 ) Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.",
"36": "( 2009 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Equal Protection Clause United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Buchanan v. Warley ( 1917 ) Lum v. Rice ( 1927 ) Skinner v. Oklahoma ( 1942 ) Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ) Goesaert v. Cleary ( 1948 ) Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla . ( 1948 ) Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education ( 1971 ) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson ( 1971 ) Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) Frontiero v. Richardson ( 1973 ) Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) Plyler v. Doe ( 1982 ) Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) Grutter v. Bollinger ( 2003 ) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No.",
"37": "1 ( 2007 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Board_of_Education&oldid=836852820 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision 1954 in United States case law 20th century American trials Education in Kansas History of education in the United States History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) Legal history of Kansas Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower United States equal protection case law United States school desegregation case law United States Supreme Court cases 1954 in Kansas American Civil Liberties Union litigation Civil rights movement African - American history of Kansas United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court 1954 in education Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2012 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 粵語 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 06 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
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31,
3,
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[
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-426319999640594921
|
where do the question marks go in spanish
|
[
"before the first letter of an interrogative sentence",
"at the end of an interrogative sentence"
] |
{
"0": "Inverted question and exclamation marks - wikipedia Inverted question and exclamation marks Jump to : navigation , search `` ¡ '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Temherte slaq . ¿ ¡ Inverted question mark Inverted exclamation mark Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⁄ Word dividers interpunct space General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \\ bullet caret dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark '' inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ number sign , pound , hash , octothorpe # numero sign No obelus ÷ multiplication sign × ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus and minus + − equals sign = basis point ‱ pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe ,",
"1": "broken bar ‖ ¦ Intellectual property copyright © sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ₳ ฿ ₿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ ֏ ₠ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ₾ ₼ M ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron , hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ Related Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters In other scripts Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean Portal Book Inverted question marks ( ¿ ) and exclamation marks ( Commonwealth English ) or exclamation points ( American English ) ( ¡ ) are punctuation marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences ( or clauses ) , respectively , in written Spanish and sometimes also in languages which have cultural ties with Spanish , such as in older standards of Galician ( now it is optional and not recommended ) and the Waray language . They can also be combined in several ways to express the combination of a question and surprise or disbelief . The initial marks are normally mirrored at the end of the sentence or clause by the common marks ( ? , ! ) used in most other languages . Unlike the ending marks , which are printed along the baseline of a sentence , the inverted marks ( ¿ and ¡ ) descend below the line . Inverted marks were originally recommended by the Real Academia Española ( Spanish Royal Academy ) in 1754 , and adopted gradually over the next century .",
"2": "On computers , inverted marks are supported by various standards , including ISO - 8859 - 1 , Unicode , and HTML . They can be entered directly on keyboards designed for Spanish - speaking countries , or via alternative methods on other keyboards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 History 3 Mixtures 4 Computer usage 4.1 Encodings 4.2 Input methods 4.3 Input methods for macOS 4.4 Input methods for LaTeX 4.5 Use in filenames 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Usage ( edit ) Main article : Spanish orthography The inverted question mark ( ¿ ) is a punctuation mark written before the first letter of an interrogative sentence or clause to indicate that a question follows . It is an inverted form of the standard symbol `` ? '' recognized by speakers of languages written with the Latin alphabet . In most languages , a single question mark is used , and only at the end of an interrogative sentence : `` How old are you ? '' This was once true of the Spanish language . The inverted question mark was adopted long after the Real Academia 's decision , published in the second edition of the Ortografía de la lengua castellana ( Orthography of the Castilian language ) in 1754 recommending it as the symbol indicating the beginning of a question in written Spanish -- e.g. ¿ Cuántos años tienes ? ( `` How old are you ? '' ) . The Real Academia also ordered the same inverted - symbol system for statements of exclamation , using the symbols `` ¡ '' and `` ! '' . This helps to recognize questions and exclamations in long sentences . `` Do you like summer ? '' and `` You like summer . '' are translated respectively as `` ¿ Te gusta el verano ? '' and `` Te gusta el verano . '' ( There is no difference between the wording of a yes -- no question and the corresponding statement in Spanish as there is in English . ) These new rules were slowly adopted ; there exist nineteenth - century books in which the writer does not use either opening symbol , neither the `` ¡ '' nor the `` ¿ '' .",
"3": "In sentences that are both declarative and interrogative , the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting - symbol inverted question mark , for example : Si no puedes ir con ellos , ¿ quieres ir con nosotros ? ( `` If you can not go with them , would you like to go with us ? '' ) Some writers omit the inverted question mark in the case of a short unambiguous question such as : Quién viene ? ( `` Who comes ? '' ) . This is the criterion in Catalan . Certain Catalan - language authorities , such as Joan Solà , insist that both the opening and closing question marks be used for clarity . Some Spanish - language writers , among them Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda ( 1904 -- 1973 ) , refuse to use the inverted question mark . It is common in Internet chat rooms and instant messaging now to use only the single `` ? '' as an ending symbol for a question , since it saves typing time . Multiple closing symbols are used for emphasis : Por qué dices eso ? ? , instead of the standard ¿ Por qué dices eso ? ( `` Why do you say that ? '' ) . Some may also use the ending symbol for both beginning and ending , giving ? Por qué dices eso ? Given the informal setting , this might be unimportant ; however , teachers see this as a problem , fearing and claiming that contemporary young people are inappropriately and incorrectly extending the practice to academic homework and essays . ( See Internet linguistics : Educational perspective . ) History ( edit ) This article is missing information about how inverted punctuation came about in the languages of Spain . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( October 2014 ) In 1668 , John Wilkins proposed using the inverted exclamation mark `` ¡ '' as a symbol at the end of a sentence to denote irony . He was one of many , including Desiderius Erasmus , who felt there was a need for such a punctuation mark , but Wilkins ' proposal , as was true of the other attempts , failed to take hold . Mixtures ( edit ) Although it has now become rare , it is correct usage in Spanish to begin a sentence with an opening inverted exclamation mark ( `` ¡ '' ) and end it with a question mark ( `` ? ''",
"4": ") , or vice versa , for statements that are questions but also have a clear sense of exclamation or surprise such as : ¡ Y tú quién te crees ? ( `` Who do you think you are ? ! '' ) . Normally , four signs are used , always with one type in the outer side and the other in the inner side ( nested ) ( ¿ ¡ Y tú quién te crees ! ? , ¡ ¿ Y tú quién te crees ? ! ) Unicode 5.1 also includes U + 2E18 ⸘ INVERTED INTERROBANG , which is an inverted version of the interrobang ( also known as a `` gnaborretni '' ) , a nonstandard punctuation mark used to denote both excitement and a question in just one glyph . Computer usage ( edit ) Encodings ( edit ) `` ¡ '' and `` ¿ '' are both located within the Unicode Common block , and are both inherited from ISO - 8859 - 1 . `` ¡ '' has Unicode codepoint U + 00A1 ( decimal entity reference & # 161 ; ) and HTML named entity reference ¡ ; . `` ¿ '' has Unicode codepoint U + 00BF ( decimal entity reference & # 191 ; ) and has HTML named entity reference ¿ ; . In both cases , the `` i '' in the named entity reference is an initialism for `` inverted '' . Input methods ( edit ) The ¡ character is accessible using AltGr + 1 on a modern US - International keyboard . It is also available using a standard US keyboard by switching to the US - International keyboard layout . `` ¿ '' is available in all keyboard layouts for Spanish - speaking countries . Users of English ( US ) keyboards under Microsoft Windows can obtain the inverted question mark `` ¿ '' using the Alt code method by holding down the Alt key and pressing 0191 , 6824 , or 168 on the number pad and the inverted exclamation mark `` ¡ '' with number pad code 0161 or 173 . In Microsoft Word , the inverted question and exclamation marks can be typed by holding down the Ctrl , Alt , and shift keys while typing a normal question or exclamation mark , or by typing either mark at the start of the sentence whilst in the Spanish language mode .",
"5": "Windows users with a US keyboard layout are able to switch to the US - International layout . Among other changes , this converts the Alt key to the right of the space bar into the Alt Gr ( graphics ) key . ( The left Alt key remains unchanged . ) When the right Alt key is held down and other keys are pressed , the combination produces other characters not found on the standard US keyboard . For instance , the keystroke right Alt + 1 produces an inverted exclamation mark , while right Alt + / yields the inverted question marks . Another way of inputting `` ¡ '' on Windows is to hold Alt and type 173 on the numeric keypad . Input methods for macOS ( edit ) On the macOS platform ( or when using the `` US International '' / us - intl keyboard layout on Windows and Linux ) , `` ¡ '' and `` ¿ '' can be entered by pressing Alt / ⌥ Option + 1 and ⇧ Shift + Alt / ⌥ Option + / respectively . With a compose key , for example , < LEFT SHIFT > + < RIGHT CTRL > , they can be entered by pressing the compose key and ! or ? twice . And for AZERTY keyboards , the shortcut is : fn + alt + ! ( number 8 ) . Input methods for LaTeX ( edit ) In LaTeX documents , the `` ¿ '' is written as ? ` ( question mark , backtick ) or \\ textquestiondown , and `` ¡ '' as ! ` ( exclamation point , backtick ) or \\ textexclamdown . ( This may require including `` \\ usepackage ( utf8 ) ( inputenc ) '' at the top of the document . ) XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX have full Unicode support , and literal ¿ and ¡ characters may be input . Use in filenames ( edit ) In Windows , an inverted question mark is valid in a file or directory name , whereas the normal is a reserved character which can not be so used . See also ( edit ) Spanish orthography Interrobang References ( edit ) Jump up ^ De Veyra , Vicente I. ( 1982 ) . `` Ortograpiya han Binisaya '' . Kandabao : Essays on Waray language , literature , and culture .",
"6": "Jump up ^ `` Ediciones de la Ortografía Académica '' ( PDF ) . Real Academia Española . Jump up ^ Institut d'Estudis Catalans ( 1996 ) , `` Els signes d'interrogació i d'admiració ( Acord de l'11 de juny de 1993 ) '' , Documents de la Secció Filològica , III , pp. 92 -- 94 , archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 06 Jump up ^ Pablo Neruda , `` Antología Fundamental '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . ( 556 KB ) , ( June 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 956 - 16 - 0169 - 7 . p. 7 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Keith Houston ( 24 September 2013 ) . Shady Characters : The Secret Life of Punctuation , Symbols , and Other Typographical Marks . W.W. Norton . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24154 - 9 . Jump up ^ Popova , Maria . `` Ironic Serif : A Brief History of Typographic Snark and the Failed Crusade for an Irony Mark '' . Brain Pickings . Retrieved 1 Sep 2014 . Jump up ^ RAE 's Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Character entity references in HTML 4 , W3C .",
"7": "External links ( edit ) Upside Down Question Mark Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks&oldid=817389073 '' Categories : Spanish language Punctuation Interrogative words and phrases Catalan language Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles to be expanded from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Português Русский ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 02 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who are nominated for president of india 2017
|
[
"Ram Nath Kovind",
"Meira Kumar",
"Ram Nath Kovind",
"Meira Kumar",
"Ram Nath Kovind",
"Meira Kumar",
"Ram Nath Kovind",
"Meira Kumar",
"Ram Nath Kovind",
"Meira Kumar"
] |
{
"0": "Indian Presidential election , 2017 - wikipedia Indian Presidential election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Indian presidential election , 2017 ← 2012 17 July 2017 2022 → Turnout 99 % ( estimated ) Nominee Ram Nath Kovind Meira Kumar Party BJP INC Alliance NDA UPA Home state Uttar Pradesh Bihar Electoral vote 702,044 367,314 Percentage 65.65 % 34.35 % President before election Pranab Mukherjee INC Elected President Ram Nath Kovind BJP A presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017 with the votes counted and the results announced on 20 July 2017 . President Pranab Mukherjee , whose term of office was due to expire on 24 July 2017 , declined to seek re-election due to health concerns . Governor of Bihar Ram Nath Kovind of the Bharatiya Janata Party had the backing of the governing National Democratic Alliance coalition , and went up against opposition candidate Meira Kumar of the Indian National Congress in the vote . Kovind secured roughly two thirds of the votes from the electoral college of elected members of federal , state and union territory legislatures and was elected to a five - year term as President . Kovind 's term of office began on 25 July 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Selection process 1.2 Electoral college partisan composition 1.3 Public opinion 2 Candidates 2.1 Bharatiya Janata Party 2.2 Indian National Congress 3 Results 3.1 Reactions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) There was initial speculation that the incumbent , Pranab Mukherjee , would seek re-election . However , he decided not to run again in 2017 , meaning that his term in office ended on 24 July 2017 .",
"1": "Selection process ( edit ) Further information : President of India § Selection process , and Electoral College ( India ) The President of India is indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament , the elected members of the Legislative assemblies of the 29 states and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry . As of 2017 , the electoral college comprises 777 MPs and 4,120 MLAs . The system assigns varying numbers of votes to these electoral college members , such that the total weight of MPs and those of MLAs is roughly equal and that the voting power of states and territories are proportional to their population . Overall the members of the electoral college were eligible to cast 1,098,903 votes , yielding a threshold for a majority of 549,452 votes . The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders . The election is held by means of a secret ballot under the single transferable vote system . The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution . The returning officer for the election was Anoop Mishra , the Secretary General of Lok Sabha . Electoral college partisan composition ( edit ) At the time of the election the NDA coalition itself was short of a majority by about 25,000 votes , but was expected to be able to rely on other parties to breach the small deficit without difficulty . Source : `` राष्ट्रपति चुनाव 2017 : यूपी और उत्तराखंड की जीत से एनडीए का पलड़ा भारी '' . hindi.firstpost.com .",
"2": "Party / Alliance Party composition Lok Sabha votes Rajya Sabha votes State Assemblies votes Total votes Percentage NDA BJP , SHS , TDP , LJSP , SAD , RLSP , AD , GFP , MGP , AINRC , JKPDP , NPF , NPP , PMK , SDF , SWP 237,888 49,560 239,923 527,371 48.10 % Other parties AIADMK , YSRCP , JD ( U ) , BJD , TRS , INLD , IND 50,268 20,532 63,107 133,907 12.20 % Government total ( including non-NDA parties ' support ) 661,278 60.30 % UPA INC , IUML , RSP , KC ( M ) , DMK 34,692 46,020 93,137 173,849 15.90 % Other parties AITC , CPI ( M ) , NCP , SP , BSP , AAP , RJD , AIUDF , JD ( S ) , JMM , AIMIM , CPI , JKNC 60,180 47,436 152,776 260,392 23.80 % Opposition total 434,241 39.70 % Public opinion ( edit ) Although the election was not a popular vote , some general polling was performed to measure public opinion . In both Business Insider - Ipsos and NDTV polls comparing support of the two candidates , Kovind was the more popular choice with 71 % and 63 % support respectively . Candidates ( edit ) Two candidates were nominated . Both the governing NDA coalition and the opposition UPA coalition put forward candidates from their dominant parties , the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress respectively .",
"3": "Bharatiya Janata Party ( edit ) Main article : Bharatiya Janata Party Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Ram Nath Kovind ( 1945 - 10 - 01 ) 1 October 1945 ( age 72 ) Kanpur Dehat , Uttar Pradesh 35th Governor of Bihar ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Member of the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh ( 1994 -- 2006 ) Uttar Pradesh 19 June 2017 Indian National Congress ( edit ) Main article : Indian National Congress Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Meira Kumar ( 1945 - 03 - 31 ) 31 March 1945 ( age 72 ) Patna , Bihar 15th Speaker of the Lok Sabha ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Union Minister of Water Resources ( 2009 ) Union Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment ( 2004 - 2009 ) Member of the Indian Parliament for Sasaram ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Member of the Indian Parliament for Karol Bagh ( 1996 - 1999 ) Member of the Indian Parliament for Bijnor ( 1985 - 1989 ) Bihar 22 June 2017 Results ( edit ) Ram Nath Kovind was declared the winner after the counting of votes which was held on 20 July 2017 . He was administered oath by the Chief Justice of India Jagdish Singh Khehar , to take office as the 14th President of India on 25 July 2017 at the Central Hall located in The Parliament House , New Delhi . Results of the 2017 Indian presidential election Candidate Individual votes Electoral College votes % Ram Nath Kovind 2,930 702,044 65.65 % Meira Kumar 1,844 367,314 34.35 % Invalid 77 20,942 Reactions ( edit ) Immediately after the results were announced , Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted , `` Congratulations to Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji on being elected the President of India ! Best wishes for a fruitful & inspiring tenure '' .",
"4": "In another tweet he added `` Gladdened by the extensive support for Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji among MPs & across various parties . I thank members of the electoral college '' . See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of India Indian vice-presidential election , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prabhu , Sunil ; Varma , Shylaja . `` Presidential Election Sees Nearly 99 % Voting , Ram Nath Kovind Set For Easy Win : 10 Points '' . NDTV . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission issues notification for President 's election '' . The Hindu . 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hebbar , Nistula ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Not in race for another term : President Mukherjee '' . The News Minute. 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election of The President '' . Press Information Bureau . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phukan , Sandeep ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` How BJP 's UP Win Will Impact Presidential Election . Numbers Explained '' . NDTV . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan . Upkar Prakashan . p. 167 . ISBN 9788174828156 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election to the Office of President of India : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . eci.nic.in . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Anoop ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Public Notice issued by Returning Officer for Election to the Office of President of India '' . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goa Forward joins NDA '' . The Goan EveryDay . The Goan. 11 April 2017 .",
"5": "Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Vaidyanathan , A ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` For Presidential Election , Tamil Nadu 's Ruling AIADMK Allies With BJP '' . NDTV . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BJD supports NDA candidate Ram Nath Kovind in Presidential polls '' . The Indian Express . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Telangana CM K.C. Rao extends support to NDA 's Presidential candidate Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . DNA India . Diligent Media Corporation . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanya Dubey ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` 71 % Indians want Ram Nath Kovind to be the next president , according to this Ipsos Poll '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Abhishek Chakraborty ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Presidential Election 2017 Highlights : Ram Nath Kovind vs Meira Kumar ; Voting Ends '' . NDTV . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President 's post above politics , says Kovind '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Raj Bhavan for man who shunned TV '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Prez polls : BJP picks Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind '' . OnManorama . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Manoj CG ; Ghosh , Abanitka ; Mishra , Anand ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Presidential Polls : Meira Kumar will challenge Ram Nath Kovind , BSP and SP go with Opposition choice '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meira Kumar is Oppn 's pick to fight Kovind in presidential election '' . Hindustan Times . 27 June 2017 .",
"6": "Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India opposition nominates Meira Kumar as presidential candidate '' . The Daily Star . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` With 65 % votes , Ram Nath Kovind is the next President of India '' . Rediff News . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Agarwal , Nikhil ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind elected Indias 14th President , to take oath on July 25 '' . India Today . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live : Ram Nath Kovind is 14th President of India , to take oath on July 25 '' . Hindustan Times . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind elected as the 14th President of India '' . The News Minute. 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 .",
"7": "External links ( edit ) Full results table , by state Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind is NDA 's Presidential nominee : Amit Shah ( hide ) Presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1977 1982 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_presidential_election,_2017&oldid=805735201 '' Categories : Presidential elections in India 2017 elections in India July 2017 events in Asia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල Simple English தமிழ் 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 08 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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