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Development of theoretical models describing grain growth is an active field of research. Many models have been proposed for grain growth, but no theory has yet been put forth that has been independently validated to apply across the full range of conditions and many questions remain open. By no means is the following ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Transcriptomics is the quantitative science that encompasses the assignment of a list of strings ("reads") to the object ("transcripts" in the genome). To calculate the expression strength, the density of reads corresponding to each object is counted. Initially, transcriptomes were analyzed and studied using expressed... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Bacterial transcription is the process in which a segment of bacterial DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) with use of the enzyme RNA polymerase.
The process occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination; and the end result is a strand of mRNA that is complementar... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The effluent from the tailings from the mining of sulfidic minerals has been described as "the largest environmental liability of the mining industry". These tailings contain large amounts of pyrite (FeS) and Iron(II) sulfide (FeS), which are rejected from the sought-after ores of copper and nickel, as well as coal. Al... | 0 | Metallurgy |
CMTM7 protein levels are low in the malignant tissues of various cancers such as those of esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, lung, cervix, and breast. as compared with its expression in the normal tissues of these organs. Furthermore, the forced overexpression of CMTM7 protein in various cancer immortalized cell line... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Evolutionary simulations are performed by reproduction-mutation-selection life cycle. Populations are fixed at size and they will not go extinct. Non-overlapping generations are employed. In a typical evolutionary simulation, a single random viable individual that can produce a stable gene expression pattern is chosen... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In 1526 Kamiya Jutei, a wealthy merchant from Hakata, founded the Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine in Ōda. Seeking to increase silver production, In 1533 he introduced a Korean method of silver refining to the mine which became the Hai-Fuki-Ho method. The two technicians, Keiju (慶寿; Korean: 경수; Revised Romanization: Gyeongsu) ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Initial treatment can involve placing the object in a desiccating environment. Deprived of water, the reaction cannot continue. However, re-exposure of the object to even atmospheric water can restart the process. Bronze disease remains an active area of research within object conservation. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Non-specific binding of the repressor to DNA plays a crucial role in the repression and induction of the Lac-operon. The specific binding site for the Lac-repressor protein is the operator. The non-specific interaction is mediated mainly by charge-charge interactions while binding to the operator is reinforced by hydro... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
* Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
* Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2; Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Gamma TiAl has excellent mechanical properties and oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures (over 600°C), which makes it a possible replacement for traditional Ni based superalloy components in aircraft turbine engines.
TiAl-based alloys have potential to increase the thrust-to-weight ratio in aircra... | 0 | Metallurgy |
isomiRs (from iso- + miR) are miRNA sequences that have variations with respect to the reference sequence. The term was coined by Morin et al in 2008. It has been found that isomiR expression profiles can also exhibit race, population, and gender dependencies.
There are four main variation types:
*5 trimming—the 5 dici... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
There are four commonly used types of applications for nitinol:
; Free recovery
: Nitinol is deformed at a low temperature, remains deformed, and then is heated to recover its original shape through the shape memory effect.
; Constrained recovery
: Similar to free recovery, except that recovery is rigidly prevented an... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In metallurgy, hot working refers to processes where metals are plastically deformed above their recrystallization temperature. Being above the recrystallization temperature allows the material to recrystallize during deformation. This is important because recrystallization keeps the materials from strain hardening, wh... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) is also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1). Transgenic gene knockout mice lacking MAPK3 are viable and it is thought that MAPK1 can fulfill some MAPK3 functions in most cells. The main exception is in T cells. Mice lacking MAPK3 have reduced T cell develo... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys (ODS) are alloys that consist of a metal matrix with small oxide particles dispersed within it. They have high heat resistance, strength, and ductility. Alloys of nickel are the most common but includes iron aluminum alloys.
Applications include high temperature turbine blades and ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Falcon semi batch centrifugal concentrator is primarily used for the recovery of free (liberated) precious metals such as gold, silver and platinum. The machine generates forces up to 200 times the force of gravity (200 Gs) and makes use of a two-stage rotating bowl for mineral separation. The smooth-walled lower p... | 0 | Metallurgy |
TADs are defined as regions whose DNA sequences preferentially contact each other. They were discovered in 2012 using chromosome conformation capture techniques including Hi-C. They have been shown to be present in multiple species, including fruit flies (Drosophila), mouse, plants, fungi and human genomes. In bacteri... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Huntington's disease (HD) results from a mutation in the huntingtin gene that causes an excess of CAG repeats. The gene then forms a mutated huntingtin protein with polyglutamine repeats near the amino terminus. This disease is incurable and known to cause motor, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. Researchers have bee... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Flotation is one of the unit processes used to separate the bituminous component of oil sands as part of the process of oil extraction. Some of the bitumen is not recovered in the primary separation vessel and reports to the tailings. These tailings are typically retreated in a scavenging operation to try to recover so... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The class IA phospholipid kinase, PI-3 kinase, is activated by the majority of RTKs. Similarly to other SH2 domain-containing proteins, PI-3 kinase forms a complex with PY sites on activated receptors. The main function of PI3K activation is the generation of PIP3, which functions as a second messenger to activate down... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
mTORC1 activation is required for myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans in response to both physical exercise and ingestion of certain amino acids or amino acid derivatives. Persistent inactivation of mTORC1 signaling in skeletal muscle facilitates the loss of muscle mass and s... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Because of their importance in cell signaling and regulation, co-receptors have been implicated in a number of diseases and disorders. Co-receptor knockout mice are often unable to develop and such knockouts generally result in embryonic or perinatal lethality. In immunology in particular, the term "co-receptor" often ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Pol I requires no TATA box in the promoter, instead relying on an upstream control element (UCE) located between −200 and −107, and a core element located between −45 and +20.
#The dimeric eukaryotic upstream binding factor (UBF) binds the UCE and the core element.
#UBF recruits and binds a protein complex called SL1 i... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In metallurgy, the Bower–Barff process is a method of coating iron or steel with magnetic iron oxide, such as FeO, in order to minimize atmospheric corrosion.
The articles to be treated are put into a closed retort and a current of superheated steam passed through for twenty minutes followed by a current of produ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
RdRps are highly conserved throughout viruses and are even related to telomerase, though the reason for this is an ongoing question as of 2009. The similarity has led to speculation that viral RdRps are ancestral to human telomerase.
The most famous example of RdRp is that of the polio virus. The viral genome is compo... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The huge amount of Pre-Hispanic silver adornments known especially from Perú, Bolivia and Ecuador raises the question whether the pre-Hispanic civilizations obtained the raw material from native ores or from argentiferous-lead ores. Although native silver may be available in America, it is as rare as in the Old World. ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Smooth muscle cells cultured from the myometrium showed no significant induction of SFRP1 mRNA in response to treatment with E2 and/or progesterone. Conversely, cells cultured from leiomyomas showed significant dose-dependent induction of SFRP1 mRNA in response to treatment with E2; however, progesterone had no effect... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) tried and failed to organize the steelworkers in 1919. Although the strike gained widespread middle-class support because of its demand and the 12-hour day, the strike failed and unionization was postponed until the late 1930s. The mills ended the 12-hour day in the early 1920s.
... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The lower limit of the hot working temperature is determined by its recrystallization temperature. As a guideline, the lower limit of the hot working temperature of a material is 60% its melting temperature (on an absolute temperature scale). The upper limit for hot working is determined by various factors, such as: ex... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In order to be functional, STAT5 proteins must first be activated. This activation is carried out by kinases associated with transmembrane receptors:
* Ligands binding to these transmembrane receptors on the outside of the cell activate the kinases;
* The stimulated kinases add a phosphate group to a specific tyrosine... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The microprocessor complex is a protein complex involved in the early stages of processing microRNA (miRNA) and RNA interference (RNAi) in animal cells. The complex is minimally composed of the ribonuclease enzyme Drosha and the dimeric RNA-binding protein DGCR8 (also known as Pasha in non-human animals), and cleaves ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
A transcription bubble is a molecular structure formed during DNA transcription when a limited portion of the DNA double helix is unwound. The size of a transcription bubble ranges from 12 to 14 base pairs. A transcription bubble is formed when the RNA polymerase enzyme binds to a promoter and causes two DNA strands to... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
More advanced direct reduction processes were developed at the beginning of the 20th century, when it became possible to smelt pre-reduced ores using the Martin-Siemens process or the electric arc furnace. Based on this technical and economic model, a number of processes were industrialized before World War II (the Kru... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Transcription factor 4 (TCF-4) also known as immunoglobulin transcription factor 2 (ITF-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF4 gene located on chromosome 18q21.2. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
eIF2 is an essential factor for protein synthesis that forms a ternary complex (TC) with GTP and the initiator Met-tRNA. After its formation, the TC binds the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 43S preinitiation complex (43S PIC). 43S PIC assembly is believed to be stimulated by the initiation factors eIF1, eIF1A, and t... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
FSP was used to modify a Mg alloy and insert nano-sized SiO. The test was conducted a total four times with the average grain size varying from 0.5–2μm. This nearly doubled the hardness of the Mg and also increased the super-plasticity. At room temperature, the yield stress of the FSP composites was improved in the 1D... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In the 1990s, Southern Peru Copper Corporation ("SPCC") was seeking to modernise its smelter at Ilo in southern Peru as part of 1997 commitment to the Peruvian government to capture at least 91.7% of the sulfur dioxide generated in its smelting operations by January 2007. It initially selected flash smelting technolog... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The upper critical magnetic field H of the superconducting state of CeCoIn is anisotropic, in accordance with the crystal structure and other physical properties. For magnetic fields applied along the [100] direction, H amounts to approximately 11.6 T, and H for fields along the [001] directions to 4.95 T.
The supercon... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The pipecolate region of rapamycin structure seems necessary for rapamycin-binding to FKBP12. This step is required for further binding of rapamycin to the mTOR kinase, which is the key enzyme in many biological actions of rapamycin.
The high affinity of rapamycin binding to FKBP12 is explained by number of hydrogen bo... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Nucleic acid analogues are used in molecular biology for several purposes:
* Investigation of possible scenarios of the origin of life: By testing different analogs, researchers try to answer the question of whether life's use of DNA and RNA was selected over time due to its advantages, or if they were chosen by arbitr... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Silicon carbide fibers are used to measure gas temperatures in an optical technique called thin-filament pyrometry. It involves the placement of a thin filament in a hot gas stream. Radiative emissions from the filament can be correlated with filament temperature. Filaments are SiC fibers with a diameter of 15 micromet... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Corrosion engineering is an engineering specialty that applies scientific, technical, engineering skills, and knowledge of natural laws and physical resources to design and implement materials, structures, devices, systems, and procedures to manage corrosion.
From a holistic perspective, corrosion is the phenomenon of... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The stereotypic inflammatory response provoked by toll-like receptor activation has prompted speculation that endogenous activators of toll-like receptors might participate in autoimmune diseases. TLRs have been suspected of binding to host molecules including fibrinogen (involved in blood clotting), heat shock protei... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The Teck Cominco smelter, also known as the Teck Cominco Lead-Zinc Smelter, Cominco Smelter, and Trail smelter located in Trail, British Columbia, Canada, is the largest integrated lead-zinc smelter of its kind in the world. It is situated approximately north of the border between British Columbia, Canada and Washingt... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In addition to LaNi, there are other alloys such as LaNi, LaNi, LaNi, LaNi, LaNi, and LaNi, and nonstoichiometric alloys such as LaNi (tetragonal, space group I4̄2m). The nickel atoms in LaNi can also be replaced by other atoms, such as LaNiCo. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre- and post-synaptic components. The vast majority of synapses in the mammalian nervous system are classical axo-dendritic synapses (axon synapsing upon a dendrite), however, a variety of other arrangements exist. These include but are not l... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Senapathy addressed the origin of the spliceosomal machinery that edits out the introns from RNA transcripts. If the split genes had originated from random DNA, then the introns would have become an unnecessary but integral part of eukaryotic genes along with the splice junctions. The spliceosomal machinery would be re... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Transcription is when RNA is copied from DNA. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. This process differs slightly in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. One notable difference is that prokaryotic RNA polymerase associates with DNA-processing enzymes during transcription so ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The SECEM factory in Cordoba was located to the west of the city, next to the route of the Cordoba-Seville and Cordoba-Malaga railway lines, which allowed its production to be transported by rail. For this purpose, an industrial branch and several sidings were set up within the industrial complex. Eventually SECEM acqu... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Eukaryotic messages are subject to surveillance by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), which checks for the presence of premature stop codons (nonsense codons) in the message. These can arise via incomplete splicing, V(D)J recombination in the adaptive immune system, mutations in DNA, transcription errors, leaky scanning by... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The Kroll process was invented in 1940 by William J. Kroll in Luxembourg. After moving to the United States, Kroll further developed the method for the production of zirconium.
Many methods had been applied to the production of titanium metal, beginning with a report in 1887 by Nilsen and Pettersen using sodium, whic... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Most hormones initiate a cellular response by initially binding to either cell surface receptors or intracellular receptors. A cell may have several different receptors that recognize the same hormone but activate different signal transduction pathways, or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize diff... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The Soviet Union recovered 29 furnaces as war damage, but failed to gain significant profits from them. According to sources, the Red Army's destructive techniques in dismantling German industrial plants proved inappropriate and wasted valuable resources. It was also challenging for Russians to reconstruct these factor... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In 1707, Abraham Darby I patented a method of making cast iron pots. His pots were thinner and hence cheaper than those of his rivals. Needing a larger supply of pig iron he leased the blast furnace at Coalbrookdale in 1709. There, he made iron using coke, thus establishing the first successful business in Europe t... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In prehistory gold could be found in several areas of Europe; the Carpathian region, Iberia, south-western France, Brittany, Britain and Ireland. The latter in particular had rich gold reserves, and as such has been labelled an "ancient El Dorado". Across the world, and in many cultures, gold has been highly valued as ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The most basic mechanistic flow for RNA Silencing is as follows:
(For a more detailed explanation of the mechanism, refer to the RNAi:Cellular mechanism article.)
1: RNA with inverted repeats hairpin/panhandle constructs --> 2: dsRNA --> 3: miRNAs/siRNAs --> 4: RISC --> 5: Destruction of target mRNA
# It has been disco... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Cleaning is the preparatory process of ensuring that the surface to be etched is free of contaminants which could negatively impact the quality of the finished part. An improperly cleaned surface could result in poor adhesion of the maskant, causing areas to be etched erroneously, or a non-uniform etch rate which could... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Sendai virus (family Paramyxoviridae) has a linear, single stranded, negative-sense, nonsegmented RNA genome. The viral RdRp consists of two virus-encoded subunits, a smaller one P and a larger one L. When different inactive RdRp mutants with defects throughout the length of the L subunit where tested in pairwise c... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Hundreds of metal artefacts were found from the Late Bronze Age (second half of 2nd millennium BCE): ca.
200 blade weapons, 140 metal vessels, some working tools, small arrowheads, and decorative objects. All
the blades analyzed were made of tin bronze and most of all the other copper-based objects are either tin bron... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Krupp–Renn process is a direct reduction process that uses a long tubular furnace similar to those found in cement production. The most recent units constructed have a diameter of approximately 4.5 meters and a length of 110 meters. The residence time of the product is influenced by the slope and speed of rotation ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Myristoylation is an integral part of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Apoptosis is necessary for cell homeostasis and occurs when cells are under stress such as hypoxia or DNA damage. Apoptosis can proceed by either mitochondrial or receptor mediated activation. In receptor mediated apoptosis, apoptotic pathways a... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In metallurgy, a shape-memory alloy (SMA) is an alloy that can be deformed when cold but returns to its pre-deformed ("remembered") shape when heated. It is also known in other names such as memory metal, memory alloy, smart metal, smart alloy, and muscle wire. The "memorized geometry" can be modified by fixating the ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
DXZ4 is a variable number tandemly repeated DNA sequence. In humans it is composed of 3kb monomers containing a highly conserved CTCF binding site. CTCF is a transcription factor protein and the main insulator responsible for partitioning of chromatin domains in the vertebrate genome.
In addition to being enriched in C... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Ecologically, V. fischeri is known to have symbiotic associations with a number of eukaryotic hosts, including the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid (Euprymna scolopes). In this relationship, the squid host maintains the bacteria in specialized light organs. The host provides a safe, nutrient rich environment for the bacteria a... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
This reaction accounts for around half of the transformation of wustite FeO into iron, and removes 30% of the total oxygen supplied, mainly in the form of iron oxide FeO. This mode of wustite reduction is highly endothermic, whereas the reduction of iron oxides by CO is slightly exothermic (+155.15 kJ/mol vs. -17.45 kJ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Grb2 has been shown to interact with:
* ADAM15,
* Abl gene,
* Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase,
* B-cell linker,
* BCAR1,
* BCR gene,
* Beta-2 adrenergic receptor,
* C-Met,
* CBLB,
* CD117,
* CD22,
* CD28,
* CDKN1B,
* CRK,
* Cbl gene,
* Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor,
* DCTN1,
* DNM1,
* Dock180,
* D... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The Westinghouse Lamp Plant was constructed on Arlington Avenue in 1920 near the Watsessing Station of the rail line in the Watsessing neighborhood that connected Montclair, Glen Ridge and Bloomfield. The population in the area had grown since the time that the Township of Bloomfield was incorporated as a township fro... | 0 | Metallurgy |
She married fellow metallurgist Norman Petch whom she met in Cambridge but they divorced in 1944. She went on to marry metallurgist, Alan Dennis McQuillam in 1947. Her husband died in 1987. McQuillan died in Gloucestershire in 1998. | 0 | Metallurgy |
One of the first DREADDs was based on the human M muscarinic receptor (hM). Only two point mutations of hM were required to achieve a mutant receptor with nanomolar potency for CNO, insensitivity to acetylcholine and low constitutive activity and this DREADD receptor was named hM3Dq. M and M muscarinic receptors have b... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Planar Flow Casting (PFC) is a commonly used melt spinning process for the industrial fabrication of wide metallic glass sheets. In this process, the primary modification is that a much wider nozzle is used to eject the melt from the crucible. As a result, the melt puddle covers a larger area of the drum, which in turn... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Tin-lead (Sn-Pb) solders, also called soft solders, are commercially available with tin concentrations between 5% and 70% by weight. The greater the tin concentration, the greater the solder's tensile and shear strengths. Lead mitigates the formation of tin whiskers, though the precise mechanism for this is unknown. To... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The enhancers determining early segmentation in Drosophila melanogaster embryos are among the best characterized developmental enhancers. In the early fly embryo, the gap gene transcription factors are responsible for activating and repressing a number of segmentation genes, such as the pair rule genes. The gap genes a... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
It is a method used to obtain aluminium of very high purity. The metal obtained in the Hall–Héroult process is about 99.5% pure, and for most purposes it is taken as pure metal.
However, further purification of aluminium can be carried out by the Hoopes process. This is an electrolytic process. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Temperature dependent loop formations introduce temperature-dependence in the expression of downstream operons. All such elements act in a translation-dependent manner by controlling the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, for example the expression of pathogenicity islands of some bacteria upon entry to a ho... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The introduction of amalgamation to silver refining in the Americas not only ended the mid-sixteenth century crisis in silver production, it also inaugurated a rapid expansion of silver production in New Spain and Peru as miners could now profitably mine lower-grade ores. In addition, places that were rich in ore but t... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Type J (iron–constantan) has a more restricted range (−40 °C to +750 °C) than type K but higher sensitivity of about 50 μV/°C. The Curie point of the iron (770 °C) causes a smooth change in the characteristic, which determines the upper temperature limit. Note, the European/German Type L is a variant of the type J, wit... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are complexes of RNA and protein present in the cell nucleus during gene transcription and subsequent post-transcriptional modification of the newly synthesized RNA (pre-mRNA). The presence of the proteins bound to a pre-mRNA molecule serves as a signal that the pre-mRN... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Based on the tetrahedral units, FK crystallographic structures are classified into low and high polyhedral groups denoted by their coordination numbers (CN) referring to the number of atom centering the polyhedron.
Some atoms have an icosahedral structure with low coordination, labeled CN12. Some others have higher coo... | 0 | Metallurgy |
A more complex, specific example of crosstalk between two major signaling pathways can be observed with the interaction of the cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways in the activation of lymphocytes. In this case, components of the cAMP pathway directly and indirectly affect MAPK signaling pathway meant to activate genes inv... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In the field of medicine, pelletization is referred to as the agglomeration process that converts fine powders or granules into more or less spherical pellets. The use of the technology increased because it allows for the controlled release of dosage form, which also lead to a uniform absorption with less mucosal irrit... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Forskolin is commonly used as a tool in biochemistry to raise levels of cAMP in the study and research of cell physiology. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Solid solution strengthening increases yield strength of the material by increasing the shear stress, , to move dislocations:
where c is the concentration of the solute atoms, G is the shear modulus, b is the magnitude of the Burger's vector, and is the lattice strain due to the solute. This is composed of two terms, ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In rolling element bearings fretting may occur when the bearings are operating in an oscillating motion. Examples of applications are blade bearings in wind turbines, helicopter rotor pitch bearings, and bearings in robots. If the bearing movement is limited to small motions the damage caused may be called fretting or ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The electrolysis process, also known as the hydrometallurgical process, Roast-Leach-Electrowin (RLE) process, or electrolytic process, is more widely used than the pyrometallurgical processes.
The electrolysis process consists of 4 steps: leaching, purification, electrolysis, and melting and casting. | 0 | Metallurgy |
The dimerization partner, RB-like, E2F and multi-vulval class B (DREAM) complex is a protein complex responsible for the regulation of cell cycle-dependent gene expression. The complex is evolutionarily conserved, although some of its components vary from species to species. In humans, the key proteins in the complex a... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content from about 0.05 up to 2.1 percent by weight. The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states:
* no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or a... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Kfar Monash Hoard is a hoard of metal objects dated to the Early Bronze Age (the third millennium BCE) found in the spring of 1962 by the agriculturalist Zvi Yizhar in Kfar Monash, Israel. Kfar Monash is located 3.3 km south-east of Tel Hefer (Tell Ishbar) in the Plain of Sharon or in modern terms 9 km/6 mi northea... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The LiMCA method measures the total concentration and size distribution of inclusions present in aluminum alloys. Its measuring principle is based on an objective and user-independent method. The LiMCA CM system can characterize the cleanliness of a melt at time intervals in the order of one minute. It can therefore mo... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Wilfley Table was conceived by Arthur Wilfley, a mining engineer based in Kokomo, Colorado in the United States. As a silver mine operator, Wilfley spent many years refining his separation table design in order to make the extraction of silver more economic. Rather than using heating processes (smelting) to concent... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The industrial revolution at the Ural mining plants consisted of three major stages:
* Early 19th century - 1830s: the appearance of the first steam engines, the development of blast furnace production, and the introduction of rolling mills.
* 1840-1870s: the development and implementation of more progressive methods o... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Recalescence is an increase in temperature that occurs while cooling metal when a change in structure with an increase in entropy occurs. The heat responsible for the change in temperature is due to the change in entropy. When a structure transformation occurs the Gibbs free energy of both structures are more or less t... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Signaling Gateway is a web portal dedicated to signaling pathways powered by the San Diego Supercomputer Center at the University of California, San Diego. It was initiated by a collaboration between the Alliance for Cellular Signaling and Nature. A primary feature is the Molecule Pages database. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Sodium–potassium alloy, colloquially called NaK (commonly pronounced ), is an alloy of the alkali metals sodium (Na, atomic number 11) and potassium (K, atomic number 19) that is normally liquid at room temperature. Various commercial grades are available. NaK is highly reactive with water (like its constituent element... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Early hot rolling strip mills did not produce strip suitable for tinning, but in 1929 cold rolling began to be used to reduce the gauge further, which made tinning achievable. The plate was then tinned using the process outlined above. | 0 | Metallurgy |
The use of two wires of iridium/rhodium alloys can provide a thermocouple that can be used up to about 2000 °C in inert atmospheres. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Leaching is a process widely used in extractive metallurgy where ore is treated with chemicals to convert the valuable metals within the ore, into soluble salts while the impurity remains insoluble. These can then be washed out and processed to give the pure metal; the materials left over are commonly known as tailing... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In the nervous system there are primarily two ways of propagating signals. By far the most common method of intracellular signal propagation is the action potential. The dendrites of neurons contain ionotropic (aka ligand-gated ion channel) and metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors that bind chemical neurotransmitter... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The word "nitinol" is derived from its composition and its place of discovery: (Nickel Titanium-Naval Ordnance Laboratory). William J. Buehler along with Frederick E. Wang, discovered its properties during research at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in 1959. Buehler was attempting to make a better missile nose cone, whic... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The oldest and most widely used expression systems are cell-based and may be defined as the "combination of an expression vector, its cloned DNA, and the host for the vector that provide a context to allow foreign gene function in a host cell, that is, produce proteins at a high level". Overexpression is an abnormally ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
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