text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
The equation of state for an ideal or perfect gas is the ideal gas law and reads
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is amount of gas (in mol units), R is the universal gas constant, 8.314 J/(mol K), and T is the temperature. Written this way, it is sometimes called the "chemists version", since it emphasizes ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Redox gradients form in water columns and their sediments. Varying levels of oxygen (oxic, suboxic, hypoxic) within the water column alter redox chemistry and which redox reactions can occur. Development of oxygen minimum zones also contributes to formation of redox gradients.
Benthic sediments exhibit redox gradients ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reactive oxygen species or ROS are species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, commonly associated with cell damage. ROS form as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling.
Two important oxygen-centered radicals are superoxide and hydroxyl... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Since EPIC-seq contains certain computational parts after the wet-lab portion for further processing, the following steps are summarized based on the developers' steps provided in the original paper. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Under sufficient tension and positive torque, DNA is thought to undergo a phase transition with the bases splaying outwards and the phosphates moving to the middle. This proposed structure for overstretched DNA has been called P-form DNA, in honor of Linus Pauling who originally presented it as a possible structure of ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
From 1996 to 2004, researchers in the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) project were able to drill and analyze gases trapped in the ice cores in Antarctica to reconstruct GHG concentrations in the atmosphere over the past 800,000 years". They found that prior to approximately 900,000 years ago, the ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Rust is a commonly used metaphor for slow decay due to neglect, since it gradually converts robust iron and steel metal into a soft crumbling powder. A wide section of the industrialized American Midwest and American Northeast, once dominated by steel foundries, the automotive industry, and other manufacturers, has exp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Several reuptake inhibitors of VMATs are known to exist, including reserpine (RES), tetrabenazine (TBZ), dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZOH), and ketanserin (KET). It is thought that RES exhibits competitive inhibition, binding to the same site as the monoamine substrate, as studies have shown that it can be displaced via ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The deuteron wavefunction must be antisymmetric if the isospin representation is used (since a proton and a neutron are not identical particles, the wavefunction
need not be antisymmetric in general). Apart from their isospin, the two nucleons also have spin and spatial distributions of their wavefunction. The latter i... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Nanofluidic circuitry is a nanotechnology aiming for control of fluids in nanometer scale. Due to the effect of an electrical double layer within the fluid channel, the behavior of nanofluid is observed to be significantly different compared with its microfluidic counterparts. Its typical characteristic dimensions fall... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since very little is known about the surface Gibbs energy of transition metal oxides, polarity of the surface and the degree of coordinative unsaturation of a surface cation are used to compare the stabilities of different surface structures. Also, defect sites can have a huge impact on the surface stability. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In practical sense, the most important reaction of metal acyls is their detachment by reductive elimination of aldehydes from acyl metal hydrides:
:LMC(O)R(H) → LM + RCHO
This reaction is the final step of hydroformylation.
Another important reaction is decarbonylation. This reaction requires that the acyl complex be c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
With an FFT based spectrum analyzer, the frequency resolution is , the inverse of the time T over which the waveform is measured and Fourier transformed.
With Fourier transform analysis in a digital spectrum analyzer, it is necessary to sample the input signal with a sampling frequency that is at least twice the bandw... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Space groups in 2 dimensions are the 17 wallpaper groups which have been known for several centuries, though the proof that the list was complete was only given in 1891, after the much more difficult classification of space groups had largely been completed.
In 1879 the German mathematician Leonhard Sohncke listed the ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Rare Earths Facility was a production plant for various chemicals and metals including thorium, uranium, and radium. It was located in West Chicago, Illinois, USA. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lysophosphatidylserine is a lysophospholipid which triggers TLR 2.
A recent study showed that it does not stimulate normal leukocytes. It also enhances glucose transport, lowering blood glucose levels while leaving secretion of insulin unaffected. | 1 | Biochemistry |
FET framework was proposed to simplify classifications of psychiatric disorders (DSM, ICD) using 12 functional aspects of behaviour that this model highlights. Clinical studies showed good differential power of the FET framework for various diagnoses of psychopathology. For example, depressed people had low endurance a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Compatibility is a term used by geochemists to describe how elements partition themselves in the solid and melt within Earth's mantle. In geochemistry, compatibility is a measure of how readily a particular trace element substitutes for a major element within a mineral.
Compatibility of an ion is controlled by two thin... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Sulfur assimilation is the process by which living organisms incorporate sulfur into their biological molecules. In plants, sulfate is absorbed by the roots and then be transported to the chloroplasts by the transipration stream where the sulfur are reduced to sulfide with the help of a series of enzymatic reactions. F... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The primary advantage to hyperspectral imaging is that, because an entire spectrum is acquired at each point, the operator needs no prior knowledge of the sample, and postprocessing allows all available information from the dataset to be mined. Hyperspectral imaging can also take advantage of the spatial relationships ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The genetic instructions of every replicating cell in a living organism are contained within its DNA. Throughout the cell's lifetime, this information is transcribed and replicated by cellular mechanisms to produce proteins or to provide instructions for daughter cells during cell division, and the possibility exists t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The typical process for creating ICCs in the lab involves ionisation of an elemental source, followed by confinement in an ion trap, where they are imaged via their fluorescence. Changing parameters such as the axial or radial confining potentials may lead to different observed geometries of the crystal, even if the nu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In physical chemistry, Henrys law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid. The proportionality factor is called Henrys law constant. It was formulated by the English chemist William Henry, who studied the topic in the early ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Next, as a cleansing against different sequencing depths from different runs and other factors that can hinder the fragment length distribution sanity, Bayesian normalization via the Dirichlet-multinomial model should be done. Per every sample, based on the fragment lengths observed in that sample, a multinomial maximu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Memorial Lecture Award was established in the year 1979 in the honour of Professor Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao by the students of Prof. K.Rangadhama Rao and Indian National Science Academy, formerly National Institute of Sciences of India, Calcutta. The lecture is awarded for outstanding contributions in the field... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For MLL, two isomers exist. These isomers of MLL are cis, if the L ligands are mutually adjacent, and trans, if the L groups are situated 180° to each other. It was the analysis of such complexes that led Alfred Werner to the 1913 Nobel Prize–winning postulation of octahedral complexes. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Pierre Sinaÿ's scientific work focuses on the chemistry of carbohydrates and the understanding of the role of oligosaccharides in the living world. In the mid-1970s, Pierre Sinaÿ discovered and developed an effective method for oligosaccharide synthesis known as imidate glycosylation. This, by now allowing access to in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term total analysis system (TAS) describes a device that automates and includes all of the necessary steps for the chemical analysis of a sample (e.g. sampling, sample transport, filtration, dilution, chemical reactions, separation, and detection). Most of the current total analysis systems are "micro" total analys... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Selenenic acids derived from selenocysteine are involved in cell signaling and certain enzymatic processes. The best known selenoenzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalyzes the reduction of peroxides by glutathione (GSH). The selenenic acid intermediate (E-SeOH) is formed upon oxidation of the catalytically active... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Collagen: Collagen is the primary structure of vertebrates and is the most abundant protein in mammals. Because of this, collagen is one of the most easily attainable biopolymers, and used for many research purposes. Because of its mechanical structure, collagen has high tensile strength and is a non-toxic, easily abso... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Modulation of purine metabolism has pharmacotherapeutic value.
Purine synthesis inhibitors inhibit the proliferation of cells, especially leukocytes. These inhibitors include azathioprine, an immunosuppressant used in organ transplantation, autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chlorprothixene may increase the plasma-level of concomitantly given lithium. In order to avoid lithium intoxication, lithium plasma levels should be monitored closely.
If chlorprothixene is given concomitantly with opioids, the opioid dose should be reduced (by approx. 50%), because chlorprothixene amplifies the thera... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The radial distribution function is an important measure because several key thermodynamic properties, such as potential energy and pressure can be calculated from it.
For a 3-D system where particles interact via pairwise potentials, the potential energy of the system can be calculated as follows:
Where N is the numbe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Supplementation with vitamin D is a reliable method for preventing or treating rickets. On the other hand, the effects of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal health are uncertain. A review did not find any effect from supplementation on the rates of non-skeletal disease, other than a tentative decrease in mortali... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Examination of this reaction's mechanism suggests that the formation of the silonate is all that is needed to activate addition of the organosilane to the palladium center. The presence of a pentavalent silicon is not needed and kinetic analysis has shown that this reaction has first order dependence on silonate concen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Enantiomers of chiral compounds have similar chemical and physical properties, but can be metabolized by the body differently. This was looked at in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) for two main reasons: they are large animals with slow metabolisms (meaning PCBs will accumulate in fatty tissue) and few studies have ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Some caries excavation methods lead to leaving caries-affected dentin behind to serve as the bonding substrate, mostly in indirect pulp capping.
It is reported that the immediate bond strengths to caries-affected dentin are 20-50% lower than to sound dentin, and even lower with caries-infected dentin. How does caries p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After a sufficiently large time frame to allow hybridization, the array is illuminated with fluorescent light. Those probes on the array that are hybridized to one of the labeled fragments emit a light signal that is captured by a camera. This image contains all raw data for the remaining part of the workflow.
This raw... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aside from sharing the same absolute stereochemistry as leptomycin B, callystatin A was discovered to have similar biological activity with leptomycin B as well. The anti-tumor activity of leptomycin B and callystatin A arises because many NES-cargo molecules blocked by these antibiotics are those involved in the cellu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Spectrometer can determine chemical composition through its measure of spectrums. The common spectrometer used in analytical chemistry is Mass spectrometry. In a mass spectrometer, a small amount of sample is ionized and converted to gaseous ions, where they are separated and analyzed according to their mass-to-charge ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The above equations of state suggest methods to experimentally measure changes in the thermodynamic potentials using physically measurable parameters. For example the free energy expressions
and
can be integrated at constant temperature and quantities to obtain:
can be integrated:
:<math>
\Delta H = \int_{S1}^{S2}T\,\m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
On the evening of March 12, 2018, both Negishi and his wife were reported missing by family members. Police determined that, based on a purchase made earlier in the day, the couple had left their home in West Lafayette, Indiana, and headed north. At about 5 a.m. the next day, officers in Ogle County, Illinois, received... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To obtain the effect, it is necessary to achieve a phase separation, one of these phases works as the trigger for the temporary form, using a transition temperature that can be Tm or Tg and in this effect is called T. A second phase has the higher transition temperature and above this temperature the polymer melts and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water can be split into its constituent elements, hydrogen, and oxygen, by passing an electric current through it. This process is called electrolysis. The cathode half reaction is:
The anode half reaction is:
The gases produced bubble to the surface, where they can be collected or ignited with a flame above the water ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In his 1884 dissertation, Svante Arrhenius put forth his explanation of solid crystalline salts disassociating into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Arrheniuss explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt dissociates into charged particles, to which Mi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are seven different kinds of lattice systems, and each kind of lattice system has four different kinds of centerings (primitive, base-centered, body-centered, face-centered). However, not all of the combinations are unique; some of the combinations are equivalent while other combinations are not possible due to s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG sites are methylated the gene becomes inhibited (silenced). Colorectal cancers typically have 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations. However, transcriptional i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The period of the iconoclasts synchronised with the reign of the Frankish emperor Charlemagne, whose power was felt throughout western Europe. Some of the craftsmen who were forced to leave Byzantium were welcomed by him in his capitals of Cologne and Aix-la-Chapelle and their influence was also felt in France. Another... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The increase of ocean acidity decelerates the rate of calcification in salt water, leading to smaller and slower growing coral reefs which supports approximately 25% of marine life. Impacts are far-reaching from fisheries and coastal environments down to the deepest depths of the ocean. The increase in ocean acidity in... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Hexose transporters (HXT) are a group of proteins that are largely responsible for the uptake of glucose in yeast. In S. cerevisiae, 20 HXT genes have been identified and 17 encode for glucose transporters (HXT1-HXT17), GAL2 encodes for a galactose transporter, and SNF3 and RGT2 encode for glucose sensors. The number... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A spot test in lichenology is a spot analysis used to help identify lichens. It is performed by placing a drop of a chemical reagent on different parts of the lichen and noting the colour change (or lack thereof) associated with application of the chemical. The tests are routinely encountered in dichotomous keys for li... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Since members of the type I and type II cytokine receptor families possess no catalytic kinase activity, they rely on the JAK family of tyrosine kinases to phosphorylate and activate downstream proteins involved in their signal transduction pathways. The receptors exist as paired polypeptides, thus exhibiting two intra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The sclerometer, also known as the Turner-sclerometer (from meaning "hard"), is an instrument used by metallurgists, material scientists and mineralogists to measure the scratch hardness of materials. It was invented in 1896 by Thomas Turner (1861–1951), the first Professor of metallurgy in Britain, at the University ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In vertebrates, calcium ions, like many other ions, are of such vital importance to many physiological processes that its concentration is maintained within specific limits to ensure adequate homeostasis. This is evidenced by human plasma calcium, which is one of the most closely regulated physiological variables in th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dexchlorpheniramine is an antihistamine, or an antagonist of the histamine H receptor. A study found that dexchlorpheniramine had a K value of 20 to 30 μM for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using rat brain tissue. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Nanoscale iron can be directly into the subsurface because they are small enough to be distributed thoroughly. Because the particles are so small, they have a comparatively large reactive surface, providing a more effective reaction. As of now, nanoscale iron is the only material that has been used with this injection ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are three widely used techniques for generating terahertz pulses, all based on ultrashort pulses from titanium-sapphire lasers or mode-locked fiber lasers. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Agricola describes parting silver from gold in this book by using acids. He also describes heating with antimony sulphide (stibium), which would give silver sulphide and a mixture of gold and antimony. The gold and silver can then be recovered with cupellation. Gold can also be parted using salts or using mercury. Larg... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The C5 fragment 24 required for the synthesis of the C ring (scheme 3) was prepared from 2,3-dibromopropene (20) by reaction with ethyl acetate (21), n-butyllithium and a copper salt, followed by organic reduction of acetate 22 to alcohol 23 (lithium aluminium hydride) and its TES silylation. Michael addition of 24 wit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Deviations from perfect absorption and perfect black body behavior lead to light losses. For selective emitters, any light emitted at wavelengths not matched to the bandgap energy of the photovoltaic may not be efficiently converted, reducing efficiency. In particular, emissions associated with phonon resonances are di... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur. These proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors. Enhancers are cis-acting. They can be located up to 1 Mbp (1,000,000 b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Piperacillin is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the ureidopenicillin class. The chemical structure of piperacillin and other ureidopenicillins incorporates a polar side chain that enhances penetration into Gram-negative bacteria and reduces susceptibility to cleavage by Gram-negative beta lactamase enzymes. The... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The concentrations of free calcium in the cell can regulate an array of reactions and is important for signal transduction in the cell. Mitochondria can transiently store calcium, a contributing process for the cell's homeostasis of calcium.
Their ability to rapidly take in calcium for later release makes them good "c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most important industrial application is the nickel-catalyzed synthesis of adiponitrile () synthesis from buta-1,3-diene (). Adiponitrile is a precursor to hexamethylenediamine (), which is used for the production of certain kinds of Nylon. The DuPont ADN process to give adiponitrile is shown below:
This process co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plasmonic nanoparticles have demonstrated a wide potential for the establishment of innovative cancer treatments. Despite that, there are still not plasmonic nanomaterials employed in the clinical practice, because the associated metal persistence. Preliminary research indicates that some nanomaterials, among which gol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dipen Sinha of the Los Alamos National Laboratory developed ARS in 1989. Most published work in acoustics has been in the ultrasonic region and their instrumentation has dealt with propagation through a medium and not a resonance effect. One of the first, if not the first publication related to acoustic resonance was i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The electronic structure of diazo compounds is characterized by π electron density delocalized over the α-carbon and two nitrogen atoms, along with an orthogonal π system with electron density delocalized over only the terminal nitrogen atoms. Because all octet rule-satisfying resonance forms of diazo compounds have f... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* corresponding academician of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences (1934)
* Hero of Socialist Labor (06/10/1945)
* four Orders of Lenin (05/07/1940; 06/10/1945; 02/05/1946; 02/05/1951)
* two PrOrders of the Red Banner of Labor (03/29/1941; 04/03/1944)
* USSR State Prize from the seizure of the chemicalization of the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The findings of the Apollo missions were the first articles of evidence to suggest the existence of a magma ocean on the Moon. The rocks in the samples acquired from the missions were found to be composed of a mineral called anorthite. Anorthite consists mostly of a variety of plagioclase feldspars, which are lower in ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 1899, Charles Ernest Overton and Hans Horst Meyer independently proposed that the tadpole toxicity of non-ionizable organic compounds depends on their ability to partition into lipophilic compartments of cells. They further proposed the use of the partition coefficient in an olive oil/water mixture as an estimate of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SOFIA has been used to rapidly detect the abnormal form of the prion protein (PrP) in samples of bodily fluids, such as blood or urine. PrP is the marker protein used in diagnostics for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), examples of which include bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle (i.e. “mad cow”... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA and RNA are broken down into mononucleotides by the nucleases deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (DNase and RNase) from the pancreas. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Red mud, now more frequently termed bauxite residue, is an industrial waste generated during the processing of bauxite into alumina using the Bayer process. It is composed of various oxide compounds, including the iron oxides which give its red colour. Over 95% of the alumina produced globally is through the Bayer proc... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
See also: Extremophile
The ocean is home to a variety of marine organisms known as extremophiles - organisms that thrive in extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, and light availability. Extremophiles inhabit many unique habitats in the ocean, such as hydrothermal vents, black smokers, cold seeps, hypersaline reg... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Primase adds RNA primers onto the lagging strand, which allows synthesis of Okazaki fragments from 5 to 3. However, primase creates RNA primers at a much lower rate than that at which DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA on the leading strand. DNA polymerase on the lagging strand also has to be continually recycled to constr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Water vapor is common in the Solar System and by extension, other planetary systems. Its signature has been detected in the atmospheres of the Sun, occurring in sunspots. The presence of water vapor has been detected in the atmospheres of all seven extraterrestrial planets in the Solar System, the Earth's Moon, and the... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
He received his second Ph.D. degree at Duke University where he was a Fulbright Scholar from 1964 to 1968. He worked in the laboratory of Charles Tanford, Department of Biochemistry in the protein folding area focussing his career on the folding thermodynamics and
kinetics, properties of the native and the unfolded pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electro-electrodialysis is an electromembrane process utilizing three compartments, which combines electrodialysis and electrolysis. It is commonly used to recover acid from a solution using AEM, CEM and electrolysis. The three compartments are separated by two barriers, which are the ion exchange membranes. The compar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ATP consists of an adenine attached by the 9-nitrogen atom to the 1′ carbon atom of a sugar (ribose), which in turn is attached at the 5' carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group. In its many reactions related to metabolism, the adenine and sugar groups remain unchanged, but the triphosphate is converted to di-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The basic method is to produce sacrificial anodes through a casting process. However, two casting methods can be distinguished.
The high pressure die-casting process for sacrificial anodes is widespread. It is a fully automated machine process. In order for the manufacturing process to run reliably and in a repeatable ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Function Maize gene for first step in biosynthesis of benzoxazin, which aids in resistance to insect pests, pathogenic fungi and bacteria.
First report Hamilton 1964, as a mutant sensitive to the herbicide atrazine, and lacking benzoxazinoids (less than 1% of non-mutant plants).
Molecular characterization reveals tha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1870s, the French industrialist Pierre Manhès began his first attempts with a small, ordinary Bessemer converter of 50 kg in his factory in Vedène, then in factories in Éguilles, near Avignon. He sought to refine a matte with 25 to 30% copper previously melted in a crucible. But like Hollway, he did not succeed ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The electrical efficiency of thermal power plants is defined as the ratio between the input and output energy. It is typically only 33% when disregarding usefulness of the heat output for building heat. The images show cooling towers which allow power stations to maintain the low side of the temperature difference esse... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Suppose the original dataset D contains the n spectra in rows. The signals of the original dataset are generally preprocessed. The original spectra are compared to a reference spectrum. By subtracting a reference spectrum, often the average spectrum of the dataset, so called dynamic spectra are calculated which form th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phosphine is a worldwide constituent of the Earth's atmosphere at very low and highly variable concentrations. It may contribute significantly to the global phosphorus biochemical cycle. The most likely source is reduction of phosphate in decaying organic matter, possibly via partial reductions and disproportionations,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organosulfur chemistry, sulfenamides (also spelled sulphenamides) are a class of organosulfur compounds characterized by the general formula , where the R groups are hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl. Sulfenamides have been used extensively in the vulcanization of rubber using sulfur. They are related to the oxidized compo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An important implication of encapsulation is that the guest behaves differently from the way it would when in solution. The guest molecule tends to be unreactive and often has distinctive spectroscopic signatures. Compounds normally highly unstable in solution, such as arynes or cycloheptatetraene, have been isolated a... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Metrnl participates in the control of inflammatory responses and is a critical regulator of muscle regeneration. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In recombinant DNA technology, specific restriction endonucleases are used that will isolate a particular gene and cleave the sugar phosphate backbones at different points (retaining symmetry), so that the double-stranded restriction fragments have single-stranded ends. These short extensions, called sticky ends, can f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hyperspectral remote sensing is used in a wide array of applications. Although originally developed for mining and geology (the ability of hyperspectral imaging to identify various minerals makes it ideal for the mining and oil industries, where it can be used to look for ore and oil), it has now spread into fields as ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
He obtained his undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada. Dr. Wowk obtained his PhD in physics in 1997. His graduate studies included work in online portal imaging for radiotherapy at the Manitoba Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation (now Cancer Care Manitoba), and wor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TET enzymes are dioxygenases in the family of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases. A TET enzyme is an alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) dependent dioxygenase that catalyses an oxidation reaction by incorporating a single oxygen atom from molecular oxygen (O) into its substrate, 5-methylcytosine in DNA (5mC), to produc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, and autodissociation of water, or simply dissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, HO, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hydroxide ion, OH. The h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This model suggests that enzymes exist in a variety of conformations, only some of which are capable of binding to a substrate. When a substrate is bound to the protein, the equilibrium in the conformational ensemble shifts towards those able to bind ligands (as enzymes with bound substrates are removed from the equili... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There has been extensive research to discover treatment for DMD. The most common drug treated against DMD is known to be Deflazacort yielding the greatest benefits with the most acceptable side effects. Physical therapy consists of varying exercises that aim to increase muscle strength and durability so to facilitate n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to Schlüter et al. (2004) chloride pore water profiles can be used to investigate submarine groundwater discharge. Chloride can be used as a conservative tracer, as it is enriched in seawater and depleted in groundwater. Three different shapes of chloride pore water profiles reflect three different transport ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis can be grouped in several classes:
* Biomolecules: proline, phenylalanine. Secondary amines in general. The cinchona alkaloids, certain oligopeptides.
* Synthetic catalysts derived from biomolecules.
* Hydrogen bonding catalysts, including TADDOLS, derivatives of BINOL such as N... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Synapses function as ensembles within particular brain networks to control the amount of neuronal activity, which is essential for memory, learning, and behavior. Consequently, synaptic disruptions might have negative effects. In fact, alterations in cell-intrinsic molecular systems or modifications to environmental bi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A method for nitrogen fixation was first described by Henry Cavendish in 1784 using electric arcs reacting nitrogen and oxygen in air. This method was implemented in the Birkeland–Eyde process of 1903. The fixation of nitrogen by lightning is a very similar natural occurring process.
The possibility that atmospheric ni... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Each candidate CRM (cCRM) is cloned upstream of a reporter gene. Compared to traditional reporter assays, the main innovation is the use of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of dissociated cells, instead of microscopy, to screen for tissue-specific enhancers. This approach utilizes a two-marker system: in each... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.