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LISICON is an acronym for LIthium Super Ionic CONductor, which refers to a family of solids with the chemical formula LiZnGeO.
The first example of this structure was discovered in 1977 with , providing a chemical formula of LiZn(GeO). The crystal structure of LISICON consists of a network of [LiZn(GeO)] as well as 3 ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ruthenium forms highly active catalysts. Allowing milder operating pressures and temperatures, Ru-based materials are referred to as second-generation catalysts. Such catalysts are prepared by the decomposition of triruthenium dodecacarbonyl on graphite. A drawback of activated-carbon-supported ruthenium-based catalyst... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most chalconatronite formed on bronze and silver that have been treated with either sodium sesquicarbonate or sodium cyanide to prevent corrosion and bronze disease. The mineral has also been proven to form on the surface of copper artifacts after being treated with aqueous sodium carbonate. This formation by using sod... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dicumyl peroxide is an organic compound with the formula (Me = CH). Classified as a dialky peroxide, it is produced on a large scale industrially for use in polymer chemistry. It serves as an initiator and crosslinking agent in the production of low density polyethylene. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Rotational spectroscopy is concerned with the measurement of the energies of transitions between quantized rotational states of molecules in the gas phase. The rotational spectrum (power spectral density vs. rotational frequency) of polar molecules can be measured in absorption or emission by microwave spectroscopy or ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The LAL test is a major source of animal product dependence in the biomedical industry, and a challenge to the Three Rs of science in relation to the use of animals in testing. With reports of higher-than anticipated mortality rates it has been considered more ethical to devise alternatives to the test. Since 2003, a r... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Scholars previously believed that sub-Saharan Africans either did not have a period of using copper until the nineteenth century (going from the Stone Age directly into the Iron Age), or that they started smelting iron and copper at the same time. Copper smelting is thought to have been practiced in Nubia, during the e... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Supplemental HMB has been used in clinical trials as a treatment for preserving lean body mass in muscle wasting conditions, particularly sarcopenia, and has been studied in clinical trials as an adjunct therapy in conjunction with resistance exercise. Based upon two medical reviews and a meta-analysis of seven randomi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The primary mechanism of virokine interference with immune signaling is thought to be competitive inhibition of the binding of host signaling molecules to their target receptors. Virokines occupy binding sites on host receptors, thereby inhibiting access by signaling molecules. Viroceptors mimic host receptors and thus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Consistent with its high oxidizing power, VCl reacts with HBr at -50 °C to produce VBr. The reaction proceeds via VBr, which releases Br during warming to room temperature.
:2 VCl + 8 HBr → 2 VBr + 8 HCl + Br
VCl forms adducts with many donor ligands, for example, VCl(THF).
It is the precursor to vanadocene dichloride... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Consideration of the structure factor (and our assumption about translational invariance) is complicated by the fact that atoms in the crystal may be displaced from their respective lattice sites. Taking the scattering potential to be proportional to the density of scattering matter, we rewrite the structure factor.
Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Paternò–Büchi reaction, named after Emanuele Paternò and George Büchi, who established its basic utility and form, is a photochemical reaction, specifically a 2+2 photocycloaddition, which forms four-membered oxetane rings from an excited carbonyl and reacting with an alkene.
With substrates benzaldehyde and 2-met... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Hypophosphorous acid (or phosphinic acid), (or ), a monoprotic acid (meaning that only one of the hydrogen atoms is acidic). Its salts and esters are called hypophosphites or phosphinates. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, hematocrit is the number of red blood cells (RBC) in circulation and is highly variable among fish species. Active fish, like the blue marlin, tend to have higher hematocrits, whereas less active fish, such as the starry flounder exhibit lower hematocrits. Hematocrit may be increased in response to both sho... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Gas generation by radiolytic decomposition of hydrogen-containing materials has been an area of concern for the transport and storage of radioactive materials and waste for a number of years. Potentially combustible and corrosive gases can be generated while at the same time, chemical reactions can remove hydrogen, and... | 5 | Photochemistry |
If we introduce a large number of particles with uniformly distributed impact parameters, the rate at which they exit the system is known as the decay rate. We can calculate the decay rate by simulating the system over many trials and forming a histogram of the delay time, T. For the GR system, it is easy to see that... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One possible model for fusion pore formation is the lipid-line pore theory. In this model, once the membranes have been brought into sufficiently close proximity via the "zipper" mechanism of the SNARE complex, membrane fusion occurs spontaneously. It has been shown that when the two membranes are brought within a cr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cation exchange sorbents are derivatized with functional groups that interact and retain positively charged cations, such as bases. Strong cation exchange sorbents contain aliphatic sulfonic acid groups that are always negatively charged in aqueous solution, and weak cation exchange sorbents contain aliphatic carboxyli... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some semicarbazones, such as nitrofurazone, and thiosemicarbazones are known to have anti-viral and anti-cancer activity, usually mediated through binding to copper or iron in cells. Many semicarbazones are crystalline solids, useful for the identification of the parent aldehydes/ketones by melting point analysis.
A t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A common example of galvanic corrosion occurs in galvanized iron, a sheet of iron or steel covered with a zinc coating. Even when the protective zinc coating is broken, the underlying steel is not attacked. Instead, the zinc is corroded because it is less "noble". Only after it has been consumed can rusting of the bas... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Generally speaking, chemotactic drug-targeting is a drug delivery strategy with promising avenues for treating diseases such as cancer and inflammation. This approach mimics the biological process of chemotaxis, which biological organisms use to detect, maneuver, and react to chemical signals in their environment. By a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As mentioned in the previous section, early repolarization is known as appearing as elevated wave segments on ECGs. Recent studies have shown a connection between early repolarization and sudden cardiac death, which is identified as early repolarization syndrome. The condition is shown in both ventricular fibrillation ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Attempts at treatment for cancer cells with constitutively phosphorylated STAT5 have included both indirect and direct inhibition of STAT5 activity. While more medicinal work has been done in indirect inhibition, this approach can lead to increased toxicity in cells and can also result in non-specific effects, both of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The nomenclature of organic acid anhydrides is derived from the names of the constituent carboxylic acids. In symmetrical acid anhydrides, only the prefix of the original carboxylic acid is used and the suffix "anhydride" is added. For most unsymmetrical acid anhydrides - also called mixed anhydrides- the prefixes from... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
François Diederich (9 July 1952, in Ettelbruck – 23 September 2020) was a Luxembourgian chemist specializing in organic chemistry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Excitatory amino acids (EAA) will activate post-synaptic cells. inhibitory amino acids (IAA) depress the activity of post-synaptic cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Avidin and biotinylated artificial metal cofactor the most commonly used supramolecular strategy to make an ArM. In the example showed below, the ligand of Ru(I) complex was modified with biotin and than the whole complex was loaded onto streptavidin by biotin-avidin interaction. The resulted ArM can catalyze the reduc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pure water containing no exogenous ions is an excellent electronic insulator, but not even "deionized" water is completely free of ions. Water undergoes autoionization in the liquid state when two water molecules form one hydroxide anion () and one hydronium cation (). Because of autoionization, at ambient temperatures... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are four main experimental methods. For less commonly used methods, see Rossotti and Rossotti. In all cases the range can be extended by using the competition method. An example of the application of this method can be found in palladium(II) cyanide. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Above the liquidus temperature, the material is homogeneous and liquid at equilibrium. As the system is cooled below the liquidus temperature, more and more crystals will form in the melt if one waits a sufficiently long time, depending on the material. Alternately, homogeneous glasses can be obtained through sufficien... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
: Once genes or markers are identified, they can be used for genotyping and selection decisions can be made. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In many bacteria, both mRNAs and non-coding RNAs can be polyadenylated. This poly(A) tail promotes degradation by the degradosome, which contains two RNA-degrading enzymes: polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNase E. Polynucleotide phosphorylase binds to the 3′ end of RNAs and the 3′ extension provided by the poly(A) tai... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FDA-approved
In 2019 the FDA approved the first drug targeting melanocortin receptors, Vyleesi (Bremelanotide) which was developed by Palatin Technologies, Inc. The Melanocortin system has been largely unexplored in drug development but recent approvals, its novelty and wide-spread application across indications has l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phorbol derivatives work primarily by interacting with protein kinase C (PKC), although they can interact with other phospholipid membrane receptors. The esters bind to PKC in a similar way to its natural ligand, diacylglycerol, and activate the kinase. Diacylglycerol is degraded quickly by the body, allowing PKC to ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
K. C. Nicolaou and coworkers at Scripps Research Institute generated the chiral hydrazone through Enders hydrazone alkylation reaction with high stereoselectivity (de' > 95%). The subsequent ozonolysis and Wittig reaction led to the side chain fragment of zaragozic acid A, which is a potent medicine for coronary heart ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Englishman William Haynes patented a process in 1860 for separating sulfide and gangue minerals using oil. Later writers have pointed to Haynes's as the first "bulk oil flotation" patent, though there is no evidence of its being field tested, or used commercially. In 1877 the brothers Bessel (Adolph and August) of Dres... | 8 | Metallurgy |
SFRS1 is a proto-oncogene, and thus ASF/SF2 can act as an oncoprotein; it can alter the splicing patterns of crucial cell cycle regulatory genes and suppressor genes. ASF/SF2 controls the splicing of various tumor suppressor genes, kinases, and kinase receptors, all of which have the potential to be alternatively splic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The phenomenon was first noticed in 1983 in hoop-wound fibre-reinforced aluminium alloy cylinders, which burst in use in the USA. The alloy was 6351 with a relatively high lead content (400 ppm), but even after the lead content was lowered, the problem recurred, and subsequently the problem was detected in monolithic a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Two launch facilities at Malmstrom Air Force Base showed PCB levels higher than the thresholds recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency when extensive sampling began of active U.S. intercontinental ballistic missile bases to address specific cancer concerns in 2023. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
NMR spectroscopy is a technique that has been used over the years to study important dynamic aspects of base flipping. This technique allows researchers to determine the physical and chemical properties of atoms and other molecules by utilizing the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. In addition, NMR can provide a v... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plant defenses can be classified as constitutive or induced. Constitutive defenses are always present, while induced defenses are produced or mobilized to the site where a plant is injured. There is wide variation in the composition and concentration of constitutive defenses; these range from mechanical defenses to di... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term lacunary is applied to ions which have a fragment missing, sometimes called defect structures. Examples are the and formed by the removal from the Keggin structure of sufficient Mo and O atoms to eliminate 1 or 3 adjacent octahedra. The Dawson structure is made up of two Keggin lacunary fragments with 3 mis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is useful to recognize that the only states within ~ of the Fermi level contribute significantly to the entropy. Other states are either fully occupied, , or completely unoccupied, . In either case, these states do not contribute to the entropy. If one assumes that the density of states is constant within of the Fe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Being strong acids, sulfonic acids are also used as catalysts. The simplest examples are methanesulfonic acid, CHSOOH and p-toluenesulfonic acid, which are regularly used in organic chemistry as acids that are lipophilic (soluble in organic solvents). Polymeric sulfonic acids are also useful. Dowex resin are sulfonic a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chronic administration of zuclopenthixol (30 mg/kg/day for two years) in rats resulted in small, but significant, increases in the incidence of thyroid parafollicular carcinomas and, in females, of mammary adenocarcinomas and of pancreatic islet cell adenomas and carcinomas. An increase in the incidence of mammary aden... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In cancers, loss of expression of genes occurs about 10 times more frequently by hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands than by mutations. For instance, in colon tumors compared to adjacent normal-appearing colonic mucosa, about 600 to 800 heavily methylated CpG islands occur in promoters of genes in the tumors whil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most general description of a chemical reaction network considers a number of distinct chemical species reacting via reactions.
The chemical equation of the -th reaction can then be written in the generic form
which is often written in the equivalent form
Here
* is the reaction index running from 1 to ,
* deno... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alcohol can be converted to haloalkanes. Direct reaction with a hydrohalic acid rarely gives a pure product, instead generating ethers. However, some exceptions are known: ionic liquids suppress the formation or promote the cleavage of ethers, hydrochloric acid converts tertiary alcohols to choloroalkanes, and primary... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Techniques are used for finding the source rock (the solid material in which the petroleum is found), as well as the type and amount of the petroleum within. They are also used to note migration timing and pathways, which are then used to predict when and where petroleum can be found; petroleum sources can be predicted... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Atmospheric methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 25 times greater than carbon dioxide (averaged over 100 years), and methanogenesis in livestock and the decay of organic material is thus a considerable contributor to global warming. It may not be a net contributor in the sense that it ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Geologists describe four qualitative levels of crystallinity:
* holocrystalline rocks are completely crystalline;
* hypocrystalline rocks are partially crystalline, with crystals embedded in an amorphous or glassy matrix;
* hypohyaline rocks are partially glassy;
* holohyaline rocks (such as obsidian) are completely gl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Compound 48/80 is a polymer produced by the condensation of N-methyl-p-methoxyphenethylamine with formaldehyde. It promotes histamine release, and in biochemical research, compound 48/80 is used to promote mast cell degranulation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Multiple chemical shift databases and related services have been created to aid structural elucidation of and expert analysis of their NMR spectra. Of them, several informatics tools are dedicated solely to carbohydrates:
*GlycoSCIENCES.de
**over 2000 NMR spectra of mammalian glycans
**search of structure by NMR signal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
DNA computing is an emerging branch of unconventional computing which uses DNA, biochemistry, and molecular biology hardware, instead of the traditional electronic computing. Research and development in this area concerns theory, experiments, and applications of DNA computing. Although the field originally started wit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*[http://www.efunda.com/ Diffusion Treatment Hardening]. eFunda. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
*[http://steel.keytometals.com Surface Hardening of Steels]. Key to Metals. Retrieved 19 April 2008. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In parallel to the advances in highthroughput biology, machine learning applications to biomedical data analysis are flourishing. The integration of multi-omics data analysis and machine learning has led to the discovery of new biomarkers. For example, one of the methods of the [http://mixomics.org/ mixOmics] project ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
sAC is encoded in a single Homo sapiens gene identified as ADCY10 or Adenylate cyclase 10 (soluble). This gene packed down 33 exons that comprise greater than 100kb; though, it seems to utilize multiple promoters, and its mRNA undergoes extensive alternative splicing. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Discussion of cloning in the popular media often presents the subject negatively. In an article in the 8 November 1993 article of Time, cloning was portrayed in a negative way, modifying Michelangelos Creation of Adam to depict Adam with five identical hands. Newsweek' 10 March 1997 issue also critiqued the ethics of h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photosystem II light-harvesting proteins are the intrinsic transmembrane proteins CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB) occurring in the reaction centre of photosystem II (PSII). These polypeptides bind to chlorophyll a and β-Carotene and pass the excitation energy on to the reaction centre.
This family also includes the iron-st... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In a solid, only those particles that are at the surface can be involved in a reaction. Crushing a solid into smaller parts means that more particles are present at the surface, and the frequency of collisions between these and reactant particles increases, and so reaction occurs more rapidly. For example, Sherbet (pow... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Bjerrum defect is a crystallographic defect which is specific to ice, and which is partly responsible for the electrical properties of ice. It was first proposed by Niels Bjerrum in 1952 in order to explain the electrical polarization of ice in an electric field. A hydrogen bond normally has one proton, but a hydrog... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kinetic theory provides insight into the macroscopic properties of gases by considering their molecular composition and motion. Starting with the definitions of momentum and kinetic energy, one can use the conservation of momentum and geometric relationships of a cube to relate macroscopic system properties of temperat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ionic surfactants require special considerations, as they are electrolytes:
* In absence of extra electrolytes
where refers to the surface concentration of surfactant molecules, without considering the counter ion.
* In presence of added electrolytes | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main difference is in the reversal of these two types of neuromuscular-blocking drugs.
* Non-depolarizing blockers are reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drugs since non-depolarizing blockers are competitive antagonists at the ACh receptor so can be reversed by increases in ACh.
* The depolarizing blockers... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A plasmid partition system is a mechanism that ensures the stable inheritance of plasmids during bacterial cell division. Each plasmid has its independent replication system which controls the number of copies of the plasmid in a cell. The higher the copy number, the more likely the two daughter cells will contain the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anandamide (ANA), also known as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), an N-acylethanolamine (NAE), is a fatty acid neurotransmitter. Anandamide was the first endocannabinoid to be discovered: it participates in the bodys endocannabinoid system by binding to cannabinoid receptors, the same receptors that the psychoactive co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycosynthase have been useful for the preparation of oligosaccharides; however, their use suffers from certain limitations. First, glycosynthase can only be used to synthesize glycosidic linkages for which there is a known glycosidase. That glycosidase must also be first converted into a glycosynthase, which is not ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The way bacteriorhodopsin generates a proton gradient in Archaea is through a proton pump. The proton pump relies on proton carriers to drive protons from the side of the membrane with a low H concentration to the side of the membrane with a high H concentration. In bacteriorhodopsin, the proton pump is activated by ab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The ISASMELT process is an energy-efficient smelting process that was jointly developed from the 1970s to the 1990s by Mount Isa Mines (a subsidiary of MIM Holdings and now part of Glencore) and the Government of Australia's CSIRO. It has relatively low capital and operating costs for a smelting process.
ISASMELT techn... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Traditional CRP measurement only detected CRP in the range of 10 to 1,000 mg/L, whereas high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) detects CRP in the range of 0.5 to 10 mg/L. hs-CRP can detect cardiovascular disease risk when in excess of 3 mg/L, whereas below 1 mg/L would be low risk. Traditional CRP measurement is faster and less... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The parent metallacyclobenzene has the formula LM(CH). They can be viewed as derivatives of benzene wherein a CH center has been replaced by a transition metal complex. Most metallabenzenes do not feature the M(CH) ring itself, but, instead, some of the H atoms are replaced by other substituents. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transitions between redox species Cu and Cu fractionate Cu isotopes. Cu is preferentially reduced over Cu, leaving the residual Cu enriched in Cu. The equilibrium fractionation factor for speciation between Cu and Cu (α) is 1.00403 (i.e., dissolved Cu is enriched in Cu by ~+4‰ relative to Cu). | 9 | Geochemistry |
In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound with the functional group . Their formula is usually written , where R is a side chain. They are reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids (). A specific example of an acyl chloride is acetyl chloride, . Acyl chlorides are the most import... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Adenine and guanine are the two nucleotides classified as purines. In purine synthesis, PRPP is turned into inosine monophosphate, or IMP. Production of IMP from PRPP requires glutamine, glycine, aspartate, and 6 ATP, among other things. IMP is then converted to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) using GTP and aspartate, wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In case of measuring the hydration rim using the depth profiling ability of the secondary ion mass spectrometry technique, the sample is mounted on a holder without any preparation or cutting. This method of measurement is non-destructive.
There are two general SIMS modes: static mode and dynamic mode, depending on the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Thyroids secretory capacity (G, also referred to as SPINA-GT) is the maximum stimulated amount of thyroxine the thyroid can produce in one second. G' is elevated in hyperthyroidism and reduced in hypothyroidism.
G is calculated with
or
: Dilution factor for T4 (reciprocal of apparent volume of distribution, 0.1 l)<br /... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are two limiting cases of the Butler–Volmer equation:
* the low overpotential region (called "polarization resistance", i.e., when E ≈ E), where the Butler–Volmer equation simplifies to:
* the high overpotential region, where the Butler–Volmer equation simplifies to the Tafel equation. When , the first term domin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A predominance diagram purports to show the conditions of concentration and pH where a chemical species has the highest concentration in solutions in which there are multiple acid-base equilibria. The lines on a predominance diagram indicate where adjacent species have the same concentration. Either side of such a line... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two types of free-radical photoinitators: A two component system where the radical is generated through abstraction of a hydrogen atom from a donor compound (also called co-initiator), and a one-component system where two radicals are generated by cleavage. Examples of each type of free-radical photoinitiator... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tandem mass spectrometry (Tandem MS or MS/MS) uses two mass analyzers in sequence to separate more complex mixtures of analytes. The advantage of tandem MS is that it can be much faster than other two-dimensional methods, with times ranging from milliseconds to seconds. Because there is no dilution with solvents in MS,... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
# Urea + water --(enzyme urease)--> ammonium carbonate
# Ammonium carbonate + phenol + hypochlorite ----> colored complex
In this case, only the first stage of the reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme. The second stage is non-enzymatic. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
With time, various chemical notations for the hydroperoxyl (perhydroxyl) radical coexist in the literature. Haber, Wilstätter and Weiss simply wrote HO or OH, but sometimes HO or OH can also be found to stress the radical character of the species.
The hydroperoxyl radical is a weak acid and gives rise to the superoxide... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An excellent example system is the "Gaspard–Rice" (GR) scattering system
—also known simply as the "three-disc" system—which embodies many of the important concepts in chaotic scattering while being simple and easy to understand and simulate. The concept is very simple: we have three hard discs arranged in some triang... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Hattori, K. (1993). High-sulfur magma, a product of fluid discharge from underlying mafic magma: evidence from Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. Geology, 21(12), 1083–1086.
*Hattori, K. H., & Keith, J. D. (2001). Contribution of mafic melt to porphyry copper mineralization: evidence from Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, and B... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol or J/mol) is the unit of energy per amount of substance in the International System of Units (SI), such that energy is measured in joules, and the amount of substance is measured in moles.
It is also an SI derived unit of molar thermodynamic energy defined as the energy equal to one j... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Raman spectroelectrochemistry (Raman-SEC) is a technique that studies the inelastic scattering or Raman scattering of monochromatic light related to chemical compounds involved in an electrode process. This technique provides information about vibrational energy transitions of molecules, using a monochromatic light sou... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Low dimensional van der Waals bonded materials display a fundamental material unit, usually depicted as the simplest molecular formula obeying stoichiometry. A series of such fundamental units align in the bulk material phase due to weak van der Waals interactions. Overall, key advantages conferred by the chemical stru... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sources of manganese ore generally also contain iron oxides. As manganese is harder to reduce than iron, during the reduction of manganese ore, iron is also reduced and mixed with the manganese in the melt, unlike other oxides such as SiO, AlO and CaO.
Reduction is achieved using a submerged arc furnance. There are two... | 8 | Metallurgy |
At molecular weights between 6 and 10 kilodaltons the R-PEG hydrogel acts as a Maxwell material, which means the fluid has both viscosity and elasticity. This is determined by measuring the plateau modulus, the elastic modulus for a viscoelastic polymer is constant or "relaxed" when deformed, at a range of frequencies ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Direct translation from DNA to protein has been demonstrated in a cell-free system (i.e. in a test tube), using extracts from E. coli that contained ribosomes, but not intact cells. These cell fragments could synthesize proteins from single-stranded DNA templates isolated from other organisms (e.g., mouse or toad), and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Georg Wittig (; 16 June 1897 – 26 August 1987) was a German chemist who reported a method for synthesis of alkenes from aldehydes and ketones using compounds called phosphonium ylides in the Wittig reaction. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Herbert C. Brown in 1979. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A starting point for the development can be taken as the virial equation of state for a gas.
where is the pressure, is the volume, is the temperature and ... are known as virial coefficients. The first term on the right-hand side is for an ideal gas. The remaining terms quantify the departure from the ideal gas law... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During his tenure, Lee has worked to create new research institutes, advance scientific research within Taiwan, and to recruit and cultivate top scholars for the Academic Sinica.
In 2010, Lee said that global warming would be much more serious than scientists previously thought, and that Taiwanese people needed to cut ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molten chloride salt mixtures are commonly used as quenching baths for various alloy heat treatments, such as annealing and martempering of steel. Cyanide and chloride salt mixtures are used for surface modification of alloys such as carburizing and nitrocarburizing of steel.
Cryolite (a fluoride salt) is used as a sol... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Tilt filling, also known as tilt casting, is an uncommon filling technique where the crucible is attached to the gating system and both are slowly rotated so that the metal enters the mold cavity with little turbulence. The goal is to reduce porosity and inclusions by limiting turbulence. For most uses tilt filling is ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase on dopamine. Homovanillic acid is used as a reagent to detect oxidative enzymes, and is associated with dopamine levels in the brain.
In psychiatry and neuroscience,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference ranges provided by the laboratory that performed the results. Example reference ranges are listed below. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Goldschmidts tolerance factor (from the German word Toleranzfaktor') is an indicator for the stability and distortion of crystal structures. It was originally only used to describe the perovskite ABO structure, but now tolerance factors are also used for ilmenite.
Alternatively the tolerance factor can be used to calcu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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