In a modern version of the story. Jigwi fell in love with Queen Seondeok, whom he met every night through her dream. In her dream, he appears as a handsome Hwarang, who gave her predictions and solutions for the crises she faced as a ruler. Through Jigwi's assistance, Queen Seondeok overcame many problems. They met each other in a bridge in her dream, but suddenly Jigwi stopped appearing in her dreams. The queen started to wonder what happened to the man in her dreams and started to miss him and so she went to the bridge where they used to meet in her dreams. But Jigwi was nowhere to be found, and instead, the one she saw was a sleeping beggar. The queen did not recognize him as the same man who appeared in her dream but still, she decided to leave her bracelet on the chest of the sleeping man. When Jigwi woke up, he was overwhelmed with love and longing for the queen, that his heart turned into a fire that spread through his whole body. The fire flew to heaven and then rain started to fall, which ended the drought in Silla.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Croaking Frogs and Jade Gate

Queen Seondeok of Silla


This story is recorded in the Samguk yusa.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Near the banks of the Seongjin river in the capital city, there was a temple called Yeongmyosa. In the temple grounds was a pond named Okmun ("Jade Gate"). On a certain day in winter, five years into her reign, frogs gathered together at the pond and began to croak loudly for several days. When this strange phenomenon was reported to the queen, she immediately ordered two of her generals to lead 2,000 of her best soldiers to the western suburb of the city, and to look for a valley named Yeogeungok ("Cradle of Life"). She added that an enemy force would be found there lying in wait, which they would be sure to take by surprise. The two generals led their armies to the valley the queen had mentioned, near Mt. Bu, and destroyed not only the detachment of 500 Baekje soldiers they found there, but also a force of 1,200 reinforcements which came later to aid them.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


When asked how she had foreseen the Baekje invasion simply because of the croaking of frogs. The queen explained, "A group of angry frogs signifies an army. Jade Gate is an expression for a woman's chastity. Woman is one of the meanings of Yin, which also has the meaning of white, and the white color stands for the West. So I knew that an army was lying in the West. As we say, a man is supposed in some sense to die during the act of creating new life. Since the Baekje army was hiding in the valley known as the Cradle of Life, I knew that it would be easy to defeat them." This shows that the queen was well-versed in the philosophy of Yin and Yang, and interpreted all the icons correctly. It is also remarkable to see the queen's reference to the symbolic "death" of the male during the act of love. The fact that the queen openly dealt with the topic in front of her male courtiers also showed her boldness.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Burial near the Doricheon

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Queen Seondeok of Silla


Some days before she died, Seondeok gathered her officials and gave the order "When I die, bury me near the Doricheon (忉利天, "Heaven of Grieved Merits")" which in Buddhism refers to a certain level of Heaven. When asked where the Doricheon was, she replied that it was on the southern side of Mt. Namsan. Decades after her death, the thirtieth king Munmu of Silla constructed Sacheonwang-sa (四天王寺, "Temple of the Four Heavenly Kings") in her tomb. Then the nobles realized that one of the Buddha's sayings, "Dori-cheon is above the Sacheonwang-cheon", was accomplished by the queen. However, rather than prediction, some historians think of it as her last wish: having suffered so much jealousy and prejudice for being a woman during her reign, this may have been her way to show her desire to be reincarnated as a man in Doricheon in her next life.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Father: King Jinpyeong (진평왕; 眞平王, 567–632)

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Mother: Kim Bokhilgu, the Lady Maya (김복힐구 마야부인; 金福肹口 摩耶夫人, dates unknown)

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Princess Cheonmyeong (천명공주; 天明公主, dates unknown), 1st or 2nd daughter

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Kim Yongsu (김용수; 金龍樹, 578–647), Princess Cheonmyeong's husband, 13th Pungwolju.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Kim Chun-chu (김춘추; 金春秋, 604–661), 18th Pungwolju; later King (Taejong) Muyeol (태종무열왕; 太宗武烈王).

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Princess Seonhwa (선화공주; 善化/花公主, dates unknown), 3rd daughter (There is constant debate over her identity.)

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Cousin: Kim Seung-man (김승만; 金勝曼), only daughter of Gukban (국반; 國飯) and Lady Wolmyeong of the Park clan (월명부인 박씨; 月明夫人朴氏); later Queen Jindeok

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Portrayed by Kim Hye Jung in the 1992–1993 KBS TV series Chronicle of the three Kingdoms

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Portrayed by Lee Ae-jung in the 2005 EBS TV series Jump

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Portrayed by Lee Hyun Jung in the 2006–2007 SBS TV series Yeon Gaesomun

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Portrayed by Lee Yo-won and Nam Ji-hyun in the 2009 MBC TV series Queen Seondeok.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Portrayed by Yoon So-yi in the 2011 film The Bracelet of Blue Tears.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Portrayed by Park Joo-mi, Sun Joo-ah and Hong Eun-hee in the 2012–2013 KBS1 TV series Dream of the Emperor.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


She is the leader of the Korean civilization in the Rise and Fall expansion of the 4X video game Civilization VI.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Seondeok is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Featured in Sheri Holman's Sondok: Princess of the Moon and Stars, Korea, A.D. 595.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Portrayed by Ahn So Ri in the 2017 KBS TV series Chronicles of Korea

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Playable hero character in the online video game Art of War

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Three Kingdoms of Korea

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Queen Seondeok (TV series)

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Sondok: Princess of the Moon and Stars (Korea, 595 A.D.)

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Lee, Bae-yong (2008). Women in Korean History. Ewha Womans University Press.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Wollock, Jennifer G. (2011). Rethinking Chivalry and Courtly Love. Praeger.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


KSCPP Archived 2018-03-03 at the Wayback Machine

Queen Seondeok of Silla


선덕여왕. 문화원형백과 (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-02-04.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


선덕여왕. 인물한국사 (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-02-04.

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Royal Tomb of Queen Seondeok of Silla

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Atractus schach, is a species of colubrid snake. It is found in French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname. It is also known as Schach's ground snake.

Atractus schach


The A575 is an A road in Greater Manchester which connects Worsley and Farnworth.

A575 road


The road begins in Worsley village at junction 13 of the M60 at the A572, where this road goes beneath the M60. It crosses the East Lancashire Road – A580, after which it loses primary status. It then goes through Walkden past the railway station and crosses the A6. It heads over the M61 before meeting with the A5082. The road then comes to its end at Moses Gate near the A666.

A575 road


It has a 30 mph speed limit for its full length.

A575 road


The A575 previously continued from Worsley through Trafford Park, and terminated at the A56 in Stretford. This section is now the B5211 road from Worsley to Trafford Park and the A5181 (Park Road) from thereon.

A575 road


The Searcy Municipal Courthouse, formerly the Searcy Post Office is a historic government building at Gum and Arch Streets in downtown Searcy, Arkansas.  It is a two-story brick building with Renaissance Revival styling.  The central bays of its main facade are articulated by paneled pilasters of the Corinthian order, with large two-story windows flanking a two-story entrance, all set in recessed segmented-arch openings.  The shallow hipped roof has elongated eaves with large brackets.  The building was designed by Oscar Wenderoth and built in 1914, and is the only high-style Renaissance Revival building in White County.

Searcy Municipal Courthouse


The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Searcy Municipal Courthouse


National Register of Historic Places listings in White County, Arkansas

Searcy Municipal Courthouse


The target shrimpgoby (Cryptocentrus strigilliceps) is a species of goby native to the Indo-West-Pacific where it occurs near coasts on silty or sandy reefs at depths of from 3 to 15 metres (9.8 to 49.2 ft).  This species is symbiotic with alpheid shrimps.  It can reach a length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) TL.  This species can also be found in the aquarium trade.

Target shrimp goby


David Lyon  (born 1948) is a sociologist who directed the Surveillance Studies Centre at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. He previously held a Queen’s Research Chair position and appointments in the Department of Sociology and the Faculty of Law at Queen's University.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Lyon received Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in social science and history at the University of Bradford in Yorkshire, England, fuelling a fascination with driving forces behind and social consequences of some major transformations of the modern  world.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon defines surveillance as the "operations and experiences of gathering and analyzing personal data for influence, entitlement or management." As well, he has developed key concepts in the field, such as social sorting. Lyon has also taught and researched in the areas of information society, globalization, secularization, and postmodernity. He is author, co-author, editor or co-editor of 32 books. His books have been translated into 19 languages.

David Lyon (sociologist)


He was a founding editor of the journal Surveillance & Society, is an associate editor of The Information Society, and is on the international editorial board of a number of other academic journals. Since 2000 Lyon has led a series of team projects; currently, "Big Data Surveillance" (2015–2020). He is also on the international advisory boards of other major projects in surveillance studies.

David Lyon (sociologist)


He has held visiting appointments in a number of universities including Auckland, Bir Zeit, Edinburgh, Leeds, Melbourne, Sydney, Rio de Janeiro, Tokyo, the Centre for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, and the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. Lyon has also encouraged surveillance research initiatives and groups around the world, especially in Israel/Palestine and the Middle East, Japan, and Latin America.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Sociology, religion, the secular

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon’s dissertation focused on the historical sociology of belief-change in Victorian England and his early work explored the mutual relations of Christian social thought and the social sciences in works such as Karl Marx: A Christian Appreciation of his Life and Thought (1979) and Sociology and the Human Image (1983).

David Lyon (sociologist)


The Steeple’s Shadow: On the Myths and Realities of Secularization (1986), questioned theories which suggest that religious belief and practice decline with the coming of modernity. Locally, he wrote a parish study of St James’ Anglican church, Kingston; Living Stones (1995).

David Lyon (sociologist)


Jesus in Disneyland (2000) investigated the ways in which religious activities are affected by the so-called postmodern turn, and the co-edited (with Marguerite Van Die) Rethinking Church, State and Modernity: Canada between Europe and America (2000) examined the question from the perspective of political sociology. The latter research was funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon has contributed to the debate over the "post-secular" both directly, for example in "Being post-secular in the social sciences: Charles Taylor’s social imaginaries" New Blackfriars, 91: 648-662, 2010 and indirectly, in "Surveillance and the Eye of God" Studies in Christian Ethics, 27(1): 21-32, 2014.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Surveillance, technology, digital modernity

David Lyon (sociologist)


During the 1980s Lyon examined how new technologies are involved in social change and offered a balanced assessment in books such as The Information Society: Issues and Illusions (1988).

David Lyon (sociologist)


In a short book on Postmodernity (1994) he suggested that currently fashionable theoretical debates had to be understood in relation to social changes, especially the development of new media and the cultural prominence of consumerism. Today, he refers more to "liquid" and "digital" modernity.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon’s work on social aspects of new technologies concerns the processing of personal data. See The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (1994). This blossomed into a research program that became increasingly collaborative, international and multi-disciplinary. Lyon’s "social sorting" concept signals that while "privacy" is not to be minimized, broader questions of ethics and social justice, including civil liberties and human rights, are also prompted by the intensification of surveillance. This is seen even more starkly in a post-Snowden environment (see Surveillance After Snowden, 2015) where Big Data practices now play a central role (see "Snowden, surveillance and big data: capacities, consequences and critique" Big Data & Society,  1(1), 2014.

David Lyon (sociologist)


The argument of The Electronic Eye was complemented by Surveillance Society: Monitoring Everyday Life (2001) that focused on global developments and the increasing use of the body as a source of data, and then by Surveillance after September 11 (2003) that focuses on 9/11’s role in expanding surveillance and diminishing human rights, capitalizing on fear, suspicion and secrecy. In the ironically titled Surveillance Studies: An Overview (2007) Lyon lays out dynamically the key features of surveillance studies.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Identification, ethics, human flourishing

David Lyon (sociologist)


Identifying Citizens: ID Cards as Surveillance (2009) picked up on themes explored by Lyon since the late 1980s but also relating to more recent technical and political developments. The parallel volume here is the co-edited (with Colin Bennett) Playing the Identity Card: Surveillance, Security and Identification in Global Perspective (2008). Each book refers to Lyon’s concept of the "card cartel" as a means of understanding the political economy of IDs at a time when "showing ID" has become a central – and novel – feature of social relations around the world.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Ethics has been integral to Lyon's work over many years, seen in his current work (e.g. "Liquid Surveillance: the Contribution of Zygmunt Bauman to Surveillance Studies" International Political Sociology, 4: 325-338, 2010 and Liquid Surveillance, co-authored with Zygmunt Bauman 2013). Today, says Lyon, more than ever, ethical questions demand attention because the issues are so large, urgent and intractable. While educational, legal, technical and other approaches are vital, he insists that it is also crucial both to confront the agents of surveillance and to consider current developments in terms of emerging political subjects, the common good and human flourishing.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon’s scholarship on surveillance has been criticized as drawing explicitly upon Christian beliefs to postulate that “caring” forms of surveillance are both possible and desirable. James M. Harding, in particular, has questioned whether this stance ultimately functions as an apology for abusive and corrupt surveillance practices by casting them as being in need of reform rather than eradication. Following the publication of Harding’s critique in his book Performance, Transparency, and the Cultures of Surveillance, Lyon and Harding engaged in a published debate about these issues in the journal Surveillance & Society. Lyon contends that, while abusive and corrupt surveillance practices should indeed be eradicated, this does not mean that a surveillance of care doesn't exist or should not be aspired to.

David Lyon (sociologist)


2007 Lifetime Achievement Award American Sociological Association Communication and Information Technology Section

David Lyon (sociologist)


2008 Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada

David Lyon (sociologist)


2008–2010 Killam Research Fellow, the Canada Council's highest award

David Lyon (sociologist)


2012 Outstanding Contribution Award from the Canadian Sociological Association

David Lyon (sociologist)


2014 Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (UK)

David Lyon (sociologist)


2015 Insight-Impact Award from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SHRCC)

David Lyon (sociologist)


2016 Doctor honoris causa, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland

David Lyon (sociologist)


2018 Outstanding Contribution Award from the Surveillance Studies Network

David Lyon (sociologist)


2020 Molson Prize from the Canada Council for the Arts and SSHRC

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, David (June 1981). Karl Marx: A Christian Assessment of His Life and Thought. Intervarsity Press. ISBN 0-87784-879-3.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, David (19 November 1983). Sociology and the Human Image. Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 0-87784-843-2.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, David (July 1986). The Silicon Society: How Will Information Technology Change Our Lives?. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. ISBN 0-8028-0238-9.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, David (February 1987). The Steeple's Shadow: On the Myths and Realities of Secularization. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0261-3.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (1988). The Information Society: Issues and Illusions. Polity. ISBN 0-7456-0369-6.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (1994). The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-2515-8.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (1996). Zureik, E (ed.). Computers, Surveillance and Privacy. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-2653-7.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (1999). Postmodernity (2nd ed.). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3227-8.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (2000). Jesus in Disneyland: Religion in Postmodern Times. Polity. ISBN 0-7456-1489-2.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (2001). Surveillance Society: Monitoring Everyday Life. Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-20546-1.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D. (15 December 2002). Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27873-2.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (26 September 2003). Surveillance After September 11. Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3181-9.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D. (2006). Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon and Beyond. Willan. ISBN 978-1-84392-191-2.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (30 July 2007). Surveillance Studies: An Overview. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3592-7.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (2008). Bennett, C (ed.). Playing the Identity Card: Surveillance, Security and Identification in Global Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-92713-7.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D. (2009). Identifying Citizens: ID Cards as Surveillance. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-4156-0.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (2010). Elia Zureik; Yasmeen Abu-Laban (eds.). Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory, Power. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-58861-4.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (2011). Aaron Doyle; Randy Lippert (eds.). Eyes Everywhere: The Global Growth of Camera Surveillance. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-69655-5.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D (2012). Kirstie Ball; Kevin Haggerty (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-58883-6.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D; Zygmunt Bauman (2013). Liquid Surveillance: A Conversation. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-6283-1.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, D.; Bennett, Colin; Haggerty, Kevin; Steeves, Valerie, eds. (4 December 2014). Transparent Lives: Surveillance in Canada. Athabasca University Press. ISBN 978-1-927356-77-7.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, David (17 August 2015). Surveillance after Snowden. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-9085-8.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, David (2018). The Culture of Surveillance: Watching as a Way of Life. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-7456-7173-4.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, David and David Murakami Wood (eds. 2021) Big Data Surveillance and Security Intelligence. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-774-86418-3.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, David (2021). Pandemic Surveillance. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-5095-5030-2.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Lyon, David (2024). Surveillance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198796848.

David Lyon (sociologist)


Surveillance Studies Centre

David Lyon (sociologist)


The Bale Oak was a large oak tree in Bale, a village in north Norfolk, England; it was over 500 years old when it was felled in 1860. It measured 36 feet (11 m) in circumference, and, reportedly, featured branches over 70 feet (21 m) long.

Bale Oak


In the middle of the 14th century, All Saints church was erected immediately east of the site of the tree. According to folk legend, the tree had previously been a site for pre-Christian worship and may have been a part of a larger grove.

Bale Oak


In 1795, the oak was severely damaged. The oak was heavily pollarded and the removed bark and some of the wood was sold to the Hardys of Letheringsett for tanning.

Bale Oak


Norfolk historian Rev. Blomfield recorded use of the oak in the 18th century:

Bale Oak


A great oak at bathele near the church, its hollow so large that ten or twelve men may stand within it and a cobbler had his shop and lodge there of late and it is or was used for a swinestry.

Bale Oak


Deemed dangerous by the local populace, the abuse of the tree lead to its destruction in 1860. The Lord of the Manor Sir Willoughby Jones ordered the tree removed and, with much local mourning, the remains taken carted to Cranmer Hall at Fakenham.

Bale Oak


The site is now covered by a grove of Holm oaks and is protected by the National Trust.

Bale Oak


Leaflet: Stone, Joyce E. 1966. As big as Bale Oak.

Bale Oak


Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 2015. Riddle of two skeletons found by builders in a former village pub. 8 December.

Bale Oak


Monograph: Bryant, T. H. 1902. Hundred of Holt. The Churches of Norfolk. Vol IX. p 2.

Bale Oak


Norfolkchurches.co.uk's site on All Saints, the church built next to the oak, including various photographs of the site where the oak stood.

Bale Oak


Glavenvalley.co.uk's tourist site regarding Bale (the village) with a small description and photograph of the site of the oak.

Bale Oak


Norfolk Coast & Countryside's article regarding the history of the tree.

Bale Oak


Odderhei is a neighborhood in the city of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway. It is  in the borough of Oddernes and in the district of Randesund. It is located northwest of Tømmerstø and Holte. The nearby district of Søm lies to the north.

Odderhei


Rise Station (Norwegian: Rise stasjon) is a railway station at Rise in Arendal, Norway. Located on the Arendal Line, it is served by the Go-Ahead Norge. The station opened as the terminus of the Grimstad Line in 1907; the following year it became a transfer station to the Arendal Line. It then received a station building designed by Paul Armin Due. In 1935 and 1936, the lines were converted from narrow gauge to standard gauge, although for a year the station served as a break-of-gauge station. The Grimstad Line closed in 1961 and in 1983 the station was unstaffed.

Rise Station


Facilities and service

Rise Station


Located at 344.8 meters (1,131 ft) above mean sea level, the station is 10.19 kilometers (6.33 mi) from Arendal Station and was 22.19 kilometers (13.79 mi) from Grimstad Station, and 307.44 kilometers (191.03 mi) from Oslo Central Station. The station is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration; it has parking for 15 cars, is unstaffed and lacks a ticket machine.

Rise Station


The station is served by the Norwegian State Railway's feeder service on the Arendal Line with up to five daily services per direction. Travel time to Arendal is 10 minutes while travel time to Nelaug is 25 minutes.

Rise Station


The station opened on 14 September 1907 as the terminus of the private Grimstad–Froland Line (GFB) which ran to Grimstad. The station was from the opening owned by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB), who were in the process of building the Arendal–Åmli Line. GFB therefore had to pay rent to NSB until 1912, when NSB took over the Grimstad Line. Originally, the station consisted of temporary platform, a roundhouse, a turntable with a 6.5-meter (21 ft) diameter and a coal shed.

Rise Station


NSB built a station building designed by Paul Armin Due. It was of the Flikkeid-type, as it was a duplicate of Flikkeid Station on the Flekkefjord Line and was the same as was built at Froland Station on the Arendal Line. It was in Art Nouveau style with a goods room built as an extension. The outhouse was the same type as had been built at Flikkeid and at Urdland Station and has three places and a wood storage. Also the water tower was the same type as at Flikkeid. The station also received a guard residence and a small shed. The line from Treungen came from the north-west, while the lines from Arendal and Grimstad game from the south-east, with the Grimstad Line south of the Arendal Line. Track 1 had a side platform which it shared with the station building, while Track 2 and 3 had a shared island platform. Eastwards, Track 1 was only connected to the Arendal Line, while Track 3 and 4 was only connected to the Grimstad Line. All four were connected towards Treungen.

Rise Station


Rise was originally a transfer station between the Arendal Line and the Grimstad Line. Trains were normally coordinated so there would be a train to Arendal at Track 1, a train to Treungen at Track 2 and a train to Grimstad at Track 3. The Arendal Line was converted to standard gauge in 1935, and Rise Station temporarily became a station on the Sørland Line from 9 November. This caused a break-of-gauge at Rise, causing transshipment of all passengers and freight. This caused a break-of-gauge at Rise, causing transshipment of all passengers and freight. In 1936, the Grimstad Line was converted to standard gauge and the turntable replaced with one with a 16-meter (52 ft) diameter.

Rise Station


The last train to run on the Grimstad Line was on 31 August 1961. The passenger service was replaced by bus; the service from Grimstad to Rykene was extended to Rise, where there was transfer with the train. Later, the bus service was moved to transfer to the Grimstad bus was made in Arendal. Demolition of the line started on 19 September and lasted until 21 November, when all but the last 100 meters (330 ft) from Rise Station had been removed. The level crossing east of the station was subsequently replaced with an overpass. As the roundtable was no longer needed, it was removed, although the pit remains. Scheduled train remained at Rise until 1979. From 1 November 1983, the station was unstaffed. In 1985, the guard house and outhouse were sold. The line took electric traction into use on 15 June 1995.  From 20 October, the service was terminated on the Arendal Line and the Bratsberg Line. NSB had a large shortage of motormen, and chose to close operations on the lines with least traffic to allocate sufficient personnel to areas with higher ridership. Traffic resumed on 24 June 2001.

Rise Station


Bjerke, Thor; Tovås, Ove (1989). Togbytte på Nelaug (in Norwegian). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. ISBN 82-90286-10-4.

Rise Station


Media related to Rise train station at Wikimedia Commons

Rise Station


William Alison Anders (17 October 1933 – 7 June 2024) was a United States Air Force (USAF) major general, electrical engineer, nuclear engineer, NASA astronaut, and businessman. In December 1968, he was a member of the crew of Apollo 8, the first three people to leave low-Earth orbit and travel to the Moon. Along with fellow astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Lovell, he circled the Moon ten times, and broadcast live images and commentary back to Earth, including the Christmas Eve Genesis reading. During one of the mission's lunar orbits, he took the iconic Earthrise photograph.

William Anders


A 1955 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Anders was commissioned a second lieutenant in the USAF the same year and became a fighter pilot flying Northrop F-89 Scorpions equipped with AIR-2A nuclear-tipped air-to-air rockets. In 1962, he earned a Master of Science degree in nuclear engineering at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) of Air University, and was sent to the Air Force Weapons Laboratory to manage the technical aspects of the service's nuclear reactor programs.

William Anders


Anders was the executive secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council from 1969 to 1973, a commissioner of the United States Atomic Energy Commission from 1973 to 1975, and chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission from 1975 to 1976. He then became the United States Ambassador to Norway from 1976 to 1977. In September 1977, he joined General Electric (GE) as the vice president and general manager of its Nuclear Products Division and became the general manager of the GE Aircraft Equipment Division in 1980. He left GE to join Textron as executive vice president for aerospace, and two years later became senior executive vice president for operations. During his time in the Civil Service, he remained a USAF reserve officer and retained his active flight status. He retired from the reserve as a major general in 1988. In 1990, he became vice chairman of General Dynamics, and in 1991 its chairman and CEO. He retired as CEO in 1993 and as chairman in 1994.

William Anders


Anders died in a crash of his Beechcraft T-34 Mentor in June 2024 near the San Juan Islands.

William Anders


William Alison Anders was born in Hong Kong on 17 October 1933, the son of Arthur Ferdinand Anders (1903–2000), a United States Navy lieutenant, and his wife, Muriel A. Anders (née Adams; 1911–1990). The family moved from Hong Kong to Annapolis, Maryland, where his father taught mathematics at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. After Annapolis, Anders's father received orders to billet in Nanjing, China. After the family moved there, the Second Sino-Japanese War erupted in 1937, followed by Japan invading China. In December of that year, his father was serving as the executive officer of the river gunboat USS Panay when he was wounded as the ship was attacked and sunk by Japanese bombers. As the Japanese began to advance toward Nanjing, Anders and his mother fled by taking a train to Guangzhou.

William Anders


From the porch of the Guangzhou hotel in which they stayed, they could see Japanese aircraft bombing ships on the Pearl River 200 yards (180 m) away. This was ominous since the river was their only means of escape. In addition to the threat of Japanese aircraft, the river was mined and there was the danger of being boarded by bandits. Foreigners were allocated special areas on the boat and separated from Chinese people by barbed wire. They eventually reached the Philippines, where they awaited news of his father. Arthur Anders was rescued by the British and sent to San Diego Naval Hospital to recover from his wounds and a staphylococcal infection. He was awarded the Purple Heart and the Navy Cross but was discharged from the Navy owing to his wounds. He was recalled to active duty during World War II.

William Anders


The family returned to the United States, where Anders was active in the Boy Scouts, achieving the organization's second-highest rank, Life Scout. As a teen, Anders attended St Martin's Academy and Grossmont High School in El Cajon, California. To improve his grades so that he could be accepted at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Anders was sent to the Boyden School, a military academy prep school in downtown San Diego. He commuted to Boyden by bus from La Mesa, California. The school lay under the flight path into Lindbergh Field and aircraft such as the huge Convair B-36 Peacemaker would fly low over the school. He was fascinated with flight and built model aircraft. He graduated from Boyden in 1951.

William Anders


United States Air Force

William Anders


Anders received an appointment to Annapolis, following in the footsteps of his father, who had graduated in the Class of 1927. Part of the course was orientation cruises during which midshipmen could experience life at sea. A cruise aboard an aircraft carrier convinced him that he did not want to become a naval aviator, for there were too many fatal accidents. He graduated in 1955 with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force (USAF).

William Anders


While at Annapolis, he had met Valerie Elizabeth Hoard on a blind date. Midshipmen were not allowed to marry, but they were married soon after he graduated. They would have six children: Alan (born in 1957), Glen (1958), Gayle (1960), Gregory (1962), Eric (1964) and Diana (1972).

William Anders


After graduation, Anders reported for flight training, which was conducted in the piston-engine Beechcraft T-34 Mentor and North American T-28 Trojan and then in the jet Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star. After receiving his pilot wings in 1956 he became a fighter pilot with the 84th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, an all-weather interceptor squadron of the Air Defense Command based at Hamilton Air Force Base in California, flying Northrop F-89 Scorpions equipped with MB-1 nuclear-tipped air-to-air rockets. He then served with the 57th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in Iceland, where he participated in intercepts of Soviet heavy bombers, which were challenging America's air defense borders. After a year he returned to the 84th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Hamilton, which was now flying the McDonnell F-101 Voodoo.

William Anders


Anders set his sights on becoming a test pilot. He spoke to Chuck Yeager, who recommended that he first obtain an advanced degree. Anders submitted an application to the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, hoping to study aeronautical engineering, but the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program was ongoing, and the AFIT had him study nuclear engineering instead. While there he took a course in aeronautical engineering at Ohio State University. He graduated from the AFIT with a Master of Science degree in nuclear engineering in 1962. By that time, the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program had been canceled, so he was assigned to the Air Force Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico, where he was responsible for the technical management of nuclear reactor programs.

William Anders


Selection and training

William Anders


Anders then applied to the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots School (ARPS) for test pilot training, but on 5 June 1963, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that it would be recruiting ten to fifteen new astronauts for Project Gemini and Project Apollo, and Anders decided to apply for that too. In two previous astronaut selections, applicants had to be test pilots, but this time it was preferred but not required, making Anders eligible. He was one of the 34 finalists chosen for interviews, and on his birthday, 17 October 1963, he was informed by Mercury Seven astronaut Deke Slayton that he had been accepted as a member of the third group of NASA astronauts. Three days later, Yeager informed him that he had failed to make the cut for the ARPS but recommended that he apply again the following year.

William Anders


While at NASA, he became involved in dosimetry, radiation effects, and environmental controls. In September 1966, he was the backup pilot for the Gemini 11 mission, with Neil Armstrong as the backup commander. This would have put him in line to fly a Gemini 13 mission, but no such mission was flown; Project Gemini ended with Gemini 12. Armstrong and Anders then became the first astronauts to fly the Lunar Landing Training Vehicle. The astronauts in his group without test pilot training—Anders, Roger B. Chaffee, Walter Cunningham, Rusty Schweickart, Gene Cernan, and Buzz Aldrin—were assigned to Apollo crews as the Lunar Module pilot (LMP), the lowest-ranking crew member.

William Anders


On 22 December 1966, Anders was assigned to the third Apollo mission, which was to be commanded by Frank Borman, with command module pilot (CMP) Michael Collins; Neil Armstrong, Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin were assigned as their backup crew the following year. Collins was replaced by Lovell in July 1968, after suffering a cervical disc herniation that required surgery to repair. The mission, scheduled for December 1968, was intended to be a second test of the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) in medium Earth orbit, but the delivery of the LM fell behind schedule, and when it arrived at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in June 1968, more than a hundred significant defects were discovered. There was no prospect of it being ready to fly in 1968. In August 1968, there were reports, including one from the CIA, that the Soviet Union was planning a crewed circumlunar mission before the end of the year.

William Anders


Although the LM would not be ready to fly in December 1968, the Apollo command and service module (CSM) would be, so a CSM-only mission could be flown. It could be sent to the Moon, entering lunar orbit before returning to Earth. Slayton asked James McDivitt, the designated commander of the second mission, if he still wanted to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do. When Borman was asked the same question, he answered "yes" without any hesitation. Slayton then decided to swap the crews and spacecraft, so Borman, Lovell, and Anders's mission became Apollo 8. Anders was less enthusiastic about being the Lunar Module pilot of a mission without a Lunar Module.

William Anders


According to Borman:Rookie Bill Anders was thirty-five, slightly built, a devout Roman Catholic, and very serious minded. I'm not sure he ever got used to my rough sense of humor or Lovell's free-wheeling spirit. But Anders was one hell of a worker, a superb technician and all in all a great guy. Anders was always friendly and cooperative, but he avoided the usual astronaut bull sessions. Some of the guys regarded him as a younger version of Frank Borman in his single-minded concentration on work, his aversion to unnecessary conversation.

William Anders


In December 1968, Anders flew on the Apollo 8 mission, the first mission where humans traveled beyond low-Earth orbit, and the first crewed flight to reach and orbit the Moon. When the spacecraft came out from behind the Moon for its fourth pass across the front, the crew witnessed an "Earthrise" for the first time in human history. NASA's Lunar Orbiter 1 had taken the first picture of an Earthrise from the vicinity of the Moon, on 23 August 1966.

William Anders


Anders saw the Earth emerging from behind the lunar horizon and called in excitement to the others, taking a black-and-white photograph as he did so. Anders asked Lovell for color film and then took Earthrise, which was later picked by Life magazine as one of its hundred photos of the century. Anders reflected on the lasting impact of the Earthrise photograph, noting that it gained iconic status over time and helped people realize the need to take care of our fragile planet. He remarked on the photograph's message for humanity, highlighting the contrast between our only home and the conflicts, including nuclear threats and terrorism, that we face. "It amazes me."

William Anders


According to Anders:

William Anders


We came all this way to explore the Moon, and the most important thing is that we discovered the Earth.

William Anders


On conservation of the planet, he said:

William Anders


If you can imagine yourself in a darkened room with only one clearly visible object, a small blue-green sphere about the size of a Christmas-tree ornament, then you can begin to grasp what the Earth looks like from space. I think that all of us subconsciously think that the Earth is flat ... Let me assure you that, rather than a massive giant, it should be thought of as the fragile Christmas-tree ball which we should handle with considerable care.

William Anders


The Apollo 8 command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on 27 December after a flight lasting 147 hours and 42 seconds and a voyage of 504,006 nautical miles (933,419 km). It landed just 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown. Due to time dilation, the three astronauts had aged about 300 microseconds more than people back on Earth.

William Anders


The July 1969 Apollo 11 mission was commanded by Armstrong, with Collins as the CMP and Aldrin as the LMP. The Apollo 8 crew became its backup, but without Borman. Lovell stepped up to become the backup commander, and Anders became the backup CMP, with rookie astronaut Fred Haise as the backup LMP.

William Anders


Anders could see that Project Apollo was coming to a close and felt that his chances of commanding a Moon mission were slim. On 16 May 1969, President Richard Nixon nominated him to become the executive secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council (NASC). This was the highest government post ever offered to an astronaut up to that time. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on 19 June. The Space Council consisted of the Administrator of NASA, the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), and the Secretaries of State, Defense, and Transportation, and was chaired by the Vice President. Due to his commitment to the Apollo 11 backup crew, Anders was unable to assume the position until August.

William Anders


In his new role, Anders was responsible for developing aeronautical and space policy. He worked closely with the Office of Science and Technology (OST) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and became a personal advisor to the OMB director, Caspar Weinberger. Anders worked hard to bridge the gap between OMB and OST on the one hand and NASA on the other. He became increasingly pessimistic about the future of the NASC and the space program generally. He opposed the development of the Space Shuttle, urging instead that NASA concentrate on developing the Skylab space station. He argued that a small Space Shuttle would be a better option than a large one, but the large one was approved because it would involve more jobs in California. Frustrated with the NASC's lack of influence, he recommended in 1972 that it be abolished. This was done on 30 June 1973.

William Anders


Nixon was impressed by Anders and wanted to retain him in the administration. On 6 August 1973, he appointed Anders to the five-member AEC. Nixon felt that the commission was dominated by lawyers and he wanted an engineer on it. The chairman of the AEC, Dixy Lee Ray, appointed Anders to be the lead commissioner for nuclear and non-nuclear power research and development. He also served as the U.S. chairman of the joint US-Soviet Union nuclear fission and fusion power technology exchange program. He spent much of his time dealing with the AEC's problematic research and development programs, particularly the troubled breeder reactor program.

William Anders


One issue that had dogged the AEC since its inception was its dual role in both developing nuclear energy and regulating it. The perception that there was a conflict of interest between the two roles became acute with the growth of the nuclear power industry. On 19 January 1975, the commission was split in two, with its research and development responsibilities assumed by the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), and its regulatory ones by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Some 1,970 former employees of the AEC joined the NRC. President Gerald Ford appointed Anders as the first chairman of the NRC. He was the only one of the five AEC commissioners to transition to one of the new organizations. Anders made the decision process of the commissioners of the NRC more transparent than that of the AEC. The NRC inherited nuclear safety and environmental compatibility functions from the AEC, but unlike the AEC's regulatory branch, the NRC had its own safety and security research capability, so it was not reliant on the ERDA.

William Anders


After his term as NRC chairman, Anders was asked if he would be interested in an ambassadorship. He did not want to, but asked his wife Valerie. She expressed an interest in Norway, based on their trip there during the Apollo 8 world publicity tour. So Anders asked if Norway was available. Lawrence Eagleburger submitted his name for the position. Anders was appointed Ambassador to Norway on 13 April 1976 and held that post until 18 June 1977.

William Anders


Anders served briefly as a fellow of the American Enterprise Institute. In September 1977, he joined General Electric (GE) as its vice president and general manager of its Nuclear Products Division. Based in San Jose, California, Anders was responsible for the fuel, equipment, and instrumentation used in its boiling water reactors in San Jose and Wilmington, North Carolina. He also oversaw GE's partnership with Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, which manufactured large steel pressure vessels in Memphis, Tennessee. In August 1979, GE sent him to Harvard Business School to attend its six-week Advanced Management Program. On 1 January 1980, he became the general manager of the GE Aircraft Equipment Division. From its headquarters in Utica, New York, the division controlled more than 8,500 employees in five locations in the northeastern United States. Its products included aircraft flight and weapon control systems, cockpit instruments, aircraft electrical generating systems, airborne radars and data processing systems, electronic countermeasures, space command systems, and aircraft/surface multi-barrel armament systems.

William Anders


In 1984, Anders left GE to join Textron as its executive vice president for aerospace. Two years later he became senior executive vice president for operations, but Anders did not get along well with the CEO. A perk of the job was that he got to fly Bell helicopters, as Bell was a subsidiary of Textron. During his time in the civil service, Anders had remained in the Air Force as a reservist and had retained his active flight status flying NASA Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft and helicopters, retiring from the reserves as a major general in 1988. He was also a consultant to the U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy, and a member of the Defense Science Board and the NASA Advisory Council.

William Anders


General Dynamics board

William Anders


Anders became vice chairman of General Dynamics in January 1990, and on 1 January 1991, its chairman and CEO. Soon after he took over as CEO, the company lost $700 million (equivalent to $1.7 billion in 2025) in write-offs over the canceled A-12 Avenger II program. The January 1991 cancelation directly caused about 3,500 employees to be laid-off at the Fort Worth, Texas plant that built the A-12. On 19 June 1991, Anders announced that General Dynamics was moving its corporate headquarters from St. Louis, Missouri, to Falls Church, Virginia, to be closer to its military customers at The Pentagon. The move started on 20 December 1991, with 110 of the 275 headquarters employees moving to the Washington Beltway location, and 50 remaining in the accounting office in St. Louis, leaving 115 unemployed.

William Anders


When Anders took over, General Dynamics was in financial trouble. The quarter before he became chairman and CEO was the worst in the company's history, losing $858 million (equivalent to $2 billion in 2025) between October and December 1990. Anders sold off assets worth nearly $3 billion (equivalent to $6.9 billion in 2025), including the missile-systems business and the subsidiary of Cessna. On 9 December 1992, he sold the military aircraft division, which made the F-16 jet fighter, to the Lockheed Corporation for $1.5 billion (equivalent to $3.4 billion in 2025). These selloffs reduced the number of employees from 98,600 to around 35,000, and the company's debt from $430 million (equivalent to $900 million in 2025) to $183 million (equivalent to $400 million in 2025). GD shareholders received $600 million in dividends. Although annual sales dropped from $10 to $3.5 billion, the value of the company's share price quadrupled. Anders earned over $40 million. He retired as CEO in 1993, and as chairman on 4 May 1994.

William Anders


Retirement and death

William Anders


After retirement, Anders and his wife purchased a house in Anacortes, Washington, overlooking Puget Sound and Burrows Island. After realizing he disliked the winters in northwest Washington, he purchased a second home in Point Loma, California.

William Anders


Anders established the William A. Anders Foundation, a philanthropic organization for the benefit of educational and environmental issues.

William Anders


In 1996, he founded the Heritage Flight Museum in Bellingham, Washington; it moved to Skagit Regional Airport in Burlington, Washington. It was initially run by his family, with Anders as president until 2008, his wife Valerie as secretary, son Greg as vice president, executive director and webmaster, and son Alan as vice president and director of maintenance.

William Anders


Anders died on 7 June 2024, at the age of 90, while flying the vintage T-34 registered to him. The aircraft crashed into the waters of north Puget Sound between Jones Island and Orcas Island. Witnesses reported the plane in a nosedive into a small channel between the islands, catching fire, then sinking. After a search by the U.S. Coast Guard and the San Juan County Sheriff's Department, Greg Anders confirmed the death of his father and the recovery of his body. Beginning with his Air Force career, Anders had logged over 8,000 flight hours.

William Anders


Kulp, B. A.; Detweiler, R. M.; Anders, W. A. (1 September 1963). "Temperature Dependence of Edge Emission in Single-Crystal Cadmium Sulfide". Physical Review. 131 (5): 2036–2038. Bibcode:1963PhRv..131.2036K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.131.2036.

William Anders


Air Force Distinguished Service Medal

William Anders


Air Force Commendation Medal

William Anders


NASA Distinguished Service Medal

William Anders


Nuclear Regulatory Commission Distinguished Service Medal

William Anders


National Geographic Society's Hubbard Medal for Exploration

William Anders


Collier, Harmon, Dr. Robert H. Goddard and General Thomas D. White USAF Trophies

William Anders


Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1969)

William Anders


American Astronautical Society's Flight Achievement Award

William Anders


American Defense Preparedness Association's Industry Leadership Award (May 1993)

William Anders


In October 2018, the International Astronomical Union named a crater seen in the Anders's photo as "Anders' Earthrise".

William Anders


Along with his Apollo 8 crewmembers, Anders received AIAA's Haley Astronautics Award in 1970.

William Anders


In March 2023, Bill Anders was awarded the 2023 Michael Collins Trophy for Lifetime Achievement; by the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.

William Anders


Anders was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1983, the International Air & Space Hall of Fame in 1990, the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1997, and the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 2004. He was a member of Tau Beta Pi National Engineering Honor Society, American Nuclear Society, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Academy of Engineering, and Society of Experimental Test Pilots.

William Anders


Robert John Burke played Anders in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. Anders appeared in the 2005 documentary Race to the Moon, which was shown as part of the PBS American Experience television series (season 18, episode 2). He was interviewed for a chapter of the 2015 book No More Worlds to Conquer by Chris Wright. The chapter is roughly evenly split between his life in the Apollo program and his later corporate life. The book's front cover is the Earthrise image. He appeared with fellow astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Lovell on the C-SPAN book review, Rocket Men. He confirmed the story that he had fallen asleep while awaiting the Apollo 8 launch.

William Anders


The Astronaut Monument

William Anders


List of spaceflight records

William Anders


This article incorporates public domain material from William A. Anders (Major General, USAF Reserve, Ret.) (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 8 January 2021.

William Anders


Appearances on C-SPAN

William Anders


William Anders at IMDb

William Anders


William Anders discography at Discogs

William Anders


Lewis Albanese (April 27, 1946 – December 1, 1966), born Luigi Albanese, was an Italian-born United States Army Private First Class who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.

Lewis Albanese


Born in Italy, Albanese immigrated to the United States as a young child with his parents and was drafted into the Army in 1965 after graduating from high school. During an exercise in the Republic of Vietnam, Albanese's platoon was under heavy fire from North Vietnamese positions. Albanese then bayonet charged his way to an enclosed sniper position, killing eight snipers before being mortally wounded.

Lewis Albanese


Lewis Albanese (in Italian Luigi) was born in Cornedo Vicentino, Vicenza, Italy and graduated from Franklin High School in Seattle, Washington in 1964. He briefly worked for Boeing before being drafted into the Army on 26 October 1965. Albanese received basic training with B Co 1st Bn 11th Inf at Fort Carson, Colorado and was sent to Vietnam in August 1966 as part of the 7th Cavalry attached to the 1st Cavalry Division.

Lewis Albanese


In December 1966, while on patrol in Binh Dinh Province, Republic of Vietnam with Company B of the 5th Battalion, Albanese's unit received heavy fire from concealed enemy positions. During an attempted encirclement of the platoon by the Vietnamese forces, Albanese fixed a bayonet to his weapon and charged the enemy positions. Upon arriving and momentarily silencing the enemy fire, Albanese discovered that the ditch he had charged was a well-entrenched position. He continued 100 meters through the position, killing at least eight enemy snipers despite running out of ammunition, being forced to fight hand to hand, and being mortally wounded.

Lewis Albanese


Albanese's actions enabled his unit to advance further, and he posthumously received the Medal of Honor, which was presented to his family at the Pentagon by Secretary of the Army Stanley Rogers Resor on February 16, 1968. Albanese is buried in Evergreen-Washelli Memorial Park and Funeral Home in Seattle, Washington. His name is found on Panel 12E, Row 131 of the Vietnam War Memorial.

Lewis Albanese


In 2014, Cornedo Vicentino, Italy named a street in Albanese's honor.

Lewis Albanese


Awards and decorations

Lewis Albanese


PFC Albanese Revived the following awards for his service

Lewis Albanese


List of Medal of Honor recipients

Lewis Albanese


List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

Lewis Albanese


List of Italian American Medal of Honor recipients

Lewis Albanese


"MOH record page". Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2010.

Lewis Albanese


Anna Ciccotti (May 6, 2013). "Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient Luigi Albanese recognized by Italian author". Retrieved August 4, 2016.

Lewis Albanese


Echi di Pianto dall'Indocina Francese by Franco Lovato, edited by SGI Edizioni Torino 2013. ISBN 978-8890199561

Lewis Albanese


Beccariophoenix is a genus of three species of Arecaceae (palms), native to Madagascar. The genus is closely related to the Cocos, or coconut genus, and notably Beccariophoenix alfredii is similar in appearance to the coconut palm. It was named after Odoardo Beccari (1843-1920).

Beccariophoenix


Palms in this group have solitary trunks. Crownshafts are not present in the genus; the leaves are pinnate, to 2–5 m long. The term "windowpane" palm comes from the leaflets on younger plants that are only partially divided from each other, where there appear to be 'windows' in the leaves between the leaflets. Older specimens do not display the windowpanes as the leaflets completely divide from each other.

Beccariophoenix


They are somewhat cold hardy, down to about −3 °C, making them a good look-alike for the coconut in cooler climates.

Beccariophoenix


The 'windows' palm was originally classified as a variant of B. madagascariensis, but was given its own name in June 2014.

Beccariophoenix


The siege of Savannah (December 9 – 21, 1864) occurred at the conclusion of the Savannah campaign, when Union armies under the command of Major-General William T. Sherman successfully besieged the Confederate city of Savannah during the American Civil War.

Siege of Savannah (1864)


Arriving in eastern Georgia, Major-General William T. Sherman discovered that Confederate Lieutenant-General William J. Hardee held fortified Savannah with 15,000 men. A skillful Confederate defense at Honey Hill kept the railroad open to Charleston, South Carolina.

Siege of Savannah (1864)


On December 13th, Major-General William T. Sherman stormed Fort McAllister at the mouth of the Ogeechee River, 15 miles from Savannah. On the 16th, the Confederate forces were strengthened by the arrival of Brigadier-General Ferguson's brigade of dismounted cavalry. Then, establishing communications with the Union naval forces under the command of Rear-Admiral John A. Dahlgren, Sherman began an investment of the city. With his lines of communication about to be cut, Hardee evacuated Savannah on the night of the 20th of December, and Sherman moved in on December 21st, presenting the city in a shipborne and telegraph message as a "Christmas gift" to United States President Abraham Lincoln.

Siege of Savannah (1864)


Jones, Charles C. (1874). The Siege of Savannah in December, 1864, and the Confederate Operations in Georgia and the Third Military District of South Carolina During General Sherman's March from Atlanta to the Sea. Albany, N. Y.: Joel Munsell. OCLC 1084957628. OL 6915627M – via Internet Archive.

Siege of Savannah (1864)


Media related to Siege of Savannah at Wikimedia Commons

Siege of Savannah (1864)


Battle of Savannah at EBSCO

Siege of Savannah (1864)


Evacuation of Savannah at the Historical Marker Database

Siege of Savannah (1864)


Fall of Savannah at C-SPAN

Siege of Savannah (1864)


NCWM Snapshot - "The Fight for and Surrender of Savannah" on YouTube

Siege of Savannah (1864)


Crosby is a city in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,360 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Brainerd Micropolitan Statistical Area. Crosby is adjacent to its twin city of Ironton, in the Cuyuna Iron Range.

Crosby, Minnesota


Crosby was built for the sole purpose of mining. It was named for George H. Crosby, a businessman in the mining industry.

Crosby, Minnesota


Crosby was the location of Minnesota's worst mining disaster, the Milford Mine disaster. On February 5, 1924, a new tunnel was blasted too close to nearby Foley Lake, and water rushed in, killing 41 miners.

Crosby, Minnesota


In the 1932 local elections, Karl Emil Nygard was elected president of Crosby's Village Council, making it the first city in the United States to have a Communist mayor.

Crosby, Minnesota


In August 1957, David G. Simons, a 35-year-old Air Force major, climbed to nearly 102,000 feet (31,000 m) above the earth as part of Project Manhigh. The flight, which was launched from Crosby's 400-foot-deep (120 m) Portsmouth Mine Pit Lake, helped the United States take its fledgling steps into space exploration. Simons returned to Crosby in 2007 to mark the 50th anniversary of the project.

Crosby, Minnesota


Crosby is in eastern Crow Wing County at the intersection of Minnesota Highways 6 and 210. Ironton is adjacent to the west and Deerwood lies to the east along route 210. Serpent Lake is adjacent to the southeast and the Cuyuna Country State Recreation Area is to the northwest. The Mississippi River flows by four miles to the north.

Crosby, Minnesota


According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.73 square miles (9.66 km2), of which 3.07 square miles (7.95 km2) is land and 0.66 square miles (1.71 km2) is water.

Crosby, Minnesota


As of the census of 2010, there were 2,386 people, 1,065 households, and 552 families living in the city. The population density was 777.2 inhabitants per square mile (300.1/km2). There were 1,241 housing units at an average density of 404.2 per square mile (156.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.3% White, 0.4% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

Crosby, Minnesota


There were 1,065 households, of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.3% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.2% were non-families. 42.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.88.

Crosby, Minnesota


The median age in the city was 43.2 years. 23.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.5% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64, and 24.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.7% male and 53.3% female.

Crosby, Minnesota


As of the census of 2000, there were 2,299 people, 989 households, and 554 families living in the city. The population density was 755.0 inhabitants per square mile (291.5/km2). There were 1,081 housing units at an average density of 355.0 per square mile (137.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.69% White, 0.04% African American, 0.91% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.35% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.00% of the population. 23.9% were of German, 14.1% Norwegian, 11.7% Swedish, 9.6% American and 7.0% English ancestry according to Census 2000.

Crosby, Minnesota


There were 989 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.9% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.93.

Crosby, Minnesota


In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 25.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.5 males.

Crosby, Minnesota


The median income for a household in the city was $24,053, and the median income for a family was $31,629. Males had a median income of $28,879 versus $20,842 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,465. About 15.6% of families and 16.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.8% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

Crosby, Minnesota


Nick Anderson, pitcher for the Atlanta Braves

Crosby, Minnesota


Anthony "The Bullet" Bonsante, boxer

Crosby, Minnesota


Robert A. Good, physician

Crosby, Minnesota


Rick Nolan, politician

Crosby, Minnesota


Karl Emil Nygard, first Communist mayor in the United States

Crosby, Minnesota


Thomas W. Simons Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Poland and Pakistan

Crosby, Minnesota


Howard E. Smith, businessman and Minnesota state legislator

Crosby, Minnesota


City of Crosby, MN – Official Website

Crosby, Minnesota


Cuyuna Lakes Chamber of Commerce – Visitor Information site

Crosby, Minnesota


Culm Davy is a historic manor and present-day hamlet within the parish of Hemyock in Devon.

Culm Davy


The estate of Cumbe is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as one of 27 Devonshire holdings of Theobald FitzBerner, an Anglo-Norman warrior and magnate, one of the tenants-in-chief in Devon of King William the Conqueror. His tenant was Oliver, who held three of FitzBerner's Devonshire manors, the others being Widworthy and Marwood.

Culm Davy


The manor subsequently became a possession of the feudal barony of Great Torrington. The 13th century Book of Fees records that the manor was held from the feudal barony by David de Wydworth (fl. tempore King Henry III (1216–1272) (alias de Widworthy), and was called after him either "Culm Davy" or "Culm Wydeworth". He lived chiefly in Wales and was a younger son of Sir William de Widworthy of Widworthy, in Colyton hundred, also a Domesday Book possession of Theobald FitzBerner tenanted by Oliver.

Culm Davy


Following the de Widworthy tenure, the manor was held by Sir John Wogan (during the reign of King Edward I [1272–1307]), then by Roger Corbet (during the reign of King Edward III [1327–1377]).

Culm Davy


From the reign of King Edward III (1327–1377) and following the Corbet tenure, the manor was held by John Bourman (whose family name was later spelled "Bowerman"). It was the seat of his descendants for seven generations until the time of Pole (d.1635). According to The Visitations of Hampshire 1530–1634; The publications of the Harleian Society 1913 Vol: LXIV (MS, Harl. 1544, fo.141b) the Bowerman family of Hemyock was descended from Nicholas Bourman of Brooke in the Isle of Wight, by his wife Elizabeth Russell, a sister of John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (c.1485–1555). However The College of Arms shows no pedigree from Nicholas Bowerman to John Bowerman. Research carried out on 10 November 2021 by the Rouge Dragon Pursuivant states the following:

Culm Davy


"several college pedigrees were found to mention Nicholas Bourman who married Elizabeth Russell and with her had two sons named William and John. However, none of the pedigrees of Nicholas Bourman suggest that his son was the John Bowerman of Hemyock who married Jane/Joan Bykham. Indeed, the latest of Nicholas's pedigrees, which is dated to 1622 or 1634 and is the first to locate his descendants at Broke in the Isle of Wight, explicitly states that Nicholas's son John died without issue. Nicholas's line instead continued, at Broke, through the descendants of his eldest son William. If that is correct, there is no way that Nicholas's son John could be the same John Bowreman who resided at Hemyock, married Jane Bykham and had issue. It must be borne in mind that visitation pedigrees are not perfect and there is always the possibility that other documentary evidence could contradict them; but on the basis of the College records alone, there is no obvious relationship between Bowreman of Hemyock and Bourman of Broke."<Rouge Dragon Pursuivant></The College of Arms>

Culm Davy


Two of his grandsons were Rev. John Bourman, a priest and confessor to the nuns of Canonsleigh Abbey, near Hemyock; and Rev. William Bourman, a priest and sub-dean and canon of Wells Cathedral in Somerset.

Culm Davy


The Kerslake family acquired Culm Davy in about 1700 and then a Mr. Marsh of Wellington acquired it from the Kerslake family. A series of deeds relating to Culm Davy dating from 1612 to 1778 are held at the Somerset Heritage Centre.

Culm Davy


In the early 19th century Culm Davy was the property of Mr. Henry Pook.

Culm Davy


Part of the mediaeval manor house of the Bowerman family survives within the structure of the present Culm Davy farmhouse, including the roof timbers. Nearby is the small 15th century chapel of ease, which survives today, although it was heavily restored in 1860. It contains an unusual mural monument "of the utmost primitiveness" for such a late date, to Anne Garvis (d.1705) of Ash Culm, comprising a classical entablature below an effigy lying on its side.

Culm Davy


Thorn, Caroline & Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book Vol. 9: Devon, Parts 1 & 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985.

Culm Davy


Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620. Exeter, 1895.

Culm Davy


Veres Pálné Secondary Grammar School (Hungarian: Veres Pálné Gimnázium, VPG) is a prestigious Hungarian public grammar school based in Budapest. The school was founded by Pálné Veres in 1869 and it became the first institution in Hungary to admit women. Throughout the years the school has been considered one of the strongest secondary schools in Hungary. Its library boasts more than 30,000 books, many of which have significant historical importance.

Veres Pálné Secondary Grammar School


Vikersundbakken or Vikersund Hill is a ski flying hill at Vikersund in Modum, Norway. It is one of the two largest purpose-built ski flying hills in the world. Nine world records have been set there. The complex consists of a large hill, a normal hill and several training hills.

Vikersundbakken


The hill originally constructed by Kristian Hovde was opened in 1936 as a large hill. It was rebuilt as ski flying hill in 1964, and was modified in 1989, 1999 and 2010. The present large hill was built in 1988.  Vikersundbakken was the first ski flying hill to receive floodlights in 2006. It has hosted the FIS Ski Flying World Championships in 1977, 1990, 2000, 2012 and 2022.

Vikersundbakken


In 1894, Vikersund SK was established and started with ski jumping. Until the 1930s, they used six different ski jumping hills around the area. By then, the club had fostered sufficiently good jumpers that it was proposed to build a proper hill. A committee was established on 19 March 1935 and led by Gustav N. Hovde. At first they found a suitable location north of Heggen. However, they failed to reach an agreement with the land owner. Instead, Hovde proposed using the steep hill close to Heggen Church. After purchasing the land, construction started later in 1935. The original hill was designed by Thunold Hansen. Construction cost 6,290 Norwegian krone (NOK), of which NOK 1000 was borrowed and the rest of financed through private donations.

Vikersundbakken


The first hill had a length from the top of the in-run to the bottom of the out-run of 425 meters (1,394 ft) and an elevation difference of 130 meters (430 ft). The in-run was 115 meters (377 ft) long and had an elevation difference of 46 meters (151 ft). The hill was inaugurated on 29 January 1936 with a 50-meter jump by Birger Henriksen. The longest jump on the opening day was made by Reidar Andersen, who jumped 86 meters. At the most he was 10 to 12 meters (33 to 39 ft) above the landing slope, so the take-off was lowered 40 centimeters (16 in) from 6 to 11 degrees.

Vikersundbakken


The main logistical issue with the events was the poor transport service, with only a narrow road to the hill. During the 1950s, the attendance rose well beyond the former 5,000, forcing the road to be upgraded in 1955. By the 1950s, ski jumps were being built larger and in 1954, Kristian Hovde proposed to expand Vikersundbakken, which he hoped would allow jumps of 100 meters (330 ft). The plans were passed by the club's annual meeting on 13 September, with construction starting in the summer of 1955. The lower part of the landing slope was dug down 1.75 meters (5 ft 9 in), the in-run was raised up to 85 centimeters (33 in) and a new jury tower and stairway was built. Additional expansion was passed on 27 April 1956: a 12-meter (39 ft) tall scaffolding in-run was built on top of the old in-run. The hill was designed by Carl Borgen. Contractors were Brødrene Teigen and since the club did not have sufficient funds, they were willing to wait with the payment until they had. The new hill was inaugurated on 10 March 1956.

Vikersundbakken


The new hill was too large to be regarded as a large hill, but was not large enough to be categorized as a ski flying hill. In 1964, the club appointed a committee led by Ottar Grøtterud to consider an expansion of the hill. There was only to be built one ski flying hill in the Nordic Countries, with the main alternative being Renabakken in Rena. Construction cost NOK 445,000 and was in part financed with a NOK 75,000 grant and NOK 150,000 loan from Modum Municipality, NOK 20,000 from volunteer work, NOK 80,000 from the club, grants from companies and banks and from Buskerud County Municipality, and NOK 100,000 in betting funds. Construction was done by Entreprenør Gunnar Sterkebye. The hill received a new 23-meter (75 ft) tall in-run and a new jury tower 70 meters (230 ft) form the jump. On the landing slope and out-run, 200,000 cubic meters (7,100,000 cu ft) of earthwork had to be moved. Work was made more difficult because of high snowfall and temperatures down to −28 °C (−18 °F). The hill was inaugurated on 13 March 1966.

Vikersundbakken


The next upgrade of the venue were minor upgrades ahead of the 1977 World Championships. Ahead of the 1990 World Championships, the venue was again renovated. However, to secure better recruitment, the venue also received a new normal hill with a K point of K-90.

Vikersundbakken


The hill was rebuilt for the 2012 Ski Flying World Championships. It was the first in the world with a hill size of 225 meters, making Vikersundbakken the largest ski flying hill in the world at the time. It has been built further into the terrain with sidewalls made of natural gravel to avoid wind problems during competitions. Furthermore, it has been slanted slightly to the south from the inrun area to further reduce wind problems. The hill was ready for the 2011 Trial Ski Flying World Championships held on 11–13 February 2011.

Vikersundbakken


The old inrun was demolished in 2010. The engineers of the new and larger hill were Slovenians Janez Gorišek and his son Sebastjan. Janez, together with his brother Lado, is most famous for creating Letalnica Bratov Gorišek in Planica, previously the largest hill in the world at HS 215, before Vikersundbakken was reprofiled and enlarged in 2011. Janez is usually named as the 'father' of modern ski flying and is also known as an expert on ski flying hills.

Vikersundbakken


At the trial ski flying championship, Johan Remen Evensen jumped 243 meters to set a new world record during the first official training on 11 February 2011. Later, during qualification, Evensen improved the world record to 246.5 meters.

Vikersundbakken


During autumn 2011 the hill was further improved with a different radius at HS 225, increasing the ability to stand on greater lengths. Additionally the jump itself was cut a meter short because of decreased inrun speed needed by the jumpers. During the 2011 event, it was deemed necessary to add several inrun gates the hill below gate 1 due to better conditions not anticipated by the organisers during construction in 2010. A total of five gates were added. Gregor Schlierenzauer praised the hill during interviews, calling it the best hill in the world. Evensen was also extremely satisfied with the hill, calling it "perfect". The K point was increased from K-195 in 2012 to K-200 in time for the 2015 event, resulting in two new world records on the same weekend: Peter Prevc jumped 250 m (820 ft) and became to first to ever surpass the 250 m mark, and this was followed by Anders Fannemel with 251.5 m (825 ft) the next day. In a training round prior to Fannemel's jump, Dimitry Vassiliev jumped 254 m (833 ft) but fell hard upon landing, rendered his jump invalid as a world record.

Vikersundbakken


Opened as large hill in 1936 and converted into flying hill in 1966.

Vikersundbakken


The inaugural competition was held on 25 February 1936 in front of 5,000 spectators. Hilmar Myhra won the race, setting the first official hill record at 86 meters (282 ft). The hill was used for a single major competition each year, Vikersundrennet. Arnold Kongsgård beat the hill record in 1946 when he jumped 87.5 meters (287 ft) and then beat it with another meter two years later. The ultimate hill record in the original hill was 98 meters (322 ft), which was also a new Norwegian record, set by Arne Hoel in 1951. After the opening of the new jump in 1957, Hoel set a new hill record of 100.5 meters (330 ft). The following year, Asbjørn Osnes set a new hill record of 108.5 meters (356 ft) and then again in 1960 by Paavo Lukkariniemi of 116.5 meters (382 ft).

Vikersundbakken


On the first ski flying competition on 14 March 1966 saw Bjørn Wirkola set a new world record at 146 meters (479 ft). Starting on 12 March 1967, the club introduced the International Ski Flying Week. The inaugural tournament was held on 12 March 1967 and saw Austria's Reinhold Bachler set a world record of 154 meters (505 ft). On 11 March 1968, the tournament was canceled due to strong winds, although 22,500 people had come to spectate. In 1973, the International Ski Flying Week was canceled because of lack of snow. On this hill were also two Continental Cup competitions in 2004 both won by Austrian Roland Müller.

Vikersundbakken


In the late 1960s, the International Ski Federation (FIS) started planning a world championship in ski flying. The Norwegian Ski Federation was opposed to this. Vikersundbakken was awarded the fourth FIS Ski Flying World Championships, held in 1977. Switzerland's Walter Steiner won the race, while Czechoslovakia's František Novák set a new hill record of 157 meters (515 ft). Vikersundbakken was used in the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup in 1980, 1983 and 1986.

Vikersundbakken


The normal hill was used for the Norwegian Ski Championships in 1989. As there was no snow, 3,000 cubic meters (110,000 cu ft) was freighted by train from Finse via the Bergen Line and up from Vikersund Station by truck.

Vikersundbakken


Drolsum, Nils; Flattum, Odd; Lund, Thure (1994). Klang har navnet: Vikersund idrettsforening 1894–1994 (in Norwegian). Vikersund: Vikersund idrettsforening. ISBN 82-993278-0-6.

Vikersundbakken


The Skiflying Hill - Technical Data

Vikersundbakken


Yi Sun-sin Stadium (Korean: 이순신종합운동장) is a multi-purpose stadium in Asan, South Chungcheong Province, South Korea. It has a seating capacity for 17,376 spectators.

Yi Sun-sin Stadium


World Stadiums Archived 2020-08-11 at the Wayback Machine profile

Yi Sun-sin Stadium


The Minerva Theatre was a theatre located in Orwell Street in Kings Cross, Sydney. Originally a live venue, it was converted to the Metro Cinema in 1950, before returning to live shows in 1969. It ceased operating as a theatre in 1979. From 2019 onwards, there were community efforts to ensure the building would continue operating as a theatre.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


In 1937, David N Martin, a theatrical publicity and advertising agent, formed a new theatre company named Minerva Centre Ltd to erect two live theatres on opposite sides of Macleay Street, Potts Point. An early design for the Orwell Street site by Bruce Dellit was rejected in favour of a more modest design by cinema specialists Crick & Furse, which opened on 18 May 1939 with a production of Robert Sherwood's Idiot's Delight. The site for the other proposed theatre site was acquired by the City of Sydney and is now the Fitzroy Gardens. The site in front of the Minerva facing Macleay Street was developed as the Minerva Cafe and Nightclub, with a vaulted roof.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


In May 1941 it was leased by Whitehall Theatrical Productions, an independent production company. They remained in the venue for almost a decade, staging their last show there in April 1950.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased the building in 1950 and converted to a movie theatre, renaming it the Metro Cinema. Harry M. Miller returned the venue to live theatre in 1969 with a production of the musical Hair.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


In 1979 the building was converted to a market. In the early 1980s, it became offices for the Kennedy Miller film production company.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


In 2019, Kennedy Miller sold the building to the Abacus Property Group, amidst hopes by members of the local community that it could become a community centre and theatre. Heritage listed by the City of Sydney including the interior, it was nominated by them to the NSW Heritage Register in 2019. The Metro-Minerva Theatre Action Group (MTAG) was formed in 2019 to lobby and campaign for the reinstatement of the Minerva to a fully functioning theatre. In 2021, property developer Central Element purchased the building from Abacus.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


On 9 November 2023, the City of Sydney approved plans for the Metro-Minerva building to become a hotel/nightclub. The MTAG website was then updated with the below message:

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


We are devastated at this news, and this heritage gem will be lost forever after this irrevocable alteration for a business plan that stacks up or has longevity... Thank you for your support over the years. Sadly, despite much pressure for local residents, due to a system stacked against us and the inertia of the NSW arts minister, we have lost.Central Element put the building on the market in January 2024 and it was sold to Gretel Packer's company Sacred Firebird for $26 million in July 2024.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


The Art Deco theatre was designed for comfort, with lounge seating and only 1000 seats. The stage had a proscenium design and there were two small side stages.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


The City of Sydney heritage citation states that :

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


"The Metro Theatre, although altered, is an exceptional example and represents the apotheosis of the Art Deco Streamline Moderne style in New South Wales. The Metro Theatre has an expertly controlled geometric massing of the exterior form, exhibiting all the trademarks of the Streamline Moderne style. Strongly influenced by Expressionism, the tower is one of the most strikingly successful Streamline Moderne structures ever realised in New South Wales. Although altered internally, the shell of the auditorium remains. Strongly influenced by Expressionism, the auditorium is one of the most striking theatre interiors ever realised in New South Wales."

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


Dimond, Jill & Kirkpatrick, Peter (2000). Literary Sydney: A Walking Guide. University of Queensland Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-7022-3150-9.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


Milne, Geoffrey (2004). Theatre Australia (Un)limited: Australian Theatre Since the 1950s. Rodopi. pp. 79, 180. ISBN 90-420-0930-6.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


"Minerva Theatre (Sydney)". Sydney Theatre History. Australian Catholic University. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


Metro Theatre (Part 2) at TheatreHeritage.org.au

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


Metro Theatre (Part 3) at TheatreHeritage.org.au

Minerva Theatre, Sydney


Paul Shrivastava is professor of management and organizations, at the Pennsylvania State University. He served as chief sustainability officer and director of the Sustainability Institute, until July 1, 2022. In November 2023 he was elected as co-president of the Club of Rome. Previously he was the executive director of Future Earth, an international sustainability research program. Before that, he was distinguished professor and director of the David O'Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise at Concordia University.

Paul Shrivastava


Early life and education

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava was born in Bhopal, India. He attended the St. Joseph's Convent School in Bhopal. He received a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, a Post Graduate Diploma in Management (MBA) from the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta and a Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava held the Howard I. Scott Chair in Management, a distinguished professorship at Bucknell University, and was Associate Professor of Management at the Stern School of Business, New York University.  He was awarded a Fulbright Program Senior Scholar award to study Japanese corporate environmental management at Kyoto University, Japan. He has also taught at the Helsinki School of Economics, and IIM Shillong.  He is the author of Bhopal: Anatomy of a Crisis (1989), a book that launched the field of organizational crisis management. He founded the Organizations and Natural Environment Division of the Academy of Management (the world's largest academic professional association in Management studies).

Paul Shrivastava


He was distinguished professor and director of the David O'Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise at Concordia University, Montreal.

Paul Shrivastava


In February 2015 Shrivastava was appointed Executive Director of Future Earth, an international research programme for sustainability and global environmental change. He also holds the International Research Chair in Art and Sustainable Enterprise at ICN Business School, Nancy, France.  In these roles he combines scientific and artistic approaches to sustainable development, exemplified in the conference Balance unBalance 2011, and his book Learning from the Financial Crisis (edited with Matt Statler) published by Stanford University Press  He has published 17 books and over 100 articles.

Paul Shrivastava


He has served on the editorial boards of several leading management studies journals, on the board of trustees of DeSales University, on the board of the Finance and Sustainability Initiative, Montreal, and as senior advisor to the Indian Institute of Management Shillong.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava's major contributions to the field of business management are concepts for understanding strategic industrial and environmental crises and crisis management, corporate strategies for sustainability and sustainable strategic management.  His contributions to management practice include crisis management techniques, environmental and sustainability strategies, and use of the arts for creativity and sustainability programs.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava's professional work is rooted in a concern for human-technology-nature relationships.  Having grown up in the small town of Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh in the 1950s and 60s, he was enchanted by the promise of technology to improve the lives of people.  He studied engineering in college and graduated first (gold medal) in his mechanical engineering class.  He received a Post Graduate Diploma in Management at IIM Calcutta and Ph.D. from University of Pittsburgh. The Bhopal disaster (the worst industrial accident in history) revealed the two-headedness of technology, and he turned to examining the risks and crises associated with industrial technologies, leading to systematic studies of crisis management.  The field of crisis management has emerged since then as a vital field of study.  It is concerned with identifying systemic causes and consequences of crises.  It has led to development of crisis management and crisis prevention practices in the areas of industrial disasters, computer disasters, risk management, worker safety, metals mining and oil industries.

Paul Shrivastava


He developed "embodied learning" methods wherein concepts are intertwined with physically and emotionally engaging activities to create learning experiences that endure and transform.  His course "Managing with Passion" is an events management course in which students learn by planning, organizing, training for and participating in a real event – a USA Triathlon sanctioned public triathlon race.  Students gain understanding of concepts that are interwoven with physical activities, emotional activities, cognitive exercises and online activities.

Paul Shrivastava


An element in Shrivastava's professional work is the creation of new organizations. In 1976, along with six entrepreneurs from Microcomp Pvt. Ltd., and eSocrates, Inc., he helped launch the HCL Enterprise group of computer companies.  He has also created academic organizations such as the ONE Division of the Academy of Management, the David O'Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise, the World Business School Council for Sustainable Business and non-profit organizations (Industrial Crisis Institute). He has co-founded two academic journals: Industrial Crisis Quarterly published by Elsevier, and Organization & Environment published by SAGE Publications. He is steering WBSCSB in collaboration with UN-Principles of Responsible Management Education and Global Responsible Leadership Initiative, to create a report on the Next 50 Years of Management Education to be presented at Rio+20 Conference in May 2012.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava has been studying corporate sustainability for the past two decades.  Despite the scientific understanding of global climate change, global poverty, and biodiversity decline, global leaders are unable to reach effective international agreements to address these challenges.  He suggests that science alone will not solve the problem of sustainability.  Humans have to find a new way of engaging nature, that allows them to care and preserve it in enduring ways.  Shrivastava is extending the scientific understanding of sustainability to the realm of the arts, which as the repository of human emotions offer a vehicle for creating passionate engagement between humans and nature. This project uses transdisciplinary approaches to science and arts in aesthetic inquiry into sustainability issues.  This collaboration of a dozen researchers in France, Canada, USA and India, has produced results including the Balance unBalance 2011 conference and Montreal Degrowth 2012 conference.

Paul Shrivastava


His work has been featured in The Los Angeles Times,  The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Christian Science Monitor, The Globe and Mail, and The Montreal Gazette, and on the MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour

Paul Shrivastava


The Academy of Management ONE Division Distinguished Scholar Award 2023

Paul Shrivastava


IIM Calcutta Distinguished Alumni Award, 2016.

Paul Shrivastava


AACSB Influential Leader, 2015.

Paul Shrivastava


ONE Founders Award, The Academy of Management, 1998.

Paul Shrivastava


Partial List of Publications:

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, P., Bhopal: Anatomy of a Crisis, Vol. 2. Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd, London.: 1992.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, P.,  Strategy Formulation and Implementation.  Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern Publishing Co., 1994.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, P., A. Huff and J. Dutton (Eds). Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 10. 1994, Greenwich CT.: JAI Press.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, P., and C. Stubbart, Advances in Strategic Management, Vol 12 (A & B), (Challenges from Outside the Mainstream, Challenges Within the Mainstream), Greenwich CT: JAI Press, 1995.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, P., Greening Business:  Profiting the Corporation and the environment.  Cincinnati, OH:  Thomson Executive Press, 1996.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, P., A. Huff and J. Dutton (Series Eds). Advances in Strategic Management: Organizational Learning and Strategic Management, Vol. 14. 1997, Greenwich CT.: JAI Press.

Paul Shrivastava


Timo Busch and P. Shrivastava, Corporate Strategies for Global Climate Change, Greenleaf Publishers, London, 2011.

Paul Shrivastava


Paul Shrivastava and Matt Statler, Learning from the Global Financial Crisis: Sustainably, Reliably, Creatively.  Stanford University Press, Palo Alto CA, 2011.

Paul Shrivastava


Alfred Marcus, Paul Shrivastava, Sanjay Sharma, and Stefano Pogutz (Eds), Cross Sector Leadership for the Green Economy, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, P, and O. Ivanova, “Corporate Legitimacy Challenges from the Occupy Wallstreet Movement”, Human Relations, August, 2015.

Paul Shrivastava


Persson, Sybil, and Paul Shrivastava, “Which paradigm for a caring and sustainable HRM? Insights from traditional Chinese thought”, accepted Management Organization Review,  Sept 2015.

Paul Shrivastava


Machalaba, C., Daszak, P. and P. Shrivastava, “Future Earth and EcoHealth: A New Paradigm Toward Global Sustainability and Health”, International Association for Ecology and Health, December 2015.  DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1076-6.

Paul Shrivastava


Gerlinde Berger-Walliser, Paul Shrivastava & Adam Sulkowski, Using Proactive Legal Strategies for Corporate Environmental Sustainability, 6 Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law. 1 (2016). Available at: http://repository.law.umich.edu/mjeal/vol6/iss1/1

Paul Shrivastava


Mark Stafford-Smith, David Griggs, Owen Gaffney, Farooq Ullah, Belinda Reyers, Norichika Kanie, Bjorn Stigson, Paul Shrivastava, Melissa Leach, Deborah O’Connell, “Integration: the key to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals”.  Sustainability Science, July 2016.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, P, and C. Cucuzella, “The art of regenerative regional development: Echigo Tsumari”. Culture and Dialogue, Sept 2016.

Paul Shrivastava


Anik Bhaduri, Janos Bogardi, Afreen Siddiqi, Holm Voigt, Charles Vörösmarty, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Stuart E Bunn, Paul Shrivastava, Richard Lawford, Stephen Foster, Hartwig Kremer, Fabrice Renaud, Antje Bruns, Vanesa Rodriguez Osuna, “Achieving Sustainable Development Goals from a Water Perspective”. Frontiers in Environmental Science, section Freshwater Science, September 2016.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, Paul; Raivio, Kari; Kasuga, Fumiko; Tewksbury, Joshua; Haines, Andy; Daszak, Peter (2016). "Future Earth Health Knowledge-Action Network". Public Health Reviews. 37 25. doi:10.1186/s40985-016-0039-y. PMC 5810101. PMID 29450067.

Paul Shrivastava


Bai, Xuemei; Surveyer, Alyson; Elmqvist, Thomas; Gatzweiler, Franz W; Güneralp, Burak; Parnell, Susan; Prieur-Richard, Anne-Hélène; Shrivastava, Paul; Siri, José Gabriel; Stafford-Smith, Mark; Toussaint, Jean-Patrick; Webb, Robert (2016). "Defining and advancing a systems approach for sustainable cities". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 23: 69–78. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2016.11.010.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, P., E. G. Schumacher, D. M. Wasieleski, and M. Tasic, “Aesthetic Rationality for Sustainability Decision-Making: Exploring Cognitive and Emotional Factors of an Aesthetics Process”, the Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, March 2017.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, Paul; Guimarães-Costa, Nuno (2017). "Achieving environmental sustainability: The case for multi-layered collaboration across disciplines and players". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 116: 340–346. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.11.019.

Paul Shrivastava


Shrivastava, P. Mark Stafford-Smith, Karen O’Brien, Laszlo Zsolnai, “Transforming Sustainability Science to Generate Positive Social and Environmental Change Globally”, One Earth, 2, April 24, 2020.

Paul Shrivastava


International Research Chair in Art and Sustainable Enterprise www.ircase.org

Paul Shrivastava


John Bird (1768-1829) was a Welsh landscape artist. He was born in Cardiff, where some of his works may be seen in the National Museum of Wales. Several of his drawings were published in 'Principal Seats of the Nobility' in 1787.

John Bird (artist)


He died in Whitby in 1829.

John Bird (artist)


Kurtz is an unincorporated community in Owen Township, Jackson County, Indiana.

Kurtz, Indiana


Kurtz is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Indiana. The name of Kurtz was taken from Colonel Harry Kurtz, an attorney for the Evansville & Richmond Railroad who was instrumental in steering the rail lines through Owen and Salt Creek Townships.

Kurtz, Indiana


Alisa Kovalenko (born September 24, 1987) is a Ukrainian documentary filmmaker and ex-soldier in the Ukrainian Voluntary Army. Her films have focused on Russia's invasion of Ukraine both during the 2014 annexation of Crimea and the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

Alisa Kovalenko


She is known for films such as We Will Not Fade Away (2023) and Alisa in Warland (2015).

Alisa Kovalenko


Early life and education

Alisa Kovalenko


Alisa Kovalenko was born in Zaporizhia, Ukraine in 1987. In Kyiv, she studied documentary filmmaking at the Karpenko-Karyi University and then went on to study at the Wajda Film School in Warsaw, Poland.

Alisa Kovalenko


In 2014, while still a film student, she made her first film, Sestra Zo about a former soccer player. In 2015, her first feature-length documentary, Alisa in Warland, premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam. The footage came about when Kovalenko traveled to the front line of the war in Donbas during Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014. It was co-directed by Liubov Durakova.

Alisa Kovalenko


In 2018, her second documentary, Home Games, which centered around a 20-year-old female soccer player from a poor family, premiered at IDFA.

Alisa Kovalenko


In 2019, Kovalenko's experiences in Donbas lead her to begin a documentary film about the lives of teenagers in the war torn area and an opportunity five of them had to travel to the Himalayas.  In 2023, the final film We Will Not Fade Away premiered at the 73rd Berlin International Film Festival.

Alisa Kovalenko


Originally, We Will Not Fade Away was going to have a very different tone, but the Russian Invasion of Ukraine completely changed the project. Following the Russian occupation, some of those in the film safely fled, but at the time of the release, two of the leads of the film were unaccounted for. Kovalenko said that the experience made her feel "powerless as a documentary filmmaker."

Alisa Kovalenko


The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 prompted Kovalenko to join the Ukrainian Volunteer Army (before production of We Will Not Fade Away was complete). Saying, "I promised myself if a war ... will cover all Ukraine, then I will fight not with my camera but with a gun." After her tour, she finished editing We Will Not Fade Away and then turned new footage from the frontlines into the film My Dear Theo, a video diary for her young son, which premiered in the main competition at CPH:DOX in 2025.

Alisa Kovalenko


Her upcoming project Traces is co-directed by Marysia Nikitchuk and focused on conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

Alisa Kovalenko