pulmo2/queries.csv

fig_num,sub_section_headings,images-src,image_caption
Figure 18.1,Introduction,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/18.1.png,Figure 18.1: Conditions that can produce dyspnea. ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Figure 18.2,Forms of Dyspnea,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/18.2.png,Figure 18.2: Types of dyspnea.
Figure 18.3,So where does this sensation come from?,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/18.3.png,Figure 18.3: The proposed neural mechanism of air hunger.
Figure 18.4,So where does this sensation come from?,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/18.4.png,Figure 18.4: Balance of pulmonary stretch receptors and chemoreceptor firing.
Figure 18.5,Impact of Dyspnea,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/18.5.png,Figure 18.5: Central regions associated with air hunger.
Figure 18.1,Impact of Dyspnea,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/18.1.png,Figure 18.1: Conditions that can produce dyspnea. ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Figure 18.6,Impact of Dyspnea,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/18.6-new.png,"Figure 18.6: The cycle of anxiety causing an increase in the drive to breathe and air hunger, which in turn causes more anxiety. Psychological disorders can produce air hunger if they involve anxiety."
Figure 17.1,NTS,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/17.1.png,Figure 17.1: Brainstem respiratory network.
Figure 17.1,bötzinger,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/17.1.png,Figure 17.1: Brainstem respiratory network.
Figure 17.2,Pulmonary and Higher Brain Influences,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/17.2.png,"Figure 17.2: Lung volume and pulmonary stretch receptor firing. The top tracing represents lung volume with two full inflations followed by a sustained inflation. In response to the increases in lung volume, pulmonary stretch receptors depolarize, producing action potentials, which are shown in the lower trace as upward spikes. The increase in action potentials with increased lung volume is seen as more densely clustered spikes. Note how the sustained inflation causes an initial high frequency of action potentials that gradually falls as the receptor adapts to the high lung volume."
Figure 17.3,Chemical Control of Breathing,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/17.3.png,Figure 17.3: Chemoreflex circuit.
Figure 17.4,Peripheral Chemoreceptors,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/17.4.png,Figure 17.4: Peripheral chemoreceptors.
Figure 17.5,Peripheral Chemoreceptors,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/17.5.png,"Figure 17.5: Hypoxic ventilatory response. BTPS: body temperature and pressure, saturated."
Figure 17.6,Peripheral Chemoreceptors,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/17.6.png,Figure 17.6: Hypercapnic ventilatory response.
Figure 17.7,Peripheral Chemoreceptors,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/17.7-1.png,Figure 17.7: Hypoxic ventilatory responses with varying degrees of hypercapnia.
Figure 17.8,Peripheral Chemoreceptors,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/17.8.png,Figure 17.8: Hypercapnic ventilatory responses with varying degrees of hypoxia.
Figure 16.1,Text,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.1.png,Figure 16.1: Basic structure of hemoglobin.
Figure 16.2,Text,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.2.png,Figure 16.2: Hemoglobin saturation curve.
Figure 16.3,Text,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.3.png,"Figure 16.3: The hemoglobin saturation at the lung (A), at the tissue (B), and at very metabolically active tissue (C)."
Figure 16.4,Shifts in the O2 Saturation Curve,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.4.png,Figure 16.4: Effect of temperature on the saturation curve.
Figure 16.5,Shifts in the O2 Saturation Curve,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.5.png,Figure 16.5: Effect of PCO2 on the saturation curve.
Figure 16.6,Shifts in the O2 Saturation Curve,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.6.png,Figure 16.6: Effect of pH on the saturation curve.
Figure 16.7,Shifts in the O2 Saturation Curve,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.7.png,Figure 16.7: Oxygen carriage.
Figure 16.8,Shifts in the O2 Saturation Curve,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.8.png,Figure 16.8: Compartment of blood oxygen content.
Figure 16.9,[latex]CO_2 + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + HCO_3-[/latex],https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.9.png,Figure 16.9: Formation of bicarbonate at the tissue.
Figure 16.10,←,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.10.png,Figure 16.10: Reformation of CO2 at the lungs.
Figure 16.11,The CO2 “Dissociation” Curve,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/16.11.png,Figure 16.11: CO2 dissociation curve.
Figure 15.1,Calculating the Size of a Pulmonary Shunt,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/15.1.png,"Figure 15.1: Schematic of a pulmonary shunt (anatomical or physiological) showing flow (Q) through the pulmonary capillaries (QC), flow through the shunt (QS), and total flow (QT) returning to the left heart."
Figure 15.2,Calculating the Size of a Pulmonary Shunt,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/15.2.png,Figure 15.2: Oxygen concentrations used to calculate the size of a pulmonary shunt.
Figure 15.3,[latex]Total\:oxygen\:content = oxygen\:from\:capillaries\: + oxygen\:from\:shunt[/latex],https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/15.3.png,Figure 15.3: Elements of the shunt equation and where they exist physiologically.
Figure 15.3,u,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/15.3.png,Figure 15.3: Elements of the shunt equation and where they exist physiologically.
Figure 14.1,Calculating Alveolar PO₂,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/14.1.png,Figure 14.1: The alveolar gas equation.
Figure 14.2,PaO2,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/14.2.png,Figure 14.2: Alveolar and arterial oxygen tensions in the normal state lead to a normal alveolar–arterial PO2 difference.
Figure 14.3,PaO2,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/14.3.png,Figure 14.3: Alveolar and arterial oxygen tensions during hypoventilation result in a normal alveolar–arterial PO2 difference.
Figure 14.4,PaO2,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/14.4.png,Figure 14.4: Diffusion abnormalities lead to an increased alveolar–arterial PO2 difference.
Figure 14.5,PaO2,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/14.5.png,Figure 14.5: Perfusion abnormalities lead to an increased alveolar–arterial PO2 difference.
Figure 13.2,Partial Pressures and V/Q,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/13.2-scaled.jpg,Figure 13.2: Partial pressures when V/Q = 1.
Figure 13.3,Partial Pressures and V/Q,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/13.3.png,Figure 13.3: Partial pressures when V/Q = 0.
Figure 13.4,Partial Pressures and V/Q,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/13.4.png,Figure 13.4: Partial pressures when V/Q is infinite.
Figure 13.5,Partial Pressures and V/Q,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/13.5.png,Figure 13.5: Ventilation–perfusion line.
Figure 13.6,Distribution of V/Q,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/13.6.png,"Figure 13.6: Ventilation, perfusion, and V/Q distributions."
Figure 13.7,yay,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/13.7.png,Figure 13.7: V/Q and alveolar gas distribution.
Figure 13.8,overperfused,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/13.8.png,Figure 13.8: Consequences of V/Q nonuniformity on arterial PO2.
Figure 13.9,Correcting V/Q Mismatches,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/13.9.png,Figure 13.9: Correcting V/Q mismatches.
Figure 13.10,Correcting V/Q Mismatches,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/13.10.png,Figure 13.10: Response of pulmonary vasculature to hypoxia.
Figure 10.1,Nonrespiratory Functions of the Pulmonary Circulation,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/10.1.png,"Figure 10.1: Pulmonary metabolism of arachidonic acid. Blockade of cyclooxygenase by aspirin means more arachidonic acid is available for the production of leukotrienes, which can cause bronchoconstriction."
Figure 9.1,Functional anatomy,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/9.1.jpg,Figure 9.1: The pulmonary circulation. A latex cast of the pulmonary circulation shows the complete and vast penetration of the lung structure by the vasculature.
Figure 9.3,Functional anatomy,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/9.3.png,Figure 9.3: Schematic of the pulmonary and systemic circulations – compare capillary densities and pressures.
Figure 9.4,Functional anatomy,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/9.4.png,Figure 9.4: Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases as pressure increases.
Figure 9.4,"Pulmonary Vascular Resistance, Lung Volume, and Gravity",https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/9.4.png,Figure 9.4: Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases as pressure increases.
Figure 9.5,Pulmonary Vascular Resistance and Radial Traction,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/9.5-new.png,Figure 9.5: Pulmonary vessels can be categorized as alveolar or extra-alveolar.
Figure 9.6,Pulmonary Vascular Resistance and Lung Volume,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/9.6.png,Figure 9.6: The relationship between lung volume and pulmonary vascular resistance.
Figure 9.7,Pulmonary Blood Flow and Gravity,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/9.7.png,Figure 9.7: Perfusion distribution up the lung.
Figure 8.1,OR,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/8.1.png,Figure 8.1: Diffusion and perfusion limitations.
Figure 8.2,OR,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/8.2.png,Figure 8.2: Transfer of gases from alveolus to capillary.
Figure 7.1,[latex]P_AO_2 = FiO_2 \times (P_B - P_{H_2O})[/latex],https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/7.1.png,Figure 7.1: Oxygen tensions around the alveolus.
Figure 7.2,[latex]P_AO_2 = FiO_2 \times (P_B - P_{H_2O})[/latex],https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/7.2.png,Figure 7.2: Carbon dioxide tensions around the alveolus.
Figure 7.1,150,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/7.1.png,Figure 7.1: Oxygen tensions around the alveolus.
Figure 7.2,150,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/7.2.png,Figure 7.2: Carbon dioxide tensions around the alveolus.
Figure 6.1,Text,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/6.1.png,Figure 6.1: Intrapleural and airway pressures during normal/passive expiration.
Figure 6.2,H2O,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/6.2-newer.png,Figure 6.2: Intrapleural and airway pressures during forced expiration.
Figure 6.3,Flow-Volume Loops,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/6.3.png,Figure 6.3: Typical and normal flow-volume loop. FVC: forved vital capacity.
Figure 6.4,FEV1,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/6.4.png,Figure 6.4: Normal (maroon) and obstructive disease (gray) flow-volume loops.
Figure 6.5,FEV1,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/6.5.png,Figure 6.5: Normal (maroon) and restrictive (gray) flow-volume loops.
Figure 5.1,Text,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/5.1.png,Figure 5.1: Laminar flow.
Figure 5.2,Text,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/5.2.png,Figure 5.2: Turbulent flow.
Figure 5.3,Text,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/5.3.png,Figure 5.3: Transitional flow.
Figure 5.4,Airway Resistance,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/5.4.png,Figure 5.4: Airway resistance down the bronchial tree.
Figure 5.5,Airway Resistance and Lung Volume,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/5.5.png,Figure 5.5: Radial traction decreases airway resistance as lung volume increases.
Figure 5.6,Airway Resistance and Lung Volume,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/5.6.png,Figure 5.6: Airway resistance and lung volume.
Figure 4.1,ascini,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/4.1.png,Figure 4.1: The fiber networks of the lung.
Figure 4.2,ascini,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/4.2.png,Figure 4.2: The action of radial traction.
Figure 4.3,Distribution of Ventilation and Gravity,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/4.3.png,"Figure 4.3: Interaction of lung volume, compliance, and distribution of ventilation."
Figure 3.1,Lung Volumes,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/3.1.png,Figure 3.1: Lung volumes detected by spirometry.
Figure 3.2,"[latex]V_A = 20 \times (250 - 150\:mL) = 2,000\:mL\:per\:min[/latex]",https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/3.2.png,Figure 3.2: Changes in breathing tidal volume and respiratory rate with increasing levels of exercise.
Figure 3.3,Lung Compliance,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/3.3.png,Figure 3.3: Lung compliance curve.
Figure 3.3,Lung Compliance During Inspiration,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/3.3.png,Figure 3.3: Lung compliance curve.
Figure 3.4,H2O,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/3.4.png,Figure 3.4: Opposing forces of alveolar pressure and surface tension.
Figure 3.5,H2O,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/3.5.png,"Figure 3.5: Summary of lung volumes and compliance. At low volumes alveoli are small and subject to greater surface tension forces that generate an inwardly acting force that requires greater alveolar pressure to achieve inflation. At higher lung volumes surface tension is less effective at generating an inward force, so less pressure is required to cause inflation (the lung is more compliant). At very high lung volumes surface tension poses even less of a problem, but the elastic limits of the lung are being reached, and increases in volume require alveolar pressures to overcome elastic recoil."
Figure 3.2,2,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/3.2.png,Figure 3.2: Changes in breathing tidal volume and respiratory rate with increasing levels of exercise.
Figure 2.1,Changing Thoracic Volume,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/2.1.png,Figure 2.1: The diaphragm.
Figure 2.2,Changing Thoracic Volume,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/2.2.png,Figure 2.2: Diaphragm positional change.
Figure 2.3,Changing Thoracic Volume,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/Inspiration.jpeg,Figure 2.3: Inspiratory muscles of the rib cage.
Figure 2.4,Changing Thoracic Volume,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/2.4.jpeg,Figure 2.4: Expiratory muscles.
Figure 2.5,How the Lungs Move with the Chest Wall,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/2.5.png,Figure 2.5: The pleural membranes and space.
Figure 2.6,How the Lungs Move with the Chest Wall,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/05/2.6.png,Figure 2.6: The breathing cycle.
Figure 1.2,Defense of the Lung,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/02/1.2.png,"Figure 1.2: The mucociliary escalator of the airway. The cilia on the apical surface of the pseudostratified epithelium push a layer of mucus (produced by the goblet cells) toward the mouth, carrying pathogens and particulates out of the airway."
Figure 1.3,Defense of the Lung,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/02/1.3.jpeg,Figure 1.3: Air conditioning. The highly vascularized nasal cavity helps warm and humidify inhaled air before it proceeds toward the lower airways.
Figure 1.4,The Bronchial Tree,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/73/2022/02/1.4.png,Figure 1.4: The bronchial tree. The major airways of the conducting zone (anatomical dead space) are labeled.