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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ pretty_name: ThousandWorlds
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+ license: cc-by-4.0
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+ size_categories:
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+ - 1K<n<10K
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+ task_categories:
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+ - tabular-regression
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+ - other
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+ tags:
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+ - benchmark
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+ - datasets
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+ - physical-sciences
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+ - scientific-machine-learning
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+ - exoplanets
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+ - climate
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+ - astronomy
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+ - emulation
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+ - simulation
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+ - physics
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+ - pde
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+ - parameter-to-field-regression
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+ - structured-outputs
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+ - multi-simulator-transfer
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+ - spatiotemporal
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+ configs:
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+ - config_name: input_planets
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+ data_files:
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+ - split: all
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+ path: inputs.csv
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+ ---
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+
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+ # ThousandWorlds
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+
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+ <img src="imgs/MASCOT.png" align="right" width="220" style="margin-top: -1.25rem;" alt="ThousandWorlds mascot">
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+
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+ ThousandWorlds is a benchmark for emulating exoplanet climates: **1760
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+ simulations** across **5 GCMs**, **8 planet parameters**, and atmospheric
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+ variables on a 32 x 64 x 10 latitude-longitude-pressure grid. It includes three
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+ nested benchmark subsets, two evaluation protocols, and eight released baseline
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+ methods.
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+
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+ [![Code](https://img.shields.io/badge/code-GitHub-181717.svg?logo=github)](https://github.com/edstevenson/ThousandWorlds)
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+ [![arXiv](https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2606.18338-b31b1b.svg)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.18338)
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+
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+ Inputs are 8 continuous planet parameters plus the source GCM label. Outputs
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+ are time-averaged climate fields on a 32 x 64 latitude-longitude grid:
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+ three-dimensional variables are stored as pressure-level channels, and
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+ two-dimensional variables are stored as single-level fields.
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+
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+ ![ThousandWorlds dataset schematic](imgs/OVERVIEW.png)
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+
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+ ## Quickstart
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+
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+ The easiest way to use the benchmark is through the
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+ [Python code](https://github.com/edstevenson/ThousandWorlds):
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+
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+ ```bash
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+ git clone https://github.com/edstevenson/ThousandWorlds.git
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+ cd ThousandWorlds
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+ pip install -e .
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+ ```
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+
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+ ```python
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+ import thousandworlds as tw
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+
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+ tw.download_dataset()
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+ bundle = tw.load("single-complete", data_dir="dataset")
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+ ```
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+
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+ See the GitHub repository for the full quickstart, notebooks, baseline code,
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+ evaluation utilities, and reproducing paper results.
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+
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+ ## Files
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+
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+ The release includes:
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+
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+ - `archives/dataset.tar.gz`: the ThousandWorlds dataset.
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+ - `archives/results-baselines-*.tar.gz`: baseline predictions for the 3
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+ subsets.
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+ - `croissant.json`: Croissant metadata.
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+ - `archives/*.sha256`: checksum sidecars.
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+
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+ ## Dataset Contents
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+
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+ The dataset contains gridded fields (NumPy), input metadata (CSV), predefined
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+ train/test splits, normalization statistics, and spherical harmonic
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+ coefficients plus inverse-SHT weights for spectral methods.
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+
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+ ## Subsets
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+
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+ The dataset is organized into three subsets of increasing complexity and
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+ realism:
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+
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+ | Subset | Simulations | Fields | Description |
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+ | --- | ---: | ---: | --- |
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+ | `single-complete` | 256 | 48 | Smaller subset; simulations from a single GCM, complete observations only. |
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+ | `multi-complete` | 1659 | 48 | All 5 GCMs, still with no missing fields. |
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+ | `multi-partial` | 1760 | 53 | Full dataset; all 5 GCMs, with missing fields represented as NaNs. |
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+
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+ The subset split files contain:
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+
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+ | File | `single-complete` | `multi-complete` | `multi-partial` |
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+ | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
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+ | `train.csv` | 206 | 1538 | 1626 |
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+ | `test.csv` | 50 | 90 | 100 |
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+ | `test_shared_planets_only.csv` | - | 58 | 60 |
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+ | `held_out_aux.csv` | - | 31 | 34 |
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+
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+ `held_out_aux.csv` is excluded from train and test to prevent train-test leakage (it contains simulations from auxiliary GCMs that correspond to identical planets present in the test set).
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+
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+ ## Inputs
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+
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+ Each simulation has one row in `dataset/inputs.csv`, keyed by `simulation_id`.
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+ The public model inputs are stellar temperature, stellar flux, radius, gravity,
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+ rotation period, surface pressure, CO2, CH4, and `gcm_label`. The metadata also
116
+ includes `is_target_gcm`, `in_target_physical_domain`, `planet_id`, and
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+ `source`.
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+
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+ | Parameter | Range |
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+ | --- | --- |
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+ | Radius (Earth radii) | [0.7, 1.4] |
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+ | Surface gravity (m s^-2) | [6.0, 16.0] |
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+ | Rotation period (days) | [0.1, 1000.0] |
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+ | Surface pressure (bar) | [0.5, 5] |
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+ | CO2 volume fraction (%) | [0, 100] |
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+ | CH4 volume fraction (%) | [0, 5] |
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+ | Incident stellar flux (W m^-2) | [500, 1500] |
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+ | Stellar temperature (K) | [2500, 5800] |
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+
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+ ## Outputs
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+
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+ Target fields include surface temperature, 3D temperature, specific humidity,
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+ cloud fraction, east-west wind, north-south wind, absorbed shortwave radiation,
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+ and outgoing longwave radiation. Gridded targets are provided on a 32 x 64
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+ latitude-longitude grid, with vertical fields stored on relative pressure
136
+ levels.
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+
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+ | Variable | Dimensionality | Unit |
139
+ | --- | --- | --- |
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+ | Surface temperature | 2D | K |
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+ | Temperature | 3D | K |
142
+ | Specific humidity | 3D | dex |
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+ | Cloud fraction | 3D | 1 |
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+ | East-west wind | 3D | m s^-1 |
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+ | North-south wind | 3D | m s^-1 |
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+ | Absorbed shortwave radiation | 2D | W m^-2 |
147
+ | Outgoing longwave radiation | 2D | W m^-2 |
148
+
149
+ The gridded field archives are:
150
+
151
+ | File | Shape | Contents |
152
+ | --- | --- | --- |
153
+ | `dataset/fields/all-obs.npz` | `(1760, 53, 32, 64)` | Field archive covering all 5 GCMs with structured whole-field missingness. |
154
+ | `dataset/fields/complete-obs-only.npz` | `(1659, 48, 32, 64)` | Complete-observation field archive. |
155
+
156
+ **Spectral Coefficients:**
157
+ The spectral coefficient archives mirror those field archives with T21
158
+ spherical harmonic coefficients: `dataset/coefficients/*.npz` stores
159
+ `coefficients` with 484 coefficients per field and a `field_mask` for missing
160
+ fields. Whole-field missingness is represented as all-NaN gridded channels and
161
+ as false entries in the spectral `field_mask`.
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+
163
+ ## Evaluation
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+
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+ The package includes loaders and metrics for two benchmark protocols:
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+
167
+ - **Standard**: the main test protocol, ideal for ML model comparison.
168
+ - **Shared-planets**: evaluate on planets shared across target and auxiliary
169
+ GCMs; used to assess performance relative to inter-GCM error, i.e. how close
170
+ a model gets to the epistemic uncertainty floor of the problem.
171
+
172
+ Released baselines include train mean, kNN, PCA ridge, PCA-MLP, Coord-MLP,
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+ Coord-DeepONet, PPCA-ICM, and GPLFR. Baseline artifacts include predictions,
174
+ resolved configs, and metrics JSON files.
175
+
176
+ ## Links
177
+
178
+ - DOI: https://doi.org/10.57967/hf/8695
179
+ - Code: https://github.com/edstevenson/ThousandWorlds
180
+ - Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.18338
181
+
182
+ ## Citation
183
+
184
+ If you use ThousandWorlds, please cite the paper:
185
+
186
+ ```bibtex
187
+ @article{thousandworlds2026,
188
+ title = {ThousandWorlds: A benchmark for climate emulation of potentially habitable exoplanets},
189
+ author = {Stevenson, Edward T. and Mak, Mei Ting and Wolf, Eric and Sergeev, Denis E. and Hammond, Tobi and Mayne, N. J. and Cranmer, Miles},
190
+ year = {2026},
191
+ eprint = {2606.18338},
192
+ archivePrefix = {arXiv},
193
+ doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2606.18338}
194
+ }
195
+ ```
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+ "arrayShape": "cr:arrayShape",
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+ "citeAs": "cr:citeAs",
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+ "column": "cr:column",
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+ "conformsTo": "dct:conformsTo",
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+ "containedIn": "cr:containedIn",
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inputs.csv ADDED
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version.json ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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+ {
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+ "name": "ThousandWorlds",
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+ "version": "1.0.0",
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+ "hf_repo": "es833/ThousandWorlds",
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+ "hf_revision": "v1.0.0",
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+ "archives": {
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+ "dataset": "archives/dataset.tar.gz",
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+ "baselines": "archives/results-baselines-*.tar.gz"
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+ }
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+ }