1) P. S. Pallas has no connection with Pallas Mountain, as he never visited it and knew nothing about it. 2) Pallas Mountain was discovered by Timur Zhalsarayn. 3) On July 14, 1983, the place was officially proclaimed a natural monument "Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains", until 2012 the mountain had the name "Watershed Mountain" or "Vodorazdelnaya". 4) T. U. Zhalsarayn never expressed his disagreement with the name of the natural monument "Vodorazdelnaya Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains", because he liked this name. 5) There was a renaming of Vodorazdelnaya Mountain into Pallas Mountain. 6) The renaming of Vodorazdelnaya Mountain violated the law of the Russian Federation. 7) The name "Pallas Mountain" was given at the suggestion of the "Community of Germans of the Zabaykalsky Krai". 8) The decision was made by the Zabaykalsky branch of the RGS without discussion of alternatives. 9) Scientists proposed to disparagingly name some neighboring mountains in the area of Pallas Mountain after T.U. Zhalsarain. 10) Velikiy Istok and Pallas Mountain are one and the same. 11) Geographers tried to erase the name of T. U. Zhalsarain in order to name the mountain after P. S. Pallas.

Pallas Mountain


The misconceptions and misrepresentations do not withstand scrutiny for accuracy.

Pallas Mountain


P. S. Pallas correctly described the confluence of the Yenisei, Lena, and Amur basins in the area where the town of Pallas is located. Pallas. But his merit is not only this: in his atlas there is a map of a part of the Tobolsk and Irkutsk governorates, which, in comparison with other maps of the 18th century, shows quite accurately the area in question to the west of Chita. Between Chita and the Ivan-Arakhley lake system, P. S. Pallas' scheme shows mountains, one of which can be associated with the Amur-Leno-Enisei watershed junction in accordance with modern ideas about its extent. The map of the area considered by P. S. Pallas is the basis of modern maps on which T.U. Zhalsarain understood the uniqueness of the Amur-Leno-Enisei junction. According to the map of P.S. Pallas and his description, the Amur-Leno-Enisei river basin confluence in the area of Chita was already known in the 18th century. Besides, P. S. Pallas described the influence of the Yablonoi Mountains on the nature on its different sides.

Pallas Mountain


At the time of the publication of the first article by T. U. Zhalsarain in 1977, the area under consideration was not a "terra incognita" and a "white spot" on topographic maps, since it is located near the regional center and air routes pass over it. In 1981 it was shown on the 1:100000 topographic map. So there was no need to discover the mountain. The search for the watershed was carried out by geographers and local historians of the Transbaikal Branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR in cooperation with Y.T. Rudenko and T.U. Zhalsarain. T.U. Zhalsarain himself did not visit the mountain, because at the time of its "discovery" he was already quite old. There was no need to discover the confluence of the Amur, Lena and Yenisey basins, it was already shown in 1967 on the map "River network density" in the "Atlas of Transbaikalia" on the terrain between Chita and Lake Arakhlei. It could only be a matter of specifying the characteristics of the junction and its position on the terrain in question. After several attempts, the mountain was "discovered" on the terrain by the local historian A.A. Shipitsyn and others — members of the Zabaykalsky branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR.

Pallas Mountain


On the proposal of the geographer and local historian Y.T. Rudenko, who actively participated in the search of the crossing, on July 14, 1983 by the Resolution of the Chita Oblast Committee ¹ 353 "On the recognition of state natural monuments on the territory of the Chita region" the official name of the complex natural monument "Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains" was approved. The official name of the complex natural monument "Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains" has been approved. The natural monument was named exactly "Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains", so T.U. Zhalsarain could not be satisfied or displeased with the distorted name of the natural monument "Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains".

Pallas Mountain


Until 2012, the mountain had no official name. Unofficially and conditionally until then it was called Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains, Watershed Mountain, since 1986 — Pallas Mountain, and provisionally since 2000 — Great Istok. In 2003 geographers were sure that the name Pallas Mountain was legitimized at the meeting of the Zabaikalsky Branch of the Russian Geographical Society in 1986. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation ¹ 903 of September 10, 2012. "On the Naming of Geographical Objects in the Zabaikalsky territory", the name of the mountain "Pallas" was assigned to a certain geographical object — an unnamed mountain peak. Thus, since that moment the main attraction of the complex natural landmark "Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains" has become a geographical object — the peak "Pallas Mountain".

Pallas Mountain


The name of the mountain was given for the first time. The mountain has no name in the real, not substituted, name of the natural monument. There was no renaming of the peak Pallas Mountain, so there was no violation of the law.

Pallas Mountain


The name "Pallas Mountain" was proposed by A.A. Shipitsyn, a local historian, a member of the Zabaikalsky branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR, on October 19, 1986 in the article "A drop in the sea" published by him in the newspaper "Komsomolets Zabaikalya". According to him, A. A. Shipitsyn suggested the name of the mountain only on his own initiative and without the influence of any "Community of Germans of the Zabaikalsky region".

Pallas Mountain


In the manuscript of Y. T. Rudenko's reply to the magazine "Zabaikalye" there is a statement that the decision on the name "Pallas Mountain" was made by the Zabaykaksky branch of the Russian Geographical Society in 1986, that is, immediately after the publication of A.A. Shipitsyn's article. According to A.A. Shipitsyn and V.S. Rachinsky, about 20 members of the Branch were present at the meeting. The specialists did not like the name options with the wording: "Watershed Mountain", etc., since there are countless watershed mountains on the Yablonoi Mountains.

Pallas Mountain


In 2008, the so-called "Scientific Council of the Museum of the Great World Watershed and the Velikiy Istok" and the head of this "museum" K. Shlyamov proposed to name the mountain (in the article — "place" and the point of planetary division of fresh water) "the Velikiy Istok", and the names of T. U. Zhalsarain and P. S. Pallas "some unnamed mountains near the point of planetary division of fresh water".

Pallas Mountain


Geographers did not support the name of the mountain Velikiy Istok because they did not understand what exactly the founder of Velikiy Istok K. Shlyamov meant by Velikiy Istok and they were sure that such a name would mislead people as if there were river springs on the mountain. In 2004, K. Shlyamov defined Velikiy Istok in the "Encyclopedia of the Zabaykalsky Krai" only as a guitar song studio, he did not mention T. U. Zhalsarain and the watershed mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains. In 2021, in the same article, he gives two mutually exclusive definitions of the Great Source — in the first case, he identifies the Great Source with the Great Watershed Point on the Earth's Great Watershed Line, as well as Watershed Mountain and Pallas Mountain. Elsewhere in the same article, with the statement "...the Great Source we do not call a mountain..." he denies that the Great Source is a mountain and defines it as a complex of three small headwaters into the three great rivers of the world. Based on the definition of the term "source", there is no watershed on Pallas Mountain from which the watercourses to the three great rivers of the world permanently flow, since it is known that the river source often corresponds to the place from which the bed of a permanent watercourse appears, or the place from which the permanent flow of water in the bed appears. There are no permanent streams or beds of permanent streams on Pallas Mountain.

Pallas Mountain


A lot of work on popularization of the heritage of T. U. Zhalsarain was done by geographers and first of all by Y. T. Rudenko. Y. T. Rudenko helped T. U. Zhalsarain to publish his first article, on his initiative he created the natural monument "Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains", as the first or the only author he published at least 16 publications mentioning T. U. Zhalsarain and describing his discovery. Y. T. Rudenko was known to the Transbaikal people as a very active popularizer of T. U. Zhalsarain's legacy on excursions to Pallas Mountain, in classes with students and in radio programs. In the "Encyclopedia of Transbaikalia" there is his article "Watershed Mountain. Mount Pallas" with mention of T. U. Zhalsarain. In March 2019, members of ZRO SBI "Russian Geographical Society" created a separate article on Wikipedia about T. U. Zhalsarain. In 2020 the daughter of T. U. Zhalsarain — N. A. Atutova published a book "An unadventurous story of a discovery" about her father and his legacy. Since 2011 conferences in memory of T. U. Zhalsarain have become a regular event in Aginskoye settlement.

Pallas Mountain


Eli Holstein (born October 26, 2004) is an American college football quarterback for the Virginia Cavaliers. He previously played for the Alabama Crimson Tide and Pittsburgh Panthers.

Eli Holstein


Holstein attended Zachary High School in Zachary, Louisiana. During his career, he passed for 7,014 yards with 62 touchdowns and rushed for 1,233 yards with 30 touchdowns. He committed to the University of Alabama to play college football.

Eli Holstein


Holstein redshirted his only season at Alabama in 2023. After the season, he entered the transfer portal and transferred to the University of Pittsburgh. In his first year at Pittsburgh in 2024, he beat out Nate Yarnell to earn the starting quarterback job. In his first career start he completed 30 of 40 passes for 336 yards and three touchdowns. He led Pitt to its first 7-0 start since 1982.

Eli Holstein


Alabama Crimson Tide bio

Eli Holstein


Pittsburgh Panthers bio

Eli Holstein


Virginia Cavaliers bio

Eli Holstein


Sven Olaf Bjarte Høiby (14 November 1936 – 21 March 2007) was the father of Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway. In his younger years he had briefly worked as a journalist with a local paper in his hometown of Kristiansand but was on welfare when he became known as the father of Mette-Marit; he had been convicted twice of assault. After his daughter married the Crown Prince, he became a national celebrity due to his years-long cooperation with the yellow press, especially Se og Hør, and his subsequent marriage to a stripper. He was accused of exploiting his daughter's relationship with the royal family and of selling articles about her and his grandson Marius Borg Høiby.

Sven O. Høiby


He and Mette-Marit's mother, Marit Tjessem, divorced in 1984. After the divorce, Mette-Marit grew up with her mother, stepfather, and siblings, while visiting her father regularly on weekends. She later revealed in an interview that her father also suffered from alcoholism, which she "had to hide" from her friends. Høiby worked for several years as a journalist in a local newspaper and as a small-scale advertiser and publisher in his hometown. By the time his daughter's relationship to the Crown Prince was publicly known, he had retired from working and was receiving a disability pension.

Sven O. Høiby


In his younger days, he had participated in athletics. Among others, he achieved a time of 58.0 seconds in the 400 metres hurdles in 1959. He represented the club Kristiansands IF.

Sven O. Høiby


Sven O. Høiby became controversial following his daughter's marriage to the Crown Prince. The national tabloids and especially the gossip magazine Se og Hør printed several stories where he gave interviews and was presented in less-than-flattering situations.

Sven O. Høiby


"En helt vanlig dag på jobben" ("Just another day at the office"), a book published by former Se og Hør journalist Håvard Melnæs, who knew Høiby personally, reveals that Høiby was being paid up to 400,000 Norwegian krone a year by the magazine to appear in articles, and for sharing private pictures and information about his daughter's childhood. The magazine even purchased a mobile phone for him (he couldn't afford one himself) and paid his phone bills as a bonus for his "services". In his book Melnæs reveals that as Høiby had financial problems, he could not afford to say "no" to any suggestions from Se og Hør. The magazine and other tabloids have been criticized for taking advantage of a man who seemed to have a less than sound judgment on what kind of articles to participate in.

Sven O. Høiby


During this period, Høiby made several outspoken comments, and he announced that he was writing a book about Mette-Marit's young son, Marius, her child from a previous relationship. The book never materialised, but the relationship between father and daughter had been strained by this, and Høiby giving information about her to the tabloids. Høiby further estranged himself from his daughter by marrying Renate Barsgård, a former stripper half his age. The couple divorced after three months. At their wedding, folk singer Sputnik was best man.

Sven O. Høiby


Reportedly, father and daughter had reconciled some time before his death and he was, among other events, invited to attend the baptism of his granddaughter, Princess Ingrid Alexandra, in 2004.

Sven O. Høiby


On 25 August 2006, Høiby told Se og Hør that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer. He died on 21 March 2007 at the age of 70. Høiby was buried at Kristiansand Cemetery together with his parents.

Sven O. Høiby


Nola Isabel Constance Barber OBE (27 December 1901 – 29 December 1985) was an Australian mayor and community worker.

Nola Barber


Born at Woodend in Victoria to estate agent William Oswald Griffiths and Elizabeth, née Dick, Nola was educated in Melbourne and graduated from the College of Domestic Economy, after which she was a teacher in Melbourne and Geelong. After studying part-time at the University of Melbourne from 1926 to 1939, she gave up teaching in 1940. On 12 March 1940 she married law clerk David Reaburn Barber, and the couple settled at Aspendale.

Nola Barber


Barber was elected to Chelsea City Council in 1948, serving until 1957 and again from 1960 to 1975. She was mayor from 1962 to 1963, the first woman to hold that position. A left-leaning councillor, she campaigned for a trained social worker for the area, the establishment of Meals on Wheels, kindergartens, a local library, a sewerage authority, a spastic centre and elderly citizens' club. She was also a strong supporter of increased federal funding for schools and attended the National Education Congress in 1963.

Nola Barber


Barber was active in the local community as president of the Aspendale Technical School council, executive member of the Technical Schools Association of Victoria and member of the Aspendale Elderly Citizens' Club, Chelsea Citizens Advice Bureau, Chelsea Community Health Centre, City of Chelsea Historical Society Girl Guides' Association, Chelsea Benevolent Society, Australian Red Cross Society and the Victorian Baby Health Centres Association. A swimming teacher, she was awarded the recognition badge of the Royal Life Saving Society in 1963 and the community services award of the Rotary Club of Aspendale in 1977. Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1970, she was included on the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001 and has a kindergarten in Aspendale named after her.

Nola Barber


Barber co-founded the Australian Local Government Women's Association in 1951 and joined the Australian Labor Party in 1955, visiting China and Japan as a delegate in 1958. She ran unsuccessfully as a Labor candidate for the federal seat of Flinders in 1958 and 1963 and the state seat of Mentone in 1961 and 1967. She served on the 1959 peace congress committee in Melbourne and was a member of the Australian and New Zealand Congress for International Co-operation and Disarmament, the United Nations Association of Australia (Victoria), the Union of Australian Women and the Aborigines Advancement League (Victoria). Founding president of the Save Our Sons organisation, an anti-conscriptionist movement, in 1965, Barber was also a trained violinist. She died at Colac in 1985 and was cremated.

Nola Barber


The United Reformed Church (formerly known as the village's Congregationalist Church) is a now redundant Christian church that operated under the United Reformed denomination in the small Nottinghamshire village of Burton Joyce. It was founded by a generous endowment made by local yarn and cotton tradesman Samuel Milne in 1896, and closed as a formal place of worship in 2015.

United Reformed Church, Burton Joyce


The church was founded as a Congregationalist Chapel in 1896 using money endowed by successful local tradesman Samuel Milne. He had initially made his fortune from the wool and cotton industry, using both the villages of Bulcote and Burton Joyce's vast acreage of arable lands to graze sheep and grow cotton crop. His success was eventually recognized on being granted membership of the Royal Society of Arts in 1873; where he is noted to have attended meetings with Admiral Lord Clarence Paget, who accepted his membership personally.

United Reformed Church, Burton Joyce


=== Bibliography ===

United Reformed Church, Burton Joyce


A bubble is a globule of a gas substance in a liquid. In the opposite case, a globule of a liquid in a gas, is called a drop.

Bubble (physics)


Due to the Marangoni effect, bubbles may remain intact when they reach the surface of the immersive substance.

Bubble (physics)


Bubbles are seen in many places in everyday life, for example:

Bubble (physics)


As spontaneous nucleation of supersaturated carbon dioxide in soft drinks

Bubble (physics)


As vapor in boiling water

Bubble (physics)


As air mixed into agitated water, such as below a waterfall

Bubble (physics)


As given off in chemical reactions, e.g., baking soda + vinegar

Bubble (physics)


As a gas trapped in glass during its manufacture

Bubble (physics)


As the indicator in a spirit level

Bubble (physics)


Physics and chemistry

Bubble (physics)


Bubbles form and coalesce into globular shapes because those shapes are at a lower energy state. For the physics and chemistry behind it, see nucleation.

Bubble (physics)


Bubbles are visible because they have a different refractive index (RI) than the surrounding substance. For example, the RI of air is approximately 1.0003 and the RI of water is approximately 1.333. Snell's Law describes how electromagnetic waves change direction at the interface between two mediums with different RI; thus bubbles can be identified from the accompanying refraction and internal reflection even though both the immersed and immersing mediums are transparent.

Bubble (physics)


The above explanation only holds for bubbles of one medium submerged in another medium (e.g. bubbles of gas in a soft drink); the volume of a membrane bubble (e.g. soap bubble) will not distort light very much, and one can only see a membrane bubble due to thin-film diffraction and reflection.

Bubble (physics)


Nucleation can be intentionally induced, for example, to create a bubblegram in a solid.

Bubble (physics)


In medical ultrasound imaging, small, encapsulated bubbles called contrast agent are used to enhance the contrast.

Bubble (physics)


In thermal inkjet printing, vapor bubbles are used as actuators. They are occasionally used in other microfluidics applications as actuators.

Bubble (physics)


The violent collapse of bubbles (cavitation) near solid surfaces and the resulting impinging jet constitute the mechanism used in ultrasonic cleaning. The same effect, but on a larger scale, is used in focused energy weapons such as the bazooka and the torpedo. Pistol shrimp also uses a collapsing cavitation bubble as a weapon. The same effect is used to treat kidney stones in a lithotripter. Marine mammals such as dolphins and whales use bubbles for entertainment or as hunting tools. Aerators cause the dissolution of gas in the liquid by injecting bubbles.

Bubble (physics)


Bubbles are used by chemical and metallurgical engineers in processes such as distillation, absorption, flotation and spray drying. The complex processes involved often require consideration for mass and heat transfer and are modeled using fluid dynamics.

Bubble (physics)


The star-nosed mole and the American water shrew can smell underwater by rapidly breathing through their nostrils and creating a bubble.

Bubble (physics)


Research on the origin of life on Earth suggests that bubbles may have played an integral role in confining and concentrating precursor molecules for life, a function currently performed by cell membranes.

Bubble (physics)


Bubble lasers use bubbles as the optical resonator. They can be used as highly sensitive pressure sensors.

Bubble (physics)


When bubbles are disturbed (for example when a gas bubble is injected underwater), the wall oscillates. Although it is often visually masked by much larger deformations in shape, a component of the oscillation changes the bubble volume (i.e. it is pulsation) which, in the absence of an externally-imposed sound field, occurs at the bubble's natural frequency. The pulsation is the most important component of the oscillation, acoustically, because by changing the gas volume, it changes its pressure, and leads to the emission of sound at the bubble's natural frequency. For air bubbles in water, large bubbles (negligible surface tension and thermal conductivity) undergo adiabatic pulsations, which means that no heat is transferred either from the liquid to the gas or vice versa. The natural frequency of such bubbles is determined by the equation:

Bubble (physics)


{\displaystyle f_{0}={1 \over 2\pi R_{0}}{\sqrt {3\gamma p_{0} \over \rho }}}

Bubble (physics)


{\displaystyle \gamma }

Bubble (physics)


is the specific heat ratio of the gas

Bubble (physics)


{\displaystyle R_{0}}

Bubble (physics)


is the steady state radius

Bubble (physics)


{\displaystyle p_{0}}

Bubble (physics)


is the steady state pressure

Bubble (physics)


{\displaystyle \rho }

Bubble (physics)


is the mass density of the surrounding liquid

Bubble (physics)


For air bubbles in water, smaller bubbles undergo isothermal pulsations.  The corresponding equation for small bubbles of surface tension σ (and negligible liquid viscosity) is

Bubble (physics)


{\displaystyle f_{0}={1 \over 2\pi R_{0}}{\sqrt {{3p_{0} \over \rho }+{4\sigma  \over \rho R_{0}}}}}

Bubble (physics)


Excited bubbles trapped underwater are the major source of liquid sounds, such as inside our knuckles during knuckle cracking, and when a rain droplet impacts a surface of water.

Bubble (physics)


Physiology and medicine

Bubble (physics)


Injury by bubble formation and growth in body tissues is the mechanism of decompression sickness, which occurs when supersaturated dissolved inert gases leave the solution as bubbles during decompression. The damage can be due to mechanical deformation of tissues due to bubble growth in situ, or by blocking blood vessels where the bubble has lodged.

Bubble (physics)


Arterial gas embolism can occur when a gas bubble is introduced to the circulatory system and lodges in a blood vessel that is too small for it to pass through under the available pressure difference. This can occur as a result of decompression after hyperbaric exposure, a lung overexpansion injury, during intravenous fluid administration, or during surgery.

Bubble (physics)


Foods containing bubbles includes bread, cakes, cereals and chocolate, and drinks including beer, champagne, mineral water and soft drinks, as well as more experimental applications in foams as made by chefs.

Bubble (physics)


Antibubble – Droplet of liquid surrounded by a thin film of gas

Bubble (physics)


Bubble fusion – Nuclear fusion reaction

Bubble (physics)


Bubble sensor – Device to detect bubbles in liquid-filled tubes

Bubble (physics)


Foam – Form of matter

Bubble (physics)


Minnaert resonance – Sound of a drop of water falling into water

Bubble (physics)


Nanobubble – Sub-micrometer gas-containing cavity, or bubble, in aqueous solutions

Bubble (physics)


Sonoluminescence – Luminescence induced by sound waves

Bubble (physics)


Underwater acoustics – Study of the propagation of sound in water

Bubble (physics)


Pugh, RJ; Hamlett, CAE; Fairhurst, DJ (April 2023). "A short overview of bubbles in foods and chocolate". Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 314 102835. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2023.102835. PMID 36958180.

Bubble (physics)


Nikki Cleary is a self-titled album by Nikki Cleary released in 2003.

Nikki Cleary (album)


The song "Summertime Guys" was featured in the episode "The Golden Years" of Kim Possible in 2003, and was a track on the Kim Possible soundtrack.  It was also featured in the film Aquamarine.

Nikki Cleary (album)


The song "1-2-3" was featured in the film Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen, the Lizzie McGuire: Total Party! album and on the second volume of the 2003 Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards promotional albums.

Nikki Cleary (album)


High-Dollar Gospel is the seventh album by Virginia-based blues rock artist, Eli Cook. It was released on August 18, 2017.

High-Dollar Gospel


The album consists of mostly acoustic, original songs and revamped covers of Muddy Waters and Bob Dylan. At the time of release, Cook stated this album contained the most "authenticity" in his songwriting to date.

High-Dollar Gospel


The ironic nature of the title was inspired by a spiritual "loss of direction" that Cook noticed in American youth.

High-Dollar Gospel


Critical response has been highly positive. Scott Bampton of Rock & Blues Muse noted that Eli had marked a "new blues territory" with the album's release. Shane Handler of Glide Magazine stated that High-Dollar Gospel proves that "Eli can play with the best." Blues Festival Guide complimented the energy of the album, stating that the record "preaches a high voltage bolt to your ears and shakes you loose."

High-Dollar Gospel


Eli Cook – Vocals, Guitar, Mandolin

High-Dollar Gospel


Peter Spaar – Upright Bass

High-Dollar Gospel


Nathan Brown – Drums

High-Dollar Gospel


All songs written by Eli Cook, except where noted.

High-Dollar Gospel


"The Devil Finds Work"

High-Dollar Gospel


Fox Interactive was an American video game publisher based in Los Angeles, California that was active from May 1994 to 2006. The company published games based on 20th Century Fox properties such as The Simpsons and Die Hard, yet also published several original titles, such as Croc: Legend of the Gobbos and The Operative: No One Lives Forever.

Fox Interactive


News Corporation (1994–2003)

Fox Interactive


Fox Interactive was formed in May 1994, and was led by former Time Warner Interactive executive Ted Hoff. The first two games published by the new division were The Tick, based on the Fox Kids cartoon series of the same name, and The Pagemaster, based on the film of the same name.

Fox Interactive


On January 5, 1996, the company announced the release of Die Hard Trilogy for an August–September 1996 release window. On March 21, 1996, Fox Interactive signed a deal with Electronic Arts (EA) for distribution of their titles outside North America. The company would attend their first Electronic Entertainment Expo in 1996, and announced six mainstream titles during the event: The Simpsons Cartoon Studio, The Simpsons: Virtual Springfield and The X-Files for Windows and Macintosh, Aliens Versus Predator and Independence Day for PlayStation, Sega Saturn and Windows, and The Tick for PlayStation and Sega Saturn, alongside the already announced Die Hard Trilogy. The company also announced the launch of the Fox Toons Interactive label, consisting of educational games for Windows and Macintosh based on licensed properties, with the first five titles: Baby Felix, Hello Kitty Big Fun, Eekstravaganza,  The Tick and Keroppi being released within a Fall release window. In November 1996, the company announced the release of a CD-ROM based on Romeo + Juliet for December.

Fox Interactive


In February 1997, the company announced a video game based on Alien Resurrection for the PlayStation, Sega Saturn and PC, and two CD-ROM tie-in titles - The X-Files: Data Files, and Anastasia, based on the 1997 movie. In the same month, the company announced major marketing plans for Independence Day before the game's release on March 11 in the United States, including a multi-million dollar ad campaign. In April, the Fox Toons Interactive division announced the release of four more titles: Baby Felix Creativity Center, Hello Kitty Creativity Center, Danny and the Dinosaur and Frog and Toad are Friends, the latter two based on children's books. In May, Fox Interactive announced the acquisition of the publishing rights to Argonaut Software's Croc: Legend of the Gobbos, and announced to showcase it at E3 1997. During E3 in June, in addition to the previously announced titles, the Aliens Versus Predator title was announced for an Early 1998 release. The only newly announced title at E3 that year for the publisher was Aliens Online, developed by then-fellow News Corporation subsidiary Kesmai. On December 15, 1997, Fox Interactive formed a joint-venture with News Corporation's Fox Sports division and formed Fox Sports Interactive, which would be used to publish sports titles for consoles and computers. The company signed a long-term North American development agreement with Gremlin Interactive to re-name and publish some of the latter's Actua Sports titles for the North American market.

Fox Interactive


On April 15, 1998, the company announced to publish Gremlin's N20: Nitrous Oxide for the US market for a June 1998 release. The first two republished Actua Sports titles were also announced for the same release window - Fox Sports Soccer '99 and Fox Sports Golf '99. During E3 1998, the company acquired the rights to two more Gremlin titles - Team Losi: RC Racer and Motorhead, as well as also announcing Croc 2 for PlayStation and Windows, and Virtual K'Nex for CD-ROM. Other titles showcased included Aliens Versus Predator and several Fox Sports titles. In August, the company announced the CD-ROM title James Cameron's Titanic Explorer, based on the film of the same name. In November 1998, the company delayed the releases of Alien Resurrection and Croc 2 to Mid-1999.

Fox Interactive


In May 1999, during E3, the company announced Activision as the exclusive worldwide distributor of Fox Sports Interactive titles in Europe, Asia and Africa, excluding Japan. Fox would continue to distribute and publish the titles in North America and Japan, and would not affect EA's existing worldwide distribution deal with Fox's non-Sports titles. During the event, the company announced Die Hard Trilogy 2 and a video game based on Planet of the Apes., in addition to Croc 2 and Fox Sports Interactive title Fox Sports Pro Baseball 2000 . In July, a Game Boy Color version of Croc was announced for a Winter 1999 release window. In August 1999, the company was announced to be publishing two titles from Monolith Productions: Sanity: Aiken's Artifact, and The Operative: No One Lives Forever. On the same day, the company announced plans to release games for the PlayStation 2. In September 1999, the company announced to support the Dreamcast, announcing versions of Croc 2 and Planet of the Apes for the system, and a game based on World's Scariest Police Chases tentatively titled World's Scariest Police Chases: Deadly Pursuit.

Fox Interactive


On March 16, 2000, it was announced that THQ would publish the Game Boy Color version of Croc under license from Fox. In April, the company's Dreamcast games would be released at the end of 2000. and within the same month announced a full worldwide publishing deal with THQ for the company's Game Boy Color titles, with the additions of games based on The Simpsons, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Aliens and Croc 2 in addition to the already announced Croc title. At E3 2000, in addition to several previously announced titles, the company announced Buffy the Vampire Slayer and World's Scariest Police Chases for the PlayStation, Dreamcast and Windows, and The Simpsons Wrestling and Titan AE for PlayStation. Dreamcast ports of Alien Resurrection and Sanity: Aiken's Artifact were announced, alongside the company's first PlayStation 2 projects, a port of The Operative: No One Lives Forever and Aliens: Colonial Marines. In July 2000, the company announced a sequel to Aliens Versus Predator as part of their deal with Monolith Productions. In August 2000, the company announced that the Dreamcast port of Croc 2 would be cancelled. In the same month, Unique Development Studios signed a deal to co-publish and develop a Futurama title with Fox for a 2002 release. In November 2000, the company announced a King of the Hill game that was released for Windows and Macintosh.

Fox Interactive


In January 2001, Fox Interactive announced they would start to focus more on development and would begin to co-publish their titles with a selection of well-known companies from then-on. Activision became the first of these publishing partners, acquiring US rights to The Simpsons Wrestling on March 13, and worldwide rights to World's Scariest Police Chases on April 20. The company also announced a reevaluation of their Dreamcast titles following Sega's announcement to discontinue the system., Eventually, the company canceled the Dreamcast versions of Alien Resurrection and World's Scariest Police Chases, and left Planet of the Apes and Buffy the Vampire Slayer in limbo. In April 2001, the company announced their plans for the Xbox, including a game based on Cops titled The Cops: Too Hot for TV, and a racing game based on The Simpsons. The already-announced Buffy the Vampire Slayer title was moved to the system as an exclusive, leaving the existing PlayStation and Dreamcast versions scrapped. During E3 2001, Fox Interactive announced four titles: The Simpsons: Road Rage, Die Hard: Nakatomi Plaza, Die Hard: Vendetta and No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy in H.A.R.M.'s Way, in addition to the previously announced Aliens: Colonial Marines, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Cops: Too Hot for TV and the PlayStation 2 port of The Operative: No One Lives Forever. During E3 2001 the company announced that EA would publish the Aliens, The Simpsons and Buffy titles, in addition to Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing publishing the Die Hard, Cops and the No One Lives Forever titles, which was announced a week prior to E3. In August 2001, the company and DreamWorks SKG's consumer products division signed a 5-year publishing deal with Activision for the publication on games based on Minority Report.

Fox Interactive


At E3 2002, the company showcased three existing titles: No One Lives Forever 2, Die Hard: Vendetta and Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and announced two new titles: The Simpsons Skateboarding and a game based on the Dark Angel television series. In July 2002, the company signed another publishing deal with THQ to include Game Boy Advance titles, with a Buffy the Vampire Slayer title and a port of The Simpsons: Road Rage confirmed to be in development.

Fox Interactive


Vivendi Universal Games (2003–2006)

Fox Interactive


In March 2003, 20th Century Fox sold Fox Interactive to Vivendi Universal Games for an undisclosed amount. After being purchased, the name was reduced to solely being a label for 20th Century Fox games published by Vivendi Universal Games. The label would be phased out by 2006, although Vivendi Universal continued to publish titles based on 20th Century Fox properties, with such examples including Eragon, and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem. 20th Century Fox would later partner with other publishers to create games based on their properties, something which continues on to this day.

Fox Interactive


Most of Fox Interactive's game library was copyrighted to 20th Century Fox and therefore is currently owned by The Walt Disney Company.

Fox Interactive


As a publisher/licensor

Fox Interactive


As a label of VU Games

Fox Interactive


Fox Interactive official website

Fox Interactive


Fox Interactive at MobyGames

Fox Interactive


Kirksville Regional Airport (IATA: IRK, ICAO: KIRK, FAA LID: IRK) is a city-owned public-use airport located four miles south of Kirksville, Missouri, on the west side of U.S. Highway 63. It serves both commercial flights and general aviation.  One airline provides scheduled passenger flights, subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.

Kirksville Regional Airport


Contour Airlines serves Kirksville with 12 weekly flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport using CRJ100/200 and Embraer 135/145 regional jets.  Contour began its Kirksville service on August 1, 2023, and offers either one or two round trips each day between Kirksville and Chicago.  Contour has interline agreements with American Airlines, United Airlines, JetBlue, and Alaska Airlines, which facilitate passenger bookings and connections on itineraries that include flights operated by those carriers.

Kirksville Regional Airport


According to the Federal Aviation Administration, the airport had 5,611 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2024, an increase of 31% from 2023 when there were 4,281 enplanements.  The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2025-2029 categorized it as a regional facility with non-primary commercial service (between 2,500 and 10,000 enplanements per year).

Kirksville Regional Airport


A groundbreaking ceremony was held on March 17, 2025, to mark the start of construction of a new 6,500 square foot terminal at Kirksville, which will provide nearly twice as much passenger service area as the current building.  Completion of the project is planned for July 2026.

Kirksville Regional Airport


In 1924, Roy B. "Cap" Dodson started the first airport in the area, located on the north edge of Kirksville. However, an airfield at the present location of Kirksville Regional Airport wasn't created until 1930 when the federal government built "Intermediate Field, Site 12" on the Kansas City-Chicago airway as one of a series of emergency landing strips across the nation.

Kirksville Regional Airport


With America's entry into World War II, the Kirksville Municipal Airport (as it had been declared in the late 1930s) received a major upgrade from the Civilian Pilot Training Program, later renamed the War Training Service. In 1942 a paved all-weather landing strip, hangars, a tower, and a small restaurant were built.

Kirksville Regional Airport


On October 1, 1960, Ozark Air Lines began scheduled flights to Kirksville. The initial Ozark route flew between Kansas City and Chicago with stops in Kirksville, Ottumwa and Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Moline, Ill. Later in the 1960s, Ozark switched Kirksville service from a Kansas City-Chicago route to a Des Moines-to-St. Louis one.

Kirksville Regional Airport


Airport improvements came after a bond issue was approved by Kirksville voters in November 1967. A new six-thousand-foot concrete runway was built, as well as a new terminal building and improved hangar facilities. With the airport improvements came a new name, Clarence Cannon Memorial Airport—chosen to honor long-time U.S. Congressman Clarence Cannon of Missouri who had done much to help secure air service and funding for the airport. That name was retained until the Kirksville Regional name was adopted in 1984, and the terminal building was named after Rep. Cannon.

Kirksville Regional Airport


Ozark flew its final route to Kirksville on April 23, 1976. Fortunately a local pilot and dentist, Dr. Stephen Barber, had established a small commuter air service, Horizon Airways, in 1972. Horizon was able to help fill the void left by Ozark's departure, eventually expanding by 1976 to offer service to both Kansas City and St. Louis, and changing its name to Air Missouri.

Kirksville Regional Airport


From 1978 to 1987, Kirksville was served by Green Hills Aviation with commuter flights to St. Louis.  From 1987 through December 1989, Midcontinent Airlines flew to Kansas City as Braniff Express on behalf of Braniff (1983-1990).  Kirksville then went without commercial service during 1990 until Redwing Airways began commuter flights to Kansas City, which continued until October 2001.

Kirksville Regional Airport


From 2001 through 2006 Corporate Airlines, which later became RegionsAir, provided flights to St. Louis. The carrier first operated as Trans World Express on behalf of TWA, then as American Connection on behalf of American Airlines.

Kirksville Regional Airport


Air Midwest (operating as US Airways Express), a subsidiary of Mesa Air Group, provided flights to Kansas City from November 2006 through May 2008.  Kirksville went without service until July 2008, when Air Choice One began scheduled flight operations twice daily, to and from St. Louis.

Kirksville Regional Airport


In September 2010, Cape Air replaced Air Choice One with service to St. Louis that continued until 2023, providing three daily round trips. In October 2022, Cape Air notified Kirksville of its plans to terminate service unless its contract was renegotiated.  However, the airline was still required to continue its flights until the city selected a replacement.

Kirksville Regional Airport


The Kirksville City Council approved a contract on February 6, 2023, with Contour Airlines, with 12 flights per week to Chicago O'Hare International Airport using regional jet aircraft. This is the first scheduled jet service to Kirksville.

Kirksville Regional Airport


Scheduled operations are currently subsidized by the federal Essential Air Service program.

Kirksville Regional Airport


The airport covers 476 acres (193 ha) at an elevation of 966 feet (294 m). It has two runways: 18/36 is 6,005 by 100 feet (1,830 x 30 m) concrete; 9/27 is 1,370 by 100 feet (418 x 30 m) turf.  An instrument landing system (ILS) was installed for Runway 36 in 2007.

Kirksville Regional Airport


In the year ending April 30, 2023, the airport had 5,888 aircraft operations, average 113 per week: 50% general aviation, 37% airline, 12% air taxi, and <1% military. 20 aircraft were then based at the airport: 17 single-engine, 2 multi-engine, and 1 jet.

Kirksville Regional Airport


Airline and destination

Kirksville Regional Airport


Total Passengers (Arriving and Departing)  -  11,480 (2024).

Kirksville Regional Airport


On February 24, 1967, two people were killed when a Mooney M20B Mark 21 crashed about 7 miles west of the airport. The National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the plane went into a spin for undetermined reasons shortly after taking off, and the pilot was unable to recover control.

Kirksville Regional Airport


On August 3, 1981, four people were killed when a Piper PA-28 Warrior crashed shortly after midnight about a quarter mile south of the airport. The plane had taken off in dense fog after the airport had closed for the evening.  The NTSB concluded that the pilot experienced spatial disorientation after initiating the flight in adverse weather conditions.

Kirksville Regional Airport


On October 19, 2004, Corporate Airlines Flight 5966, a BAe Jetstream 32 turboprop, crashed on approach to Kirksville. Thirteen individuals died and two sustained injuries. The NTSB determined pilot error to be the cause of the accident.

Kirksville Regional Airport


On May 12, 2005, a Midwest Airlines Boeing 717 en route from Kansas City to Washington, D.C., safely made an emergency landing at Kirksville after icing caused unreliable airspeed indications and a subsequent pilot-induced loss of control. To date it is the largest aircraft to have landed at Kirksville.

Kirksville Regional Airport


On November 5, 2013, two people were killed when a Piper PA-32R-301 Saratoga crashed on approach to Kirksville. The plane went down about 3 miles northeast of the runway, shortly after a radio message in which the pilot reported no difficulties. The NTSB determined that the pilot lost control due to spatial disorientation.

Kirksville Regional Airport


The emergency landing strip at the Kirksville airport's future site also played an indirect role in a 1935 crash that impacted U.S. aviation history.  On May 6, 1935, TWA Flight 6, a Douglas DC-2, crashed near Barnesville, Mo., while trying to reach the emergency strip.  The crash killed five of the 13 people on board, including U.S. Sen. Bronson M. Cutting of New Mexico.  His death led Congress to examine the management of U.S. civil aviation under the Bureau of Air Commerce – a political battle that led to the establishment in 1938 of the Civil Aeronautics Authority, a predecessor of the FAA.

Kirksville Regional Airport


List of airports in Missouri

Kirksville Regional Airport


Kirksville Regional Airport Archived 2020-09-20 at the Wayback Machine at City of Kirksville website

Kirksville Regional Airport


Aerial image as of April 1995 from USGS The National Map

Kirksville Regional Airport


FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective March 19, 2026

Kirksville Regional Airport


FAA Terminal Procedures for IRK, effective March 19, 2026

Kirksville Regional Airport


Resources for this airport:

Kirksville Regional Airport


FAA airport information for IRK

Kirksville Regional Airport


AirNav airport information for KIRK

Kirksville Regional Airport


ASN accident history for IRK

Kirksville Regional Airport


FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker

Kirksville Regional Airport


NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days

Kirksville Regional Airport


SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures

Kirksville Regional Airport


Macromia flavicincta is a species of dragonfly in the family Macromiidae. It is an endemic dragonfly in India.

Macromia flavicincta


It is a medium sized dragonfly with emerald-green eyes. Its thorax is dark brown with a blue metallic reflex, marked with citron-yellow. There is a rather broad humeral stripe, an oblique lateral stripe on mesepimeron, and a narrow stripe on the posterior border of metepimeron. Abdomen is black, ringed with citron-yellow. Segment 2 has its basal half yellow. Segments

Macromia flavicincta


3 to 6 have the whole space from jugal suture to base of segment yellow. But the extreme basal area is reddish-brown, cutting into the yellow annule dorsally. Segment 7 has a broad ring covering more than the basal half. Segment 8 has a similar ring covering rather less than the basal half. Segment 9 has a small baso-lateral transverse spot. Segment 10 is unmarked. Anal appendages are ochreous.

Macromia flavicincta


This species can be distinguished from other Macromia by its very broad abdominal yellow annules, entirely yellow labium, and by the black T-shaped mark on the frons.

Macromia flavicincta


List of odonates of India

Macromia flavicincta


List of odonata of Kerala

Macromia flavicincta


Data related to Macromia flavicincta at Wikispecies

Macromia flavicincta


Media related to Macromia flavicincta at Wikimedia Commons

Macromia flavicincta


Thunderbirds is a 1952 war film directed by John H. Auer and starring John Derek, John Drew Barrymore, Mona Freeman, Gene Evans, Eileen Christy and Ward Bond. It features the exploits of the 45th Infantry Division in the Italian campaign of World War II. The film was made by Republic Pictures with sequences filmed at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Close friends Gil Hackett and Tom McCreery both love and leave the same girl, Mary Caldwell, after they are called up to the Oklahoma National Guard and then on to the Army for wartime duty in 1940.

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


A tough, stoic sergeant named Logan keeps an eye on them as the unit ships out to North Africa following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Tom speaks of his father John, who supposedly died a hero's death in the First World War, but Keith Watson, another soldier, claims he's heard that Tom's father was disgraced and dishonorably discharged.

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Mary reveals that Tom is the one she loves. Gil finds solace in meeting Lt. Ellen Henderson, an army nurse. The fighting continues in Sicily and when Tom ends up missing, Logan will not permit a search. Logan later heroically reports a movement of German tanks just before being shot.

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


With the invasion of Southern France at hand, it is learned that Logan had been court-martialed during World War I for authorizing a search party that led to the death of more soldiers. He reenlisted under a false name to prove himself again, particularly to Tom, who is actually his son.

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


John Derek as Lt. Gil Hacket

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


John Barrymore Jr. as Pvt. Tom McCreery

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Mona Freeman as Lt. Ellen Henderson

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Gene Evans as Sgt. Mike Braggart

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Eileen Christy as Mary Caldwell

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Ward Bond as Lt. John McCreery (Sgt. Logan)

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Barton MacLane as Sgt. Durkee

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Wally Cassell as Pfc. Sam Jacobs

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Ben Cooper  as Calvin Jones

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Robert Neil as Keith Watson

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Slim Pickens as Pvt. Wes Shelby

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Armando Silvestre as Cpl. Ralph Mogay

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Norman Budd as Pvt. Lou Radtke

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Mae Clarke as Mrs. Jones

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Sammy McKim as Cpl. Ray Hanford (as Sam McKim)

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Allene Roberts as Margie Hanford

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Richard Simmons as Capt. Norton

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Walter Reed as Lt. Hammond

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Suzanne Dalbert as Marie Etienne

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Barbara Pepper as Mrs. Louise Braggart

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Pepe Hern as Pvt. Jim Lastchance

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Victor Millan as Pvt. Joe Lastchance

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


FilmInk wrote "This film set the template for many of Derek’s subsequent war movies: a story about two friends in love with the same girl who deal with a crusty old timer and lots of stock footage. It’s really dull."

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Thunderbirds at IMDb

Thunderbirds (1952 film)


Trichosporon asteroides is an asexual basidiomycetous fungus first described from human skin but now mainly isolated from blood and urine. T. asteroides is a hyphal fungus with a characteristically yeast-like appearance due to the presence of slimy arthroconidia. Infections by this species usually respond to treatment with azoles and amphotericin B.

Trichosporon asteroides


History and taxonomy

Trichosporon asteroides


Trichosporon asteroides was isolated from lesion of male chin skin by Rinchin in Bern in 1926 and named in the genus, Parendomyces. T. asteroides was later reevaluated by Masao Ota and transferred to the genus Trichosporon as T. asteroides. Ota noted that its hyphae were more sparsely branched than other species in Trichosporon, and it lacked the ability to ferment glucose, maltose, sucrose and fructose. Molecular phylogenetic study has since supported the placement of T. asteroides in the genus Trichsporon. T. asteroides was determined to be conspecific with Fissuricella filamenta on the basis of DNA/DNA reassociation. Modern classifications support the placement of this species within the order Trichosporonales.

Trichosporon asteroides


Growth and morphology

Trichosporon asteroides


Trichosporon asteroides grows in a range of media including in the presence of the antifungal agent, cycloheximide. Colonies of T. asteroides grown on Sabouraud agar appear white with a brain-like texture, reaching a diameter of 10 mm after 10 days growth at 25 °C (77 °F). Colonies have a radially furrowed outer zone and matt appearance that is not powdery like the related species, T. asahii. Antibodies produced by infected patients can also be used to differentiate T. asahii and T. asteroides in disease. Weak growth is seen at 37 °C (99 °F) but is absent at higher temperatures. T. asteroides can be distinguished from related Trichosporon species by its ability to utilize D-galactose, L-rhamnose, erythritol and L-arabinitol.

Trichosporon asteroides


Physiology and pathogenesis

Trichosporon asteroides


Trichosporon asteroides does not ferment glucose, maltose, sucrose or fructose, a feature common to all Trichosporon species. T. asteroides causes trichosporonosis, causing deep-seated, mucosa-associated, superficial, and systematic infections including blood. This species is one of the three most common Trichosporon species isolated in clinical settings. The fungus is sometimes recovered from specimens of blood, urine, and aspiration fluid, vaginal mucosa, male perigenital skin area, and catheters. The first record of this agent in a systemic infection involved a bloodstream infection. Main types of latent infection include fungemia, urinary tract infections, peritonitis, endocarditis, arthritis, esophagitis, meningitis, brain abscess, splenic abscess, and uterine infections. Allergies and systemic infections can also be caused by this fungus particularly in immunosuppressed people. Recently, T. asteroides was implicated in a case of kerion celsi, a rare, highly inflammatory scalp infection seen mainly in children.

Trichosporon asteroides


This fungus is rarely encountered in zoonotic infections and has never been shown to cause disease in insects. However, T. asteroides was isolated from multifocal, irregularly raised skin lesions on a female bottle-nosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, in Japan. In the absence of cultures and molecular biological analysis, the agent was initially suspected to be Paracoccidioides ceti, a worldwide causative agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis in dolphins.

Trichosporon asteroides


Azole antifungals are often used as a front-line therapy in trichosporonosis. Resistance to amphotericin, flucytosine, fluconazole, and itraconazole have been described. Echinocandins, as a group, are ineffective against Trichosporon species. Triazoles show better in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity than amphotericin B, while voriconazole also has excellent in vitro activity against Trichosporon asteroides. Combination therapy regimens such as voriconazole and amphotericin B are also effective in serious infections. Fluconazole has been used successfully in subcutaneous and deep infections.

Trichosporon asteroides


Loivre (French pronunciation: [lwavʁ]) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. Loivre station has rail connections to Reims and Laon.

Loivre


The commune is governed by the Mayor and a Municipal Council composed of fourteen members.

Loivre


Intercommunal governance

Loivre


Since 1 January 2017, the commune has been part of the Communauté urbaine du Grand Reims, which provides integrated communal services to both Reims and the surrounding area. Prior to 2017, the commune was part of the Communauté de communes de la Colline from 23 December 1994 until 1 January 2014, and the Communauté de communes du Nord Champenois between 2014 and 2017.

Loivre


Communes of the Marne department

Loivre


The Siege of Isfahan (1387) was part of Timur’s Persian campaigns. Timur captured the city from the Muzaffarid dynasty, resulting in heavy casualties and its incorporation into the Timurid Empire.

Siege of Isfahan (1387)


To annex the Muzaffarid kingdom, Timur would have to capture its two main cities: Isfahan and Shiraz. In 1387, when Timur arrived with his army at Isfahan, it immediately surrendered, and he treated it with relative mercy, as he normally did with cities that surrendered.

Siege of Isfahan (1387)


Soon after, Isfahan revolted against Timur’s taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of his soldiers. Timur laid siege to the city and recaptured it with little effort.

Siege of Isfahan (1387)


Massacre of citizens

Siege of Isfahan (1387)


After restoring his control over the city, he ordered the massacre of the citizens who had resisted; the death toll has been estimated between 70,000 – 200,000.

Siege of Isfahan (1387)


An eyewitness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a “systematic use of terror against towns…an integral element of Tamerlane’s strategic method,” which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective, sparing those who were artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Iranian conqueror, Nader Shah.

Siege of Isfahan (1387)


After the massacre, Isfahan remained loyal to Timur, and he then went on to capture Shiraz. Unlike the events following the Siege of Herat, Timur did not destroy any buildings or architecture, allowing the city to retain its importance and influence in Persia.

Siege of Isfahan (1387)


Jānis Birks (born 31 July 1956 in Riga) is a Latvian politician. He was the Mayor of Riga between 19 February 2007 and 1 July 2009.

Jānis Birks


A wet market (also called a public market or a traditional market) is a marketplace selling fresh foods, such as meat, fish, and produce, and other consumption-oriented perishable goods in a non-supermarket setting, as distinguished from "dry markets" that sell durable goods, such as fabrics, kitchenwares and electronics. These include a wide variety of markets, such as farmers' markets, fish markets, and wildlife markets. Not all wet markets sell live animals, but the term wet market is sometimes used to signify a live animal market in which vendors slaughter animals upon customer purchase, such as is done with poultry in Hong Kong. Wet markets are common in many parts of the world, notably in China, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. They often play critical roles in urban food security due to factors of pricing, freshness of food, social interaction, and local cultures. Despite their importance in local food systems and livelihoods, wet markets often lack essential food safety infrastructure, such as cold chains, standardized hygiene practices, regular inspection, and product traceability.

Wet market


Most wet markets do not trade in wild or exotic animals, but some that do have been linked to outbreaks of zoonotic diseases including COVID-19, H5N1 avian flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and monkeypox. Several countries have banned wet markets from holding wildlife. Media reports that fail to distinguish between all wet markets and those with live animals or wildlife, as well as insinuations of fostering wildlife smuggling, have been blamed for fueling Sinophobia related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Wet market


The term "wet market" came into common use in Singapore in the early 1970s when the government used it to distinguish such traditional markets from the supermarkets that had become popular there. The term was added to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) in 2016, as a term used throughout Southeast Asia. The OED's earliest cited use of the term is from The Straits Times of Singapore in 1978.

Wet market


The "wet" in "wet market" refers to the constantly wet floors due to the melting of ice used to keep food from spoiling, the washing of meat and seafood stalls and the spraying of fresh produce that are common in wet markets.

Wet market


The term "public market" may be synonymous with "wet market", although it may sometimes refer exclusively to state-owned and community-owned wet markets. Wet markets may also be called "fresh food markets" and "good food markets" when referring to markets consisting of numerous competing vendors primarily selling fresh produce like fruits and vegetables. The term "wet market" is frequently used to signify a live animal market that sells directly to consumers, although the terms are not synonymous.

Wet market


Although the term "wet market" may refer to markets that sell wild animals and wildlife products, it is not synonymous with the term "wildlife market" which exclusively refers to markets that contain wildlife products.

Wet market


The term "wet market", which specifies markets that sell fresh produce and meat, includes a broad variety of markets. Wet markets can be categorized according to their ownership structure (privately owned, state-owned, or community-owned), scale (wholesale or retail), and produce (fruits, vegetables, slaughtered meat, or live animals). They can be further subcategorized based on whether the meat inventory originates from domesticated or wild animals.

Wet market


Traditional wet markets are typically housed in temporary sheds, open-air sites, or partially open commercial complexes, while modern wet markets are housed in buildings often equipped with improved ventilation, freezing, and refrigeration facilities.

Wet market


Wet markets are less dependent on imported goods than supermarkets due to their smaller volumes and lesser emphasis on consistency. Wet markets have been described in a 2019 food security study as "critical for ensuring urban food security", particularly in Chinese cities. The roles of wet markets in supporting urban food security include food pricing and physical accessibility.

Wet market


Academic papers in urban studies, studies on food distribution, and the Singapore National Environment Agency have noted lower prices, greater freshness of food, and the facilitation of both bargaining and social interaction as key reasons for the persistence of wet markets. The persistence of wet markets has also been attributed to "culinary traditions that call for freshly slaughtered meat and fish as opposed to frozen meats".

Wet market


In developing countries with agriculture-based economies, fresh meat is mainly distributed through traditional wet markets or meat stalls. Wet markets selling fresh meat are often attached to, or located near, slaughter facilities.

Wet market


Wildlife markets and zoonoses

Wet market


If sanitation standards are not maintained, wet markets can spread disease. Those that carry live animals and wildlife are at especially high risk of transmitting zoonoses. Because of the openness, newly introduced animals may come in direct contact with sales clerks, butchers, and customers or to other animals which they would never interact with in the wild. This may allow for some animals to act as intermediate hosts, helping a disease spread to humans.

Wet market


Outbreaks of zoonotic diseases including COVID-19, H5N1 avian flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and monkeypox have been traced to live wildlife markets where the potential for zoonotic transmission is greatly increased. Wildlife markets in China have been implicated in the 2002 SARS outbreak; it is thought that the market environment provided optimal conditions for the coronaviruses of zoonotic origin that caused both outbreaks to mutate and subsequently spread to humans. The exact origin of the COVID-19 pandemic is yet to be confirmed as of February 2021 and was originally linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China due to reports that two-thirds of the initial cases had direct exposure to the market, although a 2021 WHO investigation concluded that the Huanan market was unlikely to be the origin due to the existence of earlier cases.

Wet market


Due to unhygienic sanitation standards and the connection to the spread of zoonoses and pandemics, critics have grouped live animal markets together with factory farming as major health hazards in China and across the world. In March and April 2020, some reports have said that wildlife markets in Asia, Africa, and in general all over the world are prone to health risks.

Wet market


Disease control intervention

Wet market


Due to the suspicions that wet markets could have played a role in the emergence of COVID-19, a group of US lawmakers, NIAID director Anthony Fauci, UNEP biodiversity chief Elizabeth Maruma Mrema, and CBCGDF secretary general Zhou Jinfeng called in April 2020 for the global closure of wildlife markets due to the potential for zoonotic diseases and risk to endangered species. In April 2021, the World Health Organization called for a total ban on the sale of live animals in food markets in order to prevent future pandemics.

Wet market


Planetary health studies have called for disease control intervention measures, in lieu of outlawing live-animal wet markets, to be implemented in wet markets. These include proposals for "standardised global monitoring of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions", which the World Health Organization announced in April 2020 that it was developing as requirements for wet markets to open. Other proposals include less homogeneous policies that are specialized for local social, cultural, and financial factors, as well as new proposed rapid assessment tools for monitoring the hygiene and biosecurity of live animal stalls in wet markets.

Wet market


During the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Chinese wet markets were heavily criticized in media outlets as a potential source for the virus. Media reports urging for permanent blanket bans on all wet markets, as opposed to solely live animal markets or wildlife markets, have been criticized for undermining infection control needs to be specific about wildlife markets and distracting public attention from local public health threats. Some Western media portrayed wet markets without distinguishing between general wet markets, live animal wet markets, and wildlife markets, using montages of explicit images from different markets across Asia without identifying locations. These depictions have been criticized by other journalists and anthropologists as sensationalist, exaggerated, Orientalist, and fueling Sinophobia and "Chinese otherness".

Wet market


There are wet markets throughout the world, with the largest concentration in Asia followed by Europe and North America according to touristic social network data in 2019.

Wet market


According to a 2013 study on agricultural value chains, approximately 90% of households in Ethiopia across all income groups purchase their beef through local butchers in wet markets.

Wet market


The most common agricultural supply chain in Kenya involves farmers selling their produce to collectors who then sell the produce to retailers in wet markets. A 2006 study in the areas around Nairobi and Kisumu found that 21% of farmers sold to collectors, 17% sold directly to wholesalers, and 14% sold directly to wet market vendors. The collectors and wholesalers both predominantly sold their produce inventory to wet market vendors. The customers of the wet markets in the study were predominantly end consumers, although a small share of the wet markets also sold to restaurants.

Wet market


According to a 2011 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service report, most of the clientele of traditional open-air wet markets in Nigeria are low and middle income consumers.

Wet market


From 2008 to 2009, a group of food safety researchers launched an initiative working with a small group of butchers in the wet market section of Bodija Market in Ibadan to promote positive food safety practices and peer-to-peer training. The initiative led to 20% more meat samples being of acceptable quality. A follow-up study in 2019 on the same group of butchers found that, while many of the butchers still remembered the food safety practices, "none of the butchers reported that they continued to buy and replace the materials after the exhaustion of those distributed during the intervention programme". The follow-up study found that the microbiological sanitation in 2018 was even worse than before the 2008–2009 intervention.

Wet market


In 2014, the license of the slaughterhouse in the wet market section of Bodija Market was revoked due to unhygienic meat handling practices. In its place, the local government opened the Ibadan Central Abattoir in Amosun Village, Akinyele through public-private partnerships. The new facility is equipped with modern facilities for slaughter and processing of meat were provided in 2014 through public-private partnerships and is one of the largest abattoirs in West Africa, consisting of 15 hectares of land with stalls for 1000 meat sellers, 170 shops, administrative building, clinic, canteen, cold room, and an incinerator. In June 2018, local newspapers reported that five people were killed in the Bodija Market abattoir when a security team attempted to enforce the forcible relocation of Ibadan abattoirs to the new facilities as ordered by the local government.

Wet market


The most common agricultural supply chain in Uganda involves farmers selling their produce to wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers in wet markets. A 2006 study in the areas around Kampala and Mbale found that 51% of farmers sold to wholesalers and 18% sold directly to wet market vendors, while 34% of the wholesalers sold to wet market vendors. The customers of the wet markets in the study were predominantly end consumers, although a small share of the wet markets also sold to restaurants.

Wet market


In Brazil, regulations on wet markets are handled at the municipal level. The regulations widely vary across Brazil, with zoning rules prohibiting wet markets in some municipalities.

Wet market


A 2003 study found that wet markets were losing ground in food retail to supermarkets, which had an overall food retail market share of 75%. The gains of supermarkets over traditional food retailers in Brazil were predominantly in meat and seafood retail, with the supermarkets' fresh meat & seafood market shares typically three times greater than their fresh fruits & vegetables market share.

Wet market


According to a 2010 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service report, each small town in Colombia typically has a wet market that is supplied by local production and opens at least once a week. The report described both retail wet markets and wholesale wet markets that provide food products for "Mom'n Pop stores". It estimated the number of wet markets at around 2,000, but noted that the number was slowly decreasing in large cities despite the presence of large wet markets like Corabastos in Bogotá.

Wet market


In Greenland, local wet markets known as brætter sell food from wild animals, including seal meat, whale meat, reindeer meat, and polar bear meat. Brætter do not sell live animals, but most meat sold in brætter is fresh and recently butchered. While larger towns have purpose-built facilities, the brætter in smaller towns and village settlements sell seafood in open-air stands without running water or electricity. Only fresh meat was allowed to be sold in Nuuk at Kalaaliaraq Market, the largest fresh food market in Greenland, until 2018 when the government of Greenland began permitting the sale of dried and salted meat at Kalaaliaraq.

Wet market


Trichinosis is a common problem in Greenland due to the consumption of wild polar bear meat. In 2016, several people were infected with Trichinella roundworms from eating polar bear meat from a local brætter even though the meat had initially passed inspections. As of 2017, Trichinella inspections for seal and polar bear meat sold at brætter is not mandatory.

Wet market


Some traditional Mexican open-air markets called tianguis, such as the Mercado Margarita Maza de Juárez in Oaxaca, are separated into a wet market (zona húmeda) and a dry market (zona seca). A 2002 study observed a trend that Mexican consumers, especially those in the middle class, increasingly prefer supermarkets for beef purchases as opposed to traditional wet markets. In 2014, a study of Mexican beef retail also noted an ongoing transition from traditional full-service wet markets to self-service meat display cases in supermarkets.

Wet market


In Mexico, conflicts between traditional and modern retailers are handled at the municipal and state levels. Some local zoning rules, such as those in the central districts of Mexico City and Morelia, have prohibited wet markets from operating in urban districts without providing further assistance to the retailers.

Wet market


In April 2020, The Hill reported that wet markets were still operating in the United States and that animal rights activists were calling for the closure of wet markets, in addition to their existing calls to close live animal markets and factory farms.

Wet market


Wet markets were common in New York City until refrigeration became commonplace in the 20th century. From the 1990s to 2020, the number of live animal wet markets in New York City nearly doubled. As of 2020, there are more than 80 wet markets in New York City that stock live animals and slaughter them on-demand for customers. They are mostly poultry markets located in outer-borough immigrant communities where they are culturally significant and pose low public health risks relative to wildlife markets and other types of exotic wet markets.

Wet market


Since the 1990s, large cities across China have moved traditional outdoor wet markets to modern indoor facilities. As of 2018, wet markets remained the most prevalent food outlet in urban regions of China despite the rise of supermarket chains since the 1990s. During the 2010s, "smart markets" equipped with e-payment terminals emerged as traditional wet markets faced increasing competition from discount stores. Wet markets also began facing competition from online grocery stores, such as Alibaba's Hema stores.

Wet market


The trade of wildlife is not common in China, particularly in large cities, and most wet markets in China do not contain live or wild animals besides fish held in tanks. In the early 1980s, small-scale wildlife farming began under the reform and opening up. It began to expand nationwide with government support in the 1990s, but was largely concentrated in the southeastern provinces. In 2003, wet markets across China were banned from holding wildlife after the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak, which was directly tied to such practices. Some poorly regulated Chinese wet markets provided outlets for the wildlife trade industry after the ban, although the illegal wildlife trade in China was predominantly in fur rather than in food or medicine. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was linked to the origin of COVID-19 due to its early cluster of cases, leading to further restrictions and enforcement in 2020. In April 2020, the Chinese government unveiled plans to further tighten restrictions on wildlife trade.

Wet market


Large centralised wet markets have existed in Hong Kong since at least 16 May 1842, when Central Market was opened. Wet markets are most frequented by older residents, those with lower incomes, and domestic helpers who serve approximately 10 percent of Hong Kong's residents. Most neighbourhoods contain at least one wet market. Wet markets have become destinations for tourists to "see the real Hong Kong".

Wet market


Prior to 2000, many of Hong Kong's wet markets were managed by the Urban Council (within Hong Kong Island and Kowloon) or the Regional Council (in the New Territories). Since 2000, wet markets in Hong Kong have been regulated by the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department. Under the Slaughterhouse Regulation, the slaughtering of live bovine animals, swine, goats, sheep or soliped for human consumption must take place in a licensed slaughterhouse, None of the wet markets in Hong Kong hold wild or exotic animals.

Wet market


In 2018, the FEHD operated 74 wet markets housing approximately 13,070 stalls. In addition, the Hong Kong Housing Authority operated 21 markets while private developers operated about 99 (in 2017).

Wet market


The Indian meat, poultry, and seafood industries are largely dependent on wet markets. According to Food & Beverage News, domestic consumers prefer freshly cut meat from wet markets over processed and frozen meats despite use of outdated and unhygienic facilities by the majority of Indian wet market abattoirs.

Wet market


In Delhi, the food retail system consists of the traditional informal food retail sector (wet markets, pushcarts, and kirana "mom-and-pop" stores), rent-free-subsidized retailers' cooperatives, government-owned food distribution channels, and private modern supermarkets. Delhi wet markets generally consist of a number of small retailers that cluster together to sell their produce during daily fixed hours. A 2010 study of Delhi food retail found that 68% to 75% of the total quantity of fruits and vegetables sold to consumers were distributed by wet market retailers. The same study surveyed consumers at 518 wet market retailers in Delhi and found that their transactions included relatively little bargaining, with only a 3% average difference between the final price and the initially quoted price.

Wet market


Traditional wet markets, called pasars (including pasar malam and pasar pagi), are found across in Indonesia in both urban and rural areas. Wet markets face increasing competition from supermarkets as well as e-commerce companies like Shopee and Tokopedia. As of 2020, there are 12.3 million traders across 13,450 wet markets in Indonesia.

Wet market


In 2016, the Indonesia government's policy to stabilise beef prices required importers to sell cheaper-priced meats in wet markets instead of in supermarkets and hypermarkets. In Greater Jakarta, Indian buffalo meat is predominantly sold in wet markets, with limited market penetration from supermarkets and hypermarkets as of 2018. In contrast, only 7% of consumers in Jakarta purchase Australian beef from supermarkets in 2018. In 2018, Indonesian wet market vendors that import goods expressed concerns over the decrease in value of the Indonesian rupiah.

Wet market


Wet markets throughout Indonesia have undergone major renovations in the 2010s under a government program. In 2018, the first modern wet market opened in Jakarta with a laboratory as well as freezing and refrigeration facilities. Through June 2020, health protocols and mobility restrictions from the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia resulted in a 65% reduction in revenue for wet market traders, according to the Traditional Market Traders Association (IKAPPI). In mid-2020, wet markets in several provinces accounted for several major clusters of COVID-19 cases. An Airlangga University survey from May to June 2020 found that people in East Java wet markets followed health protocols, including social distancing and mask-wearing, the least relative to other public places in East Java.

Wet market


In March 2020, the Malaysian government temporarily banned the operation of all wet markets (including pasar malam and pasar pagi) as a national response to the coronavirus pandemic.

Wet market


In the Philippines, wet markets are managed by cooperatives according to legislation such as the Cooperatives Code (RA 7160) and the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (RA 8435). The Philippine government has control over the price of some commodities sold in palengkes, especially critical foods such as rice.

Wet market


In July 2017, the digital wet market Palengke Boy was launched in Davao City to compete against traditional wet markets. In March 2020, the Pasig local government launched a mobile wet market to ensure access to basic goods during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Wet market


Wet markets in Singapore are subsidized by the government. The Tekka Market, Tiong Bahru Market, and Chinatown Complex Market are prominent wet markets containing seasonal fruit, fresh vegetables, imported beef, and live seafood.

Wet market


In the early 1990s, the slaughter of animals was banned in 12 inner-city markets and 22 wet market centers in Singapore. In early 2020, the National Environment Agency issued advisories for "high standards of hygiene and cleanliness" for the 83 markets that it oversees in a response to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.

Wet market


In Sri Lanka, where poultry is the leading livestock industry and constitutes the only meat export industry, the majority of broiler chickens are mechanically processed in semi-automated plants. However, poultry is still slaughtered in wet markets that generally cater to specific groups of customers and ethnic groups. A 2017 study of 102 semi-automated poultry processing plants and 25 poultry-slaughtering wet markets found that 27.4% of the broiler neck skin samples from the semi-automated processing facilities tested positive for Campylobacter contamination, while 48% of broiler neck skin samples from the wet market processing facilities tested positive for Campylobacter contamination.

Wet market


Many wet markets in Taiwan originated as groups of peddlers and roadside stalls that organized into informal physical structures. By 2020, wet markets had been in decline throughout Taiwan for decades and revitalization efforts have been largely unsuccessful.

Wet market


In 1997, a report by the Taipei city government indicated that the city had 61 major wet markets with almost 10,000 registered vendors. The report also indicated that most of the city's wet markets were in serious need of repair and that almost 3,500 of the vendor stalls lay vacant. The Nanmen Market in Taipei is a government-owned traditional wet market that was opened in 1907 during the Japanese colonial rule. The market building was demolished in October 2019 and the market temporarily relocated until its replacement modern 12-floor building is completed in 2022.

Wet market


One of the largest wet markets in Taiwan, the Jianguo Market in Taichung, was torn down and replaced by a new facility in 2016. The new facilities provided better hygiene, disability accessibility, and refrigeration, but the relocation was initially met with hesitation from the local vendors before a grassroots outreach campaign led to greater acceptance.

Wet market


Wet markets are the dominant preferred venue for grocery shopping in Thailand due to the local preference for fresh food, as well as lower prices and familiarity with shopkeepers.

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United Arab Emirates

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In October 2018, a Meat & Livestock Australia report said that while the United Arab Emirates's grocery retail sector is highly developed, wet markets are still prominent throughout the country.

Wet market


In 2017, there were approximately 9,000 wet markets, 800 supermarkets, 160 shopping malls and 1.3 million small family-owned stores across Vietnam according to government estimates.

Wet market


In 2017, the Hanoi city government planned to renovate the city's wet markets and transform them into modern shopping malls. The plan was met with resistance from wet market vendors after significant declines in sales figures from other markets that were moved to the basements of high-end shopping centers.

Wet market


In 2020, Prime Minister of Vietnam Nguyễn Xuân Phúc announced proposals to ban wildlife trade in Vietnam.

Wet market


Rungis International Market in the Île-de-France region, created in 1969, is the largest market for fresh food in the whole of Europe, selling food from both within and without Île-de-France. The largest wholesale food market in the world, and perhaps even the largest fresh food market, various foods are offered, including sheep and eel. By 1972, 6000 tonnes of fruits and vegetables were shipped to the market daily.

Wet market


The Porta Palazzo Market in the northwestern city of Turin is the largest street market in Europe, having about a hundred fresh food producers sell their goods at the height of the season in the city's historic district. The Turinese authorities, working alongside those of the market, have increasingly attempted to reconfigure the public's perception of the market as a multicultural space and a site for tourism, featuring cuisine from around the world.

Wet market


The Iveagh Markets in Dublin, Ireland was an indoor market that was divided into a dry market that sold clothes and a wet market that sold fish, fruit, and vegetables. The market operated from 1906 and had become dilapidated by the 1980s. The last stalls closed in the 1990s and the building is still derelict as of 2018 despite failed attempts to redevelop the site into a new food market complex.

Wet market


In 2020, SBS reported that wet markets were once common in Australia and were gradually shut down over time as abattoirs were centralised and moved away from cities. Media outlets Daily Mercury and Herald Sun, as well as Agriculture Minister David Littleproud and Leader of the Labor Party Anthony Albanese, have described various fresh meat, seafood, and produce markets in Australia, such as the Sydney Fish Market and Melbourne Fish Market, as wet markets in response to international calls to ban wet markets.

Wet market


Animal–industrial complex

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Ye wei (southern China)

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Media related to Wet markets at Wikimedia Commons

Wet market


Sisingaan, also known as Gotong Singa, Singa Ungkleuk, Singa Depok, Kuda Ungkleuk, Pergosi, or Odong-odong, is a traditional Sundanese lion dance that originated in Subang, West Java, Indonesia. This lion dance performance is marked by a form of an ark or palanquin that resembles a lion. The lion ark or lion-shaped effigy is carried by a group of dancers who perform various attractions accompanied by traditional music. This dance is usually performed to celebrate a child's circumcision ceremony, where the child is carried on the lion around the kampung (village).

Sisingaan


In Sundanese language the term sisingaan means "imitation lion", "playing the lion" or "lion play". This refers to the form of a lion-like effigy that is the main part of the show.

Sisingaan


Unlike other lion dances however, this lion dance is quite different. It uses lion-like statue or an effigy doll that resembles a lion in couchant (lying down) position, being held in a palanquin-like structure by four or two men with bamboo rods. The lion statue is ridden by the children who have been circumcised, carried away and held high by men in certain dance movements, sometimes involving acrobatics. The dance is accompanied with a traditional music troupe consists of musicians playing musical instruments; including kendang (drum), kempul, gong, suling bamboo flute and trumpet.

Sisingaan


At first, the Sundanese people of Subang had an art called "oesungan" which they carried in the form of birds, deer, stealth on a stretcher. At that time there was no stretcher in the form of a lion like this time. Then The Sisingaan was created around 1975 by Sundanese artists, because remembering the arrival of the reog Ponorogo art to the city which was brought by urbanites from Ponorogo.

Sisingaan


After the Sundanese artists discussed with the Reog artists who were very different from the Reog Dog-Dog Sundanese, that reog from East Java attracted more attention and had philosophical values and historical records against Dutch colonialism, an art was created that was able to show the distinctive identity of Subang from the ideas of the artist.

Sisingaan


Sisingaan was inspired by the Reog series in East Java, which tells of the joy of the journey of King Singa Barong's bodyguards from the kingdom of Lodaya to the Daha kingdom. Even though the king was known to be cruel and arrogant, the guards were always loyal to carry the litter that King Singa Barong slept with.

Sisingaan


In addition, as a symbol of the resistance of the people of Subang against Dutch arbitrariness, which is depicted as a lion in the VOC symbol, it is intended as a calming historical learning education for students.

Sisingaan


At first, the Sundanese people of Subang had an art called "oesungan" which they carried in the form of birds, deer, stealth on a stretcher. At that time there was no stretcher in the form of a lion like this time

Sisingaan


== External links ==

Sisingaan


It Won/t Be Like This All the Time (stylized in all caps) is the fifth studio album by Scottish indie rock band The Twilight Sad, released by Rock Action Records on 18 January 2019. The album is the band's first studio album on Rock Action (the band had previously been signed to Fat Cat Records since 2005), and their first since the amicable departure of founding member Mark Devine in early 2018. Three singles preceded the album's release, along with nationwide tours of the United States, Europe and the United Kingdom. The album title originates from the lyrics in the song "Sunday Day13".

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


It Won/t Be Like This All the Time was released to universally positive reviews, and charted at number 1 on the Scottish Albums Chart, and number 17 on the UK Albums Chart.

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


On 22 January 2018, The Twilight Sad announced via social media that drummer and founding member Mark Devine had amicably left the band. The band's new touring drummer, Sebastien Schultz, joined the band shortly thereafter, while session drummer Jonny Scott played drums on the album.

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


In an interview with NME, posted on 9 July 2018, guitarist/producer Andy MacFarlane stated that the band's fifth studio album is "finished", with a tentative release date of January 2019. MacFarlane said, "It all came together really well. To me, it's like a different band almost. I did a stupid thing of writing loads of music, then giving it to James to write stuff over, then I deleted all the music. So then I wrote another album under it... I think we just needed to shake up the routine. One of our mates bought us those Brian Eno Oblique Strategy cards. I picked one out and it was like 'delete everything, must try harder, don't tell James'. The aim was to try and do stuff that we'd enjoy playing live, to make it more interesting for ourselves as well as everyone else."

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


In the same interview, singer James Graham discussed the album's lyrics and themes, describing them as "heavier": "It's all pretty full on but there's some lighter shades and some hope on there. The first song that we're going to come back with epitomises the record. It's got really noisy guitars but it's pretty melodic. I think it's the next stage of who we're meant to be. ...I won't say exactly what it's dealing with [lyrically] because a lot of it might be quite obvious, but I'm not hiding behind a lot of metaphors anymore. I've done that, what's the point in trying to do it again? I'm really proud of our lyrics in the past but this is just what came out. I don't need to hide behind anything any more. It's a bit of a leap to just go 'this is actually how I'm feeling.' I think now is the time to just be more open and honest with people. For myself it was important to say these things, but when it was done it was great to share it's okay to feel that way."

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


In mid-2018, The Twilight Sad played their first live shows for some 20 months. A new track, "The Arbor", was premiered at Primavera Sound on 31 May, followed by two more ("Shooting Dennis Hopper Shooting" and "VTr") at the Brudenell Social Club in Leeds on 16 June. On 10 July, the band shared a further new track, "I/m Not Here [missing face]", and announced a tour of the United States and Europe in the autumn. On 5 September, the album was officially announced, and the album's first proper single, closing track "Videograms", was made available for streaming, with a physical release for the single on 10" vinyl released on 26 October 2018. The album's third single, "VTr", was released for streaming and digital download only on 13 November 2018.

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Ahead of the album's release, on 3 January 2019, the band shared a free download of "Videograms" as remixed by Andrew Weatherall. Additionally, on 9 January 2019, the official music video for "VTr" premiered online. A music video for the album's digital-only de facto fourth single "Shooting Dennis Hopper Shooting" premiered on 2 April 2019. The video contains old film footage belonging to the band's keyboardist Brendan Jay Smith, and was directed by Smith and Cameron Gleave.

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


According to Andy MacFarlane, first single "I/m Not Here [missing face]" was born out of the same 'chord shapes' as Erik Satie's "Ogives". Lyrically, James Graham described the song as being about "my ongoing battle with not liking myself, trying to be a good person but constantly feeling like I'm failing myself and everyone I care about."

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


In an interview with The Line of Best Fit, Graham and MacFarlane revealed the details behind third single "VTr". Graham said, "Andy called the song "VTr" at the demo stage of writing and we decided to stick with that when it came time to decide on track titles. After the album had been finished and all the songs had been named, as I was walking my wife into the hospital as she was going into labour with our son, I looked down at the pavement and spray painted there was VTR. I think the line "there's no love too small" is one of the most hopeful I've ever written – seeing that song title on the ground as I was entering the hospital to have the most life-affirming moment in my life blew my mind. That line came into my head one dark day as all I could see was bad news all around me and all I needed was a bit of good news or compassion to get me through the day no matter how small. Unfortunately, I didn't see it so the lines "I won't be surprised if it kills us all" came soon after." MacFarlane explained that the music of "VTr" evolved from taking sections of Brian Eno's song "The Big Ship" (from 1975's Another Green World), putting them into a sampler and creating loops to play along to on his guitar, and developed the melodies and chords from there.

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


It Won/t Be Like This All the Time was released to universal critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received a score of 84, based on 15 reviews. The Guardian awarded the album four stars and stated, "There's certainly nothing new about their sound and fury and throbbing basslines – they fit comfortably into a lineage stretching from The Cure and The Chameleons to The Killers and White Lies – but they have timeless, high-quality songs." PopMatters wrote, "The squalling, shoegaze guitars of Fourteen Autumns & Fifteen Winters, the brooding electronics of No One Can Ever Know, [and] the raw intimacy of Nobody Wants to Be Here and Nobody Wants to Leave are all present but they are melded with fresh, nuanced sonic textures and bright, emphatic post-punk synths all injected with more direct pop hooks and melodies. What's left is an album informed by all of their musical experiences and as such works as their definitive artistic statement."

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


The album produced their third longlisting for the Scottish Album of the Year Award.

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


James Alexander Graham – vocals

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Andy MacFarlane – guitars

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Jonathan Docherty – bass

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Brendan Smith – keyboards

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Jonny Scott – drums, percussion

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Andy MacFarlane – production

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Andrew Bush – engineering

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Chris Coady – mixing

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Greg Calbi – mastering

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Dave "DLT" Thomas – artwork

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Robert Smith – "vambo" (musical guidance)

It Won/t Be Like This All the Time


Shalom Kramer (Hebrew: שלום קרמר; May 31, 1912 – October 3, 1978), was an Israeli essayist, editor and literary critic.

Shalom Kramer


Shalom Kramer was born in Sanok, Galicia, which was transferred from the Austro-Hungarian Empire to Poland after World War I.  His father, Shlomo (Solomon) Kramer, was a manufacturer of juices and vinegar, one of the largest employers of the city, and a leader of the Young Mizrachi Movement in Galicia. Kramer grew up in Sanok and studied in a cheder (a religious primary school) and a Polish primary school until 1925. From 1925 to 1931 he attended  Takhkemoni Rabbinical School in Warsaw, along with his friend Abba Ben-David (later the first language consultant of the Israel Broadcasting Authority). There, he acquired a Jewish and general education and was ordained as a rabbi. In 1931-32 he studied for a Polish matriculation certificate in Vilna, and from 1932 to 1933 he studied law at the University of Lwow.

Shalom Kramer


In November 1934, he immigrated to Mandatory Palestine, where he pursued undergraduate and graduate degrees in Hebrew Literature, Hebrew Language and Philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,  His dissertation, which he did not complete, was on the life and work of David Frishman. He supported himself with work in construction and as a surveyor.

Shalom Kramer


Kramer was one of the first people in the Jewish Yishuv (pre-state Jewish community) to learn about the murder of the Jews of Europe. Opposing the line taken by the newspaper to downplay this information, Kramer resigned and joined the British army in May 1942, serving for two years.  During the Holocaust, many members of his family perished, including his father Shlomo and his brother and sister.

Shalom Kramer


He died in 1978, leaving his widow, three children, and ten grandchildren.

Shalom Kramer


Teaching and journalism career

Shalom Kramer


In 1944 he moved to Kiryat Haim, a suburb of Haifa, where he taught Hebrew subjects in secondary schools. In 1940-42 he worked  as a news editor for the daily newspaper Davar.

Shalom Kramer


In 1953 he returned to Jerusalem and taught Hebrew literature at Beit Hinukh high school. From 1955 until his death in 1978, he taught literature at David Yellin College of Education.

Shalom Kramer


Kramer was the editor of the radio program, “A Minute of Hebrew.” He was an active member of the Hebrew Writers Association in Israel.

Shalom Kramer