---
license: apache-2.0
language:
- zh
- en
tags:
- agent
pretty_name: Mobile-RobustBench
size_categories:
- 10M<n<100M
---
# Mobile-RobustBench

A benchmark for evaluating the robustness of mobile GUI agents under visual perturbations.

---

## Dataset Statistics

```text
|        Metric       | Value |
|---------------------|-------|
| Total Apps          | 9     |
| Total Tasks         | 143   |
| Total Traces        | 712   |
| Avg Steps per Trace | 5.48  |
| Perturbation Types  | 10    |
```

## Dataset Structure

```text
Mobile-RobustBench/
├── data/
│   ├── douyin/
│   │   ├── checkpoint_douyin.json    # GT annotations
│   │   ├── douyin_tc1_b_1.png        # screenshots (clean)
│   │   ├── douyin_tc1_b_1.xml        # UI hierarchy
│   │   ├── douyin_tc1_VE_1.png       # screenshots (perturbed)
│   │   └── ...
│   ├── taobao/
│   │   └── ...
│   └── ...
├── evaluation/
│   └── metrics.py                    # Evaluation metrics implementation
├── README.md
├── croissant.json                    # Dataset metadata
└── ...
```

## Data Format

Each app folder contains a `checkpoint_<app_name>.json` with the following structure:

```text
{
  "app": "douyin",                                      # ← App name
  "testcases": [                                        # ← List of tasks
    {
      "testcase_id": 1,                                 # ← Task ID (unique within app)
      "testcase_desc": "...",                           # ← Natural language task description
      "clean": {                                        # ← Clean (unperturbed) trace
        "trace": [
          {
            "checkpoint_id": 1,                         # ← Step index
            "screenshot_path": "./douyin_tc1_b_1.png",  # ← Relative path to screenshot
            "xml_path": "./douyin_tc1_b_1.xml",         # ← Relative path to XML
------------------------------------------------------------ Ground truth annotations ------------
            "action": "click",               # ← action
            "bbox": [340, 64, 432, 152],     # ← Target bounding box [x1,y1,x2,y2]
            "input_value": "..."             # ← (Optional) For input/scroll actions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          }
        ]
      },
      "noise": [                                       # ← List of perturbed traces
        {
          "type": "VE",                                # ← Perturbation type
          "trace": [...]                               # ← Same structure as clean trace
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}
```

## Data Fields

```text
|      Field      |  Type  |                                      Description                                       |
|-----------------|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| action          | string | One of: click, scroll, input, wait, finish                                             |
| bbox            | int[4] | [x1, y1, x2, y2] bounding box of target element                                        |
| input_value     | string | Text for input, direction (up/down/left/right) for scroll. Absent for click/wait/finish|
| screenshot_path | string | Relative path from the app folder                                                      |
| xml_path        | string | Relative path from the app folder                                                      |
```

## Perturbation Types

```text
| Type |         Full Name         |GUI Level| Affected Stage |                        Example                        |
|------|---------------------------|---------|----------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
| EA   | Element Absence           | Element | Perception     | Missing UI element due to asynchronous loading        |
| EA-T | Transient Element Absence | Element | Perception     | Element appears after a delay                         |
| EO   | Element Obscured          | Element | Perception     | Element occluded by advertisement pop-up              |
| ED   | Element Displaced         | Element | Grounding      | Element shifted due to dynamic layout update          |
| AC   | Appearance Change         | Element | Perception     | Icon or button appearance change                      |
| VA   | Visual Ambiguity          | Element | Grounding      | Visually similar icons or buttons                     |
| VE   | Viewport Exclusion        | Layout  | Perception     | Target element outside the viewport                   |
| LS   | Layout Shift              | Layout  | Grounding      | Layout shift caused by dynamic content insertion      |
| FO   | Full-screen Overlay       | Screen  | Perception     | Full-screen overlay such as ads or permission dialogs |
| TC   | Theme Change              | Screen  | Perception     | Global appearance change such as dark mode            |
```

## Usage Example

```python
import json
from pathlib import Path

data_dir = Path("data/douyin")
with open(data_dir / "checkpoint_douyin.json") as f:
    gt = json.load(f)

for tc in gt["testcases"]:
    print(f"Task {tc['testcase_id']}: {tc['testcase_desc']}")

    # Clean trace
    print("  Clean trace:")
    for step in tc["clean"]["trace"]:
        img_path = data_dir / step["screenshot_path"].lstrip("./")
        xml_path = data_dir / step["xml_path"].lstrip("./")
        print(
            f"    Step {step['checkpoint_id']}: {step['action']} "
            + (f"bbox={step['bbox']}" if step.get('bbox') else "")
            + (f" input_value={step['input_value']}" if step.get('input_value') else "")
        )

    # Noise traces
    for noise in tc["noise"]:
        print(f"  Perturbation: {noise['type']}")
        for step in noise["trace"]:
            img_path = data_dir / step["screenshot_path"].lstrip("./")
            xml_path = data_dir / step["xml_path"].lstrip("./")
            print(
                f"    Step {step['checkpoint_id']}: {step['action']} "
                + (f"bbox={step['bbox']}" if step.get('bbox') else "")
                + (f" input_value={step['input_value']}" if step.get('input_value') else "")
            )
```