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DEAD is a reagent in the Mitsunobu reaction where it forms an adduct with phosphines (usually triphenylphosphine) and assists the synthesis of esters, ethers, amines and thioethers from alcohols. Reactions normally result in the inversion of molecular symmetry.
DEAD was used in the original 1967 article by Oyo Mitsunob... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Radiofrequency (RF) induced evaporative cooling is the most common method for evaporatively cooling atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). Consider trapped atoms laser cooled on a |F=0 |F=1 transition. The magnetic sublevels of the |F=1 state (|m= -1,0,1) are degenerate for zero external field. The confining magnetic ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Vat level and drum speed are the two basic operating parameters for any rotary vacuum drum filter. These parameters are adjusted dependently to each other to optimize the filtration performance.
Valve level determines the proportion filter cycle in the filter. The filter cycle consist of the filter drum rotation, relea... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Unable to pursue his career, Schwab emigrated from Nazi Germany to Greece in 1939, He and Elly married in Athens in the same year. With the connections of his wife, both started research work in the industrial chemistry laboratory of the recently founded Kanellopoulos Institute of Chemistry and Agriculture in Piraeus.
... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Complementarity allows information found in DNA or RNA to be stored in a single strand. The complementing strand can be determined from the template and vice versa as in cDNA libraries. This also allows for analysis, like comparing the sequences of two different species. Shorthands have been developed for writing down ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In vertebrates, the region of the mRNA that codes for the signal peptide (i.e. the signal sequence coding region, or SSCR) can function as an RNA element with specific activities. SSCRs promote nuclear mRNA export and the proper localization to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition SSCRs have specific s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Selected area (electron) diffraction (abbreviated as SAD or SAED) is a crystallographic experimental technique typically performed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is a specific case of electron diffraction used primarily in material science and solid state physics as one of the most common experiment... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In one dimension, a differential form
is exact if and only if has an antiderivative (but not necessarily one in terms of elementary functions). If has an antiderivative and let be an antiderivative of so , then obviously satisfies the condition for exactness. If does not have an antiderivative, then we cannot wri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
More complex rate laws have been described as being mixed order if they approximate to the laws for more than one order at different concentrations of the chemical species involved. For example, a rate law of the form represents concurrent first order and second order reactions (or more often concurrent pseudo-first o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Respiratory tract infections (such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and lobar pneumonia) caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and S. pneumoniae (formerly D. pneumonia).
* Otitis media caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and staphylococci.
* Skin and skin structure infecti... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Unsuccessful transfer or abortive transfer is any bacterial DNA transfer from donor cells to recipient cells that fails to survive transduction and conjugation. In all cases, the transferred fragment could be diluted during the proliferation phase. Failures in the integration of the transferred DNA in the genetic ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deviations from ideality can be described by the use of Margules functions or activity coefficients. A single Margules parameter may be sufficient to describe the properties of the solution if the deviations from ideality are modest; such solutions are termed regular.
In contrast to ideal solutions, where volumes are... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Historical Metallurgy Society is a British learned society providing an international forum for exchange of information and research in historical metallurgy. It was founded as the Historical Metallurgy Group in 1963. All aspects of the history of metals and associated materials are covered from prehistory to the p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
VMAT research began in 1958 when Nils-Åke Hillarp discovered secretory vesicles. In the 1970s, scientists like Arvid Carlsson recognized the need to understand how transport systems and ion gradients work in different organisms in order to explore new treatment options such as reserpine (RES). Researchers discovered in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The complex is commercially available but can also be generated by the dissolution of diborane in THF. Alternatively, it can be prepared by the oxidation of sodium borohydride with iodine in THF.
The complex can reduce carboxylic acids to alcohols and is a common route for the reduction of amino acids to amino alcohols... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
If homopolymer repeats of the same nucleotide (e.g. ) are present on the template strand (strand to be sequenced) then multiple introduced nucleotides are incorporated and more hydrogen ions are released in a single cycle. This results in a greater pH change and a proportionally greater electronic signal. This is a lim... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Much of the development of 3D optical data storage has been carried out in universities. The groups that have provided valuable input include:
*Peter T. Rentzepis was the originator of this field, and has recently developed materials free from destructive readout.
*Watt W. Webb codeveloped the two-photon microscope in ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Exemestane is known chemically as 6-methylideneandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione. Like the aromatase inhibitors formestane and atamestane, exemestane is a steroid that is structurally similar to 4-androstenedione, the natural substrate of aromatase. It is distinguished from the natural substance only by the methylidene gro... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can double up to form larger sugar molecules like glucose and fructose. These molecules are processed, and from them, the still larger sucrose, a disaccharide commonly known as table sugar, is made, though this process takes place outside of the chloroplast, in the cytoplasm.
Alternatively, g... | 5 | Photochemistry |
NAPPA uses DNA template that has already been immobilized onto the same protein capture surface. The DNA template is biotinylated and is bound to avidin that is pre-coated onto the protein capture surface. Newly synthesized proteins which are tagged with GST are then immobilized next to the template DNA by binding to t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acetyl-CoA is a metabolic intermediate that is involved in many metabolic pathways in an organism. It is produced during the breakdown of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and is used in the synthesis of many other biomolecules, including cholesterol, fatty acids, and ketone bodies. Acetyl-CoA is also a key molecu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first metal carbene complex to have been reported was Chugaev's red salt, first synthesized as early as 1925, although it was never identified to be a carbene complex. The characterization of (CO)5W(COCH3(Ph)) in the 1960s is often cited as the starting point of the area and Ernst Otto Fischer, for this and other a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nowadays, several Calphad softwares are available - in a framework of computational thermodynamics - to simulate solidification in systems with more than two components; these have recently been defined as Calphad Tools for the Metallurgy of Solidification. In recent years, Calphad-based methodologies have reached ma... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The asymmetric cyanohydrin reaction of benzaldehyde with trimethylsilylcyanide is made possible by employment of (R)-Binol at 1–10% catalyst loading. This ligand firsts reacts with a lithium alkoxy compound to form a lithium binaphtholate Complex.
The chemist Urech in 1872 was the first to synthesize cyanohydrins from ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Δ-capnellene, also referred to simply as capnellene in the literature, is a monounsaturated hydrocarbon of the molecular formula CH. It features a tricyclic skeleton, a geminal dimethyl group, a tertiary methyl group, and an exocyclic methylene group.
Capnellene is also a sesquiterpene, a class of terpenes that are nat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Richmond, located in the San Francisco Bay Area, is an evolving, multi-cultural community that has transformed itself from an over-polluted industrial town to a pioneer in an environmental justice movement. The city has been host to numerous oil refineries, including the Chevron Corporation refinery, which opened in 19... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Materials supporting quantum spin liquid states may have applications in data storage and memory. In particular, it is possible to realize topological quantum computation by means of spin-liquid states. Developments in quantum spin liquids may also help in the understanding of high temperature superconductivity. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The cAMP response element CREB is closely related to the cell decision to proliferate or not. Cells that are forced to overexpress AKT increase the amount of CREB and proliferation compared to wild type cells. These cells also express less glial and neural cell markers such as GFAP or β-tubulin. This is because CREB is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nutrients are important to the growth and survival of living organisms, and hence, are essential for development and maintenance of healthy ecosystems. Humans have greatly influenced the phosphorus cycle by mining phosphate rock. For millennia, phosphorus was primarily brought into the environment through the weatherin... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Esketamine was introduced for medical use as an anesthetic in Germany in 1997, and was subsequently marketed in other countries. In addition to its anesthetic effects, the medication showed properties of being a rapid-acting antidepressant, and was subsequently investigated for use as such. Esketamine received a breakt... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The choice of culture medium might affect the physiological relevance of findings from cell culture experiments due to the differences in the nutrient composition and concentrations. A systematic bias in generated datasets was recently shown for CRISPR and RNAi gene silencing screens (especially for metabolic genes), a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As of 2006, there were no studies demonstrating "drug liking" scores of oral levomethamphetamine that are similar to racemic methamphetamine or dextromethamphetamine in either recreational users or medicinal users.
In recent years, tighter controls in Mexico on certain methamphetamine precursors like ephedrine and pseu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Freezing is almost always an exothermic process, meaning that as liquid changes into solid, heat and pressure are released. This is often seen as counter-intuitive, since the temperature of the material does not rise during freezing, except if the liquid were supercooled. But this can be understood since heat must be c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The surface temperature of a single layer
The frequency domain solution for a semi-infinite solid which is heated by a point source with angular frequency can be expressed by the following equation.
where (1)
(Λ: thermal conductivity of the solid, D: thermal diffusivity of the solid, r: radial coordinate)
In a typic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PIPES has two pKa values. One pKa (6.76 at 25 °C) is near the physiological pH which makes it useful in cell culture work. Its effective buffering range is 6.1-7.5 at 25 °C. The second pKa value is at 2.67 with a buffer range of from 1.5-3.5. PIPES has been documented minimizing lipid loss when buffering glutaraldehyd... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Olfaction: In terrestrial vertebrates, olfaction occurs in the nose. Volatile chemical stimuli enter the nose and eventually reach the olfactory epithelium which houses the chemoreceptor cells known as olfactory sensory neurons often referred to as OSNs. Embedded in the olfactory epithelium are three types of cells: s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Alkoxide ligands are often nucleophilic. They often undergo insertion reactions with unsaturated substrates such as carbon dioxide and isocyanates . | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Though it was initially dubbed "mysterious protein", recent empirical studies are gradually starting to unveil some of seipins most compelling physiological functions. Among these, the following have been identified: central regulation of energy homeostasis, lipid catabolism (essential for adipocyte differentiation), l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Catecholaminergic means "related to catecholamines". The catecholamine neurotransmitters include dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
A catecholaminergic agent (or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the catecholamine systems in the body or brain. Examples include... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photoinhibition can also be induced with short flashes of light using either a pulsed laser or a xenon flash lamp. When very short flashes are used, the photoinhibitory efficiency of the flashes depends on the time difference between the flashes. This dependence has been interpreted to indicate that the flashes cause p... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Although ethers resist hydrolysis, they are cleaved by hydrobromic acid and hydroiodic acid. Hydrogen chloride cleaves ethers only slowly. Methyl ethers typically afford methyl halides:
:ROCH + HBr → CHBr + ROH
These reactions proceed via onium intermediates, i.e. [RO(H)CH]Br.
Some ethers undergo rapid cleavage with bo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
DNAzymes have found practical use in metal biosensors. A DNAzyme based biosensor for lead ion was used to detect lead ion in water in St. Paul Public Schools in Minnesota. Furthermore, DNAzymes have been used in combination of aptamers and nucleic acid bioreceptors for the development of a multiplex bioassay. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The enantiopure synthesis of levopropylhexedrine may be accomplished in a two step reaction. The first step is the Wenker synthesis of the relevant aziridine. The second step is the simple catalytic hydrogenation of the propylhexedrine-aziridine. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* 1982 Ledlie Prize, Harvard University
* 1988 Wallace P. Rowe Award, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
* 1990 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (with Don Wiley and Michael Rossmann), Columbia University
* 1990 Harvey Lecturer, The Harvey Society, New York
* 1995 George Ledlie Prize, Harvard University
* 1... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In its coil state, the radius of gyration of the macromolecule scales as its chain length to the three-fifths power. As it passes through the coil–globule transition, it shifts to scaling as chain length to the half power (at the transition) and finally to the one third power in the collapsed state. The direction of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tritrophic interactions in plant defense against herbivory describe the ecological impacts of three trophic levels on each other: the plant, the herbivore, and its natural enemies. They may also be called multitrophic interactions when further trophic levels, such as soil microbes, endophytes, or hyperparasitoids (high... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The branched-chain fatty acid synthesizing system uses α-keto acids as primers. This system is distinct from the branched-chain fatty acid synthetase that utilizes short-chain acyl-CoA esters as primers. α-Keto acid primers are derived from the transamination and decarboxylation of valine, leucine, and isoleucine to fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Seven autotrophic carbon fixation pathways are known. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon in the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and in the cyanobacteria. It also fixes carbon in the anoxygenic photosynthesis in one type of Pseudomonadota called purple bacteria, and in some non-phototrophic Pseudomonadota.
Of the five othe... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cell signaling or cell communication is important for cell regulation and for cells to process information from the environment and respond accordingly. Signaling can occur through direct cell contact or endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling. Direct cell-cell contact is when a receptor on a cell binds a molecul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stable, isolable, diradicals include singlet oxygen and triplet oxygen. Other important diradicals are certain carbenes, nitrenes, and their main group elemental analogues. Lesser known diradicals are nitrenium ions, carbon chains and organic so-called non-Kekulé molecules in which the electrons reside on different car... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gunzbergs test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of hydrochloric acid. Gunzbergs reagent is made by dissolving two grams of phloroglucinol and one gram of vanillin in 100 millilitres of 95% ethanol. Hydrochloric acid catalyses Gunzberg's reagent to form a red complex. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mechanisms that damage kidneys during hypothermic storage can be sub-divided as follows:
# Injury to the metabolic processes of the cell caused by:
## Cold
## Anoxia when the kidney is warm both before and after the period of hypothermic storage.
## Failure to supply the correct nutrients.
## Toxin accumulation in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pump–probe microscopy can also measure stimulated emission. In this case, the pump beam drives the electron to an excited state. Then the electron emits a photon when exposed to the probe beam. This interaction increases the probe signal at the detector site. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The third law of thermodynamics states: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, all processes cease and the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.
This law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding entropy and the impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature. This ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Boyles law, also referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law or Mariottes law (especially in France), is an empirical gas law that describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a confined gas. Boyle's law has been stated as:
Mathematically, Boyle's law can be stated as:
or
where is the pressure of the gas, is t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The photochlorination of benzene proceeds also via a radical chain reaction:
In some applications, the reaction is carried out at 15 to 20 °C. At a conversion of 12 to 15% the reaction is stopped and the reaction mixture is worked up. | 5 | Photochemistry |
LAP proteins are expressed in a variety of marine organisms as a method of coping with the osmotic threat high salinity poses to the cell. During bouts of high salinity, LAP begins the catalysis of proteins in order to release amino acids into the cell in an attempt to balance the high ion concentrations in the externa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For surfaces which are not black bodies, one has to consider the (generally frequency dependent) emissivity factor . This factor has to be multiplied with the radiation spectrum formula before integration. If it is taken as a constant, the resulting formula for the power output can be written in a way that contains as... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
John Walshe first described the use of penicillamine in Wilsons disease in 1956. He had discovered the compound in the urine of patients (including himself) who had taken penicillin, and experimentally confirmed that it increased urinary copper excretion by chelation. He had initial difficulty convincing several world ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in several databases including:
* Science Citation Index
* Web of Science
* Polymer Contents
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 11.2. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photochemical reduction involves chemical reduction (redox) generated from the photoexcitation of another molecule, called a photosensitizer. To harness the sun's energy, the photosensitizer must be able to absorb light within the visible and ultraviolet spectrum.
Molecular sensitizers that meet this criterion often i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Quinapril, sold under the brand name Accupril by the Pfizer corporation. It a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease. It is a first line treatment for high blood pressure. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include headaches, dizziness, feeling tir... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Oxidation of diisopinocampheylborane with basic hydrogen peroxide gives isopincampheol. Methanolysis gives methoxydiisopinocampheylborane | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Biogeochemistry Department, headed by Ralf Conrad, is focused on the microbial metabolism and biogeochemical matter cycling in soil. Soil microbial metabolism plays an important role in the global cycling of matter and — through the formation of atmospheric trace gases such as methane and nitrous oxide — also influ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The mimic poison frog Ranitomeya (Dendrobates) imitator is polymorphic, with a striped morph that imitates the black and yellow striped morph of Ranitomeya variabilis, a spotted morph that imitates the largely blue-green highland spotted morph also of R. variabilis, and a banded morph that imitates the red and black ba... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main advantage of electroforming is that it accurately replicates the external shape of the mandrel. Generally, machining a cavity accurately is more challenging than machining a convex shape, however the opposite holds true for electroforming because the mandrel's exterior can be accurately machined and then used ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
LDH in humans uses His(193) as the proton acceptor, and works in unison with the coenzyme (Arg99 and Asn138), and substrate (Arg106; Arg169; Thr248) binding residues. The His(193) active site, is not only found in the human form of LDH, but is found in many different animals, showing the convergent evolution of LDH. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process is similar to that of homebrewing wine. If done slowly, it requires rigorous hygiene and filtering of the product. If brewed fast, specialized dried yeasts are available in amounts to drive the fermentation process through before bacterial infiltration can take place, in about three days. In Finnish the lat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, the carbon-hydrogen bond ( bond) is a chemical bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms that can be found in many organic compounds. This bond is a covalent, single bond, meaning that carbon shares its outer valence electrons with up to four hydrogens. This completes both of their outer shells, making them... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Frame Lake is irregularly shaped, with a northern section and a southern section along a north-northeast to south-southwest axis approximately long, connected by a narrower central passage midway along its length where a wide peninsula extends from the western shore and an arm extends roughly to the east, curving nor... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Kerr/CFT correspondence is an extension of the AdS/CFT correspondence or gauge-gravity duality to rotating black holes (which are described by the Kerr metric).
The duality works for black holes whose near-horizon geometry can be expressed as a product of AdS and a single compact coordinate. The AdS/CFT duality the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The particle size distribution of milled coal depends partly on the rank of the coal, which determines its brittleness, and on the handling, crushing and milling it has undergone. Generally coal is utilised in furnaces and coking ovens at a certain size, so the crushability of the coal must be determined and its behavi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Methyl chloroformate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is the methyl ester of chloroformic acid. It is an oily colorless liquid, although aged samples appear yellow. It is also known for its pungent odor. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The moisture sorption properties of food products are recognized as critical factors in determining their storage, stability, processing and application performance. DVS is also used to measure moisture and flavor diffusion properties for packaging and barrier applications. Further, moisture sorption plays critical ro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The synthesis of polycatenanes is considered a very challenging task. The formation of poly-[2]-catenanes can be achieved by polymerization of functionalized [2]-catenanes. Also the synthesis of [3]-catenanes, [5]-catenanes, [6]-catenanes and [7]-catenanes is reported in many articles. The synthesis of poly-[n]-catenan... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The iodine clock reaction is a classical chemical clock demonstration experiment to display chemical kinetics in action; it was discovered by Hans Heinrich Landolt in 1886. The iodine clock reaction exists in several variations, which each involve iodine species (iodide ion, free iodine, or iodate ion) and redox reage... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes signal sequences may act co-translationally or post-translationally.
The co-translational pathway is initiated when the signal peptide emerges from the ribosome and is recognized by the signal-recognition particle (SRP). SRP then halts further translation (translational arrest only oc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal complexes are known to catalyze alkyne trimerization to give arenes. These reactions have been used to prepare arene complexes. Illustrative is the reaction of [Co(mesitylene)] with 2-butyne to give [Co(CMe)]. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The greatest danger of tailings ponds is dam failure, with the most publicized failure in the U.S. being the failure of a coal slurry dam in the West Virginia Buffalo Creek Flood of 1972, which killed 125 people; other collapses include the Ok Tedi environmental disaster in New Guinea, which destroyed the fishery of th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hyperconjugation can be used to rationalize a variety of chemical phenomena, including the anomeric effect, the gauche effect, the rotational barrier of ethane, the beta-silicon effect, the vibrational frequency of exocyclic carbonyl groups, and the relative stability of substituted carbocations and substituted carbon ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cram was born and raised in Chester, Vermont, to a Scottish immigrant father, and a German immigrant mother. His father died before Cram turned four, leaving him the only male in a family of five. He grew up on Aid to Dependent Children, and learned to work at an early age, doing jobs such as picking fruit, tossing new... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The phase-down mandated by the AIM Act will lead to R-410A's replacement by other refrigerants beginning in 2022. Alternative refrigerants are available, including hydrofluoroolefins, hydrocarbons (such as propane R-290 and isobutane R-600A), and even carbon dioxide (R-744, GWP = 1). The alternative refrigerants have m... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The CC chemokine (or β-chemokine) proteins have two adjacent cysteines (amino acids), near their amino terminus.
There have been at least 27 distinct members of this subgroup reported for mammals, called CC chemokine ligands (CCL)-1 to -28; CCL10 is the same as CCL9. Chemokines of this subfamily usually contain four c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is often noted that beer served by gravity (that is, directly from a tap in the cask) is less heavily carbonated than the same beer served via a hand-pump (or beer-engine). This is because beer is pressured on its way to the point of service by the action of the beer engine, which causes carbon dioxide to dissolve i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mandelonitrile, with the formula CHCH(OH)CN, occurs in small amounts in the pits of some fruits. Related cyanogenic glycosides are known, such as amygdalin.
Glycolonitrile, also called hydroxyacetonitrile or formaldehyde cyanohydrin, is the organic compound with the formula HOCHCN. It is the simplest cyanohydrin, being... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although it is relatively simple to demonstrate that the electron and proton begin and end in different orbitals, it is more difficult to prove that they do not move sequentially. The main evidence that PCET exists is that a number of reactions occur faster than expected for the sequential pathways. In the initial el... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Daily experience shows that T-symmetry does not hold for the behavior of bulk materials. Of these macroscopic laws, most notable is the second law of thermodynamics. Many other phenomena, such as the relative motion of bodies with friction, or viscous motion of fluids, reduce to this, because the underlying mechanism i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Identification of predictive biomarkers of efficacy for tumor types that are sensitive to mTOR inhibitors remains a major issue.
Possible predictive biomarkers for tumor response to mTOR inhibitors, as have been described in glioblastoma, breast and prostate cancer cells, may be the differential expression of mTOR path... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glomalin is hypothesized to improve soil aggregate stability and decrease soil erosion. However, since glomalin can not be adequate quantified in soil, studies usually analyze the GRSPs extract, which is a complex mixture including proteins and other substances.
GRSPs, the mixture of proteins and humic substances, are ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A living organism is a thermodynamic system of an active type (in which energy transformations occur), striving for a stable nonequilibrium thermodynamic state. The nonequilibrium thermodynamic state in plants is achieved by continuous alternation of phases of solar energy consumption as a result of photosynthesis and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Addition of achiral allylmetals to aldehydes forms a chiral alcohol, the stereochemical outcome of this reaction is determined by the chirality of the α-carbon on the aldehyde substrate (Figure "Substrate control: addition of achiral allylmetals to α-chiral aldehydes"). The allylmetal reagents used include boron, tin a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In winter conditions, or in cold climates, when the temperature falls below , the crystallization of ice in the pores of concrete is also a physical mechanism (change of state) responsible for the volumetric expansion of a substance exerting a high tensile strength inside the concrete matrix. When the tensile strength ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In oral rehydration therapy, electrolyte drinks containing sodium and potassium salts replenish the body's water and electrolyte concentrations after dehydration caused by exercise, excessive alcohol consumption, diaphoresis (heavy sweating), diarrhea, vomiting, intoxication or starvation. Athletes exercising in extrem... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Potential of a cell assembled of two electrodes can be determined from the two individual electrode potentials using
: however , it depends.
or, equivalently,
This follows from the IUPAC definition of the electric potential difference of a galvanic cell, according to which the electric potential difference of a cell is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MAPs bind to the tubulin subunits that make up microtubules to regulate their stability. A large variety of MAPs have been identified in many different cell types, and they have been found to carry out a wide range of functions. These include both stabilizing and destabilizing microtubules, guiding microtubules towards... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The derivation of the method proceeds as follows. First we introduce rank-one (separable)
approximation to the potential
The integral equation for the rank-one part of potential is easily soluble. The full solution of the original problem can therefore be expressed as
in terms of new function . This function is solutio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the United Kingdom, regulation of contaminated land comes from Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990; responsibility falls on local authorities to create a "contaminated land register". For sites with dubious past and present uses the Local Planning Authority may ask for a desktop study, which is sometim... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There is great potential for RNA interference (RNAi) to be used therapeutically to reversibly silence any gene. For RNAi to realize its therapeutic potential, small interfering RNA (siRNA) must be delivered to the site of action in the cells of target tissues. But finding safe and efficient delivery mechanisms is a maj... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A dead zone exists in the Lower St. Lawrence River area from east the Saguenay River to east of Baie Comeau, greatest at depths over and noticed since the 1930s. The main concern for Canadian scientists is the impact on fish found in the area. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Zymology, also known as zymurgy, is an applied science that studies the biochemical process of fermentation and its practical uses. Common topics include the selection of fermenting yeast and bacteria species and their use in brewing, wine making, fermenting milk, and the making of other fermented foods. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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