fig_num,sub_section_headings,images-src,image_caption
Figure 4.1,Phenylalanine and tyrosine,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/4.1.png,Figure 4.1: Metabolism of phenylalanine requires BH4 and also produces tyrosine. Deficiencies in cofactor or phenylalanine hydroxylase can result in phenylketonuria.
Figure 4.3,Tryptophan,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/4.3.png,Figure 4.3: Metabolism of tryptophan to melatonin.
Figure 4.4,Glutamate,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/4.4.png,Figure 4.4: Glutamate metabolism as it interfaces with nitrogen transport and synthesis of GABA.
Figure 4.6,Methionine,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/4.6-1.png,Figure 4.6: Metabolism of methionine. Remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine are illustrated. Cofactor or enzymatic deficiencies can result in an elevation of homocysteine.
Figure 4.6,Transsulfuration pathway,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/4.6-1.png,Figure 4.6: Metabolism of methionine. Remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine are illustrated. Cofactor or enzymatic deficiencies can result in an elevation of homocysteine.
Figure 2.1,References and resources,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.1.png,Figure 2.1: Synthesis and degradation of acetylcholine.
Figure 2.1,Termination of signal,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.1.png,Figure 2.1: Synthesis and degradation of acetylcholine.
Figure 2.2,Acetylcholine receptors,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.2.png,Figure 2.2: ACh release and degradation. (A: acetyl-CoA; ACh: acetylcholine; AChE: acetylcholine esterase; Ch: choline; VAChT: vesicular ACh transporter)
Figure 2.3,Glutamate,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.3.png,Figure 2.3: Glutamate and GABA synthesis. (α-KG: α-ketoglutarate; PLP: pyridoxal phosphate)
Figure 2.4,Glutamate,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.4.png,Figure 2.4: Glutamate release and reuptake. (EAAT: excitatory amino acid transporters)
Figure 2.3,GABA,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.3.png,Figure 2.3: Glutamate and GABA synthesis. (α-KG: α-ketoglutarate; PLP: pyridoxal phosphate)
Figure 2.5,Glycine,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.5.png,Figure 2.5: GABA and glycine release.  (GAT: cotransporters for GABA; VIAAT: vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter)
Figure 2.6,Dopamine,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.6.png,"Figure 2.6: Synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine."
Figure 2.6,Dopamine receptors,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.6.png,"Figure 2.6: Synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine."
Figure 2.7,Histamine,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.7.png,Figure 2.7: Histamine synthesis.
Figure 2.8,Histamine receptors,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.8.png,Figure 2.8: Histamine release and reuptake. (ALDH: aldehyde dehydrogenase; DAO: diamine oxidase; HA: histamine; HNMT: N-methyltransferase; IA: imidazole acetaldehyde; IAA: imidazoleacetic acid; IAAR: imidazoleacetic acid riboside; NMH: N-methylhistamine; N-MIA: methylimidazole acetaldehyde; N-MIAA: N-methylimidazoleacetic acetic acid; OC3: organic cation transporter 3; PMAT: plasma membrane monoamine transporter)
Figure 2.9,Serotonin,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/2.9.png,Figure 2.9: Serotonin synthesis.
Figure 1.1,References and resources,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/1.1.png,"Figure 1.1: Potential fates of glucose oxidation. i. Glucose is oxidized to lactate; ii. Glucose is oxidized through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP); iii. Glucose is stored as glycogen, which only occurs in astrocytes; iv. Pyruvate can be oxidized through the mitochondria but is not a primary fate. (GLUTs: glucose transporters; MCTs: monocarboxylate transporters; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GA3P: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)"
Figure 1.2,References and resources,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/1.2.png,Figure 1.2: Comparison of neuron and astrocyte metabolism. (PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; PKM1/2: pyruvate kinase isoforms M1 and M2; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GA3P: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)
Figure 1.3,Astrocyte-mediated neurotransmitter recycling,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/1.3.png,Figure 1.3: Lactate and glutamate shuttling between the astrocyte and the neuron. (GS: glutamine synthetase; GLS: glutaminase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; EAATs: excitatory amino acid transporters; MCT: monocarboxylate transporter; GluR: glutamate receptor).
Figure 1.3,The premise of this shuttle is threefold:,https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/app/uploads/sites/68/2022/01/1.3.png,Figure 1.3: Lactate and glutamate shuttling between the astrocyte and the neuron. (GS: glutamine synthetase; GLS: glutaminase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; EAATs: excitatory amino acid transporters; MCT: monocarboxylate transporter; GluR: glutamate receptor).