{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial u}}{\frac {{\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial v}}{\boldsymbol {\times }}({\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial u}}{\boldsymbol {\times }}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial v}})}{\sqrt {({\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial u}}{\boldsymbol {\times }}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial v}}){\boldsymbol {\cdot }}({\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial u}}{\boldsymbol {\times }}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial v}})}}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial v}}{\frac {{\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial u}}{\boldsymbol {\times }}({\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial u}}{\boldsymbol {\times }}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial v}})}{\sqrt {({\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial u}}{\boldsymbol {\times }}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial v}}){\boldsymbol {\cdot }}({\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial u}}{\boldsymbol {\times }}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial v}})}}}}

Minimal surface


Energy definition: A conformal immersion

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle X:M\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{3}}

Minimal surface


is minimal if and only if it is a critical point of the Dirichlet energy for all compactly supported variations, or equivalently if any point

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle p\in M}

Minimal surface


has a neighbourhood with least energy relative to its boundary.

Minimal surface


This definition ties minimal surfaces to harmonic functions and potential theory.

Minimal surface


Harmonic definition: If

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle X=(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}):M\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{3}}

Minimal surface


is an isometric immersion of a Riemann surface into 3-space, then

Minimal surface


is said to be minimal whenever

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle x_{i}}

Minimal surface


is a harmonic function on

Minimal surface


A direct implication of this definition and the maximum principle for harmonic functions is that there are no compact complete minimal surfaces in

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}

Minimal surface


Gauss map definition: A surface

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle M\subset \mathbb {R} ^{3}}

Minimal surface


is minimal if and only if its stereographically projected Gauss map

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle g:M\rightarrow \mathbb {C} \cup {\infty }}

Minimal surface


is meromorphic with respect to the underlying Riemann surface structure, and

Minimal surface


is not a piece of a sphere.

Minimal surface


This definition uses that the mean curvature is half of the trace of the shape operator, which is linked to the derivatives of the Gauss map. If the projected Gauss map obeys the Cauchy–Riemann equations then either the trace vanishes or every point of M is umbilic, in which case it is a piece of a sphere.

Minimal surface


The local least area and variational definitions allow extending minimal surfaces to other Riemannian manifolds than

Minimal surface


Minimal surface theory originates with Lagrange who in 1762 considered the variational problem of finding the surface

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle z=z(x,y)}

Minimal surface


of least area stretched across a given closed contour. He derived the Euler–Lagrange equation for the solution

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\left({\frac {z_{x}}{\sqrt {1+z_{x}^{2}+z_{y}^{2}}}}\right)+{\frac {d}{dy}}\left({\frac {z_{y}}{\sqrt {1+z_{x}^{2}+z_{y}^{2}}}}\right)=0}

Minimal surface


He did not succeed in finding any solution beyond the plane. In 1776 Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier discovered that the helicoid and catenoid satisfy the equation and that the differential expression corresponds to twice the mean curvature of the surface, concluding that surfaces with zero mean curvature are area-minimizing.

Minimal surface


By expanding Lagrange's equation to

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle \left(1+z_{x}^{2}\right)z_{yy}-2z_{x}z_{y}z_{xy}+\left(1+z_{y}^{2}\right)z_{xx}=0}

Minimal surface


Gaspard Monge and Legendre in 1795 derived representation formulas for the solution surfaces. While these were successfully used by Heinrich Scherk in 1830 to derive his surfaces, they were generally regarded as practically unusable. Catalan proved in 1842/43 that the helicoid is the only ruled minimal surface.

Minimal surface


Progress had been fairly slow until the middle of the century when the Björling problem was solved using complex methods. The "first golden age" of minimal surfaces began. Schwarz found the solution of the Plateau problem for a regular quadrilateral in 1865 and for a general quadrilateral in 1867 (allowing the construction of his periodic surface families) using complex methods. Weierstrass and Enneper developed more useful representation formulas, firmly linking minimal surfaces to complex analysis and harmonic functions. Other important contributions came from Beltrami, Bonnet, Darboux, Lie, Riemann, Serret and Weingarten.

Minimal surface


Between 1925 and 1950 minimal surface theory revived, now mainly aimed at nonparametric minimal surfaces. The complete solution of the Plateau problem by Jesse Douglas and Tibor Radó was a major milestone. Bernstein's problem and Robert Osserman's work on complete minimal surfaces of finite total curvature were also important.

Minimal surface


Another revival began in the 1980s. One cause was the discovery in 1982 by Celso Costa of a surface that disproved the conjecture that the plane, the catenoid, and the helicoid are the only complete embedded minimal surfaces in

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}

Minimal surface


of finite topological type. This not only stimulated new work on using the old parametric methods, but also demonstrated the importance of computer graphics to visualise the studied surfaces and numerical methods to solve the "period problem" (when using the conjugate surface method to determine surface patches that can be assembled into a larger symmetric surface, certain parameters need to be numerically matched to produce an embedded surface). Another cause was the verification by H. Karcher that the triply periodic minimal surfaces originally described empirically by Alan Schoen in 1970 actually exist. This has led to a rich menagerie of surface families and methods of deriving new surfaces from old, for example by adding handles or distorting them.

Minimal surface


Currently the theory of minimal surfaces has diversified to minimal submanifolds in other ambient geometries, becoming relevant to mathematical physics (e.g. the positive mass conjecture, the Penrose conjecture) and three-manifold geometry (e.g. the Smith conjecture, the Poincaré conjecture, the Thurston Geometrization Conjecture).

Minimal surface


Classical examples of minimal surfaces include:

Minimal surface


the plane, which is a trivial case

Minimal surface


catenoids: minimal surfaces made by rotating a catenary once around its directrix

Minimal surface


helicoids: A surface swept out by a line rotating with uniform velocity around an axis perpendicular to the line and simultaneously moving along the axis with uniform velocity

Minimal surface


Surfaces from the 19th century golden age include:

Minimal surface


Schwarz minimal surfaces: triply periodic surfaces that fill

Minimal surface


Riemann's minimal surface: A posthumously described periodic surface

Minimal surface


the Henneberg surface: the first non-orientable minimal surface

Minimal surface


Bour's minimal surface

Minimal surface


the Neovius surface: a triply periodic surface

Minimal surface


Modern surfaces include:

Minimal surface


the Gyroid: One of Schoen's surfaces from 1970, a triply periodic surface of particular interest for liquid crystal structure

Minimal surface


the Saddle tower family: generalisations of Scherk's second surface

Minimal surface


Costa's minimal surface: Famous conjecture disproof. Described in 1982 by Celso Costa and later visualized by Jim Hoffman. Jim Hoffman, David Hoffman and William Meeks III then extended the definition to produce a family of surfaces with different rotational symmetries.

Minimal surface


the Chen–Gackstatter surface family, adding handles to the Enneper surface.

Minimal surface


Generalisations and links to other areas of mathematics

Minimal surface


Minimal surfaces can be defined in other manifolds than

Minimal surface


{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}

Minimal surface


, such as hyperbolic space, higher-dimensional spaces or Riemannian manifolds.

Minimal surface


The definition of minimal surfaces can be generalized/extended to cover constant-mean-curvature surfaces: surfaces with a constant mean curvature, which need not equal zero.

Minimal surface


In discrete differential geometry discrete minimal surfaces are studied: simplicial complexes of triangles that minimize their area under small perturbations of their vertex positions. Such discretizations are often used to approximate minimal surfaces numerically, even if no closed form expressions are known.

Minimal surface


Brownian motion on a minimal surface leads to probabilistic proofs of several theorems on minimal surfaces.

Minimal surface


Applications and occurrences in nature

Minimal surface


The curvature lines of an isothermal surface form an isothermal net.

Minimal surface


Minimal surfaces have become an area of intense scientific study, especially in the areas of molecular engineering and materials science, due to their anticipated applications in self-assembly of complex materials. The endoplasmic reticulum, an important structure in cell biology, is proposed to be under evolutionary pressure to conform to a nontrivial minimal surface.

Minimal surface


In the fields of general relativity and Lorentzian geometry, certain extensions and modifications of the notion of minimal surface, known as apparent horizons, are significant. In contrast to the event horizon, they represent a curvature-based approach to understanding black hole boundaries.

Minimal surface


Structures with minimal surfaces can be used as tents.

Minimal surface


Minimal surfaces are part of the generative design toolbox used by modern designers. In architecture there has been much interest in tensile structures, which are closely related to minimal surfaces. Notable examples can be seen in the work of Frei Otto, Shigeru Ban, and Zaha Hadid. The design of the Munich Olympic Stadium by Frei Otto was inspired by soap surfaces. Another notable example, also by Frei Otto, is the German Pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal, Canada.

Minimal surface


In the art world, minimal surfaces have been extensively explored in the sculpture of Robert Engman (1927–2018), Robert Longhurst (1949– ), and Charles O. Perry (1929–2011), among others.

Minimal surface


R. Courant. Dirichlet's Principle, Conformal Mapping, and Minimal Surfaces. Appendix by M. Schiffer. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1950. xiii+330 pp.

Minimal surface


H. Blaine Lawson, Jr. Lectures on minimal submanifolds. Vol. I. Second edition. Mathematics Lecture Series, 9. Publish or Perish, Inc., Wilmington, Del., 1980. iv+178 pp. ISBN 0-914098-18-7

Minimal surface


Robert Osserman. A survey of minimal surfaces. Second edition. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1986. vi+207 pp. ISBN 0-486-64998-9, MR 0852409

Minimal surface


Johannes C.C. Nitsche. Lectures on minimal surfaces. Vol. 1. Introduction, fundamentals, geometry and basic boundary value problems. Translated from the German by Jerry M. Feinberg. With a German foreword. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. xxvi+563 pp. ISBN 0-521-24427-7

Minimal surface


Nishikawa, Seiki (2002). Variational problems in geometry. Translations of Mathematical Monographs; Iwanami Series in Modern Mathematics. Vol. 205. Translated by Abe, Kinetsu. Providence, R. I.: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-1356-0. ISSN 0065-9282, translated from:{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Minimal surface


西川青季 (1998). 幾何学的変分問題. 岩波講座現代数学の基礎 (in Japanese). Vol. 28. Tokyo: 岩波書店. ISBN 4-00-010642-2.

Minimal surface


Ulrich Dierkes, Stefan Hildebrandt, and Friedrich Sauvigny. Minimal surfaces. Revised and enlarged second edition. With assistance and contributions by A. Küster and R. Jakob. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 339. Springer, Heidelberg, 2010. xvi+688 pp. ISBN 978-3-642-11697-1, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11698-8 , MR 2566897

Minimal surface


Tobias Holck Colding and William P. Minicozzi, II. A course in minimal surfaces. Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 121. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2011. xii+313 pp. ISBN 978-0-8218-5323-8

Minimal surface


Karcher, Hermann; Polthier, Konrad (1995). "Touching Soap Films - An introduction to minimal surfaces". Retrieved December 27, 2006. (graphical introduction to minimal surfaces and soap films.)

Minimal surface


Jacek Klinowski. "Periodic Minimal Surfaces Gallery". Retrieved February 2, 2009. (A collection of minimal surfaces with classical and modern examples)

Minimal surface


Martin Steffens and Christian Teitzel. "Grape Minimal Surface Library". Retrieved October 27, 2008. (A collection of minimal surfaces)

Minimal surface


Various (2000). "EG-Models". Retrieved September 28, 2004. (Online journal with several published models of minimal surfaces)

Minimal surface


"Minimal surface", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]

Minimal surface


3D-XplorMath-J Homepage — Java program and applets for interactive mathematical visualisation

Minimal surface


Gallery of rotatable minimal surfaces

Minimal surface


WebGL-based Gallery of rotatable/zoomable minimal surfaces

Minimal surface


Adelpha melona, the Melona sister, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Central and South America.

Adelpha melona


The wingspan is about 50 mm.

Adelpha melona


A. m. melona (Brazil (Pará))

Adelpha melona


A. m. deborah Weeks, 1901 (Colombia)

Adelpha melona


A. m. leucocoma Fruhstorfer, 1915 (Brazil (Amazonas), Trinidad)

Adelpha melona


A. m. pseudarete Fruhstorfer, 1915

Adelpha melona


A. m. neildi Willmott, 2003 (Panama)

Adelpha melona


Farme de Amoedo Street (Rua Farme de Amoedo in Portuguese, local Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁu.ɐ ˈfaʁmi dʒi amuˈedu]) is an important LGBTQ street in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that starts at the Vieira Souto Avenue and ends at Alberto de Campos Street. According to the LGBT app Grindr, the gay beach part of Ipanema was elected the best of the world for LGBTs.

Rua Farme de Amoedo


LGBT rights in Brazil

Rua Farme de Amoedo


LGBT rights in the World

Rua Farme de Amoedo


Malard (Persian: ملارد) is a city in the Central District of Malard County, Tehran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is also the administrative center for Malard-e Shomali Rural District. In 1995, the village of Malard merged with the village of Sar Asiab-e Malard (سرآسیاب ملارد) to become the city of Malard.

Malard


At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 228,673 in 61,302 households, when it was capital of the former Malard District of Shahriar County. The following census in 2011 counted 290,817 people in 85,445 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Malard County. The city and the rural district were transferred to the new Central District, with Malard as the county's capital. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 281,027 people in 86,830 households.

Malard


Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as cold semi-arid (BSk).

Malard


The city is served by buses from the municipal-run Malard and Suburbs Bus Organization, connecting the city to Shahriar, Karaj, Qods, and Tehran.

Malard


Slaven Dobrović (born 29 August 1967 in Zadar) is a Croatian politician from Home and National Rally. He served as Minister of Environmental Protection and Energy.

Slaven Dobrović


Klaukkala (Finnish: [ˈklɑu̯kːɑlɑ]; Swedish: Klövskog, Finland Swedish: [ˈkløːvskuːɡ]) is the southern-most urban area (Finnish: taajama) of the Nurmijärvi municipality in Uusimaa, Finland, located near Lake Valkjärvi. It is the largest urban area in Nurmijärvi, and despite the fact that it officially has the status of a village, it is often mistakenly thought to be a separate town due to its size and structure. In the 2010s, Klaukkala's urban area grew to be part of the larger Helsinki urban area.

Klaukkala


Klaukkala has a population of over 20,000 and is the fastest-growing area of Nurmijärvi; almost half of the total population of the municipality lives in Klaukkala. Its population began to rise in the 1960s, when it surpassed the church village of Nurmijärvi. In the 1970s, Klaukkala also grew larger than Rajamäki, which until then was the largest of Nurmijärvi's villages. At that time, Klaukkala's population was over 2,500. Klaukkala has significant migration mainly from the Helsinki conurbation, being a rural village a half-hour's drive away from the Helsinki centre, it especially attracts families with children. Unfortunately, due to the enormous population growth, the village is also infamous for its growing traffic, which causes local problems at the mornings and afternoons.

Klaukkala


In the early 2000s, many detached houses were built in Klaukkala, but the situation has changed as up to three-quarters of the new houses are apartment, terraced and semi-detached houses.

Klaukkala


The name of Klaukkala in Finnish is based on the name of the house, which in turn includes the name of the early host of the house, a variant of the name of Nikolaus, as well as Klaus, Klavus and Klåvus in Swedish. The name of the house is originally Finnish and its host is called "Klaukka". The names of the village used in history include Klöckeskoogh in 1527, Klockskoby in 1540, Klöckeskoby in 1544, Klauko in 1710 and Klaukala Hemmi in 1835. The name Klaukkala was officially established in 1866. In the present-day Swedish name, Klövskog, the first part klöv means hoof and the second part skog means forest.

Klaukkala


The earliest references to Klaukkala date back to the 16th century, at which time the village was part of the Helsinki parish (Finnish: Helsingin pitäjä). The earliest inhabitants were mainly Tavastians. In the 1540s there were as many as 11 houses in Klaukkala, which together constituted five full taxes: Viiri, Tilkka, Gunnari, Olli, Huitti, Seppälä and Klaukka, which was the oldest house in the village. In 1592, a part of Klaukka's estate was created by dividing the Mylläri house according to its host, miller Erkki Niilonpoika. Thus, in 1600 there were 10 farms in Klaukkala and one desert farm (one of the houses in Viiri). Klaukkala is mentioned in the 1500s as the prosperous village of the parish.

Klaukkala


The population of Klaukkala remained unstable between the mid-16th century and the 18th century. In the 16th century, the population remained fairly constant through the early 17th century, but then began to decline due to superpower wars, until the Great Famine years of the 1690s reduced the population by about 20%. The population grew momentarily before the Great Northern War, which again caused the population to decline. By the mid-18th century, however, the population had grown considerably. The fluctuations in house numbers in the villages followed the boom and bust until the late 17th century, after which the number of deserts remained the same. The reason for this was that the rapid population growth was mainly due to the stateless population, while the old farm numbers remained the same and more resources were needed to maintain them. In the latter part of the 18th century, the homeless population created a need for colonization and the establishment of farmhouses.

Klaukkala


Axe murders and the civil war

Klaukkala


In the late 19th century, Klaukkala became infamous for the massacre that took place on May 10, 1899 in Simola's croft. At that time Karl Emil Malmelin, the croft's farmworker, killed the entire seven-member household with an axe. All in all, the incident was so terrible that it resulted in one of the most notable manhunts in Finnish history, folk tales, and at least two well-known and surviving broadside ballads. The incident affected the entire Nurmijärvi's reputation for a long time, giving the parish a nickname such as Murhajärvi (literally "murder lake"). At that time, the incident was the worst massacre in Finland since the Åbo Bloodbath in 1599, almost 300 years earlier.

Klaukkala


During the Finnish Civil War, after the Battle of Helsinki, German troops who cooperated with the Whites in the fight against the Red Guards, conquered Klaukkala on April 19, 1918 from the Reds with the aim of getting the troops from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna. According to the Germans, the conquest of Klaukkala was a strict operation. The Red Guards defended the hill of the village in the "frustration of despair". They had good positions on the hill, but only four machine guns, possibly against the fourteen machine guns of the Whites. German sources recall that Klaukkala was captured by an assault in an hour and a half, which caught a total of 55 red prisoners.

Klaukkala


Improvement of the market area

Klaukkala


The most significant shopping center in Klaukkala are the Viirintori marketplace and Viirinlaakso areas. The history of Viirintori dates back to the 19th century and the handed over to Karelia through family business. Kaarlo Narinen and his wife Anna founded the Kilpeenjoki's general merchandise store in the Vyborg village in 1897. The Narinen family fled the Russian invasion during the war as far as Klaukkala and founded the economic store Klaukkalan Talouskauppa in the early 1950s.

Klaukkala


The next generation to lead it, Kaarlo and Anna's son Sakeus Narinen, along with wife Helmi. Their son Jouko Narinen is the originator of the Klaukkala's Viirintori and Viirinlaakso commercial center. He has been a merchant and developer of initiative and diligence for five decades.

Klaukkala


The area of Viirintori has increased significant commercial activity in Viirinlaakso and Klaukkala. The continuous development of the Klaukkalan Talouskauppa, which began in the 1960s, has now led to a situation where the municipality of Nurmijärvi plans to make Viirinlaakso a commercial center for Klaukkala. Jouko Narinen and his wife Ritva took over the Klaukkalan Talouskauppa in 1961. Since then, Jouko Narinen has been developing and growing the trade and the commercial real estate surrounding it throughout his career.

Klaukkala


Every ten years a new one was built and later the old one was also renovated. The first phase of growth began immediately after the last generation change. In 1963, Narinen built a new commercial building, which, among other things, was rented by a post office. The commercial building was renovated again in 1970. In 1976 an iron hall was erected on the fields and in 1982 Kiinteistö Oy Viirintori was completed. At the same time, Klaukkalan Talouskauppa became Viiri-Market Ky, which also included a commercial car circling the area. Viiri-Market employed 25 people at its best, and Viirintori had ten companies leased in addition to Viiri-Market. Viirintori's rapture and publishing activities as well as Jouko Narinen's activity were more visible in the construction of Klaukkala. The Viiri Fair and Viirintorin Sanomat became known in Klaukkala's households since the 1980s.

Klaukkala


Jouko Narinen is a founding member of Klaukkalan Yrittäjät and a long-time active member. Ritva and Jouko Narinen retired from active business in 1994. They transferred the Viiri-Market store to Kesko. The Viirintori still remained owned by Jouko Narinen and the business will continue as a rental business under the management of daughter Päivi Salo (née Narinen). The marketplace has been further expanded, Viirintori has been renovated and the parceled plot has become K-Citymarket. Currently there are more than 20 tenants in Viirintori.

Klaukkala


The distance from Klaukkala to the border of Espoo is about 5 km and also the border of Vantaa is about 3 km, which is why Klaukkala is very close to the capital region of Greater Helsinki. The nearest districts are Luhtaanmäki, Vestra and Riipilä in Vantaa and Lahnus in Espoo. The distance to the Helsinki center is less than 30 km and the distance to Loppi is over 40 km. The church village of Nurmijärvi is about 15 km from Klaukkala.

Klaukkala


Helsinki-Vantaa Airport is about 20 minutes' drive from Klaukkala; the fastest route is along National road 3 (E12) and Ring III highways.

Klaukkala


There are several residential areas in Klaukkala, including Haikala, Harjula, Lintumetsä, Mäntysalo, Pietarinmäki, Pikimetsä, Ropakko, Syrjälä, Talvisto and Toivola. Of the above-mentioned areas, for example, the largest suburban neighborhood Harjula has more than 2000 inhabitants. In 2017, the construction of the new center of the Klaukkala, Viirinlaakso, was started, and there will be seven new apartment buildings. Another planned residential area is Vanha-Klaukka, which will appear in the western part of Klaukkala; it is estimated to increase Klaukkala's population by about 2,000 and make the road between Klaukkala and the neighboring village Lepsämä more street-like with possible traffic light intersections.

Klaukkala


There is also one industrial and business area in village, Järvihaka, right by Lake Valkjärvi. The area includes at least 20-30 companies and a couple of lunch restaurants. Later in the future, a new industrial areas is planned: one for Mäyränkallio between Metsäkylä village and the old highway of Hämeenlinna (Mt 130), and another for Sudentulli between Numlahti village and Mäntysalo area.

Klaukkala


Klaukkala encompasses about 43 square kilometres (about 17 sq mi). The village is mostly suburban and urban area with some rural landscape. Next to the village is the lushest lake of Nurmijärvi, Lake Valkjärvi, encompassing about 1,5 square kilometres (about 0,6 sq mi), which flows as the River Luhtajoki from the north of the village to the east and southeast into the River Vantaa. In the south, there is another river called Lepsämänjoki, which also flow into the River Vantaa. Located in the southern part of Klaukkala village, Isosuo is a 366-acre marshland. Isosuo is part of the Natura 2000 program and is also included in the state's mire protection program, which is why the marsh is almost entirely state owned. The predominant habitat type of the Natura Habitats Directive is the raised bog, but it also has some the poor fen.

Klaukkala


In the middle of the village is the large rock called Vaskomäki, which at the highest point of village emphasizes the identity of the Klaukkala and which is popular with local climbers. In cooperation with the municipality, HOK-Elanto is negotiating the future of the plots. As early as 1996, the Rotary Club of Klaukkala presented the municipality with a plan for an indoor swimming pool, a shelter and a multipurpose facility inside Vaskomäki. Admittedly, Vaskomäki's mining has strongly divided opinions.

Klaukkala


Another noteworthy high point in village is Tornimäki near the residential areas of Harjula and Syrjälä, where the resort center Klaukkalan Tornikeskus is located. This resort offers mountain biking in summer and snowtubing in winter. In May 2019, a fitness staircase with 348 stairsteps (formerly 337 stairsteps originally intended to be based on the literary production of Aleksis Kivi) was officially launched at the Tornikeskus. Before that, the stairs contract was tendered twice, but no contractor was found either time. In the end, the stairs were decided to be purchased directly and they received a government subsidy of €70,000. Stairway construction started in fall 2018. In less than a month since its inauguration, stairs has gained great popularity.

Klaukkala


About a kilometer from the Klaukkala central, there is a farm called Ali-Ollin Alpakkatila, which is known for alpacas. The farm offers pony rides and agilities with alpacas, which is a specialty of the farm.

Klaukkala


The ribbon structure of the Klaukkala has been built on along the Finnish regional road 132 (Mt 132), which serves as a road connection from Finnish national road 3 to Loppi. Back in the late 1950s, it was the original main road before the current freeway, and in addition to passing through Loppi, it continued through the remote forest areas of Janakkala all the way to Hämeenlinna. And before the completion of the current Finnish national road 2, it also served the traffic of Forssa and Pori, which passed through Loppi and Tammela.

Klaukkala


The increased traffic, resulting from the increase in population causes problems in the Road 132, especially main challenge is the highly congested main street of Klaukkala, which is used by about 17,000 vehicles per day. Because of this, a new road line, the so-called "Klaukkala bypass", of Road 132 between freeway and Numlahti village to get around Klaukkala from the north is being planned since the 1980s, and possibly also a rail traffic connection to Helsinki, probably as a continuation of the Vantaankoski rail. However, the train track plan is likely to be rejected, but it has been proposed to handle traffic by super bus or light rail. The Klaukkala bypass is estimated to be completed in fall 2021, but despite initial estimates, construction work on the bypass has progressed faster than expected and will be opened to traffic in November 2020. According to current plans, the Klaukkala bypass would be to continue eastbound towards Tuusula in connection with the planned "Ring IV" project, which is being funded in particular by the Tuusula municipality.

Klaukkala


In the under constructed Viirinlaakso area, there are a new transport hub called Klaukkala Travel Center (Klaukkalan Matkakeskus) with a new bus station. There are bus connections from Klaukkala to Helsinki, Kivistö of Vantaa, Hyvinkää, Loppi and elsewhere to Nurmijärvi. Bus traffic on Nurmijärvi is operated by the bus company Korsisaari.

Klaukkala


Services and buildings

Klaukkala


Klaukkala has several grocery stores and one shopping mall called Viiri, which includes K-Citymarket and 17 other stores. Along the Lahnus road (Lahnuksentie), another shopping mall called Kauppakeskus Brunni is home to the S Group-owned S-Market, where it moved from the old center of Klaukkala in 2016. The formerly dilapidated S-Market building from the 1970s along the Lepsämä road (Lepsämäntie), would be demolished and a new store replaced. The locals had hoped to replace the building with hypermarket Prisma, but according to HOK-Elanto, Klaukkala would get another S-Market, but it will become HOK-Elanto's largest S-Market store in size and range.

Klaukkala


Also, Klaukkala's service portfolio includes a community health center, a public library, opticians, a pharmacy (another is planned), two municipal dental clinics and a private dentist, three bank offices (including Osuuspankki and Nordea offices) and two hardware stores, Tokmanni and K-Rauta. For pets, there is a veterinary clinic in Klaukkala and two pet food stores. There are also about 10–20 dining places in the Klaukkala.

Klaukkala


Klaukkala includes many primary schools, of which the largest is Isoniittu School (Isoniitun koulu), which includes all nine grades of the Finnish primary school system. There is also a primary school of Swedish, Vendlaskolan, located on the same property as the Syrjälä School. Klaukkala also has one of the three gymnasiums of Nurmijärvi, Arkadia Joint Lyceum (Arkadian yhteislyseo). A new children's indoor playground, Play Jays, was opened along the Kuonomäki road (Kuonomäentie) in August 2019 but it was closed in May 2020 due to high rental costs and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Klaukkala


In 2017 a new multipurpose building called "Monikko" was built, to the Klaukkala sports area. Monikko hosts a number of events, including entertainment as music and stand-up shows. Tennis, squash and ice hockey halls are also located near the sports area along the Lepsämä road. Many of Nurmijärvi's sports clubs operates in Klaukkala, such as SB-Pro and Nurmijärven Jalkapalloseura (also in Rajamäki).

Klaukkala


A possible tourism sight is modern-styled, copper-plated Klaukkala Church, designed by architect Anssi Lassila, in the old center of Klaukkala. Mikko Heikka, a bishop of the Evangelic Lutheran Church, dedicated it on November 28, 2004. The village also has a wooden Orthodox church of Saint Nectarios of Aegina, built in 1995. Before both churches, there was only a parish centre in Klaukkala, completed in 1973, which is located in the immediate vicinity of the current church.

Klaukkala


Nurmijärven Uutiset, a local free newspaper of the Nurmijärvi municipality, is headquartered in Klaukkala.

Klaukkala


Riikka Honkanen (born 1998), alpine ski racer

Klaukkala


Kalle Johansson, known as Eno Kalle (1884–1941), poet

Klaukkala


Linde Lindström (born 1976), guitarist of HIM

Klaukkala


Aimo Mustonen (1909–1994), composer

Klaukkala


Aki Sirkesalo (1962–2004), singer

Klaukkala


Timo Tolkki (born 1966), ex-guitarist of Stratovarius

Klaukkala


Lepsämä, a neighboring village next to Klaukkala, is the place where the former Prime Minister of Finland Matti Vanhanen currently lives. Before that, he lived in Lintumetsä on the outskirts of the village, which belongs to Klaukkala.

Klaukkala


Lahnus, a district of Espoo

Klaukkala


Lepsämä, a neighboring village near Klaukkala

Klaukkala


Luhtaanmäki, a district of Vantaa

Klaukkala


Nurmijärven Jalkapalloseura, a local football club

Klaukkala


SB-Pro, a local floorball club

Klaukkala


Viiri, a shopping centre in Viirinlaakso, Klaukkala

Klaukkala


Kalliola, Matti (2011). Ison kylän tarina: Klaukkalan kyläkirja. Klaukkalan kyläkirjatoimikunta. ISBN 978-952-92-8810-6.

Klaukkala


Media related to Klaukkala at Wikimedia Commons

Klaukkala


Klaukkala travel guide from Wikivoyage

Klaukkala


Klaukkala - On the website of Nurmijärvi municipality

Klaukkala


Klaukkala's location at Fonecta

Klaukkala


The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece is a book by James Davidson.

The Greeks and Greek Love


The book investigates the linguistic aspect of love and sexuality in Ancient Greece. The book makes the analogy between ancient sexuality and the Gordian knot, which he intended to untie by intrincately examining it in order to "follow, so far as I could, where each strand le[ads]".

The Greeks and Greek Love


It also criticizes Kenneth Dover and Michel Foucault's view of Greek homosexuality that focuses more on sexual penetration than other aspects of same-sex attraction. Davidson described such view as "resembl[ing] a sado-masochistic sex club in 1970s San Francisco". A review of the book on The Gay & Lesbian Review wrote that "Davidson’s efforts to sanitize" ancient Greek homosexuality "suit[s] more the conservative values of the present generation," while Dover's approach cattered more to the sensibilities of the sexual liberation movement of the 1970s.

The Greeks and Greek Love


A number of scholars of the field of classical history have described the book as an attempt to sanitize Ancient Greek history to the modern American audience of the 2000s, including while catering to American views on sex, homosexuality in the military, same-sex marriage and sexual promiscuity. A review on the Bryn Mawr Classical Review stated that Davidson's book had created "an anachronistically sanitized and romanticized picture of male same-sex desire and love in the ancient Greek world".

The Greeks and Greek Love


A review of the book on the Journal of Homosexuality described the book as a "flawed" study that is "more important for what it tries to achieve than for what it actually accomplishes". The review stated that Davidson's flawed translations had led him to "misrepresent or exaggerate what his sources actually say, thus generating false conclusions". The review compared Davidson's view of the past to those of some European artists from the late 19th century, including Belgian painter Jean Delville in his The School of Plato (1898), in that the work of those artists "reveals more about fin de siecle Europe than it does about [Greek] antiquity itself".

The Greeks and Greek Love


A review on The Gay & Lesbian Review by James Jope described the book as "rather reactionary", considering the author's characterization of it as "a radical reappraisal". The reviewer wrote that Davidson had "mistranslat[ed]" a number of terms in Athenian law regarding the regulation of sex. Jope concluded his review by writing that "Less flamboyant scholars will have to work for years to repair our understanding of Greek homosexuality."

The Greeks and Greek Love


Professor David Woolwine wrote on the American Library Association's Rainbow Round Table book review website that Davidson's assessment of ancient sources "sometimes produces interpretations which are more fanciful than convincing." Wooldwine wrote that Davidson's view that ancient Greek homosexuality was largely focused on homosexual coupling was "somewhat controversial". He also agreed with Davidson's view that the characteristics of same-sex desire differed across ancient Greek cities.

The Greeks and Greek Love


Maria Chabot (1913–2001) was a writer, an advocate for Native American arts, a rancher, and a friend of Georgia O'Keeffe. She led the restoration, design, and building of O'Keeffe's home and studio in Abiquiú, New Mexico. She was also a gifted photographer, and took many famous photographs of the artist and her life. These include photos of camping trips to the Black Place and the photograph of O'Keeffe entitled Women Who Rode Away, which shows the artist sitting on the back of a motorcycle driven by Maurice Grosser. Some correspondence related to the building of the Abiquiu house was published in the book Maria Chabot—Georgia O'Keeffe: Correspondence 1941–1949.

Maria Chabot


Chabot was instrumental in establishing the modern Santa Fe Indian Market. She worked for the New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs and the federal Office of Indian Affairs documenting Native American arts and crafts. Chabot has been described as "a photographer, writer, and explorer".

Maria Chabot


Mary Lee "Maria" Chabot was born on September 19, 1913, in San Antonio, Texas, the daughter of Charles Jasper Chabot, a capitalist, and his third wife Olive Anderson Johnston. Maria Chabot had three half-siblings who reached adulthood from her parents' previous marriages: Frederick Charles Chabot, Edith Lilian Chabot, and James Kennedy Johnston (the son from Olive's first marriage.)

Maria Chabot


Chabot developed an interest in writing as a girl. After graduating early from Brackenridge high school, Chabot took a job as copywriter at a San Antonio department store and also wrote short stories. She continued to write fiction into the 1960s, but the short stories and novels were never published.

Maria Chabot


She traveled in 1933 to Mexico City to pursue her interests in literature and art and to visit a relative, Emily Edwards, who lived there at the time. There she met artist Dorothy Stewart.

Maria Chabot


After Chabot and Stewart met, they began a romantic relationship. They traveled together extensively during the 1930s in Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Through Stewart, Chabot met many influential progressive people, including benefactor Mary Cabot Wheelwright, archaeologist Jesse L. Nusbaum, and Native American pottery expert Kenneth M. Chapman. Grace Guest, assistant curator of Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., became her friend. Although their romantic relationship ended in 1939, the women remained close friends until Stewart's death in 1955.

Maria Chabot


Advocate for Native Americans

Maria Chabot


In 1934, Chabot went with Stewart to Santa Fe, New Mexico, where she gained employment with the New Mexico Department of Vocational Education. She worked at the federal Indian Arts and Crafts Board in 1935. With these agencies and as part of a Works Progress Administration (WPA) initiative, she photographed and documented Spanish Colonial and Native American arts and crafts in the Southwest and territorial architecture in New Mexico. To complete her photographic survey, she traveled throughout the Southwestern United States in the 1930s and 1940s. She photographed the collection of Mary Cabot Wheelwright, who was a noted collector of Navajo art, now in the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian. In the 1930s, Chabot published articles on Native American arts and crafts for New Mexico Magazine to inform potential buyers on how to identify valuable works of art.

Maria Chabot


Chabot was made the executive secretary of the New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs in 1936. During that time, she came up with the idea for the Santa Fe Indian Market, modeled after the outdoor markets in Mexico, which she established despite initial opposition from local businesses. The market held weekly fairs at the Palace of the Governors and rented school buses to transport Native Americans to the markets where they could sell their jewelry, pottery, or other wares. She visited pueblos and encouraged artists to sell their works, including Maria Martinez, a potter of the San Ildefonso Pueblo. Later she worked at the federal Indian Arts and Crafts Board, where she established cooperative marketing organizations on reservations.

Maria Chabot


Chabot lived on Mary Cabot Wheelwright's Los Luceros property in Alcalde, New Mexico, after the end of her relationship with Dorothy Stewart. She served as a companion to Wheelwright and ran the cattle ranch, farm, and fruit tree orchard for 20 years, typically working in the fields with the men. During that period, she was president of the local irrigation association. When Wheelwright died in 1958, Chabot inherited Los Luceros but found it onerous to manage the property; she sold it to Charles and Nina Collier in the early 1960s.

Maria Chabot


In 1940, Chabot met O'Keeffe, with whom she had a friendship that allowed for Chabot to write in a peaceful setting and for O'Keefe to spend part of the year in New York with her husband Alfred Stieglitz while Chabot took care of her property in New Mexico. From 1941 to 1944, Chabot spent the summer and fall of each year at O'Keeffe's house on the Ghost Ranch, where she managed the ranch. During the winter and spring, Chabot returned to San Antonio. She camped with O'Keeffe in northern New Mexico and was captured in Maria goes to a Party, one of O'Keeffe's paintings of their trips.

Maria Chabot


Beginning in 1945, Chabot led the restoration of an adobe hacienda (Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Studio) in Abiquiú for O'Keeffe, who oversaw the process. Chabot said of the experience, "I had never found anything as romantic as this beat-up building, a ruin really... It took six months just to get the pigs out of the house."

Maria Chabot


Chabot and O'Keeffe kept up an extensive correspondence. In her later years, Chabot assembled a manuscript containing her correspondence with O'Keeffe and photographs, but she did not complete the project in her lifetime. When she died, the materials were transferred to the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum Research Center. The book Maria Chabot—Georgia O'Keeffe: Correspondence 1941–1949 was published in 2004.

Maria Chabot


Later years and death

Maria Chabot


In 1961, Chabot married Dana K. Bailey, a radio astronomer at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The marriage lasted only six months; Chabot said, "we were much better as friends than as husband and wife." In the 1960s, she sold the ranch that she had inherited from Wheelwright and moved to Albuquerque, where she cared for her elderly mother.

Maria Chabot


Chabot was named a "Living Treasure" of Santa Fe in 1996. She died on July 9, 2001, at 87 years of age in an Albuquerque hospital.

Maria Chabot


O'Keeffe, Georgia (2003). Lynes, Barbara Buhler; Paden, Ann (eds.). Maria Chabot—Georgia O'Keeffe: correspondence, 1941–1949. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Santa Fe: Georgia O'Keeffe Museum. ISBN 978-0-8263-2993-6.

Maria Chabot


Letitia Bushe (c.1705/1710 – 17 November 1757) was an Irish watercolourist and miniaturist.

Letitia Bushe


Letitia Bushe was born around 1705 or 1710 in Dangan, County Kilkenny. She was the daughter of Arthur Bushe, a secretary to the commissioners of revenue, and Mary (née Forth). Though Bushe is considered a talented artist there is no evidence of her receiving any training, though it is thought Bernard Lens or one of his sons may have given her lessons. She may have been largely self-taught as her style remained naive throughout her career. Bushe was continuously in demand as a lady's companion due to her conversational skills, which leading to her teach painting to many women and their children. She was a friend of Mary Delany, Jonathan Swift and Anne Donnellan. She had a six-year relationship with a younger woman Lady Anne Bligh, which some have speculated to have been a romantic one. When she was not acting as a companion she had rooms in Dawson Street. Bushe died on 17 November 1757 in those rooms. She was buried the following day in St Andrew's church, Dublin.

Letitia Bushe


Friendship with Mary Delany

Letitia Bushe


Bushe was a friend of Mary Delany from 1731. She stayed with Delany on numerous occasions, and a miniature of Bushe by Joseph Browne is included in the 1861 Correspondence of Mrs Delany edited by Lady Llanover. Much of what is known about Bushe's life is from the letters between her and Delany. Details included that Bushe contracted smallpox which marred her good looks, and her poverty after her father's death is the reason she believed she did not receive any offers of marriage. Bush and Delany remained very good friends, with Delany referring to Bushe drawing landscapes, and cleaning painting at Delany's home Delville House. Bushe and Delany embarked on a number of artist projects together. Delany described Bushe as "a gay, good-humoured, innocent girl, without the least conceit of her beauty .... she paints delightfully" and Delany painted Bushe herself.

Letitia Bushe


One of Bushe's pieces which is in the National Gallery of Ireland, A view of Bray (1736), shows her skill as a topographical artist and her humour, as she includes herself in the painting with an accompanying dog. During a visit to England in 1743, she painted a View of London which is taken from Hampstead Heath, as well as views of Bath and Bristol. In Ireland, Bushe painted studies of country houses, including their gardens. She also made antiquarian drawings for Bishop Robert Clayton, a friend of Delany. Bushe’s drawing of the Templebryan stone circle has also been noted by scholars as an early example of artistic engagement with Irish antiquities.

Letitia Bushe


Some of Bushe's work

Letitia Bushe


GNRC (formerly known as Guwahati Neurological Research Centre) is a healthcare Centre in North East India. It was established in 1987 by neurologist Dr. Nomal Chandra Borah. At present, it operates 5 hospitals – GNRC Dispur, GNRC Sixmile, GNRC Medical (Amingaon), GNRC North Guwahati and GNRC Medical Barasat in Kolkata under GNRC Community Hospitals Limited, formed in 2001.

GNRC


A bridge tower (German: Brückenturm) was a type of fortified tower built on a bridge. They were typically built in the period up to early modern times as part of a city or town wall or castle. There is usually a tower at both ends of the bridge. During the 19th century, a number of bridge towers were built in the Gothic Revival style – Tower Bridge in London is perhaps the best known example; however, many original medieval towers survive across Europe.

Bridge tower


These towers were built in pre-medieval and medieval times to guard access to the bridge and to enable the charging of  tolls on important roads crossing rivers, usually near towns and cities. The rivers were often part of the defences of these settlements. As a result, it was important from a defensive perspective that the bridges did not allow attacking enemies to break in. The bridges acted as a bulwark and often had a small drawbridge. In addition to their genuine protective and defensive functions they also played a symbolic and architectural role. Often these towers were the first public buildings that the travellers saw when approaching the city.

Bridge tower


Sometimes, the same building served as bridge tower and bridge chapel, for example at the Krämerbrücke in Erfurt.

Bridge tower


The high cost of such towers was usually paid for by charging tolls. The gates of bridge towers were closed at night, so that no-one could cross the bridge during silent hours.

Bridge tower


They were relatively common in mediaeval France, but much rarer in England where Warkworth Bridge is one of the few examples.

Bridge tower


Surviving bridge towers

Bridge tower


Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bridge tower


The Halebija Tower the Tara Tower on the Stari Most at Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina (completed 1567)

Bridge tower


The Old Town and Lesser Quarter bridge towers on the Charles Bridge in Prague, Czech Republic (built 1357)

Bridge tower


Bridge tower in Stříbro (Mies), Czech Republic (built 1555)

Bridge tower


Pont Saint-Bénézet at Avignon, France.

Bridge tower


Le Pont Vieux at Sospel, France.

Bridge tower


Le Pont Vieux at Orthez, France.

Bridge tower


Pont Valentré, Cahors, France.

Bridge tower


Bridge tower of the stone bridge in Regensburg (built before the 13th century)

Bridge tower


Medieval tower on the Old Lahn Bridge in Limburg an der Lahn (built 1315–1354)

Bridge tower


Bridge Gate in Heidelberg (15th century, remodelled 1786–88)

Bridge tower


Towers on the South Bridge in Mainz (built 1860–1862)

Bridge tower


Neo-Romanesque tower, Nibelungenturm, of the Nibelungen Bridge in Worms (built 1897–1900)

Bridge tower


Bridge Gate in Traben-Trarbach (built 1899)

Bridge tower


Portal of the Old Hamburg Elbe Bridge (built 1899)

Bridge tower


Bridge gate in Miltenberg (built 1900)

Bridge tower


Tower of the Friedrich Ebert Bridge in Duisburg (built 1904–1907)

Bridge tower


The tower of the Ponte Milvio in Rome, Italy

Bridge tower


Castelvecchio Bridge, Verona, Italy

Bridge tower


The Porte d'Eich (de) and Porte des Bons-Malades (de) gate towers on the Vauban-designed fortified pedestrian bridge, Béinchen (de) (built 1864–1865), part of the UNESCO protected former fortifications of Luxembourg City

Bridge tower


The tower of Ucanha Bridge

Bridge tower


Pont de Besalú, Besalú, Catalonia, Spain.

Bridge tower


Puente de Alcántara, Toledo, Spain.

Bridge tower


Puente de Frías, Frías, Province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain

Bridge tower


Puente de San Martín, Toledo, Spain.

Bridge tower


The Wasserturm ("Water Tower"), part of the Kapellbrücke complex in Lucerne, Switzerland.

Bridge tower


The Monnow Gate on the Monnow Bridge at Monmouth, Wales (late 13th or early 14th century)

Bridge tower


The bridge tower at Warkworth Bridge in Warkworth, England (late 14th century).

Bridge tower


Tower Bridge in London, England (built 1894). The actual function of these towers is to support a high-level walkway.

Bridge tower


Evert Endt (25 July 1933 – 21 March 2025) was a French designer.

Evert Endt


Evert Endt was born in Zaandam, the Netherlands on 25 July 1933. He grew up in Switzerland and studied in Zurich at the Kunstgewerbeschule.

Evert Endt


In 1958, Endt started his career in the Compagnie de L'Esthétique Industrielle (CEI) by Raymond Loewy, a design agency based in Paris. He later became the Artistic Director and in 1968 the Director of the CEI, which is responsible for numerous programs of global design such as BP, Shell, Coop, and Elna Lotus (Permanent Collection of the Museum of Modern Art New York) and Rivella, Motta.

Evert Endt


In 1974, he received French nationality. The following year, he set up Endt+Fulton Partners with American designer James F. Fulton. Since 1992 the agency participated in social programs focused on the environment. He worked for various cultural and industrial bodies, under the Ministries of Health, Culture and French Justice.

Evert Endt


He created exhibitions for the Centre Georges Pompidou and the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie de la Villette. His permanent and temporary thematic exhibitions include "Living in Space", "Energies", and "New Materials".

Evert Endt


In 1992, Evert Endt was appointed director of Ensci/Les Ateliers - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Creation Industrielle - in Paris. The following year, he became director for the postgraduate program in research and management of new technologies in the Samsung Laboratory for Innovative Design.

Evert Endt


Endt died on 21 March 2025, at the age of 91.

Evert Endt


Prix International "Intérieur 80" Biennale de Courtrai 1980

Evert Endt


Label design français (esthétique industrielle) 1982-84

Evert Endt


Janus de l'Industrie 1985

Evert Endt


Oscar du journal Nouvel Économiste 1986

Evert Endt


Nomination of Chevalier des arts et lettres par le Ministère de la Culture 1998

Evert Endt


Musée d'art moderne et contemporain Saint-Etienne Métropole

Evert Endt


ARTE Archived 21 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine

Evert Endt


ARTE 2017 Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine

Evert Endt


== External links ==

Evert Endt


The London plane, or sometimes hybrid plane, Platanus × hispanica, is a tree in the genus Platanus. It is often known by the synonym Platanus × acerifolia, a later name. It is a hybrid of Platanus orientalis (oriental plane) and Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore).

London plane


The London plane is a large deciduous tree growing 20–40 m (65–130 ft), exceptionally to 50 m (160 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 10 m (33 ft) in circumference. The bark is usually pale grey-green, smooth and exfoliating, or buff-brown and not exfoliating. The leaves are thick and stiff-textured, broad, palmately lobed, superficially maple-like, the leaf blade 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long and 12–25 cm (5–10 in) broad, with a petiole 3–10 cm (1–4 in) long. The young leaves in spring are coated with minute, fine, stiff hairs at first, but these wear off and by late summer the leaves are hairless or nearly so. The flowers are borne in one to three (most often two) dense spherical inflorescences on a pendulous stem, with male and female flowers on separate stems (monoecy). The fruit matures in about 6 months, to 2–3 centimetres (0.8–1.2 in) diameter, and comprises a dense spherical cluster of achenes with numerous stiff hairs which aid wind dispersal; the cluster breaks up slowly over the winter to release the numerous 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) seeds. The London Plane is one of the most efficient trees in removing small particulate pollutants in urban areas.

London plane


It shares many visual similarities with American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), from which it is derived; however, the two species are relatively easy to distinguish, considering the London plane is almost exclusively planted in urban habitats, while American sycamore is most commonly found growing in lowlands and alluvial soils along streams.

London plane


The species was formed by hybridization in the 17th century after P. orientalis and P. occidentalis had been planted in proximity to one another. It is most likely that the hybridization took place in Spain or southern France, as the P. occidentalis parent needs considerable summer heat to grow well and is near-impossible to grow successfully in cooler climates like Britain, but there is also speculation that it could have happened in Vauxhall Gardens in London where John Tradescant the Younger saw the tree in the mid-17th century.

London plane


The leaf and flower characteristics are intermediate between the two parent species, the leaf being more deeply lobed than P. occidentalis but less so than P. orientalis, and the seed balls typically two per stem (one in P. occidentalis, 3–6 in P. orientalis). The hybrid is fertile, and seedlings are occasionally found near mature trees.

London plane


Controlled reciprocal pollinations between P. occidentalis and P. orientalis resulted in good yields of germinable seed and true hybrid seedlings. Crosses of both species, as females, with P. racemosa and P. wrightii produced extremely low yields of germinable seed, but true hybrids were obtained from all interspecific combinations. Apomixis (asexual reproduction from non-fertilized seeds) appeared common in P. orientalis.

London plane


In 1968 and 1970, Frank S. Santamour Jr. recreated the P. orientalis by P. occidentalis cross using a P. orientalis of Turkish origin with American sycamores (P. occidentalis). The offspring were evaluated following several years of exposure to anthracnose infection. Two selections, 'Columbia' and 'Liberty', were released in August 1984.

London plane


Platanus × hispanica was first formally described in the botanical literature by the German botanist Otto von Münchhausen in his 1770 work der Hausvater. Later, it was described in the botanical literature by the Scottish botanist William Aiton in his 1789 work Hortus Kewensis as a variety of P. orientalis. Aiton described this variety with a two-word Latin diagnosis, "foliis transversis", and called it the Spanish plane tree. In 1805, Carl Ludwig Willdenow chose to elevate Aiton's variety to species rank, publishing the new species P. acerifolia in the fourth edition of Species Plantarum. The species name was then modified to include the multiplication symbol to indicate its suspected hybrid parentage.

London plane


Two of 50 "Great British Trees" that the Tree Council selected in 2002 in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee are London planes. The list specifically mentions Britain's first London plane being in the city of Ely, Cambridgeshire.

London plane


The London plane is very tolerant of atmospheric pollution and root compaction, and for this reason it is a popular urban roadside tree. It was planted extensively in Victorian times to weather the pollution of London. It is now extensively cultivated in most temperate latitudes as an ornamental and parkland tree, and is a commonly planted tree in cities throughout the temperate regions of the world, in London and many other cities. It has a greater degree of winter cold tolerance than P. orientalis, and is less susceptible to anthracnose disease than P. occidentalis. The tree has gained the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain's Award of Garden Merit.

London plane


The tree is fairly wind-resistant. However, it has a number of problems in urban use, most notably the short, stiff hairs shed by the young leaves and the dispersing seeds; these are an irritant if breathed in, and can exacerbate breathing difficulties for people with asthma. The vigorous roots can also cause problems with paving in cities, making uneven surfaces with tripping hazards. The large leaves can create a disposal problem in cities, as they are tough and sometimes can take more than one year to break down if they remain whole.

London plane


London planes are often pruned by a technique called pollarding. A pollarded tree has a drastically different appearance than an unpruned tree, being much shorter with stunted, club-like branches. Although pollarding requires frequent maintenance (the trees must usually be repruned every year), it creates a distinctive shape that is often sought after in plazas, main streets, and other urban areas.

London plane


According to the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation the symbol of that organization is a cross between the leaf of the London plane and a maple leaf. It is prominently featured on signs and buildings in public parks across the city. The tree is on the NYC Parks Department's list of restricted use species for street tree planting, because it constitutes more than 10% of all street trees.

London plane


In Australia, the London plane is used extensively as a street tree in major cities, particularly Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth. The tree is commonly used because of its resilience to warm weather, its benefits as a shade tree, resistance to breakage and tolerance of urban pollution.

London plane


In Johannesburg, South Africa

London plane


In Johannesburg, South Africa many London planes line streets in older suburbs. In recent years the trees have been infested with the Polyphagous shot hole borer beetle (Euwallacea fornicatus). Some trees are reportedly developing resistance mechanisms but there are currently no effective measures against the borer beetle and it remains unclear how many trees will have to be cut down.

London plane


The London plane is cultivated in central, northeastern and southern China.

London plane


When quarter-sawn, the timber has a distinctive and highly decorative appearance of dark reddish-brown flecks against a lighter background and is known as lacewood.

London plane


'Augustine Henry'. This is a tall growing cultivar, with very large, pale green leaves. It produces a strong leader and a cylindrical trunk.

London plane


'Bloodgood', This is one of the first cultivars to be selected for anthracnose resistance. It is a rounded tree with deep green leaves that turn a poor yellow in fall. The plant tolerates poor cultural conditions, including heat, drought and poor soil. Recent observations indicate susceptibility to ozone.

London plane


'Columbia'. Resists mildew and anthracnose, this tree has deeply lobed, dark green leaves.

London plane


'Liberty'. A U.S. National Arboretum introduction, this pyramidal tree grows vigorously. It shows good tolerance for mildew, anthracnose, heat and drought.

London plane


'Metzam' (Metroshade), A new introduction that grows strongly with a pyramidal habit, this cultivar is also said to be disease resistant with lustrous green foliage that emerges with a reddish cast.

London plane


'Mirkovec'. Has a dwarf, shrubby habit and unusual variegated lobed leaves with pink, cream and bronze regions.

London plane


'Pyramidalis'. A cultivar or cultivar group common in London, with rich glossy green leaves, and a characteristic tendency to produce straight branches, compared to sinuous ones in other forms.

London plane


'Suttneri'. Leaves are variegated creamy white.

London plane


'Yarwood'. Very resistant to powdery mildew and highly susceptible to anthracnose. Poor structure. Being abandoned in California.

London plane


Bean. Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles. (8th ed., 1976)

London plane


Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan.

London plane


Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.

London plane


Interspecific Hybridization in Platanus. Author: Santamour, Frank S.1. Source: Forest Science, Volume 18, Number 3, 1 September 1972, pp. 236–239(4) Publisher: Society of American Foresters

London plane


University of Connecticut

London plane


Live at 5 is a Canadian television news program that airs weekdays on CP24 from 5:00 - 5:30 p.m. It was also simulcast on CTV Toronto in addition to Live at 5:30 between July 2017 and November 2023. The show features breaking news, weather, and traffic. Also a brief look at the Top Stories of the day.

Live at 5 (Canadian TV program)


Live at 5 premiered on January 14, 2008, as a 15-minute newscast before going to talk shows, the original hosts were, Ann Rohmer and George Lagogianes. On January 19, 2010, the program was expanded to 30-minutes in the wake of budget cuts at Rogers Media's Citytv stations across Canada including the cancellation of their 5 p.m. newscast for Toronto which is now followed by its newly launched half-hour newscast, Live at 5:30.

Live at 5 (Canadian TV program)


The CP24 studio is located at 9 Channel Nine Court.  The set and newsroom is home to Live at 5 and most of the other CP24-produced programming.

Live at 5 (Canadian TV program)


Live at 5:30 (Canadian TV program)

Live at 5 (Canadian TV program)


CTV Announcement: CP24 Now Offers Toronto Viewers More Early News With LIVE AT 5 and LIVE AT 5:30

Live at 5 (Canadian TV program)


The Digital and Intelligence Service (DIS) is the digital service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) responsible for providing military intelligence to the armed forces, building up the country's digital defence capabilities, and protecting the psychological defence of its military personnel. It was established on 28 October 2022, in response to the increased number of attacks by non-state actors, and the damage resulting from Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare.

Digital and Intelligence Service


DIS was first announced on 2 March 2022 by Minister for Defence Ng Eng Hen during the Budget 2022 debate. In his speech, Ng highlighted the increase in attacks by non-state actors and resulting damage from the Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare to justify the necessity of a dedicated service branch to deal with hybrid warfare. The DIS was compared by The Straits Times with its closest existing equivalent abroad, Germany's Cyber and Information Domain Service.

Digital and Intelligence Service


The DIS was planned to comprise several groups within the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) previously established to deal with such threats, which are the C4I Community created in April 2012, Defence Cyber Organisation in March 2017, SAF C4 Command in November 2017, and the Cybersecurity Task Force in December 2020. The DIS consolidates these organisations under one service branch dedicated to psychological defence, tackling digital domain threats, cybersecurity and military intelligence. It was projected to be formally established at the end of 2022.

Digital and Intelligence Service


On 2 August 2022, Parliament amended the Singapore Armed Forces Act and Constitution, formally placing the DIS under the SAF and granting the Chief of Digital and Intelligence Service (CDI) legal powers. The DIS was formally inaugurated on 28 October 2022 at the SAFTI Military Institute. The state colours were presented by President Halimah Yacob and the first Chief of Digital and Intelligence Service, Brigadier-General Lee Yi-Jin, was sworn into command.

Digital and Intelligence Service


When inaugurated in 2022, the DIS was made up of the Digital Ops-Tech Centre and 4 commands: the Joint Intelligence Command, SAF C4 Command/Cybersecurity Task Force, Digital Defence Command and DIS Training Command. The DIS Training Command was to be inaugurated in 2023. On 18 March 2025, the SAF C4 & Digitalisation Command, with the Digital Ops-Tech Centre placed under it, and a fifth command called the Defence Cyber Command was inaugurated.

Digital and Intelligence Service


Defence Cyber Command

Digital and Intelligence Service


The Defence Cyber Command (DCCOM) comprises the Cybersecurity Task Force (formerly under the SAF C4 Command/Cybersecurity Task Force) and the Defence Cyber Organisation. The command is charged with defending the cybersecurity of the entire nation and cooperates closely with the Cyber Security Agency through the Cyber Protection Group.

Digital and Intelligence Service


Digital Defence Command

Digital and Intelligence Service


The Digital Defence Command consists of the Electronic Protection Group (EPG) and Psychological Defence Group (PDG), which assist the SAF in electronic protection and psychological defence respectively.

Digital and Intelligence Service


DIS Training Command

Digital and Intelligence Service


The DIS Training Command facilitates the training of DIS personnel.

Digital and Intelligence Service


Joint Intelligence Command

Digital and Intelligence Service


The Joint Intelligence Command delivers intelligence support for the SAF. It is the amalgamation of the Imagery Support Group (ISG) and Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Group (CTIG).

Digital and Intelligence Service


SAF C4 & Digitalisation Command

Digital and Intelligence Service


The SAF C4 & Digitalisation Command (SAFC4DC) secures and handles the SAF's Command, Control, Communications and Computers (C4) capabilities. The C4 Operations Group (C4OG), Digital Ops-Tech Centre and SAF AI Centre operates under it.

Digital and Intelligence Service


The SAF plans to encourage male members to join the DIS, and is working with Nanyang Technological University to create an education scheme to train digital specialists. The service length of DIS personnel will be four years, which is twice the length of national service in Singapore. In addition, DIS will also recruit personnel specialising in data science, psychology, linguistics, anthropology and geography. Full-time national servicemen will also be enlisted into the DIS.

Digital and Intelligence Service


The No. 1 ceremonial uniform of the DIS consists of a white top, grey trousers and a grey beret. The No. 4 uniforms are pixelated grey.

Digital and Intelligence Service


List of chiefs of Digital and Intelligence Service

Digital and Intelligence Service


Cyber and Information Domain Service, German counterpart

Digital and Intelligence Service


The Camp Sherman Community Hall is the center of social activity in the community of Camp Sherman in central Oregon.  The hall hosts a variety of public and private events throughout the year.  The building is owned and operated by the Camp Sherman Community Association.  Because of its unique rustic architecture and importance to the history of the Camp Sherman area the hall is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


The Camp Sherman Community Hall is located in the small unincorporated community of Camp Sherman, Oregon.  The hall was constructed by local volunteers under the direction of Wayne L. Korish. One of the main builders of the community hall was Luther Metke, known for his hand strewed log cabins and many bridges built in the central Oregon area. It is a simple rustic design.  The building is a wood post-and-beam structure with a shingled exterior.  The foundation is concrete.  The roof is metal and asphalt.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


The interior of the community hall has a large meeting area downstairs along with kitchen and bathroom facilities.  The structural beams are hand-hewn and are exposed on the interior giving the main hall a rustic feel.  The interior walls are covered with knotty pine paneling, and the floor boards are straight-grain fir.  There is a large stone fireplace located on the north side of the main hall. The upstairs is an attic storage area.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


The Camp Sherman Community Association was formed in 1948 to meet the social and civic needs of the Camp Sherman community.  The following year, the association built a community hall facing Camp Sherman Road on property donated by Hays and Roblay McMullin, who owned Lake Creek Lodge at that time.  The project was financed by local fund raising.  The building was constructed using labor donated by members of the Camp Sherman community.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


Since 1949, the Camp Sherman Community Hall has been the gathering place for local residents and the venue for countless events.  The hall is the site of pancake breakfast events on Memorial Day, Fourth of July, and Labor Day.  It is also used for the community's Christmas bazaar, winter potluck dinners, community meetings, and well known quilt fairs held twice a year.  Dances, bingo nights, and other social events are held in the hall as well.  The building is also available for private events such as weddings and family reunions.  During elections years, the hall is the venue for candidate forums.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


Volunteers remodeled the community hall in 1983, expanding the kitchen and storage areas.  Indoor plumbing was also added at the rear of the hall.  During the 1990s, other improvements were made to the building including replacing the roof, installing a new propane heating system, and a new stage was built.  On the outside, a lawn with picnic tables was added south of the building.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


Because of its unique rustic architecture and importance to the social history of the Camp Sherman community the hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in February 2003.  Listing on the National Register allows the Camp Sherman Community Association to claim federal and state tax credits.  In return, the community hall must be opened for public tours at least once each year.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


In 2004, volunteers from the Camp Sherman community completed a major renovation of the community hall (project photos).  The project included excavations beneath the building to replace floor beams and sill plates, installation of a new heating system, and restoration and refinishing of the floor in the main hall.  The fireplace and chimney were also repaired, and new front doors were installed.  The projected was financed by contributions from the local community and a grant from the National Register of Historic Places.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


Camp Sherman Community Association

Camp Sherman Community Hall


Anyone who owns property or rents a home full-time in the Black Butte School District is eligible for membership in the Camp Sherman Community Association.  Membership fees are used to preserve, maintain, and operate the Camp Sherman Community Hall.  Association members are eligible to rent the hall for private events such as wedding and family reunions.  Members also receive a newsletter with community news and upcoming events scheduled at the hall.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


According to its Articles of Incorporation, the association's purpose is:

Camp Sherman Community Hall


... the establishment, maintenance, and management of an association for the promotion of social intercourse among persons living in or owning property in the Camp Sherman community; to construct, operate, and maintain a recreation hall for such purpose; to promote, aid, and assist in the civic betterment of said community; and to do all the things deemed necessary or proper to promote the welfare of said community.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


Since it was built, the Camp Sherman Community Hall has played an important part in meeting the social and civic goals of the Camp Sherman Community Association.

Camp Sherman Community Hall


Metolius Recreation Association

Camp Sherman Community Hall


Deschutes National Forest

Camp Sherman Community Hall


Arashio (荒潮, Stormy Tide)  was the fourth of ten Asashio-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy in the mid-1930s under the Circle Two Supplementary Naval Expansion Program (Maru Ni Keikaku).

Japanese destroyer Arashio


The Asashio-class destroyers were larger and more capable than the preceding Shiratsuyu class, as Japanese naval architects were no longer constrained by the provisions of the London Naval Treaty. These light cruiser-sized vessels were designed to take advantage of Japan's lead in torpedo technology, and to accompany the Japanese main striking force and in both day and night attacks against the United States Navy as it advanced across the Pacific Ocean, according to Japanese naval strategic projections. Despite being one of the most powerful classes of destroyers in the world at the time of their completion, none survived the Pacific War.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Arashio, built at the Kawasaki Shipyards in Kobe was laid down on 1 October 1935, launched on 26 May 1937 and commissioned on 30 December 1937.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Arashio, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Hideo Kuboki, was assigned to Destroyer Division 8 (Desdiv 8), and a member of Destroyer Squadron 2 (Desron 2) of the IJN 2nd Fleet, escorting Admiral Nobutake Kondō's Southern Force Main Body out of Mako Guard District as distant cover to the Malaya and Philippines invasion forces in December 1941.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Arashio escorted a Malaya troop convoy from Mako towards Singora, then put into Hong Kong on 5 January 1942. She escorted another troop convoy to Davao, and then accompanied the Ambon invasion force (31 January), the Makassar invasion force (8 February) and the Bali/Lombok invasion force (18 February).

Japanese destroyer Arashio


On the night of 19 February 1942, Arashio participated in the Battle of Badoeng Strait, entering the battle late as she was assigned to guard the transport Sagami Maru, and did not see combat. On 8 March, Arashio engaged and sank the Dutch minesweeper Jan van Amstel as it fled the fall of Java, taking the surviving crew prisoner.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Arashio returned to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in March, and was reassigned to the IJN 2nd Fleet on 10 April. She assisted in the siege of Corregidor in the Philippines from 24 April-18 May, and then returned to Kure. After escorting a convoy to Guam at the end of May, Arashio joined the escort for the Midway Invasion Force under the overall command of Admiral Takeo Kurita during the Battle of Midway. She assisted the destroyer Asashio in rescuing survivors from the stricken cruiser Mikuma and, during the attacks on the cruisers, suffered severe damage from United States Navy aircraft on 6 June, with one direct bomb strike killing 37 crewmen, including several survivors from Mikuma, and wounding many more, including Destroyer Division 8 commander Commander Nobuki Ogawa. In spite of the severe damage she escorted the cruiser Mogami to Truk. At Truk, she underwent emergency repairs by Akashi, which enabled her to return to Sasebo Naval Arsenal by 23 July.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


After completion of repairs on 20 October, Arashio was assigned to Rabaul, Arashio was assigned to thirteen “Tokyo Express” transport runs to Buna, Shortland Island, Kolombangara and Guadalcanal and Wewak through mid-February 1943. On 20 February, she rescued the survivors of her torpedoed sister ship Ōshio off of Wewak. Arashio was reassigned to the IJN 8th Fleet on 25 February 1943.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


During the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, she was damaged by three bombs from a USAAF B-25C Mitchell bomber named "Chatter Box" on 3 March, which damaged her rudder, causing a collision with troopship Nojima Maru. The destroyer Yukikaze took off her 176 survivors, which did not include her captain (Cdr Hideo Kuboki). Her abandoned hulk was sunk by United States Navy aircraft at position 07°15′S 148°30′E approximately 55 nautical miles (102 km; 63 mi) southeast of Finschhafen, New Guinea She was removed from the navy list on 1 April 1943.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN 0-8159-5302-X.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-914-X.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Hammel, Eric (1988). Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea : The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 13–15, 1942. CA: Pacifica Press. ISBN 0-517-56952-3.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Howarth, Stephen (1983). The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945. Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-11402-8.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Jentsura, Hansgeorg (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Nelson, Andrew N. (1967). Japanese–English Character Dictionary. Tuttle. ISBN 0-8048-0408-7.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Watts, Anthony J (1967). Japanese Warships of World War II. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-3850-9189-3.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Whitley, M J (2000). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.

Japanese destroyer Arashio


CombinedFleet.com: Asashio-class destroyers

Japanese destroyer Arashio


CombinedFleet.com: Arashio history

Japanese destroyer Arashio


GlobalSecurity.org: Asashio class destroyers

Japanese destroyer Arashio


Sandvika Storsenter is a super-regional mall located in Sandvika outside of Oslo, Norway. It is owned by the Olav Thon Group (Olav Thon Gruppen) which in turn is owned by the Olav Thon Foundation (Olav Thon Stiftelsen).

Sandvika Storsenter


The mall opened October 14, 1993, and was then 24,000 square metres. It was expanded in 1997, making it the largest shopping mall in Norway at the time. Today, after one main extension in 2007, the mall is 60,000 square metres. For a good while it had 190 stores; today that number has increased to 197.

Sandvika Storsenter


Sandvika Storsenter is visited by an average of more than 25,000 customers every day, 150,000 per week and 8 million a year. The highest registered turnover and visitors for a single day, December 21, 2009, was NOK 33.95 million and 57,859 visitors. That same year, week 51 had a turnover of NOK 190.9 million and 306,000 visitors.  The mall's revenue in 2013 was NOK 3.18 billion.

Sandvika Storsenter


As of 2011, some of the largest and most prominent stores included Ultra, Hennes & Mauritz, Clas Ohlson, Elixia, Lefdal, XXL, Norli, Bolia and Barnas Hus.

Sandvika Storsenter


(in Norwegian) Official website

Sandvika Storsenter


The Baton Broadcast System ( BAY-ton), also known as BBS, was a Canadian system of television stations located in Ontario and Saskatchewan, owned by Baton Broadcasting. BBS was the successor to two provincial systems also owned by Baton, the Saskatchewan Television Network (STN) and Ontario Network Television (ONT).

Baton Broadcast System


During the 1990s, BBS and its predecessors served as a complementary programming service to the CTV Television Network, to which most (but not all) of the system's stations were already affiliated. Shortly after Baton's acquisition of CTV in 1997 and the contemporaneous sale of Baton's independent stations (later re-acquired by Bell and currently part of the parallel CTV 2 system), the BBS brand was eliminated, and the system's operations were merged into the CTV network.

Baton Broadcast System


During its years as a cooperative, CTV did not broadcast a complete primetime schedule. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it broadcast 60 hours of common programming each week, with a few gaps in primetime for affiliates to schedule locally; in some cases stations could even pick when to air network programs.

Baton Broadcast System


During this same period, CTV's profits began to decline, and by the early 1990s the network was posting losses, largely due to increased competition from the CanWest Global System and other independent stations. Many affiliate groups, such as Baton and WIC – the latter already owning several independent stations – decided they would prefer to buy and air more of their own programming. Accordingly, as part of CTV's 1993 restructuring, network programming was reduced to 42.5 hours (and soon after to 40), including 12 hours in primetime. From this point on (until 1998), CTV network programming only took up about half of affiliates' primetime schedules.

Baton Broadcast System


Ontario Network Television: 1991-1994

Baton Broadcast System


ONT was initiated in 1991, consisting of eight CTV affiliates – seven owned by Baton (CFTO-TV, CJOH-TV, CHRO-TV, and the MCTV stations) and Electrohome's CKCO-TV. Initially providing 10.5 hours of common programming each week, this was soon expanded to 35 hours.

Baton Broadcast System


While ONT was a secondary affiliation and not a separate network from CTV, some claimed it was a first step towards the Baton stations becoming a separate network. Indeed, Baton began to bid against CTV for the rights to new U.S. series. However, Baton's president at the time, Douglas Bassett, contended it was merely a "marketing vehicle" to compete with CanWest Global's CIII-TV, a single station which served almost all of Ontario.

Baton Broadcast System


In 1993, Baton acquired two independent stations: CFPL-TV and CKNX-TV, and launched a third: CHWI-TV. These stations replaced CKCO within ONT. In response, CKCO and WIC's CHCH-TV Hamilton announced a joint initiative of their own, known as "Market One Television"; however, this partnership was short-lived.

Baton Broadcast System


In addition to the CTV affiliates and independent stations, some ONT (and later BBS) programming may have aired on Baton's CBC affiliates, part of twinstick operations in northern Ontario. In the rest of Canada, Baton sublicensed its programming to individual stations, usually CTV affiliates. Even the ONT brand was seen from time to time in the rest of Canada, mainly through Baton-produced Toronto Blue Jays games.

Baton Broadcast System


The BBS years: 1994-1997

Baton Broadcast System


In October 1994, Baton hired the management consulting firm McKinsey & Company to help evaluate how to proceed with its national expansion plans. McKinsey's report recommended, first and foremost, that Baton attempt to take control of the CTV trademark, which it saw as one of the most valuable brands in Canada, through the acquisition of as many other CTV affiliates (and their corresponding shares in the network) as possible. However, the report also recommended that Baton create a new national brand as a backup, to help reduce the damage should Baton's gambit fail and CTV pass into a competitor's hands.

Baton Broadcast System


This new brand turned out to be BBS, with a logo adapted from CFTO's multicoloured-iris logo. Baton's local stations dropped their individual logos and adopted the new BBS symbol, with the station call letters positioned beneath. In contrast, ONT was simply a secondary brand and had not replaced local station logos. Despite the value Baton placed in the CTV brand, BBS became more a more prominent part of these stations' branding than CTV itself.

Baton Broadcast System


BBS replaced ONT in fall 1994, with the addition of Baton's six stations in Saskatchewan – CTV affiliates CKCK-TV in Regina, CFQC-TV in Saskatoon, CICC-TV in Yorkton, and CIPA-TV in Prince Albert, and CBC affiliates CKOS-TV in Yorkton and CKBI-TV in Prince Albert. They had been jointly branded as the "Saskatchewan Television Network" since 1987.

Baton Broadcast System


Programming included U.S. series such as Law & Order, Home Improvement, Melrose Place, and Ellen, the soap opera Family Passions, a Saturday morning block of mainly Disney cartoons branded as BBS Master Control (including Timon & Pumbaa and programming from Disney's One Saturday Morning), news and talk programming such as Sunday Edition and The Dini Petty Show, and sports programming such as Blue Jays games, which were again syndicated to other Canadian stations.

Baton Broadcast System


As a result of the Baton-Electrohome alliance, CKCO (now jointly owned by both companies) joined the system in 1996. Baton and Electrohome also jointly acquired CFCN-TV in Calgary around the same time; both CFCN and Electrohome-owned CFRN-TV in Edmonton aired much of the BBS lineup, but did not actively use the BBS brand.

Baton Broadcast System


In 1997, Baton bought controlling interest in CTV, and became the sole corporate owner of the network later that year after the remaining station owners sold their shares.  Baton continued to consider the long-standing CTV brand much preferable to its lesser-known BBS moniker, and had not bothered to introduce the latter brand to its new acquisitions.

Baton Broadcast System


Almost immediately after its purchase of CTV was complete, Baton introduced new station logos on all of its CTV-affiliated stations that incorporated the network brand, and began using the CTV logo in all programming and promotions where the BBS logo was previously used, even though these programs remained separate from the CTV network service proper.  The BBS name was completely dropped no later than the end of January 1998, and Baton itself changed its corporate name to CTV Inc. later that year.

Baton Broadcast System


Nevertheless, BBS lived on in a very limited sense until 2001, since CTV maintained a separate stream of programming not part of the CTV network service – though as noted above, from this point on such shows were branded as CTV programs on the network's O&Os. This structure was necessary because the "old" CTV's affiliation agreements, which generally limited network service to 40 hours a week, remained in force. For instance, CHAN-TV (then known as BCTV) was Vancouver's CTV affiliate but carried no more than 40 hours of CTV programming (for instance, in its final seasons as a CTV affiliate, it did not broadcast Canada AM at all, airing local news instead, although sister station CHEK-TV did air CanAM) while CTV-owned independent station CIVT-TV carried the remainder. As its establishment came shortly before Baton adopted the CTV name for its stations, CIVT did not use the BBS name, instead branding as Vancouver Television (VTV).

Baton Broadcast System


Other affiliates such as CKY-TV in Winnipeg, NTV in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, and to a lesser extent CFCF-TV in Montreal, usually acquired additional programming, as they had from BBS. However, these programs were not added to the base 40-hour network schedule (which was part of a traditional network arrangement whereby the network retained most of the ad inventory and affiliates were compensated with airtime payments) – instead, stations had to pay the network for these additional programs, although they would sell all ads locally (which made the practice more akin to all-cash syndication rather than the more contemporary U.S. practice of reverse compensation). Series would sometimes switch back and forth between network and non-network status, and in limited cases alternate programming was supplied to affiliates in the event that specific episodes of a non-network program (e.g., Who Wants to Be a Millionaire) were scheduled for a timeslot that had been previously allocated as network time.

Baton Broadcast System


On September 1, 2001, CIVT-TV became the Vancouver CTV owned-and-operated station, displacing BCTV and CHEK; around the same time, CTV acquired CKY and CFCF, giving the network's O&O stations group coverage of virtually all major Canadian markets. As a result, CTV elected not to renew its national network licence with the CRTC, and the largely artificial distinction between network and non-network programming was eliminated at this point. CTV would later re-apply for a separate regional licence used specifically to provide programming to affiliates owned by third parties. In this sense, CTV as it presently operates could be seen as an enlarged BBS by another name, rather than the direct successor to the "original" CTV; however, for most viewers, this is a technicality of little practical significance.

Baton Broadcast System


Baton's independents and newly disaffiliated CHRO-TV were sold to CHUM Limited, becoming NewNet stations; however CTVglobemedia (now Bell Media), Baton's successor as a corporate entity, reacquired them as part of its purchase of CHUM Limited in 2007. These stations are now operated by Bell Media under the CTV 2 banner.

Baton Broadcast System


Baton's CBC affiliates were later sold to the public broadcaster, and became repeaters of other CBC owned-and-operated stations. CTVgm would later acquire another CBC affiliate, CKX-TV in Brandon, Manitoba, as part of the CHUM purchase, which closed down in late 2009 after a variety of efforts to sell the station failed. Bell Media then acquired two additional two CBC affiliates in interior British Columbia (CJDC-TV Dawson Creek and CFTK-TV Terrace) as part of its 2013 purchase of Astral Media, eventually converting both to CTV 2 stations in 2016.

Baton Broadcast System


List of BBS stations

Baton Broadcast System


Affiliations listed are those in effect during their participation in BBS.

Baton Broadcast System


Kitchener: CKCO-TV (CTV)

Baton Broadcast System


London: CFPL-TV (Independent)

Baton Broadcast System


North Bay: CKNY-TV (CTV), CHNB-TV (CBC)

Baton Broadcast System


Ottawa: CJOH-TV (CTV)

Baton Broadcast System


Pembroke: CHRO-TV (CTV)

Baton Broadcast System


Sault Ste. Marie: CHBX-TV (CTV), CJIC-TV (CBC)

Baton Broadcast System


Sudbury: CICI-TV (CTV), CKNC-TV (CBC)

Baton Broadcast System


Timmins: CITO-TV (CTV), CFCL-TV (CBC)

Baton Broadcast System


Toronto: CFTO-TV (CTV)

Baton Broadcast System


Wheatley: CHWI-TV (Independent)

Baton Broadcast System


Wingham: CKNX-TV (Independent)

Baton Broadcast System


Prince Albert: CIPA-TV (CTV), CKBI-TV (CBC)

Baton Broadcast System


Regina: CKCK-TV (CTV)

Baton Broadcast System


Saskatoon: CFQC-TV (CTV)

Baton Broadcast System


Yorkton: CICC-TV (CTV), CKOS-TV (CBC)

Baton Broadcast System


Shinjuku Swan (新宿スワン) is a 2015 Japanese comedy film directed by Sion Sono based on the manga of the same name by Ken Wakui. It was released in Japan on May 30, 2015.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


Tatsuhiko, an unemployed young man, gets into a fight with a gang and is rescued by Mako, a scout who recruits girls to work for the Burst scouting agency run by Yamashiro in Kabukichō, a red-light district in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Tatsuhiko learns the trade and becomes a scout as well, with Yosuke as his direct superior. Yamashiro, the boss of the Burst scouting agency, is pressured by a need to pay extravagant protection payments to Chairman Shuzen Amano of the Monbukai family, who demands a bigger cut due to a better offer from the rival Harlem scouting agency.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


Matsukata, the boss of the rival Harlem scouting agency, feels that his agency is letting Shinjuku be taken over by Burst. Harlem scout Hideyoshi Minami attempts to take control of the gray zone for his agency alone while he also works behind his boss Matsukata's back to take over the drug trade in Shinjuku, plotting to eventually take over the agency.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


Tatsuhiko attempts to scout a girl named Ryoko but discovers that she is a madam when they both react protectively to help a girl arguing with a man in a restaurant. She is impressed and they make love that night. Mako later takes Tatsuhiko to a club called the Moulin Rouge where he introduces Tatsuhiko to his wife Ryoko and they must pretend that they have never met.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


A Burst captain named Seki equal in rank to Mako forces Tatsuhiko into a conflict with Harlem where Hideyoshi recognizes Tatsuhiko from his past but Tatsuhiko does not remember him, angering Hideyoshi into breaking the first two fingers on Tatsuhiko's hand. Yamshiro tells Seki to handle the dispute despite Mako's objections. Seki takes Tatsuhiko to get revenge on a group of Harlem scouts but allows himself to be beaten up in order to lay the blame for the attack on Harlem. Yamashiro meets Matsukata to resolve the conflict and offers him 30 million yen to help with his money troubles if Harlem disbands and Matsukata joins Burst as a captain. In order to help Matsukata save face and disguise the buyout Yamashiro offers to sell Tatsuhiko to Harlem in return but Tatsuhiko reacts wildly and destroys much of the equipment in Matsukata's office, at which point Matsukata tells them to keep him and agrees to simply sell Harlem for 30 million yen.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


Mako has been recording the conversation with Hayama, Harlem's No. 2, and they force Matsukata to step down for attempting to sell out the agency without consulting Hayama. Hayama has Harlem take responsibility for the conflict with Tatsuhiko and agrees to join Burst for nothing, plotting to take over the combined agency from within together with Hideyoshi.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


As president of the new combined agency, Yamashiro appoints only Mako, Seki, and Tokimasa of Burst along with Hayama of Harlem as the only captains with everyone else starting from scratch as equals and forced to prove their worth in a competition to see who can scout the most girls in one month and be promoted to captain. Mako warns Tatsuhiko against taking revenge on Hideyoshi.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


Hideyoshi rescues the fleeing Ageha, a hostess in great debt who has stolen 50,000 yen from a safe, and buys her from her angry employer, putting her to work around the clock under Mr. Ohbayashi, the abusive operator of a massage parlor. When she is utterly fatigued Hideyoshi offers her drugs so that she can continue to work. Meanwhile Hideyoshi pressures the Burst scouts Ohno, Konno, and Yoda into giving him their 18 newly scouted girls so that he can win the competition.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


Tatsuhiko scouts Eiko, a 19-year-old cutter who commits suicide by jumping off the roof of a building. Overcome with guilt, Tatsuhiko stops Ohbayashi from beating Ageha, who views him as the blond Dark Prince from her favorite storybook come to rescue her. He finds her work in a more reputable establishment and takes her on a date around the area as he asks her questions to make sure that she is doing alright emotionally. She abruptly leaves to go to work she drops a bag of drugs that Tatsuhiko finds.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


Seki convinces his lover Riko to let herself be scouted by Harlem, where she complains of fatigue and is offered drugs by one of the other girls. She arranges a meet to purchase more drugs at a bowling alley so that Seki can catch the Harlem scouts who are involved, but Hideyoshi foresees the setup and shows up with several men. Seki fights off Busuyama but is forced to surrender when Hideyoshi threatens to cut Riko's throat and is held down in a lane as Hideyoshi throws bowling balls down it, breaking his bones and putting him in the hospital. Hideyoshi and Busuyama later bother some of the girls in Ryoko's establishment and she kicks them out.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


Ageha runs away from work and Tatsuhiko finds her back at Ohbayashi's place indulging in drugs with his assistance. Hideyoshi arrives at that moment with a briefcase full of drugs and Tatsuhiko takes it from him but is attacked by Ohbayashi, whom Ageha stabs and kills. Hideyoshi flees and Tatsuhiko begs Ageha to come with him but she would rather be arrested and get clean than continue her current life.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


Mako meets Hayama in private and asks him to disclose the source of the drugs in exchange for protection or else he will be taken down like Hideyoshi. He finds out that the drugs are coming from Club Gorgeous and Yamashiro sends out all his men to hunt down Hideyoshi to obtain evidence from him.

Shinjuku Swan (film)


Ryoko spots Tatsuhiko retrieving the suitcase from a storage locker and tips him off that Mako had slipped a GPS tracking device into his pocket and that Hideyoshi's real name is Daiki Furuya, a top student at Tatsuhiko's middle school who attempted to stab him in a gang fight. Tatsuhiko's friend Sakakibara jumped in between them and was stabbed instead, becoming paralyzed, after which Daiki Furuya left school and eventually changed his name to Hideyoshi.

Shinjuku Swan (film)