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The , developed in 1908 with Elias Anton Cappelen Smith, significantly improved the converting of copper matte.
Before this invention, the converter was a cylindrical barrel, lined with an acid refractory lining, made of sand and clay. It was developed by two French engineers, Pierre Manhès and from 1880 to 1884. Thei... | 8 | Metallurgy |
According to the label on consumer products TarnX and Silver Dip, the liquid silver cleaning products contain thiourea along with a warning that thiourea is a chemical on California's list of carcinogens. A lixiviant for gold and silver leaching can be created by selectively oxidizing thiourea, bypassing the steps of c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Amino acids are the building blocks of peptides and enzymes while sugar-peptide chains are the backbone of RNA and DNA. In biological organisms, amino acids appear almost exclusively in the left-handed form (-amino acids) and sugars in the right-handed form (R-sugars). Since the enzymes catalyze reactions, they enforce... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Before the invention of artificial refrigeration technology, ice making by nocturnal cooling was common in both India and Iran.
In India, such apparatuses consisted of a shallow ceramic tray with a thin layer of water, placed outdoors with a clear exposure to the night sky. The bottom and sides were insulated with a th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For example, ammonia (NH) is soluble in both water (aq) and the organic solvent trichloromethane (CHCl) - two immiscible solvents. If ammonia is first dissolved in water, and then an equal volume of trichloromethane is added, and the two liquids shaken together, the following equilibrium is established:
:K = [NH ]/[NH... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bacteria proteins, also known as effectors, have been shown to use AMPylation. Effectors such as VopS, IbpA, and DrrA, have been shown to AMPylate host GTPases and cause actin cytoskeleton changes. GTPases are common targets of AMPylators. Rho, Rab, and Arf GTPase families are involved in actin cytoskeleton dynamics an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Jameson Cell reportedly has the following advantages:
* relatively low energy use – the only energy that is required to operate the Cell is to pump the slurry through the slurry lens. This means that it requires significantly less electricity than conventional mechanical or column flotation cells. In addition, the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hyper–Rayleigh scattering optical activity ( ), a form of chiroptical harmonic scattering, is a nonlinear optical physical effect whereby chiral scatterers (such as nanoparticles or molecules) convert light (or other electromagnetic radiation) to higher frequencies via harmonic generation processes, in a way that the i... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
With its future thus assured, in 1966 additional laboratories in a new building were opened on the Stoke Poges site. Also in that year Fulmer strengthened its expertise, particularly in electron metallography, by recruiting several key staff who transferred from Aeon Laboratories of Egham, Surrey.
In 1969 Mr Liddiard ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system
* Flavin-containing monooxygenase system
* Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
* Monoamine oxidase
* Co-oxidation by peroxidases | 1 | Biochemistry |
For a beam of light traveling in air with an approximate index of refraction of 1.0, and encountering the surface of a material having an index of refraction of 1.5: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Accurate interpretation takes a variety of factors into account, such as the thyroid hormones i.e. thyroxine (T) and triiodothyronine (T), current medical status (such as pregnancy), certain medications like propylthiouracil, temporal effects including circadian rhythm and hysteresis, and other past medical history. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Unlike end point PCR (conventional PCR), real time PCR allows monitoring of the desired product at any point in the amplification process by measuring fluorescence (in real time frame, measurement is made of its level over a given threshold). A commonly employed method of DNA quantification by real-time PCR relies on p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bromotrifluoromethane is commercially synthesized in a two-step process from chloroform. Chloroform is fluorinated with hydrogen fluoride.
CHCl3 + 3 HF → CHF3 + 3 HCl
The resulting Fluoroform is then reacted with elemental bromine.
CHF3 + Br2 → CF3Br + HBr | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Several TILLING centers exist over the world that focus on agriculturally important species:
*Rice – UC Davis (USA)
*Maize – Purdue University (USA)
*Brassica napus – University of British Columbia (CA)
*Brassica rapa – John Innes Centre (UK)
*Arabidopsis – Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
*Soybean – Southern Illinois U... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ying Ge is a Chinese-American chemist who is a Professor of Cell and Regenerative Biology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Her research considers the molecular mechanisms that underpin cardiac disease. She has previously served on the board of directors of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. In 2020 Ge w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAR1A gene. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A viruses. Occasionally viruses are transmitted from this reservoir to other species and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aryl sulfonic acids are produced by the process of sulfonation. Usually the sulfonating agent is sulfur trioxide. A large scale application of this method is the production of alkylbenzenesulfonic acids:
In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is an electrophile and the arene is the nucleophile. The reaction is an example o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
20β-Dihydroprogesterone (20β-DHP), also known as 20β-hydroxyprogesterone (20β-OHP), is an endogenous metabolite of progesterone which is formed by 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20β-HSD). It is a progestogen similarly to progesterone, with about 20 to 50% of the progestogenic activity of progesterone. It can be conv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For liquid moving quickly over a surface, the contact angle can be altered from its value at rest. The advancing contact angle will increase with speed, and the receding contact angle will decrease. The discrepancies between static and dynamic contact angles are closely proportional to the capillary number, noted . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Monitoring the relative abundance of comonomer sequences is a common technique and is used, for example, to observe the progress of transesterification reactions between polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) in their blends.
During such a transesterification reaction, three resonances repr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
K. C. Nicolaous group successfully synthesized endiandric acid, 1, in 1982 as a test of Blacks biosynthetic conjecture, using a biomimetic strategy involving series of stereocontrolled electrocyclic reactions. Specifically, they observed that the natural products endiandric acids A and C could have arisen from a common... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals. The input signal that most common spectrum analyzers measure is electrical; however, spectral compositio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Triethyl phosphonoacetate is a reagent for organic synthesis used in the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction (HWE) or the Horner-Emmons modification.
Triethyl phosphonoacetate can be added dropwise to sodium methoxide solution to prepare a phosphonate anion. It has an acidic proton that can easily be abstracted by a weak... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, one usually ignores distinctions between isotopes of the same element. However, in some situations (for instance in Raman, NMR, or microwave spectroscopy) one may treat different isotopes of the same element as different elements. In the second case, two molecules with the same number of atoms of each iso... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Terrestrial planets are believed to have come from the same nebular material as the giant planets, but they have lost most of the lighter elements and have different histories. Planets closer to the Sun might be expected to have a higher fraction of refractory elements, but if their later stages of formation involved c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Diorganophosphites are derivatives of phosphorus(V) and can be viewed as the di-esters of phosphorous acid ((HO)P(O)H). They exhibit tautomerism, however, the equilibrium overwhelmingly favours the right-hand (phosphonate-like) form:
:(RO)POH ⇌ (RO)P(O)H
The P-H bond is the site of high reactivity in these compounds (f... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fracturing is a brittle deformation process that creates permanent linear breaks, that are not accompanied by displacement within materials. These linear breaks or openings can be independent or interconnected. For fracturing to occur, the ultimate strength of the materials need to be exceeded to a point where the mat... | 8 | Metallurgy |
One of the innovations for night and all-weather flying used by the US, UK, Japan and Germany during World War II was the use of UV interior lighting to illuminate the instrument panel, giving a safer alternative to the radium-painted instrument faces and pointers, and an intensity that could be varied easily and witho... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Aequorin is a calcium-activated photoprotein isolated from the hydrozoan Aequorea victoria. Its bioluminescence was studied decades before the protein was isolated from the animal by Osamu Shimomura in 1962. In the animal, the protein occurs together with the green fluorescent protein to produce green light by resonant... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lectins is a generic name for proteins with carbohydrate-recognizing domains (CRD). Although it became almost synonymous with glycan-binding proteins, it does not include antibodies which also belong to the class.
Lectins found in plants and fungi cells have been extensively used in research as a tool to detect, purify... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There is a market for vials of processed sperm and for various reasons a sperm bank may sell-on stocks of vials which it holds known as onselling. The costs of screening of donors and storage of frozen donor sperm vials are not insignificant and in practice most sperm banks will try to dispose of all samples from an in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Jean-Claude Duplessy, born in 1942, is a French geochemist. He is Director of Research Emeritus at the CNRS and a member of the French Academy of Sciences. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Prehistoric links between Mesoamerica and the Andes have been suggested on several occasions. Early Mesoamerican and Ecuadorian pottery style show some similarities, both in technique and motifs. Likewise, similarities in early burial styles (so-called "shaft tombs") present in Ecuador and western Mesoamerica have been... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Beryllide is an intermetallic compound of beryllium with other metals, e.g. zirconium, tantalum, titanium, nickel, or cobalt. Typical chemical formulae are BeTi and FeBe. These are hard, metal-like materials that display properties distinct from the constituents, especially with regards to their resilience toward oxi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Hammett acidity function (H) is a measure of acidity that is used for very concentrated solutions of strong acids, including superacids. It was proposed by the physical organic chemist Louis Plack Hammett and is the best-known acidity function used to extend the measure of Brønsted–Lowry acidity beyond the dilute a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Blood or urine tests measure hCG. These can be pregnancy tests. hCG-positive can indicate an implanted blastocyst and mammalian embryogenesis or can be detected for a short time following childbirth or pregnancy loss. Tests can be done to diagnose and monitor germ cell tumors and gestational trophoblastic diseases.
Co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the more classic applications of DKR is Noyori's asymmetric hydrogenation. The presence of an acidic center between two carbonyl groups allows for easy epimerization at the chiral center under basic conditions. To select for one of the four possible stereoisomers, a BINAP-Ru catalyst is used to control the outc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are complexes of RNA and protein present in the cell nucleus during gene transcription and subsequent post-transcriptional modification of the newly synthesized RNA (pre-mRNA). The presence of the proteins bound to a pre-mRNA molecule serves as a signal that the pre-mRN... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The US National Academy of Medicine updated Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) in 2001 for vitamin A, which included Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). For infants up to 12 months there was not sufficient information to establish a RDA, so Adequate Intake (AI) is shown instead. As for safety, tolerable upper intake l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An organic acid anhydride is an acid anhydride that is also an organic compound. An acid anhydride is a compound that has two acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom. A common type of organic acid anhydride is a carboxylic anhydride, where the parent acid is a carboxylic acid, the formula of the anhydride being (RC(... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Optical tweezers are capable of manipulating nanometer and micron-sized dielectric particles, and even individual atoms, by exerting extremely small forces via a highly focused laser beam. The beam is typically focused by sending it through a microscope objective. Near the narrowest point of the focused beam, known as ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Various types of aggregates can undergo different chemical reactions and swell inside concrete, leading to damaging expansive phenomena.
;Alkali–silica reaction
The most common are those containing reactive amorphous silica, that can react in the presence of water with the cement alkalis (KO and NaO). Among the more r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although chlororespiration is not as efficient as photosynthesis in producing energy, its significance its attributed to its role as a survival adaptation for plants when placed in conditions lacking light and water or if placed in uncomfortable temperatures (note: optimum temperatures vary across different plant spec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Protein-RNA interactions may prevent or stabilize the formation of an anti-terminator structure. .. karima eric discovery | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycoazodyes (or GADs) are a family of "naturalised" synthetic dyes, so called because they are the conjugation of common commercial azo dyes with a sugar through a "linker". This principle is summarised in the scheme below. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The monolayer formation time or monolayer time is the length of time required, on average, for a surface to be covered by an adsorbate, such as oxygen sticking to fresh aluminum. If the adsorbate has a unity sticking coefficient, so that every molecule which reaches the surface sticks to it without re-evaporating, then... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Especially when in concentrated form, organic peroxides can decompose by self-oxidation, since organic peroxides contain both an oxidizer (the O-O bond) and fuel (C-H and C-C bonds). A "self-accelerating decomposition" occurs when the rate of peroxide decomposition generates heat at a faster rate than it can be dissip... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, brosyl (or para-bromophenylsulfonyl) group is a functional group with the chemical formula BrCHSO. This group is usually introduced using the compound brosyl chloride, BrCHSOCl, which forms sulfonyl esters and amides of p-bromophenylsulfonic acid. The term brosylate refers to the anion of p-bromop... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The number of mentally disabled veterans including those who have PTSD is increasing some of them increasingly showing signs of mental issues and the mental health conditions have worsened with age in others. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metallic glasses based on the Mg-Zn-Ca ternary alloy system only consist of the elements which already exist inside the human body. As such, it is being explored as a potential bioresorbable biomaterial for use in orthopaedic applications. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The SELDI process is a combination of surface-enhanced neat desorption (SEND),surface-enhanced affinity-capture (SEAC), and surface-enhanced photolabile attachment and release (SEPAR) mass spectrometry. With SEND, analytes can be desorbed and ionized without adding a matrix; the matrix is incorporated into the sample s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or their parts to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions. In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes, perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. Both enzymes that have been more or less isolated and enzymes still residing insid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The density of seawater controls much of the movement of water, or the thermohaline flow, in the ocean. The density of seawater is primarily determined by the temperature and salinity of that water. Changes in these two main parameters, potential temperature Θ and salinity S, are multiplied with their thermal expansio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Membrane emulsification (ME) is a relatively novel technique for producing all types of single and multiple emulsions for DDS (drug delivery systems), solid micro carriers for encapsulation of drug or nutrient, solder particles for surface-mount technology, mono dispersed polymer microspheres (for analytical column pac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1953, Charles Frank proposed a model to demonstrate that homochirality is a consequence of autocatalysis. In his model the and enantiomers of a chiral molecule are autocatalytically produced from an achiral molecule A
while suppressing each other through a reaction that he called mutual antagonism
In this model th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hexacoordinate phosphorus molecules involving nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur ligands provide examples of Lewis acid-Lewis base hexacoordination. For the two similar complexes shown below, the length of the C–P bond increases with decreasing length of the N–P bond; the strength of the C–P bond decreases ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
PAC has 2 loxP sites, which can be used by phage recombinases to form the product from its cre-gene recognition during Cre-Lox recombination. This process circularizes the DNA strand, forming a plasmid, which can then be inserted into bacteria such as Escherichia coli. The transformation is usually done by electroporat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ct filtration is a technique that uses the principles of DNA renaturation kinetics to separate the repetitive DNA sequences that dominate many eukaryotic genomes from "gene-rich" single/low-copy sequences. This allows DNA sequencing to concentrate on the parts of the genome that are most informative and interesting, wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Figure 2 illustrates the most common type of DDRNAI DNA construct, designed to express a shRNA. This figure consists of a promoter sequence driving the expression of sense and antisense sequences separated by a loop sequence, followed by a transcriptional terminator. The antisense sequence processed from the shRNA can ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a similar way, the assembly of a molecular propeller and a molecular motor can form a nanoscale machine that can pump fluids or perform locomotion. Future applications of these nanosystems range from novel analytical tools in physics and chemistry, drug delivery and gene therapy in biology and medicine, advanced na... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Polysialic acid is an unusual posttranslational modification that occurs on neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM). Polysialic acid is considerably anionic. This strong negative charge gives this modification the ability to change the protein's surface charge and binding ability. In the synapse, polysialation of NCAM pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FEBS activities include: publishing journals; providing grants for scientific meetings such as an annual Congress, Young Scientists’ Forum and FEBS Advanced Courses; offering travel awards to early-stage scientists to participate in these events; offering research Fellowships for pre- and post-doctoral bioscientists; p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The presence of a charged impermeant ion (for example, a protein) on one side of a membrane will result in an asymmetric distribution of permeant charged ions. The Gibbs–Donnan equation at equilibrium states (assuming permeant ions are Na and Cl):Equivalently, | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chowdhury was born on 1 August 1930 to Abdul Aziz Chowdhury, an educationist and Afifa Khatun of Kunja Sreepur village, in Comilla District, Bengal Presidency. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Purified extracts of the sweet chili pepper containing capsinoids have been extensively studied through rigorous safety tests, including evaluation of chronic toxicity, reproduction, genotoxicity, and teratology in animals, single oral administration and pharmacokinetics in humans.
Capsinoids are hydrolyzed before abso... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dominant epoxides industrially are ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, which are produced respectively on the scales of approximately 15 and 3 million tonnes/year. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first radio-receptor assay (RRA) was done in 1970 by Lefkowitz et al., using a radiolabeled hormone to determine the binding affinity for its receptor.
A radio-receptor assay requires the separation of the bound from the free ligand. This is done by filtration, centrifugation or dialysis.
A method that does not re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A recent advance in the production of nucleosome core particles with enhanced stability involves site-specific disulfide crosslinks. Two different crosslinks can be introduced into the nucleosome core particle. A first one crosslinks the two copies of H2A via an introduced cysteine (N38C) resulting in histone octamer w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, Hückels rule predicts that a planar ring molecule will have aromatic properties if it has 4n + 2 π electrons, where n is a non-negative integer. The quantum mechanical basis for its formulation was first worked out by physical chemist Erich Hückel in 1931. The succinct expression as the 4n' + 2 r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some mutations that lead to this disorder are:
# a Cytosine (C) to Guanine (G) substitution which converts a tyrosine to stop codon
# a 39 base pair deletion
# a 2 base pair deletion which creates an early stop codon
Endoglin levels have been found to be elevated in pregnant women who subsequently develop preeclampsia. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sodium ion channels provide an integral service through the body, as they transmit depolarizing impulses at the cellular and intracellular level. This allows sodium ions to coordinate much more intensive processes such as movement and cognition. Sodium ion channels consist of various subunits, however, only the princip... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main way free oxygen is lost from the atmosphere is via respiration and decay, mechanisms in which animal life and bacteria consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide. | 5 | Photochemistry |
In the ocean, alkalinity is completely dominated by carbonate and bicarbonate plus a small contribution from borate.
Thus the chemical equation for alkalinity in seawater is:
: A = [HCO] + 2[CO] + [B(OH)]
There are many methods of alkalinity generation in the ocean. Perhaps the most well known is the dissolution of c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pyrex started to make laboratory equipment in 1916 and became a favorite brand for the scientific community due to the borosilicate glass's natural properties. These included strength against; chemicals, thermal shift, and mechanical stress. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play an important role in genome wide association studies because they act as primary biomarkers. SNPs are currently the marker of choice due to their large numbers in virtually all populations of individuals. The location of these biomarkers can be tremendously important in terms... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemical terms, actinism is the property of radiation that lets it be absorbed by a molecule and cause a photochemical reaction as a result. Albert Einstein was the first to correctly theorize that each photon would be able to cause only one molecular reaction. This distinction separates photochemical reactions from... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A cascade reaction, also known as a domino reaction or tandem reaction, is a chemical process that comprises at least two consecutive reactions such that each subsequent reaction occurs only in virtue of the chemical functionality formed in the previous step. In cascade reactions, isolation of intermediates is not requ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Melzer's is used by exposing fungal tissue or cells to the reagent, typically in a microscope slide preparation, and looking for any of three color reactions:
* Amyloid or Melzer's-positive reaction, in which the material reacts blue to black.
* Pseudoamyloid or dextrinoid reaction, in which the material reacts brown t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some η-aldehyde complexes insert alkenes to give five-membered metallacycles.
η-Complexes of alpha-beta unsaturated carbonyls exhibit enhanced reactivity toward dienes. This interaction is the basis of Lewis-acid catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Beilstein test is a simple qualitative chemical test for organic halides. It was developed by Friedrich Konrad Beilstein.
A copper wire is cleaned and heated in a Bunsen burner flame to form a coating of copper(II) oxide. It is then dipped in the sample to be tested and once again heated in a flame. A positive test... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A second category of reactions under Curtin–Hammett control includes those in which the less stable conformer reacts more quickly. In this case, despite an energetic preference for the less reactive species, the major product is derived from the higher-energy species. An important implication is that the product of a r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Petroleum production has been linked with conflict for many years, leading to thousands of deaths due to these wars/conflicts. Petroleum deposits are in hardly any countries around the world; mainly in Russia and some parts of the middle east. Conflicts may start when countries refuse to cut oil production in which oth... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CO absorbs the ground's thermal radiation mainly at wavelengths between 13 and 17 micron. At this wavelength range, it is almost solely responsible for the attenuation of radiation from the ground. The amount of ground radiation that is transmitted through the atmosphere in each wavelength is related to the optical dep... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*4.D.1 The Putative Vectorial Glycosyl Polymerization (VGP) Family
*4.D.2 The Glycosyl Transferase 2 (GT2) Family
*4.D.3 The Glycan Glucosyl Transferase (OpgH) Family | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common example is selective leaching of zinc from brass alloys containing more than 15% zinc (dezincification) in the presence of oxygen and moisture, e.g. from brass taps in chlorine-containing water. Dezincification has been studied since the Civil War era, and the mechanism by which it occurs was under ext... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Most nonparasitic copepods are holoplanktonic, meaning they stay planktonic for all of their lifecycles, although harpacticoids, although free-living, tend to be benthic rather than planktonic.
During mating, the male copepod grips the female with his first pair of antennae, which is sometimes modified for this purpose... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Base editors used for prime editing require delivery of both a protein and RNA molecule into living cells. Introducing exogenous gene editing technologies into living organisms is a significant challenge. One potential way to introduce a base editor into animals and plants is to package the base editor into a viral cap... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lugol's iodine, also known as aqueous iodine and strong iodine solution, is a solution of potassium iodide with iodine in water. It is a medication and disinfectant used for a number of purposes. Taken by mouth it is used to treat thyrotoxicosis until surgery can be carried out, protect the thyroid gland from radioacti... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In instances where the biomass and enzyme concentrations are not appreciably changing in time, we can assume that biomass dynamics is negligible and that the total enzyme concentration is constant, and the GEBIK equations become
Eqs. () for isotopic compositions, Eq. () for the fractionation factor and Eq. () for the e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A fundamental assumption in this interpretation of the f-ratio is the spatial separation of primary production and nitrification. Indeed, in their original paper, Eppley & Peterson noted that: "To relate new production to export requires that nitrification in the euphotic zone be negligible." However, subsequent obse... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Yellow H-A or Reactive Yellow 3 has a formula of CHClNOS and a molecular weight of 593 g/mol, containing a monochlorotriazine ring. On agarose as supporting matrix, it was seen to purify cholesteryl ester transfer protein. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The density of aluminium granules ranges from 1.0 to 1.8 g/cm and is much higher compared to aluminium powder. | 8 | Metallurgy |
SOFIA provides, among other things, methods to diagnose prion diseases by detection of PrP in biological samples. Samples can be brain tissue, nerve tissue, blood, urine, lymphatic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, or a combination thereof. Absence of PrP indicates no infection with the infectious agent up to the detection l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main technological driver for the exploration of multiferroics has been their potential for controlling magnetism using electric fields via their magneto electric coupling. Such a capability could be technologically transformative, since the production of electric fields is far less energy intensive than the produc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Anisotropic terahertz microspectrosopy (ATM) has found applications in structural biology and molecular fingerprinting of DNA and proteins. The technique is also suitable for drug discovery and studying THz frequency properties of thin film solid state materials.
Special attention is given to molecular motions in prot... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The following inclusion types can also be found in aluminium alloys: alumina needles (AlO), nitrides (AlN), iron oxides (FeO), manganese oxides (MnO), fluorides (NaAlF, NaF, CaF, …), aluminium borides (AlB, AlB), borocarbides (AlCB).
Bone ash (Ca(PO)) sometimes added to patch cracks in the trough can be found as inclus... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Now, given the considerations of background, peak shape functions, integrated intensity, and non-linear least squares minimization, the parameters used in the Rietveld refinement which put these things together can be introduced. Below are the groups of independent least squares parameters generally refined in a Rietve... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dissociative photoionization processes can be generalized as:
If the enthalpies of formation of two of the three species are known, the third can be calculated with the help of the dissociative photoionization energy, E, using Hess's law. This approach was used, for instance, to determine the enthalpy of formation of t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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