terms/queries.csv

fig_num,sub_section_headings,images-src,image_caption
Figure 18.1,Stages of Childbirth,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/03/2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-02.jpg,"Figure 18.1 Stages of Childbirth. The stages of childbirth include Stage 1, early cervical dilation; Stage 2, full dilation and expulsion of the newborn; and Stage 3, delivery of the placenta and associated fetal membranes. (The position of the newborn’s shoulder is described relative to the mother). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 16.2,Sperm,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/Figure_28_01_05.jpg,"Figure 16.2. Structure of Sperm. Sperm cells are divided into a head, containing DNA; a mid-piece, containing mitochondria; and a tail, providing motility. The acrosome is oval and somewhat flattened. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 15.1,Kidneys,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2608_Kidney_Position_in_Abdomen.jpg,"Figure 15.1 Kidneys. The kidneys are slightly protected by the ribs and are surrounded by fat for protection (not shown). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 15.2,Kidneys’ Internal Structure,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2610_The_Kidney.jpg,"Figure 15.2 Left Kidney. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 15.3,Nephrons and Vessels,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2612_Blood_Flow_in_the_Kidneys.jpg,"Figure 15.3 Blood Flow in the Kidney. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 15.4,Nephrons and Vessels,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2611_Blood_Flow_in_the_Nephron.jpg,"Figure 15.4. Blood Flow in the Nephron. The two capillary beds are clearly shown in this figure. The efferent arteriole is the connecting vessel between the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 15.5,Bladder,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2605_The_Bladder.jpg,"Figure 15.5 Bladder. (a) Anterior cross section of the bladder. (b) The detrusor muscle of the bladder (source: monkey tissue) LM × 448. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 15.6,Urethra,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/Female_and_Male_Urethra.jpg,"Figure 15.6. Female and Male Urethras. The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. This image shows (a) a female urethra and (b) a male urethra. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 15.7,Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR),https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2617_Net_Filtration_PressureN.jpg,"Figure 15.7 Net Filtration Pressure. The NFP is the sum of osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 15.8,Urinalysis,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2601_Urine_Color_Chart.jpg,"Figure 15.8 Urine Color. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 15.9,Regulation of Nitrogen Wastes,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2627_Nitrogen_Wastes.jpg,"Figure 15.9 Nitrogen Wastes. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 14.2,Anatomy (Structures) of the Endocrine System,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1801_The_Endocrine_System.jpg,"Figure 14.2 Endocrine System. Endocrine glands and cells are located throughout the body and play an important role in maintaining equilibrium (homeostasis). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 14.3,Role of Feedback Loops,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/1805_Negative_Feedback_Loop.jpg,"Figure 14.3 Negative Feedback Loop. The release of adrenal glucocorticoids is stimulated by the release of hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This signaling is inhibited when glucocorticoid levels become elevated by causing negative signals to the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 14.4,Anterior Pituitary Gland,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/1808_The_Anterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg,"Figure 14.4 Anterior Pituitary. The anterior pituitary manufactures seven hormones. The hypothalamus produces separate hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production in the anterior pituitary. Hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 14.5,Growth Hormone,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/1809_Hormonal_Regulation_of_Growth.jpg,"Figure 14.5 Hormonal Regulation of Growth. Growth hormone (GH) directly accelerates the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and bones. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is activated by growth hormone and indirectly supports the formation of new proteins in muscle cells and bone. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 14.6,Posterior Pituitary Gland,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/1807_The_Posterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg,"Figure 14.6 Posterior Pituitary. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release oxytocin (OT) or ADH into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. These hormones are stored or released into the blood via the capillary plexus. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 14.8,Adrenal Gland,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/1818_The_Adrenal_Glands.jpg,"Figure 14.8 Adrenal Glands. Both adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and are composed of an outer cortex and an inner medulla, all surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. The cortex can be subdivided into additional zones, all of which produce different types of hormones. LM × 204. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 14.9,Pancreas,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/1820_The_Pancreas.jpg,"Figure 14.9 Pancreas. The pancreatic exocrine function involves the acinar cells secreting digestive enzymes that are transported into the small intestine by the pancreatic duct. Its endocrine function involves the secretion of insulin (produced by beta cells) and glucagon (produced by alpha cells) within the pancreatic islets. These two hormones regulate the rate of glucose metabolism in the body. The micrograph reveals pancreatic islets. LM × 760. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.1,Introduction to the Digestive System,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2401_Components_of_the_Digestive_System.jpg,"Figure 13.1 Components of the Digestive System. All digestive organs play integral roles in the life-sustaining process of digestion. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.2,The Mouth,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2406_Structures_of_the_Mouth.jpg,"Figure 13.2 Mouth. The mouth includes the lips, tongue, palate, gums, and teeth. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.3,Tongue,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2407_Tongue.jpg,"Figure 13.3 Tongue. This superior view of the tongue shows the locations and types of lingual papillae. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.4,Esophagus,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2412_The_Esophagus.jpg,"Figure 13.4 Esophagus. The upper esophageal sphincter controls the movement of food from the pharynx to the esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter controls the movement of food from the esophagus to the stomach. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.5,Stomach,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2414_Stomach.jpg,"Figure 13.5 Stomach. The stomach has four major regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. The addition of an inner oblique smooth muscle layer gives the muscularis the ability to vigorously churn and mix food. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.6,Small Intestines,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2417_Small_IntestineN.jpg,"Figure 13.6 Small Intestine. The three regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.7,Colon,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2420_Large_Intestine.jpg,"Figure 13.7 Large Intestine. The large intestine includes the cecum, colon, and rectum. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.8,Accessory Organs of Digestion,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2422_Accessory_Organs.jpg,"Figure 13.8 Accessory Organs. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are considered accessory digestive organs, but their roles in the digestive system are vital. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.9,Pancreas,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2424_Exocrine_and_Endocrine_Pancreas.jpg,"Figure 13.9 Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreas. The pancreas has a head, a body, and a tail. It delivers pancreatic juice to the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.10,Gallbladder,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2425_Gallbladder.jpg,"Figure 13.10 Gallbladder. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and releases it into the two-way cystic duct when it is needed by the small intestine. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.11,Digestive Processes,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2404_PeristalsisN.jpg,"Figure 13.11. Peristalsis. Peristalsis moves food through the digestive tract with alternating waves of muscle contraction and relaxation. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 13.12,Digestive System: From Appetite Suppression to Constipation,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/2405_Digestive_Process.jpg,"Figure 13.12. Digestive Processes. The digestive processes are ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 12.2,The Nose and its Adjacent Structures,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2303_Anatomy_of_Nose-Pharynx-Mouth-Larynx.jpg,"Figure 12.2 Upper Airway. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 12.3,The Nose and its Adjacent Structures,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2304_Pseudostratified_Epithelium.jpg,"Figure 12.3 Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium. Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Seromucous glands provide lubricating mucus. LM × 680. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 12.4,Pharynx,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2305_Divisions_of_the_Pharynx.jpg,"Figure 12.4 Divisions of the Pharynx. The pharynx is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 12.7,Bronchial Tree,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2308_The_Trachea.jpg,"Figure 12.7 Trachea. (a) The tracheal tube is formed by stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage. (b) The layer visible in this cross-section of tracheal wall tissue between the hyaline cartilage and the lumen of the trachea is the mucosa, which is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells. LM × 1220. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 12.8,Respiratory Zone,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2309_The_Respiratory_Zone.jpg,"Figure 12.8 Respiratory Zone. Bronchioles lead to alveolar sacs in the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 12.9,Alveoli,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2310_Structures_of_the_Respiratory_Zone.jpg,"Figure 12.9 Structures of the Respiratory Zone. (a) The alveolus is responsible for gas exchange. (b) A micrograph shows the alveolar structures within lung tissue. LM × 178. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 12.10,Gross Anatomy of the Lungs,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2312_Gross_Anatomy_of_the_Lungs.jpg,"Figure 12.10 Gross Anatomy of the Lungs. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 12.12,Pulmonary Ventilation,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2316_Inspiration_and_Expiration.jpg,"Figure 12.12 Inspiration and Expiration. Inspiration and expiration occur due to the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity, respectively. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 11.1,Anatomy and Physiology of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2201_Anatomy_of_the_Lymphatic_System.jpg,"Figure 11.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System. Lymphatic vessels in the arms and legs convey lymph to the larger lymphatic vessels in the torso. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 11.2,"Larger Lymphatic Vessels, Trunks, and Ducts",https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2202_Lymphatic_Capillaries.jpg,"Figure 11.2 Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic capillaries are interlaced with the arterioles and venules of the cardiovascular system. Collagen fibers anchor a lymphatic capillary in the tissue (inset). Interstitial fluid slips through spaces between the overlapping endothelial cells that compose the lymphatic capillary.From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 11.3,"Larger Lymphatic Vessels, Trunks, and Ducts",https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2203_Lymphatic_Trunks_and_Ducts_System.jpg,"Figure 11.3 Major Trunks and Ducts of the Lymphatic System. The thoracic duct drains a much larger portion of the body than does the right lymphatic duct. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 11.5,Secondary Lymphoid Organs,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2218_Clonal_Selection_and_Expansion_of_T_Lymphocytes.jpg,"Figure 11.5 Clonal Selection and Expansion of T Lymphocytes. Stem cells differentiate into T cells with specific receptors, called clones. The clones with receptors specific for antigens on the pathogen are selected for and expanded. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 11.6,Lymph Nodes,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2207_Structure_and_Histology_of_a_Lymph_Node.jpg,"Figure 11.6 Structure and Histology of a Lymph Node. Lymph nodes are masses of lymphatic tissue located along the larger lymph vessels. The micrograph of the lymph nodes shows a germinal center, which consists of rapidly dividing B cells surrounded by a layer of T cells and other accessory cells. LM × 128. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 11.8,Lymphoid Nodules,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2209_Location_and_History_of_Tonsils.jpg,"Figure 11.8. Locations and Histology of the Tonsils. (a) The pharyngeal tonsil is located on the roof of the posterior superior wall of the nasopharynx. The palatine tonsils lay on each side of the pharynx. (b) A micrograph shows the palatine tonsil tissue. LM × 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 11.9,Lymphoid Nodules,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2210_Mucosa_Associated_Lymphoid_Tissue_MALT_Nodule.jpg,"Figure 11.9 Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Nodule. LM × 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 11.10,The Organization of the Immune System,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2211_Cooperation_Between_Innate_and_Immune_Responses-300x264.jpg,"Figure 11.10 Cooperation between Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. The innate immune system enhances adaptive immune responses so they can be more effective. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 11.14,Immune Responses Against Cancer,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2231_Kaposis_Sacroma_Lesions.jpg,"Figure 11.14 Kaposi’s Sarcoma Lesions. (credit: National Cancer Institute). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 11.15,Autoimmune Responses,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2229_Autoimmune_Disorders_Rheumatoid_Arthritis_and_Lupus.jpg,"Figure 11.15 Autoimmune Disorders: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Lupus. (a) Extensive damage to the right hand of a rheumatoid arthritis sufferer is shown in the x-ray. (b) The diagram shows a variety of possible symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 10.3,Concept Check,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/2120_Major_Systemic_Artery-632x1024.jpg,"Figure 10.3 Systemic Arteries. The major systemic arteries shown here deliver oxygenated blood throughout the body. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 10.11,Leukocytes,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/03/1906_Emigration.jpg,"Figure 10.11 Emigration. Leukocytes exit the blood vessel and then move through the connective tissue of the dermis toward the site of a wound. Some leukocytes, such as the eosinophil and neutrophil, are characterized as granular leukocytes. They release chemicals from their granules that destroy pathogens; they are also capable of phagocytosis. The monocyte differentiates into a [pb_glossary id=""411""]macrophage[/pb_glossary] that then [pb_glossary id=""413""]phagocytizes[/pb_glossary] the pathogens. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 10.16,Arteriosclerosis,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/03/2113ab_Atherosclerosis.jpg,"Figure 10.16 Atherosclerosis. (a) Atherosclerosis can result from plaques formed by the buildup of fatty, calcified deposits in an artery. (b) Plaques can also take other forms, as shown in this micrograph of a coronary artery that has a buildup of connective tissue within the artery wall. LM × 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 10.17,Edema and Varicose Veins,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/03/2107_Varicose_Vein.jpg,"Figure 10.17 Varicose Veins. Varicose veins are commonly found in the lower limbs. (credit: Thomas Kriese). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 9.1,Location,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/03/2001_Heart_Position_in_ThoraxN.jpg,"Figure 9.1. Position of the Heart in the Thorax. The heart is located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the mediastinum. It is about the size of a fist, is broad at the top, and tapers toward the base. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 9.7,Cardiac Cycle,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/03/2023_ECG_Tracing_with_Heart_ContractionN.jpg,"Figure 9.7. ECG Tracing Correlated to the Cardiac Cycle. This diagram correlates an ECG tracing with the electrical and mechanical events of a heart contraction. Each segment of an ECG tracing corresponds to one event in the cardiac cycle. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 9.8,Aneurysms,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/03/2124_Thoracic_Abdominal_Arteries.jpg,"Figure 9.8. Arteries of the Thoracic and Abdominal Regions The thoracic aorta gives rise to the arteries of the visceral and parietal branches. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.2,The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1202_White_and_Gray_Matter.jpg,"Figure 8.2 Gray Matter and White Matter. A brain removed during an autopsy, with a partial section removed, shows white matter surrounded by gray matter. Gray matter makes up the outer cortex of the brain. (credit: modification of work by “Suseno”/Wikimedia Commons). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.3,The Cerebrum,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1305_CerebrumN.jpg,"Figure 8.3 The Cerebrum. The cerebrum is a large component of the CNS in humans, and the most obvious aspect of it is the folded surface called the cerebral cortex. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.4,Cerebral Cortex,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1306_Lobes_of_Cerebral_CortexN.jpg,"Figure 8.4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex. The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes. Extensive folding increases the surface area available for cerebral functions. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.6,Brain Stem,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg,"Figure 8.6 The Brain Stem. The brain stem comprises three regions: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.7,The Cerebellum,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1312_CerebellumN.jpg,"Figure 8.7 The Cerebellum. The cerebellum is situated on the posterior surface of the brain stem. Descending input from the cerebellum enters through the large white matter structure of the pons. Ascending input from the periphery and spinal cord enters through the fibers of the inferior olive. Output goes to the midbrain, which sends a descending signal to the spinal cord. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.8,Parts of a Neuron,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1206_The_Neuron-1.jpg,"Figure 8.8 Parts of a Neuron. The major parts of the neuron are labeled on a multipolar neuron from the CNS. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.9,Types of Neurons,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1207_Neuron_Shape_Classification-1.jpg,"Figure 8.9 Neuron Classification by Shape. Unipolar cells have one process that includes both the axon and dendrite. Bipolar cells have two processes, the axon, and a dendrite. Multipolar cells have more than two processes, the axon, and two or more dendrites. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.10,Types of Neurons,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1208_Other_Types_of_Neurons-1.jpg,"Figure 8.10 Other Neuron Classifications. Three examples of neurons that are classified on the basis of other criteria. (a) The pyramidal cell is a multipolar cell with a cell body that is shaped something like a pyramid. (b) The Purkinje cell in the cerebellum was named after the scientist who originally described it. (c) Olfactory neurons are named for the functional group to which they belong. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.11,Glial Cells of the CNS,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1209_Glial_Cells_of_the_CNS-02-1.jpg,"Figure 8.11 Glial Cells of the CNS. The CNS has astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells that support the neurons of the CNS in several ways. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.12,Glial Cells of the PNS,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1210_Glial_Cells_of_the_PNS-1.jpg,"Figure 8.12 Glial Cells of the PNS. The PNS has satellite cells and Schwann cells. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.13,Controlling the Body,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1205_Somatic_Autonomic_Enteric_StructuresN.jpg,"Figure 8.13 Somatic, Autonomic, and Enteric Structures of the Nervous System. Somatic structures include the spinal nerves, both motor and sensory fibers, as well as the sensory ganglia (posterior root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia). Autonomic structures are found in the nerves also but include the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. The enteric nervous system includes the nervous tissue within the organs of the digestive tract. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.14,Language and Speech,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1605_Brocas_and_Wernickes_Areas-02.jpg,"Figure 8.14 Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas. Two important integration areas of the cerebral cortex associated with language function are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. The two areas are connected through the deep white matter running from the posterior temporal lobe to the frontal lobe. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 8.15,Stroke,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/1602_The_Hemorrhagic_Stroke-02.jpg,"Figure 8.15 Hemorrhagic Stroke. (a) A hemorrhage into the tissue of the cerebrum results in a large accumulation of blood with additional edema in the adjacent tissue. The hemorrhagic area causes the entire brain to be disfigured as suggested here by the lateral ventricles being squeezed into the opposite hemisphere. (b) A CT scan shows an intraparenchymal hemorrhage within the parietal lobe. (credit b: James Heilman). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 7.1,Anatomy (Structures) of the Muscular System,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/03/414_Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiac-1.jpg,"Figure 7.1 The Three Types of Muscle Tissue. The body contains three types of muscle tissue: (a) skeletal muscle, (b) smooth muscle, and (c) cardiac muscle. (Micrographs provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.1,The Axial Skeleton,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/03/701_Axial_Skeleton-01.jpg,"Figure 6.1 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton. The axial skeleton supports the head, neck, back, and chest and thus forms the vertical axis of the body. It consists of the skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), and the thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton is made up of all bones of the upper and lower limbs. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.2,Bones of the Vertebral Column,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/715_Vertebral_Column.jpg,"Figure 6.2 Vertebral Column. The adult vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx. The vertebrae are divided into three regions: cervical C1–C7 vertebrae, thoracic T1–T12 vertebrae, and lumbar L1–L5 vertebrae. The vertebral column is curved, with two primary curvatures (thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves) and two secondary curvatures (cervical and lumbar curves). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.3,Bones of the Thoracic Cavity,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/721_Rib_Cage.jpg,"Figure 6.3 Thoracic Cage. The thoracic cage is formed by the (a) sternum and (b) 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The ribs are classified as true ribs (1–7) and false ribs (8–12). The last two pairs of false ribs are also known as floating ribs (11–12). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.5,Bones of the Wrist and Hand,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/bones-of-hand-300x205.png,"Figure 6.5 Bones of the Hands. The eight carpal bones form the base of the hand. These are arranged into proximal and distal rows of four bones each. The metacarpal bones form the palm. The thumb and fingers consist of the phalanx bones. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.8,Abduction and Adduction,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/04/911_Body_MovementsPage-1-865x1024.jpg,"Figure 6.8 Movements of the Body, Part 1. Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move. (a) and (b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior and posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. (c) and (d) Anterior bending of the head or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior-going movement is extension. (e) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial and lateral) plane of movement. Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions. Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. (f) Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body is rotation. Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.8,Circumduction,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/04/911_Body_MovementsPage-1-865x1024.jpg,"Figure 6.8 Movements of the Body, Part 1. Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move. (a) and (b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior and posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. (c) and (d) Anterior bending of the head or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior-going movement is extension. (e) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial and lateral) plane of movement. Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions. Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. (f) Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body is rotation. Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.8,Rotation,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/04/911_Body_MovementsPage-1-865x1024.jpg,"Figure 6.8 Movements of the Body, Part 1. Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move. (a) and (b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior and posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. (c) and (d) Anterior bending of the head or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior-going movement is extension. (e) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial and lateral) plane of movement. Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions. Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. (f) Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body is rotation. Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.9,Supination and Pronation,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/04/911_Body_MovementsPage-2-948x1024.jpg,"Figure 6.9 Movements of the Body, Part 2. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an “X.” (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.9,Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/04/911_Body_MovementsPage-2-948x1024.jpg,"Figure 6.9 Movements of the Body, Part 2. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an “X.” (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.9,Inversion and Eversion,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/04/911_Body_MovementsPage-2-948x1024.jpg,"Figure 6.9 Movements of the Body, Part 2. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an “X.” (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.9,Protraction and Retraction,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/04/911_Body_MovementsPage-2-948x1024.jpg,"Figure 6.9 Movements of the Body, Part 2. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an “X.” (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.9,Depression and Elevation,https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/04/911_Body_MovementsPage-2-948x1024.jpg,"Figure 6.9 Movements of the Body, Part 2. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an “X.” (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.10,Disorders of the Curvature of the Spine,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/717_Abnormal_Curves_of_Vertebral_Column.jpg,"Figure 6.10 Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column. (a) Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral bending of the vertebral column. (b) An excessive curvature of the upper thoracic vertebral column is called kyphosis. (c) Lordosis is an excessive curvature in the lumbar region of the vertebral column. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 6.12,Fractures,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/612_Types_of_Fractures.jpg,"Figure 6.12. Types of Fractures. Compare healthy bone with different types of fractures: (a) closed fracture, (b) open fracture, (c) transverse fracture, (d) spiral fracture, (e) comminuted fracture, (f) impacted fracture, (g) greenstick fracture, and (h) oblique fracture. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.3,Epidermis,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/503_Epidermis.jpg,"Figure 5.3 Epidermis. The epidermis is epithelium composed of multiple layers of cells. The basal layer consists of cuboidal cells, whereas the outer layers are squamous, keratinized cells, so the whole epithelium is often described as being keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. LM × 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.4,Papillary Layer,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/506_Layers_of_the_Dermis.jpg,"Figure 5.4 Layers of the Dermis. This stained slide shows the two components of the dermis—the papillary layer and the reticular layer. Both are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer. LM × 10. (credit: modification of work by “kilbad”/Wikimedia Commons). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.6,Hair,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/506_Hair.jpg,"Figure 5.6 Hair. Hair follicles originate in the epidermis and have many different parts. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.7,Nails,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/507_Nails.jpg,"Figure 5.7 Nails. The nail is an accessory structure of the integumentary system. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.8,Sudoriferous Glands,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/508_Eccrine_gland.jpg,"Figure 5.8 Eccrine Gland. Eccrine glands are coiled glands in the dermis that release sweat that is mostly water. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.9,Changes Due to Aging,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/516_Aging.jpg,"Figure 5.9 Aging. Generally, skin, especially on the face and hands, starts to display the first noticeable signs of aging, as it loses its elasticity over time. (credit: Janet Ramsden). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.10,Sun Damage,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/508_Moles.jpg,"Figure 5.10 Moles. Moles range from benign accumulations of melanocytes to melanomas. These structures populate the landscape of our skin. (credit: the National Cancer Institute). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.11,Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC),https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/Basal-Cell-Carcinoma-300x200.png,"Figure 5.11 Basal Cell Carcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma can take several different forms. Similar to other forms of skin cancer, it is readily cured if caught early and treated. (credit: John Hendrix, MD). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.12,Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC),https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/Squamous-Cell-Carcinoma-300x207.png,"Figure 5.12 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma presents here as a lesion on a nose. (credit: the National Cancer Institute). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.13,Melanoma,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/Melanoma-300x287.png,"Figure 5.13 Melanoma. Melanomas typically present as large brown or black patches with uneven borders and a raised surface. (credit: the National Cancer Institute). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.14,Albinism,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/509_Vitiligo.jpg,"Figure 5.14 Vitiligo. Individuals with vitiligo experience depigmentation that results in lighter colored patches of skin. The condition is especially noticeable on darker skin. (credit: Klaus D. Peter). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.15,Eczema,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/eczema-300x217.png,"Figure 5.15 Eczema. Eczema is a common skin disorder that presents as a red, flaky rash. (credit: “Jambula”/Wikimedia Commons). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.16,Acne,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/Acne-300x154.png,"Figure 5.16. Acne. Acne is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to the formation of blackheads and inflammation of the skin. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 5.17,Burn Classification,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/10/513_Degree_of_burns.jpg,"Figure 5.17 Calculating the Size of a Burn. The size of a burn will guide decisions made about the need for specialized treatment. Specific parts of the body are associated with a percentage of body area. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 4.1,Audition (Hearing),https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/1404_The_Structures_of_the_Ear.jpg,"Figure 4.1 Structures of the Ear. The external ear contains the auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains the ossicles and is connected to the pharynx by the Eustachian tube. The inner ear contains the cochlea and vestibule, which are responsible for audition and equilibrium, respectively. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 4.2,Audition (Hearing),https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/1406_Cochlea.jpg,"Figure 4.2 Cross Section of the Cochlea. The three major spaces within the cochlea are highlighted. The scala tympani and scala vestibuli lie on either side of the cochlear duct. The organ of Corti, containing the mechanoreceptor hair cells, is adjacent to the scala tympani, where it sits atop the basilar membrane. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 4.4,Vision (Sight),https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/1411_Eye_in_The_Orbit.jpg,"Figure 4.4 The Eye in the Orbit. The eye is located within the orbit and surrounded by soft tissues that protect and support its function. The orbit is surrounded by cranial bones of the skull. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 4.5,The eye is also divided into two cavities:,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/1413_Structure_of_the_Eye.jpg,"Figure 4.5. Structure of the Eye. The sphere of the eye can be divided into anterior and posterior chambers. The wall of the eye is composed of three layers: the fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and neural tunic. Within the neural tunic is the retina, with three layers of cells and two synaptic layers in between. The center of the retina has a small indentation known as the fovea. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 4.6,Example: Visual Acuity (VA) between the fovea and peripheral retina.,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/1416_Color_Sensitivity.jpg,"Figure 4.6 Comparison of Color Sensitivity of Photopigments. Comparing the peak sensitivity and absorbance spectra of the four photopigments suggests that they are most sensitive to particular wavelengths. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 3.1,Learning Objectives,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/101_Levels_of_Org_in_Body.jpg,"Figure 3.1 Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body. The organization of the body often is discussed in terms of six distinct levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique human organism. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 3.2,Did you know?,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/102_Organ_Systems_of_BodyPage1.jpg,"Figure 3.2. Organ Systems of the Human Body. Organs that work together are grouped into organ systems. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 [Image description.]"
Figure 3.4,Anatomical Position,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/107_Regions_of_Human_Body_new.jpg,"Figure 3.4. Regions of the Human Body. The human body is shown in anatomical position in an (a) anterior view and a (b) posterior view. The regions of the body are labeled in boldface. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 [Image description.]"
Figure 3.5,Directional Terms,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/108_Directional_Terms.jpg,"Figure 3.5. Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body. Paired directional terms are shown as applied to the human body. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 3.6,Body Cavities and Serous Membranes,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/110_Dorsal_Ventral_Body_Cavities.jpg,"Figure 3.6. Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities. The ventral cavity includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 3.7,Tissue Membranes,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/413_Types_of_Membranes.jpg,"Figure 3.7. Tissue Membranes. The two broad categories of tissue membranes in the body are (1) connective tissue membranes, which include synovial membranes, and (2) epithelial membranes, which include mucous membranes, serous membranes, and the cutaneous membrane, in other words, the skin. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"
Figure 3.8,Membranes of the Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity,https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/112_Serous_Membrane_new.jpg,"Figure 3.8. Serous Membrane. Serous membrane lines the pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart—much the same way that an underinflated balloon would form two layers surrounding a fist. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]"