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Aza-IP 5-azacytidine-mediated RNA immunoprecipitation has been optimized on and used for detecting targets of methyltransferases, particularly NSUN2 and DNMT2 — the two main enzymes responsible for laying down the m5C mark.
First, the cell is made to overexpress an epitope-tagged m5C-RNA methytransferase derivative so ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Goldmans equation seeks to determine the voltage E across a membrane. A Cartesian coordinate system is used to describe the system, with the z direction being perpendicular to the membrane. Assuming that the system is symmetrical in the x and y directions (around and along the axon, respectively), only the z directio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Critics argue that the technique is inaccurate for comparison of closely related species, as any attempt to measure differences between orthologous sequences between organisms is overwhelmed by the hybridization of paralogous sequences within an organism's genome. DNA sequencing and computational comparisons of sequenc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In analytical chemistry, cross-validation is an approach by which the sets of scientific data generated using two or more methods are critically assessed. The cross-validation can be categorized as either method validation or analytical data validation. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Conventional nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich wastewater is accomplished in two separate steps: nitrification, which is mediated by aerobic ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and denitrification carried out by denitrifiers, which reduce nitrate to with the input of suitable electron donors. Aeration and input ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA nucleotides are held together with hydrogen bonds, which are relatively weak and can be easily broken. Base flipping occurs on a millisecond timescale by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors. The base is rotated out of the double helix by 180 degrees., typically via... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An initial estimate of the toxicity of CYN in 1985 was that an at 24 hours was 64±5 mg of freeze-dried culture/kg of mouse body weight on intraperitoneal injection. A further experiment in 1997 measured the LD as 52 mg/kg at 24 hours and 32 mg/kg at 7 days, however the data suggested that another toxic compound was pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In low-dimensional systems, for example in dye-solution filled optical microcavities with a distance between the resonator mirrors in the wavelength range where the situation becomes two-dimensional, also photon gases with tunable chemical potential can been realized. Such a photon gas in many respects behaves like a g... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pure zirconium dioxide undergoes a phase transformation from monoclinic (stable at room temperature) to tetragonal (at about 1173 °C) and then to cubic (at about 2370 °C), according to the scheme
: monoclinic (1173 °C) ↔ tetragonal (2370 °C) ↔ cubic (2690 °C) ↔ melt.
Obtaining stable sintered zirconia ceramic products ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If there are diffusing particles with different sizes (diffusion coefficients), it is common to fit to a function that is the sum of single component forms:
where the sum is over the number different sizes of particle, indexed by i, and gives the weighting, which is related to the quantum yield and concentration of ea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first description of an approximately 6.4 kb long LINE-derived sequence was published by J. Adams et al. in 1980. | 1 | Biochemistry |
the US National Institutes of Health state there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against using vitamin D supplementation to prevent or treat COVID-19. The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) does not recommend to offer a vitamin D supplement to people solely to prevent or treat COVI... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When samples show elevated levels of indicator bacteria, further analysis is often undertaken to look for specific pathogenic bacteria. Species commonly investigated in the temperate zone include Salmonella typhi and Salmonella Typhimurium.
Depending on the likely source of contamination investigation may also extend t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
European population estimates for A1+ genotype frequencies range from 20.8 to 43.4% (National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI), identification number rs1800497). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Salt spalling is a specific type of weathering which occurs in porous building materials, such as brick, natural stone, tiles and concrete. Dissolved salt is carried through the material in water and crystallizes inside the material near the surface as the water evaporates. As the salt crystals expand this builds up sh... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In principle, cis–trans notation should not be used for alkenes with two or more different substituents. Instead the E–Z notation is used based on the priority of the substituents using the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) priority rules for absolute configuration. The IUPAC standard designations E and Z are unambiguous in all... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Gražvydas Lukinavičius is a Lithuanian biochemist. His scientific interest and main area of research is focused on labeling of biomolecules and visualization using super-resolution microscopy. He is co-invertor of DNA labeling technology known as Methyltransferase-Directed Transfer of Activated Groups (mTAG) and bioco... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bile produced by the liver is made up of water (97%), bile salts, mucus and pigments, 1% fats and inorganic salts. Bilirubin is its major pigment. Bile acts partly as a surfactant which lowers the surface tension between either two liquids or a solid and a liquid and helps to emulsify the fats in the chyme. Food fat is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The radiometric description of the electromagnetic radiative field at a point in space and time is completely represented by the spectral radiance (or specific intensity) at that point. In a region in which the material is uniform and the radiative field is isotropic and homogeneous, let the spectral radiance (or speci... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term "thermal diode" can refer to:
* a (possibly non-electrical) device which allows heat to flow preferentially in one direction;
* an electrical (semiconductor) diode in reference to a thermal effect or function;
* or it may describe both situations, where an electrical diode is used as a heat pump or thermoelect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The configuration index is a single digit which is the priority number of the ligand trans to the highest priority ligand. (If there are two possibilities the principle of trans difference is applied). As an example, (acetonitrile)dichlorido(pyridine)platinum(II) complex where the Cl ligands may be trans or cis to one ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There are two equivalent ways to define the meaning of the Miller indices: via a point in the reciprocal lattice, or as the inverse intercepts along the lattice vectors. Both definitions are given below. In either case, one needs to choose the three lattice vectors a, a, and a that define the unit cell (note that the c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Somewhere between 1 and 2 billion years ago,
a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and in... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ketones that have at least one alpha-hydrogen, undergo keto-enol tautomerization; the tautomer is an enol. Tautomerization is catalyzed by both acids and bases. Usually, the keto form is more stable than the enol. This equilibrium allows ketones to be prepared via the hydration of alkynes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ChIP-on-chip (also known as ChIP-chip) is a technology that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with DNA microarray ("chip"). Like regular ChIP, ChIP-on-chip is used to investigate interactions between proteins and DNA in vivo. Specifically, it allows the identification of the cistrome, the sum of binding sit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The intense color from which the compound gets its name results from irradiation and subsequent excitation and relaxation of the extended π electron system across the R-N=N-R linked phenols. Absorption of these electrons falls in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Azo violets intense indigo color (λ 43... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A growing trend in the world of elemental analysis has revolved around the speciation, or determination of oxidation state of certain metals such as chromium and arsenic. The toxicity of those elements varies with the oxidation state, so new regulations from food authorities requires speciation of some elements. One of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Proteins without signal peptides can also be secreted by unconventional mechanisms. E.g. Interleukin, Galectin. The process by which such secretory proteins gain access to the cell exterior is termed unconventional protein secretion (UPS). In plants, even 50% of secreted proteins can be UPS dependent. | 1 | Biochemistry |
PAMPs, conserved molecules that inhabit multiple pathogen genera, are referred to as MAMPs by many researchers. The defenses induced by MAMP perception are sufficient to repel most pathogens. However, pathogen effector proteins (see below) are adapted to suppress basal defenses such as PTI. Many receptors for MAMPs (an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Over the years, concerns over population declines of the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) have increased with the increasing value of their horns to poachers. Specifically, the population has declined nearly seventy percent from 2011 to 2019. Processes like SCNT can help aid in conservation effor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A conditional gene knockout allows gene deletion in a tissue in a tissue specific manner. This is required in place of a gene knockout if the null mutation would lead to embryonic death, or a specific tissue or cell type is of specific interest. This is done by introducing short sequences called loxP sites around the g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some types of [http://www.epilepsy.com/ epilepsy] may be brought on due to a splice site mutation.
In addition to a mutation in a stop codon, a splice site mutation on the 3' strand was found in a gene coding for cystatin B in Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy patients. This combination of mutations was not found in unaf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Martha spent much of her scientific career interested in the quantitative analysis of various elements. Specifically, she studied the composition of ammonium phosphates in magnesium, zinc, and cadmium. Her study of ammonium phosphates was later used as a tool in her later analytical work. Martha spent much of her resea... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Phosphate groups can exist in three different forms depending on a solution's pH. Phosphorus atoms can bind three oxygen atoms with single bonds and a fourth oxygen atom using a double/dative bond. The pH of the solution, and thus the form of the phosphate group determines its ability to bind to other molecules. The bi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These oxidize the hydrogen to water. Examples include:
* Nitric acid, used in the Grove cell and Bunsen cell
* Chromic acid, used in the Chromic acid cell
* Manganese dioxide, used in the Leclanché cell and Dry cell
Nitric and chromic acids are powerful oxidizing agents, and effective depolarizers, but their hazardous... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Motility is a key virulence determinant in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has three distinct methods of moving across or through a medium. Rhamnolipids are particularly important in swarming motility where they are postulated to lower the surface tension of the surface through their surfactant propertie... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* [http://www.mikomma.de/schroe/quantumjumps.htm Are there quantum jumps?]
* «[http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~as3/no-quantum-jumps.pdf There are no quantum jumps, nor are there particles!]» by H. D. Zeh, Physics Letters A172, 189 (1993).
* [http://www.mikomma.de/fh/hydrod/h71.html Der Quantensprung im Bohrschen A... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Very common effects (>10% incidence) include:
* Headache (24%)
* Nausea (18%)
* Ejaculation disorder (9–14%)
* Somnolence (4–13%)
* Insomnia (7–12%) | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Senescence in cells is a state in which cells are metabolically active but are no longer able to replicate. pRb is an important regulator of senescence in cells and since this prevents proliferation, senescence is an important antitumor mechanism. pRb may occupy E2F-regulated promoters during senescence. For example, p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In order to have a practical microscope or diffractometer, just having an electron beam was not enough, it needed to be controlled. Many developments laid the groundwork of electron optics; see the paper by Chester J. Calbick for an overview of the early work. One significant step was the work of Heinrich Hertz in 1883... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrochemical engineering is applied in industrial water electrolysis, electrolysis, electrosynthesis, electroplating, fuel cells, flow batteries, decontamination of industrial effluents, electrorefining, electrowinning, etc. The primary example of an electrolysis-based process is the Chloralkali process for caustic ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dendrites form in unary (one-component) systems as well as multi-component systems. The requirement is that the liquid (the molten material) be undercooled, aka supercooled, below the freezing point of the solid. Initially, a spherical solid nucleus grows in the undercooled melt. As the sphere grows, the spherical mor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
True vapor pressure (TVP) is a common measure of the volatility of petroleum distillate fuels. It is defined as the
equilibrium partial pressure exerted by a volatile organic liquid as a function of temperature as determined by the test method ASTM D 2879.
The true vapor pressure (TVP) at 100 °F differs slightly from ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Born in Moscow to a Russian-Jewish family, she later traveled to Geneva in the 1890s to study chemistry at Geneva University. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hyperactive mTOR pathways have been identified in certain lymphoproliferative diseases such as autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), multicentric Castleman disease, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the U.S. it is marketed as Zinacef by Covis Pharmaceuticals since the company acquired the U.S. rights to the product from GSK. GSK had continued marketing a pediatric oral suspension as Ceftin; however, this presentation was discontinued as of 24 June 2017.
In Bangladesh, it is available as Kilbac by Incepta, Axim ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The correct (extensive) formulas for systems A and B were obtained because we included all the possible ways that the two systems could exchange particles. The use of combinations (i.e. N particles choose N) was used to ascertain the number of ways N particles can be divided into system A containing n particles and sy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bacteria are often viewed as the main consumers of DOC, but they can also produce DOC during cell division and viral lysis. The biochemical components of bacteria are largely the same as other organisms, but some compounds from the cell wall are unique and are used to trace bacterial derived DOC (e.g., peptidoglycan). ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The reaction can be demonstrated by starting with solutions of potassium cyanate and ammonium chloride which are mixed, heated and cooled again. An additional proof of the chemical transformation is obtained by adding a solution of oxalic acid which forms urea oxalate as a white precipitate.
Alternatively the reaction ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The most common mammalian expression systems are Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) and Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells.
* Chinese hamster ovary cell
* Mouse myeloma lymphoblstoid (e.g. NS0 cell)
* Fully Human
** Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293)
** Human embryonic retinal cells (Crucell's Per.C6)
** Human amniocyte c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is a federal public health agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The agency focuses on minimizing human health risks associated with exposure to hazardous substances. It works closely with other federal, state, and local age... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After the first bond is synthesized, the RNA polymerase must escape the promoter. During this time there is a tendency to release the RNA transcript and produce truncated transcripts. This is called abortive initiation, and is common for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Abortive initiation continues to occur until an R... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Consider the bimolecular elementary reaction:
:A + B → C
In collision theory it is considered that two particles A and B will collide if their nuclei get closer than a certain distance. The area around a molecule A in which it can collide with an approaching B molecule is called the cross section (σ) of the reaction an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Especially when determining the exposure of a population rather than individuals, indirect methods can often make use of relevant statistics about the activities that can lead to an exposure. These statistics are called exposure factors. They are generally drawn from the scientific literature or governmental statistics... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Translation starts with a chain-initiation codon or start codon. The start codon alone is not sufficient to begin the process. Nearby sequences such as the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in E. coli and initiation factors are also required to start translation. The most common start codon is AUG, which is read as methionine o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After the end of the Hittite empire, from the 12th to 7th century BC, the city became the center of an independent Luwian Neo-Hittite state of Kammanu, also known as Malizi. A palace was built and monumental stone sculptures of lions and the ruler erected.
In the 12th century, Melid was probably dependent on Karkemiš, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Magnetic nanoparticles do not aggregate easily once the magnet is removed, and therefore are unlikely to block capillaries or cause thrombosis. In addition, iron oxide is biodegradable, and the iron can be reused in hemoglobin or iron metabolism pathways. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Epoxides react with a broad range of nucleophiles, for example, alcohols, water, amines, thiols, and even halides. With two often nearly equivalent sites of attack, epoxides are examples "ambident substrates." The regioselectivity of ring-opening in asymmetric epoxides generally follows the S2 pattern of attack at the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Early iron smelting used charcoal as both the heat source and the reducing agent. By the 18th century, the availability of wood for making charcoal was limiting the expansion of iron production, so that England became increasingly dependent for a considerable part of the iron required by its industry, on Sweden (from t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Consider two uniform distributions, with the support of enclosed within (). Then the information gain is:
Intuitively, the information gain to a times narrower uniform distribution contains bits. This connects with the use of bits in computing, where bits would be needed to identify one element of a long stream. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to temperature and pressure, other thermodynamic properties may be graphed in phase diagrams. Examples of such thermodynamic properties include specific volume, specific enthalpy, or specific entropy. For example, single-component graphs of temperature vs. specific entropy (T vs. s) for water/steam or for... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is not certain when the pillar was moved to Delhi from its original location. Alexander Cunningham attributed the relocation to the Tomara king Anangpal, based on the short pillar inscription ascribed to this king. Pasanaha Chariu, an 1132 CE Jain Apabhramsha text composed by Vibudh Shridhar, states that "the weight... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Prime editor 4 utilizes the same machinery as PE2, but also includes a plasmid that encodes for dominant negative MMR protein MLH1. Dominant negative MLH1 is able to essentially knock out endogenous MLH1 by inhibition, thereby reducing cellular MMR response and increasing prime editing efficiency. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrochemical sensors can be used for label-free sensing of biomolecules. They detect changes and measure current between a probed metal electrode and an electrolyte containing the target analyte. A known potential to the electrode is then applied from a feedback current and the resulting current can be measured. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In E-AB sensors, the signal between electrochemical response and absence of target is small. The aptamer can be reengineered to a large-scale, conformational change. Long flexible loops or complementary strands can also force a change in the aptamers conformation. These techniques to modify aptamers increase the signal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Despite the reduced efficiency verses reversed phase HPLC, hundreds of applications have been reported using MLC. One of the most advantageous is the ability to directly inject physiological fluids. Micelles have an ability to solubilize proteins which enables MLC to be useful in analyzing untreated biological fluids... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Of the 25 known isotopes of sulfur, four are stable. In order of their abundance, those isotopes are S (94.93%), S (4.29%), S (0.76%), and S (0.02%). The δS value refers to a measure of the ratio of the two most common stable sulfur isotopes, S:S, as measured in a sample against that same ratio as measured in a known r... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The most common dye used to make DNA or RNA bands visible for agarose gel electrophoresis is ethidium bromide, usually abbreviated as EtBr. It fluoresces under UV light when intercalated into the major groove of DNA (or RNA). By running DNA through an EtBr-treated gel and visualizing it with UV light, any band containi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ordered Two-Template Relay (OTTR) is a library preparation technique used to improve quantitation of highly modified non-coding RNA (ncRNA) species, which have been difficult to characterize using traditional cDNA sequencing approaches. OTTR leverages a retroelement reverse transcriptase (RT), termed BoMoC, with templa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plastic crystals behave like true plastic metals under mechanical stress.
For example, closer to melting, plastic crystals show high ductility and/or malleability. Plastic crystals can flow through a hole under pressure. For example, aminoborane plastic crystals bend, twist and stretch with characteristic necking, unde... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The broad scope of the Kröhnke pyridine synthesis has made it particularly useful for the synthesis of poly aryl systems including pyridyl, thienyl, and furanyl moieties as well. The method tolerates a broad array of aryl substitiuents on both the α-pyridinium methyl ketone fragment and the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Splat quenching is a metallurgical, metal morphing technique used for forming metals with a particular crystal structure by means of extremely rapid quenching, or cooling.
A typical technique for splat quenching involves casting molten metal by pouring it between two massive, cooled copper rollers that are constantly c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Tic56 is also a nuclear encoded protein. The preprotein its gene encodes is 527 amino acids long, weighing close to 62 thousand daltons; the mature form probably undergoes processing that trims it down to something that weighs 56 thousand daltons when it gets imported into the chloroplast. Tic56 is largely embedded ins... | 5 | Photochemistry |
After completing his PhD at Purdue University, Atalla was employed at Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) in 1949. In 1950, he began working at Bell's New York City operations, where he worked on problems related to the reliability of electromechanical relays, and worked on circuit-switched telephone networks. With the e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In materials science, segregation is the enrichment of atoms, ions, or molecules at a microscopic region in a materials system. While the terms segregation and adsorption are essentially synonymous, in practice, segregation is often used to describe the partitioning of molecular constituents to defects from solid solut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
AOAC International has 18 active [https://www.aoac.org/membership/sections/ sections]; eight in North America, and ten in the rest of the world, China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia (excluding Thailand), Taiwan, Thailand, Europe (excluding Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg), the Low Countries, Sub-Saharan Africa, and... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Henry Walter Bates (1825–1892) was an English explorer-naturalist who surveyed the Amazon rainforest with Alfred Russel Wallace in 1848. While Wallace returned in 1852, Bates remained for over a decade. Batess field research included collecting almost a hundred species of butterflies from the families Ithomiinae and He... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transitions between rotational states can be observed in molecules with a permanent electric dipole moment. A consequence of this rule is that no microwave spectrum can be observed for centrosymmetric linear molecules such as (dinitrogen) or HCCH (ethyne), which are non-polar. Tetrahedral molecules such as (methane),... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Proteolysis is widely used in biochemistry and cell biology to probe protein structure. In "limited trypsin proteolysis", low amounts of protease digest both folded and unfolded protein but at largely different rates: unstructured proteins are cut more rapidly, while structured proteins are cut at a slower rate (someti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The visual cycle is a process in the retina that replenishes the molecule retinal for its use in vision. Retinal is the chromophore of most visual opsins, meaning it captures the photons to begin the phototransduction cascade. When the photon is absorbed, the 11-cis retinal photoisomerizes into all-trans retinal as it ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Olympiadane is a mechanically interlocked molecule composed of five interlocking macrocycles that resembles the Olympic rings. The molecule is a linear pentacatenane or a [5]catenane. It was synthesized and named by Fraser Stoddart and coworkers in 1994. The molecule was designed without any practical use in mind, alt... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Thiomicrospira denitrificans, Candidatus Arcobacter, and Chlorobaculum tepidum have been shown to utilize the rTCA cycle to turn CO into carbon compounds. The ability of these bacteria, among others, to use the rTCA cycle, supports the idea that they are derived from an ancestral proteobacterium, and that other organis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Femtochemistry is the area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales (approximately 10 seconds or one femtosecond, hence the name) in order to study the very act of atoms within molecules (reactants) rearranging themselves to form new molecules (products). In a 1988 issue of th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Scientists began to wonder about the energetic of cluster formation early in the 19th century. Henry Eyring developed the activated-complex theory describing kinetics of reactions. Interest in studying the weak interactions of molecules and ions(e.g. van der Waals) in clusters encouraged gas phase spectroscopy, in 1962... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* University Faculty Scholar, The University of Western Ontario: 2005–2007
* Professor of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario: 2005–present
* Associate Professor, The University of Western Ontario: 2000–2005
* Assistant Professor, The University of Western Ontario: 1995–2000
* Associate Research Officer, Natio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Rieke zinc has attracted the greatest attention of all the Rieke metals. Interest is motivated by the ability of Rieke Zn to convert 2,5-dibromothiophenes to the corresponding polythiophene. Rieke-Zn also reacts with bromoesters to give organozinc reagents of value for the Reformatsky reaction.
Rieke magnesium reacts w... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The restoration of the plant began immediately after the end of the battles for the city, and on February 14, 1944, the plant carried out the first steel smelting from the flat furnace; in March 1944, the rolling mill and the first blast furnace were put into operation; between 1944 and 1946, the enterprise was awarded... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Chlorprothixene has a strong sedative activity with a high incidence of anticholinergic side effects. The types of side effects encountered (dry mouth, massive hypotension and tachycardia, hyperhidrosis, substantial weight gain etc.) normally do not allow a full effective dose for the remission of psychotic disorders t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Joseph Knoll and his team are credited with having developed selegiline. Although selegelines development as a potential treatment for Parkinsons, Alzheimers, and major depressive disorder was headed by other teams, Knoll remained at the forefront of research into the potential longevity enhancing effects of selegiline... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A protocrystalline phase is a distinct phase occurring during crystal growth, which evolves into a microcrystalline form. The term is typically associated with silicon films in optical applications such as solar cells. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In proteins, which are composed of amino acid residues, the side chains are attached to the alpha-carbon atoms of the amide backbone. The side chain connected to the alpha-carbon is specific for each amino acid and is responsible for determining charge and polarity of the amino acid. The amino acid side chains are also... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Certain combinations of alloys have become popular as industry standards. Selection of the combination is driven by cost, availability, convenience, melting point, chemical properties, stability, and output. Different types are best suited for different applications. They are usually selected on the basis of the temper... | 8 | Metallurgy |
After World War II ended in 1945, Bruno Tesch and Karl Weinbacher of Tesch & Stabenow were tried in a British military court and executed for knowingly providing Zyklon B to the SS for use on humans. Gerhard Peters, who served as principal operating officer of Degesch and Heli and also held posts in the Nazi government... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclodextrin (CD) chiral stationary phase is produced by partial degradation of starch by the enzyme cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, followed by enzymatic coupling of the glucose units, forming a toroidal structure. CDs are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of six (α CDs), seven (β CDs) and eight (γ CDs) glucopyrano... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Usually hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Sometimes this addition causes both the substance and water molecule to split into two parts. In such reactions, one fragment of the target molecule (or parent molecule) gains a hydrogen ion. It breaks a chemical bond in the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample.
This technique has two different applications in the earth and environmental sciences. The analysis of stable isotopes is normall... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The nucleolus within the nucleus can be targeted with a sequence called a nucleolar localization signal (abbreviated NoLS or NOS). | 1 | Biochemistry |
The equilibrium concentrations of the products and reactants do not directly depend on the total pressure of the system. They may depend on the partial pressure of the products and reactants, but if the number of moles of gaseous reactants is equal to the number of moles of gaseous products, pressure has no effect on e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is possible to build a basic optical spectrometer using an optical disc grating and a basic webcam, using a CFL lamp for calibrating the wavelengths. A calibration using a source of known spectrum can then turn the spectrometer into a spectroradiometer by interpreting the brightness of photo pixels. A DIY build is a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The coenzyme is a substrate for coenzyme F hydrogenase, 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase and methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase.
A long list of other enzymes use F to oxidize (dehydrogenate) or F-H to reduce substrates. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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