He was born in Paris 24 August 1907, son of the general manager of the Compagnie Générale des Eaux, George Glasser graduated at the École Polytechnique in 1926. In 1931 he became an engineer at the École nationale des ponts et chaussées. The same year he became the assistant to the Director General of the Préfecture des Hauts-de-Seine and also the member of Corps of Bridges and Roads. In 1948 he was elected the president of the National Society of Southwest aircraft constructions (SNCASO) in 1948, while also acting as the vice president of French state-owned aircraft manufacturer Sud Aviation. He persuaded his devotion to tennis by being the president of the Tennis Club de Paris in 1951–1965, the club which he played for when he had been an active sportsman. In 1957 he was appointed president of the Society for the Study of jet Propulsion (SEPR) and finally chief executive of Alsthom between 1958 and 1975. Died in January 2002.

Georges Glasser


Interview with Georges Glasser (in French)

Georges Glasser


Curt Eisner (April 28, 1890 in Zabrze – December 30, 1981 in The Hague) was a German entomologist who specialised in snow butterflies or Parnassinae. His collections of Parnassinae are in Naturalis, in Leiden, and his Ornithoptera and Morphidae are in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin.In the 1930s he lived in Berlin Dahlem.

Curt Eisner


Parnassiana nova, XII. Kritische Revision der Gattung Parnassius. (Fortsetzung 8). Zoöl. Meded. Leiden 35 (4): 33—49.(1957)

Curt Eisner


Parnassiana nova, XV. Kritische Revision der Gattung Parnassius. (Fortsetzung 10). Zoöl. Meded. Leiden 35: 177—203.(1957)

Curt Eisner


Parnassiana nova, XXXIII. Nachträgliche Betrachtungen zu der Revision der Subfamilia Parnassiinae. (Fortsetzung 6). Zoöl. Meded. Leiden 38 (17): 281—294, Taf. XXI—XXII.(1963)

Curt Eisner


Parnassiana nova XLIX. Die Arten und Unterarten der Baroniidae, Teinopalpidae und Parnassiidae (Lepidoptera). Zool. Verhand. Leiden 135: 1—96.(1974)

Curt Eisner


Parnassiidae-Typen in der Sammlung J. C. Eisner Zool.Verh., n° 81, 1966. frontispice couleur, 190 pp., 84 planches N&B hors-texte.

Curt Eisner


Obituary of Felix Bryk pdf

Curt Eisner


Selected articles by Eisner for the Leiden Museum including the series on Parnassiana nova and Erebia [1] Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine

Curt Eisner


Zobodat Full bibliography in Nota Lepidopterologica

Curt Eisner


Naturalis Repository free downloads of some Eisner papers (via search box)

Curt Eisner


The Macaé River is a river of Rio de Janeiro state in southeastern Brazil that flows into the Atlantic Ocean at the town of Macaé.

Macaé River


The upper part of the Macaé River basin is protected by the 35,038 hectares (86,580 acres) Macaé de Cima Environmental Protection Area, created in 2001.

Macaé River


The river basin also includes part of the União Biological Reserve, home to a population of endangered golden lion tamarin.

Macaé River


List of rivers of Rio de Janeiro

Macaé River


Brazilian Ministry of Transport

Macaé River


The Akogba Hill, or Oke Akogba, is a hill located in Ekinrin-Adde in Kogi State of Northcentral Nigeria.

Akogba


The hill, also known as Oke Akogba or Or'Oke Akogba, is one of the natural endowments of Ekinrin-Adde. It is a large monolith in the north-west of the Ekinrin-Adde community overlooking the town as well as being the source of the Akogba Spring. Although it is not the only mountain surrounding the community, it is arguably the most prominent at an altitude of about 3500 feet (1050m above sea level). This intrusion of Ekinrin-Adde’s landscape is among a chain of other mountains to the north of Ekinrin-Adde among which are Oroke Kere, Oroke Asi Oroke Kongo and Oroke Ewuta.

Akogba


It is a massive out crop of granite rocks of primitive formation that contains caves which offered protection to the people in the days of intertribal wars. It is from this mountain that Akogba spring took it source. Hence, to the Ekinrin-Adde, the Akogba mountain stands not only as one of the physical geographical phenomenon that dotted the landscape, but also as a monument of faith in unity, strength and unfailing protection and sustenance from the supreme being.

Akogba


Annually in June, which marks the beginning of the year for the Okun people's calendar, thousands of indigene and visitors gather in thousands to hike the Akogba Mountain. Dayo Babalola (a UK based indigene of the Ekinrin-Adde) after due consultation with all stakeholders and like minds. The Akogba Hiking festival and Carnival is one of the biggest hiking event in Kogi state. The hike is an opportunity to explore this nature endowment and showcase the distinguishing characteristics of the diverse landscapes, culture, tradition, and history of Ekinrin-Adde people.

Akogba


Live at the Final Frontier is the debut live album by German heavy metal band Iron Savior, released on 29 May 2015 via AFM Records. It was recorded live in Hamburg, Germany on 10 January 2015 during their tour of Rise of the Hero. It contains two CDs and a DVD featuring the band's performance plus bonus video material and additional backstage and concert footage.

Live at the Final Frontier


Piet Sielck – vocals, guitars

Live at the Final Frontier


Joachim "Piesel" Küstner – guitars

Live at the Final Frontier


Jan-Sören Eckert – bass, additional vocals

Live at the Final Frontier


Additional personnel

Live at the Final Frontier


Felipe Machado Franco – cover art

Live at the Final Frontier


The Middle East is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, the Levant, and Turkey.

Middle East


The term came into widespread usage by Western European nations in the early 20th century as a replacement of the term Near East (both were in contrast  to the Far East). The term "Middle East" has led to some confusion over its changing definitions. The region includes the vast majority of the territories included in the closely associated definition of West Asia, but without the South Caucasus. It also includes all of Egypt (not just the Sinai region) and all of Turkey (including East Thrace).

Middle East


Most Middle Eastern countries (13 out of 18) are part of the Arab world. The three most populous countries in the region are Egypt, Iran, and Turkey, while Saudi Arabia is the largest Middle Eastern country by area. The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, and it was long considered the "cradle of civilization". The geopolitical importance of the region has been recognized and competed for during millennia. The Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) have their origins in the Middle East. Arabs constitute the main ethnic group in the region, followed by Turks, Persians, Kurds, Jews, and Assyrians.

Middle East


The Middle East generally has a hot, arid climate, especially in the Arabian and Egyptian regions. Several major rivers provide irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas here, such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia, and the basin of the Jordan River that spans most of the Levant. These regions are collectively known as the Fertile Crescent, and comprise the core of what historians had long referred to as the cradle of civilization; multiple regions of the world have since been classified as also having developed independent, original civilizations.

Middle East


Conversely, the Levantine coast and most of Turkey have relatively temperate climates typical of the Mediterranean, with dry summers and cool, wet winters. Most of the countries that border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of petroleum. Monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula in particular have benefitted economically from petroleum exports. Because of the arid climate and dependence  on the fossil fuel industry, the Middle East is both a major contributor to climate change and a region that is expected to be severely adversely affected by it.

Middle East


Other concepts of the region exist, including the broader Middle East and North Africa (MENA), which includes states of the Maghreb and the Sudan. The term the "Greater Middle East" also includes Afghanistan, Mauritania, Pakistan, as well as parts of East Africa, and sometimes Central Asia and the South Caucasus.

Middle East


The term "Middle East" may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office. However, it became more widely known when United States naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to "designate the area between Arabia and India".

Middle East


During this time the British and Russian empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, a rivalry that would become known as the Great Game. Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. He labeled the area surrounding the Persian Gulf as the Middle East. He said that, beyond Egypt's Suez Canal, the Gulf was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British India. Mahan first used the term in his article "The Persian Gulf and International Relations", published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal.

Middle East


The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar; it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf.  Naval force has the quality of mobility which carries with it the privilege of temporary absences; but it needs to find on every scene of operation established bases of refit, of supply, and in case of disaster, of security. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, and the Persian Gulf.

Middle East


Mahan's article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled "The Middle Eastern Question", written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include "those regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India." After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term.

Middle East


Until World War II, it was customary to refer to areas centered on Turkey and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean as the "Near East", while the "Far East" centered on China, India and Japan. The Middle East was then defined as the area from Mesopotamia to Burma; namely, the area between the Near East and the Far East. This area broadly corresponds to South Asia.

Middle East


In the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term "Middle East" gained broader usage in Europe and the United States. Following World War II, for example, the Middle East Institute was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1946.

Middle East


The corresponding adjective is Middle Eastern and the derived noun is Middle Easterner.

Middle East


While other terms such as "Southwest Asia" or "Swasia" have been sparsely used, the classification of the African country Egypt among those counted in the Middle East challenges the usefulness of using such terms. Furthermore, the term "Asia" itself is Eurocentric , defeating the purpose of such alternative names.

Middle East


The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, "Near East" was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while "Middle East" referred to the Caucasus, Persia, and Arabian lands, and sometimes Afghanistan, India and others. In contrast, "Far East" referred to the countries of East Asia (e.g. China, Japan, and Korea).

Middle East


With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, "Near East" largely fell out of common use in English, while "Middle East" came to be applied to the emerging independent countries of the Islamic world. However, the usage "Near East" was retained by a variety of academic disciplines, including archaeology and ancient history. In their usage, the term describes an area identical to the term Middle East, which is not used by these disciplines (see ancient Near East).

Middle East


The first official use of the term "Middle East" by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, which pertained to the Suez Crisis. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles defined the Middle East as "the area lying between and including Libya on the west and Pakistan on the east, Syria and Iraq on the North and the Arabian peninsula to the south, plus the Sudan and Ethiopia." In 1958, the State Department explained that the terms "Near East" and "Middle East" were interchangeable, and defined the region as including only Egypt, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar.

Middle East


Since the late 20th century, scholars and journalists from the region, such as journalist Louay Khraish and historian Hassan Hanafi have criticized the use of "Middle East" as a Eurocentric and colonialist term.

Middle East


The Associated Press Stylebook of 2004 says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous. It instructs:

Middle East


Use Middle East unless Near East is used by a source in a story. Mideast is also acceptable, but Middle East is preferred.

Middle East


European languages have adopted terms similar to Near East and Middle East. Since these are based on a relative description, the meanings depend on the country and are generally different from the English terms. In German the term Naher Osten (Near East) is still in common use (nowadays the term Mittlerer Osten is more and more common in press texts translated from English sources, albeit having a distinct meaning).

Middle East


In the four Slavic languages, Russian Ближний Восток or Blizhniy Vostok, Bulgarian Близкия Изток, Polish Bliski Wschód or Croatian Bliski istok (terms meaning Near East are the only appropriate ones for the region).

Middle East


However, some European languages do have "Middle East" equivalents, such as French Moyen-Orient, Swedish Mellanöstern, Spanish Oriente Medio or Medio Oriente, Greek is Μέση Ανατολή (Mesi Anatoli), and Italian Medio Oriente.

Middle East


Perhaps because of the political influence of the United States and Europe, and the prominence of Western press, the Arabic equivalent of Middle East (Arabic: الشرق الأوسط ash-Sharq al-Awsaṭ) has become standard usage in the mainstream Arabic press. It comprises the same meaning as the term "Middle East" in North American and Western European usage. The designation, Mashriq, also from the Arabic root for East, also denotes a variously defined region around the Levant, the eastern part of the Arabic-speaking world (as opposed to the Maghreb, the western part). Even though the term originated in the West, countries of the Middle East that use languages other than Arabic also use that term in translation. For instance, the Persian equivalent for Middle East is خاورمیانه (Khāvar-e miyāneh), the Hebrew is המזרח התיכון (hamizrach hatikhon), and the Turkish is Orta Doğu.

Middle East


Countries and territory

Middle East


Countries and territory usually considered within the Middle East

Middle East


Traditionally included within the Middle East are Arabia, Asia Minor, East Thrace, Egypt, Iran, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and the Socotra Archipelago. The region includes 17 UN-recognized countries and one British Overseas Territory.

Middle East


a. ^ ^ Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital of Israel, which is disputed, and the actual location of the Knesset, Israeli Supreme Court, and other governmental institutions of Israel. Ramallah is the actual location of the government of Palestine, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is East Jerusalem, which is disputed.

Middle East


b. ^ Controlled by the Houthis due to the ongoing civil war. Seat of government moved to Aden.

Middle East


Other definitions of the Middle East

Middle East


Various concepts are often paralleled to the Middle East, most notably the Near East, Fertile Crescent, and Levant. These are geographical concepts, which refer to large sections of the modern-day Middle East, with the Near East being the closest to the Middle East in its geographical meaning. Due to it primarily being Arabic speaking, the Maghreb region of North Africa is sometimes included.

Middle East


"Greater Middle East" is a political term coined by the second Bush administration in the first decade of the 21st century to denote various countries, pertaining to the Muslim world, specifically Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. Various Central Asian countries are sometimes also included.

Middle East


The Middle East lies at the juncture of Africa and Eurasia and of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (see also: Indo-Mediterranean). It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Manichaeism, Yezidi, Druze, Yarsan, and Mandeanism, and in Iran, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and the Baháʼí Faith. Throughout its history the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs; a strategically, economically, politically, culturally, and religiously sensitive area. The region is one of the regions where agriculture was independently discovered, and from the Middle East it was spread, during the Neolithic, to different regions of the world such as Europe, the Indus Valley and Eastern Africa.

Middle East


Prior to the formation of civilizations, advanced cultures formed all over the Middle East during the Stone Age. The search for agricultural lands by agriculturalists, and pastoral lands by herdsmen meant different migrations took place within the region and shaped its ethnic and demographic makeup.

Middle East


The Middle East is widely and most famously known as the cradle of civilization. The world's earliest civilizations, Mesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia), ancient Egypt and Kish in the Levant, all originated in the Fertile Crescent and Nile Valley regions of the ancient Near East. These were followed by the Hittite, Greek, Hurrian and Urartian civilisations of Asia Minor; Elam, Persia and Median civilizations in Iran, as well as the civilizations of the Levant (such as Ebla, Mari, Nagar, Ugarit, Canaan, Aramea, Mitanni, Phoenicia, and Israel) and the Arabian Peninsula (Magan, Sheba, Ubar). The Near East was first largely unified under the Neo Assyrian Empire, then the Achaemenid Empire followed later by the Macedonian Empire and after this to some degree by the Iranian empires (namely the Parthian and Sasanian Empires), the Roman Empire, and the Byzantine Empire. The region served as the intellectual and economic center of the Roman Empire and played an exceptionally important role due to its periphery on the Sasanian Empire. Thus, the Romans stationed up to five or six of their legions in the region for the sole purpose of defending it from Sasanian and Bedouin raids and invasions.

Middle East


From the 4th century CE onward, the Middle East became the center of the two main powers at the time, the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire. However, it would be the later Islamic Caliphates of the Middle Ages, or Islamic Golden Age which began with the Islamic conquest of the region in the 7th century AD, that would first unify the entire Middle East as a distinct region and create the dominant Islamic Arab ethnic identity that largely (but not exclusively) persists today. The 4 caliphates that dominated the Middle East for more than 600 years were the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, and the Fatimid Caliphate. Additionally, the Mongols would come to dominate the region, the Kingdom of Armenia would incorporate parts of the region to their domain, the Seljuks would rule the region and spread Turko-Persian culture, and the Franks would found the Crusader states that would stand for roughly two centuries. Josiah Russell estimates the population of what he calls "Islamic territory" as roughly 12.5 million in 1000 – Anatolia 8 million, Syria 2 million, and Egypt 1.5 million. From the 16th century onward, the Middle East came to be dominated, once again, by two main powers: the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran.

Middle East


The modern Middle East began after World War I, when the Ottoman Empire, which was allied with the Central Powers, was defeated by the Allies and partitioned into a number of separate nations, initially under British and French Mandates. Other defining events in this transformation included the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the eventual departure of European powers, notably Britain and France by the end of the 1960s. They were supplanted in some part by the rising influence of the United States from the 1970s onward.

Middle East


In the 20th century, the region's significant stocks of crude oil gave it new strategic and economic importance. Mass production of oil began around 1945, with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates having large quantities of oil. Estimated oil reserves, especially in Saudi Arabia and Iran, are some of the highest in the world, and the international oil cartel OPEC is dominated by Middle Eastern countries.

Middle East


During the Cold War, the Middle East was a theater of ideological struggle between the two superpowers and their allies: NATO and the United States on one side, and the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact on the other, as they competed to influence regional allies. Besides the political reasons there was also the "ideological conflict" between the two systems. Moreover, as Louise Fawcett argues, among many important areas of contention, or perhaps more accurately of anxiety, were, first, the desires of the superpowers to gain strategic advantage in the region, second, the fact that the region contained some two-thirds of the world's oil reserves in a context where oil was becoming increasingly vital to the economy of the Western world [...] Within this contextual framework, the United States sought to divert the Arab world from Soviet influence. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the region has experienced both periods of relative peace and tolerance and periods of conflict particularly between Sunnis and Shiites.

Middle East


Middle Eastern economies range from being very poor (such as Gaza Strip and Yemen) to extremely wealthy nations (such as Qatar and the United Arab Emirates). According to the International Monetary Fund, the three largest Middle Eastern economies in nominal GDP in 2023 were Saudi Arabia ($1.06 trillion), Turkey ($1.03 trillion), and Israel ($0.54 trillion). For nominal GDP per person, the highest ranking countries are Qatar ($83,891), Israel ($55,535), the United Arab Emirates ($49,451) and Cyprus ($33,807). Turkey ($3.6 trillion), Saudi Arabia ($2.3 trillion), and Iran ($1.7 trillion) had the largest economies in terms of GDP PPP. For GDP PPP per person, the highest-ranking countries are Qatar ($124,834), the United Arab Emirates ($88,221), Saudi Arabia ($64,836), Bahrain ($60,596) and Israel ($54,997). The lowest-ranking country in the Middle East, in terms of GDP nominal per capita, is Yemen ($573).

Middle East


The economic structure of Middle Eastern nations are different because while some are heavily dependent on export of only oil and oil-related products (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), others have a highly diverse economic base (such as Cyprus, Israel, Turkey and Egypt). Industries of the Middle Eastern region include oil and oil-related products, agriculture, cotton, cattle, dairy, textiles, leather products, surgical instruments, defence equipment (guns, ammunition, tanks, submarines, fighter jets, UAVs, and missiles). Banking is an important sector, especially for United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.

Middle East


With the exception of Cyprus, Turkey, Egypt, Lebanon and Israel, tourism has been a relatively undeveloped area of the economy, in part because of the socially conservative nature of the region as well as political turmoil in certain regions. Since the end of the COVID pandemic however, countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Jordan have begun attracting greater numbers of tourists because of improving tourist facilities and the relaxing of tourism-related restrictive policies.

Middle East


Unemployment is high in the Middle East and North Africa region, particularly among people aged 15–29, a demographic representing 30% of the region's population. The total regional unemployment rate in 2025 is 10.8%, and among youth is as high as 28%.

Middle East


Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the Middle East, followed by various Iranian peoples and then by Turkic peoples (Turkish, Azeris, Syrian Turkmen, and Iraqi Turkmen). Native ethnic groups of the region include, in addition to Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Greek Cypriots, Jews, Kurds, Lurs, Mandaeans, Persians, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, and Zazas. European ethnic groups that form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians (including Kabardians), Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Franco-Levantines, Italo-Levantines, and Iraqi Turkmens. Among other migrant populations are Chinese, Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Pakistanis, Pashtuns, Romani, and Afro-Arabs.

Middle East


"Migration has always provided an important vent for labor market pressures in the Middle East. For the period between the 1970s and 1990s, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf in particular provided a rich source of employment for workers from Egypt, Yemen and the countries of the Levant, while Europe had attracted young workers from North African countries due both to proximity and the legacy of colonial ties between France and the majority of North African states."

Middle East


According to the International Organization for Migration, there are 13 million first-generation migrants from Arab nations in the world, of which 5.8 reside in other Arab countries. Expatriates from Arab countries contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. In 2009 Arab countries received a total of US$35.1 billion in remittance in-flows and remittances sent to Jordan, Egypt, and Lebanon from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries. In Somalia, the Somali Civil War has greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for Middle Eastern countries as well as Europe and North America.

Middle East


Non-Arab Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey, Israel, and Iran are also subject to important migration dynamics.

Middle East


A fair proportion of those migrating from Arab nations are from ethnic and religious minorities facing persecution and are not necessarily ethnic Arabs, Iranians or Turks. Large numbers of Kurds, Jews, Assyrians, Greeks, and Armenians as well as many Mandaeans have left nations such as Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey for these reasons during the last century. In Iran, many religious minorities such as Christians, Baháʼís, Jews, and Zoroastrians have left since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

Middle East


The six top languages, in terms of numbers of speakers, are Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Modern Hebrew and Greek. About 20 minority languages are also spoken in the Middle East.

Middle East


Arabic, with all its dialects, is the most widely spoken language in the Middle East, with Literary Arabic being official in all North African and in most West Asian countries. Arabic dialects are also spoken in some adjacent areas in neighbouring Middle Eastern non-Arab countries. It is a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Several Modern South Arabian languages such as Mehri and Soqotri are also spoken in Yemen and Oman. Another Semitic language is Aramaic and its dialects are spoken mainly by Assyrians and Mandaeans, with Western Aramaic still spoken in two villages near Damascus, Syria. There is also an Oasis Berber-speaking community in Egypt where the language is also known as Siwa. It is a non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic sister language.

Middle East


Persian is the second most spoken language. While it is primarily spoken in Iran and some border areas in neighbouring countries, the country is one of the region's largest and most populous. It belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family of Indo-European languages. Other Western Iranic languages spoken in the region include Achomi, Daylami, Kurdish dialects, Semmani, Lurish, amongst many others.

Middle East


The close third-most widely spoken language, Turkish, is largely confined to Turkey, which is also one of the region's largest and most populous countries, but it is present in areas in neighboring countries. It is a member of the Turkic languages, which have their origins in East Asia. Another Turkic language, Azerbaijani, is spoken by Azerbaijanis in Iran.

Middle East


The fourth-most widely spoken language, Kurdish, is spoken in the countries of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, Sorani Kurdish is the second official language in Iraq (instated after the 2005 constitution) after Arabic.

Middle East


Hebrew is the official language of Israel, with Arabic given a special status after the 2018 Basic law lowered its status from an official language prior to 2018. Hebrew is spoken and used by over 80% of Israel's population, the other 20% using Arabic. Modern Hebrew only began being spoken in the 20th century after being revived in the late 19th century by Elizer Ben-Yehuda (Elizer Perlman) and European Jewish settlers, with the first native Hebrew speaker being born in 1882.

Middle East


Greek is one of the two official languages of Cyprus, and the country's main language. Small communities of Greek speakers exist all around the Middle East; until the 20th century it was also widely spoken in Asia Minor (being the second most spoken language there, after Turkish) and Egypt. During the antiquity, Ancient Greek was the lingua franca for many areas of the western Middle East and until the Muslim expansion it was widely spoken there as well. Until the late 11th century, it was also the main spoken language in Asia Minor; after that it was gradually replaced by the Turkish language as the Anatolian Turks expanded and the local Greeks were assimilated, especially in the interior.

Middle East


English is one of the official languages of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. It is also commonly taught and used as a foreign second language, in countries such as Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait. It is also a main language in some Emirates of the United Arab Emirates. It is also spoken as native language by Jewish immigrants from Anglophone countries (UK, US, Australia) in Israel and understood widely as second language there.

Middle East


French is taught and used in many government facilities and media in Lebanon, and is taught in some primary and secondary schools of Egypt and Syria. Maltese, a Semitic language mainly spoken in Europe, is used by the Franco-Maltese diaspora in Egypt. Due to widespread immigration of French Jews to Israel, it is the native language of approximately 200,000 Jews in Israel.

Middle East


Armenian speakers are to be found in the region. Georgian is spoken by the Georgian diaspora.

Middle East


Russian is spoken by a large portion of the Israeli population, because of emigration in the late 1990s. Russian today is a popular unofficial language in use in Israel; news, radio and sign boards can be found in Russian around the country after Hebrew and Arabic. Circassian is also spoken by the diaspora in the region and by almost all Circassians in Israel who speak Hebrew and English as well.

Middle East


The largest Romanian-speaking community in the Middle East is found in Israel, where as of 1995 Romanian is spoken by 5% of the population.

Middle East


Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu are widely spoken by migrant communities in many Middle Eastern countries, such as Saudi Arabia (where 20–25% of the population is South Asian), the United Arab Emirates (where 50–55% of the population is South Asian), and Qatar, which have large numbers of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Indian immigrants.

Middle East


The Middle East is very diverse when it comes to religions, many of which originated there. Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East, but other faiths that originated there, such as Judaism and Christianity, are also well represented. Christian communities have played a vital role in the Middle East, and they represent 78% of Cyprus population, and 40.5% of Lebanon, where the Lebanese president, half of the cabinet, and half of the parliament follow one of the various Lebanese Christian rites. There are also important minority religions like the Baháʼí Faith, Yarsanism, Yazidism, Zoroastrianism, Mandaeism, Druze, and Shabakism, and in ancient times the region was home to Mesopotamian religions, Canaanite religions, Manichaeism, Mithraism and various monotheist gnostic sects.

Middle East


The Middle East has recently become more prominent in hosting global sport events due to its wealth and desire to diversify its economy.

Middle East


The South Asian diaspora is a major backer of cricket in the region.

Middle East


Adelson, Roger (1995). London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902–1922. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06094-2.

Middle East


Beaumont, Peter; Blake, Gerald H; Wagstaff, J. Malcolm (1988). The Middle East: A Geographical Study. David Fulton. ISBN 978-0-470-21040-6.

Middle East


"Middle East – Articles by Region" Archived 9 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine – Council on Foreign Relations: "A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis"

Middle East


"Middle East – Interactive Crisis Guide" Archived 30 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Council on Foreign Relations: "A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis"

Middle East


Middle East Department University of Chicago Library

Middle East


Middle East Business Intelligence since 1957: "The leading information source on business in the Middle East" – meed.com

Middle East


Carboun – advocacy for sustainability and environmental conservation in the Middle East

Middle East


Middle East News from Yahoo! News

Middle East


Middle East Business, Financial & Industry News – ArabianBusiness.com

Middle East


St Michael's Church is a Grade I listed church in Michaelston-le-Pit, in the Vale of Glamorgan, south Wales. It became a Grade I listed building on 28 January 1963. The church was probably built by the Reigny family; earliest records of it date to the Taxation of Norwich in 1254, where it was referred to as St Michael de Renny and was valued at four marks. The parish at one time consisted of the Manor of Michaelston-le-Pit and the church was an advowson included with the manor in the 15th and 17th centuries. By 1563, a cleric was in residence.

St Michael's Church, Michaelston-le-Pit


The church was known by a variety of names over time: "Michaelstowe" and "Michaelstown", which changed with the name of the land owner.  In the 16th century it was called Michaelston le Pole, as the De la Pole family owned the manor before 1493.  The present name is likely taken from le Peyt; the le Peyt family owned the land before selling it to the Reignys.

St Michael's Church, Michaelston-le-Pit


The church has many items which date to medieval times, including a baptismal font which was lost at the time of the Battle of St Fagans and was later discovered in a local field. It also has the only triple decker pulpit found in the Vale of Glamorgan. The lychgate of the churchyard is a memorial to local soldiers killed in World War I; it became a Grade II listed building 25 April 2002.

St Michael's Church, Michaelston-le-Pit


The Nokia 3300 is a mobile phone announced on March 11, 2003 as the successor of Nokia 5510. It was marketed primarily as a music playing phone.

Nokia 3300


Unlike most traditional designs, the 3300 has a display roughly in the center of the front panel with a numeric keypad to the right, a controller pad to the left and the call/end and selection keys to the bottom. The covers are interchangeable, allowing the handset to be personalised to some extent. The 3300 bears strong design similarities to the Nokia N-Gage which was introduced before it, but released long after the 3300.

Nokia 3300


Nokia also made a variant of the phone for the North American market. Compared to the Eurasian version, the 3300b utilizes a QWERTY keyboard and runs on GSM 850/1900 networks.

Nokia 3300


The Nokia 3300 supports MP3 and AAC audio and comes with an FM radio, and it can also be used as a digital voice recorder. Included in the standard package is a 64MB MMC memory card for storing data. GPRS data is supported, the display is a 128 x 128 pixel CSTN panel.

Nokia 3300


Donald Bergagård (born 13 February 1936 in Öckerö) is a Swedish singer, accordionist and evangelist.

Donald Bergagård


In the late 1950s Bergagård was employed as a pastor in the Pentecostal congregation Elim in Örebro. After visiting Aage Samuelsen's Maran Ata meetings in Oslo in 1959, he resolved to spread the movement in Sweden, becoming one of the founders of the Maranata movement there. He founded the first Swedish Maranata congregation in Örebro in 1960.

Donald Bergagård


He was one of the founders of Maran Ata in Oslo, where he was also a pastor from 2001 to 2004. Later that year, he moved to the United States.

Donald Bergagård


Bergagård wrote the Swedish text to the song där rosor aldrig dör/Till en stad jag är på vandring, dit där rosor aldrig dör. The tune was written by Jack & Jim Elsie, under the original title I am going to a city, where the roses never fade.

Donald Bergagård


In March 1963, Bergagård led a Maran Ata meeting in Jönköping where a 13-year-old boy with diabetes was prayed for.  His parents withdrew his insulin shots; the boy died a week later, drawing media attention.

Donald Bergagård


1971 – Vi ska fara bortom månen

Donald Bergagård


1972 – Jag tänker på staden

Donald Bergagård


1978 – Jesus har berett en himmel

Donald Bergagård


1982 – Andliga sånger & country

Donald Bergagård


1983 – Min kung och jag

Donald Bergagård


1984 – Paradiset väntar

Donald Bergagård


1985 – Det finns en kärlek

Donald Bergagård


1988 – Halleluja, Hosianna, Jesus kommer

Donald Bergagård


1993 – Vid havet av kristall

Donald Bergagård


1999 – Viloplats i ljusa staden

Donald Bergagård


2001 – Den Gud som är på höjden, Han är också i dalen

Donald Bergagård


Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne,  (12 August 1891 – 3 November 1977) was an English colonial administrator who served in British India until 1947 and then in the new Dominion of Pakistan until 1950.

Frederick Chalmers Bourne


Frederick Chalmers Bourne was born on 12 August 1891. He studied in Rugby and finished his master's degree in Christ Church, Oxford. His father was Frederick Samuel Augustus Bourne, a British consular official in China and later Judge of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan.

Frederick Chalmers Bourne


Bourne was commissioned into the British Army in 1910, and served in the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment. In 1920, he joined the Indian Civil Service and held several prominent positions in the administrations of Lahore and the Punjab between 1937 and 1945.

Frederick Chalmers Bourne


He was appointed acting Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar from May to October 1945, and as the acting Governor of Assam in 1946.

Frederick Chalmers Bourne


He became the last Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar in 1946, serving until independence of India on 15 August 1947. Bourne then became the first Governor of Pakistan's East Bengal, and served until 5 April 1950.

Frederick Chalmers Bourne


Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Frederick Chalmers Bourne


Frederick Chalmers Bourne in the National Archives

Frederick Chalmers Bourne


Kouadio Konan Bertin (born December 26, 1968), known as KKB, is an Ivorian politician. He represented Port-Bouët in the National Assembly from 2011 to 2016.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


He ran for president for the first time in 2015, when he came in third. He was one of the four candidates for the 2020 Ivorian presidential election, in which he received 1.99% of the vote.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Early life and education

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Kouadio Konan Bertin was born in Lakota in southern Ivory Coast to a Dida mother, Delphine Dago Guizo, and a Baoulé father, Koffi Kouadio Mathieu. He defines himself as "the fruit of an Ivorian crossbreed." He is the oldest of six siblings.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


As a student at the University of Abidjan, he opposed the dominance of the Student Federation of Ivory Coast, which he deemed too radical. Instead, he created the Cell for Reflection and Concrete Action (CERAC) in 1994.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


He obtained a master's degree in German, with a focus on corporate communication. He considers himself "a pure product of Ivorian public education before the crisis."

Kouadio Konan Bertin


KKB became active in the youth wing of the Democratic Party of Ivory Coast (PDCI), supporting President Félix Houphouët-Boigny and then President Henri Konan Bédié, who succeeded him after his death in December 1993. For his efforts, the young politician quickly gained the confidence and the ear of the head of state.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


1999 Ivorian coup d'état

Kouadio Konan Bertin


He emerged on the political scene as an opponent of the coup that replaced Bédié with General Robert Guéï in December 1999.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


While party elders sought to discreetly rid themselves of the former president by removing him as head of the party, KKB, then largely unknown to the general public, mobilized students in opposition to the military junta to demand the return of the exiled former president from France.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


At the Extraordinary Party Congress on April 6–9, 2000, the attempt to oust Bédié as president of the PDCI failed.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


In 2003, after Bédié returned from exile, KKB was elected youth president of the PDCI.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


He supported Bédié's candidacy in the first round of the 2010 presidential election, but the PDCI leader only received 25% of the vote and landed in third place, far behind incumbent president Laurent Gbagbo (FPI, 38%) and Alassane Ouattara (RDR, 32%). After demanding a recount, Bédié eventually threw his support behind Ouattara, which proved decisive. This was in line with an alliance, the Rally of Houphouëtists for Democracy and Peace (RHDP), formed five years earlier by a number of parties including the PDCI and the Rally of the Republicans (RDR).

Kouadio Konan Bertin


In the 2011 Ivorian parliamentary election, KKB was elected to represent the Port-Bouët constituency with 93.81% of the vote.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


The alliance initiated by Bédié and Ouattara subsequently went further than the mandates of the RHDP. On September 17, 2014, the president of the PDCI announced "l'appel de Daoukro" ("the call of Daoukro"), in which he called on his party members to rally around Ouattara's candidacy, well ahead of the 2015 presidential election.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


This caused a serious crisis within the PDCI, which at the October 2013 party congress had called for the candidacy of an "active PDCI activist" for the presidency. KKB was the first to openly describe Bédié's move as "treason."

Kouadio Konan Bertin


On February 26, 2015, two days before the PDCI congress that would officially back Ouattara as the only RHDP candidate, KKB and three other party members (former prime minister Charles Konan Banny, former Foreign Minister Amara Essy, and parliament member Jérôme Kablan Brou) announced their decision not to attend the event. KKB predicted at the time that Bédié and his followers might leave the PDCI for the RDR, but he refused to leave his party and create another, arguing it would be a betrayal of the party's founder, Félix Houphouët-Boigny.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


At the party congress, the "call of Daoukro" was adopted with "Brezhnevian unanimity," Le Monde wrote. The decision to not put forward a PDCI candidate was approved by 98.84% of the party. Critics claimed that the near-unanimity was attributable to the fact that the vote was taken by a public show of hands.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Candidate in the 2015 presidential election

Kouadio Konan Bertin


On December 5, 2014, KKB announced his candidacy for the 2015 Ivorian presidential election. He said, "I am the candidate to save the PDCI. Because to not have a candidate in 2015 is to jointly put to death the party of Félix Houphouët-Boigny." He submitted his independent candidacy to the Independent Electoral Commission on August 25, 2015.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


His campaign was not successful, however. In the election on October 25, he came in third place with 3.88% of the vote, behind the incumbent Outtara at 83.66% and the Ivorian Popular Front candidate Pascal Affi N’Guessan at 9.29%.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Reconciliation with Henri Konan Bédié

Kouadio Konan Bertin


During a meeting in Bingerville on April 10, 2017, the PDCI agreed to appoint a candidate from its own ranks for the presidential election in 2020. Two months later, KKB reconnected with his party. He said: "Our split was about one thing: The PDCI giving up its candidacy in the presidential election." Dissent subsequently increased between the two main allied parties of the RHDP, with Bédié declaring that the alliance as it was in 2005 "no longer existed." The PDCI then in effect became the primary opposition party against Ouattara.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Two years after returning to the party, KKB met with Bédié, and they agreed to work together to return the PDCI to power. KKB voiced his opposition to Ouattara remaining in power, telling TV5 Monde, "When you are the head of state, you must at least know how to count to two."

Kouadio Konan Bertin


In June 2020, KKB submitted himself as a candidate for the internal vote within the PDCI, which would nominate a candidate for the 2020 election. But on July 2, his candidacy was rejected by the party due to procedural errors. Bédié was elected, according to the PDCI general secretariat, by 99.67% of the internal votes. Radio France Internationale suggested that Bédié had removed any internal competition in order to avoid risking a loss.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Candidate in the 2020 presidential election

Kouadio Konan Bertin


In a press conference on July 7, KKB denounced the decision to remove him from the PDCI primary campaign. He decided to run once again as an independent instead.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


On September 14, 2020, the Constitutional Council announced that only four of the 44 declared presidential candidates would actually be eligible to run. The four candidates are: incumbent president Alassane Ouattara, Henri Konan Bédié, Pascal Affi N'Guessan, and Kouadio Konan Bertin. These were the only candidates to receive the required signatures from at least 1% of all voters in 17 regions of the country, according to the Constitutional Council.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Against the backdrop of pre-electoral violence and one month before the vote on October 31, Bédié called for "civil disobedience." He was rapidly joined in this call by Affi N'Guessan.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Asked if he would be joining this opposition effort, KKB said on September 24 that "Ivory Coast needs peace." He added: "I am not participating in that which divides Ivory Coast. I do not endorse this kind of venture." In an interview with Jeune Afrique on October 1, KKB reiterated his refusal to support the two candidates' call for a boycott of the election.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


He held his official campaign launch on October 4, 2020, in front of a crowd of 2,500 supporters. He said: "This election should be a precious moment when we peacefully debate and decide our future. Alas, the ferments of division are already spreading. Faced with this perilous situation, yes, I have decided to present my candidacy for the presidential election."

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Despite his insistence on staying in the race, he "commands little broad support" and was not expected to defeat the incumbent Ouattara.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


KKB received 1.99% of the vote, second behind Outtara, who gained 94% of the vote amid the opposition's boycott.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


In September 2021, a Cameroonian artist named Sophie Dencia living in Côte d'Ivoire accused Kouadio Konan Bertin of rape committed in April 2021, and filed an official complaint. The politician responded that he had "nothing to reproach myself for" and filed a defamation complaint.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Since 2024, he has served as Ivory Coast's ambassador to Gabon.

Kouadio Konan Bertin


Meir Ya'ari (Hebrew: מאיר יערי; 24 April 1897 – 21 February 1987) was an Israeli politician, educator, and social activist. He was the leader of Hashomer Hatzair, Kibbutz Artzi, and Mapam, and a member of the Knesset.

Meir Ya'ari


Meyer Wald (later Ya'ari) was born in 1897 in Kańczuga, in the Galicia province of Austria-Hungary, the son of Chaim and Frieda (née Holoszycer) Wald. His family came from a long lineage of rabbinic scholars. At half a year old, he and his family moved to Rzeszów, where he grew up. He would eventually become active in the Tze'irei Zion youth movement. At the outbreak of World War I his family moved to Vienna. At the age of 17 he volunteered for the Austrian Army and served as an officer until the end of the war. He studied at the Agricultural Academy and at the University of Vienna. In 1919 he co-founded and co-led the Vienna branch of Hashomer Hatzair. In 1920, he made aliyah (emigrated) to British-ruled Palestine. He worked at the Kinneret moshava and in the "Labour Battalion" (Gdud HaAvoda), paving roads from Samakh (today's Tsemah Junction) to Tiberias and on to Tabgha.

Meir Ya'ari


His grandson, Yedidya Ya'ari, is a retired Israel Defense Forces general.

Meir Ya'ari


Ya'ari was one of the founders of Bitania, the first collective settlement of Hashomer Hatzair. He was among the founders of the Histadrut workers' syndicate. From 1924 onwards he served as Secretary of the world Hashomer Hatzair.

Meir Ya'ari


Ya'ari married Anda Karp, an immigrant from Brody in present-day Ukraine. The couple had three children.

Meir Ya'ari


In 1927, he founded Kibbutz Artzi, was elected its secretary and took part in drafting its principles. In 1929, he was among the founders of Kibbutz Merhavia, where he lived until he died.

Meir Ya'ari


In 1948, he co-founded Mapam political party as its leader, and functioned as its general secretary until 1973. He was a Mapam MK in the first through seventh Knessets, from 1949 to 1973. In the first Knesset he was member of the Knesset committee, and in the fifth through seventh Knessets he was member of Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee.

Meir Ya'ari


His movement co-leader and almost equal colleague was Yaakov Hazan. For many years, they led Hashomer Hatzair and Mapam together. Despite holding the top two positions in Mapam's list, they made a joint decision not to become ministers but rather occupy themselves in the movement's ideological and educational activities.

Meir Ya'ari


As leader and ideologist of Hashomer Hatzair, he sought to turn it from a scout-like youth movement promoting abstract socialist-humanist ideas to a political settlement movement that integrates Zionism and Marxism.

Meir Ya'ari


He protested David Ben-Gurion's activism and Mapai's moderate socialism. He regarded highly the achievements of revolutionary socialism in the Soviet Union, although he criticized its attitude towards Zionism. In the 1940s he opposed the Biltmore Program and supported the one-state solution.

Meir Ya'ari


During Israel's early years, he objected his party's coalition membership and was an outspoken critic of the government's western orientation, the nationality conception, the Reparations Agreement and the martial law. At first, he supported the Soviet Union and tried, along with Moshe Sneh, to introduce Hashomer Hatzair's idea in Mapam. The exposure of Stalin's wrongdoings caused a schism in the Marxist orientation, resulting in the expulsion of Moshe Sneh's men from the party in 1953. Gradually, admiration of the Soviet Union lessened and inclination to cooperate with Mapai increased, and in 1955 Mapam indeed joined Mapai in the coalition. After the Six-Day War he expressed a relatively hawkish stand by opposing immediate withdrawal from the occupied territories. In 1969 he supported Mapam's alliance with Mapai as part of the Alignment; in 1984, he would support staying in the Alignment until the formation of the national unity government in 1984.

Meir Ya'ari


To his honor, the Association for Progressive Education in Honor of Meir Ya'ari (YAARI) was founded. Over the past decades YAARI envisioned, designed and implemented many peace-building projects in the region and especially in Cyprus. YAARI has also implemented a large-scale EC supported project known as Act Beyond Borders, which promoted reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians through education.

Meir Ya'ari


Meir Ya'ari on the Knesset website

Meir Ya'ari


The Birth of Hashomer Hatzair Jewish Gen

Meir Ya'ari


Jan Phyl Village is a census-designated place (CDP) in Polk County, Florida, United States. As of the 2020 census, Jan Phyl Village had a population of 5,927. It is part of the Lakeland–Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Jan Phyl Village, Florida


Jan Phyl Village was formed from a purchase in 1950 of 1,200 acres of land west of Winter Haven, purchased by Harry Lesnick of Vermont. He christened the area Jan Phyl Village after his daughters, Janet and Phyllis Lesnick. Most of the early development was real estate, sold to airmen and pilot instructors stationed at the nearby Bartow Air Base during the Korean War. The area suffered its first recession in 1953 at the cessation of U.S. military activity in Korea, leading to many homes being foreclosed. The area remains economically depressed as of 2014, with many closed storefronts. If a proposed transportation improvement program planned by the Polk Transportation Planning Organization is approved, major thoroughfares in the area will be widened by 2030 to accommodate additional traffic.

Jan Phyl Village, Florida


According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.8 square miles (12 km2), of which 4.7 square miles (12 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (2.28%) is water.

Jan Phyl Village, Florida


As of the census of 2000, there were 5,633 people, 1,947 households, and 1,573 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was 1,194.5 inhabitants per square mile (461.2/km2).  There were 2,033 housing units at an average density of 431.1 per square mile (166.4/km2).  The racial makeup of the CDP was 75.84% White, 16.90% African American, 0.23% Native American, 1.95% Asian, 2.34% from other races, and 2.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.01% of the population.

Jan Phyl Village, Florida


There were 1,947 households, out of which 41.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. 14.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.17.

Jan Phyl Village, Florida


In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.

Jan Phyl Village, Florida


The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,219, and the median income for a family was $45,958. Males had a median income of $30,117 versus $21,072 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,389.  About 5.6% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.

Jan Phyl Village, Florida


Charles Louis "Chief" Zimmer (November 23, 1860 – August 22, 1949) was an American professional baseball player whose playing career spanned from 1884 to 1906. He played for 19 seasons as a catcher in Major League Baseball (MLB), including 13 seasons for the Cleveland Blues/Spiders (1887–1899), three seasons for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1900–1902), and one season as the player/manager of the Philadelphia Phillies (1903).

Chief Zimmer


Zimmer is regarded by some as "the finest defensive catcher of his day." He set major-league catching records for assists (188 in 1890), double plays (16 in 1895), runners caught stealing (183 in 1893), games at catcher (125 in 1890), and career fielding percentage (.943 as of 1896). As one of the game's first every-day catchers, The Sporting News in 1949 called Zimmer "baseball's original 'iron man'."  Offensively, Zimmer had a career batting average of .269, but hit above .300 four times, including a career-high .340 batting average in 1895.

Chief Zimmer


Zimmer was also the first president of the Players' Protective Association and a successful entrepreneur during his playing days, including operation of a wholesale and retail cigar business that he promoted while on the road. His most famous business venture, however, was "Zimmer's Baseball Game", a mechanical baseball parlor game that he invented in 1891 and became popular in the early to middle 1890s.

Chief Zimmer


Zimmer was born in Marietta, Ohio, in 1860.  As a young man, he worked as an apprentice in a cabinetmaker's shop.

Chief Zimmer


He began his professional baseball career at age 23 in 1884 playing in the Ohio State League for teams from Ironton and Portsmouth, Ohio.  He appeared in eight games in the Major Leagues for the Detroit Wolverines in 1884. After being released by the Tigers, Zimmer did not play professional baseball in 1885.  He played for Poughkeepsie of the Hudson River League in 1886, compiling a .409 batting average, and for the Rochester Maroons of the International Association in 1887, batting .331.

Chief Zimmer


Zimmer acquired the nickname "Chief" during the 1886 season while playing as the captain of the Poughkeepsie team. Zimmer was not of American Indian descent and explained the genesis for the nickname as follows: "Since we were fleet of foot, we were called the Indians. As I was the head man of the Indians, somebody began to call me 'Chief.' It stuck."

Chief Zimmer


Major league baseball career

Chief Zimmer


Finest defensive catcher of his day

Chief Zimmer


Zimmer is regarded by some as "the finest defensive catcher of his day." Baseball historian Bill James picked Zimmer as the catcher both for his 1890s Gold Glove team and his 1890s All-Star team, and as the 62nd best catcher of all time. From 1889 to 1900, Zimmer was regularly among his league's leaders in putouts, assists, double plays, fielding percentage and games played at catcher.  He set multiple Major League fielding records during his career, including the following:

Chief Zimmer


Caught stealing. In 1893, Zimmer caught 183 base runners trying to steal a base, a figure that established a Major League record that stood until 1895. He led the majors in the category for the second consecutive season with 170 in 1894 and held the career record for most runners caught stealing until 1898.  Zimmer secured his reputation for catching base runners when he caught the great base stealer "Sliding Billy" Hamilton twice in one game.  Sporting Life at the time reported: "Bennett and Zimmer are the only League catchers who have managed to catch Hamilton at second. Zimmer is also the only catcher who has nailed Hamilton twice in one game."

Chief Zimmer


Games at catcher. Zimmer appeared in 125 games at catcher in 1890, a figure that stood until 1895 as the Major League record for most games played at the position in a single season. He also set a Major League record for consecutive games at catcher with 111 during the 1890 season, more than doubling the prior record.  He led the National League in games caught for the second consecutive season in 1891 with 116 and ranked second in the league with 111 games at catcher in 1892. The Sporting News in 1949 called Zimmer "baseball's original 'iron man'."  Prior to Zimmer, catchers were typically paired with specific pitchers and did not catch every day.  Zimmer became one of the Major Leagues' first every-day catchers.

Chief Zimmer


Assists. Zimmer's 188 assists as a catcher in 1890 stood as the Major League record until 1912, and he led the majors for a second consecutive season with 181 in 1891.

Chief Zimmer


Double plays. Zimmer's 16 doubles plays as a catcher in 1895 broke the Major League record, and in 1900 he also broke Charlie Bennett's Major League record for most career double plays as a catcher.

Chief Zimmer


Fielding percentage. By 1896, Zimmer also had the highest career fielding percentage (.943) ever compiled by a Major League catcher.

Chief Zimmer


Zimmer is also credited with being the first catcher, in 1887, to play from a squatting position directly behind the plate on every play. In prior years, catchers had played further behind the plate often standing, particularly with runners on base. During Zimmer's time, catchers' gloves had not evolved and did not provide the protection of a modern catcher's mitt. Interviewed in 1949, Zimmer indicated that the catcher's glove in the 1890s was similar to an outfielders glove, and he would occasionally pad it with a piece of beefsteak to further protect his hands from injury. In 1892, when asked how he kept his hands healthy so as to be able to catch in so many games, Zimmer also said he received regular hand massages: "He replied that he made it a practice to visit a massage establishment whenever his hands gave him the slightest cause for trouble. He argues that by the systematic rubbing of the joints all swellings and soreness can be remedied instantly."

Chief Zimmer


Cleveland Blues/Spiders

Chief Zimmer


After brief stints with the Detroit Wolverines (eight games in 1884) and New York Metropolitans (six games in 1886), Zimmer joined the Cleveland Blues in 1887. He remained in Cleveland for 13 seasons from 1887 through 1899.

Chief Zimmer


From 1890 to 1898, Zimmer was Cy Young's catcher during Young's formative and most dominant years as a pitcher, and the two remained close friends for 60 years.  Young's biographer, Reed Browing, noted that Young always credited Zimmer for his contributions:

Chief Zimmer


As Young's career progressed, no Major League pitcher was more outspoken than he in expressing how much a fine catcher enhanced his performance on the mound. Young and Zimmer quickly became the most famous battery of the 1890s.

Chief Zimmer


In 1890, Cleveland finished in seventh place with a 44–88 record; Young, in his rookie season, was 9–7.  From the low point in 1890, Zimmer, the club and Young all improved remarkably. In 1891, Zimmer had a career-high 69 RBIs with a 1.6 Wins Above Replacement (WAR) rating. He caught 116 games in 1891, but underwent knee surgery after the season was over.

Chief Zimmer


The following year, in 1892, Zimmer compiled a career-high 3.2 WAR rating and led the 1892 Cleveland Spiders to a franchise best record of 93–56 (.624), good for second place in the National League.  The 1892 season was also a breakout year for Young who compiled a 36–12 record with a 1.93 earned run average (ERA). After the 1892 season, Sporting Life described Zimmer as "a temperate, faithful and conscientious player" who was "a great local favorite" and said this about his ability to deter stolen bases: "His throwing is a holy terror to would-be base stealers, and very few men steal second off him when anything but a slow pitcher is in the box."

Chief Zimmer


In 1893, the distance between the pitcher and home plate was extended by nine feet, resulting in a dramatic increase in batting averages. The rule change helped Zimmer statistically, as he compiled a .308 batting average, the first of four .300 seasons. However, Zimmer bemoaned the rule change's effect on pitchers: "They are making the pitcher a mere automaton. By and by they will make him stand on a cake of ice and pitch. Say what you will, the pitcher is the central figure in the game. People pay their money to see base ball, and the more scientific it is the better. When you put a pitcher out of sight and make a toy of him you are working squarely against the interests of the game, in my opinion."

Chief Zimmer


In July 1893, he suffered a broken shoulder bone and was able to play only 56 games behind the plate. The injury was sustained in a collision with Tommy Tucker. Cleveland newspapers protested and claimed that Tucker was a player with a reputation as a habitual dirty player who had acted intentionally to injure Zimmer.  Despite the severity of the injury, the popular Zimmer returned to the lineup in September 1893 after seven weeks' absence, prompting the Sporting Life to predict: "Zimmer can play in Cleveland as long as he pleases."

Chief Zimmer


In 1894, Zimmer became one of the first players to get six hits in a single game, doing so off Win Mercer.

Chief Zimmer


In 1895, Zimmer had a career-high .340 batting average, as his batting and handling of Young (who compiled a 35–10 record) helped lead the 1895 Cleveland Spiders to the Temple Cup, a championship cup that was awarded to the winner of a best-of-seven, post-season championship series in the National League.  Zimmer was the batting hero of the 1895 Temple Cup, hitting a two-run home run to win the decisive game. His cup-winning home run was memorialized in a poem that included the following lines:

Chief Zimmer


The score was tied, one man was out,Tebeau was safe on third;As Zimmer grasped his mighty bat,Such cheering ne'er was heard.He swiftly swung his willow,The ball had met its fate;And a roar went up that reached the clouds,Tebeau had crossed the plate.

Chief Zimmer


In late March 1896, Zimmer left the Spiders' spring training camp in a contract dispute, and one week later reportedly signed a contract providing for him to be paid the maximum salary of $2,400 plus an $800 signing bonus. The Sporting Life reported: "If there is one player whose services Mr. Robison(Cleveland owner Frank Robison) cannot afford to lose, it is Charley Zimmer. In spring, summer and fall or any old time at all chief is in condition."  On September 24, 1896, two masked men armed with revolvers woke Zimmer and his wife at their home at 43 Steinway Street in Cleveland. The intruders robbed Zimmer of his $60 gold watch and $20 in cash.

Chief Zimmer


In 1897, at age 36, Zimmer continued to impress. He compiled a .316 batting average and a 1.9 WAR rating while helping Young win 20 games for the seventh consecutive season.

Chief Zimmer


After the 1898 season, Young left the Spiders, and Zimmer, at age 38, was released by the team in early June 1899, despite having compiled a .342 batting average in 20 games.  Without Young or Zimmer, the 1899 Cleveland Spiders compiled a 20-134 (.130) record—the worst record in Major League history.

Chief Zimmer


Louisville and Pittsburgh

Chief Zimmer


In June 1899, Zimmer was signed as a free agent by the Louisville Colonels. He appeared in 75 games for Louisville in 1899, compiling a .298 batting average.  For the second time in his career, Zimmer was responsible for mentoring a future Hall of Fame pitcher in his rookie season. At Louisville, the rookie pitcher was Rube Waddell.

Chief Zimmer


In December 1899, Zimmer was part of a blockbuster trade with the Pittsburgh Pirates. In addition to Zimmer, the Colonels sent three future Hall of Famers (Waddell, Honus Wagner and Fred Clarke) to the Pirates in exchange for Jack Chesbro, three other players, and $25,000.

Chief Zimmer


During the 1900 season, Zimmer was the oldest player in the Major Leagues at age 39. However, he continued to play well. Aside from a .295 batting average, Zimmer caught 82 games, led the National League with 318 putouts and totaled 89 runners caught stealing. Moreover, under Zimmer's tutelage, Rube Waddell in his first season as a regular starter, led the National League with a 2.37 ERA.

Chief Zimmer


The following year, Zimmer remained the oldest player in the Major Leagues at age 40. He caught 69 games for the 1901 Pirates team that won the National League pennant with a 90–49 record. During the 1901 season, Zimmer caught for his third Hall of Fame pitcher, Jack Chesbro.

Chief Zimmer


In 1902, at age 41, Zimmer caught 41 games, compiled a .268 batting average, and maintained a respectable 1.1 WAR rating.  The Pirates won the pennant for the second consecutive year with a 103–36 record.

Chief Zimmer


Philadelphia Phillies

Chief Zimmer


In early 1903, the Philadelphia Phillies were sold, and the new owners, with the assistance of Pittsburgh owner Barney Dreyfuss, persuaded Zimmer to become the Phillies' manager.  Zimmer agreed and also appeared in 35 games as the team's catcher.  In May 1903, the Sporting Life newspaper wrote that Zimmer was still a solid performer behind the plate: "The Phillies' pitchers do their best work and the team is strongest when the veteran Zimmer is in the game. A wink should be as good as a kick, Chief."  Zimmer appeared in his final Major League game as a player at age 42 on September 27, 1903.

Chief Zimmer


In his role as manager, Zimmer took over a team that had finished in seventh place in 1902.  By the first of June 1903, the Phillies were struggling with an 11–26 record. Zimmer at that time acknowledged that the "task of managing a team that does not stand so well up in the race is not the most pleasant one in the world", but he insisted that he was not discouraged and noted that the greater satisfaction comes not from taking charge of a first-class team and keeping it going, but "to take hold of a team that is down in the race and bring it up to a high standard."  The Phillies did improve late in the season, compiling a 16–13 record in their last 29 games. However, with a seventh-place finish, the 1903 season was Zimmer's only one as a Major League manager.  In fairness to Zimmer, the Phillies simply lacked the talent to compete with the best teams in the National League, had finished in seventh place in 1902 under Bill Shettsline, and dropped to eighth place in 1904 under Hugh Duffy.

Chief Zimmer


Table games, cigars and groceries

Chief Zimmer


During his baseball career, Zimmer was among the highest paid players in the game. He invested his money wisely and was alert for investment opportunities. By 1900, his business interests included "upward of $35,000 invested in the grocery business and real estate in Cleveland."  He also owned a restaurant in Cleveland and used his wood-working skills to make furniture in the off-season.

Chief Zimmer


The business opportunity that drew the most attention was "Zimmer's Base Ball Game", a mechanical baseball table game developed by Zimmer in 1891. In November 1891, The Sporting Life reported on Zimmer's innovation on its front page:

Chief Zimmer


Zimmer Comes to the Front With an Indoor GameCharley Zimmer, the good-natured and gentlemanly catcher of the Cleveland Club has invented and patented an indoor game of base ball that ought to make him a little fortune. It promises to become one of the greatest toys of the age. A regular game can be played. The ball is pitched from an ingenious device and goes straight over the plate. If a hit isn't made or the ball struck at all the 'catcher' gets it. All the 'players' are in position, and there are regular catches in the outfield and pick-ups in the infield. The bat is a curious contrivance, and it takes good judgment to operate it. A fast or slow ball can be pitched, and the batter is liable to be 'fooled' by changes of pace. Nothing like it was ever seen before in toy games. The invention is to be shown in Hudson's window after Thanksgiving, and will surely attract great attention.

Chief Zimmer


The game featured a painted ball field with children peeking over the one-and-a-half inch outfield wall as well as lithographed images of Zimmer and 18 other players, including 11 Hall of Famers. The game was played with "a pool cue-type spring loaded device" and "metal clasps located at the nine positions to catch the ball."

Chief Zimmer


In January 1892, Zimmer was offered "a big amount of money" for his interest in the game, and it was estimated "by judicious business management" that 100,000 copies of the game could be sold.  In October 1892, Zimmer stated that he expected to sell "a great many of his parlor baseball inventions" over the winter and noted that one New York firm had purchased 600 from him.  Two years later, he reported that he had a large number of orders for the game and that he had made over $4,000 from the game over the past three years.

Chief Zimmer


Unlike many baseball players of his era, Zimmer used neither liquor nor tobacco. In 1890, the Sporting Life reported that there were likely no more than a half a dozen professional baseball players who could match Zimmer's claim: "He has never taken a drink of any kind of intoxicating liquor in his life, and has never used tobacco in any shape." Zimmer later attributed his long playing career (and long life) to the fact that he never didn't smoke, didn't chew, and didn't drink. Despite his personal aversion to tobacco, Zimmer in the 1890s was successful in operating a wholesale and retail cigar business in Cleveland. In 1898, as he traveled with the Cleveland team, he carried a valise with samples of the cigars that he sold. Commenting on Zimmer's business ingenuity in promoting his cigar business while traveling at the expense of the Cleveland club, the Sporting Life wrote: "With such an instinct for taking advantage of circumstances Zimmer is certain to be prosperous."

Chief Zimmer


Players' Protective Association

Chief Zimmer


During the summer of 1900, the Players' Protective Association, predecessor to the Major League Baseball Players Association, was formed to represent the interest of professional baseball players. Zimmer was elected as the organization's first president with Hughie Jennings secretary. During Zimmer's tenure as president, the organization successfully negotiated for a new rule providing that a player could not be traded or sold without his consent.  The Sporting Life later wrote that Zimmer was the "only man who ever showed marked ability" as president of the Association.

Chief Zimmer


The consent rule that Zimmer secured was later rescinded, and the Association's reputation declined. In August 1902, Zimmer, having stepped down from the Association's leadership, commented on the reasons for the decline:

Chief Zimmer


There is nothing solid left in the Players' Protective Association. There has been no activity on the part of the present officials, and there will be none. The organization has been allowed to die because the members have seen nothing in it to interest them. Some are not pleased with the officers; others object to the paying of dues, while others still believe that they can do better by themselves than by acting in concert with all the other players; and so the Players' Protective Association gradually is being allowed to die out. One hears but little of it now, and in a year from now will hear less. It would have been a good thing for the players if they had been true to its principles and the officials had been active in carrying out all its aims and laws. However, there was failure on all sides, and the result is that the organization gradually is fading out of existence.

Chief Zimmer


Umpiring and comeback as a player

Chief Zimmer


During the 1904 and 1905 seasons, Zimmer worked as an umpire: first in the National League where he umpired 151 games in 1904, and then in the Eastern League (a minor league that later became the International League) in 1905.

Chief Zimmer


The following year, he staged a comeback as a player at age 45. In February 1906, he was hired as the player/manager for the Little Rock Travelers in the Southern Association. Even at age 45, Zimmer still displayed superior arm strength. After a Little Rock victory in May 1906, the Sporting Life newspaper reported: "Little Rock showed wonderful improvement and defeated Birmingham in a well-played game. The feature was the throwing of Zimmer to second."  He appeared in 41 games as a player for Little Rock. His Little Rock team finished in last place with a 40–98 record.

Chief Zimmer


Zimmer was among a number of Cleveland players who played in an Old-Timers' Day in July 1921; Zimmer, aged 60, caught for his former battery-mate Cy Young, aged 55.

Chief Zimmer


Family and later years

Chief Zimmer


Zimmer was married and had three daughters. During his playing career, he made furniture as a hobby during the off-season and filled his home in Cleveland with his handiwork.  After retiring from baseball, Zimmer lived in Cleveland for the remainder of his life.  He died there at age 88 in 1949. He was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Twinsburg, Ohio.

Chief Zimmer


List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

Chief Zimmer


List of Major League Baseball player-managers

Chief Zimmer


Career statistics from MLB · Baseball Reference · Baseball Reference (Minors) · Retrosheet · Baseball Almanac

Chief Zimmer


Thomas Plunkett (April 1840 – 2 September 1913) was a farmer and Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly in Queensland, Australia.

Thomas Plunkett, senior


Plunkett was born in Arrigal, County Meath, the son of John Plunkett and his wife Catherine (née Flood). He was educated privately and at the local school before sailing to Queensland aboard the Fiery Star in 1863. In 1866 he selected farmland which he named "Waterford" at Logan. In 1870 he then acquired land at on north bank of the Albert River at Tamborine (around Plunkett Road today) which he named Villa Maria in honour of his wife. He also purchased 2000 acres at Kerry and also land at  Logan Village where he took up dairy farming and crop growing. Later on he established a general store in the Tamborine area around 1872 and became the postmaster in 1874.

Thomas Plunkett, senior


On 2 May 1866 Plunkett married Maria Ryan (died 1939) at St Stephen's Cathedral in Brisbane and together had four sons and four daughters. In September 1913 he died at the residence of one of his daughters at Sandgate and his body was taken to South Brisbane railway station to be transported to Logan Village railway station after which he was buried in the Tamborine Catholic Cemetery (which was on land on Plunkett Road which he had donated to the church for a cemetery).

Thomas Plunkett, senior


Plunkett won the new seat of Albert at the 1888 Queensland colonial election, but was defeated by Robert Collins in 1896. He regained the seat three years later and held it until he retired from politics in 1908.

Thomas Plunkett, senior


Plunkett was a member of the Colonists' Anti-Convention Bill League and campaigned vigorously against the federation of the Australian colonies. In 1902, after Queensland had joined the federation, he unsuccessfully moved a pro-secession motion in the Legislative Assembly. He moved similar motions in each year between 1905 and 1907.

Thomas Plunkett, senior


Plunkett's son, Thomas Flood Plunkett, was a long serving member of the Queensland Parliament having represented the seats of Albert and Darlington.

Thomas Plunkett, senior


Nicholas Legeros (born February 27, 1955, in Edina, Minnesota) is an American (Minnesotan) bronze sculptor. Working from his studio building Blue Ribbon Bronze in Northeast Minneapolis, Nick has created over 500 sculptures in his career. His most prominent works can be found in the Twin Cities and Hudson, Wisconsin. In addition to his work as a sculptor, Nick is an active artist advocate and has been president of the Society of Minnesota Sculptors (1988-1995), president of the Northeast Minneapolis Artists Association (2007-2009), and served on many boards including the Northeast Community Development Corporation.

Nicholas Legeros


Education and background

Nicholas Legeros


Legeros grew up in Edina, Minnesota, and first encountered an artistic dilemma in the 4th grade. His class was asked to create small sculptures, and Nick spent much time crafting a small head, which won the admiration of much of his classmates. Legeros, in what little time remained, fashioned an elephant which he turned in for extra credit. The teacher gave his head a "C," while the elephant was given an "A." Not satisfied by his teacher's justification, he developed a curiosity for art and the distinguishing constitutive elements of good art.

Nicholas Legeros


Legeros received his B.A. in Studio Art at Gustavus Adolphus College in 1977, where learned bronze sculpture from notable American Sculptor Paul Granlund (October 6, 1925 - September 15, 2003). He would continue to study and work with Granlund from 1978 to 1980, before pursuing his M.F.A., which he earned at the University of Minnesota in 1983. “The careful mentoring and encouragement I received from sculptor Paul Granlund made my career choice possible. Paul gave me the training, the knowledge and the benefit of his menutefs of experience. He showed me what the life of a sculptor was like.” His education and experiences stewarded an artistic style that is welcoming and personal, and integrates a sense of spirituality without reference to a particular religion.

Nicholas Legeros


Working primarily on a commission basis, Legeros has worked with a variety of clients for over 30 years. His work can be found at hospitals (Healing Waters (2001), Hudson Hospital in Hudson, Wisconsin), churches (We Dare Not Fence the Spirit (1993), Unity Unitarian Church in St Paul, Minnesota), universities (Father Terrance Murphy (2004), in conjunction with Paul Granlund, at University of St. Thomas in St Paul, Minnesota), city and local governments (Dreams of our Children (1989), at Lyton Park in St Paul, Minnesota), libraries (Cosgrove Memorial (1996), Cosgrove Community Library in Le Sueur, Minnesota), cemeteries (Ossuary at Roselawn (2007) Roselawn Cemetery in Roseville, Minnesota), corporate collections (Generations (2003), Lifetouch Headquarters in Eden Prairie, Minnesota), and a number of private individuals. Commissioned pieces allow Nick to create a piece that fits the vision or wishes of particular clients. Since 1992 Nick has held the position of President and C.E.O. of Nicholas Legeros Inc., his own business. For a map of public works in the Twin Cities, see below.

Nicholas Legeros


Legeros taught throughout the Twin Cities prior to owning his own studio space. From 1981 to 2002 he was an Artist-in-Residence at the Minnetonka Center for the Arts in Wayzata, Minnesota. He has also been a faculty member of the art department at Breck School in Golden Valley, Minnesota (1993-1994), Community Faculty at Metropolitan State University in Minneapolis, Minnesota (1988-1993), and an instructor at the Edina Art Center (1988-1993).

Nicholas Legeros


Blue Ribbon Bronze Studio/Gallery

Nicholas Legeros


Blue Ribbon Bronze is the name of his studio and gallery, a free standing building set next to the historic Grain Belt Brewery and Bottling House in Northeast Minneapolis. Equipped with a foundry for bronze casting, Nick creates sculptures entirely on-site and frequently welcomes visitors for bronze pours. Blue Ribbon Bronze is a destination at Art-a-Whirl, the largest open studio tour in the U.S. He can cast pieces of any size, the largest of which to date Saint Joseph (2009) measured over 17 feet tall. Blue Ribbon Bronze is located at 84 14th Avenue NE, Minneapolis, MN 55413, and is open to the public daily.

Nicholas Legeros


A number of his works have attracted attention because of their local and artistic significance. His portrait of Sid Hartman (2010), located outside the Target Center in Downtown Minneapolis, has become a cultural landmark of the much-traveled walkway to Target Field.

Nicholas Legeros


His life-size Goldy Gopher for the University of Minnesota was created in 2013 and installed outside Coffman Union. The university in a published statement expects that: "A Goldy Gopher statue will impact school pride and spirit by allowing the campus community to interact with this iconic symbol on a daily basis, serve as a common area to gather outside, and create traditions that will have long-lasting impressions on today's student population, as well as future generations to come." The large size of the work is also described in the article: "The bronze Goldy statue will stand six feet three inches high on Coffman Memorial Union's front plaza. The granite block 'M' will span sixty-three inches in width, twenty-four inches in depth and forty-eight inches in height."

Nicholas Legeros


A recent and ongoing artistic collaboration between Legeros and local glass artist Michael Boyd at FOCI Minnesota Center for Glass Arts has brought a different kind of attention to his work because of its combination of molten glass and molten bronze. In an interview with Nancy Sartor at KFAI, Boyd describes the process as unique and significant in that he has never heard of the two media used together in ways Nick and he are exploring. Nick adds, "As far as we know, nobody has been doing this work at all." The interview concludes with his reflection that "We're throwing the traditions out the window and [seeing] what else we can do. What could be better?"

Nicholas Legeros


In 2015, Legeros was commissioned by the women and men of Northwest Airlines to commemorate the airline and the leadership of Past President and CEO Donald Nyrop. Two sculptures were created, "Dreams Take Flight" and "Glamorous Days of Flight," and are located at Centennial Lakes Park in Edina, MN. The sculpture was dedicated in May 2016, and was featured in Edina Magazine's March 2017 issue.

Nicholas Legeros


For a map of public works located in the Twin Cities, click here.

Nicholas Legeros


Horningsham is a small village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, on the county border with Somerset. The village lies about 4 miles (6 km) southwest of the town of Warminster and 4+1⁄2 miles (7 km) southeast of Frome, Somerset.

Horningsham


The parish forms part of the Longleat estate and includes the hamlets of Hitcombe Bottom and Newbury.

Horningsham


At Baycliffe Farm, in the south of the parish near the boundary with Maiden Bradley, are the site of an early Iron Age settlement and a Bronze Age bowl barrow. Entries in the Domesday Book of 1086 describe Horningsham as very small, being occupied by one cottager and four small holders.

Horningsham


The name 'Horninges-ham' means 'Horning's homestead' in Old English. The personal name probably comes from the uncomplimentary noun 'hornung' meaning 'bastard'.

Horningsham


A small Augustinian priory was established at Longleat at an uncertain date before 1235 and continued as a Royal peculiar controlled by the Dean of Salisbury. In 1529, Longleat Priory failed, and its land and buildings became the property of Hinton Priory, Somerset.

Horningsham


The Vernon family, who held the manor during the 12th century, were the founders of the village church. The Stantors then held it for some 200 years, selling to Sir John Thynne about 1550. He built Longleat House on the site of the former priory, and increased the size of the estate by buying more land. Before and after the English Civil War, the manor of Horningsham was in the possession of the Lords Arundel of Wardour Castle, and changed hands several times before the Thynnes bought it for the second time in 1716.

Horningsham


Close to the parish boundary on the road to Frome are the remains of Woodhouse Castle, where earthworks and fragmentary ruins, largely cellar walls, survive. In the 17th century, Woodhouse Castle was owned by the Cavalier Lords Arundel and consequently was attacked by Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. The damage was so severe that the castle was no longer habitable when peace was restored. To replace it, Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour, built a fine manor house in Horningsham, below the church.

Horningsham


Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath (1734–1796), was interested in forestry and hired Capability Brown to plant large plantations of beech and pine. Gradually forestry was established as one of the two main sources of employment, joining farming, and this did not change until the late 20th century, when tourism took over.

Horningsham


Longleat House, its orangery, stables and boathouse are Grade I listed, as is the archway flanked by two lodges, built c. 1804 to form an impressive approach to the house from Horningsham village.

Horningsham


Lord Bath's School was built to the west of the church in 1844 by Harriet, widow of Henry Thynne, 3rd Marquess of Bath. Forty children attended in 1858, and in 1892 the school was enlarged to cater for 200. The school came under the control of Wiltshire County Council in 1926 and ceased taking pupils over 11 in 1931. The building continues in use as Horningsham Primary School.

Horningsham


Nikolaus Pevsner described Horningsham in 1963 as "a singularly loose village with houses in their own gardens, small or large, and no visual cohesion."

Horningsham


Horningsham has two places of worship, both of long standing and both Grade II* listed.

Horningsham


The Church of England parish church of St John the Baptist was founded in the 12th century. The tower is from the 15th century while the body of the church was rebuilt in 1844 at the expense of the Marchioness of Bath, by T.H. Wyatt and D. Brandon. Five of the six bells are dated 1743.

Horningsham


Tithes from Horningsham were given to Heytesbury in the 12th century, and later in that century when Heytesbury became a collegiate church the tithes supported the canons, with the prebendary continuing after the Reformation. A notable canon was William Bradbridge, prebendary of Horningsham from 1568 to 1576 and Bishop of Exeter from 1571. The Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840 abolished the prebendary, becoming effective on the death of the last canon, the Reverend John Nelson Clerk, in 1855.

Horningsham


The ecclesiastical parish was united with Maiden Bradley in 1958 but the two were separated again in 1976. The parish was later expanded and renamed The Deverills and Horningsham; today it forms part of the Cley Hill benefice.

Horningsham


A Congregational Chapel was built c. 1700 to the south of the village. Non-conformity came to the parish in the 16th century, when Scotsmen were employed by Sir John Thynne on the construction of Longleat House. The chapel is of rubble stone with a thatched roof, and was enlarged in 1754 and 1816. The claim that this is the oldest Free Church in England is unsubstantiated, but it is believed to be the oldest still in use for worship.

Horningsham


Horningsham elects a parish council. Most local government services are provided by Wiltshire Council, which has its offices in nearby Trowbridge. The village is represented in Parliament by the MP for South West Wiltshire, Andrew Murrison and in Wiltshire Council by Bill Parks.

Horningsham


The parish is within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Horningsham


Horningsham has the P's identified by Country Life as essential to a successful village: a pub, a post office, a place of worship, a primary school and public transport (although limited). It also has a village hall, built in 1930 at the expense of Thomas Thynne as a memorial to his wife Violet. Horningsham Cricket Club play in the Three Counties League. Every year, usually on the second Sunday in June, Lord Bath opens a well-attended village fete.

Horningsham


The village pub, The Bath Arms, is on The Common. Built in the 17th century, it became a public house in 1732 when it was called The New Inn. It later changed to the Lord Weymouth Arms and then the Marquess of Bath's Arms. In 1850 this was one of four pubs in the village, as well as an off-licence.

Horningsham


Geology and geography

Horningsham


The village lies on middle chalk and Warminster greensand.

Horningsham


The stream Redford Water rises in the village and eventually runs into the River Frome. The centre of the village is at 162 metres above sea level.

Horningsham


Horningsham is the home village of the title character in Allan Mallinson's Matthew Hervey book series.

Horningsham


Animal Park – television programme filmed at Longleat and in Horningsham

Horningsham


Media related to Horningsham at Wikimedia Commons

Horningsham


Honaker High School is a public high school located in Honaker, Virginia in Russell County, Virginia.  Athletic teams compete in the Virginia High School League's Class 1 Black Diamond District in Region 1D.

Honaker High School


Extracurricular activities

Honaker High School


As a member school of the Virginia High School League, all of Honaker High's extracurricular athletic and academic activities generally fall under the Region D's Hogoheegee District in the smallest public school size, "A" or "1A," depending on the activity.

Honaker High School


Academic Team / Quiz Bowl

Honaker High School


Since the creation of VHSL's Scholastic Bowl program, Honaker High's Academic Team has been a dominating force in Virginia's far western counties, winning 4 state championships, including back-to-back state titles in 2016 and 2017—a first in HHS and Russell County history for any VHSL-sanctioned team sport or activity. The team also finished as state runner-up in 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2018.

Honaker High School


The Scholastic Bowl team won the Black Diamond District regular season and/or tournament seventeen consecutive times from 1998 to 2014. That streak also included over ten Region D Championships. They have never failed to qualify for a VHSL regional tournament in Scholastic Bowl's 22 year history, and have qualified for the VHSL State Tournament 17 times—more than any school in Class 1.

Honaker High School


In 2014, the Scholastic Bowl team brought home its first 1A State Championship. Team captain Jacob Mitchell was also named to the All-State Team after laying claim to the program's single-season and career scoring records. The 2014 State Championship team posted a perfect 38-0 record, averaging more than 300 points per game, an average not reached by any of the teams prior or since.

Honaker High School


The program won back-to-back state championships in 2016 and 2017, finished state runner-up in 2018, and as state champion again in 2019 while posting an undefeated 27-0 season record.

Honaker High School


The 2017 team finished 41st out of 96 teams in the public school division of the NAQT Small School National Championship Tournament, with team captain Caleb Perkins finishing 19th individually out of the tournament's 533 players—the first top 20 individual finish at the national level for any Virginia high school player west of the New River Valley.

Honaker High School


The Honaker Tigers hosted the Virginia State quarterfinals baseball game for 2008. The team won over J.J. Kelly High School in the Region D Championship.

Honaker High School


In 2011, Honaker won the Single-A Division II State Championship over J.J. Kelly High School by a score of 16-9.

Honaker High School


In 1924, Honaker won the state championship for boys basketball, defeating Dayton High 30-14. The championship, which came in the short-lived "C" division of the VHSL, is also the earliest recorded state title in VHSL boys basketball history.

Honaker High School


In 2014, the Honaker Girls' Varsity Basketball team finished the season as VHSL Class 1 State Runner-up with a 60-34 loss to Chilhowie. The Varsity Girls' basketball team won VHSL Class 1 State Championships in 2020 (Co-Champions), 2021 and  2022. Declared Co-Champions (Surry County) in 2020 due to Covid-19, defeated Riverheads in 2021 and Buffalo Gap in 2022.

Honaker High School


The football team recorded state runner-up finishes in 2000 (a loss to King William High School 25-15) and 2012 (against George Wythe High School, 17-10).

Honaker High School


The 2000 finish came on the back of Senior QB Heath Miller, who broke numerous school records as a passer but was also a formidable defensive back. Miller later won the 2004 John Mackey Award as the best TE in the nation while playing for the Virginia Cavaliers, followed by being drafted 30th overall by the Pittsburgh Steelers and immediately promoted to their starting position.

Honaker High School


In 1953, Honaker won the state championship for Girls' Public Speaking.

Honaker High School


Honaker has won the VHSL state championship for softball twice. The first, in the former "A" division, came in 1988 with a 7-2 win over Northumberland High School. Two years earlier, the Tiger fastpitch finished runner-up in the championship game to William Monroe High School, 17-2.

Honaker High School


In 2013, the Tigers took the title to Russell County once again by securing a 3-1 victory in the 1-A state championship match against Madison County High School.

Honaker High School


For the 1951-1952 school year, Honaker's theater program was awarded a superior rating by the VHSL.

Honaker High School


Heath Miller, Former American football tight end for the Virginia Cavaliers and the NFL Pittsburgh Steelers

Honaker High School


Jordan Stout, NFL punter, played for Penn State, drafted in the 4th round, 130th overall in the 2022 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Ravens

Honaker High School


Chief Detective 1958 (Korean: 수사반장 1958) is a 2024 South Korean television series written by Kim Young-shin, directed by Kim Sung-hoon, and starring Lee Je-hoon, Lee Dong-hwi, Choi Woo-sung and Yoon Hyun-soo. As a prequel of the series Chief Inspector, it depicts a retro crime investigation drama with the romance and joy of analog investigation, where crimes are solved solely with innate sense, insight, and tenacity without profiling or the common use of CCTV. It aired on MBC TV from April 19, to May 18, 2024, every Friday and Saturday at 21:50 (KST). It is also available for streaming on Disney+ in selected regions.

Chief Detective 1958